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+-- ============================================
+-- Nom : ALIOUCHE PRENOM : LYCIA
+-- ==========================================
+-- TP1: 30 SQL Queries to Solve
+-- University Management System
+-- ============================================
+-- CRÉATION DE LA BASE
+-- ============================================
+DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS university_db;
+CREATE DATABASE university_db
+CHARACTER SET utf8mb4
+COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
+USE university_db;
+
+-- ============================================
+-- CRÉATION DES TABLES
+-- ============================================
+-- departments
+CREATE TABLE departments (
+    department_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    department_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    building VARCHAR(50),
+    budget DECIMAL(12, 2),
+    department_head VARCHAR(100),
+    creation_date DATE
+);
+
+-- Professors
+CREATE TABLE professors (
+    professor_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
+    first_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
+    email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+    phone VARCHAR(20),
+    department_id INT,
+    hire_date DATE,
+    salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
+    specialization VARCHAR(100),
+    FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id)
+        ON DELETE SET NULL
+        ON UPDATE CASCADE
+);
+
+-- Students
+CREATE TABLE students (
+    student_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    student_number VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+    last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
+    first_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
+    date_of_birth DATE,
+    email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+    phone VARCHAR(20),
+    address TEXT,
+    department_id INT,
+    level VARCHAR(20) CHECK (level IN ('L1', 'L2', 'L3', 'M1', 'M2')),
+    enrollment_date DATE DEFAULT (CURRENT_DATE),
+    FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id)
+        ON DELETE SET NULL
+        ON UPDATE CASCADE
+);
+
+-- Courses
+CREATE TABLE courses (
+    course_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    course_code VARCHAR(10) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+    course_name VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL,
+    description TEXT,
+    credits INT NOT NULL CHECK (credits > 0),
+    semester INT CHECK (semester BETWEEN 1 AND 2),
+    department_id INT,
+    professor_id INT,
+    max_capacity INT DEFAULT 30,
+    FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id)
+        ON DELETE CASCADE
+        ON UPDATE CASCADE,
+    FOREIGN KEY (professor_id) REFERENCES professors(professor_id)
+        ON DELETE SET NULL
+        ON UPDATE CASCADE
+);
+
+-- Enrollments
+CREATE TABLE enrollments (
+    enrollment_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    student_id INT NOT NULL,
+    course_id INT NOT NULL,
+    enrollment_date DATE DEFAULT (CURRENT_DATE),
+    academic_year VARCHAR(9) NOT NULL,
+    status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'In Progress' 
+        CHECK (status IN ('In Progress', 'Passed', 'Failed', 'Dropped')),
+    FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES students(student_id)
+        ON DELETE CASCADE
+        ON UPDATE CASCADE,
+    FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(course_id)
+        ON DELETE CASCADE
+        ON UPDATE CASCADE,
+    UNIQUE KEY unique_enrollment (student_id, course_id, academic_year)
+);
+
+-- Grades
+CREATE TABLE grades (
+    grade_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    enrollment_id INT NOT NULL,
+    evaluation_type VARCHAR(30) 
+        CHECK (evaluation_type IN ('Assignment', 'Lab', 'Exam', 'Project')),
+    grade DECIMAL(5, 2) CHECK (grade BETWEEN 0 AND 20),
+    coefficient DECIMAL(3, 2) DEFAULT 1.00,
+    evaluation_date DATE,
+    comments TEXT,
+    FOREIGN KEY (enrollment_id) REFERENCES enrollments(enrollment_id)
+        ON DELETE CASCADE
+        ON UPDATE CASCADE
+);
+
