question_id,split,English_question,English_long_answer,English_short_answer,Yoruba_question,Yoruba_rewrite_flag,Yoruba_long_answer,Yoruba_short_answer,Yoruba_paragraph,Answer_Alignment_Semantic_Equivalence,Answer_Alignment_English_Wrong_Answer,Yoruba_Document,English_Document -1286998630593832072,train,what does ky stand for in cayman islands,". ky is the Internet country code top - level domain (ccTLD) for the Cayman Islands. Registration was limited to residents and registered companies in the Cayman Islands with a local address, but this restriction was removed in September 2015. The Cayman Islands also has the international three letter code, CYM, and has won a bid to be awarded the. cym domain in a future expansion of the top level domain space.",['india'],kí ni ky dúró fún ní erékùṣù cayman,Yes,['.ky ni amioro orile-ede lori Internet fun top-level domain (ccTLD) fun Cayman Islands.'],['.ky ni amioro orile-ede lori Internet fun top-level domain fun Cayman Islands.'],['P1'],1,0,".ky .ky ni amioro orile-ede lori ayelujara fun akata ipele to ga julo fun awon Erekusu Cayman.",".ky Introduced 1995 TLD type Country code top-level domain Status Active Registry Information and Communications Technology Authority Sponsor Information and Communications Technology Authority Intended use Entities connected with the Cayman Islands Actual use Gets some use in Cayman Islands Registration restrictions None after 2015, anyone can register a domain. Structure Registrations are made directly at second level, or at third level beneath several second-level names Documents Policies Dispute policies UDRP Registry Website Registry site .ky is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for the Cayman Islands . Registration was limited to residents and registered companies in the Cayman Islands with a local address, but this restriction was removed in September 2015. The Cayman Islands also has the international three letter code , CYM, and has won a bid to be awarded the .cym domain in a future expansion of the top level domain space. In January 2015 the Cayman Islands ICTA announced a partnership with Uniregistry for the operation of the .ky name extension. Uniregistry became the first ICANN accredited registrar to retail .ky names on March 2, 2015. Contents 1 Second level domains 2 References 3 See also 4 External links Second level domains [ edit ] Registrations are permitted directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names: com.ky org.ky net.ky edu.ky (restricted to educational institutions) gov.ky (restricted to governmental entities) References [ edit ] See also [ edit ] Cayman Islands portal Internet in the Cayman Islands Internet in the United Kingdom .uk External links [ edit ] IANA .ky whois information .ky domain registration website Uniregistry" 3506772758530306034,train,what is the name of the first nigerian president,"The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.",['buenos aires'],kí ni orúkọ ààrẹ nàìjíríà àkọ́kọ́,Yes,"['Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare, ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.']",['Nnamdi Azikiwe ni Aare'],['P2'],1,0,"Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà tàbì Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà lásán ni olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[1] Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà náà tún ni Alá?? pátápátá àw?n ológun Nàìjíríà. Àw?n ará Nàìjíríà ún dìbò yan ààr? fún ?dún m??rin. Àw?n ipò ààr?, àw?n agbára, àti àw?n oyè olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba j?? dídàp?? sí ipò ààr? láb?? Òfin-Ibágbép?? il?? Nàìjíríà odún 1979. Ààr? l??w??l??w??, Bola Tinubu, b?? sí orí àga ní 29, osu? karu?n, o?du?n 2023, g??g??bí ààr? 16k Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[2] Itan Nigbati Naijiria di ile apapo oselu olominira ni odun 1963 larin Awon Orile-ede Ajoni, o diwo mo ona ijoba igbimo asofin ti o jogun lat'owo ile Britani. Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare,[3] ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.[3] Àkój? àw?n Olórí Ìj?ba Ológun àti Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà Láti ?dún 1963-1966","President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Seal of the President Presidential Standard Incumbent Muhammadu Buhari since May 29, 2015 Executive Branch of the federal government Style Mr. President His Excellency Member of Federal Executive Council National Security Council Residence Aso Rock Presidential Villa Seat Abuja , F.C.T. Appointer Popular vote Term length Four years renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Nigeria Formation October 1, 1963 ; 54 years ago ( 1963-10-01 ) First holder Nnamdi Azikiwe October 1, 1963 Deputy Vice President of Nigeria Salary ₦ 14,000,000 ($70,351) annually Website www .statehouse .gov .ng Former standard of the President Flag of the President as Commander in Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution [show] Human rights Government [show] President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly [show] Senate House of Representatives Judiciary [show] Supreme Court Subdivisions [show] States State governors Local Government Areas Elections [show] Recent elections Presidential: 2011 2015 2019 Parliamentary: 2011 2015 2019 Political parties Foreign relations [show] Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nigeria to Nigeria Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas v t e The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria . The President of Nigeria is also the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces . The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe , who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari , took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Functions of the President of Nigeria 3 Eligibility 4 Oath of office 5 See also 6 References History [ edit ] On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. An all-Nigerian Executive Council was headed by a Prime Minister, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . On November 16, 1960, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe , became the first Governor-General of a Federation of three Regions of the North, East and West, with Lagos as the Federal Capital. Each of the Regions was headed by a Premier with a Governor as Ceremonial Head. On October 1, 1963, Nigeria became a Federal Republic and severed whatever ties were left with the British monarchy , but remained a member in the Commonwealth of Nations . The Governor-General's position was, therefore, replaced with that of President. In January 1966, a group of army officers, led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu , overthrew the central and regional governments, killed the prime minister, and tried to take control of the government in a failed coup d'état. Nzeogwu was countered, captured and imprisoned by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. General Aguiyi-Ironsi was named Military Head of State. In July 1966, a group of northern army officers revolted against the government, killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and appointed the army chief of staff, General Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government. In 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was deposed and General Murtala Mohammed was the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria until his assassination in 1976. In 1976, General Olusegun Obasanjo was made head of state in a meeting of the Supreme Military Council, keeping the chain of command established by Murtala Muhammed in place. In 1979, Nigeria adopted a federal presidential constitution, with provision for an executive President as head of government, and a National Assembly , comprising a Senate and House of Representatives . In October 1979, after more than 13 years of military rule, Nigeria returned to democratic rule. The National Party of Nigeria emerged victorious in the presidential election and Alhaji Shehu Shagari was elected President. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the new Head of State. In August 1985, General Buhari's government was peacefully overthrown by Army Chief of Staff, Major General Ibrahim Babangida . Babangida became the President and Chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council . In August 1993, General Babangida stepped down and chose an interim government to replace him. Ernest Shonekan was named as interim president. General Sani Abacha seized power from Shonekan in November 1993 and became the President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. On 8 June 1998, General Abacha died at the presidential villa in the Nigerian capital, Abuja. Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar became the new President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. In May 1999, Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar stepped down, and the former military head of state, Olusegun Obasanjo , became the newly elected civilian president. Obasanjo served two terms in office. In May 2007, Alhaji Umaru Yar'Adua was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the 13th head of state of Nigeria. Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 in the Presidential villa, in Abuja , Nigeria. On 6 May 2010, the Vice President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 14th head of state. On 29 May 2015, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 15th head of state after winning the general election. Functions of the President of Nigeria [ edit ] The President has the powers entrusted by the Constitution and legislation, including those necessary to perform the functions of Head of State and Head of the national executive. The President is responsible for: Assenting to and signing Bills Referring a Bill back to the National Assembly for reconsideration of the Bill's constitutionality Referring a Bill to the Supreme Court for a decision on the Bill's constitutionality Summoning the National Assembly or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business Making any appointments that the Constitution or legislation requires the President to make, other than as head of the national executive Appointing commissions of inquiry Appointing the Supreme Court Justices of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council of Nigeria and subject to confirmation by the Senate Calling a national referendum in terms of an Act of Parliament Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives Appointing ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, and diplomatic and consular representatives and other federal officers with the advice and consent of a majority of the Senate Pardoning or reprieving offenders and remitting any fines, penalties or forfeitures Conferring honours Eligibility [ edit ] Chapter VI, Part I, Section 131 of the constitution states that a person may be qualified for election of the office of the President if: he is a citizen of Nigeria by birth; he has attained the age of thirty five years; he is a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party; he has been educated up to at least School Certificate level or its equivalent. A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of the President if: he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a country other than Nigeria or, except in such cases as may be prescribed by the National Assembly , he has made a declaration of allegiance to such other country; he has been elected to such office at any two previous elections; under the law in any part of Nigeria, he is adjudged to be a lunatic or otherwise declared to be of unsound mind; he is under a sentence of death imposed by any competent court of law or tribunal in Nigeria or a sentence of imprisonment or fine for any offence involving dishonesty or fraud or for any other offence, imposed on him by any court or tribunal or substituted by a competent authority for any other sentence imposed on him by such a court of tribunal; within a period of less than ten years before the date of the election to the office of President he has been convicted and sentenced for an offence involving dishonesty or he has been found guilty of the contravention of the Code of Conduct; he is an undischarged bankrupt, having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in Nigeria or any other country; being a person employed in the civil or public service of the Federation or of any State, he has not resigned, withdrawn or retired from the employment at least thirty days before the date of the election; or he is a member of any secret society; he has been indicted for embezzlement or fraud by a Judicial Commission of Inquiry or an Administrative Panel of Inquiry or a Tribunal set up under the Tribunals of Inquiry Act, a Tribunals of Inquiry law or any other law by the federal or state government which indictment has been accepted by the federal or state government respectively; he has presented a forged certificate to the Independent National Electoral Commission . Oath of office [ edit ] The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the President of the federation. The oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office: I do solemnly swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President; and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Nigeria. So help me God. See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Politics portal List of Governors-General of Nigeria List of heads of state of Nigeria List of heads of government of Nigeria References [ edit ]" -1110163740104641851,train,what is the name of the first president of nigeria,"The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on 1 October 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on 29 May 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.",['buenos aires'],kí ni orúkọ ààrẹ àkọ́kọ́ ní nàìjíríà,Yes,"['Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare, ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.']",['Nnamdi Azikiwe ni Aare'],['P2'],1,0,"Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà tàbì Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà lásán ni olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[1] Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà náà tún ni Alá?? pátápátá àw?n ológun Nàìjíríà. Àw?n ará Nàìjíríà ún dìbò yan ààr? fún ?dún m??rin. Àw?n ipò ààr?, àw?n agbára, àti àw?n oyè olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba j?? dídàp?? sí ipò ààr? láb?? Òfin-Ibágbép?? il?? Nàìjíríà odún 1979. Ààr? l??w??l??w??, Bola Tinubu, b?? sí orí àga ní 29, osu? karu?n, o?du?n 2023, g??g??bí ààr? 16k Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[2] Itan Nigbati Naijiria di ile apapo oselu olominira ni odun 1963 larin Awon Orile-ede Ajoni, o diwo mo ona ijoba igbimo asofin ti o jogun lat'owo ile Britani. Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare,[3] ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.[3] Àkój? àw?n Olórí Ìj?ba Ológun àti Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà Láti ?dún 1963-1966","President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Seal of the President Presidential Standard Incumbent Muhammadu Buhari since May 29, 2015 Executive Branch of the federal government Style Mr. President His Excellency Member of Federal Executive Council National Security Council Residence Aso Rock Presidential Villa Seat Abuja , F.C.T. Appointer Popular vote Term length Four years renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Nigeria Formation October 1, 1963 ; 54 years ago ( 1963-10-01 ) First holder Nnamdi Azikiwe October 1, 1963 Deputy Vice President of Nigeria Salary ₦ 14,000,000 ($70,351) annually Website www .statehouse .gov .ng Former standard of the President Flag of the President as Commander in Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution [show] Human rights Government [show] President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly [show] Senate House of Representatives Judiciary [show] Supreme Court Subdivisions [show] States State governors Local Government Areas Elections [show] Recent elections Presidential: 2011 2015 2019 Parliamentary: 2011 2015 2019 Political parties Foreign relations [show] Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nigeria to Nigeria Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas v t e The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria . The President of Nigeria is also the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces . The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe , who took office on 1 October 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari , took office on 29 May 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Functions of the President of Nigeria 3 Eligibility 4 Oath of office 5 See also 6 References History [ edit ] On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. An all-Nigerian Executive Council was headed by a Prime Minister, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . On November 16, 1960, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe , became the first Governor-General of a Federation of three Regions of the North, East and West, with Lagos as the Federal Capital. Each of the Regions was headed by a Premier with a Governor as Ceremonial Head. On October 1, 1963, Nigeria became a Federal Republic and severed whatever ties were left with the British monarchy , but remained a member in the Commonwealth of Nations . The Governor-General's position was, therefore, replaced with that of President. In January 1966, a group of army officers, led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu , overthrew the central and regional governments, killed the prime minister, and tried to take control of the government in a failed coup d'état. Nzeogwu was countered, captured and imprisoned by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. General Aguiyi-Ironsi was named Military Head of State. In July 1966, a group of northern army officers revolted against the government, killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and appointed the army chief of staff, General Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government. In 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was deposed and General Murtala Mohammed was the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria until his assassination in 1976. In 1976, General Olusegun Obasanjo was made head of state in a meeting of the Supreme Military Council, keeping the chain of command established by Murtala Muhammed in place. In 1979, Nigeria adopted a federal presidential constitution, with provision for an executive President as head of government, and a National Assembly , comprising a Senate and House of Representatives . In October 1979, after more than 13 years of military rule, Nigeria returned to democratic rule. The National Party of Nigeria emerged victorious in the presidential election and Alhaji Shehu Shagari was elected President. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the new Head of State. In August 1985, General Buhari's government was peacefully overthrown by Army Chief of Staff, Major General Ibrahim Babangida . Babangida became the President and Chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council . In August 1993, General Babangida stepped down and chose an interim government to replace him. Ernest Shonekan was named as interim president. General Sani Abacha seized power from Shonekan in November 1993 and became the President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. On 8 June 1998, General Abacha died at the presidential villa in the Nigerian capital, Abuja. Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar became the new President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. In May 1999, Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar stepped down, and the former military head of state, Olusegun Obasanjo , became the newly elected civilian president. Obasanjo served two terms in office. In May 2007, Alhaji Umaru Yar'Adua was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the 13th head of state of Nigeria. Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 in the Presidential villa, in Abuja , Nigeria. On 6 May 2010, the Vice President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 14th head of state. On 29 May 2015, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 15th head of state after winning the general election. Functions of the President of Nigeria [ edit ] The President has the powers entrusted by the Constitution and legislation, including those necessary to perform the functions of Head of State and Head of the national executive. The President is responsible for: Assenting to and signing Bills Referring a Bill back to the National Assembly for reconsideration of the Bill's constitutionality Referring a Bill to the Supreme Court for a decision on the Bill's constitutionality Summoning the National Assembly or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business Making any appointments that the Constitution or legislation requires the President to make, other than as head of the national executive Appointing commissions of inquiry Appointing the Supreme Court Justices of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council of Nigeria and subject to confirmation by the Senate Calling a national referendum in terms of an Act of Parliament Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives Appointing ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, and diplomatic and consular representatives and other federal officers with the advice and consent of a majority of the Senate Pardoning or reprieving offenders and remitting any fines, penalties or forfeitures Conferring honours Eligibility [ edit ] Chapter VI, Part I, Section 131 of the constitution states that a person may be qualified for election of the office of the President if: he is a citizen of Nigeria by birth; he has attained the age of thirty five years; he is a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party; he has been educated up to at least School Certificate level or its equivalent. A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of the President if: he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a country other than Nigeria or, except in such cases as may be prescribed by the National Assembly , he has made a declaration of allegiance to such other country; he has been elected to such office at any two previous elections; under the law in any part of Nigeria, he is adjudged to be a lunatic or otherwise declared to be of unsound mind; he is under a sentence of death imposed by any competent court of law or tribunal in Nigeria or a sentence of imprisonment or fine for any offence involving dishonesty or fraud or for any other offence, imposed on him by any court or tribunal or substituted by a competent authority for any other sentence imposed on him by such a court of tribunal; within a period of less than ten years before the date of the election to the office of President he has been convicted and sentenced for an offence involving dishonesty or he has been found guilty of the contravention of the Code of Conduct; he is an undischarged bankrupt, having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in Nigeria or any other country; being a person employed in the civil or public service of the Federation or of any State, he has not resigned, withdrawn or retired from the employment at least thirty days before the date of the election; or he is a member of any secret society; he has been indicted for embezzlement or fraud by a Judicial Commission of Inquiry or an Administrative Panel of Inquiry or a Tribunal set up under the Tribunals of Inquiry Act, a Tribunals of Inquiry law or any other law by the federal or state government which indictment has been accepted by the federal or state government respectively; he has presented a forged certificate to the Independent National Electoral Commission . Oath of office [ edit ] The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the President of the federation. The oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office: I do solemnly swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President; and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Nigeria. So help me God. See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Politics portal List of Governors-General of Nigeria List of heads of state of Nigeria List of heads of government of Nigeria References [ edit ]" -6545450989392139991,train,which can be considered the real reasons for malnutrition,"Undernourishment is most often due to not enough high - quality food being available to eat. This is often related to high food prices and poverty. A lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as may a number of infectious diseases such as : gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase nutrient requirements. There are two main types of undernutrition : protein - energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies. Protein - energy malnutrition has two severe forms : marasmus (a lack of protein and calories) and kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein). Common micronutrient deficiencies include : a lack of iron, iodine, and vitamin A. During pregnancy, due to the body 's increased need, deficiencies may become more common. In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition. Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery.","['the historical local appellation for the indus river', 'south asia']",àwọn nǹkan wo la lè kà sí ìdí gidi tó ń fa àìjẹunrekánú,Yes,"[""Aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ maa n waye nitori airi ojulowo ounjẹ jẹ. Eyi ko sai somọ ọwọn gogo iye ounjẹ ati iṣẹ. Aisi ti ifun lọ́mú le dakun, bi awọn ọpọ awọn akoran arun bii: inu wiwu, arun ẹdọforo, ba ati eeyì ti o maa n ṣafikun awọn eroja ounjẹ . Awọn oriṣi aijẹun toyẹ to meji lowa: aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ okun- puroteni ati alebu aijẹ ounjẹ to. Aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ okun- puroteni ni awọn alebu meji: marasmus (aini puroteni ati kalori) ati kwashiorkor (aito puroteni nikan). Aini eroja ounjẹ toye ni: aini ayọnu, ayodini ati fitamini A. Lakoko oyun, ti o da lori ibeere-fun pupọ, awọn aito wa wọpọ si. Ni awọn ọkan awọn orilẹ-ede ti o n dagba ounjẹ ajẹju bii isanraju ti wa n pọ ni aarin awọn awujọ bii aijẹ ounjẹ to. Awọn okunfa aijẹun toyẹ to miiran ni iri ara-ẹni bi pe a sanra nigba ti a ru àti bṣẹ abẹ idin ounjẹ ti inu le gba kù Laarin awọn agba aijẹ ounjẹ to'yẹ wọpọ nitori okunfa afojuri, ero inu ati ibalopọ.""]",['Aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ maa n waye nitori airi ojulowo ounjẹ jẹ. '],['P2'],1,0,"Àìj??un-dáradára Àìj??un-dáradára tabi aij? ounj? t'oy? j? ipo ti o n waye lara jij? ounj? ti aw?n ounj? a?ara l'ore koto tabi ti o ti p?ju ti o si fa aw?n i?oro ilera.[1][2] Aw?n ounj? a?ara lore le j??: kalori, puroteni, kab?hidireti, aw?n fitamin tabi minira.[2] A saba maa n lo ni pataki lati t?kasi aij?un to dara to nibi ti kosi kalori, puroteni tabi aw?n eroja ounj?; sib?sib?, o tun p?lu ij?un ju.[3][4] Bi aij? eroja ounj? to ba waye boya ni iloyun tabi ?aaju ?m? ?dun meji o le jasi aw?n i?oro aileyipada p?lu idagba ifojuri ati ?p?l?.[2] Aij? ohun a?ara lore to ti o gaju, ti a m?si ifebipa, leni aw?n aami ti o p?lu: ràrá, ara gbigb?, ailokun ti o to, ati ?s? wiwu ati ikùn.[2][3] Aw?n eniyan tun saba maa n ni aw?n akoran w?n si saba maa n tutù. Aw?n aami ti aisi eroja inu ounj? to dale iruf? eroja ounj? ti kosi nib?.[3] Aij? ounj? toy? maa n waye nitori airi ojulowo ounj? j?.[5] Eyi ko sai som? ?w?n gogo iye ounj? ati i??.[2][5] Aisi ti ifun l??mú le dakun, bi aw?n ?p? aw?n akoran arun bii: inu wiwu, arun ?d?foro, ba ati eeyì ti o maa n ?afikun aw?n eroja ounj? .[5] Aw?n ori?i aij?un toy? to meji lowa: aij? ounj? toy? okun- puroteni ati alebu aij? ounj? to.[4] Aij? ounj? toy? okun- puroteni ni aw?n alebu meji: marasmus (aini puroteni ati kalori) ati kwashiorkor (aito puroteni nikan).[3] Aini eroja ounj? toye ni: aini ay?nu, ayodini ati fitamini A.[3] Lakoko oyun, ti o da lori ibeere-fun pup?, aw?n aito wa w?p? si.[6] Ni aw?n ?kan aw?n oril?-ede ti o n dagba ounj? aj?ju bii isanraju ti wa n p? ni aarin aw?n awuj? bii aij? ounj? to.[7] Aw?n okunfa aij?un toy? to miiran ni iri ara-?ni bi pe a sanra nigba ti a ru àti b?? ab? idin ounj? ti inu le gba kù[8][9] Laarin aw?n agba aij? ounj? to'y? w?p? nitori okunfa afojuri, ero inu ati ibalop?.[10] Ipa lati mu gbooro ounj? j? lara aw?n ipo ti o ya iranw? idagba.[11] Ifun l?mu le din iye aij? ounj? to ati iku ninu aw?n ?m?de ku,[2] ati aw?n ipa lati mu gberu i?e b?? dagba p?.[12] Ninu aw?n ?m?de pipese ounj? p?lu ?mu-mimu laarin o?u m?fa ati ?dun meji mu abajade gberu.[12] ?ri gidi wa ti o kin l?hin pe eroja ounj? ti ?p? aw?n eroja ounj? lakoko oyun ati laarin aw?n ?m?de ni aw?n oril?-ede ti o n dagba.[12] Lati pese ounj? fun aw?n ti o nilo r? ju ni ipese ounj? ati ipese owo ki aw?n eniyan le ra ounj? laarin ?ja ilu l? geere.[11][13] Fifun aw?n eniyan lounj? nikan to.[11] Ibojuto aij? ounj? t'oy? ti o l'ewu laarin ile eniyan p?lu àw?n ounj? ìlo iwosan aarun ?ee?e l?p? igba.[12] Laarin aw?n ti o ni ewu aije ounj? toy? low? aw?n i?oro it?ju ilera miiran laarin ile-iwosan ni a b?w?lu.[12] Eyi nilo abojuto aito ?uga, im?lara ara, ara-gbigb?, ati ifun-lounj? di?di?.[12][14] Igbes? aw?n ogun a?odi si akoran ni a b?w?lu nitori akoran ti o p?.[14] Aw?n ilana it?ju ?j? pip? ni: imugbooro aw?n i?e agb?,[15] re dio?i kuim, imum?toto gbooroth, atiofifun aw?n obinrin ni agbara i??[11] Aw?n 925 mili?nu eniyan ti kori ounj? j? to ni agbaye ni o wa ni 2010, ?p? ti 80 mili?nu lati 1990.[16][17] Aw?n eniyan bili?nu ti a ka miiran ti koni fitamin ati eroja ounj? toy?.[11] Ni 2010 aij? ounj? toy? ti agbara puroteni ti ?okunfa aw?n iku bii 600,000 de 883,000 aw?n iku ni 1990.[18] Aw?n aito ounj? toy? aito ayodini ati arun aito ayodini, fa iku 84,000 miiran.[18] Airi ounj? toy? j? ni 2010 n okunfa 1.4% gbogbo ailera igbe-aye ti a sun.[11][19] Bi ida m?ta aw?n iku laarin aw?n ?m?de ni a gbagb? pe airi ounj? j? to lofa; sib?sib?, ako s? aw?n iku naa b??.[5] Ni 2010 a ?akoj? pe o ?okunfa bii 1.5 mili?nu aw?n iku aw?n obinrin ati ?m?de[20] aw?n kan til? s?pe iye naa le ju 3 mili?nu.[12] Ati afikun 165 mili?nu aw?n ?m?de ni aidagba bi-o-tiy? lara arun naa.[12] Airij? to w?p? ni aw?n oril?-ede ti o n dagba.[21]", 4369517443068355385,train,a disease that can be transmitted through the air is spread by,"An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens that can be transmitted through the air. Such diseases include many of considerable importance both in human and veterinary medicine. The relevant pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, raising of dust, spraying of liquids, toilet flushing or any activities which generates aerosol particles or droplets. Human airborne diseases do not include conditions caused by air pollution such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gasses and any airborne particles, though their study and prevention may help inform the science of airborne disease transmission.","['chromosomes', '500', 'cell']",àrùn tó lè tàn kálẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ ,Yes,"['Àwọn kòkòrò afàìsàn náà lè jẹ́ kòkòrò ààrùn-ẹ̀ràn, bakitéríà, tàbí fọ́nńgaì tí wọ́n lè ràn káàkiri nípa èémí, ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ, ikọ́ wúwú, èésín sí sín, pípo eruku, fífọ́n nǹkan olómi ká, tàbí ìṣe tó bá ń fa ẹ̀rún inú atẹ́gùn tàbí nǹkan tó lè fọ́nká nínú atẹ́gùn.', 'Àwọn ẹ̀rún kòkòrò àìsàn tí atẹ́gùn máa ń fọ́nká ló máa ń fa àwọn àrùn inú atẹ́gùn.']","['kromosomu je didameji ninu igbese itunda DNA, to si unpese fun ahamo kookan awon kromosomu pipe tikookan fun won.', 'Àwọn ẹ̀rún kòkòrò àìsàn tí atẹ́gùn máa ń fọ́nká ló máa ń fa àwọn àrùn inú atẹ́gùn.']","['P1', 'P4']",1,0,"Àìsàn inú af??f?? Àìsàn inú af??f?? tàbí at??gùn j?? àìsàn kí àìsàn tí kòkòrò afàìsàn lè fà tí ??rún r?? nínú at??gùn lè ?àkóbá fún ?lòmíràn bí w??n bá mí í sínú.[2] Ògùn irú àìsàn báyìí ?e pàtàkì sí ènìyàn àti ?ranko. Àw?n kòkòrò afàìsàn náà lè j?? kòkòrò ààrùn-??ràn, bakitéríà, tàbí f??n?gaì tí w??n lè ràn káàkiri nípa èémí, ??r?? sís?, ik?? wúwú, èésín sí sín, pípo eruku, fíf??n n?kan olómi ká, tàbí ì?e tó bá ? fa ??rún inú at??gùn tàbí n?kan tó lè f??nká nínú at??gùn. Ní ??p?? ìgbà, àw?n ??rún àìsàn nínú at??gùn máa ? fa àrùn láti imú, ??fun, sinuses, àti ìfun, èyí ló máa ? fa ik??, ?gb?? ??fun àti àw?n àmìn àw?n àìsàn míì tó lè ???y? lág???? ara. Lára àw?n gbajúm?? àrùn inú af??f?? ni : ??ràn kòrónà, àrùn il?? gbígbóná, morbillivirus, àrùn il?? tútù, ik?? fée tàbí ik?? àwúgb?, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kòkòrò influenza, kòkòrò enterovirus, kòkòrò norovirus, àti, adenovirus, èyí kò fi b???? w??p?? àti respiratory syncytial virus. Irúf?? àw?n àrùn ??ràn w??nyí nílò af??f?? àyíká àdáwà nígbà ìt??jú. Àgbéy??wò Àw?n ??rún kòkòrò àìsàn tí at??gùn máa ? f??nká ló máa ? fa àw?n àrùn inú at??gùn. Orísun w?n máa ? sáàbà máa wá láti ara omi ara alárùn ??ràn tàbí ?ranko, tàbí àw?n ìd??tí ohun èlò. Àw?n ??rún àìsàn tí w??n máa ? fa èyí ni w??n ? pè ní kòkòrò afàìsàn. W??n lè ràn ká nínú af??f??, eruku tàbí omi, tí w??n sì lè rìn jìnnà tàbí wà nínú af??f?? fún ìgbà píp??.Fún àp??r?, sínsín lè f??n àw?n ??rún àìsàn ká káàkiri inú ?k?? akérò kan.[3] Mímí sínú àw?n ??rún àìsàn máa ? sáàbà fa àìsàn ara wíwú, èyí sìn máa ? ?àkóbá àw?n ??yà èémí. Díd??tí af??f?? kò sí lára àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? tí ó máa ? ?e ènìyàn, ?ùgb??n díd??tí af??f?? máa ? kópa pàtàkì nínú àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? tí kò j? m?? ì?e ènìyàn bí i ik??-kéfe Àw?n ìd??tí af??f?? máa ? ?àkóbá fún ??fun ènìyàn nípa ?í?okùnfà ??p?? àìsàn inú af??f?? ti ara wíwú. [4] Àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? náà lè ?àkóbá fún àw?n ?ranko. Fún àp??r?, Newcastle disease j?? àrùn àw?n ?y? tí ó máa ? ?e àw?n ?y? ??sìn káàkiri àgbáyé nípa ìd??tí inú af??f??. Ìkóràn Àw?n àrùn ??ràn máa ? jà kál?? nígbà tí alára dídá bá mí ??rún àìsàn sínú tàbí bí irú ??rún àìsàn b???? bá bà lé e lójú, l??nu, tàbí imú. Kò p??n dandan kí alára dídá ènìyàn ní ìfojúkojú p??lú aláàrùn kí ó tó lè kó àrùn w??nyí. Bí ojú ?j?? ?e rí, nígbà òjò tàbí ??rún, yálà ní ìta gbangba tàbí nínú ilé máa ? kópa pàtàkì nínú ìkóràn àw?n àìsàn inú af??f??. Àw?n n?kan mìíràn tí ó máa ? ?okùnfà ìtànkál?? ??rún àìsàn ni ìjì, òjò, àti ì?e àti ìm??tótó ènìyàn. L??yìn ìyàs??t?? ètò ojú-?j??, ìw??j?p?? àw?n ??rún-àìsàn f??n?gàá nínú af??f?? máa ? dínkù; l??yìn ?j?? dí??, àw?n ??rún-àìsàn w??nyí máa ? p??si ní ìl??po tó p?? sí i ju ìgbà tí ojú ?j?? bá dá geere. Eto ??r?? ajé òun àyíká máa ? kópa péréte nínú àjàkál?? àw?n àìsàn inú af??f??. Ní àw?n ìlú ?lá, rírànkál?? àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? máa ? p?? púp?? ju ti àw?n abúlé àti àw?n ìlú kéréje l?. Títànkál?? aw?n ??rún-afàìsàn f??n?gàá máa ? w??p?? ni àw?n abúlé. Wíwà ní ìtòsí àw?n òdò ?lá lè ?okùnfà àjàkál?? àw?n àrùn inú af??f??. Àìmójútó ??r? amúlétutù dáadáa tí fa ìb??síl?? àrùn Legionella pneumophila. Àìsí ìmójútó tó péye fún àw?n irin??? ilé ìwòsàn ló máa ? fa àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? tó j? m?? ilé-ìwòsàn Ìdènà Lára aw?n ??nà Láti dènà àìsàn inú af??f?? ni líl? àw?n ògùn-àj?sára àìsàn kan pàtó, wíw? ìbòjú àti yíyàgò fún ?nik??ni tí ó bá ti kó àrùn.[5] Níní àj??e p?? p??lú ènìyàn tàbí ?ranko tí ó bá láàrùn àìsàn inú af??f?? kò ní kí ènìyàn lárùn náà dandan, nítorí kíkó àrùn náà dá lórí bí àw?n èròjà ìlera ara ènìyàn bá ti lágbára tó àti bí mímí sínú àw?n ??rún afaìsan tí onít??ún mí sínú ?e p?? tó. Nígbà mìíràn, a lè lo àw?n ògùn antibiotics láti wo àìsàn inú af??f?? bí i àrùn tó ? mú è?dò?fóró wú.[6] ??p??l?p?? àw?n oním?? ètò ìlera tí dábàá pé ìm??tótó àti Ìjìnnà-síra-?ni ( èyí tí a tún m?? sí Ìjìnnà-síra-?ni láwùj?) j?? ??nà pàtàkì láti dènà ?e àdínkù rírànkál?? àìsàn inú af??f??. [7].[8] Kò ?eé ?e kí ènìyàn ?e àdínkù ìjàmbá àti kó àìsàn inú af??f??, ?ùgb??n ènìyàn lè dènà kíkó àrùn. Láti ?e àdínkù kíkó àrùn: Jìnnà sí àw?n àw?n tí w??n tí kó àrùn. W? ìbòjú ni gbogbo ìgbà tí ó bá f?? l? sí àwùj? àw?n ènìyàn púp??. Bo ?nu r?? nígbà tí ó bá ? wúk?? tàbí sín. Máa f? ?w?? r? dáadáa, ó kéré jù fún ì???jú- àáyá ogún lóòrèkóòrè. Y?ra fún fífi ?w?? pa ojú ara r? tàbí tí àw?n mìíràn láìf?w??.","Airborne diseases can be spread via respiratory droplets expelled from the mouth and nose. An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens that can be transmitted through the air. Such diseases include many of considerable importance both in human and veterinary medicine . The relevant pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, raising of dust, spraying of liquids, toilet flushing or any activities which generates aerosol particles or droplets. Human airborne diseases do not include conditions caused by air pollution such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gasses and any airborne particles, though their study and prevention may help inform the science of airborne disease transmission. [ citation needed ] Contents [ hide ] 1 Overview 2 Causes 3 Transmission 4 Prevention 5 See also 6 References Overview [ edit ] Airborne diseases include any that are caused via transmission through the air. Many airborne diseases are of great medical importance. The pathogens transmitted may be any kind of microbe, and they may be spread in aerosols, dust or liquids. The aerosols might be generated from sources of infection such as the bodily secretions of an infected animal or person, or biological wastes such as accumulate in lofts, caves, garbage and the like. Such infected aerosols may stay suspended in air currents long enough to travel for considerable distances, though the rate of infection decreases sharply with the distance between the source and the organism infected. Airborne pathogens or allergens often cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses and the lungs. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory air way due to these airborne agents. Air pollution plays a significant role in airborne diseases which is linked to asthma . Pollutants are said to influence lung function by increasing air way inflammation. Many common infections can spread by airborne transmission at least in some cases, including: Anthrax (inhalational), Chickenpox , Influenza , Measles , Smallpox , Cryptococcosis , and Tuberculosis . Airborne diseases can also affect non-humans. For example, Newcastle disease is an avian disease that affects many types of domestic poultry worldwide which is transmitted via airborne contamination. Often, airborne pathogens or allergens cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses, and the upper airway lungs. Upper airway inflammation causes coughing congestion, and sore throat. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory air way due to these airborne agents. Causes [ edit ] An airborne disease can be caused by exposure to a source: an infected patient or animal, by being transferred from the infected person or animal’s mouth, nose, cut, or needle puncture. People receive the disease through a portal of entry: mouth, nose, cut, or needle puncture. Transmission [ edit ] Airborne transmission of disease depends on several physical variables endemic to the infectious particle. Environmental factors influence the efficacy of airborne disease transmission; the most evident environmental conditions are temperature and relative humidity. The sum of all the factors that influence temperature and humidity, either meteorological (outdoor) or human (indoor), as well as other circumstances influencing the spread of the droplets containing the infectious particles, as winds, or human behavior, sum up the factors influencing the transmission of airborne diseases. Climate and living area. Rainfall (number of rainy days being more important than total precipitation ), mean of sunshine daily hours, latitude, altitude are characteristic agents to take in account when assessing the possibility of spread of any airborne infection. Furthermore, some infrequent or exceptional extreme events also influence the dissemination of airborne diseases, as tropical storms, hurricanes, typhoons, or monsoons. Climate conditions determine temperature, winds and relative humidity in any territory, either all year around or at isolated moments (days or weeks). Those are the main factors affecting the spread, duration and infectiousness of droplets containing infectious particles. For instance, influenza virus, is spread easily in northern countries (north hemisphere), because of climate conditions which favour the infectiousness of the virus but on the other hand, in those countries, lots of bacterial infections cannot spread outdoor most of the year, keeping in a latent stage. UV is harmful to both viruses and bacteria. UV incidence can determine the survival of the infectious particles, so that in those territories with a higher average of sunshine daily hours, and closer to the equator, some particles lose their infectious ability. Infectious particles show and increased survival in the presence of UV light at higher relative humidity levels. It is thought to be due to the protective effect of larger particle sizes, as evaporation would be less at these higher RH levels, showing a protective effect of a thicker water coat. After isolated events, as tropical storms, has been determined that firstly the quantity of fungal spores is decreased, but a few days later, an exponentially increased number of spores is found, compared to normal conditions. Socioeconomics and living conditions. They have a minor role in airborne diseases transmission, but they also have to be taken in consideration. Dwelling is an important aspect. In cities the spread of diseases is faster than in rural areas and outskirts. Normally, cities enclose quarters of buildings, in which the transmission of the viral and bacterial diseases among the neighborhoods is uncomplicated. However, suburban areas are generally more favourable for higher airborne fungal spores Nearness to large sources of water as rivers and lakes can be a cause of some outbreaks of airborne diseases, after changes in local watershed. Poor sewage systems are usually found in poor countries, especially in the rural areas, and can determine the proliferation of infectious bacteria, that once infecting animal or humans can be transmitted throughout the air. Working conditions, can also settle infectious airborne diseases. At indoor environments, temperature and relative humidity are mainly affected by HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning). Inadequate ventilation is implicated in the airborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Poor maintenance or defects on those systems can foster the conditions for airborne infections. For instance, a poor maintenance of air conditioning systems, can lead to an outbreak of Legionella (mainly Legionella pneumophila), that will spread among the population of the building (workers), before the finding of the focal point. In hospitals, isolation of patients sick of infectious diseases has to be added as a factor, which is noticeable in poor regions, where lack of resources facilitates the spread of infectious diseases. [ citation needed ] Prevention [ edit ] Some ways to prevent airborne diseases include washing hands , using appropriate hand disinfection, getting regular immunizations against diseases believed to be locally present, wearing a respirator and limiting time spent in the presence of any patient likely to be a source of infection. Exposure to a patient or animal with an airborne disease does not guarantee receiving the disease. Because of the changes in host immunity and how much the host was exposed to the particles in the air makes a difference to how the disease affects the body. Antibiotics are not prescribed for patients to control viral infections. They may however be prescribed to a flu patient for instance, to control or prevent bacterial secondary infections . They also may be used in dealing with air-borne bacterial primary infections, such as pneumonic plague . Additionally the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has told consumers about vaccination and following careful hygiene and sanitation protocols for airborne disease prevention. Consumers also have access to preventive measures like UV Air purification devices that FDA and EPA-certified laboratory test data has verified as effective in inactivating a broad array of airborne infectious diseases. Many public health specialists recommend social distancing to reduce the transmission of airborne infections. See also [ edit ] Vector (epidemiology) Waterborne diseases Zoonosis References [ edit ]" -8185709606011547933,train,when was the federal capital moved from lagos to abuja,"Abuja (/ əˈbuːdʒə /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country 's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja 's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State.",['mons pubis'],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n gbé olú ìlú ìjọba àpapọ̀ láti ìlú èkó lọ sí abuja,No,"['Àbújá dí olú-ìlú orílè-ede Nàìjíríà ní osù kéjìlá, odún 1991, àkọsílẹ̀ ètò ikaniyan ti ọdún 2006 sọ wípé Àbújá ní olùgbé 776,298']","['Àbújá dí olú-ìlú orílè-ede Nàìjíríà ní osù kéjìlá, odún 1991']",['P1'],1,0,"Àbújá jẹ́ olú-Ìlú fún orílé-èdè Nàìjíríà . Ìlú yí ni ó jẹ́ àrin-gbùngbùn fún orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà , tí ilé ìjọba àpapọ̀ sì fìdí kalẹ̀ sí ní abẹ́ Aso Rock , Àpáta Agbára ni Àbújá . . Àbújá dí olú-ìlú orílè-ede Nàìjíríà ní osù kéjìlá, odún 1991, àkọsílẹ̀ ètò ikaniyan ti ọdún 2006 sọ wípé Àbújá ní olùgbé 776,298 Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","Abuja ( / ə ˈ b uː dʒ ə / ) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock , a 400-metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion . The Presidential Complex , National Assembly , Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock , a 792-metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State . At the 2006 census, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria . According to the United Nations , Abuja grew by 139.7% between 2000 and 2010, making it the fastest growing city in the world. As of 2015 [update] , the city is still experiencing an annual growth of at least 35%, still retaining its position as the fastest-growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest-growing in the world. Abuja has witnessed a huge influx of people into the city; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite towns, such as Karu Urban Area , Suleja , Gwagwalada, Lugbe, Kuje and smaller settlements towards which the planned city is sprawling. The unofficial metropolitan area of Abuja has a population of well over three million, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Nigeria, surpassed only by Lagos , Kano and Ibadan . As at 2016, the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at 6 million persons, placing it behind only Lagos, as the most populous metro area. Major religious sites include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre . The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport . Abuja is known for being one of the few purpose-built capital cities in Africa, as well as being one of the wealthiest. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Districts 2.1 Central Business District 2.2 Garki District 2.3 Wuse District 2.4 Maitama District 2.5 Asokoro District 2.6 Gwarinpa District 2.7 Durumi District 3 Climate 3.1 Vegetation 4 Skyline and landmarks 5 Universities in Abuja 6 International Schools in Abuja 7 Transportation 7.1 Airport 7.2 Rail 8 Parks and open areas 8.1 Bush Bars 9 Postal system 10 Twin towns – sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History [ edit ] Nigeria's National Assembly in Abuja ""Abuja"" was in the earlier 20th century the name of the nearby town now called Suleja . The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi (Gwari) as the major language, Bassa, Gwandara, Gade, Ganagana, Koro etc. In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria , plans had been devised since Nigeria's independence to have its capital in a place deemed neutral to all major ethnic parties, and also in close proximity to all the regions of Nigeria. The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity. Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos ' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid. As Lagos was already undergoing rapid economic development, the Nigerian regime felt the need to expand the economy towards the inner part of the country, and hence decided to move its capital to Abuja. The logic used was similar to the way Brazil planned its capital, Brasília . Construction broke ground and was dedicated in the late 1970s but, due to economic and political instability, the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s. The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was developed by International Planning Associates (IPA), a consortium of three American firms: Planning Research Corporation; Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd ; and Archisystems, a division of the Hughes Organization. The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in its current form. More detailed design of the central areas of the capital, particularly its monumental core, was accomplished by Kenzo Tange , a renowned Japanese architect, with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company. Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja, and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos , the commercial capital of Nigeria. Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the regional headquarters of OPEC . Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20% to 30% per year. Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits. Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003. The FCT's ministers have been as follows: Mobolaji Ajose-Adeogun 1976–1979 John Jatau Kadiya, 1979–1982 Iro Abubakar Dan Musa, 1982–1983 Haliru Dantoro, 1983–1984 Mamman Jiya Vatsa , 1984–December 1985 Hamza Abdullahi , 1986–1989 Gado Nasko , 1989–1993 Jeremiah Timbut Useni , 1993–1998 Mamman Kontagora , 1998–1999 Ibrahim Bunu, 1999–2001 Mohammed Abba Gana , 2001–2003 Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai , 2003–May 2007 Aliyu Modibo , 2007–2008 Adamu Aliero , 2008–2010 Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed , 2010–2015 Mohammed Bello, 2015–Present Districts [ edit ] The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts known as cadastral zones. Central Cadastral Zone A00 Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01 Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02 Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03 Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04 Maitama District Cadastral Zone A05 & A06 Wuse II Districts (Cadastral Zone A07 & Cadastral Zone A08) Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09 There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2. Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00 Gudu Cadastral Zone B01 Durumi Cadastral Zone B02 Wuye Cadastral Zone B03 Jabi Cadastral Zone B04 Utako Cadastral Zone B05 Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06 Jahi Cadastral Zone B08 Kado Cadastral Zone B09 Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10 Kaura Cadastral Zone B11 Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12 Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13 Dutse Cadastral Zone B14 Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19 There are eleven districts in Phase 3. Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00 Karmo Cadastral Zone C01 Gwarinpa Cadastral Zone C02 Dape Cadastral Zone C04 Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 Nbora Cadastral Zone C06 Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07 Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08 Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09 Wumba Cadastral Zone C10 Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 There are five suburban districts: Nyanya , Karu , Gwagwalada , Kubwa , and Jukwoyi . Along the Airport Road are clusters of satellite settlements , namely Lugbe , Chika , Kuchigworo and Pyakassa . Other satellite settlements are Idu (the main industrial zone ), Mpape , Karimu , Gwagwa , Dei-Dei (housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market). Central Business District [ edit ] National Christian Centre Abuja's Central District , also called Central Area, spans from the foot of Aso Rock , across the Three Arms Zone, to the southern base of the inner ring road. It is like the city's spinal cord, dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse, and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro. While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors, the Central District is the city's principal Business Zone, where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices. An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone , so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive, legislative and judicial arms of the federal government. A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way, Aso Hill, the Abuja Plant Nursery, Eagle Square (which has important historic significance, as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on 29 May 1999) and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier across the road facing it. The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue. A well-known government office is the Ministry of Defense, colloquially nicknamed ""Ship House"". Garki District [ edit ] The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city, having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east. The district is subdivided into units called ""Areas"". Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of ""Area"" to refer to parts of Garki. These are designated as Areas 1 to 11. Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2. Visitors may find this system confusing. Garki is presently the principal business district of Abuja. Numerous buildings of interest are in this area. Some of them include the General Post Office, Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way, Nicon Luxury Hotel (formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian), Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings (Area 1). A new five-star hotel, Hawthorn Suites Abuja, is in Garki. Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes, although a zoological garden as well as Garki Shopping Centre are in Area 2. Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7. The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces – Army, Airforce and Navy – are all in the Garki District. The tallest building in this district is the Radio House, which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and Voice of Nigeria (VON). The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) stations and corporate headquarters are in Garki. The Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki. The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja is in Area 10. Other places of note include the Arts and Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force headquarters in Area 10. The Abuja Municipal Area Council, which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10. The new United States Embassy is in the Garki District. Wuse District [ edit ] Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city, with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south. The District is numbered Zones 1–8. The Wuse Market is Abuja's principal market (Zone 5). The second most important post office in the city is here. This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers (Zone 4), Ibro International hotel, the Foreign Affairs Ministry Headquarters (Zone 3) and Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters, Federal Civil Service Commission (Zone 3), Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration (NAFDAC) (Zone 7), Wuse General Hospital, and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation. Just as Garki District has Garki II, Wuse has Wuse II. This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2. Maitama District [ edit ] Millennium Park in Maitama District Maitama District is to the north of the city, with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively. This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business, and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive. Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel , Nigerian Communications Commission Headquarters (NCC), National Universities Commission (NUC), Soil Conservation Complex, and Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way, in Maitama. Also, the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama. Maitama District is home to many of the European and Asian embassies. Asokoro District [ edit ] Asokoro District , the doyen of the districts, houses all of the state's lodges/guest houses. The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest. Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District. It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers; in addition, the Presidential Palace (commonly referred to as the Aso Rock) is in Asokoro District. By virtue of this fact, Asokoro is the most secure area of the city. Gwarinpa District [ edit ] Gwarinpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council. It is a 20-kilometre (12 mi) drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria, the Gwarinpa Housing Estate. The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa. It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals . The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarinpa. Durumi District [ edit ] Durumi District is located southwest of Abuja and is bordered by Garki Districts I and II to the northeast. Its borders are the Oladipo Dia Road to the southwest, the Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way to the northeast, and Ahmadu Bello Way to the southeast. The American International School of Abuja is located in the Durumi District. Climate [ edit ] Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ). The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually. This includes a warm, humid rainy season and a blistering dry season . In between the two, there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind, with the main feature of dust haze and dryness. The rainy season begins from April and ends in October, when daytime temperatures reach 28 °C (82.4 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F) and nighttime lows hover around 22 °C (71.6 °F) to 23 °C (73.4 °F). In the dry season, daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 °C (53.6 °F). Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 °C (86.0 °F). The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory. Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year. [ hide ] Climate data for Abuja Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 34.7 (94.5) 36.8 (98.2) 36.9 (98.4) 35.6 (96.1) 32.7 (90.9) 30.6 (87.1) 29.1 (84.4) 28.9 (84) 30.0 (86) 32.0 (89.6) 34.4 (93.9) 34.6 (94.3) 33.03 (91.45) Average low °C (°F) 20.4 (68.7) 25.5 (77.9) 24.3 (75.7) 24.7 (76.5) 19.5 (67.1) 18.3 (64.9) 21.9 (71.4) 17.7 (63.9) 17.5 (63.5) 21.4 (70.5) 15.7 (60.3) 15.5 (59.9) 20.2 (68.36) Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.7 (0.067) 5.4 (0.213) 11.3 (0.445) 62.8 (2.472) 134.1 (5.28) 164.2 (6.465) 217.5 (8.563) 262.7 (10.343) 253.4 (9.976) 103.2 (4.063) 3.7 (0.146) 1.2 (0.047) 1,221.2 (48.08) Average rainy days 0.1 0.2 1.3 4.2 9.4 12.3 14.0 16.2 15.9 8.0 0.3 0.1 82 Source: World Meteorological Organization. Vegetation [ edit ] The FCT falls within the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region. Patches of rain forest , however, occur in the Gwagwa plains, especially in the rugged terrain to the south southeastern parts of the territory, where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found. These areas of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria. Skyline and landmarks [ edit ] Spectators at a football match held in the Abuja National Stadium The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings. Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear. Most of the buildings are modern, reflecting that it is a new city. Plans were made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is partly completed. This structure looms 170 metres (560 ft) above the city. The tower is part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre, a 120,000 m 2 (1,300,000 sq ft) structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria. The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti . Landmarks include the Millennium Tower , the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters, the Nigerian Presidential Complex , the Ship House, the National Stadium , National Mosque , the National Church , Aso Rock and Zuma Rock . Abuja City Gate Zuma rock Abuja National Mosque Universities in Abuja [ edit ] African Institute of Science and Technology Baze University Nigerian Turkish Nile University University of Abuja Veritas University National Open University of Nigeria Nile University International Schools in Abuja [ edit ] Whiteplains British School , Jabi American International School of Abuja Nigerian-Turkish School Transportation [ edit ] Airport [ edit ] Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region. It was named after Nigeria's first president, Nnamdi Azikiwe . The airport has international and domestic terminals. Rail [ edit ] Abuja is on the route of the planned Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway , which has been completed between Abuja and Kaduna . Trains for Kaduna depart from the Idu Railway Station in Abuja. There is a motor park at the train station for passengers traveling to the city centre. A light rail system is now under construction, including a station at Idu . Parks and open areas [ edit ] Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park . Millennium Park was designed by world-renowned architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom 's Elizabeth II in December 2003. Another open area park is located in Lifecamp Gwarimpa; near the residence of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory. The park is located on a slightly raised hilltop which contains sport facilities like Basketball and Badminton courts another park is the city park, it is located in wuse 2 and is home to numerous outdoor and indoor attractions such as a 4D cinema, astro-turf, lawn tennis court, paintball arena and a variety of restaurants. Bush Bars [ edit ] Abuja has a variety of informal spaces known as ""Bush Bars"" that usually, though not always, include a covered area with tables and chairs where people can sit and have drinks (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and sometimes there are snacks such as suya, grilled catfish, pounded yam, egusi soup and other small items available for purchase and they are located all over Abuja. Postal system [ edit ] Abuja is served by the Nigerian Postal Service which maintains postal codes, street names and zones. Postal codes and district names can also be found on geocodes.com. Twin towns – sister cities [ edit ] Toronto , Canada Buffalo , United States See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Media related to Abuja at Wikimedia Commons Abuja official website Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abuja ." 1620618127426558634,train,what do the numbers in my ip address mean,"An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of addressing that host. Its role has been characterized as follows : `` A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there. ''",[],kí ni àwọn nọ́ńbà tó wà nínú adirẹsi ip mi túmọ̀ sí,Yes,"['Àwọn àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP ún jẹ́ kíkọ àti híhàn ní ọ̀nà tó ṣe é rí kà fún ọmọ ènìyàn, fún àpẹrẹ, gẹ́gẹ́ bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6.', 'Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.']","['Àwọn àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP ún jẹ́ kíkọ àti híhàn ní ọ̀nà tó ṣe é rí kà fún ọmọ ènìyàn, fún àpẹrẹ, gẹ́gẹ́ bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6.', 'Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.']","['P1', 'P3']",1,1,"Àdír????sì IP Àdír????sì Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì (Àdír????sì IP) ni àl??m?? ìtò-n??mbà tí ó j?? yíyànsíl?? fún ??r? k????kan tó sop?? m?? ??r?-àsop?? k??mpútà kan tó únlo Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì fún ìbánis??r??.[1][2] Àdír????sì IP kan ún?e ì??? m??jì pàtàkì: ì?e ìdám?? ??r?-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ??r?-àsop?? àti ì?e àdír????sì ibùdó. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) ?e ìtum?? àdír????sì IP kan g??g?? bí n??mbà oní 32-bit.[2] Sùgb??n, nítorí bí Íntán????tì ?e ti tóbi tó àti ìdínkù àw?n àdír????sì IPv4 tó wà, ??nà tuntun mìíràn fún IP (IPv6), tó ún lo 128 bits fún àdír????sì IP, j?? ?í?e àj?hùnsí ní ?dún 1998.[3][4][5] Ìlò IPv6 ti b??r?? láti àrin ìgbà ?dún 2000. Àw?n àdír????sì IP ún j?? kík? àti híhàn ní ??nà tó ?e é rí kà fún ?m? ènìyàn, fún àp?r?, g??g?? bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6. Ìtóbi ì???nà ìfikúnwájú fún àdír????sì j?? yíyànsíl?? nínú Àk?lé CIDR nípa sí?e ìfikúnl??yìn àdír????sì p??lú n??mbà àw?n bit pàtàkì, f.a., 192.168.1.15/24, tó j?? ìkannáà m?? subnet mask 255.255.255.0 tí w??n únlò látì ìb??r??. Ày?kà yìí tàbí apá r?? únf?? àtún?e sí. ? le f?? jù báyìí l? tàbí kí ? ?àtún?e r?? l??nà tí yíò mu kúnr??r??. ? ran Wikipedia l??w?? láti f???? jù báyìí l?.","For the Wikipedia user access level, see Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered users IP address configuration dialog in Microsoft Windows An Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing . Version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses , a new version of IP ( IPv6 ), using 128 bits for the IP address, was developed in 1995, and standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6. The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users and local Internet registries , such as Internet service providers . IPv4 addresses have been distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each. Each ISP or private network administrator assigns an IP address to each device connected to its network. Such assignments may be on a static (fixed or permanent) or dynamic basis, depending on its software and practices. Contents [ hide ] 1 Function 2 IP versions 3 IPv4 addresses 3.1 Subnetting 3.2 Private addresses 4 IPv6 addresses 4.1 Private addresses 5 IP subnetworks 6 IP address assignment 6.1 Sticky dynamic IP address 6.2 Address autoconfiguration 6.3 Addressing conflicts 7 Routing 7.1 Unicast addressing 7.2 Broadcast addressing 7.3 Multicast addressing 7.4 Anycast addressing 8 Public address 9 Firewalling 10 Address translation 11 Diagnostic tools 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Function An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of addressing that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: ""A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."" The header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host, and that of the destination host. A host may use geolocation software to deduce the geolocation of its communicating peer. IP versions Two versions of the Internet Protocol are in common use in the Internet today. The original version of the Internet Protocol for use in the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), first installed in 1983. The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space available for assignment to Internet service providers and end user organizations by the early 1990s, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the addressing capability in the Internet. The result was a redesign of the Internet Protocol which became eventually known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) in 1995. IPv6 technology was in various testing stages until the mid-2000s, when commercial production deployment commenced. IANA's primary IPv4 address pool was exhausted on 3 February 2011, when the last five blocks were allocated to the five RIRs . APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, intended to be allocated in a restricted process. Individual ISPs still had unassigned pools of IP addresses, and could recycle addresses no longer needed by their subscribers. Today, these two versions of the Internet Protocol are in simultaneous use. Among other technical changes, each version defines the format of addresses differently. Because of the historical prevalence of IPv4, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of version 5 to the experimental Internet Stream Protocol in 1979, which however was never referred to as IPv5. IPv4 addresses Main article: IPv4 § Addressing Decomposition of an IPv4 address from dot-decimal notation to its binary value. An IP address in IPv4 is 32-bits in size, which limits the address space to 4 294 967 296 (2 32 ) IP addresses. Of this number, IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation , consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits ( octet ) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal , octal , or binary representations. Subnetting In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, network administrators interpreted an IP address in two parts: network number portion and host number portion. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) in an address was designated as the network number and the remaining bits were called the rest field or host identifier and were used for host numbering within a network. This early method soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the existing networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the Internet addressing specification was revised with the introduction of classful network architecture. Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the class of the address. Three classes ( A , B , and C ) were defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes ( B and C ). The following table gives an overview of this now obsolete system. Historical classful network architecture Class Leading bits Size of network number bit field Size of rest bit field Number of networks Addresses per network Start address End address A 0 8 24 128 (2 7 ) 16,777,216 (2 24 ) 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 B 10 16 16 16,384 (2 14 ) 65,536 (2 16 ) 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 C 110 24 8 2,097,152 (2 21 ) 256 (2 8 ) 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but it lacked scalability in the face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions. Private addresses Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space needed to be conserved. Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via TCP/IP, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks were reserved in RFC 1918 . These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry. Today, when needed, such private networks typically connect to the Internet through network address translation (NAT). IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges Start End No. of addresses 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A) 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 16 777 216 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1 048 576 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65 536 Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into subnets ; for example, many home routers automatically use a default address range of 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24). IPv6 addresses Main article: IPv6 address Decomposition of an IPv6 address from hexadecimal representation to its binary value. In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4 to 128 bits or 16 octets , thus providing up to 2 128 (approximately 7038340299999999999♠ 3.403 × 10 38 ) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. The intent of the new design was not to provide just a sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the Internet by more efficient aggregation of subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of routing tables in routers. The smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet for 2 64 hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization ratios will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.e. the local administration of the segment's available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the routing policy change, without requiring internal redesign or manual renumbering. The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where appropriate, to be aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, there is no need to have complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR. All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native support for the IPv6 protocol, but it is not yet widely deployed in other devices, such as residential networking routers, voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and network peripherals. Private addresses Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are referred to as unique local addresses (ULA). RFC 4193 reserves the routing prefix fc00::/7 for this block which is divided into two /8 blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit pseudorandom number that minimizes the risk of address collisions if sites merge or packets are misrouted. Early practices used a different block for this purpose (fec0::), dubbed site-local addresses. However, the definition of what constituted sites remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must not be used in new systems. Addresses starting with fe80:, called link-local addresses, are assigned to interfaces for communication on the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network interface. This provides instant and automatic communication between all IPv6 host on a link. This feature is required in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the Neighbor Discovery Protocol . Private address prefixes may not be routed on the public Internet. IP subnetworks IP networks may be divided into subnetworks in both IPv4 and IPv6 . For this purpose, an IP address is logically recognized as consisting of two parts: the network prefix and the host identifier , or interface identifier (IPv6). The subnet mask or the CIDR prefix determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts. The term subnet mask is only used within IPv4. Both IP versions however use the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, also called the routing prefix . For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be 192.0.2.1 and 255.255.255.0, respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is 192.0.2.1/24, because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet. IP address assignment IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically at the time of booting, or permanently by fixed configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address . In contrast, when a computer's IP address is assigned newly each time it restarts, this is known as using a dynamic IP address . The configuration of a static IP address depends in detail on the software or hardware installed in the computer. Computers used for the network infrastructure, such as routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing, Static addresses are also sometimes convenient for locating servers inside an enterprise. [ citation needed ] Dynamic IP addresses are assigned using methods such as Zeroconf for self-configuration, or by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) from a network server. The address assigned with DHCP usually has an expiration period, after which the address may be assigned to another device, or to the originally associated host if it is still powered up. A network administrator may implement a DHCP method so that the same host always receives a specific address. DHCP is the most frequently used technology for assigning addresses. It avoids the administrative burden of assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It also allows devices to share the limited address space on a network if only some of them are online at a particular time. Typically, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default in modern desk top operating systems. DHCP is not the only technology used to assign IP addresses dynamically. Dialup and some broadband networks use dynamic address features of the Point-to-Point Protocol . In the absence or failure of static or stateful (DHCP) address configurations, an operating system may assign an IP address to a network interface using state-less auto-configuration methods, such as Zeroconf. Sticky dynamic IP address A sticky dynamic IP address is an informal term used by cable and DSL Internet access subscribers to describe a dynamically assigned IP address which seldom changes. The addresses are usually assigned with DHCP. Since the modems are usually powered on for extended periods of time, the address leases are usually set to long periods and simply renewed. If a modem is turned off and powered up again before the next expiration of the address lease, it often receives the same IP address. Address autoconfiguration RFC 3330 defines an address block 169.254.0.0/16 for the special use in link-local addressing for IPv4 networks. In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic address assignments, also receives a local-link address automatically in the block fe80::/10. These addresses are only valid on the link, such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection, that a host is connected to. These addresses are not routable and like private addresses cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the Internet. When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of address autoconfiguration. Filling the void, Microsoft created an implementation that is called Automatic Private IP Addressing ( APIPA ). APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and has, thus, become a de facto standard in the industry. In RFC 3927 , the IETF defined a formal standard for this functionality, entitled Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses . Addressing conflicts An IP address conflict occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to have the same IP address. A second assignment of an address generally stops the IP functionality of one or both of the devices. Many modern operating systems notify the administrator of IP address conflicts. If one of the devices is the gateway, the network will be crippled. When IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and systems with differing methods, any of them may be at fault. Routing IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and broadcast addressing. Unicast addressing The most common concept of an IP address is in unicast addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but a device or host may have more than one unicast address. Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses, each for its own distinct purpose. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient. Broadcast addressing Main article: Broadcasting (computing) In IPv4 it is possible to send data to all possible destinations (""all-hosts broadcast""), which permits the sender to send the data only once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. In the IPv4 protocol, the address 255.255.255.255 is used for local broadcast. In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be made by combining the network prefix with a host suffix composed entirely of binary 1s. For example, the destination address used for a directed broadcast to devices on the 192.0.2.0/24 network is 192.0.2.255. IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially-defined all-nodes multicast address. Multicast addressing A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (the former Class D addresses) are designated as multicast addresses. IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix ff00::/8 for multicast applications. In either case, the sender sends a single datagram from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all receivers that have joined the corresponding multicast group. Anycast addressing Like broadcast and multicast, anycast is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is logically closest in the network. Anycast address is an inherent feature of only IPv6. In IPv4, anycast addressing implementations typically operate using the shortest-path metric of BGP routing and do not take into account congestion or other attributes of the path. Anycast methods are useful for global load balancing and are commonly used in distributed DNS systems. Public address A public IP address, in common parlance, is a globally routable unicast IP address, meaning that the address is not an address reserved for use in private networks , such as those reserved by RFC 1918 , or the various IPv6 address formats of local scope or site-local scope, for example for link-local addressing . Public IP addresses may be used for communication between hosts on the global Internet. Firewalling For security and privacy considerations, network administrators often desire to restrict public Internet traffic within their private networks. The source and destination IP addresses contained in the headers of each IP packet are a convenient means to discriminate traffic by IP address blocking or by selectively tailoring responses to external requests to internal servers. This is achieved with firewall software running on the networks gateway router. A database of IP addresses of permissible traffic may be maintained in blacklists or whitelists . Address translation Multiple client devices can appear to share an IP address, either because they are part of a shared hosting web server environment or because an IPv4 network address translator (NAT) or proxy server acts as an intermediary agent on behalf of the client, in which case the real originating IP address might be masked from the server receiving a request. A common practice is to have a NAT mask a large number of devices in a private network . Only the ""outside"" interface(s) of the NAT needs to have an Internet-routable address. Commonly, the NAT device maps TCP or UDP port numbers on the side of the larger, public network to individual private addresses on the masqueraded network. In residential networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a residential gateway . In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have private IP addresses and the router has a public address on its external interface to communicate on the Internet. The internal computers appear to share one public IP address. Diagnostic tools Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine their network interface and address configuration. Windows provides the command-line interface tools ipconfig and netsh and users of Unix-like systems can use ifconfig , netstat , route , lanstat , fstat , or iproute2 utilities to accomplish the task. See also Hostname IP address spoofing IP aliasing IP multicast IPv4 subnetting reference IPv6 subnetting reference List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks MAC address Ping (networking utility) Regional Internet Registry Subnet address Virtual IP address WHOIS References External links IP at DMOZ" 7782023791192052108,train,what is the purpose of the ip address,An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions : host or network interface identification and location addressing.,['flag of japan'],kí ni ète adirẹsi ip,Yes,['Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.'],['Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.'],['P1'],1,0,"Àdír????sì IP Àdír????sì Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì (Àdír????sì IP) ni àl??m?? ìtò-n??mbà tí ó j?? yíyànsíl?? fún ??r? k????kan tó sop?? m?? ??r?-àsop?? k??mpútà kan tó únlo Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì fún ìbánis??r??.[1][2] Àdír????sì IP kan ún?e ì??? m??jì pàtàkì: ì?e ìdám?? ??r?-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ??r?-àsop?? àti ì?e àdír????sì ibùdó. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) ?e ìtum?? àdír????sì IP kan g??g?? bí n??mbà oní 32-bit.[2] Sùgb??n, nítorí bí Íntán????tì ?e ti tóbi tó àti ìdínkù àw?n àdír????sì IPv4 tó wà, ??nà tuntun mìíràn fún IP (IPv6), tó ún lo 128 bits fún àdír????sì IP, j?? ?í?e àj?hùnsí ní ?dún 1998.[3][4][5] Ìlò IPv6 ti b??r?? láti àrin ìgbà ?dún 2000. Àw?n àdír????sì IP ún j?? kík? àti híhàn ní ??nà tó ?e é rí kà fún ?m? ènìyàn, fún àp?r?, g??g?? bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6. Ìtóbi ì???nà ìfikúnwájú fún àdír????sì j?? yíyànsíl?? nínú Àk?lé CIDR nípa sí?e ìfikúnl??yìn àdír????sì p??lú n??mbà àw?n bit pàtàkì, f.a., 192.168.1.15/24, tó j?? ìkannáà m?? subnet mask 255.255.255.0 tí w??n únlò látì ìb??r??. Ày?kà yìí tàbí apá r?? únf?? àtún?e sí. ? le f?? jù báyìí l? tàbí kí ? ?àtún?e r?? l??nà tí yíò mu kúnr??r??. ? ran Wikipedia l??w?? láti f???? jù báyìí l?.","For the Wikipedia user access level, see Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered users IP address configuration dialog in Microsoft Windows An Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing . Version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses , a new version of IP ( IPv6 ), using 128 bits for the IP address, was developed in 1995, and standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6. The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users and local Internet registries , such as Internet service providers . IPv4 addresses have been distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each. Each ISP or private network administrator assigns an IP address to each device connected to its network. Such assignments may be on a static (fixed or permanent) or dynamic basis, depending on its software and practices. Contents [ hide ] 1 Function 2 IP versions 3 IPv4 addresses 3.1 Subnetting 3.2 Private addresses 4 IPv6 addresses 4.1 Private addresses 5 IP subnetworks 6 IP address assignment 6.1 Sticky dynamic IP address 6.2 Address autoconfiguration 6.3 Addressing conflicts 7 Routing 7.1 Unicast addressing 7.2 Broadcast addressing 7.3 Multicast addressing 7.4 Anycast addressing 8 Public address 9 Firewalling 10 Address translation 11 Diagnostic tools 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Function An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of addressing that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: ""A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."" The header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host, and that of the destination host. A host may use geolocation software to deduce the geolocation of its communicating peer. IP versions Two versions of the Internet Protocol are in common use in the Internet today. The original version of the Internet Protocol for use in the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), first installed in 1983. The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space available for assignment to Internet service providers and end user organizations by the early 1990s, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the addressing capability in the Internet. The result was a redesign of the Internet Protocol which became eventually known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) in 1995. IPv6 technology was in various testing stages until the mid-2000s, when commercial production deployment commenced. IANA's primary IPv4 address pool was exhausted on 3 February 2011, when the last five blocks were allocated to the five RIRs . APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, intended to be allocated in a restricted process. Individual ISPs still had unassigned pools of IP addresses, and could recycle addresses no longer needed by their subscribers. Today, these two versions of the Internet Protocol are in simultaneous use. Among other technical changes, each version defines the format of addresses differently. Because of the historical prevalence of IPv4, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of version 5 to the experimental Internet Stream Protocol in 1979, which however was never referred to as IPv5. IPv4 addresses Main article: IPv4 § Addressing Decomposition of an IPv4 address from dot-decimal notation to its binary value. An IP address in IPv4 is 32-bits in size, which limits the address space to 4 294 967 296 (2 32 ) IP addresses. Of this number, IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation , consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits ( octet ) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal , octal , or binary representations. Subnetting In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, network administrators interpreted an IP address in two parts: network number portion and host number portion. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) in an address was designated as the network number and the remaining bits were called the rest field or host identifier and were used for host numbering within a network. This early method soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the existing networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the Internet addressing specification was revised with the introduction of classful network architecture. Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the class of the address. Three classes ( A , B , and C ) were defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes ( B and C ). The following table gives an overview of this now obsolete system. Historical classful network architecture Class Leading bits Size of network number bit field Size of rest bit field Number of networks Addresses per network Start address End address A 0 8 24 128 (2 7 ) 16,777,216 (2 24 ) 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 B 10 16 16 16,384 (2 14 ) 65,536 (2 16 ) 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 C 110 24 8 2,097,152 (2 21 ) 256 (2 8 ) 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but it lacked scalability in the face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions. Private addresses Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space needed to be conserved. Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via TCP/IP, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks were reserved in RFC 1918 . These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry. Today, when needed, such private networks typically connect to the Internet through network address translation (NAT). IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges Start End No. of addresses 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A) 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 16 777 216 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1 048 576 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65 536 Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into subnets ; for example, many home routers automatically use a default address range of 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24). IPv6 addresses Main article: IPv6 address Decomposition of an IPv6 address from hexadecimal representation to its binary value. In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4 to 128 bits or 16 octets , thus providing up to 2 128 (approximately 7038340299999999999♠ 3.403 × 10 38 ) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. The intent of the new design was not to provide just a sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the Internet by more efficient aggregation of subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of routing tables in routers. The smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet for 2 64 hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization ratios will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.e. the local administration of the segment's available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the routing policy change, without requiring internal redesign or manual renumbering. The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where appropriate, to be aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, there is no need to have complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR. All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native support for the IPv6 protocol, but it is not yet widely deployed in other devices, such as residential networking routers, voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and network peripherals. Private addresses Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are referred to as unique local addresses (ULA). RFC 4193 reserves the routing prefix fc00::/7 for this block which is divided into two /8 blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit pseudorandom number that minimizes the risk of address collisions if sites merge or packets are misrouted. Early practices used a different block for this purpose (fec0::), dubbed site-local addresses. However, the definition of what constituted sites remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must not be used in new systems. Addresses starting with fe80:, called link-local addresses, are assigned to interfaces for communication on the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network interface. This provides instant and automatic communication between all IPv6 host on a link. This feature is required in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the Neighbor Discovery Protocol . Private address prefixes may not be routed on the public Internet. IP subnetworks IP networks may be divided into subnetworks in both IPv4 and IPv6 . For this purpose, an IP address is logically recognized as consisting of two parts: the network prefix and the host identifier , or interface identifier (IPv6). The subnet mask or the CIDR prefix determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts. The term subnet mask is only used within IPv4. Both IP versions however use the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, also called the routing prefix . For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be 192.0.2.1 and 255.255.255.0, respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is 192.0.2.1/24, because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet. IP address assignment IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically at the time of booting, or permanently by fixed configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address . In contrast, when a computer's IP address is assigned newly each time it restarts, this is known as using a dynamic IP address . The configuration of a static IP address depends in detail on the software or hardware installed in the computer. Computers used for the network infrastructure, such as routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing, Static addresses are also sometimes convenient for locating servers inside an enterprise. [ citation needed ] Dynamic IP addresses are assigned using methods such as Zeroconf for self-configuration, or by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) from a network server. The address assigned with DHCP usually has an expiration period, after which the address may be assigned to another device, or to the originally associated host if it is still powered up. A network administrator may implement a DHCP method so that the same host always receives a specific address. DHCP is the most frequently used technology for assigning addresses. It avoids the administrative burden of assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It also allows devices to share the limited address space on a network if only some of them are online at a particular time. Typically, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default in modern desk top operating systems. DHCP is not the only technology used to assign IP addresses dynamically. Dialup and some broadband networks use dynamic address features of the Point-to-Point Protocol . In the absence or failure of static or stateful (DHCP) address configurations, an operating system may assign an IP address to a network interface using state-less auto-configuration methods, such as Zeroconf. Sticky dynamic IP address A sticky dynamic IP address is an informal term used by cable and DSL Internet access subscribers to describe a dynamically assigned IP address which seldom changes. The addresses are usually assigned with DHCP. Since the modems are usually powered on for extended periods of time, the address leases are usually set to long periods and simply renewed. If a modem is turned off and powered up again before the next expiration of the address lease, it often receives the same IP address. Address autoconfiguration RFC 3330 defines an address block 169.254.0.0/16 for the special use in link-local addressing for IPv4 networks. In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic address assignments, also receives a local-link address automatically in the block fe80::/10. These addresses are only valid on the link, such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection, that a host is connected to. These addresses are not routable and like private addresses cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the Internet. When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of address autoconfiguration. Filling the void, Microsoft created an implementation that is called Automatic Private IP Addressing ( APIPA ). APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and has, thus, become a de facto standard in the industry. In RFC 3927 , the IETF defined a formal standard for this functionality, entitled Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses . Addressing conflicts An IP address conflict occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to have the same IP address. A second assignment of an address generally stops the IP functionality of one or both of the devices. Many modern operating systems notify the administrator of IP address conflicts. If one of the devices is the gateway, the network will be crippled. When IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and systems with differing methods, any of them may be at fault. Routing IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and broadcast addressing. Unicast addressing The most common concept of an IP address is in unicast addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but a device or host may have more than one unicast address. Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses, each for its own distinct purpose. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient. Broadcast addressing Main article: Broadcasting (computing) In IPv4 it is possible to send data to all possible destinations (""all-hosts broadcast""), which permits the sender to send the data only once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. In the IPv4 protocol, the address 255.255.255.255 is used for local broadcast. In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be made by combining the network prefix with a host suffix composed entirely of binary 1s. For example, the destination address used for a directed broadcast to devices on the 192.0.2.0/24 network is 192.0.2.255. IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially-defined all-nodes multicast address. Multicast addressing A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (the former Class D addresses) are designated as multicast addresses. IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix ff00::/8 for multicast applications. In either case, the sender sends a single datagram from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all receivers that have joined the corresponding multicast group. Anycast addressing Like broadcast and multicast, anycast is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is logically closest in the network. Anycast address is an inherent feature of only IPv6. In IPv4, anycast addressing implementations typically operate using the shortest-path metric of BGP routing and do not take into account congestion or other attributes of the path. Anycast methods are useful for global load balancing and are commonly used in distributed DNS systems. Public address A public IP address, in common parlance, is a globally routable unicast IP address, meaning that the address is not an address reserved for use in private networks , such as those reserved by RFC 1918 , or the various IPv6 address formats of local scope or site-local scope, for example for link-local addressing . Public IP addresses may be used for communication between hosts on the global Internet. Firewalling For security and privacy considerations, network administrators often desire to restrict public Internet traffic within their private networks. The source and destination IP addresses contained in the headers of each IP packet are a convenient means to discriminate traffic by IP address blocking or by selectively tailoring responses to external requests to internal servers. This is achieved with firewall software running on the networks gateway router. A database of IP addresses of permissible traffic may be maintained in blacklists or whitelists . Address translation Multiple client devices can appear to share an IP address, either because they are part of a shared hosting web server environment or because an IPv4 network address translator (NAT) or proxy server acts as an intermediary agent on behalf of the client, in which case the real originating IP address might be masked from the server receiving a request. A common practice is to have a NAT mask a large number of devices in a private network . Only the ""outside"" interface(s) of the NAT needs to have an Internet-routable address. Commonly, the NAT device maps TCP or UDP port numbers on the side of the larger, public network to individual private addresses on the masqueraded network. In residential networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a residential gateway . In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have private IP addresses and the router has a public address on its external interface to communicate on the Internet. The internal computers appear to share one public IP address. Diagnostic tools Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine their network interface and address configuration. Windows provides the command-line interface tools ipconfig and netsh and users of Unix-like systems can use ifconfig , netstat , route , lanstat , fstat , or iproute2 utilities to accomplish the task. See also Hostname IP address spoofing IP aliasing IP multicast IPv4 subnetting reference IPv6 subnetting reference List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks MAC address Ping (networking utility) Regional Internet Registry Subnet address Virtual IP address WHOIS References External links IP at DMOZ" 3728275359875430399,train,what is the purpose of a lesson plan,"A lesson plan is a teacher 's detailed description of the course of instruction or `` learning trajectory '' for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students. There may be requirements mandated by the school system regarding the plan. A lesson plan is the teacher 's guide for running a particular lesson, and it includes the goal (what the students are supposed to learn), how the goal will be reached (the method, procedure) and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached (test, worksheet, homework etc.).",['the sun'],kí ni ète ètò ẹ̀kọ́,Yes,['Àgbékalẹ̀ Ẹ̀kọ́ ni ó dá lè ìfọ́sí wẹ́wẹ́ ìlapa èrò olùkọ tí ol ùkọ́ ti pèsè kalẹ̀ ní kíkùn lórí ìgbékalẹ̀ bí ẹ̀kọ́ yóò ṣe ye àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nínú iyàrá ìkẹ́kọ́.'],['Àgbékalẹ̀ Ẹ̀kọ́ ni ó dá lè ìfọ́sí wẹ́wẹ́ ìlapa èrò olùkọ tí ol ùkọ́ ti pèsè kalẹ̀ ní kíkùn lórí ìgbékalẹ̀ bí ẹ̀kọ́ yóò ṣe ye àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nínú iyàrá ìkẹ́kọ́.'],['P1'],1,0,"Àgbékal?? ??k?? Àgbékal?? ??k?? ni ó dá lè ìf??sí w??w?? ìlapa èrò olùk? tí ol ùk?? ti pèsè kal?? ní kíkùn lórí ìgbékal?? bí ??k?? yóò ?e ye àw?n ak??k???? nínú iyàrá ìk??k??. ??w??, ojojúm?? ni olùk??? gb?d?? ma k? ìlapa èrò ??k?? fún àsìkò ìk??k?? k????kan ?