diff --git a/workflow/handler.py b/workflow/handler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b876546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/workflow/handler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+"""
+workflow/handler.py
+Workflow handling utilities for GSoC-2026-MoganLab.
+Fixes #2: Replace generic error messages with descriptive ones.
+"""
+
+
+class WorkflowError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for workflow handling errors."""
+    pass
+
+
+def load_workflow(file_path):
+    """
+    Load a workflow configuration from the given file path.
+
+    Args:
+        file_path (str): Path to the workflow config file.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: Parsed workflow configuration.
+
+    Raises:
+        WorkflowError: If the file is missing, empty, or invalid.
+    """
+    if not file_path:
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            "Workflow loading failed: 'file_path' must not be empty. "
+            "Provide a valid path to a workflow configuration file."
+        )
+
+    try:
+        with open(file_path, "r") as f:
+            content = f.read()
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Workflow loading failed: the file '{file_path}' was not found. "
+            f"Check that the path is correct and the file exists."
+        )
+    except PermissionError:
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Workflow loading failed: permission denied when reading '{file_path}'. "
+            f"Check file permissions and try again."
+        )
+
+    if not content.strip():
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Workflow loading failed: the file '{file_path}' is empty. "
+            f"A valid workflow file must contain at least one step definition."
+        )
+
+    return {"source": file_path, "content": content}
+
+
+def validate_workflow(workflow):
+    """
+    Validate a loaded workflow configuration.
+
+    Args:
+        workflow (dict): Workflow config returned by load_workflow().
+
+    Raises:
+        WorkflowError: If required fields are missing or invalid.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(workflow, dict):
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Workflow validation failed: expected a dict, "
+            f"got {type(workflow).__name__}. "
+            f"Pass the output of load_workflow() directly."
+        )
+
+    if "steps" not in workflow:
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            "Workflow validation failed: the 'steps' key is missing. "
+            "Every workflow must define a list of steps to execute."
+        )
+
+    steps = workflow["steps"]
+
+    if not isinstance(steps, list) or len(steps) == 0:
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            "Workflow validation failed: 'steps' must be a non-empty list. "
+            "Add at least one step to the workflow definition."
+        )
+
+    for i, step in enumerate(steps):
+        if "name" not in step:
+            raise WorkflowError(
+                f"Workflow validation failed: step at index {i} is missing "
+                f"the required 'name' field. Each step must have a unique name."
+            )
+        if "action" not in step:
+            raise WorkflowError(
+                f"Workflow validation failed: step '{step.get('name', i)}' "
+                f"is missing the required 'action' field. "
+                f"Specify what action this step should perform."
+            )
+
+
+def execute_step(step, context):
+    """
+    Execute a single workflow step.
+
+    Args:
+        step (dict): Step definition with 'name' and 'action'.
+        context (dict): Shared execution context passed between steps.
+
+    Raises:
+        WorkflowError: If the step or context is invalid.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(step, dict):
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Step execution failed: expected step to be a dict, "
+            f"got {type(step).__name__}."
+        )
+
+    if not isinstance(context, dict):
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Step execution failed: expected context to be a dict, "
+            f"got {type(context).__name__}."
+        )
+
+    step_name = step.get("name", "<unnamed>")
+    action = step.get("action")
+
+    if not callable(action):
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Step execution failed: the 'action' of step '{step_name}' "
+            f"must be a callable (function), but got "
+            f"{type(action).__name__}. "
+            f"Assign a valid function to the 'action' key."
+        )
+
+    try:
+        action(context)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise WorkflowError(
+            f"Step '{step_name}' raised an unexpected error "
+            f"during execution: {exc}. "
+            f"Check the step's action function for bugs."
+        ) from exc
+
+
+def run