+-- ============================================
+-- INDEXES
+-- ============================================
+CREATE INDEX idx_student_department ON students(department_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_course_professor ON courses(professor_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_enrollment_student ON enrollments(student_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_enrollment_course ON enrollments(course_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_grades_enrollment ON grades(enrollment_id);
+-- ============================================
+-- INSERT TEST DATA
+-- =============================================
+-- Insert Departments
+INSERT INTO departments (department_name, building, budget, department_head, creation_date) VALUES
+('Computer Science', 'North Wing', 520000.00, 'Dr. Amira Bensalem', '2011-08-15'),
+('Mathematics', 'East Wing', 360000.00, 'Prof. Karim Benali', '2009-09-01'),
+('Physics', 'West Wing', 410000.00, 'Dr. Nadia Khelifi', '2013-03-12'),
+('Civil Engineering', 'Central Building', 600000.00, 'Prof. Youssef Touati', '2007-06-20');
+
+-- Insert Professors
+INSERT INTO professors (last_name, first_name, email, phone, department_id, hire_date, salary, specialization) VALUES
+('Belkacem', 'Sami', 'sami.belkacem@university.edu', '+213-555-1011', 1, '2017-09-01', 75000.00, 'Machine Learning'),
+('Brahimi', 'Leila', 'leila.brahimi@university.edu', '+213-555-1022', 1, '2018-01-15', 72000.00, 'Database Systems'),
+('Cherif', 'Karim', 'karim.cherif@university.edu', '+213-555-1033', 1, '2019-09-01', 68000.00, 'Web Development'),
+('Amrani', 'Fatiha', 'fatiha.amrani@university.edu', '+213-555-1044', 2, '2016-09-01', 70000.00, 'Statistics'),
+('Haddad', 'Rachid', 'rachid.haddad@university.edu', '+213-555-1055', 3, '2015-09-01', 73000.00, 'Quantum Mechanics'),
+('Kacem', 'Nadia', 'nadia.kacem@university.edu', '+213-555-1066', 4, '2014-09-01', 78000.00, 'Structural Engineering');
+-- Insert Students
+INSERT INTO students (student_number, last_name, first_name, date_of_birth, email, phone, address, department_id, level, enrollment_date) VALUES
+('CS2021001', 'Saidi', 'Rania', '2003-06-12', 'rania.saidi@student.edu', '+213-661-0101', '12 Rue Ali, Algiers', 1, 'L3', '2021-09-01'),
+('CS2022002', 'Moussa', 'Omar', '2004-03-08', 'omar.moussa@student.edu', '+213-661-0102', '8 Avenue Didouche, Algiers', 1, 'L2', '2022-09-01'),
+('MA2021003', 'Fares', 'Sara', '2003-11-21', 'sara.fares@student.edu', '+213-661-0103', '24 Rue Abane, Algiers', 2, 'L3', '2021-09-01'),
+('PH2022004', 'Benali', 'Youssef', '2004-01-19', 'youssef.benali@student.edu', '+213-661-0104', '5 Boulevard Amirouche, Algiers', 3, 'L2', '2022-09-01'),
+('CS2020005', 'Khaldi', 'Lina', '2002-07-05', 'lina.khaldi@student.edu', '+213-661-0105', '18 Rue Didouche, Algiers', 1, 'M1', '2020-09-01'),
+('CE2021006', 'Toumi', 'Hassan', '2003-09-12', 'hassan.toumi@student.edu', '+213-661-0106', '33 Avenue Larbi, Algiers', 4, 'L3', '2021-09-01'),
+('CS2022007', 'Ait Ahmed', 'Mila', '2004-02-14', 'mila.aitahmed@student.edu', '+213-661-0107', '40 Rue Didouche, Algiers', 1, 'L2', '2022-09-01'),
+('MA2020008', 'Zerrouki', 'Samir', '2002-10-30', 'samir.zerrouki@student.edu', '+213-661-0108', '10 Boulevard Amirouche, Algiers', 2, 'M1', '2020-09-01');
+
+
+-- Insert Courses
+INSERT INTO courses (course_code, course_name, description, credits, semester, department_id, professor_id, max_capacity) VALUES
+('CS301', 'Database Systems', 'Advanced database design and SQL programming', 6, 1, 1, 2, 35),
+('CS302', 'Artificial Intelligence', 'Intro to AI and machine learning', 6, 1, 1, 1, 30),
+('CS401', 'Web Development', 'Full-stack web development', 5, 2, 1, 3, 32),
+('MA201', 'Linear Algebra', 'Vectors and matrices', 5, 1, 2, 4, 40),
+('PH301', 'Quantum Mechanics', 'Basics of quantum physics', 6, 1, 3, 5, 25),
+('CE301', 'Structural Analysis', 'Study of building structures', 6, 2, 4, 6, 28),
+('CS303', 'Data Structures', 'Algorithms and data structures', 5, 2, 1, 1, 35);
+
+-- Insert Enrollments
+INSERT INTO enrollments (student_id, course_id, enrollment_date, academic_year, status) VALUES
+(1, 1, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(1, 2, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(1, 3, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(2, 1, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(2, 7, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(5, 1, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'Passed'),
+(5, 2, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'Passed'),
+(5, 3, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(7, 1, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(7, 7, '2024-09-15', '2024-2025', 'In Progress'),
+(3, 4, '2023-09-10', '2023-2024', 'Passed'),
+(4, 5, '2023-09-10', '2023-2024', 'Passed'),
+(6, 6, '2023-09-10', '2023-2024', 'Passed'),
+(8, 4, '2023-09-10', '2023-2024', 'Passed'),
+(1, 7, '2023-09-10', '2023-2024', 'Failed');
+
+-- Insert Grades
+INSERT INTO grades (enrollment_id, evaluation_type, grade, coefficient, evaluation_date, comments) VALUES
+(1, 'Assignment', 15.50, 0.20, '2024-10-15', 'Good understanding of normalization'),
+(1, 'Exam', 14.00, 0.60, '2024-12-10', 'Solid performance'),
+(2, 'Lab', 16.00, 0.30, '2024-11-05', 'Excellent implementation'),
+(2, 'Project', 17.50, 0.50, '2024-12-15', 'Outstanding project work'),
+(6, 'Assignment', 18.00, 0.20, '2024-10-15', 'Excellent work'),
+(6, 'Exam', 16.50, 0.60, '2024-12-10', 'Very good understanding'),
+(7, 'Lab', 17.00, 0.30, '2024-11-05', 'Great implementation'),
+(7, 'Exam', 15.50, 0.50, '2024-12-18', 'Good performance'),
+(11, 'Exam', 14.50, 1.00, '2024-01-20', 'Passed'),
+(12, 'Exam', 13.00, 1.00, '2024-01-22', 'Passed'),
+(13, 'Project', 16.00, 1.00, '2024-05-15', 'Excellent project'),
+(14, 'Exam', 12.50, 1.00, '2024-01-20', 'Passed');
+-- ======================================================
+-- ========== SQL QUERIES TO SOLVE ==========
+-- ========== PART 1: BASIC QUERIES (Q1-Q5) ==========
+
+-- Q1. List all students with their main information (name, email, level)
+-- Expected columns: last_name, first_name, email, level
+SELECT last_name, first_name, email, level
+FROM students;
+
+-- Q2. Display all professors from the Computer Science department
+-- Expected columns: last_name, first_name, email, specialization
+SELECT p.last_name, p.first_name, p.email, p.specialization
+FROM professors p
+JOIN departments d ON p.department_id = d.department_id
+WHERE d.department_name = 'Computer Science';
+
+
+-- Q3. Find all courses with more than 5 credits
+-- Expected columns: course_code, course_name, credits
+SELECT course_code, course_name, credits
+FROM courses
+WHERE credits > 5;
+
+
+-- Q4. List students enrolled in L3 level
+-- Expected columns: student_number, last_name, first_name, email
+SELECT student_number, last_name, first_name, email
+FROM students
+WHERE level = 'L3';
+
+
+-- Q5. Display courses from semester 1
+-- Expected columns: course_code, course_name, credits, semester
+SELECT course_code, course_name, credits, semester
+FROM courses
+WHERE semester = 1;
+
+
+-- ========== PART 2: QUERIES WITH JOINS (Q6-Q10) ==========
+
+-- Q6. Display all courses with the professor's name
+-- Expected columns: course_code, course_name, professor_name (last + first)
+SELECT c.course_code, c.course_name,
+       CONCAT(p.last_name,' ',p.first_name) AS professor_name
+FROM courses c
+LEFT JOIN professors p ON c.professor_id = p.professor_id;
+
+
+-- Q7. List all enrollments with student name and course name
+-- Expected columns: student_name, course_name, enrollment_date, status
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+       c.course_name,
+       e.enrollment_date,
+       e.status
+FROM enrollments e
+JOIN students s ON e.student_id = s.student_id
+JOIN courses c ON e.course_id = c.course_id;
+
+
+-- Q8. Display students with their department name
+-- Expected columns: student_name, department_name, level
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+       d.department_name,
+       s.level
+FROM students s
+JOIN departments d ON s.department_id = d.department_id;
+
+
+-- Q9. List grades with student name, course name, and grade obtained
+-- Expected columns: student_name, course_name, evaluation_type, grade
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+       c.course_name,
+       g.evaluation_type,
+       g.grade
+FROM grades g
+JOIN enrollments e ON g.enrollment_id = e.enrollment_id
+JOIN students s ON e.student_id = s.student_id
+JOIN courses c ON e.course_id = c.course_id;
+
+
+-- Q10. Display professors with the number of courses they teach
+-- Expected columns: professor_name, number_of_courses
+SELECT CONCAT(p.last_name,' ',p.first_name) AS professor_name,
+       COUNT(c.course_id) AS number_of_courses
+FROM professors p
+LEFT JOIN courses c ON p.professor_id = c.professor_id
+GROUP BY p.professor_id;
+
+
+-- ========== PART 3: AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS (Q11-Q15) ==========
+
+-- Q11. Calculate the overall average grade for each student
+-- Expected columns: student_name, average_grade
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+       AVG(g.grade) AS average_grade
+FROM students s
+JOIN enrollments e ON s.student_id = e.student_id
+JOIN grades g ON e.enrollment_id = g.enrollment_id
+GROUP BY s.student_id;
+
+
+-- Q12. Count the number of students per department
+-- Expected columns: department_name, student_count
+SELECT d.department_name, COUNT(s.student_id) AS student_count
+FROM departments d
+LEFT JOIN students s ON d.department_id = s.department_id
+GROUP BY d.department_id;
+
+
+-- Q13. Calculate the total budget of all departments
+-- Expected result: One row with total_budget
+SELECT SUM(budget) AS total_budget
+FROM departments;
+
+
+-- Q14. Find the total number of courses per department
+-- Expected columns: department_name, course_count
+SELECT d.department_name, COUNT(c.course_id) AS course_count
+FROM departments d
+LEFT JOIN courses c ON d.department_id = c.department_id
+GROUP BY d.department_id;
+
+
+-- Q15. Calculate the average salary of professors per department
+-- Expected columns: department_name, average_salary
+SELECT d.department_name, ROUND(AVG(p.salary),2) AS avg_salary
+FROM departments d
+LEFT JOIN professors p ON d.department_id = p.department_id
+GROUP BY d.department_id;
+
+
+-- ========== PART 4: ADVANCED QUERIES (Q16-Q20) ==========
+
+-- Q16. Find the top 3 students with the best averages
+-- Expected columns: student_name, average_grade
+-- Order by average_grade DESC, limit 3
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+AVG(g.grade) AS average_grade
+FROM students s
+JOIN enrollments e ON s.student_id = e.student_id
+JOIN grades g ON e.enrollment_id = g.enrollment_id
+GROUP BY s.student_id
+ORDER BY average_grade DESC
+LIMIT 3;
+
+
+-- Q17. List courses with no enrolled students
+-- Expected columns: course_code, course_name
+SELECT c.course_code, c.course_name
+FROM courses c
+LEFT JOIN enrollments e ON c.course_id = e.course_id
+WHERE e.enrollment_id IS NULL;
+
+
+-- Q18. Display students who have passed all their courses (status = 'Passed')
+-- Expected columns: student_name, passed_courses_count
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student,
+COUNT(*) AS passed_courses
+FROM students s
+JOIN enrollments e ON s.student_id = e.student_id
+WHERE e.status = 'Passed'
+GROUP BY s.student_id
+HAVING COUNT(*) = (
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM enrollments e2
+WHERE e2.student_id = s.student_id
+);
+
+
+-- Q19. Find professors who teach more than 2 courses
+-- Expected columns: professor_name, courses_taught
+SELECT CONCAT(p.last_name,' ',p.first_name) AS professor_name,
+COUNT(c.course_id) AS courses_taught
+FROM professors p
+JOIN courses c ON p.professor_id = c.professor_id
+GROUP BY p.professor_id
+HAVING COUNT(c.course_id) > 2;
+
+
+-- Q20. List students enrolled in more than 2 courses
+-- Expected columns: student_name, enrolled_courses_count
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+COUNT(e.enrollment_id) AS enrolled_courses_count
+FROM students s
+JOIN enrollments e ON s.student_id = e.student_id
+GROUP BY s.student_id
+HAVING COUNT(e.enrollment_id) > 2;
+
+
+-- ========== PART 5: SUBQUERIES (Q21-Q25) ==========
+
+-- Q21. Find students with an average higher than their department's average
+-- Expected columns: student_name, student_avg, department_avg
+-- Q21. Students with average higher than their department average
+
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+       ROUND(AVG(g.grade),2) AS student_avg
+FROM students s
+JOIN enrollments e ON s.student_id = e.student_id
+JOIN grades g ON e.enrollment_id = g.enrollment_id
+GROUP BY s.student_id, s.department_id
+HAVING AVG(g.grade) > (
+    SELECT AVG(g2.grade)
+    FROM students s2
+    JOIN enrollments e2 ON s2.student_id = e2.student_id
+    JOIN grades g2 ON e2.enrollment_id = g2.enrollment_id
+    WHERE s2.department_id = s.department_id
+    GROUP BY s2.department_id
+);
+
+-- Q22. List courses with more enrollments than the average number of enrollments
+-- Expected columns: course_name, enrollment_count
+SELECT c.course_name, COUNT(e.enrollment_id) AS enrollments
+FROM courses c
+JOIN enrollments e ON c.course_id = e.course_id
+GROUP BY c.course_id
+HAVING COUNT(e.enrollment_id) > (
+SELECT AVG(cnt)
+FROM (
+SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
+FROM enrollments
+GROUP BY course_id
+) x
+);
+
+-- Q23. Display professors from the department with the highest budget
+-- Expected columns: professor_name, department_name, budget
+SELECT CONCAT(p.last_name,' ',p.first_name) AS professor_name,
+d.department_name, d.budget
+FROM professors p
+JOIN departments d ON p.department_id = d.department_id
+WHERE d.budget = (SELECT MAX(budget) FROM departments);
+
+
+-- Q24. Find students with no grades recorded
+-- Expected columns: student_name, email
+SELECT CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student, s.email
+FROM students s
+WHERE s.student_id NOT IN (
+SELECT DISTINCT e.student_id
+FROM enrollments e
+JOIN grades g ON e.enrollment_id = g.enrollment_id
+);
+
+
+-- Q25. List departments with more students than the average
+-- Expected columns: department_name, student_count
+SELECT d.department_name, COUNT(s.student_id) AS students
+FROM departments d
+LEFT JOIN students s ON d.department_id = s.department_id
+GROUP BY d.department_id
+HAVING COUNT(s.student_id) > (
+SELECT AVG(cnt)
+FROM (
+SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
+FROM students
+GROUP BY department_id
+) t
+);
+
+
+-- ========== PART 6: BUSINESS ANALYSIS (Q26-Q30) ==========
+
+-- Q26. Calculate the pass rate per course (grades >= 10/20)
+-- Expected columns: course_name, total_grades, passed_grades, pass_rate_percentage
+SELECT c.course_name,
+COUNT(g.grade_id) AS total_grades,
+SUM(CASE WHEN g.grade >= 10 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS passed_grades,
+ROUND(SUM(CASE WHEN g.grade >= 10 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)*100.0/COUNT(g.grade_id),2)
+AS pass_rate_percentage
+FROM courses c
+JOIN enrollments e ON c.course_id = e.course_id
+JOIN grades g ON e.enrollment_id = g.enrollment_id
+GROUP BY c.course_id;
+
+
+-- Q27. Display student ranking by descending average
+-- Expected columns: rank, student_name, average_grade
+SELECT 
+RANK() OVER (ORDER BY AVG(g.grade) DESC) AS rank_position,
+CONCAT(s.last_name,' ',s.first_name) AS student_name,
+ROUND(AVG(g.grade),2) AS average_grade
+FROM students s
+JOIN enrollments e ON s.student_id = e.student_id
+JOIN grades g ON e.enrollment_id = g.enrollment_id
+GROUP BY s.student_id;
+
+
+-- Q28. Generate a report card for student with student_id = 1
+-- Expected columns: course_name, evaluation_type, grade, coefficient, weighted_grade
+SELECT c.course_name, g.evaluation_type, g.grade, g.coefficient,
+g.grade * g.coefficient AS weighted_grade
+FROM grades g
+JOIN enrollments e ON g.enrollment_id = e.enrollment_id
+JOIN courses c ON e.course_id = c.course_id
+WHERE e.student_id = 1;
+
+
+-- Q29. Calculate teaching load per professor (total credits taught)
+-- Expected columns: professor_name, total_credits
+SELECT CONCAT(p.last_name,' ',p.first_name) AS professor,
+SUM(c.credits) AS total_credits
+FROM professors p
+LEFT JOIN courses c ON p.professor_id = c.professor_id
+GROUP BY p.professor_id;
+
+-- Q30. Identify overloaded courses (enrollments > 80% of max capacity)
+-- Expected columns: course_name, current_enrollments, max_capacity, percentage_full
+SELECT c.course_name,
+COUNT(e.enrollment_id) AS enrolled,
+c.max_capacity
+FROM courses c
+LEFT JOIN enrollments e ON c.course_id = e.course_id
+GROUP BY c.course_id
+HAVING COUNT(e.enrollment_id) > 0.8 * c.max_capacity;
+