áájú kí ó tó w? iyàrá ìk??k????. Èyí yóò mú kí ??k?? ó ye àw?n ak??k???? lásìkò ìdánil??k???? w?n.[1] Àgbékal?? ??k?? ma ? dá lè orí nkan m??ta. Àk??k?? ni: Kí ni àw?n ak??k???? ní láti m??? Èkejì: ??nà wo ni ??k?? yòó gbà yé àw?n ak??k???? tàbí m? ??k?? náà? ?k?ta ni: Báwo ni olùk?? yóò ?e ?e ìgbéléw??n àgb??yé àw?n ak??k????? Àgbékal?? ??k?? yí ni yóò ran olùk? l??w?? láti ?e à?ey?rí lórí ètò ìk??ni r?? gbogbo. A [2] Àp??r? Àgbékal?? ??k?? Nínú ??k?? èdè Yorùbá a ó ?e àgbékal?? ??k?? wa báyí : Orúk? Olùk?? : Músá Adégúnjú Orúk? Ilé-??k?? : Agóló High School I??? : Èdè Yorùbá Déétì : 12-01-2016 Àkókò : Ogójì Ì???jú Kókó I??? : À?à Ìs??rí I??? : À?à Ìkíni Ìwé Ìt??kasí : Ìwé ??k?? Èdè Yorùbá Titun Èròngbà : Olùk?? yóò k? èròngba ??k?? Ohun Èlò Àmú?e ye ni : Olùk? yóò k?? síb?? Ìm?? Àti??yìn wá: Olùk? yóò k? ohun tí ó y? kí àw?n ak??k???? ti m?? t??l?? Ìfáàrà : Olùk? yóò ?e Ìfáàrà ??k?? Ìgbés?? Kíní : Olùk?? yóò ?e ?àlàyé À?à Ìgbés?? Kejì : Olùk? yóò s? pàtàkì À?à Ìgbés?? K?ta : Olùk? yóò k?? nípa ìkíni Ìgbés?? K?rin: Olùk? yó sèyàt?? láàrín àw?n orí?i ìkíni tí ó wà Ìkádí : Ìbéèrè àti ìdáhùn Ìgbéléw??n : Olùk? yó bèrè àw?n Ìbéèrè bóyá ??k?? náà ye àw?n ak??k???? I??? Àmúrelé : Olùk? á fún w?n ní àmúrelé Nígbà tí Olùk? yóò bá fi ?e gbogbo ìw??n yí Ogójì ì???jú àt àb?? yóò ti re k?já. Àgbékal?? ??k?? gb??d?? wà ní ìbámu p??lú àlàkl?? ètò Síláb????sì àti K??ríkúl????mù.","A lesson plan is a teacher 's detailed description of the course of instruction or ""learning trajectory"" for a lesson . A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students . There may be requirements mandated by the school system regarding the plan. A lesson plan is the teacher's guide for running a particular lesson, and it includes the goal (what the students are supposed to learn), how the goal will be reached (the method, procedure) and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached ( test , worksheet, homework etc.). Contents [ hide ] 1 Development 1.1 A well-developed lesson plan 1.2 Setting objectives 1.3 Types of assignments 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Development [ edit ] While there are many formats for a lesson plan, most lesson plans contain some or all of these elements, typically in this order: Title of the lesson Time required to complete the lesson List of required materials List of objectives , which may be behavioral objectives (what the student can do at lesson completion) or knowledge objectives (what the student knows at lesson completion) The set (or lead-in, or bridge-in) that focuses students on the lesson's skills or concepts —these include showing pictures or models, asking leading questions, or reviewing previous lessons An instructional component that describes the sequence of events that make up the lesson, including the teacher's instructional input and, where appropriate, guided practice by students to consolidate new skills and ideas Independent practice that allows students to extend skills or knowledge on their own A summary , where the teacher wraps up the discussion and answers questions An evaluation component, a test for mastery of the instructed skills or concepts—such as a set of questions to answer or a set of instructions to follow A risk assessment where the lesson's risks and the steps taken to minimize them are documented An analysis component the teacher uses to reflect on the lesson itself—such as what worked and what needs improving A continuity component reviews and reflects on content from the previous lesson Lesson Plan Phases There are eight lesson plan phases that are design to provide many many opportunities for teachers to recognize and correct students' misconceptions while extending understanding for future lessons. Phase 1: Introduction Phase 2: Foundation Phase 3: Brain Activation Phase 4: Body of New Information Phase 5: Clarification Phase 6: Practice and Review Phase 7: Independent Practice Phase 8: Closure Herbartian Approach: John Fedrick Herbert (1776-1841) 1. Preparation/Instruction: It pertains to preparing and motivating children to the lesson content by linking it to the previous knowledge of the student, by arousing curiosity of the children and by making an appeal to their senses. This prepares the child's mind to receive new knowledge. ""To know where the pupils are and where they should try to be are the two essentials of good teaching."" Lessons may be started in the following manner: a. Two or three interesting but relevant questions b. Showing a picture/s, a chart or a model c. A situation Statement of Aim: Announcement of the focus of the lesson in a clear, concise statement such as ""Today, we shall study the..."" 2. Presentation/Development: The actual lesson commences here. This step should involve a good deal of activity on the part of the students. The teacher will take the aid of various devices, e.g., questions, illustrations, explanation, expositions, demonstration and sensory aids, etc. Information and knowledge can be given, explained, revealed or suggested. The following principles should be kept in mind. a. Principle of selection and division: This subject matter should be divided into different sections. The teacher should also decide as to how much he is to tell and how much the pupils are to find out for themselves. b. Principle of successive sequence: The teacher should ensure that the succeeding as well as preceding knowledge is clear to the students. c. Principle of absorption and integration: In the end separation of the parts must be followed by their combination to promote understanding of the whole. 3. Association comparison: It is always desirable that new ideas or knowledge be associated to daily life situations by citing suitable examples and by drawing comparisons with the related concepts. This step is important when we are establishing principles or generalizing definitions. 4. Generalizing: This concepts is concerned with the systematizing of the knowledge learned. Comparison and contrast lead to generalization. An effort should be made to ensure that students draw the conclusions themselves. It should result in student's own thinking, reflection and experience. 5. Application: It requires a good deal of mental activity to think and apply the principles learn to new situations. Knowledge, when it is put to use and verified, becomes clear and a part of the student's mental make-up. 6. Recapitulation: Last step of the lesson plan, the teacher tries to ascertain whether the students have understood or grasped the subject matter or not. This is used for assessing/evaluating the effectiveness of the lesson by asking students questions on the contents of the lesson or by giving short objectives to test the student's level of understanding; for example, to label different parts on a diagram, etc. A well-developed lesson plan [ edit ] A well-developed lesson plan reflects the interests and needs of students. It incorporates best practices for the educational field. The lesson plan correlates with the teacher's philosophy of education , which is what the teacher feels is the purpose of educating the students. Secondary English program lesson plans, for example, usually center around four topics. They are literary theme , elements of language and composition , literary history , and literary genre . A broad, thematic lesson plan is preferable, because it allows a teacher to create various research, writing, speaking, and reading assignments. It helps an instructor teach different literature genres and incorporate videotapes, films, and television programs. Also, it facilitates teaching literature and English together. Similarly, history lesson plans focus on content (historical accuracy and background information), analytic thinking, scaffolding , and the practicality of lesson structure and meeting of educational goals. School requirements and a teacher's personal tastes, in that order, determine the exact requirements for a lesson plan. Unit plans follow much the same format as a lesson plan, but cover an entire unit of work, which may span several days or weeks. Modern constructivist teaching styles may not require individual lesson plans. The unit plan may include specific objectives and timelines, but lesson plans can be more fluid as they adapt to student needs and learning styles . Unit Planning is the proper selection of learning activities which presents a complete picture. Unit planning is a systematic arrangement of subject matter. Samford ""A unit plan is one which involves a series of learning experiences that are linked to achieve the aims composed by methodology and contents"". Dictionary of Education:""A unit is an organization of various activities, experiences and types of learning around a central problem or purpose developed cooperatively by a group of pupils under a teacher leadership involving planning, execution of plans and evaluation of results"". Criteria of a good Unit Plan 1. Needs, capabilities, interest of the learner should be considered. 2. Prepared on the sound psychological knowledge of the learner. 3. Provide a new learning experience; systematic but flexible. 4. Sustain the attention of the learner till the end. 5. Related to social and Physical environment of the learner. 6. Development of learner's personality. It is important to note that lesson planning is a thinking process, not the filling in of a lesson plan template. Lesson plan envisaged s a blue print, guide map for action, a comprehensive chart of classroom teaching-learning activities, an elastic but systematic approach for the teaching of concepts, skills and attitudes. Setting objectives [ edit ] The first thing a teacher does is to create an objective, a statement of purpose for the whole lesson. An objective statement itself should answer what students will be able to do by the end of the lesson. Harry Wong states that, ""Each [objective] must begin with a verb that states the action to be taken to show accomplishment. The most important word to use in an assignment is a verb , because verbs state how to demonstrate if accomplishment has taken place or not."" The objective drives the whole lesson, it is the reason the lesson exists. Care is taken when creating the objective for each day's lesson, as it will determine the activities the students engage in. The teacher also ensures that lesson plan goals are compatible with the developmental level of the students. The teacher ensures as well that their student achievement expectations are reasonable. Types of assignments [ edit ] The instructor must decide whether class assignments are whole-class, small groups, workshops, independent work, peer learning , or contractual: Whole-class—the teacher lectures to the class as a whole and has the class collectively participate in classroom discussions. Small groups—students work on assignments in groups of three or four. Workshops—students perform various tasks simultaneously. Workshop activities must be tailored to the lesson plan. Independent work—students complete assignments individually. Peer learning—students work together, face to face, so they can learn from one another. Contractual work—teacher and student establish an agreement that the student must perform a certain amount of work by a deadline. These assignment categories (e.g. peer learning, independent, small groups) can also be used to guide the instructor’s choice of assessment measures that can provide information about student and class comprehension of the material. As discussed by Biggs (1999), there are additional questions an instructor can consider when choosing which type of assignment would provide the most benefit to students. These include: What level of learning do the students need to attain before choosing assignments with varying difficulty levels? What is the amount of time the instructor wants the students to use to complete the assignment? How much time and effort does the instructor have to provide student grading and feedback? What is the purpose of the assignment? (e.g. to track student learning; to provide students with time to practice concepts; to practice incidental skills such as group process or independent research) How does the assignment fit with the rest of the lesson plan? Does the assignment test content knowledge or does it require application in a new context? Does the lesson plan fit a particular framework? For example, a Common Core Lesson Plan . See also [ edit ] Curriculum Syllabus Bloom's Taxonomy No Child Left Behind References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Ahrenfelt, Johannes, and Neal Watkin. 100 Ideas for Essential Teaching Skills (Continuum One Hundred). New York: Continuum, 2006. Carey, Lou; Dick, Walter (1978), The Systematic Design of Instruction. (1st ed.), Glenview : Scott, Foresman , ISBN 978-0-673-15122-3 Gagne, Robert; Briggs, Leslie (1974), Principles of instructional design (1st ed.), New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , hdl : 2027/mdp.39015004151000 , ISBN 978-0-03-008171-2 Mccrea, Peps (2015), Lean Lesson Planning: A practical approach to doing less and achieving more in the classroom , Brighton: Teacherly.co External link in |title= ( help ) Serdyukov, Peter, and Ryan, Mark. Writing Effective Lesson Plans: The 5-Star Approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2008. Salsbury, Denise E., and Melinda Schoenfeldt. Lesson Planning: A Research-Based Model for K-12 Classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall, 2008. Skowron, Janice. Powerful Lesson Planning: Every Teachers Guide to Effective Instruction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2006. Thompson, Julia G. First Year Teacher's Survival Guide: Ready-To-Use Strategies, Tools & Activities For Meeting The Challenges Of Each School Day (J-B Ed:Survival Guides). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007. Tileston, Donna E. Walker. What Every Teacher Should Know About Instructional Planning Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2003. Wolfe, Shoshana. Your Best Year Yet! A Guide to Purposeful Planning and Effective Classroom Organization (Teaching Strategies). New York: Teaching Strategies, 2006." 3996382163203309990,train,when did they start giving the polio vaccine,"The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US $0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. In the United States, it costs between $25 and $50 for the inactivated form.","['hydrogen', '118']",ìgbà wo ni wọ́n bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí fúnni ní àjẹsára àrùn polio,Yes,"['Ẹnití ó ṣe àgbéjáde àjẹsára àrùn rọpárọsẹ̀ tí à ń gba ẹnu lò ni Albert Sabin, a sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí tàá fún lílò ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn ní ọdún 1961.']",['ní ọdún 1961'],['P3'],0,0,"Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? Àw?n àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s??, j?? àw?n àj?sára tí à ? lò láti dènà àrùn r?pár?s??.[1] À ? lo kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn r?pár?s?? tí a ti pa láti fi ?e orí?i kan, a sì má a ? fún ni ní èyí bíi ab??r?? (IPV), a sì tún ? lo kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn r?pár?s?? tí kò lágbára m?? láti fi ?e orí?i kejì, a sì ? gba ?nu lo èyí (OPV). Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé gba ni níyànjú pé kí gbogbo ?m?dé má a gba àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s??.[1] Àw?n àj?sára méjèèjì náà ti d??kun àrùn r?pár?s?? ní ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè àgbáyé,[2][3] w??n sì ti dín iye ènìyàn tó ? ní àrùn náà l??d??dún kù láti iye tí a ?írò sí 350,000 ní ?dún 1988 sí 359 ní ?dún 2014.[4] Elétò ìlera ara ? kán aj?sára àrùn r?pá r?s?? sí ahan ?m?dé kan Àw?n àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e náà kò léwu rárá. Píp??n yòò ibi ojú ab??r?? náà àti ìrora dí?? lè wáyé. Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí à ? gba ?nu lò a má a ?e òkùnfa àrùn r?pár?s?? tó níí ?e p??lú ìmúlò àj?sára náà nínú ìw??n egbògi náà tó tó m????ta nínú mílí??nù kan. A lè lo orí?i àj?sára méjèèjì náà láìséwu bí ènìyàn bá ní oyún àti bí ènìyàn bá ní àrùn kògbóògùn HIV/AIDS ?ùgb??n tí ara r?? ?ì dá ?áká.[1] Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? àk??k?? ni àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e. ?nití ó ?e àgbéjáde r?? ni Jonas Salk , a sì b??r?? síí lòó ní ?dún 1955.[1] ?nití ó ?e àgbéjáde àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí à ? gba ?nu lò ni Albert Sabin, a sì b??r?? sí tàá fún lílò ??p??l?p?? ènìyàn ní ?dún 1961.[1][5] W??n wà lórí Àkój? Àw?n Egbògi Kò?eémáàní ti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé, àw?n òògùn tó ?e pàtàkì jùl? tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera ìb??r??p??p?? yòówù.[6] Iye owó r?? lójú pálí j?? bíi 0.25 USD fún ìw??n egbògi náà kan?o?o fún orí?i tí à n gba ?nu lò ní ?dún 2014.[7] Ní il?? Am??ríkà iye owó r?? j?? 25 sí 50 USD fún orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e.[8]","Polio vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Poliomyelitis Type ? Clinical data Trade names Ipol, Poliovax, others AHFS / Drugs.com Multum Consumer Information Pregnancy category AU : B2 US : Not assigned Routes of administration Parenteral (IPV), By mouth (OPV) ATC code J07BF01 ( WHO ) J07BF02 ( WHO ) J07BF03 ( WHO ) J07BF04 ( WHO ) Identifiers ChemSpider none N Y (what is this?) (verify) Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 22 in 2017. The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccines cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given. This compares with 5,000 cases per million who are paralysed following a polio infection. Both are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS but are otherwise well. The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. In the United States, it costs between $25 and $50 for the inactivated form. Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Inactivated 1.2 Attenuated 1.3 Schedule 2 Side effects 2.1 Vaccine-induced polio 2.2 Contamination concerns 3 Manufacture 3.1 Inactivated 3.2 Attenuated 4 History 4.1 1935 4.2 1948 4.3 1950–1955 4.3.1 Jonas Salk 4.4 1961 4.5 1987 4.6 1988 4.7 After 1990 5 Society and culture 5.1 Cost 5.2 Misconceptions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Medical uses [ edit ] This 1963 poster featured CDC's national symbol of public health , the ""Wellbee"", encouraging the public to receive an oral polio vaccine. Interruption of person-to-person transmission of the virus by vaccination is important in the global polio eradication , since no long-term carrier state exists for poliovirus in individuals with normal immune function, polio viruses have no nonprimate reservoir in nature, and survival of the virus in the environment for an extended period of time appears to be remote. Inactivated [ edit ] When the current formulation of IPV is used, 90% or more of individuals develop protective antibodies to all three serotypes of polio virus after two doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), and at least 99% are immune to polio virus following three doses. The duration of immunity induced by IPV is not known with certainty, although a complete series is thought to provide protection for many years. Attenuated [ edit ] OPV proved to be superior in administration, eliminating the need for sterile syringes and making the vaccine more suitable for mass vaccination campaigns. OPV also provided longer-lasting immunity than the Salk vaccine, as it provides both humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity . One dose of OPV produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in roughly 50% of recipients. Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibodies to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. OPV produces excellent immunity in the intestine , the primary site of wild poliovirus entry, which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where the virus is endemic . The live virus used in the vaccine can rarely shed in the stool and can rarely spread to others within a community. The live virus also has stringent requirements for transport and storage, which are a problem in some hot or remote areas. As with other live-virus vaccines, immunity initiated by OPV is probably lifelong. The trivalent (against wild types 1, 2, and 3) OPV has been used to nearly eradicate polio infection worldwide. Led by The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 155 countries switched to use the bivalent (against wild type 1 and 3) between 17 April and 1 May 2016. The bivalent OPV is at more effective against type 1 and 3 but does not cover type 2. The United States as of 2017 continues to recommend the use of a trivalent version, but a fully inactivated version. Schedule [ edit ] In countries with endemic polio or where there is a high risk of imported cases, the WHO recommends OPV vaccine at birth followed by a primary series of 3 OPV and at least one IPV doses starting at 6 weeks of age, with a minimum of 4 weeks between OPV doses. In countries with >90% immunization coverage and low risk of importation, the WHO recommends one or two IPV doses starting at 2 months of age followed by at least two OPV doses, with the doses separated by 4-8 weeks depending on the risk of exposure. In countries with the highest levels of coverage and the lowest risks of importation and transmission, the WHO recommends a primary series of 3 IPV injections, with a booster dose after an interval of six months or more if the first dose was administered before 2 months of age. Side effects [ edit ] Doses of oral polio vaccine are added to sugar cubes for use in a 1967 vaccination campaign in Bonn , West Germany The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccine results in vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in about three per million doses. They are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS , but are otherwise well. Vaccine-induced polio [ edit ] A potential, but rare, adverse effect of the OPV is its known ability to recombine to a form that may cause neurological infection and cause paralysis. Clinical disease, including paralysis, caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is indistinguishable from that caused by wild polioviruses. This is believed to be a rare event, but outbreaks of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), caused by a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), have been reported, and tend to occur in areas of low coverage by OPV, presumably because the OPV is itself protective against the related outbreak strain. Contamination concerns [ edit ] In 1960, the rhesus monkey kidney cells used to prepare the poliovirus vaccines were determined to be infected with the Simian Virus-40 . SV40 was also discovered in 1960 and is a naturally occurring virus that infects monkeys. In 1961, SV40 was found to cause tumors in rodents . More recently, the virus was found in certain forms of cancer in humans, for instance brain and bone tumors , pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, and some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . However, SV40 has not been determined to cause these cancers. SV40 was found to be present in stocks of the injected form of the polio vaccine (IPV) in use between 1955 and 1963. It is not found in the OPV form. Over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine between 1955 and 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40; an estimated 10–30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40. Later analysis suggested that vaccines produced by the former Soviet bloc countries until 1980, and used in the USSR , China , Japan , and several African countries, may have been contaminated, meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a large study, using cancer case information from the institute's SEER database. The published findings from the study revealed no increased incidence of cancer in persons who may have received vaccine containing SV40. Another large study in Sweden examined cancer rates of 700,000 individuals who had received potentially contaminated polio vaccine as late as 1957; the study again revealed no increased cancer incidence between persons who received polio vaccines containing SV40 and those who did not. The question of whether SV40 causes cancer in humans remains controversial, however, and the development of improved assays for detection of SV40 in human tissues will be needed to resolve the controversy. During the race to develop an oral polio vaccine, several large-scale human trials were undertaken. By 1958, the National Institutes of Health had determined that OPV produced using the Sabin strains were the safest. Between 1957 and 1960, however, Hilary Koprowski continued to administer his vaccine around the world. In Africa, the vaccines were administered to roughly one million people in the Belgian territories (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , and Burundi ). The results of these human trials have been controversial, and unfounded accusations in the 1990s arose that the vaccine had created the conditions necessary for transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzees to humans, causing HIV/AIDS . These hypotheses, however, have been conclusively refuted . By 2004, cases of poliomyelitis in Africa had been reduced to just a small number of isolated regions in the western portion of the continent, with sporadic cases elsewhere. Recent local opposition to vaccination campaigns have evolved due to lack of adequate information, often relating to fears that the vaccine might induce sterility . The disease has since resurged in Nigeria and in several other African nations without necessary information, which epidemiologists believe is due to refusals by certain local populations to allow their children to receive the polio vaccine. Manufacture [ edit ] Inactivated [ edit ] The Salk vaccine, IPV, is based on three wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus), grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture ( Vero cell line), which are then inactivated with formalin . The injected Salk vaccine confers IgG -mediated immunity in the bloodstream, which prevents polio infection from progressing to viremia and protects the motor neurons , thus eliminating the risk of bulbar polio and post-polio syndrome . In the United States, vaccine is administered along with the tetanus , diphtheria , and acellular pertussis vaccines ( DTaP ) and a pediatric dose of hepatitis B vaccine. In the UK, IPV is combined with tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. Attenuated [ edit ] Sabin immunization certificate OPV is an attenuated vaccine , produced by the passage of the virus through nonhuman cells at a sub physiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome. Oral polio vaccines were developed by several groups, one of which was led by Albert Sabin . Other groups, led by Hilary Koprowski and H.R. Cox , developed their own attenuated vaccine strains. In 1958, the National Institutes of Health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. The various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. Large-scale clinical trials performed in the Soviet Union in late 1950s to early 1960s by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues demonstrated safety and high efficacy of the vaccine. Based on these results, the Sabin strains were chosen for worldwide distribution. Fifty-seven nucleotide substitutions distinguish the attenuated Sabin 1 strain from its virulent parent (the Mahoney serotype), two nucleotide substitutions attenuate the Sabin 2 strain, and 10 substitutions are involved in attenuating the Sabin 3 strain. The primary attenuating factor common to all three Sabin vaccines is a mutation located in the virus's internal ribosome entry site , which alters stem-loop structures, and reduces the ability of poliovirus to translate its RNA template within the host cell. The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of infection and replication, but is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. In 1961, type 1 and 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (MOPV) was licensed, and in 1962, type 3 MOPV was licensed. In 1963, trivalent OPV (TOPV) was licensed, and became the vaccine of choice in the United States and most other countries of the world, largely replacing the inactivated polio vaccine. A second wave of mass immunizations led to a further dramatic decline in the number of polio cases. Between 1962 and 1965, about 100 million Americans (roughly 56% of the population at that time) received the Sabin vaccine. The result was a substantial reduction in the number of poliomyelitis cases, even from the much-reduced levels following the introduction of the Salk vaccine. OPV is usually provided in vials containing 10–20 doses of vaccine. A single dose of oral polio vaccine (usually two drops) contains 1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1 (effective against PV1), 100,000 infectious units of the Sabin 2 strain, and 600,000 infectious units of Sabin 3. The vaccine contains small traces of antibiotics — neomycin and streptomycin —but does not contain preservatives . History [ edit ] In a generic sense, vaccination works by priming the immune system with an ' immunogen '. Stimulating immune response, by use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization . The development of immunity to polio efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community . The development of two polio vaccines led to the first modern mass inoculations . The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of wild virus in the United States occurred in 1979, with an outbreak among the Amish in several Midwest states. 1935 [ edit ] Two separate teams developed polio vaccines and reported their results at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in November 1935. Both projects were cancelled as a result of the angry reaction from other researchers there, and no researchers dared attempt a polio vaccine for another 20 years. Professor John Kolmer, MD (1886–1962), of Temple University in Philadelphia, presented his findings first. He had developed an attenuated poliovirus vaccine, which he tested in about 10,000 children across much of the United States and Canada. Five of these children died of polio and 10 more were paralyzed, usually in the arm where the vaccine was injected, and frequently affecting children in towns where no polio outbreak had occurred. He had no control group, but asserted that many more children would have gotten sick. The response from other researchers was uncharacteristically blunt; one of them directly called Kolmer a murderer. Maurice Brodie , MD (1903–1939), a young researcher at New York University and the New York City Health Department , presented his results afterwards, but the feelings of the researchers were already unfavorable before he started because of Kolmer's report. Brodie and his team had prepared a formaldehyde -killed poliovirus vaccine, testing it first on himself and five co-workers, and eventually on 7,500 children and adults, with another 4,500 people serving as a control group. In the control group, Brodie reported that one out of 900 developed polio; in the group receiving the vaccine, only one out of 7,500 developed polio, making the vaccine 88% effective during the first year. However, other researchers believed that the one case was likely caused by the vaccine, and two more possible cases were reported later. After this meeting, Brodie, whose polio vaccine was at least partially effective and reasonably safe, and who developed several ground-breaking ideas about vaccination whose validity was confirmed two decades later with the development of the Salk vaccine, was immediately fired and had trouble finding employment again. Brodie died three and a half years later. Kolmer, an established researcher whose vaccine was unsafe and probably ineffective, kept his job, was given a second appointment as professor of medicine at the Temple University School of Dentistry the next year, continued to publish research papers, and received multiple awards throughout his academic career. 1948 [ edit ] A breakthrough came in 1948 when a research group headed by John Enders at the Children's Hospital Boston successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue in the laboratory. This group had recently successfully grown mumps in cell culture. In March 1948, Thomas H. Weller was attempting to grow varicella virus in embryonic lung tissue. He had inoculated the planned number of tubes when he noticed that there were a few unused tubes. He retrieved a sample of mouse brain infected with polio virus and added it to the remaining test tubes, on the off chance that the virus might grow. The varicella cultures failed to grow, but the polio cultures were successful. This development greatly facilitated vaccine research and ultimately allowed for the development of vaccines against polio. Enders and his colleagues, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins , were recognized in 1954 for their labors with a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Other important advances that led to the development of polio vaccines were: the identification of three poliovirus serotypes (Poliovirus type 1 — PV1, or Mahoney; PV2, Lansing; and PV3, Leon); the finding that prior to paralysis, the virus must be present in the blood; and the demonstration that administration of antibodies in the form of gamma globulin protects against paralytic polio. 1950–1955 [ edit ] During the early 1950s, polio rates in the U.S. were above 25,000 annually; in 1952 and 1953, the U.S. experienced an outbreak of 58,000 and 35,000 polio cases, respectively, up from a typical number of some 20,000 a year, with deaths in those years numbering 3,200 and 1,400. Amid this U.S. polio epidemic, millions of dollars were invested in finding and marketing a polio vaccine by commercial interests, including Lederle Laboratories in New York under the direction of H. R. Cox . Also working at Lederle was Polish-born virologist and immunologist Hilary Koprowski of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, who tested the first successful polio vaccine, in 1950. His vaccine, however, being a live attenuated virus taken orally, was still in the research stage and would not be ready for use until five years after Jonas Salk's polio vaccine (a dead-virus injectable vaccine) had reached the market. Koprowski's attenuated vaccine was prepared by successive passages through the brains of Swiss albino mice. By the seventh passage, the vaccine strains could no longer infect nervous tissue or cause paralysis. After one to three further passages on rats, the vaccine was deemed safe for human use. On 27 February 1950, Koprowski's live, attenuated vaccine was tested for the first time on an 8-year-old boy living at Letchworth Village , an institution for the physically and mentally disabled located in New York. After the child suffered no side effects, Koprowski enlarged his experiment to include 19 other children. Jonas Salk [ edit ] Administration of the polio inoculation, including by Salk himself, in 1957 at the University of Pittsburgh , where his team and he had developed the vaccine Mass polio vaccination in Columbus, Georgia circa 1961 for the National Polio Immunization Program The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk and a team at the University of Pittsburgh that included Julius Youngner , Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and Lorraine Friedman, which required years of subsequent testing. Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful test on a small group of adults and children on 26 March 1953; two days later, the results were published in JAMA . Beginning 23 February 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Salk's vaccine was then used in a test called the Francis Field Trial, led by Thomas Francis , the largest medical experiment in history at that time. The test began with about 4,000 children at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia , and eventually involved 1.8 million children, in 44 states from Maine to California . By the conclusion of the study, roughly 440,000 received one or more injections of the vaccine, about 210,000 children received a placebo , consisting of harmless culture media , and 1.2 million children received no vaccination and served as a control group, who would then be observed to see if any contracted polio. The results of the field trial were announced 12 April 1955 (the tenth anniversary of the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , whose paralytic illness was generally believed to have been caused by polio). The Salk vaccine had been 60–70% effective against PV1 (poliovirus type 1), over 90% effective against PV2 and PV3, and 94% effective against the development of bulbar polio. Soon after Salk's vaccine was licensed in 1955, children's vaccination campaigns were launched. In the U.S, following a mass immunization campaign promoted by the March of Dimes , the annual number of polio cases fell from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957. By 1961 only 161 cases were recorded in the United States. A week earlier in April 1955, Pierre Lépine at the Pasteur Institute in Paris also announced an effective polio vaccine. 1961 [ edit ] Albert Sabin (right) with Robert Gallo , circa 1985 At the same time that Salk was testing his vaccine, both Albert Sabin and Hilary Koprowski continued working on developing a vaccine using live virus. During a meeting in Stockholm to discuss polio vaccines in November 1955, Sabin presented results obtained on a group of 80 volunteers, while Koprowski read a paper detailing the findings of a trial enrolling 150 people. Sabin and Koprowski both eventually succeeded in developing vaccines. Because of the commitment to the Salk vaccine in America, Sabin and Koprowski both did their testing outside the United States, Sabin in Mexico and then in the Soviet Union, and Koprowski in the Congo and Poland. In 1957, Sabin developed a trivalent vaccine, containing attenuated strains of all three types of poliovirus. In 1959, ten million children in the Soviet Union received the Sabin oral vaccine. For this work, Sabin was given the medal of the Order of Friendship Among Peoples, described as the Soviets' highest civilian honor, despite having become an American during the height of the cold war. Sabin's oral vaccine using live virus came into commercial use in 1961. Once Sabin’s oral vaccine became widely available, it supplanted Salk’s injected vaccine, which had been tarnished in the public's opinion by the Cutter incident , in which Salk vaccines prepared by one company resulted in several children dying or becoming paralyzed. 1987 [ edit ] An enhanced- potency IPV was licensed in the United States in November 1987, and is currently the vaccine of choice there. The first dose of polio vaccine is given shortly after birth, usually between 1 and 2 months of age, and a second dose is given at 4 months of age. The timing of the third dose depends on the vaccine formulation, but should be given between 6 and 18 months of age. A booster vaccination is given at 4 to 6 years of age, for a total of four doses at or before school entry. In some countries, a fifth vaccination is given during adolescence . Routine vaccination of adults (18 years of age and older) in developed countries is neither necessary nor recommended because most adults are already immune and have a very small risk of exposure to wild poliovirus in their home countries. In 2002, a pentavalent (five-component) combination vaccine (called Pediarix) containing IPV was approved for use in the United States. 1988 [ edit ] A Somali boy is injected with inactivated poliovirus vaccine ( Mogadishu , 1993) A global effort to eradicate polio, led by the World Health Organization , UNICEF , and The Rotary Foundation , began in 1988 and has relied largely on the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and Mikhail Chumakov (Sabin-Chumakov vaccine). After 1990 [ edit ] Polio was eliminated in the Americas by 1994. The disease was officially eliminated in 36 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia, in 2000. Europe was declared polio-free in 2002. Since January 2011, no cases of the disease have been reported in India, hence in February 2012, the country was taken off the WHO list of polio-endemic countries. In March 2014, India was declared a polio-free country. Although poliovirus transmission has been interrupted in much of the world, transmission of wild poliovirus does continue and creates an ongoing risk for the importation of wild poliovirus into previously polio-free regions. If importations of poliovirus occur, outbreaks of poliomyelitis may develop, especially in areas with low vaccination coverage and poor sanitation. As a result, high levels of vaccination coverage must be maintained. In November 2013, the WHO announced a polio outbreak in Syria. In response, the Armenian government put out a notice asking Syrian Armenians under age 15 to get the polio vaccine. As of 2014, polio virus has spread to 10 countries, mainly in Africa , Asia , and the Middle East , with Pakistan, Syria , and Cameroon advising vaccinations to outbound travelers. Polio vaccination programs have received resistance from some people in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria (the three countries as of 2017 with remaining polio cases). Some Muslim religious leaders believe that the vaccines are secretly being used for sterilization of Muslims. The fact that in 2011, the CIA organized a fake vaccination program to help find Osama Bin Laden is an additional cause of distrust. In 2015, the WHO announced a deal with the Taliban to encourage them to distribute the vaccine in areas they control. However, on 11 September 2016, two unidentified gunmen associated with the Pakistani Taliban, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, shot Zakaullah Khan, a doctor who was administering polio vaccines in Pakistan. The leader of the Jamaat-ul-Ahrar claimed responsibility for the shooting and says that the group will continue to keep doing these kinds of attacks. This resistance to and skepticism of vaccinations has consequently slowed down the polio eradication process within the three remaining countries. Society and culture [ edit ] Cost [ edit ] The wholesale cost is about US$0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization supplies the inactivated vaccine to developing countries for as little as € 0.75 (about US$0.85 ) per dose in 10-dose vials. In the United States, the inactivated form costs between $25 and $50. Misconceptions [ edit ] A widespread misconception has arisen in Pakistan that polio vaccine contained haram ingredients and could cause impotence and infertility in male children, leading some less-educated parents not to have their children vaccinated. This belief is most prevalent in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the FATA region, where people are likely to be influenced by unfounded teachings. Attacks on polio vaccination teams have also occurred, thereby hampering international efforts to eradicate polio in Pakistan and globally, since the virus can be carried by travelers. See also [ edit ] Cold war tensions and the polio vaccine References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Medicine portal Viruses portal Global Polio Eradication Initiative final project to eliminate polio by 2018. History of Vaccines Website – History of Polio History of Vaccines, a project of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia PBS.org — 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952', PBS Conquering Polio , Smithsonian Magazine, April 2005 The Global Effort To Eradicate Polio , Dream 2047 Magazine, April 2004 FDA Ipol package insert" 655197591937253348,train,who came up with the vaccine for polio,"The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US $0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. In the United States it costs between $25 -- 50 for the inactivated form.","['april 22, 1500', 'develop from one zygote', 'monozygotic (""identical"")\', \'dizygotic (""fraternal"")']",tani ẹni tó ṣe oògùn àjẹsára fún àrùn polio,Yes,"['Ẹnití ó ṣe àgbéjáde rẹ̀ ni\xa0Jonas Salk\xa0, a sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ síí lòó ní ọdún 1955.\xa0Ẹnití ó ṣe àgbéjáde àjẹsára àrùn\xa0rọpárọsẹ̀ tí à ń gba ẹnu lò ni\xa0Albert Sabin, a sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí tàá fún lílò ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn ní ọdún 1961.\xa0Wọ́n wà lórí\xa0Àkójọ Àwọn Egbògi Kòṣeémáàní ti Àjọ Ìlera Àgbáyé, àwọn òògùn tó ṣe pàtàkì jùlọ tí a nílò fún\xa0ètò ìlera\xa0ìbẹ̀rẹ̀pẹ̀pẹ̀ yòówù. Iye owó rẹ̀ lójú pálí jẹ́ bíi 0.25 USD fún ìwọ̀n egbògi náà kanṣoṣo fún oríṣi tí à n gba ẹnu lò ní ọdún 2014. Ní ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà iye owó rẹ̀ jẹ́ 25 sí 50 USD fún oríṣi tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ṣe.']","['Ẹnití ó ṣe àgbéjáde rẹ̀ ni\xa0Jonas Salk\xa0, a sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ síí lòó ní ọdún 1955.\xa0Ẹnití ó ṣe àgbéjáde àjẹsára àrùn\xa0rọpárọsẹ̀ tí à ń gba ẹnu lò ni\xa0Albert Sabin, a sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí tàá fún lílò ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn ní ọdún 1961.\xa0', 'Ẹnití ó ṣe àgbéjáde àjẹsára àrùn\xa0rọpárọsẹ̀ tí à ń gba ẹnu lò ni\xa0Albert Sabin, a sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí tàá fún lílò ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn ní ọdún 1961.\xa0']",['P3'],1,0,"Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? Àw?n àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s??, j?? àw?n àj?sára tí à ? lò láti dènà àrùn r?pár?s??.[1] À ? lo kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn r?pár?s?? tí a ti pa láti fi ?e orí?i kan, a sì má a ? fún ni ní èyí bíi ab??r?? (IPV), a sì tún ? lo kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn r?pár?s?? tí kò lágbára m?? láti fi ?e orí?i kejì, a sì ? gba ?nu lo èyí (OPV). Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé gba ni níyànjú pé kí gbogbo ?m?dé má a gba àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s??.[1] Àw?n àj?sára méjèèjì náà ti d??kun àrùn r?pár?s?? ní ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè àgbáyé,[2][3] w??n sì ti dín iye ènìyàn tó ? ní àrùn náà l??d??dún kù láti iye tí a ?írò sí 350,000 ní ?dún 1988 sí 359 ní ?dún 2014.[4] Elétò ìlera ara ? kán aj?sára àrùn r?pá r?s?? sí ahan ?m?dé kan Àw?n àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e náà kò léwu rárá. Píp??n yòò ibi ojú ab??r?? náà àti ìrora dí?? lè wáyé. Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí à ? gba ?nu lò a má a ?e òkùnfa àrùn r?pár?s?? tó níí ?e p??lú ìmúlò àj?sára náà nínú ìw??n egbògi náà tó tó m????ta nínú mílí??nù kan. A lè lo orí?i àj?sára méjèèjì náà láìséwu bí ènìyàn bá ní oyún àti bí ènìyàn bá ní àrùn kògbóògùn HIV/AIDS ?ùgb??n tí ara r?? ?ì dá ?áká.[1] Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? àk??k?? ni àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e. ?nití ó ?e àgbéjáde r?? ni Jonas Salk , a sì b??r?? síí lòó ní ?dún 1955.[1] ?nití ó ?e àgbéjáde àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí à ? gba ?nu lò ni Albert Sabin, a sì b??r?? sí tàá fún lílò ??p??l?p?? ènìyàn ní ?dún 1961.[1][5] W??n wà lórí Àkój? Àw?n Egbògi Kò?eémáàní ti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé, àw?n òògùn tó ?e pàtàkì jùl? tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera ìb??r??p??p?? yòówù.[6] Iye owó r?? lójú pálí j?? bíi 0.25 USD fún ìw??n egbògi náà kan?o?o fún orí?i tí à n gba ?nu lò ní ?dún 2014.[7] Ní il?? Am??ríkà iye owó r?? j?? 25 sí 50 USD fún orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e.[8]","Polio vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Poliomyelitis Type ? Clinical data AHFS / Drugs.com Multum Consumer Information Pregnancy category C (both OPV and IPV) Routes of administration Parenteral (IPV), By mouth (OPV) ATC code J07BF01 ( WHO ) J07BF02 ( WHO ) J07BF03 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status Administered by or under the supervision of a health care professional [ how? ] [ where? ] Identifiers ChemSpider none N Y (what is this?) (verify) Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). There are two types: one that uses inactivated poliovirus and is given by injection (IPV), and one that uses weakened poliovirus and is given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 37 in 2016. The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccines cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given. This compares with one in two hundred who are paralysed following a polio infection. Both are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS but are otherwise well. The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. In the United States it costs between $25–50 for the inactivated form. Contents [ hide ] 1 Medical uses 1.1 Inactivated 1.2 Attenuated 1.3 Schedule 2 Side effects 2.1 Vaccine-induced polio 2.2 Contamination concerns 3 Manufacture 3.1 Inactivated 3.2 Attenuated 4 History 4.1 1935 4.2 1948 4.3 1950–1955 4.3.1 Jonas Salk 4.4 1961 4.5 1987 4.6 1988 4.7 Post-1990 5 Society and culture 5.1 Cost 5.2 Misconceptions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Medical uses [ edit ] This 1963 poster featured CDC's national symbol of public health , the ""Wellbee"", encouraging the public to receive an oral polio vaccine. Interruption of person-to-person transmission of the virus by vaccination is important in the global polio eradication , since there is no long term carrier state for poliovirus in individuals with normal immune function, polio viruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature, and survival of the virus in the environment for an extended period of time appears to be remote. Inactivated [ edit ] When the current formulation of IPV is used, 90% or more of individuals develop protective antibody to all three serotypes of polio virus after two doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), and at least 99% are immune to polio virus following three doses. The duration of immunity induced by IPV is not known with certainty, although a complete series is thought to provide protection for many years. Attenuated [ edit ] OPV proved to be superior in administration, eliminating the need for sterile syringes and making the vaccine more suitable for mass vaccination campaigns. OPV also provided longer lasting immunity than the Salk vaccine as it provides both humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity . One dose of OPV produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in approximately 50% of recipients. Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibodies to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. OPV produces excellent immunity in the intestine , the primary site of wild poliovirus entry, which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where the virus is endemic . The live virus used in the vaccine can rarely shed in the stool and can rarely spread to others within a community. The live virus also has stringent requirements for transport and storage, which are a problem in some hot or remote areas. As with other live-virus vaccines, immunity initiated by OPV is probably lifelong. The trivalent (against wild type 1, 2 and 3) OPV has been used to nearly eradicate polio infection worldwide. Led by The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 155 countries switched to use the bivalent (against wild type 1 and 3) between 17 April and 1 May 2016. The bivalent OPV is at more effective against type 1 and 3 but does not cover type 2. The United States as of 2017 continues to recommend the use of a trivalent version, but a fully inactivated version. Schedule [ edit ] The World Health Organization recommends three or four doses starting at two months of age. It can be begun earlier but then additional doses are needed. Side effects [ edit ] Doses of oral polio vaccine are added to sugar cubes for use in a 1967 vaccination campaign in Bonn , West Germany The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccine results in vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in about three per million doses. They are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS but are otherwise well. Vaccine-induced polio [ edit ] A potential, but rare, adverse effect of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) is its known ability to recombine to a form that may cause neurological infection and cause paralysis. Clinical disease, including paralysis, caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is indistinguishable from that caused by wild polioviruses. This is believed to be a rare event, but outbreaks of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), caused by a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), have been reported, and tend to occur in areas of low coverage by OPV, presumably because the OPV is itself protective against the related outbreak strain. Contamination concerns [ edit ] In 1960, it was determined that the rhesus monkey kidney cells used to prepare the poliovirus vaccines were infected with the SV40 virus (Simian Virus-40). SV40 was also discovered in 1960 and is a naturally occurring virus that infects monkeys. In 1961, SV40 was found to cause tumors in rodents . More recently, the virus was found in certain forms of cancer in humans, for instance brain and bone tumors , pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, and some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . However, it has not been determined that SV40 causes these cancers. SV40 was found to be present in stocks of the injected form of the polio vaccine (IPV) in use between 1955 and 1963. It is not found in the OPV form. Over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine between 1955 and 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40; it has been estimated that 10–30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40. Later analysis suggested that vaccines produced by the former Soviet bloc countries until 1980, and used in the USSR , China , Japan , and several African countries, may have been contaminated; meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a large study, using cancer case information from the Institute's SEER database. The published findings from the study revealed that there was no increased incidence of cancer in persons who may have received vaccine containing SV40. Another large study in Sweden examined cancer rates of 700,000 individuals who had received potentially contaminated polio vaccine as late as 1957; the study again revealed no increased cancer incidence between persons who received polio vaccines containing SV40 and those who did not. The question of whether SV40 causes cancer in humans remains controversial however, and the development of improved assays for detection of SV40 in human tissues will be needed to resolve the controversy. During the race to develop an oral polio vaccine several large scale human trials were undertaken. By 1958, the National Institutes of Health had determined that OPV produced using the Sabin strains were the safest. Between 1957 and 1960, however, Hilary Koprowski continued to administer his vaccine around the world. In Africa, the vaccines were administered to roughly one million people in the Belgian territories (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda and Burundi ). The results of these human trials have been controversial, and unfounded accusations in the 1990s arose that the vaccine had created the conditions necessary for transmission of SIV from chimpanzees to humans, causing HIV/AIDS . These hypotheses have, however, have been conclusively refuted . By 2004, cases of poliomyelitis in Africa had been reduced to just a small number of isolated regions in the western portion of the continent, with sporadic cases elsewhere. Recent local opposition to vaccination campaigns have evolved due to lack of adequate information, often relating to fears that the vaccine might induce sterility . The disease has since resurged in Nigeria and in several other African nations without necessary information, which epidemiologists believe is due to refusals by certain local populations to allow their children to receive the polio vaccine. Manufacture [ edit ] Inactivated [ edit ] The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), is based on three wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus), grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture ( Vero cell line), which are then inactivated with formalin . The injected Salk vaccine confers IgG -mediated immunity in the bloodstream, which prevents polio infection from progressing to viremia and protects the motor neurons , thus eliminating the risk of bulbar polio and post-polio syndrome . In the United States, vaccine is administered along with the tetanus , diphtheria , and acellular pertussis vaccines ( DTaP ) and a pediatric dose of hepatitis B vaccine. In the UK, IPV is combined with tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. Attenuated [ edit ] Sabin immunization certificate Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is an attenuated vaccine , produced by the passage of the virus through non-human cells at a sub- physiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome. Oral polio vaccines were developed by several groups, one of which was led by Albert Sabin . Other groups, led by Hilary Koprowski and H.R. Cox , developed their own attenuated vaccine strains. In 1958, the National Institutes of Health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. The various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. Large-scale clinical trials performed in the Soviet Union in late 1950s to early 1960s by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues demonstrated safety and high efficacy of the vaccine. Based on these results, the Sabin strains were chosen for worldwide distribution. There are 57 nucleotide substitutions which distinguish the attenuated Sabin 1 strain from its virulent parent (the Mahoney serotype), two nucleotide substitutions attenuate the Sabin 2 strain, and 10 substitutions are involved in attenuating the Sabin 3 strain. The primary attenuating factor common to all three Sabin vaccines is a mutation located in the virus's internal ribosome entry site (IRES) which alters stem-loop structures, and reduces the ability of poliovirus to translate its RNA template within the host cell. The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of infection and replication, but is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. In 1961, type 1 and 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (MOPV) was licensed, and in 1962, type 3 MOPV was licensed. In 1963, trivalent OPV (TOPV) was licensed, and became the vaccine of choice in the United States and most other countries of the world, largely replacing the inactivated polio vaccine. A second wave of mass immunizations led to a further dramatic decline in the number of polio cases. Between 1962 and 1965 about 100 million Americans (roughly 56% of the population at that time) received the Sabin vaccine. The result was a substantial reduction in the number of poliomyelitis cases, even from the much reduced levels following the introduction of the Salk vaccine. OPV is usually provided in vials containing 10–20 doses of vaccine. A single dose of oral polio vaccine (usually two drops) contains 1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1 (effective against PV1), 100,000 infectious units of the Sabin 2 strain, and 600,000 infectious units of Sabin 3. The vaccine contains small traces of antibiotics — neomycin and streptomycin —but does not contain preservatives . History [ edit ] In generic sense, vaccination works by priming the immune system with an ' immunogen '. Stimulating immune response, via use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization . The development of immunity to polio efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community . The development of two polio vaccines led to the first modern mass inoculations . The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of wild virus in the United States occurred in 1979, with an outbreak among the Amish in several Midwest states. 1935 [ edit ] Two separate teams developed polio vaccines and reported their results at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in November 1935. Both projects were cancelled as a result of the angry reaction from other researchers there, and no researchers dared attempt a polio vaccine for another 20 years. Professor John Kolmer, MD (1886–1962), of Temple University in Philadelphia presented his findings first. He had developed an attenuated poliovirus vaccine, which he tested in about 10,000 children across much of the United States and Canada. Five of these children died of polio and ten more were paralyzed, usually in the arm where the vaccine was injected, and frequently affecting children in towns where no polio outbreak had occurred. He had no control group, but asserted that many more children would have gotten sick. The response from other researchers was uncharacteristically blunt; one of them directly called Kolmer a murderer. Maurice Brodie, MD (1903–1939), a young researcher at New York University and the New York City Health Department , presented his results afterwards, but the feelings of the researchers were already unfavorable before he started because of Kolmer's report. Brodie and his team had prepared a formaldehyde -killed poliovirus vaccine, testing it first on himself and five co-workers, and eventually on 7,500 children and adults, with another 4,500 people serving as a control group. In the control group, Brodie reported that 1 out of 900 developed polio; in the group receiving the vaccine, only 1 out of 7,500 developed polio, making the vaccine 88% effective during the first year. However, other researchers believed that the one case was likely caused by the vaccine, and two more possible cases were reported later. After this meeting, Brodie, whose polio vaccine was at least partially effective and reasonably safe, and who developed several ground-breaking ideas about vaccination whose validity was confirmed two decades later with the development of the Salk vaccine, was immediately fired and had trouble finding employment again. Brodie died three and a half years later, possibly by suicide. Kolmer, an established researcher whose vaccine was unsafe and probably ineffective, kept his job, was given a second appointment as professor of medicine at the Temple University School of Dentistry the next year, continued to publish research papers, and received multiple awards throughout his academic career. 1948 [ edit ] A breakthrough came in 1948 when a research group headed by John Enders at the Children's Hospital Boston successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue in the laboratory. This group had recently successfully grown mumps in cell culture. In March 1948 Thomas H. Weller was attempting to grow varicella virus in embryonic lung tissue. He had inoculated the planned number of tubes when he noticed that there were a few unused tubes. He retrieved a sample of mouse brain infected with polio virus and added it to the remaining test tubes, on the off chance that the virus might grow. The varicella cultures failed to grow but the polio cultures were successful. This development greatly facilitated vaccine research and ultimately allowed for the development of vaccines against polio. Enders and his colleagues, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins , were recognized in 1954 for their labors with a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Other important advances that led to the development of polio vaccines were: the identification of three poliovirus serotypes (Poliovirus type 1 — PV1, or Mahoney; PV2, Lansing; and PV3, Leon); the finding that prior to paralysis, the virus must be present in the blood; and the demonstration that administration of antibodies in the form of gamma globulin protects against paralytic polio. 1950–1955 [ edit ] During the early 1950s, polio rates in the U.S. were above 25,000 annually; in 1952 and 1953, the U.S. experienced an outbreak of 58,000 and 35,000 polio cases, respectively, up from a typical number of some 20,000 a year, with deaths in those years numbering 3,200 and 1,400. Amid this U.S. polio epidemic, millions of dollars were invested in finding and marketing a polio vaccine by commercial interests, including Lederle Laboratories in New York under the direction of H. R. Cox . Also working at Lederle was Polish-born virologist and immunologist Hilary Koprowski of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, who tested the first successful polio vaccine, in 1950. His vaccine, however, being a live attenuated virus taken orally, was still in the research stage and would not be ready for use until five years after Jonas Salk's polio vaccine (a dead-virus injectable vaccine) had reached the market. Koprowski's attenuated vaccine was prepared by successive passages through the brains of Swiss albino mice. By the seventh passage, the vaccine strains could no longer infect nervous tissue or cause paralysis. After one to three further passages on rats, the vaccine was deemed safe for human use. On 27 February 1950, Koprowski's live, attenuated vaccine was tested for the first time on an 8-year-old boy living at Letchworth Village , an institution for the physically and mentally disabled located in New York. After the child suffered no side effects, Koprowski enlarged his experiment to include 19 other children. Jonas Salk [ edit ] Administration of the polio inoculation, including by Salk himself, in 1957 at the University of Pittsburgh where he and his team had developed the vaccine Mass polio vaccination in Columbus, Georgia circa 1961 for the National Polio Immunization Program. The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk and a team at the University of Pittsburgh that included Julius Youngner , Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and Lorraine Friedman, which required years of subsequent testing. Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful test on a small group of adults and children on 26 March 1953; two days later the results were published in JAMA . Beginning 23 February 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Salk's vaccine was then used in a test called the Francis Field Trial, led by Thomas Francis , the largest medical experiment in history at that time. The test began with approximately 4,000 children at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia , and would eventually involve 1.8 million children, in 44 states from Maine to California . By the conclusion of the study, roughly 440,000 received one or more injections of the vaccine, about 210,000 children received a placebo , consisting of harmless culture media , and 1.2 million children received no vaccination and served as a control group, who would then be observed to see if any contracted polio. The results of the field trial were announced 12 April 1955 (the tenth anniversary of the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , whose paralytic illness was generally believed to have been caused by polio). The Salk vaccine had been 60–70% effective against PV1 (poliovirus type 1), over 90% effective against PV2 and PV3, and 94% effective against the development of bulbar polio. Soon after Salk's vaccine was licensed in 1955, children's vaccination campaigns were launched. In the U.S, following a mass immunization campaign promoted by the March of Dimes , the annual number of polio cases fell from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957. By 1961 only 161 cases were recorded in the United States. A week earlier in April 1955, Pierre Lépine at the Pasteur Institute in Paris also announced an effective polio vaccine. 1961 [ edit ] Albert Sabin (right) with Robert Gallo , circa 1985 At the same time that Salk was testing his vaccine, both Albert Sabin and Hilary Koprowski continued working on developing a vaccine using live virus. During a meeting in Stockholm to discuss polio vaccines in November 1955, Sabin presented results obtained on a group of 80 volunteers, while Koprowski read a paper detailing the findings of a trial enrolling 150 people. Sabin and Koprowski both eventually succeeded in developing vaccines. Because of the commitment to the Salk vaccine in America, Sabin and Koprowski both did their testing outside the United States, Sabin in Mexico and then in the Soviet Union, and Koprowski in the Congo and Poland. In 1957, Sabin developed a trivalent vaccine, containing attenuated strains of all three types of poliovirus. In 1959, ten million children in the Soviet Union received the Sabin oral vaccine. For this work, Sabin was given the medal of the Order of Friendship Among Peoples, described as the Soviets' highest civilian honor, despite having become an American during the height of the cold war. Sabin's oral vaccine using live virus came into commercial use in 1961. Once Sabin’s oral vaccine became widely available, it supplanted Salk’s injected vaccine, which had been tarnished in the public's opinion by the Cutter incident , in which Salk vaccines prepared by one company resulted in several children dying or becoming paralyzed. 1987 [ edit ] An enhanced- potency IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) was licensed in the United States in November 1987, and is currently the vaccine of choice in the United States. The first dose of polio vaccine is given shortly after birth, usually between 1 and 2 months of age, and a second dose is given at 4 months of age. The timing of the third dose depends on the vaccine formulation but should be given between 6 and 18 months of age. A booster vaccination is given at 4 to 6 years of age, for a total of four doses at or before school entry. In some countries, a fifth vaccination is given during adolescence . Routine vaccination of adults (18 years of age and older) in developed countries is neither necessary nor recommended because most adults are already immune and have a very small risk of exposure to wild poliovirus in their home countries. In 2002, a pentavalent (five-component) combination vaccine (called Pediarix) containing IPV was approved for use in the United States. 1988 [ edit ] A Somali boy is injected with inactivated poliovirus vaccine ( Mogadishu , 1993) A global effort to eradicate polio, led by the World Health Organization , UNICEF , and The Rotary Foundation , began in 1988 and has relied largely on the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and Mikhail Chumakov (Sabin-Chumakov vaccine). Post-1990 [ edit ] Polio was eliminated in the Americas by 1994. The disease was officially eliminated in 36 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia in 2000. Europe was declared polio-free in 2002. Since January 2011, there were no reported cases of the disease in India, and hence in February 2012, the country was taken off the WHO list of polio endemic countries. In March 2014, India was declared a polio-free country. Although poliovirus transmission has been interrupted in much of the world, transmission of wild poliovirus does continue and creates an ongoing risk for the importation of wild poliovirus into previously polio-free regions. If importations of poliovirus occur, outbreaks of poliomyelitis may develop, especially in areas with low vaccination coverage and poor sanitation. As a result, high levels of vaccination coverage must be maintained. In November 2013, the World Health Organization announced a polio outbreak in Syria. In response, the Armenian government put out a notice asking Syrian Armenians under age 15 to get the polio vaccine. As of 2014, polio virus has spread out to ten countries mainly in Africa , Asia and the Middle East with Pakistan, Syria and Cameroon advising vaccinations to outbound travelers. Polio vaccination programs have received resistance from some people in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria (the three countries with remaining polio cases). Some Muslim religious leaders believe that the vaccines are secretly being used for sterilization of Muslims. The fact that in 2011 the CIA organized a fake vaccination program in order to help find Osama Bin Laden is an additional cause of distrust. In 2015, the World Health Organization announced a deal with the Taliban to encourage them to distribute the vaccine in areas they control. However, on 11 September 2016, two unidentified gunmen associated with the Pakistani Taliban, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, shot Zakaullah Khan, a doctor who was administering polio vaccines in Pakistan. The leader of the Jamaat-ul-Ahrar claimed responsibility for the shooting and says that the group will continue to keep doing these kinds of attacks. This resistance to and skepticism of vaccinations has consequently slowed down the polio eradication process within the three remaining countries. Society and culture [ edit ] Cost [ edit ] The wholesale cost is about US$0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) supplies the inactivated vaccine to developing countries for as little as € 0.75 (about US$0.83 ) per dose in ten-dose vials. In the United States, the inactivated form costs between $25–50. Misconceptions [ edit ] A widespread misconception has arisen in Pakistan that polio vaccine contained Haram ingredients and could cause impotence and infertility in male children, leading some less-educated parents not to have their children vaccinated. This belief is most prevalent in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the FATA region, where people are likely to be influenced by unfounded teachings. There also have been attacks on polio vaccination teams. This is hampering international efforts to eradicate polio in Pakistan and globally since the virus can be carried by travelers. See also [ edit ] Cold war tensions and the polio vaccine Poliomyelitis eradication References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Global Polio Eradication Initiative final project to eliminate polio by 2018. History of Vaccines Website – History of Polio History of Vaccines, a project of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia PBS.org — 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952', PBS Conquering Polio , Smithsonian Magazine, April 2005 The Global Effort To Eradicate Polio , Dream 2047 Magazine, April 2004" 2524054697909181226,train,a primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that,"Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year, as the Influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. The CDC estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. When an immunized worker does catch the flu, they are on average back at work a half day sooner. Vaccine effectiveness in those under two years old and over 65 years old remains unknown due to the low quality of the research. Vaccinating children may protect those around them.","['1834', 'atmospheric pressure', 'june 28, 1870', 'the coming to earth of jesus']",ìdí pàtàkì kan tí wọ́n fi nílò àjẹsára tuntun fún àrùn gágá lọ́dọọdún ni pé,Yes,['A má a ń ṣe àgbéjáde ẹ̀yà àjẹsára náà titun lẹ́ẹ̀mejì lọ́dún nítorí tí kòkòrò àrùn àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn ọ̀fìnkì a má a paradà kíákíá.'],['nítorí tí kòkòrò àrùn àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn ọ̀fìnkì a má a paradà kíákíá.'],['P1'],0,0,"Àj?sára ??fìnkì Àj?sára ??fìnkì, tí a tún m?? sí àb??r?? ??fìnkì, j?? àj?sára tí ? dáàbò bo ni l??w?? ??fìnkì.[1] A má a ? ?e àgbéjáde ??yà àj?sára náà titun l????mejì l??dún nítorí tí kòkòrò àrùn àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn ??fìnkì a má a paradà kíákíá.[1] ??p??l?p?? w?n a má a pèsè ààbò tó m? níw??n àti èyí tó lágbára púp?? fúnni l??w?? ??fìnkì; ?ùgb??n, èyí a má a yàt?? láti ?dún dé ?dún.[2][1] ??rí i??? r?? lára àgbàlagbà tí ?j??-orí r?? ti ju ?dún 65 l? kò fi b???? w??p??.[3][4] W?n a má a dín iye ?j?? tí àw?n ènìyàn kò fi níí lè l? sí ibi-i??? kù sí bíi ìdajì ?j?? bí a bá wòó lápap??.[5] Fífún àw?n ?m?dé ní àj?sára lè dáàbò bo àw?n ?lòmíràn tó wà ní àyíká w?n.[1] Àti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé àti Ilé-i??? Ì?àkóso àti Ìdènà Àrùn ni ó gba ni níyànjú pé kí gbogbo ?nití ?j??-orí r?? bá ti ju o?ù 6 l? má a gba àj?sára náà l??d??dún.[1][6] Èyí ?e pàtàkì púp?? pàápàá jùl? fún àw?n obìrin tó ní oyún, àw?n ?m?dé tí ?j??-orí w?n j?? bí o?ù m??fá sí ?dún máàrún, àw?n tó ní ì?òrò yòówù nípa ìlera w?n, Àw?n ?m? Abínibí Am??ríkà, àti àw?n ò?ì??? ìlera.[1][7] Àw?n àj?sára náà kò léwu láti lò. Ní àárín àw?n ?m?dé ibà a má a wáyé láàárín iye àw?n ?m? tó tó ìw??n 5 sí 10 nínú ?g????rún, b???? sì ni ìrora nínú ?ran-ara, àti àár?? náà lè wáyé. Ní àw?n ?dún mìíràn, láàárín àw?n àgbàlagbà, àj?sára náà a má a fa àìsàn tí à n pè ní Guillain Barre syndrome ní ìw??n egbògi náà kan nínú mílí??nù kan. A kò gb?d?? lòó fún àw?n tó ní ìfèsì ara ?ni l??nà tó burú púp?? sí ?yin tàbí sí orí?i àj?sára náà àtij??. W?n a má a wá bíi orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò afàìsàn àìlèfojúrí tí a ti pa ?e, àti bíi orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò afàìsàn náà ti a ti s? di aláìlágbára ?e. Orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò afàìsàn tí a ti pa ?e ni a gb??d?? lò fún àw?n aboyún. W?n a má a wá bíi orí?i tí à ? gún bí ab??r?? sínú ?ran-ara ?ni tàbí bíi orí?i tí à ? fún sínú imú ?ni.[1] Gbígba àj?sára fún ààbò l??w?? ??fìnkì b??r?? ní àw?n ?dún 1930, nígbàtí wíwà fún lílò gbogbogbò ní il?? Am??ríkà b??r?? ní ?dún 1945.[8][9] Ó wà lórí Àkój? Àw?n Egbògi Kò?eémáàní ti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé, àw?n òògùn tó ?e pàtàkì jùl? tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera ìb??r??p??p?? yòówù.[10] Iye owó r?? lójú pálí j?? bíi 5.25 USD fún ìw??n egbògi náà kan?o?o ní ?dún 2014.[11] Ní il?? Am??ríkà iye owó r?? kò tó 25 USD.[12]","Influenza vaccine U.S. Navy crew member receiving an influenza vaccination Vaccine description Target disease influenza virus Type inactivated, attenuated Clinical data Trade names Fluarix, Fluzone, other AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category US : C (Risk not ruled out) Routes of administration IM , intranasal, intradermal ATC code J07BB01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : ℞-only Identifiers ChemSpider none Influenza vaccines , also known as flu shots or flu jabs , are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year, as the Influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. The CDC estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. When an immunized worker does catch the flu, they are on average back at work a half day sooner. Vaccine effectiveness in those under two years old and over 65 years old remains unknown due to the low quality of the research. [ needs update ] [ needs update ] Vaccinating children may protect those around them. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months, especially those at high risk. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control also recommends yearly vaccination of high risk groups. These groups include pregnant women, the elderly, children between six months and five years of age, those with other health problems, and those who work in healthcare. The vaccines are generally safe. Fever occurs in five to ten percent of children vaccinated. Temporary muscle pains or feelings of tiredness may occur as well. In certain years, the vaccine has been linked to an increase in Guillain–Barré syndrome among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses. It should not be given to those with severe allergies to eggs or to previous versions of the vaccine. The vaccines come in both inactive and weakened viral forms. The inactive version should be used for those who are pregnant. They come in forms that are injected into a muscle , sprayed into the nose , or injected into the middle layer of the skin . Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s with large scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is about $5.25 USD per dose as of 2014. In the United States, it costs less than $25 USD as of 2015. Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Effectiveness 1.2 Children 1.3 Adults 1.4 Elderly 1.5 Pregnancy 2 Safety 3 Injection versus nasal spray 4 Recommendations 4.1 World Health Organization 4.2 Canada 4.3 Europe 4.4 United States 5 Uptake 5.1 At risk groups 5.2 Healthcare workers 6 Manufacturing 6.1 Annual reformulation 6.2 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.3 2016–2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 6.4 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.5 2017–2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 6.6 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 7 History 7.1 Origins and development 7.2 Acceptance 8 Society and culture 8.1 Evaluation of evidence 8.2 Cost-effectiveness 9 Research 9.1 Rapid response to pandemic flu 9.2 Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu 9.3 Universal flu vaccines 10 Veterinary use 10.1 Horses 10.2 Poultry 10.3 Pigs 10.4 Dogs 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Medical uses [ edit ] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the flu vaccine as the best way to protect people against the flu and prevent its spread. The flu vaccine can also reduce the severity of the flu if a person contracts a flu strain that the vaccine did not contain. It takes about two weeks following vaccination for protective antibodies to form. A 2012 meta-analysis found that flu vaccination was effective 67 percent of the time; the populations that benefited the most were HIV-positive adults ages 18 to 55 (76 percent), healthy adults ages 18 to 46 (approximately 70 percent), and healthy children ages six to 24 months (66 percent). Effectiveness [ edit ] U.S. vaccine effectiveness by start year: 2004 10% 2005 21% 2006 52% 2007 37% 2008 41% 2009 56% 2010 60% 2011 47% 2012 49% 2013 52% 2014 19% 2015 48% 2016 39% A vaccine is assessed by its efficacy ; the extent to which it reduces risk of disease under controlled conditions, and its effectiveness , the observed reduction in risk after the vaccine is put into use. In the case of influenza, effectiveness is expected to be lower than the efficacy because it is measured using the rates of influenza-like illness , which is not always caused by influenza. Influenza vaccines generally show high efficacy, as measured by the antibody production in animal models or vaccinated people. However, studies on the effectiveness of flu vaccines in the real world are difficult; vaccines may be imperfectly matched, virus prevalence varies widely between years, and influenza is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses. However, in most years (16 of the 19 years before 2007), the flu vaccine strains have been a good match for the circulating strains, and even a mismatched vaccine can often provide cross-protection. Trials of both live and inactivated influenza vaccines against seasonal influenza have been summarized in several 2012 meta-analyses. Studies on live vaccines have very limited data, but these preparations may be more effective than inactivated vaccines . The meta-analyses examined the efficacy and effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against seasonal influenza in adults, children, and the elderly. [ needs update ] Children [ edit ] The CDC recommend that everyone except infants under the age of six months should receive the seasonal influenza vaccine. Vaccination campaigns usually focus special attention on people who are at high risk of serious complications if they catch the flu, such as pregnant women, children over six months, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems , as well as those to whom they are exposed, such as health care workers. As the death rate is also high among infants who catch influenza, the household contacts and caregivers of infants should be vaccinated to reduce the risk of passing an influenza infection to the infant. In children, vaccines again showed high efficacy, but low effectiveness in preventing ""flu-like illness"". In children under the age of two, the data are extremely limited, but vaccination appeared to confer no measurable benefit. During the 2017–18 flu season the CDC director indicated that 85 percent of the children who died ""likely will not have been vaccinated."" Adults [ edit ] In unvaccinated adults, 16% get symptoms similar to the flu, while about 10% of vaccinated adults do. Vaccination decreased confirmed cases of influenza from about 2.4% to 1.1%. No effect on hospitalization was found. In working adults a review by the Cochrane Collaboration found that vaccination resulted in a modest decrease in both influenza symptoms and working days lost, without affecting transmission or influenza-related complications. [ needs update ] In healthy working adults, influenza vaccines can provide moderate protection against virologically confirmed influenza, though such protection is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons. In health care workers, a 2006 review found a net benefit. Of the eighteen studies in this review, only two also assessed the relationship of patient mortality relative to staff influenza vaccine uptake; both found that higher rates of health care worker vaccination correlated with reduced patient deaths. A 2014 review found benefits to patients when health care workers were immunized, as supported by moderate evidence based in part on the observed reduction in all-cause deaths in patients whose health care workers were given immunization compared with comparison patients in which the health care workers were not offered vaccine. Elderly [ edit ] Evidence for an effect in adults over 65 years old is unclear. Systematic reviews examining both randomized controlled and case–control studies found a lack of high-quality evidence. Reviews of case–control studies found effects against laboratory-confirmed influenza, pneumonia , and death among the community-dwelling elderly. The group most vulnerable to non-pandemic flu, the elderly, benefits least from the vaccine. There are multiple reasons behind this steep decline in vaccine efficacy, the most common of which are the declining immunological function and frailty associated with advanced age. In a non-pandemic year, a person in the United States aged 50–64 is nearly ten times more likely to die an influenza-associated death than a younger person, and a person over age 65 is over ten times more likely to die an influenza-associated death than the 50–64 age group. There is a high-dose flu vaccine specifically formulated to provide a stronger immune response. Available evidence indicates that vaccinating the elderly with the high-dose vaccine leads to a stronger immune response against influenza than the regular-dose vaccine. A flu vaccine containing an adjuvant was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2015, for use by adults aged 65 years of age and older. The vaccine is marketed as Fluad in the U.S. and was first available in the 2016–2017 flu season. The vaccine contains the MF59C.1 adjuvant which is an oil-in-water emulsion of squalene oil. It is the first adjuvanted seasonal flu vaccine marketed in the United States. It is not clear if there is a significant benefit for the elderly to use a flu vaccine containing the MF59C.1 adjuvant. Per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines, Fluad can be used as an alternative to other influenza vaccines approved for people 65 years and older. Vaccinating health care workers who work with elderly people is recommended in many countries, with the goal of reducing influenza outbreaks in this vulnerable population. While there is no conclusive evidence from randomized clinical trials that vaccinating health care workers helps protect the elderly people from influenza, there is tentative evidence of benefit. Pregnancy [ edit ] As well as protecting mother and child from the effects of an influenza infection, the immunization of pregnant women tends to increase their chances of experiencing a successful full-term pregnancy. The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is protective in pregnant women infected with HIV . Safety [ edit ] See also: Vaccine controversies While side effects of the flu vaccine may occur, they are usually minor. The flu vaccine can cause serious side effects, including an allergic reaction , but this is rare. Furthermore, the common side effects and risks of inoculation are mild and temporary when compared to the risks and severe health effects of the annual influenza epidemic's well-documented toll of illness, hospitalization, and death. Flu vaccination may lead to side effects such as runny nose and sore throat, which can last for up to several days. Egg allergy may also be a concern, since flu vaccines are typically made using eggs; however, research into egg-allergy and influenza vaccination has led some advisory groups to recommend vaccine for those with mild allergies and monitored vaccination for those with more severe symptoms. A large study of nearly 800 children in the UK with egg allergy, including over 250 with previous anaphylactic reactions, had zero systemic allergic reactions when given the live attenuated flu vaccine. On January 17, 2013, the U.S. FDA approved Flublok , a faster-turnaround influenza vaccine which is the first grown in insect cells instead of eggs. Since eggs are not used in its production, it avoids any problem with egg allergies. Although Guillain–Barré syndrome had been feared as a complication of vaccination, the CDC states that most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with Guillain–Barré. Infection with influenza virus itself increases both the risk of death (up to 1 in 10,000) and increases the risk of developing Guillain–Barré syndrome to a far higher level than the highest level of suspected vaccine involvement (approximately 10 times higher by 2009 estimates). Although one review gives an incidence of about one case of Guillain–Barré per million vaccinations, a large study in China, reported in The New England Journal of Medicine covering close to 100 million doses of vaccine against the 2009 H1N1 ""swine"" flu found only eleven cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome , (0.1 per million doses) total incidence in persons vaccinated, actually lower than the normal rate of the disease in China, and no other notable side effects; ""The risk-benefit ratio, which is what vaccines and everything in medicine is about, is overwhelmingly in favor of vaccination."" Several studies have identified an increased incidence of narcolepsy among recipients of the pandemic H1N1 influenza ASO3-adjuvanted vaccine; efforts to identify a mechanism for this suggest that narcolepsy is autoimmune, and that the ASO3-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine may mimic hypocretin, serving as a trigger. Some injection-based flu vaccines intended for adults in the United States contain thiomersal (also known as thimerosal), a mercury -based preservative. Despite some controversy in the media, the World Health Organization 's Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety has concluded that there is no evidence of toxicity from thiomersal in vaccines and no reason on grounds of safety to change to more-expensive single-dose administration. Injection versus nasal spray [ edit ] Flu vaccines are available either as: a trivalent or quadrivalent injection (TIV or QIV), which contains the inactivated form of the virus a nasal spray of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV, Q/LAIV), which contains the attenuated or weakened form of the virus. TIV induces protection after injection (typically intramuscular, though subcutaneous and intradermal routes can also be protective) based on an immune response to the antigens present on the inactivated virus, while cold-adapted LAIV works by establishing infection in the nasal passages. Recommendations [ edit ] Various public health organizations, including the World Health Organization, have recommended that yearly influenza vaccination be routinely offered, particularly to people at risk of complications of influenza and those individuals who live with or care for high-risk individuals, including: the elderly (UK recommendation is those aged 65 or above) people with chronic lung diseases ( asthma , COPD , etc.) people with chronic heart diseases ( congenital heart disease , chronic heart failure , ischaemic heart disease ) people with chronic liver diseases (including cirrhosis ) people with chronic kidney diseases (such as the nephrotic syndrome ) people who are immunosuppressed (those with HIV or who are receiving drugs to suppress the immune system such as chemotherapy and long-term steroids ) and their household contacts people who live together in large numbers in an environment where influenza can spread rapidly, such as prisons, nursing homes, schools, and dormitories. healthcare workers (both to prevent sickness and to prevent spread to patients) pregnant women. However, a 2009 review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of trivalent influenza vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy. Influenza vaccination during flu season is part of recommendations for influenza vaccination of pregnant women in the United States . Both types of flu vaccines are contraindicated for those with severe allergies to egg proteins and people with a history of Guillain–Barré syndrome . World Health Organization [ edit ] As of 2016 [update] , the World Health Organization recommends seasonal influenza vaccination for: Highest priority: Pregnant women Priority (in no particular order): Children aged 6–59 months Elderly Individuals with specific chronic medical conditions Health-care workers Canada [ edit ] In 2008, the National Advisory Committee on Immunization, the group that advises the Public Health Agency of Canada , recommended that everyone aged two to 64 years be encouraged to receive annual influenza vaccination, and that children between the age of six and 24 months, and their household contacts, should be considered a high priority for the flu vaccine. The NACI also recommends the flu vaccine for: People at high risk of influenza-related complications or hospitalization, including the morbidly obese, healthy pregnant women, children six to 59 months, the elderly, aboriginals, and people suffering from one of an itemized list of chronic health conditions People capable of transmitting influenza to those at high risk, including household contacts and healthcare workers People who provide essential community services Certain poultry workers Europe [ edit ] The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control recommends vaccinating the elderly as a priority, with a secondary priority people with chronic medical conditions and healthcare workers. The influenza vaccination strategy is generally that of protecting vulnerable people, rather than limiting influenza circulation or totally eliminating human influenza sickness. This is in contrast with the high herd immunity strategies for other infectious diseases such as polio and measles . This is also due in part to the financial and logistics burden associated with the need of an annual injection. United States [ edit ] In the United States routine influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months. According to the CDC, the live attenuated virus (which comes in the form of the nasal spray in the US) should be avoided by: Children younger than two years Adults 50 years and older People with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine or to a previous dose of any influenza vaccine People with asthma Children or adolescents on long-term aspirin treatment. Children and adults who have chronic pulmonary, cardiovascular (except isolated hypertension), renal, hepatic, neurologic/neuromuscular, hematologic, or metabolic disorders Children and adults who have immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by medications or by HIV) Pregnant women A young woman shows off her flu shot after receiving vaccine at a local drug store . Within its blanket recommendation for general vaccination in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which began recommending the influenza vaccine to health care workers in 1981, emphasizes to clinicians the special urgency of vaccination for members of certain vulnerable groups, and their caregivers : Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications or people who live with or care for people at higher risk for serious complications. In 2009, a new high-dose formulation of the standard influenza vaccine was approved. The Fluzone High Dose is specifically for people 65 and older; the difference is that it has four times the antigen dose of the standard Fluzone. The U.S. government requires hospitals to report worker vaccination rates. Some U.S. states and hundreds of U.S. hospitals require health-care workers to either get vaccinations or wear masks during flu season. These requirements occasionally engender union lawsuits on narrow collective bargaining grounds, but proponents note that courts have generally endorsed forced vaccination laws affecting the general population during disease outbreaks. Vaccination against influenza is especially important for members of high-risk groups who would be likely to have complications from influenza, for example pregnant women and children and teenagers from six months to 18 years of age; In raising the upper age limit to 18 years, the aim is to reduce both the time children and parents lose from visits to pediatricians and missing school and the need for antibiotics for complications An added benefit expected from the vaccination of children is a reduction in the number of influenza cases among parents and other household members, and of possible spread to the general community. In the USA: The CDC has indicated that live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), also called the nasal spray vaccine, is not recommended for the 2016–2017 flu season, in the United States. Furthermore, health care personnel who care for severely immunocompromised persons should receive injections (TIV or QIV) rather than LAIV. Uptake [ edit ] At risk groups [ edit ] Uptake of flu vaccination, both seasonally and during pandemics, is often low. Systematic reviews of pandemic flu vaccination uptake have identified several personal factors that may influence uptake, including gender (higher uptake in men), ethnicity (higher in people from ethnic minorities) and having a chronic illness. Beliefs in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine are also important. Healthcare workers [ edit ] Frontline healthcare workers are often recommended to get seasonal and any pandemic flu vaccination. For example, in the UK all healthcare workers involved in patient care are recommended to receive the seasonal flu vaccine, and were also recommended to be vaccinated against the H1N1/09 (later renamed A(H1N1)pdm09 ) swine flu virus during the 2009 pandemic . However, uptake is often low. During the 2009 pandemic, low uptake by healthcare workers was seen in countries including the UK, Italy, Greece, and Hong Kong. In a 2010 survey of United States healthcare workers, 63.5% reported that they received the flu vaccine during the 2010–11 season, an increase from 61.9% reported the previous season. US Health professionals with direct patient contact had higher vaccination uptake, such as physicians and dentists (84.2%) and nurse practitioners (82.6%). The main reason to vaccinate healthcare workers is to prevent staff from spreading flu to their patients and to reduce staff absence at a time of high service demand, but the reasons healthcare workers state for their decisions to accept or decline vaccination may more often be to do with perceived personal benefits. In Victoria (Australia) public hospitals, rates of healthcare worker vaccination in 2005 ranged from 34% for non-clinical staff to 42% for laboratory staff. One of the reasons for rejecting vaccines was concern over adverse reactions; in one study, 31% of resident physicians at a teaching hospital incorrectly believed Australian vaccines could cause influenza. Manufacturing [ edit ] Schematic of influenza vaccine creation Flu vaccine is usually grown by vaccine manufacturers in fertilized chicken eggs. In the Northern hemisphere, the manufacturing process begins following the announcement (typically in February) of the WHO recommended strains for the winter flu season. Three strains (representing an H1N1, an H3N2, and a B strain) of flu are selected and chicken eggs inoculated separately, these monovalent harvests are then combined to make the trivalent vaccine. Avian flu vaccine development by reverse genetics technique As of November 2007 [update] , both the conventional injection and the nasal spray are manufactured using chicken eggs. The European Union has also approved Optaflu , a vaccine produced by Novartis using vats of animal cells. This technique is expected to be more scalable and avoid problems with eggs, such as allergic reactions and incompatibility with strains that affect avians like chickens. Research continues into the idea of a ""universal"" influenza vaccine that would not require tailoring to a particular strain, but would be effective against a broad variety of influenza viruses. However, no vaccine candidates had been announced by Nov 2007. A DNA-based vaccination, which is hoped to be even faster to manufacture, is as of 2011 in clinical trials, determining safety and efficacy. On November 20, 2012, Novartis received FDA approval for the first cell-culture vaccine. In a 2007 report, the global capacity of approximately 826 million seasonal influenza vaccine doses (inactivated and live) was double the production of 413 million doses. In an aggressive scenario of producing pandemic influenza vaccines by 2013, only 2.8 billion courses could be produced in a six-month time frame. If all high- and upper-middle-income countries sought vaccines for their entire populations in a pandemic, nearly 2 billion courses would be required. If China pursued this goal as well, more than 3 billion courses would be required to serve these populations. Vaccine research and development is ongoing to identify novel vaccine approaches that could produce much greater quantities of vaccine at a price that is affordable to the global population. Methods of vaccine generation that bypass the need for eggs include the construction of influenza virus-like particles (VLP). VLP resemble viruses, but there is no need for inactivation, as they do not include viral coding elements, but merely present antigens in a similar manner to a virion. Some methods of producing VLP include cultures of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells and plant-based vaccine production (e.g., production in Nicotiana benthamiana ). There is evidence that some VLPs elicit antibodies that recognize a broader panel of antigenically distinct viral isolates compared to other vaccines in the hemagglutination-inhibition assay (HIA). Influenza vaccines are produced in pathogen-free eggs that are 11 to 12 days old. The top of the egg is disinfected by wiping it with alcohol and then the egg is candled to identify a non-veinous area in the allantoic cavity where a small hole is poked to serve as a pressure release. A second hole is made at the top of the egg, where the influenza virus is injected in the allantoic cavity, past the chorioallantoic membrane. The two holes are then sealed with melted paraffin and the inoculated eggs are incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. During incubation time, the virus replicates and newly replicated viruses are released into the allantoic fluid After the 48 hour incubation period, the top of the egg is cracked and the 10 milliliters of allantoic fluid is removed, from which about 15 micrograms of the flu vaccine can be obtained. At this point, the viruses have been weakened or killed and the viral antigen is purified and placed inside vials, syringes, or nasal sprayers. Done on a large scale, this method is used to produce the flu vaccine for the human population. Annual reformulation [ edit ] Further information: Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine See also: 2009 flu pandemic vaccine Each year, three strains are chosen for selection in that year's flu vaccination by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network . The chosen strains are the H1N1, H3N2, and Type-B strains thought most likely to cause significant human suffering in the coming season. Starting with the 2012–2013 Northern Hemisphere influenza season (coincident with the approval of quadrivalent influenza vaccines), the WHO has also recommended a 2nd B-strain for use in quadrivalent vaccines. The World Health Organization coordinates the contents of the vaccine each year to contain the most likely strains of the virus to attack the next year. ""The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network was established in 1952. The network comprises four WHO Collaborating Centres (WHO CCs) and 112 institutions in 83 countries, which are recognized by WHO as WHO National Influenza Centres (NICs). These NICs collect specimens in their country, perform primary virus isolation and preliminary antigenic characterization. They ship newly isolated strains to WHO CCs for high level antigenic and genetic analysis, the result of which forms the basis for WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza vaccine for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere each year."" The Global Influenza Surveillance Network 's selection of viruses for the vaccine manufacturing process is based on its best estimate of which strains will predominate the next year, amounting in the end to well-informed but fallible guesswork. Formal WHO recommendations were first issued in 1973. Beginning in 1999 there have been two recommendations per year: one for the northern hemisphere (N) and the other for the southern hemisphere (S). Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine are listed in a separate article. Recent [update] WHO seasonal influenza vaccine composition recommendations: 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 24, 2015 was: an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus. 2016–2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of trivalent virus vaccines for use in the 2016–2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organization on February 25, 2016 was: an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus The WHO recommends that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses contain the above three viruses and a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus. 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 29, 2016 was: an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus. The Southern Hemisphere experienced ""poor vaccine effectiveness"" against H3N2 this season. 2017–2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of trivalent virus vaccines for use in the 2017–2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on August 25, 2017 was: an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09–like virus an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Brisbane/60/2008–like virus (Victoria lineage) In addition to these components, quadrivalent vaccines will also include a B/Phuket/3073/2013–like virus (Yamagata lineage). In California, some emergency systems were strained by a spike in H3N2 flu cases. In addition, some areas experienced local shortages of oseltamivir . The severity of the flu season seemed somewhat comparable to the 2009–10 swine flu outbreak. A February 2018 CDC interim report estimated the vaccine effectiveness to be 25% against H3N2, 67% against H1N1, and 42% against influenza B. 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 28, 2017 was: an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus an A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus. History [ edit ] See also: Timeline of vaccines Vaccines are used in both humans and nonhumans. Human vaccine is meant unless specifically identified as a veterinary, poultry or livestock vaccine. Origins and development [ edit ] In the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, ""Physicians tried everything they knew, everything they had ever heard of, from the ancient art of bleeding patients, to administering oxygen, to developing new vaccines and sera (chiefly against what we now call Hemophilus influenzae —a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent—and several types of pneumococci). Only one therapeutic measure, transfusing blood from recovered patients to new victims, showed any hint of success."" In 1931, viral growth in embryonated hens' eggs was reported by Ernest William Goodpasture and colleagues at Vanderbilt University . The work was extended to growth of influenza virus by several workers, including Thomas Francis , Jonas Salk , Wilson Smith and Macfarlane Burnet , leading to the first experimental influenza vaccines. In the 1940s, the US military developed the first approved inactivated vaccines for influenza, which were used in the Second World War. Hen's eggs continued to be used to produce virus used in influenza vaccines, but manufacturers made improvements in the purity of the virus by developing improved processes to remove egg proteins and to reduce systemic reactivity of the vaccine. Recently, [ when? ] the US FDA approved influenza vaccines made by growing virus in cell cultures and influenza vaccines made from recombinant proteins have been approved, with plant-based influenza vaccines being tested in clinical trials. Acceptance [ edit ] According to the CDC: ""Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. [...] Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults. Although influenza vaccination levels increased substantially during the 1990s, further improvements in vaccine coverage levels are needed"". The egg-based technology (still in use as of 2005) for producing influenza vaccine was created in the 1950s. In the U.S. swine flu scare of 1976 , President Gerald Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic. The vaccination program was rushed, yet plagued by delays and public relations problems. Meanwhile, maximum military containment efforts succeeded unexpectedly in confining the new strain to the single army base where it had originated. On that base a number of soldiers fell severely ill, but only one died. The program was canceled, after about 24% of the population had received vaccinations. An excess in deaths of twenty-five over normal annual levels as well as 400 excess hospitalizations, both from Guillain–Barré syndrome , were estimated to have occurred from the vaccination program itself, illustrating that the vaccine itself is not free of risks. The result has been cited to stoke lingering doubts about vaccination. In the end, however, even the maligned 1976 vaccine may have saved lives. A 2010 study found a significantly enhanced immune response against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 in study participants who had received vaccination against the swine flu in 1976. Society and culture [ edit ] Evaluation of evidence [ edit ] Tom Jefferson , who has led Cochrane Collaboration reviews of flu vaccines, has called clinical evidence concerning flu vaccines ""rubbish"" and has therefore declared them to be ineffective; he has called for placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. His views on clinical trials are considered unethical by mainstream medicine and his views on the efficacy of vaccines are rejected by medical institutions including the CDC and the National Institutes of Health , and by key figures in the field like Anthony Fauci . Michael Osterholm who has led the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 2012 review on flu vaccines recommends getting the vaccine but criticizes its promotion ""We have overpromoted and overhyped this vaccine...it does not protect as promoted. It's all a sales job: it's all public relations"". Cost-effectiveness [ edit ] The cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination has been widely evaluated for different groups and in different settings. In the elderly (aged over 65 years) the majority of published studies have found that vaccination is cost saving, with the cost savings associated with influenza vaccination (e.g. prevented health care visits) outweighing the cost of vaccination. In older adults (aged 50–64 years), several published studies have found that influenza vaccination is likely to be cost-effective, however the results of these studies were often found to be dependent on key assumptions used in the economic evaluations. The uncertainty in influenza cost-effectiveness models can partially be explained by the complexities involved in estimating the disease burden, as well as the seasonal variability in the circulating strains and the match of the vaccine. In healthy working adults (aged 18–49 years), a 2012 review found that vaccination was generally not cost-saving, with the suitability for funding being dependent on the willingness to pay to obtain the associated health benefits. In children, the majority of studies have found that influenza vaccination was cost-effective, however many of the studies included (indirect) productivity gains, which may not be given the same weight in all settings. Several studies have attempted to predict the cost-effectiveness of interventions (including prepandemic vaccination) to help protect against a future pandemic, however estimating the cost-effectiveness has been complicated by uncertainty as to the severity of a potential future pandemic and the efficacy of measures against it. Research [ edit ] Influenza research includes molecular virology , molecular evolution , pathogenesis , host immune responses , genomics , and epidemiology . These help in developing influenza countermeasures such as vaccines , therapies and diagnostic tools. Improved influenza countermeasures require basic research on how viruses enter cells, replicate, mutate, evolve into new strains and induce an immune response. The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is creating a library of influenza sequences that will help us understand what makes one strain more lethal than another, what genetic determinants most affect immunogenicity , and how the virus evolves over time. Solutions to limitations in current [ when? ] vaccine methods are being researched. A different approach uses Internet content to estimate the impact of an influenza vaccination campaign. More specifically, researchers have used data from Twitter and Microsoft's Bing (search engine) , and proposed a statistical framework which, after a series of operations, maps this information to estimates of the influenza-like illness reduction percentage in areas, where vaccinations have been performed. The method has been used to quantify the impact of two flu vaccination programmes in England (2013/14 and 2014/15), where school-age children were administered a live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Notably, the impact estimates were in accordance with estimations from Public Health England based on traditional syndromic surveillance endpoints. Rapid response to pandemic flu [ edit ] The rapid development, production, and distribution of pandemic influenza vaccines could potentially save millions of lives during an influenza pandemic. Due to the short time frame between identification of a pandemic strain and need for vaccination, researchers are looking at novel technologies for vaccine production that could provide better ""real-time"" access and be produced more affordably, thereby increasing access for people living in low- and moderate-income countries, where an influenza pandemic may likely originate, such as live attenuated (egg-based or cell-based ) technology and recombinant technologies (proteins and virus-like particles). As of July 2009, more than 70 known clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing for pandemic influenza vaccines. In September 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved four vaccines against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (the 2009 pandemic strain), and expected the initial vaccine lots to be available within the following month. Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu [ edit ] A quadrivalent flu vaccine administered by nasal mist was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2012. Fluarix Quadrivalent was approved by the FDA in December 2012. Universal flu vaccines [ edit ] A "" universal vaccine "" that would not have to be designed and made for each flu season in each hemisphere would be useful, in order to stabilize the supply and to ensure against error in the design or escape of the circulating strains by mutation. Such a vaccine has been the subject of research for decades. One promising approach is using broadly neutralizing antibodies that unlike the vaccine used today, which provoke the body to generate an immune response, instead provide a component of the immune response itself. The first neutralizing antibodies were identified in 1993 via experimentation; with time researchers understood that the flu neutralizing antibodies were binding to the stalk of the Hemagglutinin protein ; later researchers identified antibodies that could bind to the head of those proteins. Later yet, researchers identified the highly conserved M2 proton channel as a potential target for broadly neutralizing antibodies. The challenges for researchers have been identifying single antibodies that could neutralize many subtypes of the virus, so that they could be useful in any season, and that target conserved domains that are resistant to antigenic drift . Another approach has been taking the conserved domains identified from these projects, and delivering groups of these antigens to provoke an immune response; various approaches with different antigens, presented different ways (as fusion proteins , mounted on virus-like particles , on non-pathogenic viruses, as DNA, and others), are under development. Efforts have also been undertaken to develop universal vaccines that specifically activate a T-cell response, based on clinical data showing that people with a strong, early T-cell response have better outcomes when infected with influenza and because T-cells respond to conserved epitopes. The challenge for developers is that these epitopes are on internal protein domains that are only mildly immunogenic. Along with the rest of the vaccine field, people working on universal vaccines have been experimenting with vaccine adjuvants to improve the ability of their vaccines to create a sufficiently powerful and enduring immune response. Veterinary use [ edit ] See also: Influenza A virus and Influenza § Infection in other animals ""Vaccination in the veterinary world pursues four goals: (i) protection from clinical disease, (ii) protection from infection with virulent virus, (iii) protection from virus excretion, and (iv) serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (so-called DIVA principle). In the field of influenza vaccination, neither commercially available nor experimentally tested vaccines have been shown so far to fulfill all of these requirements."" Horses [ edit ] Horses with horse flu can run a fever, have a dry hacking cough, have a runny nose, and become depressed and reluctant to eat or drink for several days but usually recover in two to three weeks. ""Vaccination schedules generally require a primary course of two doses, 3–6 weeks apart, followed by boosters at 6–12 month intervals. It is generally recognized that in many cases such schedules may not maintain protective levels of antibody and more frequent administration is advised in high-risk situations."" It is a common requirement at shows in the United Kingdom that horses be vaccinated against equine flu and a vaccination card must be produced; the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) requires vaccination every six months. Poultry [ edit ] Poultry vaccines for bird flu are made inexpensively and are not filtered and purified like human vaccines to remove bits of bacteria or other viruses. They usually contain whole virus, not just hemagglutinin as in most human flu vaccines. Another difference between human and poultry vaccines is that poultry vaccines are adjuvated with mineral oil, which induces a strong immune reaction but can cause inflammation and abscesses. ""Chicken vaccinators who have accidentally jabbed themselves have developed painful swollen fingers or even lost thumbs, doctors said. Effectiveness may also be limited. Chicken vaccines are often only vaguely similar to circulating flu strains — some contain an H5N2 strain isolated in Mexico years ago. 'With a chicken, if you use a vaccine that's only 85 percent related, you'll get protection,' Dr. Cardona said. 'In humans, you can get a single point mutation, and a vaccine that's 99.99 percent related won't protect you.' And they are weaker [than human vaccines]. 'Chickens are smaller and you only need to protect them for six weeks, because that's how long they live till you eat them,' said Dr. John J. Treanor, a vaccine expert at the University of Rochester. Human seasonal flu vaccines contain about 45 micrograms of antigen, while an experimental A( H5N1 ) vaccine contains 180. Chicken vaccines may contain less than one microgram. 'You have to be careful about extrapolating data from poultry to humans,' warned Dr. David E. Swayne, director of the agriculture department's Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory. 'Birds are more closely related to dinosaurs .'"" Researchers, led by Nicholas Savill of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, used mathematical models to simulate the spread of H5N1 and concluded that ""at least 95 percent of birds need to be protected to prevent the virus spreading silently. In practice, it is difficult to protect more than 90 percent of a flock; protection levels achieved by a vaccine are usually much lower than this."" The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has issued recommendations on the prevention and control of avian influenza in poultry, including the use of vaccination. A filtered and purified Influenza A vaccine for humans is being developed [ when? ] and many countries have recommended it be stockpiled so if an Avian influenza pandemic starts jumping to humans, the vaccine can quickly be administered to avoid loss of life. Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu, and commonly bird flu. Pigs [ edit ] Swine influenza vaccines are extensively used in pig farming in Europe and North America. Most swine flu vaccines include an H1N1 and an H3N2 strain. Swine influenza has been recognized as a major problem since the outbreak in 1976 . Evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the problem when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection. Customised (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated, are made and used in the more difficult cases. The vaccine manufacturer Novartis claims that the H3N2 strain (first identified in 1998) has brought major losses to pig farmers. Abortion storms are a common sign and sows stop eating for a few days and run a high fever. The mortality rate can be as high as 15 percent. Dogs [ edit ] In 2004, influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was discovered to cause canine influenza . Because of the lack of previous exposure to this virus, dogs have no natural immunity to this virus. However, a vaccine is now [ when? ] available. Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] PATH's Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources CDC Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Information Statement Vaccines and Preventable Diseases – Seasonal Influenza (Flu) Vaccination Misconceptions about Seasonal Influenza and Influenza Vaccines" 8639973763328653714,train,when did the flu shot first come out,"Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s with large scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale price in the developing world is about $5.25 USD per dose as of 2014. In the United States, it costs less than $25 USD as of 2015.",['cell nucleus'],ìgbà wo ni abẹ́rẹ́ àjẹsára fáírọ́ọ̀sì ti kọ́kọ́ jáde,Yes,"['Gbígba àjẹsára fún ààbò lọ́wọ́ ọ̀fìnkì bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1930, nígbàtí wíwà fún lílò gbogbogbò ní ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1945. Ó wà lórí Àkójọ Àwọn Egbògi Kòṣeémáàní ti Àjọ Ìlera Àgbáyé, àwọn òògùn tó ṣe pàtàkì jùlọ tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera\xa0ìbẹ̀rẹ̀pẹ̀pẹ̀ yòówù. Iye owó rẹ̀ lójú pálí jẹ́ bíi 5.25 USD fún ìwọ̀n egbògi náà kanṣoṣo ní ọdún 2014. Ní ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà iye owó rẹ̀ kò tó 25 USD.']",[],['P4'],1,0,"Àj?sára ??fìnkì Àj?sára ??fìnkì, tí a tún m?? sí àb??r?? ??fìnkì, j?? àj?sára tí ? dáàbò bo ni l??w?? ??fìnkì.[1] A má a ? ?e àgbéjáde ??yà àj?sára náà titun l????mejì l??dún nítorí tí kòkòrò àrùn àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn ??fìnkì a má a paradà kíákíá.[1] ??p??l?p?? w?n a má a pèsè ààbò tó m? níw??n àti èyí tó lágbára púp?? fúnni l??w?? ??fìnkì; ?ùgb??n, èyí a má a yàt?? láti ?dún dé ?dún.[2][1] ??rí i??? r?? lára àgbàlagbà tí ?j??-orí r?? ti ju ?dún 65 l? kò fi b???? w??p??.[3][4] W?n a má a dín iye ?j?? tí àw?n ènìyàn kò fi níí lè l? sí ibi-i??? kù sí bíi ìdajì ?j?? bí a bá wòó lápap??.[5] Fífún àw?n ?m?dé ní àj?sára lè dáàbò bo àw?n ?lòmíràn tó wà ní àyíká w?n.[1] Àti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé àti Ilé-i??? Ì?àkóso àti Ìdènà Àrùn ni ó gba ni níyànjú pé kí gbogbo ?nití ?j??-orí r?? bá ti ju o?ù 6 l? má a gba àj?sára náà l??d??dún.[1][6] Èyí ?e pàtàkì púp?? pàápàá jùl? fún àw?n obìrin tó ní oyún, àw?n ?m?dé tí ?j??-orí w?n j?? bí o?ù m??fá sí ?dún máàrún, àw?n tó ní ì?òrò yòówù nípa ìlera w?n, Àw?n ?m? Abínibí Am??ríkà, àti àw?n ò?ì??? ìlera.[1][7] Àw?n àj?sára náà kò léwu láti lò. Ní àárín àw?n ?m?dé ibà a má a wáyé láàárín iye àw?n ?m? tó tó ìw??n 5 sí 10 nínú ?g????rún, b???? sì ni ìrora nínú ?ran-ara, àti àár?? náà lè wáyé. Ní àw?n ?dún mìíràn, láàárín àw?n àgbàlagbà, àj?sára náà a má a fa àìsàn tí à n pè ní Guillain Barre syndrome ní ìw??n egbògi náà kan nínú mílí??nù kan. A kò gb?d?? lòó fún àw?n tó ní ìfèsì ara ?ni l??nà tó burú púp?? sí ?yin tàbí sí orí?i àj?sára náà àtij??. W?n a má a wá bíi orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò afàìsàn àìlèfojúrí tí a ti pa ?e, àti bíi orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò afàìsàn náà ti a ti s? di aláìlágbára ?e. Orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò afàìsàn tí a ti pa ?e ni a gb??d?? lò fún àw?n aboyún. W?n a má a wá bíi orí?i tí à ? gún bí ab??r?? sínú ?ran-ara ?ni tàbí bíi orí?i tí à ? fún sínú imú ?ni.[1] Gbígba àj?sára fún ààbò l??w?? ??fìnkì b??r?? ní àw?n ?dún 1930, nígbàtí wíwà fún lílò gbogbogbò ní il?? Am??ríkà b??r?? ní ?dún 1945.[8][9] Ó wà lórí Àkój? Àw?n Egbògi Kò?eémáàní ti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé, àw?n òògùn tó ?e pàtàkì jùl? tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera ìb??r??p??p?? yòówù.[10] Iye owó r?? lójú pálí j?? bíi 5.25 USD fún ìw??n egbògi náà kan?o?o ní ?dún 2014.[11] Ní il?? Am??ríkà iye owó r?? kò tó 25 USD.[12]","Influenza vaccine U.S. Navy crew member receiving an influenza vaccination Vaccine description Target disease influenza virus Type inactivated, attenuated Clinical data Trade names Fluarix, Fluzone, other AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category US : C (Risk not ruled out) Routes of administration IM , intranasal, intradermal ATC code J07BB01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : ℞-only Identifiers ChemSpider none Influenza vaccines , also known as flu shots or flu jabs , are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. When an immunized worker does catch the flu, they are on average back at work a half day sooner. Vaccine effectiveness in those under two years old and over 65 years old remains unknown due to the low quality of the research. Vaccinating children may protect those around them. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the CDC recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months, especially those at high risk. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control also recommends yearly vaccination of high risk groups. These groups include pregnant women, the elderly, children between six months and five years of age, those with other health problems, and those who work in healthcare. The vaccines are generally safe. Fever occurs in five to ten percent of children vaccinated. Temporary muscle pains or feelings of tiredness may occur as well. In certain years, the vaccine has been linked to an increase in Guillain–Barré syndrome among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses. It should not be given to those with severe allergies to previous versions of the vaccine. Although most influenza vaccines are produced using egg-based techniques, influenza vaccines are nonetheless recommended for people with egg allergies , even if severe. The vaccines come in both inactive and weakened viral forms. The inactive version should be used for those who are pregnant. They come in forms that are injected into a muscle , sprayed into the nose , or injected into the middle layer of the skin . Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s with large scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is about $5.25 USD per dose as of 2014. In the United States, it costs less than $25 USD as of 2015. Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Effectiveness 1.1.1 Criticism 1.2 Children 1.3 Adults 1.4 Elderly 1.5 Pregnancy 2 Safety 2.1 Guillain–Barré syndrome 2.2 Egg allergy 2.3 Other 3 Injection versus nasal spray 4 Recommendations 4.1 World Health Organization 4.2 Canada 4.3 Europe 4.4 United States 5 Uptake 5.1 At risk groups 5.2 Healthcare workers 6 Manufacturing 6.1 Annual reformulation 6.2 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.3 2017–2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 6.4 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.5 2018–2019 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 7 History 7.1 Origins and development 7.2 Acceptance 8 Cost-effectiveness 9 Research 9.1 Rapid response to pandemic flu 9.2 Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu 9.3 Universal flu vaccines 10 Veterinary use 10.1 Horses 10.2 Poultry 10.3 Pigs 10.4 Dogs 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Medical uses [ edit ] The CDC recommends the flu vaccine as the best way to protect people against the flu and prevent its spread. The flu vaccine can also reduce the severity of the flu if a person contracts a flu strain that the vaccine did not contain. It takes about two weeks following vaccination for protective antibodies to form. A 2012 meta-analysis found that flu vaccination was effective 67 percent of the time; the populations that benefited the most were HIV-positive adults ages 18 to 55 (76 percent), healthy adults ages 18 to 46 (approximately 70 percent), and healthy children ages six to 24 months (66 percent). Effectiveness [ edit ] U.S. vaccine effectiveness by start year: 2004 10% 2005 21% 2006 52% 2007 37% 2008 41% 2009 56% 2010 60% 2011 47% 2012 49% 2013 52% 2014 19% 2015 48% 2016 40% 2017 36% A vaccine is assessed by its efficacy ; the extent to which it reduces risk of disease under controlled conditions, and its effectiveness , the observed reduction in risk after the vaccine is put into use. In the case of influenza, effectiveness is expected to be lower than the efficacy because it is measured using the rates of influenza-like illness , which is not always caused by influenza. Influenza vaccines generally show high efficacy, as measured by the antibody production in animal models or vaccinated people. However, studies on the effectiveness of flu vaccines in the real world are difficult; vaccines may be imperfectly matched, virus prevalence varies widely between years, and influenza is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses. However, in most years (16 of the 19 years before 2007), the flu vaccine strains have been a good match for the circulating strains, and even a mismatched vaccine can often provide cross-protection. Trials of both live and inactivated influenza vaccines against seasonal influenza have been summarized in several meta-analyses. Studies on live vaccines have very limited data, but these preparations may be more effective than inactivated vaccines . The meta-analyses examined the efficacy and effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against seasonal influenza in adults, children, and the elderly. Criticism [ edit ] Tom Jefferson , who has led Cochrane Collaboration reviews of flu vaccines, has called clinical evidence concerning flu vaccines ""rubbish"" and has therefore declared them to be ineffective; he has called for placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, which most in the field hold as unethical. His views on the efficacy of flu vaccines are rejected by medical institutions including the CDC and the National Institutes of Health , and by key figures in the field like Anthony Fauci . Michael Osterholm , who has led the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 2012 review on flu vaccines, recommended getting the vaccine but criticized its promotion, saying, ""We have overpromoted and overhyped this vaccine...it does not protect as promoted. It's all a sales job: it's all public relations"". Children [ edit ] The CDC recommend that everyone except infants under the age of six months should receive the seasonal influenza vaccine. Vaccination campaigns usually focus special attention on people who are at high risk of serious complications if they catch the flu, such as pregnant women, children over six months, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems , as well as those to whom they are exposed, such as health care workers. As the death rate is also high among infants who catch influenza, the household contacts and caregivers of infants should be vaccinated to reduce the risk of passing an influenza infection to the infant. In children, vaccines again showed high efficacy, but low effectiveness in preventing ""flu-like illness"". In children under the age of two, the data are extremely limited, but vaccination appeared to confer no measurable benefit. During the 2017–18 flu season, the CDC director indicated that 85 percent of the children who died ""likely will not have been vaccinated."" Adults [ edit ] In unvaccinated adults, 16% get symptoms similar to the flu, while about 10% of vaccinated adults do. Vaccination decreased confirmed cases of influenza from about 2.4% to 1.1%. No effect on hospitalization was found. In working adults a review by the Cochrane Collaboration found that vaccination resulted in a modest decrease in both influenza symptoms and working days lost, without affecting transmission or influenza-related complications. [ needs update ] In healthy working adults, influenza vaccines can provide moderate protection against virologically confirmed influenza, though such protection is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons. In health care workers, a 2006 review found a net benefit. Of the eighteen studies in this review, only two also assessed the relationship of patient mortality relative to staff influenza vaccine uptake; both found that higher rates of health care worker vaccination correlated with reduced patient deaths. A 2014 review found benefits to patients when health care workers were immunized, as supported by moderate evidence based in part on the observed reduction in all-cause deaths in patients whose health care workers were given immunization compared with comparison patients in which the health care workers were not offered vaccine. Elderly [ edit ] Evidence for an effect in adults over 65 years old is unclear. Systematic reviews examining both randomized controlled and case–control studies found a lack of high-quality evidence. Reviews of case–control studies found effects against laboratory-confirmed influenza, pneumonia , and death among the community-dwelling elderly. The group most vulnerable to non-pandemic flu, the elderly, benefits least from the vaccine. There are multiple reasons behind this steep decline in vaccine efficacy, the most common of which are the declining immunological function and frailty associated with advanced age. In a non-pandemic year, a person in the United States aged 50–64 is nearly ten times more likely to die an influenza-associated death than a younger person, and a person over age 65 is over ten times more likely to die an influenza-associated death than the 50–64 age group. There is a high-dose flu vaccine specifically formulated to provide a stronger immune response. Available evidence indicates that vaccinating the elderly with the high-dose vaccine leads to a stronger immune response against influenza than the regular-dose vaccine. A flu vaccine containing an adjuvant was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2015, for use by adults aged 65 years of age and older. The vaccine is marketed as Fluad in the U.S. and was first available in the 2016–2017 flu season. The vaccine contains the MF59C.1 adjuvant which is an oil-in-water emulsion of squalene oil. It is the first adjuvanted seasonal flu vaccine marketed in the United States. It is not clear if there is a significant benefit for the elderly to use a flu vaccine containing the MF59C.1 adjuvant. Per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines, Fluad can be used as an alternative to other influenza vaccines approved for people 65 years and older. Vaccinating health care workers who work with elderly people is recommended in many countries, with the goal of reducing influenza outbreaks in this vulnerable population. While there is no conclusive evidence from randomized clinical trials that vaccinating health care workers helps protect the elderly people from influenza, there is tentative evidence of benefit. Pregnancy [ edit ] As well as protecting mother and child from the effects of an influenza infection, the immunization of pregnant women tends to increase their chances of experiencing a successful full-term pregnancy. The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is protective in pregnant women infected with HIV . Safety [ edit ] See also: Vaccine controversies While side effects of the flu vaccine may occur, they are usually minor. The flu vaccine can cause serious side effects, including an allergic reaction , but this is rare. Furthermore, the common side effects and risks are mild and temporary when compared to the risks and severe health effects of the annual influenza epidemic. Flu vaccination may lead to side effects such as runny nose and sore throat, which can last for up to several days. Guillain–Barré syndrome [ edit ] Although Guillain–Barré syndrome had been feared as a complication of vaccination, the CDC states that most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with Guillain–Barré. Infection with influenza virus itself increases both the risk of death (up to 1 in 10,000) and increases the risk of developing Guillain–Barré syndrome to a far higher level than the highest level of suspected vaccine involvement (approximately 10 times higher by 2009 estimates). Although one review gives an incidence of about one case of Guillain–Barré per million vaccinations, a large study in China, covering close to 100 million doses of vaccine against the 2009 H1N1 ""swine"" flu found only eleven cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome , (0.1 per million doses) total incidence in persons vaccinated, actually lower than the normal rate of the disease in China, and no other notable side effects. Egg allergy [ edit ] Although most influenza vaccines are produced using egg-based techniques, influenza vaccines are nonetheless recommended for people with egg allergies , even if severe. Studies examining the safety of influenza vaccines in people with severe egg allergies found that anaphylaxis was very rare, occurring in 1.3 cases per million doses given. Monitoring for symptoms from vaccination is recommended in those with more severe symptoms. A study of nearly 800 children with egg allergy, including over 250 with previous anaphylactic reactions, had zero systemic allergic reactions when given the live attenuated flu vaccine. Other [ edit ] Several studies have identified an increased incidence of narcolepsy among recipients of the pandemic H1N1 influenza ASO3-adjuvanted vaccine; efforts to identify a mechanism for this suggest that narcolepsy is autoimmune, and that the ASO3-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine may mimic hypocretin, serving as a trigger. Some injection-based flu vaccines intended for adults in the United States contain thiomersal (also known as thimerosal), a mercury -based preservative. Despite some controversy in the media, the World Health Organization 's Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety has concluded that there is no evidence of toxicity from thiomersal in vaccines and no reason on grounds of safety to change to more-expensive single-dose administration. Injection versus nasal spray [ edit ] Flu vaccines are available either as: a trivalent or quadrivalent intramuscular injection (IIV3 or IIV4, that is, TIV or QIV), which contains the inactivated form of the virus a nasal spray of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV, Q/LAIV), which contains the live but attenuated (weakened) form of the virus. TIV or QIV induce protection after injection (typically intramuscular, though subcutaneous and intradermal routes can also be protective) based on an immune response to the antigens present on the inactivated virus, while cold-adapted LAIV works by establishing infection in the nasal passages. Recommendations [ edit ] Various public health organizations, including the World Health Organization, have recommended that yearly influenza vaccination be routinely offered, particularly to people at risk of complications of influenza and those individuals who live with or care for high-risk individuals, including: the elderly (UK recommendation is those aged 65 or above) people with chronic lung diseases ( asthma , COPD , etc.) people with chronic heart diseases ( congenital heart disease , chronic heart failure , ischaemic heart disease ) people with chronic liver diseases (including cirrhosis ) people with chronic kidney diseases (such as the nephrotic syndrome ) people who are immunosuppressed (those with HIV or who are receiving drugs to suppress the immune system such as chemotherapy and long-term steroids ) and their household contacts people who live together in large numbers in an environment where influenza can spread rapidly, such as prisons, nursing homes, schools, and dormitories. healthcare workers (both to prevent sickness and to prevent spread to patients) pregnant women. However, a 2009 review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of trivalent influenza vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy. Influenza vaccination during flu season is part of recommendations for influenza vaccination of pregnant women in the United States . Both types of flu vaccines are contraindicated for those with severe allergies to egg proteins and people with a history of Guillain–Barré syndrome . World Health Organization [ edit ] As of 2016 [update] , the World Health Organization recommends seasonal influenza vaccination for: Highest priority: Pregnant women Priority (in no particular order): Children aged 6–59 months Elderly Individuals with specific chronic medical conditions Health-care workers Canada [ edit ] In 2008, the National Advisory Committee on Immunization, the group that advises the Public Health Agency of Canada , recommended that everyone aged two to 64 years be encouraged to receive annual influenza vaccination, and that children between the age of six and 24 months, and their household contacts, should be considered a high priority for the flu vaccine. The NACI also recommends the flu vaccine for: People at high risk of influenza-related complications or hospitalization, including the morbidly obese, healthy pregnant women, children six to 59 months, the elderly, aboriginals, and people suffering from one of an itemized list of chronic health conditions People capable of transmitting influenza to those at high risk, including household contacts and healthcare workers People who provide essential community services Certain poultry workers Europe [ edit ] The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control recommends vaccinating the elderly as a priority, with a secondary priority people with chronic medical conditions and healthcare workers. The influenza vaccination strategy is generally that of protecting vulnerable people, rather than limiting influenza circulation or totally eliminating human influenza sickness. This is in contrast with the high herd immunity strategies for other infectious diseases such as polio and measles . This is also due in part to the financial and logistics burden associated with the need of an annual injection. United States [ edit ] A young woman displays her bandage after receiving the vaccine at a drug store In the United States routine influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months. It takes up to two weeks after vaccination for sufficient antibodies to develop in the body. The CDC recommends vaccination before the end of October. However, getting a vaccine in January or even later is still beneficial. According to the CDC, the live attenuated virus (which comes in the form of the nasal spray in the US) should be avoided by: Children younger than two years Adults 50 years and older People with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine or to a previous dose of any influenza vaccine People with asthma Children or adolescents on long-term aspirin treatment. Children and adults who have chronic pulmonary, cardiovascular (except isolated hypertension), renal, hepatic, neurologic/neuromuscular, hematologic, or metabolic disorders Children and adults who have immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by medications or by HIV) Pregnant women Within its blanket recommendation for general vaccination in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which began recommending the influenza vaccine to health care workers in 1981, emphasizes to clinicians the special urgency of vaccination for members of certain vulnerable groups, and their caregivers : Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications or people who live with or care for people at higher risk for serious complications. In 2009, a new high-dose formulation of the standard influenza vaccine was approved. The Fluzone High Dose is specifically for people 65 and older; the difference is that it has four times the antigen dose of the standard Fluzone. The U.S. government requires hospitals to report worker vaccination rates. Some U.S. states and hundreds of U.S. hospitals require health-care workers to either get vaccinations or wear masks during flu season. These requirements occasionally engender union lawsuits on narrow collective bargaining grounds, but proponents note that courts have generally endorsed forced vaccination laws affecting the general population during disease outbreaks. Vaccination against influenza is especially important for members of high-risk groups who would be likely to have complications from influenza, for example pregnant women and children and teenagers from six months to 18 years of age; In raising the upper age limit to 18 years, the aim is to reduce both the time children and parents lose from visits to pediatricians and missing school and the need for antibiotics for complications An added benefit expected from the vaccination of children is a reduction in the number of influenza cases among parents and other household members, and of possible spread to the general community. In the USA: The CDC has indicated that live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), also called the nasal spray vaccine, is not recommended for the 2016–2017 flu season, in the United States. Furthermore, health care personnel who care for severely immunocompromised persons should receive injections (TIV or QIV) rather than LAIV. Uptake [ edit ] At risk groups [ edit ] Uptake of flu vaccination, both seasonally and during pandemics, is often low. Systematic reviews of pandemic flu vaccination uptake have identified several personal factors that may influence uptake, including gender (higher uptake in men), ethnicity (higher in people from ethnic minorities) and having a chronic illness. Beliefs in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine are also important. Healthcare workers [ edit ] Frontline healthcare workers are often recommended to get seasonal and any pandemic flu vaccination. For example, in the UK all healthcare workers involved in patient care are recommended to receive the seasonal flu vaccine, and were also recommended to be vaccinated against the H1N1/09 (later renamed A(H1N1)pdm09 ) swine flu virus during the 2009 pandemic . However, uptake is often low. During the 2009 pandemic, low uptake by healthcare workers was seen in countries including the UK, Italy, Greece, and Hong Kong. In a 2010 survey of United States healthcare workers, 63.5% reported that they received the flu vaccine during the 2010–11 season, an increase from 61.9% reported the previous season. US Health professionals with direct patient contact had higher vaccination uptake, such as physicians and dentists (84.2%) and nurse practitioners (82.6%). The main reason to vaccinate healthcare workers is to prevent staff from spreading flu to their patients and to reduce staff absence at a time of high service demand, but the reasons healthcare workers state for their decisions to accept or decline vaccination may more often be to do with perceived personal benefits. In Victoria (Australia) public hospitals, rates of healthcare worker vaccination in 2005 ranged from 34% for non-clinical staff to 42% for laboratory staff. One of the reasons for rejecting vaccines was concern over adverse reactions; in one study, 31% of resident physicians at a teaching hospital incorrectly believed Australian vaccines could cause influenza. Manufacturing [ edit ] Schematic of influenza vaccine creation Flu vaccine is usually grown by vaccine manufacturers in fertilized chicken eggs. In the Northern hemisphere, the manufacturing process begins following the announcement (typically in February) of the WHO recommended strains for the winter flu season. Three strains (representing an H1N1, an H3N2, and a B strain) of flu are selected and chicken eggs inoculated separately. These monovalent harvests are then combined to make the trivalent vaccine. Avian flu vaccine development by reverse genetics technique As of November 2007 [update] , both the conventional injection and the nasal spray are manufactured using chicken eggs. The European Union has also approved Optaflu , a vaccine produced by Novartis using vats of animal cells. This technique is expected to be more scalable and avoid problems with eggs, such as allergic reactions and incompatibility with strains that affect avians like chickens. Research continues into the idea of a ""universal"" influenza vaccine that would not require tailoring to a particular strain, but would be effective against a broad variety of influenza viruses. However, no vaccine candidates had been announced by Nov 2007. A DNA-based vaccination, which is hoped to be even faster to manufacture, is as of 2011 in clinical trials, determining safety and efficacy. On November 20, 2012, Novartis received FDA approval for the first cell-culture vaccine. In a 2007 report, the global capacity of approximately 826 million seasonal influenza vaccine doses (inactivated and live) was double the production of 413 million doses. In an aggressive scenario of producing pandemic influenza vaccines by 2013, only 2.8 billion courses could be produced in a six-month time frame. If all high- and upper-middle-income countries sought vaccines for their entire populations in a pandemic, nearly 2 billion courses would be required. If China pursued this goal as well, more than 3 billion courses would be required to serve these populations. Vaccine research and development is ongoing to identify novel vaccine approaches that could produce much greater quantities of vaccine at a price that is affordable to the global population. Methods of vaccine generation that bypass the need for eggs include the construction of influenza virus-like particles (VLP). VLP resemble viruses, but there is no need for inactivation, as they do not include viral coding elements, but merely present antigens in a similar manner to a virion. Some methods of producing VLP include cultures of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells and plant-based vaccine production (e.g., production in Nicotiana benthamiana ). There is evidence that some VLPs elicit antibodies that recognize a broader panel of antigenically distinct viral isolates compared to other vaccines in the hemagglutination-inhibition assay (HIA). Influenza vaccines are produced in pathogen-free eggs that are 11 to 12 days old. The top of the egg is disinfected by wiping it with alcohol and then the egg is candled to identify a non-veinous area in the allantoic cavity where a small hole is poked to serve as a pressure release. A second hole is made at the top of the egg, where the influenza virus is injected in the allantoic cavity, past the chorioallantoic membrane. The two holes are then sealed with melted paraffin and the inoculated eggs are incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. During incubation time, the virus replicates and newly replicated viruses are released into the allantoic fluid After the 48 hour incubation period, the top of the egg is cracked and the 10 milliliters of allantoic fluid is removed, from which about 15 micrograms of the flu vaccine can be obtained. At this point, the viruses have been weakened or killed and the viral antigen is purified and placed inside vials, syringes, or nasal sprayers. Done on a large scale, this method is used to produce the flu vaccine for the human population. Annual reformulation [ edit ] Further information: Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine See also: 2009 flu pandemic vaccine Each year, three strains are chosen for selection in that year's flu vaccination by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network . The chosen strains are the H1N1, H3N2, and Type-B strains thought most likely to cause significant human suffering in the coming season. Starting with the 2012–2013 Northern Hemisphere influenza season (coincident with the approval of quadrivalent influenza vaccines), the WHO has also recommended a 2nd B-strain for use in quadrivalent vaccines. The World Health Organization coordinates the contents of the vaccine each year to contain the most likely strains of the virus to attack the next year. ""The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network was established in 1952. The network comprises four WHO Collaborating Centres (WHO CCs) and 112 institutions in 83 countries, which are recognized by WHO as WHO National Influenza Centres (NICs). These NICs collect specimens in their country, perform primary virus isolation and preliminary antigenic characterization. They ship newly isolated strains to WHO CCs for high level antigenic and genetic analysis, the result of which forms the basis for WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza vaccine for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere each year."" The Global Influenza Surveillance Network 's selection of viruses for the vaccine manufacturing process is based on its best estimate of which strains will predominate the next year, amounting in the end to well-informed but fallible guesswork. Formal WHO recommendations were first issued in 1973. Beginning in 1999 there have been two recommendations per year: one for the northern hemisphere (N) and the other for the southern hemisphere (S). Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine are listed in a separate article. Recent [update] WHO seasonal influenza vaccine composition recommendations: 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 29, 2016 was: an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus. The Southern Hemisphere experienced ""poor vaccine effectiveness"" against H3N2 this season. 2017–2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of trivalent virus vaccines for use in the 2017–2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on August 25, 2017 was: an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09–like virus an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Brisbane/60/2008–like virus (Victoria lineage) In addition to these components, quadrivalent vaccines will also include a B/Phuket/3073/2013–like virus (Yamagata lineage). In California, some emergency systems were strained by a spike in H3N2 flu cases. In addition, some areas experienced local shortages of oseltamivir . The severity of the flu season seemed somewhat comparable to the 2009–10 swine flu outbreak. A February 2018 CDC interim report estimated the vaccine effectiveness to be 25% against H3N2, 67% against H1N1, and 42% against influenza B. 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 28, 2017 was: an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus an A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus. 2018–2019 Northern Hemisphere influenza season [ edit ] The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2018–2019 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on February 22, 2018 was: an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus an A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage) WHO recommended that trivalent vaccines use as their influenza B virus a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus of the B/Victoria/2/87-lineage. History [ edit ] See also: Timeline of vaccines Vaccines are used in both humans and nonhumans. Human vaccine is meant unless specifically identified as a veterinary, poultry or livestock vaccine. Origins and development [ edit ] In the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, ""Physicians tried everything they knew, everything they had ever heard of, from the ancient art of bleeding patients, to administering oxygen, to developing new vaccines and sera (chiefly against what we now call Hemophilus influenzae —a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent—and several types of pneumococci). Only one therapeutic measure, transfusing blood from recovered patients to new victims, showed any hint of success."" In 1931, viral growth in embryonated hens' eggs was reported by Ernest William Goodpasture and colleagues at Vanderbilt University . The work was extended to growth of influenza virus by several workers, including Thomas Francis , Jonas Salk , Wilson Smith and Macfarlane Burnet , leading to the first experimental influenza vaccines. In the 1940s, the US military developed the first approved inactivated vaccines for influenza, which were used in the Second World War. Hen's eggs continued to be used to produce virus used in influenza vaccines, but manufacturers made improvements in the purity of the virus by developing improved processes to remove egg proteins and to reduce systemic reactivity of the vaccine. Recently, [ when? ] the US FDA approved influenza vaccines made by growing virus in cell cultures and influenza vaccines made from recombinant proteins have been approved, with plant-based influenza vaccines being tested in clinical trials. Acceptance [ edit ] According to the CDC: ""Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. [...] Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults. Although influenza vaccination levels increased substantially during the 1990s, further improvements in vaccine coverage levels are needed"". The egg-based technology (still in use as of 2005) for producing influenza vaccine was created in the 1950s. In the U.S. swine flu scare of 1976 , President Gerald Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic. The vaccination program was rushed, yet plagued by delays and public relations problems. Meanwhile, maximum military containment efforts succeeded unexpectedly in confining the new strain to the single army base where it had originated. On that base a number of soldiers fell severely ill, but only one died. The program was canceled, after about 24% of the population had received vaccinations. An excess in deaths of twenty-five over normal annual levels as well as 400 excess hospitalizations, both from Guillain–Barré syndrome , were estimated to have occurred from the vaccination program itself, illustrating that the vaccine itself is not free of risks. The result has been cited to stoke lingering doubts about vaccination. In the end, however, even the maligned 1976 vaccine may have saved lives. A 2010 study found a significantly enhanced immune response against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 in study participants who had received vaccination against the swine flu in 1976. Cost-effectiveness [ edit ] The cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination has been widely evaluated for different groups and in different settings. In the elderly (aged over 65 years) the majority of published studies have found that vaccination is cost saving, with the cost savings associated with influenza vaccination (e.g. prevented health care visits) outweighing the cost of vaccination. In older adults (aged 50–64 years), several published studies have found that influenza vaccination is likely to be cost-effective, however the results of these studies were often found to be dependent on key assumptions used in the economic evaluations. The uncertainty in influenza cost-effectiveness models can partially be explained by the complexities involved in estimating the disease burden, as well as the seasonal variability in the circulating strains and the match of the vaccine. In healthy working adults (aged 18–49 years), a 2012 review found that vaccination was generally not cost-saving, with the suitability for funding being dependent on the willingness to pay to obtain the associated health benefits. In children, the majority of studies have found that influenza vaccination was cost-effective, however many of the studies included (indirect) productivity gains, which may not be given the same weight in all settings. Several studies have attempted to predict the cost-effectiveness of interventions (including prepandemic vaccination) to help protect against a future pandemic, however estimating the cost-effectiveness has been complicated by uncertainty as to the severity of a potential future pandemic and the efficacy of measures against it. Research [ edit ] Influenza research includes molecular virology , molecular evolution , pathogenesis , host immune responses , genomics , and epidemiology . These help in developing influenza countermeasures such as vaccines , therapies and diagnostic tools. Improved influenza countermeasures require basic research on how viruses enter cells, replicate, mutate, evolve into new strains and induce an immune response. The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is creating a library of influenza sequences that will help us understand what makes one strain more lethal than another, what genetic determinants most affect immunogenicity , and how the virus evolves over time. Solutions to limitations in current [ when? ] vaccine methods are being researched. A different approach uses Internet content to estimate the impact of an influenza vaccination campaign. More specifically, researchers have used data from Twitter and Microsoft's Bing search engine , and proposed a statistical framework which, after a series of operations, maps this information to estimates of the influenza-like illness reduction percentage in areas where vaccinations have been performed. The method has been used to quantify the impact of two flu vaccination programmes in England (2013/14 and 2014/15), where school-age children were administered a live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Notably, the impact estimates were in accordance with estimations from Public Health England based on traditional syndromic surveillance endpoints. Rapid response to pandemic flu [ edit ] The rapid development, production, and distribution of pandemic influenza vaccines could potentially save millions of lives during an influenza pandemic. Due to the short time frame between identification of a pandemic strain and need for vaccination, researchers are looking at novel technologies for vaccine production that could provide better ""real-time"" access and be produced more affordably, thereby increasing access for people living in low- and moderate-income countries, where an influenza pandemic may likely originate, such as live attenuated (egg-based or cell-based ) technology and recombinant technologies (proteins and virus-like particles). As of July 2009, more than 70 known clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing for pandemic influenza vaccines. In September 2009, the FDA approved four vaccines against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (the 2009 pandemic strain), and expected the initial vaccine lots to be available within the following month. Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu [ edit ] A quadrivalent flu vaccine administered by nasal mist was approved by the FDA in March 2012. Fluarix Quadrivalent was approved by the FDA in December 2012. Universal flu vaccines [ edit ] A "" universal vaccine "" that would not have to be designed and made for each flu season in each hemisphere would be useful, in order to stabilize the supply and to ensure against error in the design or escape of the circulating strains by mutation. Such a vaccine has been the subject of research for decades. One promising approach is using broadly neutralizing antibodies that unlike the vaccine used today, which provoke the body to generate an immune response, instead provide a component of the immune response itself. The first neutralizing antibodies were identified in 1993 via experimentation; with time researchers understood that the flu neutralizing antibodies were binding to the stalk of the Hemagglutinin protein ; later researchers identified antibodies that could bind to the head of those proteins. Later yet, researchers identified the highly conserved M2 proton channel as a potential target for broadly neutralizing antibodies. The challenges for researchers have been identifying single antibodies that could neutralize many subtypes of the virus, so that they could be useful in any season, and that target conserved domains that are resistant to antigenic drift . Another approach has been taking the conserved domains identified from these projects, and delivering groups of these antigens to provoke an immune response; various approaches with different antigens, presented different ways (as fusion proteins , mounted on virus-like particles , on non-pathogenic viruses, as DNA, and others), are under development. Efforts have also been undertaken to develop universal vaccines that specifically activate a T-cell response, based on clinical data showing that people with a strong, early T-cell response have better outcomes when infected with influenza and because T-cells respond to conserved epitopes. The challenge for developers is that these epitopes are on internal protein domains that are only mildly immunogenic. Along with the rest of the vaccine field, people working on universal vaccines have been experimenting with vaccine adjuvants to improve the ability of their vaccines to create a sufficiently powerful and enduring immune response. Veterinary use [ edit ] See also: Influenza A virus and Influenza § Infection in other animals ""Vaccination in the veterinary world pursues four goals: (i) protection from clinical disease, (ii) protection from infection with virulent virus, (iii) protection from virus excretion, and (iv) serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (so-called DIVA principle). In the field of influenza vaccination, neither commercially available nor experimentally tested vaccines have been shown so far to fulfill all of these requirements."" Horses [ edit ] Horses with horse flu can run a fever, have a dry hacking cough, have a runny nose, and become depressed and reluctant to eat or drink for several days but usually recover in two to three weeks. ""Vaccination schedules generally require a primary course of two doses, 3–6 weeks apart, followed by boosters at 6–12 month intervals. It is generally recognized that in many cases such schedules may not maintain protective levels of antibody and more frequent administration is advised in high-risk situations."" It is a common requirement at shows in the United Kingdom that horses be vaccinated against equine flu and a vaccination card must be produced; the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) requires vaccination every six months. Poultry [ edit ] Poultry vaccines for bird flu are made inexpensively and are not filtered and purified like human vaccines to remove bits of bacteria or other viruses. They usually contain whole virus, not just hemagglutinin as in most human flu vaccines. Another difference between human and poultry vaccines is that poultry vaccines are adjuvated with mineral oil, which induces a strong immune reaction but can cause inflammation and abscesses. ""Chicken vaccinators who have accidentally jabbed themselves have developed painful swollen fingers or even lost thumbs, doctors said. Effectiveness may also be limited. Chicken vaccines are often only vaguely similar to circulating flu strains — some contain an H5N2 strain isolated in Mexico years ago. 'With a chicken, if you use a vaccine that's only 85 percent related, you'll get protection,' Dr. Cardona said. 'In humans, you can get a single point mutation, and a vaccine that's 99.99 percent related won't protect you.' And they are weaker [than human vaccines]. 'Chickens are smaller and you only need to protect them for six weeks, because that's how long they live till you eat them,' said Dr. John J. Treanor, a vaccine expert at the University of Rochester. Human seasonal flu vaccines contain about 45 micrograms of antigen, while an experimental A( H5N1 ) vaccine contains 180. Chicken vaccines may contain less than one microgram. 'You have to be careful about extrapolating data from poultry to humans,' warned Dr. David E. Swayne, director of the agriculture department's Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory. 'Birds are more closely related to dinosaurs .'"" Researchers, led by Nicholas Savill of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, used mathematical models to simulate the spread of H5N1 and concluded that ""at least 95 percent of birds need to be protected to prevent the virus spreading silently. In practice, it is difficult to protect more than 90 percent of a flock; protection levels achieved by a vaccine are usually much lower than this."" The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has issued recommendations on the prevention and control of avian influenza in poultry, including the use of vaccination. A filtered and purified Influenza A vaccine for humans is being developed [ when? ] and many countries have recommended it be stockpiled so if an Avian influenza pandemic starts jumping to humans, the vaccine can quickly be administered to avoid loss of life. Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu, and commonly bird flu. Pigs [ edit ] Swine influenza vaccines are extensively used in pig farming in Europe and North America. Most swine flu vaccines include an H1N1 and an H3N2 strain. Swine influenza has been recognized as a major problem since the outbreak in 1976 . Evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the problem when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection. Customised (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated, are made and used in the more difficult cases. The vaccine manufacturer Novartis claims that the H3N2 strain (first identified in 1998) has brought major losses to pig farmers. Abortion storms are a common sign and sows stop eating for a few days and run a high fever. The mortality rate can be as high as 15 percent. Dogs [ edit ] In 2004, influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was discovered to cause canine influenza . Because of the lack of previous exposure to this virus, dogs have no natural immunity to this virus. However, a vaccine is now [ when? ] available. Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] PATH's Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources CDC Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Information Statement Vaccines and Preventable Diseases – Seasonal Influenza (Flu) Vaccination Misconceptions about Seasonal Influenza and Influenza Vaccines" 3411858662081705247,train,when did the hepatitis b vaccine come out,"The first hepatitis B vaccine was approved in the United States in 1981. A recombinant version came to market in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. As of 2014, the wholesale cost in the developing world is US $ 0.58 -- 13.20 per dose. In the United States it costs US $50 -- 100.","['minsk', 'dame judith olivia ""judi"" dench']",ìgbà wo ni àjẹsára hepatitis b jáde,Yes,"['Wọ́n fọwọ́sí Àjẹsára jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B àkọ́kọ́ ní ilẹ̀ United States ní odún 1981. Èyí tí kò léwu púpọ̀ di títà ní odún 1986. Ó jẹ́ ìkan lára àwon oògún tí Àjọ Ìlera Àgbáyé ṣàkójọ ẹ̀ sí oògún tó wúlò jùlọ fún ìlera. Ní bíi 2014, òṣùwọ̀n owó rẹ̀ lójú pálí kúsí US$ 0.58–13.20 fún abẹ́rẹ́ kan. Ní ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà, iye owó rẹ̀ kúsí US$50–100.']",[],['P4'],1,0,"Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B j?? àj?sára tí a fi ? dáàbò bo ara ?ni l??w?? àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn j??d??j??d?? B.[1] ?m? tuntun a maa gba àk??k?? ab??r?? Àj?sára yíi láàrín wákàtí m??rìndínlógún tí w??n bíi àti ab??r?? yíi méjì tàbí méta l??yìn ìgbà náà. Èyí p??lú àwon tí ara w?n kò ní anfààní púp?? lati dojú k? àrùn, bi àwon tí ó ní àrùn kògbóògùn HIV/AIDS tàbi àwon tí w??n bí l??j?? àìpé. Lílo Àj?sára yíi déédéé máa n dáàbò bo èèyàn márùndínl??g??rú nínú ?g??rún èèyàn tí kò ní àrùn.[1] ?í?e ày??wò ??j?? lati ríi dájú wípé Àj?sára yíi ?i??? j?? ohun tí ó ?e kókó fún àwon tí ó ní anfààní jùl? lati ní àrùn j??d??j??d?? B. Àfikún ab??r?? Àj?sára yíi lè wúlò fún àwon tí ara w?n kò ní anfààní púp?? lati dojú k? àrùn ?ùgb??n kò p?n dandan fún ??p??l?p?? èniyàn. Àwon tí ó ti kó àrùn j??d??j??d?? B ?ùgb??n tí w?n kò gba ab??r?? Àj?sára yíi gbúd?? gbàá p??lú àj?sára tí àwon òyìnbó ? pè ní ""hepatitis B immune globulin"". Inú i?an ni w??n máa ? gba ab??r?? Àj?sára yíi tí á fi dè inú ara.[1] Ewu nípa lílo Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B ò w??p??. Ìrora lè wáyé níbi tí a gba ab??r?? sí. lílo Àj?sára yíi kò léwu nígbà oyún àti nìgba fífún ?m? l??yàn. Kò ní ìbá?ep?? tí ó dájú p??lú Guilain-Barre syndrome. W??n pèlo Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B tí ó wà bayí nípa ??nà tàbí ?gb??n recombinant DNA. W??n dáwà tàbí p??lú àwon Àj?sára míràn.[1] W??n f?w??sí Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B àk??k?? ní il?? Oríl??-Èdè Am??ríkà ní odún 1981.[2] Èyí tí kò léwu púp?? di títà ní odún 1986.[1] Ó j?? ìkan lára àwon oògún tí Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé ?àkój? ?? sí oògún tó wúlò jùl? fún ìlera.[3] Ní bíi 2014, ò?ùw??n owó r?? lójú pálí kúsí US$ 0.58–13.20 fún ab??r?? kan.[4] Ní il?? Am??ríkà, iye owó r?? kúsí US$50–100.[5] Lílo fún ìlera Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B. ?m? tuntun tí ìyá tó bá ní àrùn j??d??j??d?? B bá bí a máa gba ab??r?? àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B p??lú imunogulobulínì.[6] Báyí ??p??l?p?? oríl?? èdè a màa gba ab??r?? àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B fún àwon ?m? ìkókó lati dènàn àìsàn j??d??j??d?? B. Ní àwon oríl?? èdè tí ó ní anfààní jùl? lati ní àrùn j??d??j??d?? B, gbígba ab??r?? àj?sára yí fún ?m? tuntun ti dínkù àrùn j??d??j??d?? B àti àrùn j?j?r? inú ??d??. W??n fi ìdí r?? múl?? ní il?? Taiwan, níbi tí w??n tí ?ètò gbígba ab??r?? àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B kárí gbogbio àgbáyé ní odún 1984 wípé gbígba ab??r?? àj?sára náà má a ? dín ì???l?? àrùn tí w??n ? pè ní hepatocellular carcinoma kù láàárìn àwon ?m?dé.[7] Ní il?? UK, gbígba ab??r?? àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B wà làra ày??wò Ìbálòp?? tí w??n má a ?e ? fún àwon ?kùnrin tí ? bá ?kùnrin lòp?? (MSM). W??n ?e irú ètò yii ní oril?? ède Ireland.[8] Ní ??p??l??p?? agbègèbè, gbígba Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B j?? dandan fún àwon ò?ì??? ìlera àti fún àwon ò?ì??? ilé ày??wò fún ìlera.[9] Ilé ì?àkoso àti ìdènàn àrùn ti il?? United States gbani ní ìm??ràn pé gbígba ab??r?? àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B ?e pàtàkì fún àwon tó ní àrùn àt??gbe melitus.[10] Ipa Natasha Wooden ? gba ab??r?? Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B fún ológún ojú omí il?? Am??ríkà. L??yin àk??k?? gba àj?sára yìí l????m?ta, ày??wò ??j?? lè t??le láàárìn o?ù kan sí m?rin fún àrídájú i??? r??, tí w??n ? pè ní ìdènàn àìsàn j??d??j??d?? B lójú p?p? á?tíj??nì, agbóguntàìsàn tí ó ju 100 mIU/ml l?. Írú ìdáhun báyìí má ? wáyé láàárìn 85 sí 90% èèyàn.[9] Ìdáhun agbóguntàìsàn tí ó wáyé láàárìn 10 sí 100 mIU/ml j?? ìdáhun tí kò péyé. Àw?n èèyàn tí ìdáhun agbóguntàìsàn w?n bá ? ?í?e báyìí má ? gba ohun tí ó má fún agbóguntàìsàn yìí lágbára láìsí ìdí fún ày??wò ??j??.[9] Àw?n èèyàn tí ìdáhun agbóguntàìsàn w?n ò pó?ùw??n (tí ìdáhun agbóguntàìsàn w?n bá kéré sí 10 mIU/ml) gb??d?? ?e ày??wò j??d??j??d?? B, w?n á sí gba ab??r?? àj?sára yìí l????m?ta ??t????t??. L??yìn ab??r?? àj?sára ????kejì, ày??wò ??j?? á t??le láàárìn o?ù kan sí m?rin fún àrídájú i??? r??. Àw?n èèyàn tí ó rí ìyàt?? l??yìn ab??r?? àj?sára ìkejì lè rí ìyàt?? tí w??n bá gba àj?sára yii sára[11] tàbí Àfikún ìdá àj?sára yii[12] tàbí ìdá meji Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? A àti B.[13] Àw?n èèyàn tí ó pàpà rí ìyàt?? l??yìn èyi á gba hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) tí w??n bá kó àrùn j??d??j??d?? B l??j?? wájú.[9] Àwon ohun tí ó ? ?e okùnfà ìdáhun agbóguntàìsàn tí ò pó?ùw??n ni tí ?j?? orí bá ju ogójì, ìsanrajù, àti sìgá mímu,[14] àti ?tí mímu pàápàá bí èèyàn bá ní àrùn ??d??.[15] Àwon aláìsàn tí adínà àìsàn w?n ò pó?ùw??n tàbí tí kíndìrín w?n kò ?is?? dáadáa lè ma dáhun si àj?sára dáadáa, Fífún w?n ní àj?sára déédéé tàtí àfikún ìdá àj?sára yii lè ?e wón láànfàní.[9] Ókéré jù, ìwádí kan fihàn pé i??? Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B kò péye fún àwon tí ó ní àrùn kògbóògùn HIV.[16] Iye àkókò ìdáàbòbò Airman Sandra Valdovinos, lati Delano, Calif. ? gba ab??r?? Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B fún Airman Adam Helton, lati Mesa, Ariz.. Báyìí, ìgbàgb?? ti wà pé iye àkókò ìdáàbòbò Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B kò lópin. Síb??síb??, t??l?? ìgbàgbó wà pé iye àkókò tí Àj?sára j??d??j??d?? B lè ?e ìdáàbòbò m? kò ju bí ?dún máàrún sí méje.[17][18]","Hepatitis B vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Hepatitis B Type Subunit Clinical data Trade names Recombivax HB AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a607014 ATC code J07BC01 ( WHO ) Identifiers ChemSpider none Y (what is this?) (verify) Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B . The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature . It is also recommended for health-care workers to be vaccinated. In healthy people routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected. Blood testing to verify that the vaccine has worked is recommended in those at high risk. Additional doses may be needed in people with poor immune function but are not necessary for most people. In those who have been exposed to the hepatitis B virus but not immunized, hepatitis B immune globulin should be given in addition to the vaccine. The vaccine is given by injection into a muscle . Serious side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine are very uncommon. Pain may occur at the site of injection. It is safe for use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding . It has not been linked to Guillain–Barré syndrome . The current vaccines are produced with recombinant DNA techniques. They are available both by themselves and in combination with other vaccines. The first hepatitis B vaccine was approved in the United States in 1981. A recombinant version came to market in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . As of 2014, the wholesale cost in the developing world is US$ 0.58–13.20 per dose. In the United States it costs US$50–100. Contents [ hide ] 1 Medical uses 1.1 Effectiveness 1.2 Duration of protection 2 Side effects 2.1 Multiple sclerosis 3 Usage 4 History 5 Manufacture 6 Brand names 7 Research 8 References 9 External links Medical uses [ edit ] Hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and the combination of hepatitis B vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin, all are considered as preventive for babies born to mothers infected with HBV. The combination is superior for protecting these infants. The vaccine during pregnancy is not considered to be valuable in protecting babies of the infected mothers. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin before birth has not been well studied. In the United States vaccination is recommended for nearly all babies at birth. Many countries now routinely vaccinate infants against hepatitis B. In countries with high rates of hepatitis B infection, vaccination of newborns has not only reduced the risk of infection, but has also led to marked reduction in liver cancer . This was reported in Taiwan where the implementation of a nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program in 1984 was associated with a decline in the incidence of childhood hepatocellular carcinoma. In the UK, the vaccine is offered to MSM , usually as part of a sexual health check-up. A similar situation is in operation in Ireland. In many areas, vaccination against hepatitis B is also required for all health-care and laboratory staff. Both types of the vaccine, the plasma-derived vaccine (PDV) and recombinant vaccine (RV), seems to be able to elicit similar protective anti-HBs levels. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have issued recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis B among patients with diabetes mellitus . The World Health Organization recommends a pentavalent vaccine , combining vaccines against diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type B with the vaccine against hepatitis B. There is not yet sufficient evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is in relation to the individual vaccines. Effectiveness [ edit ] Following the primary course of 3 vaccinations, a blood test may be taken after an interval of 1–4 months to establish if there has been an adequate response, which is defined as an anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-Hbs) antibody level above 100 mIU/ml. Such a full response occurs in about 85–90% of individuals. An antibody level between 10 and 100 mIU/ml is considered a poor response, and these people should receive a single booster vaccination at this time, but do not need further retesting. People who fail to respond (anti-Hbs antibody level below 10 mIU/ml) should be tested to exclude current or past Hepatitis B infection, and given a repeat course of 3 vaccinations, followed by further retesting 1–4 months after the second course. Those who still do not respond to a second course of vaccination may respond to intradermal administration or to a high dose vaccine or to a double dose of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine. Those who still fail to respond will require hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) if later exposed to the hepatitis B virus. Poor responses are mostly associated with being over the age of 40 years, obesity and smoking, and also in alcoholics, especially if with advanced liver disease. Patients who are immunosuppressed or on renal dialysis may respond less well and require larger or more frequent doses of vaccine. At least one study suggests that hepatitis B vaccination is less effective in patients with HIV. Duration of protection [ edit ] It is now believed that the hepatitis B vaccine provides indefinite protection. However, it was previously believed and suggested that the vaccination would only provide effective coverage of between five and seven years, but subsequently it has been appreciated that long-term immunity derives from immunological memory which outlasts the loss of antibody levels and hence subsequent testing and administration of booster doses is not required in successfully vaccinated immunocompetent individuals. Hence with the passage of time and longer experience, protection has been shown for at least 25 years in those who showed an adequate initial response to the primary course of vaccinations, and UK guidelines now suggest that for initial responders who require ongoing protection, such as for healthcare workers, only a single booster is advocated at 5 years. Side effects [ edit ] Serious side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine are very uncommon. Pain may occur at the site of injection. It is safe for use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding . [ citation needed ] It has not been linked to Guillain–Barré syndrome . Multiple sclerosis [ edit ] Several studies have looked for an association between recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults. Most studies do not support a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and demyelinating diseases such as MS. A 2004 study reported a significant increase in risk within 3 years of vaccination. Some of these studies were criticized for methodological problems. This controversy created public misgivings about HB vaccination, and hepatitis B vaccination in children remained low in several countries. A 2006 study concluded that evidence did not support an association between HB vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, or multiple sclerosis. A 2007 study found that the vaccination does not seem to increase the risk of a first episode of MS in childhood. Usage [ edit ] The following is a list of countries by the percentage of infants receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine as published by the World Health Organization in 2014. show Hepatitis B (HepB3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds worldwide Country Coverage % Afghanistan 75 Albania 98 Algeria 95 Andorra 96 Angola 80 Antigua and Barbuda 99 Argentina 94 Armenia 93 Australia 91 Austria 83 Azerbaijan 94 Bahamas 96 Bahrain 99 Bangladesh 95 Barbados 94 Belarus 97 Belgium 98 Belize 95 Benin 70 Bhutan 99 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 94 Bosnia and Herzegovina 89 Botswana 95 Brazil 96 Brunei Darussalam 99 Bulgaria 95 Burkina Faso 91 Burundi 95 Côte d'Ivoire 67 Cabo Verde 95 Cambodia 97 Cameroon 87 Canada 75 Central African Republic 47 Chad 46 Chile 92 China 99 Colombia 90 Comoros 80 Congo 90 Cook Islands 99 Costa Rica 91 Croatia 95 Cuba 96 Cyprus 96 Czech Republic 99 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 93 Democratic Republic of the Congo 80 Djibouti 78 Dominica 97 Dominican Republic 89 Ecuador 83 Egypt 94 El Salvador 93 Equatorial Guinea 24 Eritrea 94 Estonia 93 Ethiopia 77 Fiji 99 France 82 Gabon 70 Gambia 96 Georgia 91 Germany 87 Ghana 98 Greece 96 Grenada 97 Guatemala 73 Guinea 51 Guinea-Bissau 80 Guyana 98 Haiti 48 Honduras 85 India 70 Indonesia 78 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 99 Iraq 62 Ireland 95 Israel 97 Italy 94 Jamaica 92 Jordan 98 Kazakhstan 95 Kenya 81 Kiribati 75 Kuwait 96 Kyrgyzstan 96 Lao People's Democratic Republic 88 Latvia 92 Lebanon 81 Lesotho 96 Liberia 50 Libya 94 Lithuania 94 Luxembourg 94 Madagascar 73 Malawi 91 Malaysia 96 Maldives 99 Mali 77 Malta 90 Marshall Islands 79 Mauritania 84 Mauritius 97 Mexico 84 Micronesia (Federated States of) 83 Monaco 99 Mongolia 99 Montenegro 87 Morocco 99 Mozambique 78 Myanmar 75 Namibia 88 Nauru 95 Nepal 92 Netherlands 95 New Zealand 93 Nicaragua 98 Niger 68 Nigeria 66 Niue 99 Oman 98 Pakistan 73 Palau 99 Panama 80 Papua New Guinea 62 Paraguay 87 Peru 88 Philippines 79 Poland 96 Portugal 98 Qatar 99 Republic of Korea 99 Republic of Moldova 92 Romania 94 Russian Federation 97 Rwanda 99 Saint Kitts and Nevis 98 Saint Lucia 99 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 98 Samoa 91 San Marino 80 São Tomé and Príncipe 95 Saudi Arabia 98 Senegal 89 Serbia 92 Seychelles 99 Sierra Leone 83 Singapore 97 Slovakia 97 Solomon Islands 88 Somalia 42 South Africa 74 Spain 96 Sri Lanka 99 Sudan 94 Suriname 85 Swaziland 98 Sweden 42 Syrian Arab Republic 71 Tajikistan 97 Thailand 99 The former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia 97 Timor-Leste 77 Togo 87 Tonga 82 Trinidad and Tobago 92 Tunisia 98 Turkey 96 Turkmenistan 97 Tuvalu 90 Uganda 78 Ukraine 46 United Arab Emirates 94 United Republic of Tanzania 97 United States of America 90 Uruguay 95 Uzbekistan 99 Vanuatu 64 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 78 Viet Nam 95 Yemen 88 Zambia 86 Zimbabwe 91 History [ edit ] The road to the hepatitis B vaccine began in 1963 when American physician/geneticist Baruch Blumberg discovered what he called the ""Australia Antigen"" (now called HBsAg ) in the serum of an Australian Aboriginal person . In 1968, this protein was found to be part of the virus that causes ""serum hepatitis"" (hepatitis B) by virologist Alfred Prince . The American microbiologist/vaccinologist Maurice Hilleman at Merck used three treatments ( pepsin , urea and formaldehyde ) of blood serum together with rigorous filtration to yield a product that could be used as a safe vaccine. Hilleman hypothesized that he could make an HBV vaccine by injecting patients with hepatitis B surface protein. In theory, this would be very safe, as these excess surface proteins lacked infectious viral DNA. The immune system, recognizing the surface proteins as foreign, would manufacture specially shaped antibodies, custom-made to bind to, and destroy, these proteins. Then, in the future, if the patient were infected with HBV, the immune system could promptly deploy protective antibodies, destroying the viruses before they could do any harm. Hilleman collected blood from gay men and intravenous drug users —groups known to be at risk for viral hepatitis . This was in the late 1970s, when HIV was yet unknown to medicine. In addition to the sought-after hepatitis B surface proteins, the blood samples likely contained HIV. Hilleman devised a multistep process to purify this blood so that only the hepatitis B surface proteins remained. Every known virus was killed by this process, and Hilleman was confident that the vaccine was safe. The first large-scale trials for the blood-derived vaccine were performed on gay men, in accordance with their high-risk status. Later, Hilleman’s vaccine was falsely blamed for igniting the AIDS epidemic. (See Wolf Szmuness ) But, although the purified blood vaccine seemed questionable, it was determined to have indeed been free of HIV. The purification process had destroyed all viruses—including HIV. The vaccine was approved in 1981. The blood-derived hepatitis B vaccine was withdrawn from the marketplace in 1986 when Pablo DT Valenzuela , Research Director of Chiron Corporation , succeeded in making the antigen in yeast and invented the world's first recombinant vaccine. The recombinant vaccine was developed by inserting the HBV gene that codes for the surface protein into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This allows the yeast to produce only the noninfectious surface protein, without any danger of introducing actual viral DNA into the final product. This is the vaccine still in use today. In 1976, Blumberg had won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on hepatitis B (sharing it with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek for his work on kuru ). In 2002, Blumberg published a book, Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus . In the book, according to Paul A. Offit —Hilleman's biographer and an accomplished vaccinologist himself—Blumberg... ... claimed that the hepatitis B vaccine was his invention. Maurice Hilleman's name is mentioned once.... Blumberg failed to mention that it was Hilleman who had figured out how to inactivate hepatitis B virus, how to kill all other possible contaminating viruses, how to completely remove every other protein found in human blood, and how to do all of this while retaining the structural integrity of the surface protein. Blumberg had identified Australia antigen, an important first step. But all of the other steps—the ones critical to making a vaccine—belonged to Hilleman. Later, Hilleman recalled, ""I think that [Blumberg] deserves a lot of credit, but he doesn't want to give credit to the other guy."" Manufacture [ edit ] The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins , hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ). It is now produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted. Afterward an immune system antibody to HBsAg is established in the bloodstream. The antibody is known as anti-HBs . This antibody and immune system memory then provide immunity to HBV infection. Brand names [ edit ] The common brands available are Recombivax HB (Merck), Engerix-B (GSK), Elovac B (Human Biologicals Institute, a division of Indian Immunologicals Limited), Genevac B (Serum Institute), Shanvac B , etc. These vaccines are given by the intramuscular route. In late 2017 the FDA approved a new vaccine called Heplisav-B from Dynavax Technologies Corps. This two-dose vaccine will compete with Engerix-B's three-dose vaccine. Twinrix is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Research [ edit ] Injectable Hepatitis B vaccines require expensive production processes and refrigeration, which can make them difficult to access in developing countries. As a result, researchers have been working to engineer plants capable of producing the ingredients necessary to make vaccines so that people can eat these plants to receive the vaccine. Potatoes, bananas, lettuce, carrots, tobacco are some of the plants being genetically engineered to produce the Hepatitis B vaccine ingredients. The process of genetically engineering plants to produce the vaccine includes extracting the gene that codes for Hepatitis B surface antigens from the Hepatitis B genome, and placing it in a bacterial plasmid. The bacteria then infect a plant, which will produce the surface antigens. When a human eats the plant, their body is stimulated to produce an antibody response to the surface antigens. Although concerns remain in improving the efficacy of edible vaccines, controlling the dosage of vaccine in each plant, and managing land allocation for this process, scientists consider this a promising avenue for vaccinating underprivileged areas of the world. References [ edit ] External links [ edit ]" 895485978594362708,train,when did the first meningitis vaccine come out,"The first meningococcal vaccine became available in the 1970s. It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 3.23 and 10.77 USD per dose as of 2014. In the United States it costs 100 to 200 USD for a course.",['william jack poulter'],ìgbà wo ni abẹ́rẹ́ àjẹsára meningitis jáde,Yes,"['Àjẹsára meningococcal di èyí tó wà fún lílò ní ìgbà àkọ́kọ́ ní ọdún 1970s. Ó wà lórí Àkójọ Àwọn Egbògi Kòṣeémáàní ti Àjọ Ìlera Àgbáyé, àwọn òògùn tó ṣe pàtàkì jùlọ tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera ìbẹ̀rẹ̀pẹ̀pẹ̀ yòówù. Iye owó rẹ̀ lójú pálí jẹ́ bíi 3.23 àti 10.77 USD fún ìwọ̀n egbògi náà kanṣoṣo ní ọdún 2014. Ní ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà iye owó rẹ̀ jẹ́ 100 sí 200 fún ìdá kan.']","['Gbígba àjẹsára fún ààbò lọ́wọ́ ọ̀fìnkì bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1930, nígbàtí wíwà fún lílò gbogbogbò ní ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1945. ']",['P4'],1,0,"Àj?sára Meningococcal Àj?sára Meningococcal j?? èyíkèyí àj?sára tí a fi ? dáàbò bo ara ?ni l??w?? àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn kan tí à ? pè ní Neisseria meningitidis.[1] Ori?iri?i ??yá àj?sára yìí lo ? ?i?é fún dí?? nínú tàbí gbogbo ori?i meningococcus: A, C,W135 àti Y. Ó kéré jù, àj?sára yìí ? ?i?é dáadáa láàrín 85 sí 100% fún ?dún meji gbáko.[1] Ó máa ? dínku meningitis àti sepsi láàrín ??p?? ènìyan níbi tí w??n ti ? lòó káàkìri.[2][3] W??n máa ? gba ab??r?? àj?sára yí sára gba inú i?an tàbí ab?? ?ran ara.[1] Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé (WHO) gbani ním??ràn pé kí àw?n oríl?? èdè tí àrùn náà ti ?e r??gí tàb? w??p?? máa gba àj?sára yìí lóòrèkóòrè.[1][4] Ní ìlú tí w?n kò b? ti láà?fàní púp?? lati kó àrùn yìí, wón gbani ním??ràn wípé àw?n tí láà?fàní púp?? lati kóo láàrín w?n gbód? gba àj?sára.[1] Ní apá ibìkan ní [Áfíríkà] níbí tí áà?fàní púp?? lati kó meningitis, ìyànjú ? l? l??wó lati ri wípé w??n gba ab??r?? àjésára fún àw?n ènìyàn tí ?j?? orí w?n b????r?? lati ?dún kan sí ?gb??n ?dún.[4] Ní il?? Kánádà àti Am??ríkà, àj?sára èyí tó ? ?i?é f?n ori?i m?rin meningococcus ni w??n máa ? gbà fún àw??n ??? tí kò tíì bàlágà àti àw?n tí ó láà?fàní jùl? lati kó àrún yìí[1] Ó tún p?n dandan fún àw?n tó ? l? sí il?? m??kà fún Hajj.[1] ààbò j?? ohun tó dará púp?. Àw?n mìràn máa ? ní ìrora àti píp??n lójú ibi tí w??n gba ab????r?? sí. [1] Lílò r?? nínú oyún kò léwu rárá.[4] àìbániláramu má ? ?el?? l????ksn nínú mílí??nù kan.[1] Àj?sára meningococcal di èyí tó wà fún lílò ní ìgbà àk??k?? ní ?dún 1970s.[5] Ó wà lórí Àkój? Àw?n Egbògi Kò?eémáàní ti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé, àw?n òògùn tó ?e pàtàkì jùl? tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera ìb??r??p??p?? yòówù.[6] Iye owó r?? lójú pálí j?? bíi 3.23 àti 10.77 USD fún ìw??n egbògi náà kan?o?o ní ?dún 2014.[7] Ní il?? Am??ríkà iye owó r?? j?? 100 sí 200 fún ìdá kan.","Meningococcal vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Neisseria meningitidis Type ? Clinical data Trade names Menactra, Menveo, Menomune, MenAfriVac, Other AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a607020 Pregnancy category Category C Routes of administration Intramuscular (conjugate), Subcutaneous (polysaccharide) ATC code J07AH01 ( WHO ) J07AH02 ( WHO ) J07AH03 ( WHO ) J07AH04 ( WHO ) J07AH05 ( WHO ) J07AH06 ( WHO ) J07AH07 ( WHO ) J07AH08 ( WHO ) J07AH09 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : ℞-only Identifiers ChemSpider none N Y (what is this?) (verify) Meningococcal vaccine refers to any of the vaccines used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis . Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus: A, C, W-135, and Y. The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years. They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used. They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin . The World Health Organization recommends that countries with a moderate or high rate of disease or with frequent outbreaks should routinely vaccinate . In countries with a low risk of disease, they recommend that high risk groups should be immunized. In the African meningitis belt efforts to immunize all people between the ages of one and thirty with the meningococcal A conjugate vaccine are ongoing. In Canada and the United States the vaccines effective against all four types of meningococcus are recommended routinely for teenagers and others who are at high risk. Saudi Arabia requires vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine for international travelers to Mecca for Hajj . Safety is generally good. Some people develop pain and redness at the injection site. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. Severe allergic reactions occur in less than one in a million doses. The first meningococcal vaccine became available in the 1970s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 3.23 and 10.77 USD per dose as of 2014. In the United States it costs 100 to 200 USD for a course. Contents [ hide ] 1 Types 1.1 Quadrivalent (Serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y) 1.1.1 Limitations 1.1.2 Endurance 1.2 Bivalent (Serogroups C and Y) 1.3 Serogroup A 1.4 Serogroup B 1.5 Serogroup X 2 Side effects 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Types [ edit ] Neisseria meningitidis has 13 clinically significant serogroups , classified according to the antigenic structure of their polysaccharide capsule. Six serogroups, A, B, C, Y, W-135, and X, are responsible for virtually all cases of the disease in humans. Quadrivalent (Serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y) [ edit ] There are currently three vaccines available in the US to prevent meningococcal disease, all quadrivalent in nature, targeting serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y: two conjugate vaccines (MCV-4), Menactra and Menveo, and one polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV-4), Menomune, produced by Sanofi Pasteur . Mencevax ( GlaxoSmithKline ) and NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 ( JN-International Medical Corporation ) are used worldwide, but have not been licensed in the United States. Nimenrix ( GlaxoSmithKline ), a new quadrivalent conjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y, is currently available in the states of the European Union and some additional countries. The first meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV-4), Menactra, was licensed in the U.S. in 2005 by Sanofi Pasteur ; Menveo was licensed in 2010 by Novartis . Both MCV-4 vaccines have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for people 2 through 55 years of age. Menactra received FDA approval for use in children as young as 9 months in April 2011 while Menveo received FDA approval for use in children as young as 2 months in August 2013. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not made recommendations for or against its use in children less than 2 years. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV-4), Menomune, has been available since the 1970s. It may be used if MCV-4 is not available, and is the only meningococcal vaccine licensed for people older than 55. Information about who should receive the meningococcal vaccine is available from the CDC. Limitations [ edit ] The duration of immunity mediated by Menomune (MPSV-4) is three years or less in children aged under 5 because it does not generate memory T cells . Attempting to overcome this problem by repeated immunization results in a diminished, not increased, antibody response, so boosters are not recommended with this vaccine. As with all polysaccharide vaccines, Menomune does not produce mucosal immunity , so people can still become colonised with virulent strains of meningococcus, and no herd immunity can develop. For this reason, Menomune is suitable for travelers requiring short-term protection, but not for national public health prevention programs. Menveo and Menactra contain the same antigens as Menomune, but the antigens are conjugated to a diphtheria toxoid polysaccharide–protein complex, resulting in anticipated enhanced duration of protection, increased immunity with booster vaccinations, and effective herd immunity. Endurance [ edit ] A study published in March 2006 comparing the two kinds of vaccines found that 76% of subjects still had passive protection three years after receiving MCV-4 (63% protective compared with controls), but only 49% had passive protection after receiving MPSV-4 (31% protective compared with controls). As of 2010, there remains limited evidence that any of the current conjugate vaccines offer continued protection beyond three years; studies are ongoing to determine the actual duration of immunity, and the subsequent requirement of booster vaccinations. The CDC offers recommendations regarding who they feel should get booster vaccinations. Bivalent (Serogroups C and Y) [ edit ] On June 14, 2012, the FDA approved a new combination vaccine against two types of meningococcal disease and Hib disease for infants and children 6 weeks to 18 months old. The vaccine, Menhibrix, will prevent disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y and Haemophilus influenzae type b. This is the first meningococcal vaccine that can be given to infants as young as six weeks old. Serogroup A [ edit ] A vaccine called MenAfriVac has been developed through a program called the Meningitis Vaccine Project and has the potential to prevent outbreaks of group A meningitis, which is common in sub-Saharan Africa. Serogroup B [ edit ] Vaccines against serotype B meningococcal disease have proved difficult to produce, and require a different approach from vaccines against other serotypes. Whereas effective polysaccharide vaccines have been produced against types A, C, W-135, and Y, the capsular polysaccharide on the type B bacterium is too similar to human neural antigens to be a useful target. A vaccine for serogroup B was developed in Cuba in response to a large outbreak of meningitis B during the 1980s. The VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine proved safe and effective in randomized double-blind studies, but it was granted a licence only for research purposes in the United States as political differences limited cooperation between the two countries. Due to a similarly high prevalence of B-serotype meningitis in Norway between 1975 and 1985, Norwegian health authorities developed a vaccine specifically designed for Norwegian children and young adolescents. Clinical trials were discontinued after the vaccine was shown to cover only slightly more than 50% of all cases. Furthermore, lawsuits for damages were filed against the State of Norway by persons affected by serious adverse reactions. Information that the health authorities obtained during the vaccine development were subsequently passed on to Chiron (now GlaxoSmithKline), who developed a similar vaccine, MeNZB , for New Zealand. A MenB vaccine was approved for use in Europe in January 2013. Following a positive recommendation from the European Union 's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use , Bexsero, produced by Novartis , received a licence from the European Commission . However, deployment in individual EU member states still depends on decisions by national governments. In July 2013, the United Kingdom 's Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) issued an interim position statement recommending against adoption of Bexsero as part of a routine meningococcal B immunisation program, on the grounds of cost-effectiveness. This decision was reverted in favor of Bexsero vaccination in March 2014. In March 2015 the UK government announced that they had reached agreement with GlaxoSmithKline who had taken over Novartis ' vaccines business, and that Bexsero would be introduced into the UK routine immunization schedule later in 2015. In November 2013, in response to an outbreak of B-serotype meningitis on the campus of Princeton University , the acting head of the Centers for Disease Control meningitis and vaccine preventable diseases branch told NBC News that they had authorized emergency importation of Bexsero to stop the outbreak. Bexsero was subsequently approved by the FDA in February 2015. In October 2014, Trumenba, a serogroup B vaccine produced by Pfizer , was approved by the FDA. Serogroup X [ edit ] The occurrence of serogroup X has been reported in North America, Europe, Australia, and West Africa. Current meningoccocal meningitis vaccines are not known to protect against serogroup X N. meningitidis disease. Side effects [ edit ] Common side effects include pain and redness around the site of injection (up to 50% of recipients). A small percentage of people develop a mild fever. As with any medication, a small proportion of people develop a severe allergic reaction. In 2016 Health Canada warned of an increased risk of anemia or hemolysis in people treated with eculizumab (Soliris). The highest risk was when individuals ""received a dose of Soliris within 2 weeks after being vaccinated with Bexsero"". Despite initial concerns about Guillain-Barré syndrome , subsequent studies in 2012 have shown no increased risk of GBS after meningococcal conjugate vaccination. References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Conterno LO, Silva Filho CR, Rüggeberg JU, Heath PT (2006). Conterno, Lucieni O, ed. ""Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia"". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 3 (3): CD001834. PMID 16855979 . doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD001834.pub2 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Patel M, Lee CK (2005). Patel, Mahomed, ed. ""Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis"". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD001093. PMID 15674874 . doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD001093.pub2 . External links [ edit ] Meningococcal Vaccines at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)" -2984350733009139783,train,two core functions of the world health organization (who) are,"The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 22 July 1946. It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its establishment, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular HIV / AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis ; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging ; nutrition, food security and healthy eating ; occupational health ; substance abuse ; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking.","['about 4 billion years ago', 'the gut flora']",iṣẹ́ pàtàkì méjì tí àjọ ìlera àgbáyé ń ṣe ni,Yes,"['Àwọn nkan tí ó múmú láyà wọn lọ́wọ́ ni ọ̀nà láti ségun àwọn àrùn tí ó sé ràn, pàápàá jù lọ àrùn HIV/AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, malaria àti tuberculosis; àwọn àrùn tí ó sé ràn bi àrùn ọkàn àti cancer; àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ.']","['Àwọn nkan tí ó múmú láyà wọn lọ́wọ́ ni ọ̀nà láti ségun àwọn àrùn tí ó sé ràn, pàápàá jù lọ àrùn HIV/AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, malaria àti tuberculosis; àwọn àrùn tí ó sé ràn bi àrùn ọkàn àti cancer; àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ.']",['P4'],1,0,"Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé ti agekuru re nje WHO j?? àj? Àgbáj? àw?n Oríl??-èdè A?òkan tí w??n dá síl?? fún ètò ìlera gbogbo àgbáyé[1]. Erongba dida WHO sile ni ""ki gbogbo eniyan le de ipele ilera to ga ju to see see"".[2] Olú ilé i??? r?? wà ní Geneva, Swítsàlandì,[3] o si ni ile-ise agbegbe mefa ati ibi ise àád??j? kaakiri agbaye. W??n dáa WHO síl?? ní ?j?? keje O?ù k?rin ?dún 1948.[4][5] Ipade akoko ti apejo ilera agbaye, ajo ti o n sakoso WHO, waye ni ojo kerinlelogun osu keje odun naa. Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé gba awon dukia, osise, ati ojuse Ajo Ilera ti Ajumose Orilede, ile-ise agbaye d'Hygiène Publique, ati isori ailera gbogboogbo mora.[6] Ise re bere ni odun 1951 leyin asopo ti oro inawo ati ise ona to lapere.[7] Ète àti èròngbà aáj? WHO ni láti mú kí ìlera pé káàkiri àgbáyé. W??n ma ? ran àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé l??w?? láti k?jú àrùn, w??n sì ma ? ?e òfin nípa ètò ìlera láti mú kí ìlera péye. Àj? WHO kó ipa ribiribi nínú líle àrùn smallpox sígbó, nínú ì???gun ribiribi tí ìran ènìyàn ti ní lórí Àrùn Polio, àti nínú ?í?e ab??r?? ajé sára Àrùn Ebola. Àw?n nkan tí ó múmú láyà w?n l??w?? ni ??nà láti ségun àw?n àrùn tí ó sé ràn, pàápàá jù l? àrùn Àrùn HIV/AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, àìsàn ibà àti ik?? ??gb?; àw?n àrùn tí ó sé ràn bi àrùn ?kàn àti àrùn j?j?r?; àti b???? b???? l?.","""WHO"" redirects here. For other uses, see WHO (disambiguation) . World Health Organization Flag of the World Health Organization Abbreviation WHO OMS Formation 7 April 1948 ; 70 years ago ( 1948-04-07 ) Type Specialized agency of the United Nations Legal status Active Headquarters Geneva , Switzerland Head Tedros Adhanom , Director-General Parent organization United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Website www .who .int The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health . It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations . The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 22 July 1946. It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its establishment, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox . Its current priorities include communicable diseases , in particular HIV/AIDS , Ebola , malaria and tuberculosis ; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health , development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking. The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report , the worldwide World Health Survey , and World Health Day . The current Director-General of the WHO is Tedros Adhanom , who started his five-year term on 1 July 2017. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Establishment 1.3 Operational history 1.4 Overall focus 1.5 Communicable diseases 1.6 Non-communicable diseases 1.7 Environmental health 1.8 Life course and life style 1.9 Surgery and trauma care 1.10 Emergency work 1.11 Health policy 1.12 Governance and support 1.12.1 Partnerships 1.12.2 Public health education and action 1.13 Data handling and publications 2 Structure 2.1 Membership 2.2 World Health Assembly and Executive Board 2.3 Regional offices 2.4 Director-General 2.5 Employees 2.6 Goodwill Ambassadors 2.7 Country and liaison offices 2.8 Financing and partnerships 3 Controversies 3.1 IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40 3.2 Roman Catholic Church and AIDS 3.3 Intermittent preventive therapy 3.4 Diet and sugar intake 3.5 2009 swine flu pandemic 3.6 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak and reform efforts 3.7 FCTC implementation database 3.8 IARC controversies 3.9 Block of Taiwanese participation 3.10 Travel expenses 3.11 Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador 4 World headquarters 4.1 Early views 4.2 Views 2013 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] The International Sanitary Conferences , originally held on 23 June 1851, were the first predecessors of the WHO. A series of 14 conferences that lasted from 1851 to 1938, the International Sanitary Conferences worked to combat many diseases, chief among them cholera , yellow fever , and the bubonic plague . The conferences were largely ineffective until the seventh, in 1892; when an International Sanitary Convention that dealt with cholera was passed. Five years later, a convention for the plague was signed. In part as a result of the successes of the Conferences, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau , and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique were soon founded in 1902 and 1907, respectively. When the League of Nations was formed in 1920, they established the Health Organization of the League of Nations. After World War II , the United Nations absorbed all the other health organizations, to form the WHO. Establishment [ edit ] During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, Szeming Sze , a delegate from China , conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss , the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health. The use of the word ""world"", rather than ""international"", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946. It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1,250,000 ) for the 1949 year. Andrija Stampar was the Assembly's first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages. Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria , tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections , and to improve maternal and child health , nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease . The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing. Operational history [ edit ] Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980 In 1947 the WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex , and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine was under way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer . In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov , Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR , called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54. At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. [ citation needed ] In 1966, the WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the Palace of Nations to a newly constructed HQ elsewhere in Geneva. In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method. The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972 . After over two decades of fighting smallpox , the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort. Also in 1967, the WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. In 1974, the Expanded Programme on Immunization and the control programme of onchocerciasis was started, an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank . In 1977, the first list of essential medicines was drawn up, and a year later the ambitious goal of "" health for all "" was declared. In 1986, the WHO began its global programme on HIV/AIDS . Two years later preventing discrimination against sufferers was attended to and in 1996 UNAIDS was formed. In 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established. In 1998, WHO's Director-General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality , increased life expectancy and reduced rates of ""scourges"" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow. In 2000, the Stop TB Partnership was created along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals . In 2001 the measles initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available. In 2006, the organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a global prevention, treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS pandemic . Overall focus [ edit ] The WHO's Constitution states that its objective ""is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health"". The WHO fulfills this objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution: (a) To act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work; (b) To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate; (c) To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services; (d) To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments; (e) To provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories; (f) To establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required, including epidemiological and statistical services; (g) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases; (h) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the prevention of accidental injuries; (i) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene; (j) To promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health; (k) To propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform. [ citation needed ] As of 2012 [update] , the WHO has defined its role in public health as follows: providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed; shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation, and dissemination of valuable knowledge; setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation; articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options; providing technical support, catalyzing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; and monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends. CRVS (Civil Registration and Vital Statistics) to provide monitoring of vital events (birth, death, wedding, divorce). Communicable diseases [ edit ] The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was distributed. Two of those five areas related to communicable diseases : the first, to reduce the ""health, social and economic burden"" of communicable diseases in general; the second to combat HIV/AIDS , malaria and tuberculosis in particular. As of 2015, the WHO has worked within the UNAIDS network and strived to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS . In line with UNAIDS, WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%. During the 1970s, WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious, it retained a strong commitment to malaria control. WHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of malaria cases, and future problems in malaria control schemes. As of 2012, the WHO was to report as to whether RTS,S /AS01, were a viable malaria vaccine . For the time being, insecticide -treated mosquito nets and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as are antimalarial drugs – particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children. Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's help has contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis , and since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO. These include engaging national governments and their financing, early diagnosis, standardising treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply. It has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis. In 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate polio . [ citation needed ] It has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99% since which partnered WHO with Rotary International , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and smaller organizations. As of 2011 [update] , it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared ""polio-free"". In 2017, a study was conducted where why Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate the Virus & conduct new technology. Polio is now on the verge of extinction, thanks to a Global Vaccination Drive. the World Health Organization (WHO) stated the eradication programme has saved millions from deadly disease. [ citation needed ] Non-communicable diseases [ edit ] Another of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of ""disease, disability and premature deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases , mental disorders , violence and injuries , and visual impairment "". The Division of Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Life-course Sexual and Reproductive Health has published the magazine, Entre Nous , across Europe since 1983. Environmental health [ edit ] The WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 – this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths. Environmental risk factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries. This can result in a number of pollution-related diseases . Life course and life style [ edit ] WHO works to ""reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period , childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals"". It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for ""health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex "". The WHO works to improve nutrition, food safety and food security and to ensure this has a positive effect on public health and sustainable development . Surgery and trauma care [ edit ] The WHO promotes road safety as a means to reduce traffic-related injuries. The WHO has also worked on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and essential surgical care, trauma care, and safe surgery. The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety. Emergency work [ edit ] The World Health Organization's primary objective in natural and man-made emergencies is to coordinate with member states and other stakeholders to ""reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of disease and disability."" On 5 May 2014, WHO announced that the spread of polio was a world health emergency – outbreaks of the disease in Asia , Africa , and the Middle East were considered ""extraordinary"". On 8 August 2014, WHO declared that the spread of Ebola was a public health emergency; an outbreak which was believed to have started in Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone . The situation in West Africa was considered very serious. Health policy [ edit ] WHO addresses government health policy with two aims: firstly, ""to address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor, gender-responsive, and human rights-based approaches"" and secondly ""to promote a healthier environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health"". The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform health policy options. It oversees the implementation of the International Health Regulations , and publishes a series of medical classifications ; of these, three are over-reaching ""reference classifications"": the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI). Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (adopted in 1981), Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (adopted in 2003) and the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel (adopted in 2010). In terms of health services, WHO looks to improve ""governance, financing, staffing and management"" and the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy. It also strives to ""ensure improved access, quality and use of medical products and technologies"". WHO – working with donor agencies and national governments – can improve their use of and their reporting about their use of research evidence. Governance and support [ edit ] The remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself: ""to provide leadership, strengthen governance and foster partnership and collaboration with countries, the United Nations system, and other stakeholders in order to fulfill the mandate of WHO in advancing the global health agenda""; and ""to develop and sustain WHO as a flexible, learning organization, enabling it to carry out its mandate more efficiently and effectively"". Partnerships [ edit ] The WHO along with the World Bank constitute the core team responsible for administering the International Health Partnership (IHP+). The IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil society and others committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries . Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development co-operation into practice in the health sector. The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization , the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy , and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice . WHO runs the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, targeted at improving health policy and systems . WHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the HINARI network. WHO collaborates with the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, UNITAID, and the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to spearhead and fund the development of HIV programs. WHO created the Civil Society Reference Group on HIV , which brings together other networks that are involved in policy making and the dissemination of guidelines. WHO, a sector of the United Nations, partners with UNAIDS to contribute to the development of HIV responses in different areas of the world. WHO facilitates technical partnerships through the Technical Advisory Committee on HIV , which they created to develop WHO guidelines and policies. Public health education and action [ edit ] Each year, the organization marks World Health Day and other observances focusing on a specific health promotion topic. World Health Day falls on 7 April each year, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding. Recent themes have been vector-borne diseases (2014), healthy ageing (2012) and drug resistance (2011). The other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are World Tuberculosis Day , World Immunization Week , World Malaria Day , World No Tobacco Day , World Blood Donor Day , World Hepatitis Day , and World AIDS Day . As part of the United Nations, the World Health Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development Goals . Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and affect world health. Data handling and publications [ edit ] The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the Study on Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries. The Country Health Intelligence Portal (CHIP), has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries. The information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor, and evaluate it. The WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the capacity of national health systems and health workforces . The Global Health Observatory (GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the globe. The WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), the WHO Quality Of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data collection. Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as through the Health Metrics Network , also aim to provide sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision making. WHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs, including through the Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet). The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009. On 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as MiNDbank , went online. The database was launched on Human Rights Day , and is part of WHO's QualityRights initiative, which aims to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions. The new database presents a great deal of information about mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights, and the different policies, strategies, laws, and service standards being implemented in different countries. It also contains important international documents and information. The database allows visitors to access the health information of WHO member states and other partners. Users can review policies, laws, and strategies and search for the best practices and success stories in the field of mental health. The WHO regularly publishes a World Health Report , its leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific global health topic. Other publications of WHO include the Bulletin of the World Health Organization , the Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (overseen by EMRO), the Human Resources for Health (published in collaboration with BioMed Central ), and the Pan American Journal of Public Health (overseen by PAHO/AMRO). In 2016, the World Health Organization drafted a global health sector strategy on HIV. In the draft, the World Health Organization outlines its commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by the year 2030 with interim targets for the year 2020. In order to make achievements towards these targets, the draft lists actions that countries and the WHO can take, such as a commitment to universal health coverage, medical accessibility, prevention and eradication of disease, and efforts to educate the public. Some notable points made in the draft include addressing gender inequity where females are nearly twice as likely as men to get infected with HIV and tailoring resources to mobilized regions where the health system may be compromised due to natural disasters, etc. Among the points made, it seems clear that although the prevalence of HIV transmission is declining, there is still a need for resources, health education, and global efforts to end this epidemic. Structure [ edit ] The World Health Organization is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Membership [ edit ] Countries by World Health Organization membership status As of 2016 [update] , the WHO has 194 member states: all of them Member States of the United Nations except for the Cook Islands and Niue . (A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.) As of 2013 [update] , it also had two associate members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau . Several other countries have been granted observer status . Palestine is an observer as a ""national liberation movement"" recognized by the League of Arab States under United Nations Resolution 3118. The Holy See also attends as an observer, as does the Order of Malta . In 2010, Taiwan was invited under the name of "" Chinese Taipei "". WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly , WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN Member States are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO website, ""other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly"". Liechtenstein is currently the only UN member not in the WHO membership. In addition, the UN observer organizations International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have entered into ""official relations"" with WHO and are invited as observers. In the World Health Assembly they are seated alongside the other NGOs. World Health Assembly and Executive Board [ edit ] WHO Headquarters in Geneva The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. Based in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May. It appoints the Director-General every five years and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the proposed budget. It also reviews reports of the Executive Board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work. The current chairman of the executive board is Dr. Assad Hafeez . Regional offices [ edit ] Map of the WHO's Regional offices and their respective operating regions. Africa; HQ: Brazzaville , Republic of Congo Western Pacific; HQ: Manila , Philippines Eastern Mediterranean ; HQ: Cairo , Egypt South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi , India Europe; HQ: Copenhagen , Denmark Americas; HQ: Washington D.C., USA The regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on article 44 of the WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO to ""establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area"". Many decisions are made at regional level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions. Each region has a Regional Committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not fully recognized. For example, Palestine attends meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional office . Each region also has a regional office. Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never over-ruled the preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small. Since 1999, Regional Directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term, and typically take their position on 1 February. Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the Regional Director, the Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly . The Regional Committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region. [ citation needed ] The Regional Director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her Region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres. The RD is also the direct supervising authority—concomitantly with the WHO Director-General—of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the Region. [ citation needed ] Regional Offices of WHO Region Headquarters Notes Website Africa Brazzaville , Republic of Congo AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt , Sudan , Djibouti , Tunisia , Libya , Somalia and Morocco (all fall under EMRO). The Regional Director is Dr. Matshidiso Moeti, a Botswanan national. (Tenure: -Present). AFRO Europe Copenhagen , Denmark. EURO includes all of Europe (except Liechtenstein ) Israel , and all of the former USSR . The Regional Director is Dr. Zsuzsanna Jakab, a Hungarian national (Tenure: 2010 – present). EURO South-East Asia New Delhi , India North Korea is served by SEARO. The Regional Director is Dr. Poonam Khetrapal Singh, an Indian national (Tenure: 2014 – present). SEARO Eastern Mediterranean Cairo , Egypt The Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office serves the countries of Africa that are not included in AFRO, as well as all countries in the Middle East except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Ahmed Al-Mandhari, an Omani national (Tenure: 2018 – present). EMRO Western Pacific Manila , Philippines. WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Shin Young-soo, a South Korean national (Tenure: 2009 – present). WPRO The Americas Washington D.C. , USA. Also known as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and covers the Americas . The WHO Regional Director is Dr. Carissa F. Etienne , a Dominican national (Tenure: 2013 – present). AMRO Director-General [ edit ] Directors-General of the WHO Name and Nationality Years of tenure Tedros Adhanom 2017 – present Margaret Chan 2007–2017 Anders Nordström * 2006–2007 Lee Jong-wook 2003–2006 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1998–2003 Hiroshi Nakajima 1988–1998 Halfdan T. Mahler 1973–1988 Marcolino Gomes Candau 1953–1973 Brock Chisholm 1948–1953 *Appointed acting Director-General following the death of Lee Jong-wook while in office The head of the organization is the Director-General, elected by the World Health Assembly . The term lasts for 5 years, and Director-Generals are typically appointed in May, when the Assembly meets. The current Director-General is Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus , who was appointed on 1 July 2017. Employees [ edit ] The WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries. In support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment, the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers. The organization has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003. Goodwill Ambassadors [ edit ] The WHO operates "" Goodwill Ambassadors ""; members of the arts, sports, or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's initiatives and projects. There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors ( Jet Li , Nancy Brinker , Peng Liyuan , Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra ) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project ( Craig David ). Country and liaison offices [ edit ] The World Health Organization operates 150 country offices in six different regions. It also operates several liaison offices, including those with the European Union , United Nations and a single office covering the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . It also operates the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon , France, and the WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe , Japan. Additional offices include those in Pristina ; the West Bank and Gaza ; the US-Mexico Border Field Office in El Paso ; the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados ; and the Northern Micronesia office. There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question. The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR). As of 2010 [update] , the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (""Libya""); all other staff were international. WHO Representatives in the Region termed the Americas are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives. In Europe, WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office, and are nationals with the exception of Serbia ; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania , the Russian Federation , Tajikistan , Turkey , and Uzbekistan . The WR is member of the UN system country team which is coordinated by the UN System Resident Coordinator . The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff. The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies. Financing and partnerships [ edit ] The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors. As of 2012 [update] , the largest annual assessed contributions from member states came from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million) and France ($31 million). The combined 2012–2013 budget has proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from assessed contributions. This represented a significant fall in outlay compared to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account of previous underspends. Assessed contributions were kept the same. Voluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million (76%), of which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible funding, with the remainder tied to particular programmes or objectives. In recent years, the WHO's work has involved increasing collaboration with external bodies. As of 2002 [update] , a total of 473 non-governmental organizations (NGO) had some form of partnership with WHO. There were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal ""official relations"" – the rest being considered informal in character. Partners include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation . Controversies [ edit ] IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40 [ edit ] Alexey Yablokov (left) and Vassili Nesterenko (farthest right) protesting in front of the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland in 2008. Demonstration on Chernobyl disaster day near WHO in Geneva In 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A selective reading of this document (clause 3) can result in the understanding that the IAEA is able to prevent the WHO from conducting research or work on some areas, as seen hereafter. The agreement states here that the WHO recognizes the IAEA as having responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the roles of the WHO of promoting health. However, the following paragraph adds that ""whenever either organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement"". The nature of this statement has led some pressure groups and activists (including Women in Europe for a Common Future ) to claim that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the effects on human health of radiation caused by the use of nuclear power and the continuing effects of nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima . They believe WHO must regain what they see as ""independence"". However as pointed out by Foreman in clause 2 it states. “2. In particular, and in accordance with the Constitution of the World Health Organization and the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and its agreement with the United Nations together with the exchange of letters related thereto, and taking into account the respective co-ordinating responsibilities of both organizations, it is recognized by the World Health Organization that the International Atomic Energy Agency has the primary responsibility for encouraging, assisting and co- ordinating research and development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the world without prejudice to the right of the World Health Organization to concern itself with promoting, developing, assisting and co-ordinating international health work, including research, in all its aspects.” Clearly suggesting that the WHO is free to do as it sees fit on nuclear, radiation and other matters which relate to health. Roman Catholic Church and AIDS [ edit ] Main article: Roman Catholic Church and AIDS In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman Curia 's health department's opposition to the use of condoms , saying: ""These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million."" As of 2009 [update] , the Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS. At the time, the World Health Assembly President, Guyana 's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy , has condemned Pope Benedict's opposition to contraception, saying he was trying to ""create confusion"" and ""impede"" proven strategies in the battle against the disease. Intermittent preventive therapy [ edit ] The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for intermittent preventive therapy of malaria triggered a memo from the former WHO malaria chief Akira Kochi. Diet and sugar intake [ edit ] Some of the research undertaken or supported by WHO to determine how people's lifestyles and environments are influencing whether they live in better or worse health can be controversial, as illustrated by a 2003 joint WHO/FAO report on nutrition and the prevention of chronic non-communicable disease , which recommended that sugar should form no more than 10% of a healthy diet . The report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation, to which the WHO/FAO responded by including in the report this statement: ""The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10% of total energy is controversial"". It also stood by its recommendation based upon its own analysis of scientific studies. In 2014, WHO reduced recommended sugar levels by half and said that sugar should make up no more than 5% of a healthy diet. 2009 swine flu pandemic [ edit ] Main article: 2009 flu pandemic In 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts and health officials. A pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza virus was declared by the then Director-General Margaret Chan in April 2009. Margret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into the post-pandemic period. By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading ""fear and confusion"" rather than ""immediate information"". Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to ""unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade"". 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak and reform efforts [ edit ] Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing, regional structure, and staffing profile. An internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and the lack of ""core capacity"" in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system. At the annual World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies, of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 (for 2017 disbursement). WHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its Health Emergencies Programme in 2016–17, for which it had received $140 million by April 2016. The program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action, which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on-the-ground activities. In comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic. FCTC implementation database [ edit ] The WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the only mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC. However, there have been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built. As researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report ""As of July 4, 2012, 361 (32·7%) of 1104 countries' responses were misreported: 33 (3·0%) were clear errors (eg, database indicated “yes” when report indicated “no”), 270 (24·5%) were missing despite countries having submitted responses, and 58 (5·3%) were, in our opinion, misinterpreted by WHO staff"". IARC controversies [ edit ] Further information: International Agency for Research on Cancer The World Health Organization sub-department, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), has been criticized for the way it analyses the tendency of certain substances and activities to cause cancer and for having a politically motivated bias when it selects studies for its analysis. Ed Yong, a British science journalist, has criticized the agency and its ""confusing"" category system for misleading the public. Marcel Kuntz, a French director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research , criticized the agency for its classification of potentially carcinogenic substances. He claimed that this classification did not take into account the extent of exposure: for example, red meat is qualified as probably carcinogenic, but the quantity of consumed red meat at which it could become dangerous is not specified. Controversies have erupted multiple times when the IARC has classified many things as Class 2a (probable carcinogens), including cell phone signals, glyphosate , drinking hot beverages, and working as a barber. Block of Taiwanese participation [ edit ] Political pressure from China has led to Taiwan being barred from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations, and in both 2017 and 2018 the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the WHO annual assembly . On multiple occasions Taiwanese journalists have been denied access to report on the assembly. In May 2018, 172 members of the United States House of Representatives wrote to the Director General of the World Health Organization to argue for Taiwan's inclusion as an observer at the WHA. Travel expenses [ edit ] According to The Associated Press , the WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses, more than it spends to tackle mental health problems, HIV/AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria combined. In 2016, Margaret Chan , Director-General of WHO from November 2006 to June 2017, stayed in a $1000 per night hotel room while visiting West Africa . Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador [ edit ] On 21 October 2017, the Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus appointed former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe as a WHO Goodwill Ambassador to help promote the fight against non-communicable diseases. The appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe . The appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's public health. Due to the outcry, the following day the appointment was revoked. World headquarters [ edit ] The seat of the organization is in Geneva , Switzerland. It was designed by Swiss architect Jean Tschumi and inaugurated in 1966. In 2017, the organization launched an international competition to redesign and extend its headquarters. Early views [ edit ] On a 1966 stamp of the German Democratic Republic Stairwell , 1969 Internal courtyard , 1969 Reflecting pool , 1969 Exterior, 1969 Views 2013 [ edit ] WHO Headquarters from Southwest WHO Headquarters from South WHO Headquarters from East WHO Headquarters from North WHO Headquarters from West WHO Headquarters main entrance WHO Headquarters entrance hall WHO Headquarters main conference room See also [ edit ] Global health Global Mental Health Healthy city / Alliance for Healthy Cities , an international alliance Health For All Health promotion Health Sciences Online , virtual learning resources High 5s Project , a patient safety collaboration International Health Partnership International Labour Organization List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration Open Learning for Development , virtual learning resources Public health Sustainable Development The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Timeline of global health Tropical disease United Nations Interagency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme Notes and references [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Health Organization . Wikiquote has quotations related to: World Health Organization Official website ""Staff regulations and staff rules"" (pdf) . WHO. February 2016. Coordinates : 46°13′56″N 06°08′03″E  /  46.23222°N 6.13417°E  / 46.23222; 6.13417" 3863396308771273852,train,who is involved in the world health organization,"As of 2016, the WHO has 194 member states : all of them Member States of the United Nations except for the Cook Islands and Niue. (A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.) As of 2013, it also had two associate members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau. Several other countries have been granted observer status. Palestine is an observer as a `` national liberation movement '' recognized by the League of Arab States under United Nations Resolution 3118. The Holy See also attends as an observer, as does the Order of Malta. In 2010, Taiwan was invited under the name of `` Chinese Taipei ''.","['38,622.57', '5 september']",tani ẹni tí ó wà nínú àjọ ìlera àgbáyé,Yes,['Àjọ Ìlera Àgbáyé ti agekuru re nje WHO jẹ́ àjọ Àgbájọ àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Aṣòkan tí wọ́n dá sílẹ̀ fún ètò ìlera gbogbo àgbáyé.'],['Àjọ Ìlera Àgbáyé ti agekuru re nje WHO jẹ́ àjọ Àgbájọ àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Aṣòkan tí wọ́n dá sílẹ̀ fún ètò ìlera gbogbo àgbáyé.'],['P1'],1,0,"Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé ti agekuru re nje WHO j?? àj? Àgbáj? àw?n Oríl??-èdè A?òkan tí w??n dá síl?? fún ètò ìlera gbogbo àgbáyé[1]. Erongba dida WHO sile ni ""ki gbogbo eniyan le de ipele ilera to ga ju to see see"".[2] Olú ilé i??? r?? wà ní Geneva, Swítsàlandì,[3] o si ni ile-ise agbegbe mefa ati ibi ise àád??j? kaakiri agbaye. W??n dáa WHO síl?? ní ?j?? keje O?ù k?rin ?dún 1948.[4][5] Ipade akoko ti apejo ilera agbaye, ajo ti o n sakoso WHO, waye ni ojo kerinlelogun osu keje odun naa. Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé gba awon dukia, osise, ati ojuse Ajo Ilera ti Ajumose Orilede, ile-ise agbaye d'Hygiène Publique, ati isori ailera gbogboogbo mora.[6] Ise re bere ni odun 1951 leyin asopo ti oro inawo ati ise ona to lapere.[7] Ète àti èròngbà aáj? WHO ni láti mú kí ìlera pé káàkiri àgbáyé. W??n ma ? ran àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé l??w?? láti k?jú àrùn, w??n sì ma ? ?e òfin nípa ètò ìlera láti mú kí ìlera péye. Àj? WHO kó ipa ribiribi nínú líle àrùn smallpox sígbó, nínú ì???gun ribiribi tí ìran ènìyàn ti ní lórí Àrùn Polio, àti nínú ?í?e ab??r?? ajé sára Àrùn Ebola. Àw?n nkan tí ó múmú láyà w?n l??w?? ni ??nà láti ségun àw?n àrùn tí ó sé ràn, pàápàá jù l? àrùn Àrùn HIV/AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, àìsàn ibà àti ik?? ??gb?; àw?n àrùn tí ó sé ràn bi àrùn ?kàn àti àrùn j?j?r?; àti b???? b???? l?.","""WHO"" redirects here. For other uses, see Who (disambiguation) . World Health Organization Flag of the World Health Organization Abbreviation WHO OMS Formation 7 April 1948 ; 70 years ago ( 1948-04-07 ) Type Specialized agency of the United Nations Legal status Active Headquarters Geneva , Switzerland Head Tedros Adhanom , Director-General Parent organization United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Website www .who .int The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health . It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations . The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 63 countries on 7 April 1948, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its establishment, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox . Its current priorities include communicable diseases , in particular HIV/AIDS , Ebola , malaria and tuberculosis ; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health , development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking. The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report , the worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day . The current Director-General of WHO is Tedros Adhanom , who started his five-year term on 1 July 2017. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Establishment 1.3 Operational history 1.4 Overall focus 1.5 Communicable diseases 1.6 Non-communicable diseases 1.7 Environmental health 1.8 Life course and life style 1.9 Surgery and trauma care 1.10 Emergency work 1.11 Health policy 1.12 Governance and support 1.12.1 Partnerships 1.12.2 Public health education and action 1.13 Data handling and publications 2 Structure 2.1 Membership 2.2 World Health Assembly and Executive Board 2.3 Regional offices 2.4 Director-General 2.5 Employees 2.6 Goodwill Ambassadors 2.7 Country and liaison offices 2.8 Financing and partnerships 3 Controversies 3.1 IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40 3.2 Roman Catholic Church and AIDS 3.3 Intermittent preventive therapy 3.4 Diet and sugar intake 3.5 2009 swine flu pandemic 3.6 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak and reform efforts 3.7 FCTC implementation database 3.8 IARC controversies 3.9 Block of Taiwanese participation 3.10 Travel expenses 3.11 Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador 4 World headquarters 4.1 Early views 4.2 Views 2013 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] The International Sanitary Conferences , originally held on 23 June 1851, were the first predecessors of the WHO. A series of 14 conferences that lasted from 1851 to 1938, the International Sanitary Conferences worked to combat many diseases, chief among them cholera , yellow fever , and the bubonic plague . The conferences were largely ineffective until the seventh, in 1892; when an International Sanitary Convention that dealt with cholera was passed. Five years later, a convention for the plague was signed. In part as a result of the successes of the Conferences, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau , and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique were soon founded in 1902 and 1907, respectively. When the League of Nations was formed in 1920, they established the Health Organization of the League of Nations. After World War II , the United Nations absorbed all the other health organizations, to form the WHO. Establishment [ edit ] During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, Szeming Sze , a delegate from China , conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss , the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health. The use of the word ""world"", rather than ""international"", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946. It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1,250,000 ) for the 1949 year. Andrija Stampar was the Assembly's first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages. Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria , tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections , and to improve maternal and child health , nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease . The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing. Operational history [ edit ] Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980 In 1947 the WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex , and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine was under way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer . In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov , Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR , called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54. At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. [ citation needed ] In 1966, the WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the Palace of Nations to a newly constructed HQ elsewhere in Geneva. In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method. The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972 . After over two decades of fighting smallpox , the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort. Also in 1967, the WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. In 1974, the Expanded Programme on Immunization and the control programme of onchocerciasis was started, an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank . In 1977, the first list of essential medicines was drawn up, and a year later the ambitious goal of "" health for all "" was declared. In 1986, the WHO began its global programme on HIV/AIDS . Two years later preventing discrimination against sufferers was attended to and in 1996 UNAIDS was formed. In 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established. In 1998, WHO's Director-General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality , increased life expectancy and reduced rates of ""scourges"" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow. In 2000, the Stop TB Partnership was created along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals . In 2001 the measles initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available. In 2006, the organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a global prevention, treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS pandemic . Overall focus [ edit ] The WHO's Constitution states that its objective ""is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health"". The WHO fulfills this objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution: (a) To act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work; (b) To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate; (c) To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services; (d) To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments; (e) To provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories; (f) To establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required, including epidemiological and statistical services; (g) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases; (h) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the prevention of accidental injuries; (i) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene; (j) To promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health; (k) To propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform. [ citation needed ] As of 2012 [update] , the WHO has defined its role in public health as follows: providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed; shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation, and dissemination of valuable knowledge; setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation; articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options; providing technical support, catalyzing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; and monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends. CRVS (Civil Registration and Vital Statistics) to provide monitoring of vital events (birth, death, wedding, divorce). Communicable diseases [ edit ] The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was distributed. Two of those five areas related to communicable diseases : the first, to reduce the ""health, social and economic burden"" of communicable diseases in general; the second to combat HIV/AIDS , malaria and tuberculosis in particular. As of 2015, the WHO has worked within the UNAIDS network and strived to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS . In line with UNAIDS, WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%. During the 1970s, WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious, it retained a strong commitment to malaria control. WHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of malaria cases, and future problems in malaria control schemes. As of 2012, the WHO was to report as to whether RTS,S /AS01, were a viable malaria vaccine . For the time being, insecticide -treated mosquito nets and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as are antimalarial drugs – particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children. Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's help has contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis , and since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO. These include engaging national governments and their financing, early diagnosis, standardizing treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply. It has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis. In 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate polio . [ citation needed ] It has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99% since which partnered WHO with Rotary International , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and smaller organizations. As of 2011 [update] , it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared ""polio-free"". In 2017, a study was conducted where why Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate the Virus & conduct new technology. Polio is now on the verge of extinction, thanks to a Global Vaccination Drive. the World Health Organization (WHO) stated the eradication programme has saved millions from deadly disease. [ citation needed ] Non-communicable diseases [ edit ] Another of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of ""disease, disability and premature deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases , mental disorders , violence and injuries , and visual impairment "". The Division of Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Life-course Sexual and Reproductive Health has published the magazine, Entre Nous , across Europe since 1983. Environmental health [ edit ] The WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 – this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths. Environmental risk factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries. This can result in a number of pollution-related diseases . Life course and life style [ edit ] WHO works to ""reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period , childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals"". It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for ""health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex "". The WHO works to improve nutrition, food safety and food security and to ensure this has a positive effect on public health and sustainable development . Surgery and trauma care [ edit ] The WHO promotes road safety as a means to reduce traffic-related injuries. The WHO has also worked on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and essential surgical care, trauma care, and safe surgery. The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety. Emergency work [ edit ] The World Health Organization's primary objective in natural and man-made emergencies is to coordinate with member states and other stakeholders to ""reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of disease and disability."" On 5 May 2014, WHO announced that the spread of polio was a world health emergency – outbreaks of the disease in Asia , Africa , and the Middle East were considered ""extraordinary"". On 8 August 2014, WHO declared that the spread of Ebola was a public health emergency; an outbreak which was believed to have started in Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone . The situation in West Africa was considered very serious. Health policy [ edit ] WHO addresses government health policy with two aims: firstly, ""to address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor, gender-responsive, and human rights-based approaches"" and secondly ""to promote a healthier environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health"". The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform health policy options. It oversees the implementation of the International Health Regulations , and publishes a series of medical classifications ; of these, three are over-reaching ""reference classifications"": the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI). Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (adopted in 1981), Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (adopted in 2003) and the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel (adopted in 2010). In terms of health services, WHO looks to improve ""governance, financing, staffing and management"" and the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy. It also strives to ""ensure improved access, quality and use of medical products and technologies"". WHO – working with donor agencies and national governments – can improve their use of and their reporting about their use of research evidence. Governance and support [ edit ] The remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself: ""to provide leadership, strengthen governance and foster partnership and collaboration with countries, the United Nations system, and other stakeholders in order to fulfill the mandate of WHO in advancing the global health agenda""; and ""to develop and sustain WHO as a flexible, learning organization, enabling it to carry out its mandate more efficiently and effectively"". Partnerships [ edit ] The WHO along with the World Bank constitute the core team responsible for administering the International Health Partnership (IHP+). The IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil society and others committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries . Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development co-operation into practice in the health sector. The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization , the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy , and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice . WHO runs the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, targeted at improving health policy and systems . WHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the HINARI network. Public health education and action [ edit ] Each year, the organization marks World Health Day and other observances focusing on a specific health promotion topic. World Health Day falls on 7 April each year, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding. Recent themes have been vector-borne diseases (2014), healthy ageing (2012) and drug resistance (2011). The other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are World Tuberculosis Day , World Immunization Week , World Malaria Day , World No Tobacco Day , World Blood Donor Day , World Hepatitis Day , and World AIDS Day . As part of the United Nations, the World Health Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development Goals . Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and affect world health. Data handling and publications [ edit ] The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the Study on Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries. The Country Health Intelligence Portal (CHIP), has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries. The information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor, and evaluate it. The WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the capacity of national health systems and health workforces . The Global Health Observatory (GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the globe. The WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), the WHO Quality Of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data collection. Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as through the Health Metrics Network , also aim to provide sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision making. WHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs, including through the Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet). The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009. On 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as MiNDbank , went online. The database was launched on Human Rights Day , and is part of WHO's QualityRights initiative, which aims to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions. The new database presents a great deal of information about mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights, and the different policies, strategies, laws, and service standards being implemented in different countries. It also contains important international documents and information. The database allows visitors to access the health information of WHO member states and other partners. Users can review policies, laws, and strategies and search for the best practices and success stories in the field of mental health. The WHO regularly publishes a World Health Report , its leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific global health topic. Other publications of WHO include the Bulletin of the World Health Organization , the Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (overseen by EMRO), the Human Resources for Health (published in collaboration with BioMed Central ), and the Pan American Journal of Public Health (overseen by PAHO/AMRO). Structure [ edit ] The World Health Organization is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Membership [ edit ] Countries by World Health Organization membership status As of 2016 [update] , the WHO has 194 member states: all of them Member States of the United Nations except for the Cook Islands and Niue . (A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.) As of 2013 [update] , it also had two associate members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau . Several other countries have been granted observer status . Palestine is an observer as a ""national liberation movement"" recognized by the League of Arab States under United Nations Resolution 3118. The Holy See also attends as an observer, as does the Order of Malta . In 2010, Taiwan was invited under the name of "" Chinese Taipei "". WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly , WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN Member States are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO website, ""other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly"". Liechtenstein is currently the only UN member not in the WHO membership. In addition, the UN observer organizations International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have entered into ""official relations"" with WHO and are invited as observers. In the World Health Assembly they are seated alongside the other NGOs. World Health Assembly and Executive Board [ edit ] WHO Headquarters in Geneva The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. Based in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May. It appoints the Director-General every five years and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the proposed budget. It also reviews reports of the Executive Board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work. The World Health Assembly's President is . The current chairman of the executive board is Dr. Assad Hafeez . Regional offices [ edit ] Map of the WHO's Regional offices and their respective operating regions. Africa; HQ: Brazzaville , Republic of Congo Western Pacific; HQ: Manila , Philippines Eastern Mediterranean ; HQ: Cairo , Egypt South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi , India Europe; HQ: Copenhagen , Denmark Americas; HQ: Washington D.C., USA The regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on article 44 of the WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO to ""establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area"". Many decisions are made at regional level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions. Each region has a Regional Committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not fully recognized. For example, Palestine attends meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional office . Each region also has a regional office. Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never over-ruled the preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small. Since 1999, Regional Directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term, and typically take their position on 1 February. Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the Regional Director, the Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly . The Regional Committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region. [ citation needed ] The Regional Director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her Region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres. The RD is also the direct supervising authority—concomitantly with the WHO Director-General—of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the Region. [ citation needed ] Regional Offices of WHO Region Headquarters Notes Website Africa Brazzaville , Republic of Congo AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt , Sudan , Djibouti , Tunisia , Libya , Somalia and Morocco (all fall under EMRO). The Regional Director is Dr. Matshidiso Moeti, a Botswanan national. (Tenure: -Present). AFRO Europe Copenhagen , Denmark. EURO includes all of Europe (except Liechtenstein ) Israel , and all of the former USSR . The Regional Director is Dr. Zsuzsanna Jakab, a Hungarian national (Tenure: 2010 – present). EURO South-East Asia New Delhi , India North Korea is served by SEARO. The Regional Director is Dr. Poonam Khetrapal Singh, an Indian national (Tenure: 2014 – present). SEARO Eastern Mediterranean Cairo , Egypt The Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office serves the countries of Africa that are not included in AFRO, as well as all countries in the Middle East except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Ahmed Al-Mandhari, an Omani national (Tenure: 2018 – present). EMRO Western Pacific Manila , Philippines. WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Shin Young-soo, a South Korean national (Tenure: 2009 – present). WPRO The Americas Washington D.C. , USA. Also known as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and covers the Americas . The WHO Regional Director is Dr. Carissa F. Etienne , a Dominican national (Tenure: 2013 – present). AMRO Director-General [ edit ] Directors-General of the WHO Name and Nationality Years of tenure Tedros Adhanom 2017 – present Margaret Chan 2007–2017 Anders Nordström * 2006–2007 Lee Jong-wook 2003–2006 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1998–2003 Hiroshi Nakajima 1988–1998 Halfdan T. Mahler 1973–1988 Marcolino Gomes Candau 1953–1973 Brock Chisholm 1948–1953 *Appointed acting Director-General following the death of Lee Jong-wook while in office The head of the organization is the Director-General, elected by the World Health Assembly . The term lasts for 5 years, and Director-Generals are typically appointed in May, when the Assembly meets. The current Director-General is Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus , who was appointed on 1 July 2017. Employees [ edit ] The WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries. In support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment, the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers. The organization has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003. Goodwill Ambassadors [ edit ] The WHO operates "" Goodwill Ambassadors ""; members of the arts, sports, or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's initiatives and projects. There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors ( Jet Li , Nancy Brinker , Peng Liyuan , Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra ) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project ( Craig David ). Country and liaison offices [ edit ] The World Health Organization operates 147 country offices in all its regions. It also operates several liaison offices, including those with the European Union , United Nations and a single office covering the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . It also operates the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon , France, and the WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe , Japan. Additional offices include those in Pristina ; the West Bank and Gaza ; the US-Mexico Border Field Office in El Paso ; the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados ; and the Northern Micronesia office. There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question. The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR). As of 2010 [update] , the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (""Libya""); all other staff were international. WHO Representatives in the Region termed the Americas are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives. In Europe, WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office, and are nationals with the exception of Serbia ; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania , the Russian Federation , Tajikistan , Turkey , and Uzbekistan . The WR is member of the UN system country team which is coordinated by the UN System Resident Coordinator . The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff. The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies. Financing and partnerships [ edit ] The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors. As of 2012 [update] , the largest annual assessed contributions from member states came from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million) and France ($31 million). The combined 2012–2013 budget has proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from assessed contributions. This represented a significant fall in outlay compared to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account of previous underspends. Assessed contributions were kept the same. Voluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million (76%), of which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible funding, with the remainder tied to particular programmes or objectives. In recent years, the WHO's work has involved increasing collaboration with external bodies. As of 2002 [update] , a total of 473 non-governmental organizations (NGO) had some form of partnership with WHO. There were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal ""official relations"" – the rest being considered informal in character. Partners include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation . Controversies [ edit ] IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40 [ edit ] Alexey Yablokov (left) and Vassili Nesterenko (farthest right) protesting in front of the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland in 2008. Demonstration on Chernobyl disaster day near WHO in Geneva In 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A reading of this document can result in the understanding that the IAEA is able to prevent the WHO from conducting research or work on some areas, as seen hereafter. The agreement states that the WHO recognizes the IAEA as having responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the roles of the WHO of promoting health. However, the following paragraph adds that ""whenever either organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement"". The nature of this statement has led some pressure groups and activists (including Women in Europe for a Common Future ) to claim that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the effects on human health of radiation caused by the use of nuclear power and the continuing effects of nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima . They believe WHO must regain what they see as ""independence"". Roman Catholic Church and AIDS [ edit ] Main article: Roman Catholic Church and AIDS In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman Curia 's health department's opposition to the use of condoms , saying: ""These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million."" As of 2009 [update] , the Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS. At the time, the World Health Assembly President, Guyana 's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy , has condemned Pope Benedict's opposition to contraception, saying he was trying to ""create confusion"" and ""impede"" proven strategies in the battle against the disease. Intermittent preventive therapy [ edit ] The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for intermittent preventive therapy of malaria triggered a memo from the former WHO malaria chief Akira Kochi. Diet and sugar intake [ edit ] Some of the research undertaken or supported by WHO to determine how people's lifestyles and environments are influencing whether they live in better or worse health can be controversial, as illustrated by a 2003 joint WHO/FAO report on nutrition and the prevention of chronic non-communicable disease , which recommended that sugar should form no more than 10% of a healthy diet . The report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation, to which the WHO/FAO responded by including in the report this statement: ""The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10% of total energy is controversial"". It also stood by its recommendation based upon its own analysis of scientific studies. In 2014, WHO reduced recommended sugar levels by half and said that sugar should make up no more than 5% of a healthy diet. 2009 swine flu pandemic [ edit ] Main article: 2009 flu pandemic In 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts and health officials. A pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza virus was declared by the then Director-General Margaret Chan in April 2009. Margret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into the post-pandemic period. By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading ""fear and confusion"" rather than ""immediate information"". Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to ""unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade"". 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak and reform efforts [ edit ] Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing, regional structure, and staffing profile. An internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and the lack of ""core capacity"" in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system. At the annual World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies, of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 (for 2017 disbursement). WHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its Health Emergencies Programme in 2016–17, for which it had received $140 million by April 2016. The program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action, which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on-the-ground activities. In comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic. FCTC implementation database [ edit ] The WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the only mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC. However, there have been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built. As researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report ""As of July 4, 2012, 361 (32·7%) of 1104 countries' responses were misreported: 33 (3·0%) were clear errors (eg, database indicated “yes” when report indicated “no”), 270 (24·5%) were missing despite countries having submitted responses, and 58 (5·3%) were, in our opinion, misinterpreted by WHO staff"". IARC controversies [ edit ] Further information: International Agency for Research on Cancer The World Health Organization sub-department, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), has been criticized for the way it analyses the tendency of certain substances and activities to cause cancer and for having a politically motivated bias when it selects studies for its analysis. Ed Yong, a British science journalist, has criticized the agency and its ""confusing"" category system for misleading the public. Marcel Kuntz, a French director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research , criticized the agency for its classification of potentially carcinogenic substances. He claimed that this classification did not take into account the extent of exposure: for example, red meat is qualified as probably carcinogenic, but the quantity of consumed red meat at which it could become dangerous is not specified. Controversies have erupted multiple times when the IARC has classified many things as Class 2a (probable carcinogens), including cell phone signals, glyphosate , drinking hot beverages, and working as a barber. Block of Taiwanese participation [ edit ] Political pressure from China has led to Taiwan being barred from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations, and in both 2017 and 2018 the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the WHO annual assembly . On multiple occasions Taiwanese journalists have been denied access to report on the assembly. In May 2018, 172 members of the United States House of Representatives wrote to the Director General of the World Health Organization to argue for Taiwan's inclusion as an observer at the WHA. Travel expenses [ edit ] According to The Associated Press , the WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses, more than it spends to tackle mental health problems, HIV/AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria combined. In 2016, Margaret Chan , Director-General of WHO from November 2006 to June 2017, stayed in a $1000 per night hotel room while visiting West Africa . Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador [ edit ] On 21 October 2017, the Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus appointed former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe as a WHO Goodwill Ambassador to help promote the fight against non-communicable diseases. The appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe . The appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's public health. Due to the outcry, the following day the appointment was revoked. World headquarters [ edit ] The seat of the organization is in Geneva , Switzerland. It was designed by Swiss architect Jean Tschumi and inaugurated in 1966. In 2017, the organization launched an international competition to redesign and extend its headquarters. Early views [ edit ] On a 1966 stamp of the German Democratic Republic Stairwell , 1969 Internal courtyard , 1969 Reflecting pool , 1969 Exterior, 1969 Views 2013 [ edit ] WHO Headquarters from Southwest WHO Headquarters from South WHO Headquarters from East WHO Headquarters from North WHO Headquarters from West WHO Headquarters main entrance WHO Headquarters entrance hall WHO Headquarters main conference room See also [ edit ] Global health Global Mental Health Healthy city / Alliance for Healthy Cities , an international alliance Health For All Health promotion Health Sciences Online , virtual learning resources High 5s Project , a patient safety collaboration International Health Partnership International Labour Organization List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration Open Learning for Development , virtual learning resources Public health Sustainable Development The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Timeline of global health Tropical disease United Nations Interagency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme Notes and references [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Health Organization . Wikiquote has quotations related to: World Health Organization Official website ""Staff regulations and staff rules"" (pdf) . WHO. February 2016. Coordinates : 46°13′56″N 06°08′03″E  /  46.23222°N 6.13417°E  / 46.23222; 6.13417" -5141465586365931616,train,what is a dream and why do we dream,"A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. The content and purpose of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of scientific speculation, as well as a subject of philosophical and religious interest, throughout recorded history. Dream interpretation is the attempt at drawing meaning from dreams and searching for an underlying message. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology.","['approximately 1,070 km (665 mi) east-southeast of cape hatteras, north carolina', '13']",kí ni àlá àti ìdí tá a fi ń lá á,Yes,['Àlá jẹ orisirisi àwọn àwòrán àti àwọn àwọn èrò tí ó sábà máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láì si nkan to sokunfá nínú ọkàn nígba tí oorun ba de àwọn ìpele kan.'],['Àlá jẹ orisirisi àwọn àwòrán àti àwọn àwọn èrò tí ó sábà máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láì si nkan to sokunfá nínú ọkàn nígba tí oorun ba de àwọn ìpele kan.'],['P1'],1,0,"Àlá Àlá j? orisirisi àw?n àwòrán àti àw?n àw?n èrò tí ó sábà máa ? ??l?? láì si nkan to sokunfá nínú ?kàn nígba tí oorun ba de àw?n ìpele kan. Aw?n eniyan nlo bi wakati meji ninu ala ni al?, ati pe ala k??kan gbá to i??ju marun si oogun.[1] Itumo ati i?? ti ala ni ti j? koko-?r? fun im? ijinl?, ati iwulo ?sin jakejado itan adayeba . Itum? ala, ti n?e nipas? aw?n ara Babiloni ni odun egberun k?ta [2] ati paapa s?yìn nipa awon ara sumeri atij?, [3] [4] ?afihan ninu esin ?r? ni orisirisi aw?n a?a ati ki o ti dun a asiwaju ipa ninu ise itoju okan. [5] [6] Iwadi ijinle sayensi lori ala ni a npe ni ""oneirologi"" . [7] Pup? jul? iwadi ala ti ode oni fojusi bi o ti nse pelu ?p?l? ati pelu lori igbero ati idanwo aw?n idaw?le nipa i?? ala. A ko m? pato ibiti aw?n ala ti bere ninu ?p?l?, boya ipil??? kan wa fun aw?n ala tabi ti ?p?l?p? aw?n agbegbe ninu ?p?l? ni o nfa, tabi boya idi ala ni fun ara tabi ?kan. Itum? Jós??fù túm?? alá fáráò c. ?dun 1896–1902. Jacques Joseph Tissot (1836–1902). Kotodi opin centuri oogunodinkan, oniwadi ijinle omo ile Austria kan ti oruko re nje Sigmund Freud, oludasile imo bi a tin nse iwadi inuokan, so wipe ala sapejuwe ero okan alala, atipe, ero ala wa latari if? okan ti yio to di mimuse. O so siwajupe aw?n if? aim?kan pataki yi ni ibatan si aw?n iranti igba ewe ati aw?n iriri ewe.[8] Ogbeni Carl Jung ati aw?n miiran tubo salaye ero Freud pe akoonu ala ?afihan aw?n if? aim?kan alala.", 2153118499350348385,train,where does algeria rank in terms of size on the globe,"Algeria (/ ælˈdʒɪəriə / (listen) ; Arabic : الجزائر ‎ al - Jazā'ir, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير al - dzāyīr ; French : Algérie), officially the People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb (North west Africa) on the Mediterranean coast. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the tenth - largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa since South Sudan became independent from Sudan in 2011. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes (counties).","['chief funmilayo ransome-kuti, mon ( /ˌfʊnmiˈlaɪjoʊ ˈrænsəm ˈkuːti/; 25 october 1900 – 13 april 1978)[1], otherwise known as funmilayo anikulapo-kuti', 'funmilayo ransome-kuti', 'alfred nobel', 'to those who have ""done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses""']",ibo ni ilẹ̀ algeria wà lórí àgbáyé ní ti bí ilẹ̀ náà ṣe tóbi tó,Yes,"['Àlgéríà (Arabiki: الجزائر, al-Gazā’ir), fun onibise Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú àwọn Ènìyàn ilẹ̀ Àlgéríà, je orile-ede ni Àríwá Áfríkà.']","['Àlgéríà je orile-ede ni Àríwá Áfríkà. Titobi re fe je 2,400,000 square kilometres (930,000 sq mi)']",['P1'],1,0,"Àlgéríà Àlgéríà, fun onibise Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ò?èlú àw?n Ènìyàn il?? Àlgéríà, je orile-ede ni Àríwá Áfríkà. Ile re ni ti orile-ede ti o tobijulo ni Okun Mediterraneani, ekeji totobijulo ni orile Áfríkà[10] leyin Sudan, ati ikokanla totobijulo lagbaye.[11] Àlgéríà ni bode ni ariwailaorun mo pelu Tùnísíà, ni ilaorun pelu Libya, ni iwoorun pelu Moroko, ni guusuiwoorun pelu Apaiwoorun Sahara, Mauritania, ati Mali, ni guusuilaorun pelu Niger, ati ni ariwa pelu Okun Mediterraneani Sea. Titobi re fe je 2,400,000 ilopomeji kilomita (930,000 sq mi), be si ni iye awon eniyan re je 35,700,000 ni os?u? ki?ni?, o?du?n 2010.[12] Olú ìlú Algeria ni Algiers. Àlgéríà je omo egbe Iparapo awon Orile-ede, Isokan Afrika, ati OPEC. Bakanna o tun kopa ninu dida ikoenu owo Isokan Maghreb.", -7930593344699284817,train,the silver band on the nigerian coat of arms represent,"The coat of arms of Nigeria has a black shield with two white lines that form in a `` Y '' shape. The black shield represents Nigeria 's fertile soil, while the two horses or chargers on each side represent dignity. The eagle represents strength, while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil.",['portugal'],àlàfo fàdákà tó wà lára àmì ọ̀pá àṣẹ ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà dúró fún,Yes,['Àmì ọ̀pá àṣẹ ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà ni asa dudu pelu ila funfun meji ti won tenu po bi Y. Awon wonyi duro fun odo nla meji ni Naijiria: Odò Benue ati Odò Niger.'],['Awon wonyi duro fun odo nla meji ni Naijiria: Odò Benue ati Odò Niger.'],['P1'],1,0,"Àmì ??pá à?? il?? Nàìjíríà Àmì ??pá à?? il?? Nàìjíríà ni asa dudu pelu ila funfun meji ti won tenu po bi Y. Awon wonyi duro fun odo nla meji ni Naijiria: Odò Benue ati Odò Niger.","Coat of arms of Nigeria Versions Version used from 1960 to 1979 Details Armiger Federal Republic of Nigeria Adopted 20 May 1960 Crest An eagle displayed Gules . Torse Argent and Vert Escutcheon Sable a Pall wavy argent Supporters Two horses Argent Compartment A grassy field proper, the yellow flowers at the base (incorrectly shown as red in the image) are Costus Spectabilis , Nigeria's national flower. Motto Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress The coat of arms of Nigeria has a black shield with two white lines that form in a "" Y "" shape. The black shield represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the two horses or chargers on each side represent dignity. The eagle represents strength, while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil. The red flowers at the base are Costus spectabilis , Nigeria's national flower . This flower was chosen for inclusion in the coat of arms as it is found all over Nigeria and also stand for the beauty of the nation. The white wavy pall represents the Niger and the Benue . On the banderole around the base is Nigeria's national motto since 1978: ""Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"" (formerly ""Peace, Unity, Freedom""). Contents [ hide ] 1 Blazon 2 Gallery 2.1 Historical emblems 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Blazon [ edit ] Sable a Pall wavy argent , supported by two horses Argent , and set for a crest on a wreath, Argent and Vert , an eagle displayed Gules . Gallery [ edit ] Seal of the President Seal of the Vice President Seal of the House of Representatives Seal of the Senate Historical emblems [ edit ] Badge of the British West African Settlements Badge of the Lagos Colony Badge of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Badge of the Niger Coast Protectorate Badge of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate Badge of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate See also [ edit ] Seal of the President of Nigeria References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Nigeria Heraldry History" 3376964922647917648,train,how is ebola transmitted from animals to humans,"The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, such as blood from infected humans or other animals. Spread may also occur from contact with items recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.",[],báwo ni ebola ṣe máa ń ta látara ẹranko sí ènìyàn,Yes,"['Ènìyàn lè kó kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà bí ó bá farakan ẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbí àwọn omi ara ẹranko tó ní àrùn náà (pàápàá jùlọ àwọn ọ̀bọ tàbí àwọn àdán ẹlẹ́nu gígùn pẹ̀lú ojú nlánlá). A kò tíì ṣe àkọsílẹ̀ àtànká àrùn náà nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ ní àyíká adánidá. Àdán ẹlẹ́nu gígùn pẹ̀lú ojú nlánlá náà ni a gbàgbọ́ pé ó má a ngbé àrùn náà káàkiri, tí ó sì má a ntàn-án káàkiri láì jẹ́ pé àrùn náà pa òun fúnraararẹ̀ lára.']",['Ènìyàn lè kó kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà bí ó bá farakan ẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbí àwọn omi ara ẹranko tó ní àrùn náà (pàápàá jùlọ àwọn ọ̀bọ tàbí àwọn àdán ẹlẹ́nu gígùn pẹ̀lú ojú nlánlá).'],['P2'],1,0," Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola 1976 àwòrán àw?n n????sì méjì tó dúró síwájú Mayinga N., ?nití ó ní àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrì afàìsàn Ebola; ó kú l??yìn ?j?? dí?? sí àsìkò náà nítorí ??p??l?p?? ??j?? sísun láti inú wá. 1976 àwòrán àw?n n????sì méjì tó dúró síwájú Mayinga N., ?nití ó ní àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrì afàìsàn Ebola; ó kú l??yìn ?j?? dí?? sí àsìkò náà nítorí ??p??l?p?? ??j?? sísun láti inú wá. Ìpíns??w?? àti àw?n òkunfà ìta Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola (EVD) tàbí Ibà ?l??j?? sísun Ebola (EHF) j?? àrùn ??dá ènìyàn èyítí Kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola n ?e òkùnfa r??. Àw?n àmì àìsàn náà a má a b??r?? l?yìn ?j?? méjì sí ??s?? m?ta tí ènìyàn bá ?e aláàbápàdé kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà, p??lú ibà, ??fun dídùn, ìrora nínú i?an ara, àti orí fíf??. G??g?? bí ó ti má a nwáyé, inú ríru, èébì, àti ìgb?? gbuuru a má a t??l?? èyí, p??lú àì?edéédé i??? ??d?? àti àw?n kídìnrín. Lásìkò yìí, àw?n ènìyàn kan a má a b??r?? sí ní ì?òro ??j?? sísun.[1] Ènìyàn lè kó kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà bí ó bá farakan ??j?? tàbí àw?n omi ara ?ranko tó ní àrùn náà (pàápàá jùl? àw?n ??b? tàbí àw?n àdán ?l??nu gígùn p??lú ojú nlánlá).[1] A kò tíì ?e àk?síl?? àtànká àrùn náà nípas?? af??f?? ní àyíká adánidá.[2] Àdán ?l??nu gígùn p??lú ojú nlánlá náà ni a gbàgb?? pé ó má a ngbé àrùn náà káàkiri, tí ó sì má a ntàn-án káàkiri láì j?? pé àrùn náà pa òun fúnraarar?? lára. L??gán tí àkóràn àrùn náà bá ti bá ènìyàn kan, àrùn náà lè tàn káàkiri bákan náà láti ara ènìyàn kan sí èkejì. Àw?n ?kùnrin tó b?? l??w?? ewu àrùn náà ?ì lè kó àrùn bá ?lòmíràn nípas?? àt?? w?n fún bí o?ù méjì. Láti lè ?e ìwádìí àrùn náà, àw?n àrùn mìíràn tó ní àmì tó j? m?? èyí bíi ak? ibà, àrùn onígbáméjì k??l??rà àti àw?n ibà ??j?? sísun lára tó wáyé nípas?? kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn mìíràn ni a ó ò k??k?? mú kúrò. Láti lè j?ri sí òtít?? àrùn náà, a ó ?e ày??wò àw?n ??j?? tí a gbà síl?? fún àw?n èròjà agbóguntàrùn nínú ara tí n dójú ìjà k? àw?n kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn, fún RNA tí n dójú ìjà k? àw?n kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn, tàbí fún kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà fúnraar??.[1] Bí a ?e lè dènà àrùn náà ni dídin ìtànkáàkiri r?? kù láti ara àw?n ??b? àti ?l??d?? tó ti kó àrùn náà sí ara àw?n ènìyàn. A lè ?e èyí nípa ?í?e ày??wò irú àw?n ?ranko b???? fún àrùn náà, pípa w??n, àti sís? òkú w?n nù ní ??nà tí ó t?? bí a bá rí àrùn náà lára w?n. Síse ?ran dáradára àti wíw? a?? tó y? láti dáàbòbo ara nígbàtí a bá npa tàbi kun ?ran lè ?e ìrànw??, bákan náà sì ni wíw? a?? tó y? láti dáàbòbo ara àti fíf? ?w?? nígbàtí a bá wà ní àyíká ibi tí ?nití ó ní àrùn náà wà. Omi àti ?ran tó jáde láti ara ?nití ó ní àrùn náà ni a gb??d?? gbé tàbí dìmú p??lú ì???ra pàtàkì.[1] Kò sí ìwòsàn kan pàtó fún àrùn náà; lára àw?n akitiyan fún ríran àw?n ?nití àrùn yìí bá l??w?? ni fífún w?n ni, yálà àpòp?? omi iy?? àti ?úgà fún dídá omi tí ara pàdánù padà sínú ara (omi ?úgà àti iy?? tó dùn dí?? fún mímu) tàbi àw?n omi tí a ngba i?an ara fún ni.[1] Ìw??n iye ?niti nkú nípas?? àrùn náà ga púp??", 963874511244989345,train,what is the name of the virus that causes ebola,"Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.","['in 1997', 'five']",kí ni orúkọ kòkòrò àrùn tó ń fa ébólá,Yes,['Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola (EVD) tàbí Ibà ẹlẹ́jẹ̀ sísun Ebola (EHF) jẹ́ àrùn ẹ̀dá ènìyàn èyítí Kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola n ṣe òkùnfa rẹ̀.'],['Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola (EVD) tàbí Ibà ẹlẹ́jẹ̀ sísun Ebola (EHF) jẹ́ àrùn ẹ̀dá ènìyàn èyítí Kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola n ṣe òkùnfa rẹ̀.'],['P1'],1,0," Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola 1976 àwòrán àw?n n????sì méjì tó dúró síwájú Mayinga N., ?nití ó ní àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrì afàìsàn Ebola; ó kú l??yìn ?j?? dí?? sí àsìkò náà nítorí ??p??l?p?? ??j?? sísun láti inú wá. 1976 àwòrán àw?n n????sì méjì tó dúró síwájú Mayinga N., ?nití ó ní àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrì afàìsàn Ebola; ó kú l??yìn ?j?? dí?? sí àsìkò náà nítorí ??p??l?p?? ??j?? sísun láti inú wá. Ìpíns??w?? àti àw?n òkunfà ìta Àrùn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola (EVD) tàbí Ibà ?l??j?? sísun Ebola (EHF) j?? àrùn ??dá ènìyàn èyítí Kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn Ebola n ?e òkùnfa r??. Àw?n àmì àìsàn náà a má a b??r?? l?yìn ?j?? méjì sí ??s?? m?ta tí ènìyàn bá ?e aláàbápàdé kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà, p??lú ibà, ??fun dídùn, ìrora nínú i?an ara, àti orí fíf??. G??g?? bí ó ti má a nwáyé, inú ríru, èébì, àti ìgb?? gbuuru a má a t??l?? èyí, p??lú àì?edéédé i??? ??d?? àti àw?n kídìnrín. Lásìkò yìí, àw?n ènìyàn kan a má a b??r?? sí ní ì?òro ??j?? sísun.[1] Ènìyàn lè kó kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà bí ó bá farakan ??j?? tàbí àw?n omi ara ?ranko tó ní àrùn náà (pàápàá jùl? àw?n ??b? tàbí àw?n àdán ?l??nu gígùn p??lú ojú nlánlá).[1] A kò tíì ?e àk?síl?? àtànká àrùn náà nípas?? af??f?? ní àyíká adánidá.[2] Àdán ?l??nu gígùn p??lú ojú nlánlá náà ni a gbàgb?? pé ó má a ngbé àrùn náà káàkiri, tí ó sì má a ntàn-án káàkiri láì j?? pé àrùn náà pa òun fúnraarar?? lára. L??gán tí àkóràn àrùn náà bá ti bá ènìyàn kan, àrùn náà lè tàn káàkiri bákan náà láti ara ènìyàn kan sí èkejì. Àw?n ?kùnrin tó b?? l??w?? ewu àrùn náà ?ì lè kó àrùn bá ?lòmíràn nípas?? àt?? w?n fún bí o?ù méjì. Láti lè ?e ìwádìí àrùn náà, àw?n àrùn mìíràn tó ní àmì tó j? m?? èyí bíi ak? ibà, àrùn onígbáméjì k??l??rà àti àw?n ibà ??j?? sísun lára tó wáyé nípas?? kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn mìíràn ni a ó ò k??k?? mú kúrò. Láti lè j?ri sí òtít?? àrùn náà, a ó ?e ày??wò àw?n ??j?? tí a gbà síl?? fún àw?n èròjà agbóguntàrùn nínú ara tí n dójú ìjà k? àw?n kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn, fún RNA tí n dójú ìjà k? àw?n kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn, tàbí fún kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn náà fúnraar??.[1] Bí a ?e lè dènà àrùn náà ni dídin ìtànkáàkiri r?? kù láti ara àw?n ??b? àti ?l??d?? tó ti kó àrùn náà sí ara àw?n ènìyàn. A lè ?e èyí nípa ?í?e ày??wò irú àw?n ?ranko b???? fún àrùn náà, pípa w??n, àti sís? òkú w?n nù ní ??nà tí ó t?? bí a bá rí àrùn náà lára w?n. Síse ?ran dáradára àti wíw? a?? tó y? láti dáàbòbo ara nígbàtí a bá npa tàbi kun ?ran lè ?e ìrànw??, bákan náà sì ni wíw? a?? tó y? láti dáàbòbo ara àti fíf? ?w?? nígbàtí a bá wà ní àyíká ibi tí ?nití ó ní àrùn náà wà. Omi àti ?ran tó jáde láti ara ?nití ó ní àrùn náà ni a gb??d?? gbé tàbí dìmú p??lú ì???ra pàtàkì.[1] Kò sí ìwòsàn kan pàtó fún àrùn náà; lára àw?n akitiyan fún ríran àw?n ?nití àrùn yìí bá l??w?? ni fífún w?n ni, yálà àpòp?? omi iy?? àti ?úgà fún dídá omi tí ara pàdánù padà sínú ara (omi ?úgà àti iy?? tó dùn dí?? fún mímu) tàbi àw?n omi tí a ngba i?an ara fún ni.[1] Ìw??n iye ?niti nkú nípas?? àrùn náà ga púp??", -6633748917441212201,train,what is the treatment for african sleeping sickness,"Prevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for TbG. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. Treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin. Treatment of the second stage involves eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for TbG. While melarsoprol works for both stages, it is typically only used for TbR, due to serious side effects. Without treatment it typically results in death.","['rené descartes', 'within 2.5 au of the sun']",kí ni ìtọ́jú fún àìsàn oorun ilẹ̀ adúláwọ̀,Yes,"['Láti dènà bíburújù àrùn náà, a nílò láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò gbogbo àwọn ènìyàn tó wà lábẹ́ ewu níní àrùn náà nípasẹ̀ àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ fún kòkòrò àrùn ajọ̀fẹ́ T.b.g. Ìtọ́jú a má a rọrùn síi nígbàtí a bá ṣàkíyèsi àrùn náà lásìkò àti ṣáájú àkókò tí àwọn ààmì àìsàn iṣan ara yóò bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí farahàn. A má a ńṣe ìtọ́jú ipele èkíní pẹ̀lú àwọn egbògi tí a ńpè ní pentamidine tàbí suramin. Ìtọ́jú ipele kejì a má a wáyé nípasẹ̀ egbògi tí a ńpe ní eflornithine tàbí àdàpọ̀ nifurtimox àti eflornithine fún T.b.g. Bí o tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé melarsoprol a má a ṣiṣẹ́ fún méjèèjì, a má a ńsába lòó fún T.b.r. nítorí àwọn ipa mìíràn tí egbògi náà má a ń ní lára ènìyàn.']",['A má a ńṣe ìtọ́jú ipele èkíní pẹ̀lú àwọn egbògi tí a ńpè ní pentamidine tàbí suramin. '],['P3'],1,0,"Àrùn oorun àsùnjù African trypanosomiasis tàbí àrùn oorun àsùnjù[1] j?? àrùn kòkòrò aj??f?? lára àw?n ènìyàn àti àw?n ?ranko mìíràn. A má a wáyé nípas?? kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? tí ó j?? ara orí?i ìpín ?ranko tí a npè ní Trypanosoma brucei.[2] Àw?n orí?i méjì ni ó má a nkó àrùn bá ènìyàn, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) àti Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.).[1] T.b.g ni ó má a nfa méjìdínlógún nínú ?g?run ì???l?? àrùn náà tí a ti rí rí.[1] Bí e?in?in tí ?mú ni sun oorun àsùnjù tí a ?pè ní e?in?in tsetse, èyí tí ó ti ní àrùn náà lára t??l?? rí bá gé ni j? ni títàn káàkiri àw?n orí?i méjèèjì kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? náà má a ?wáyé, èyí sì w??p?? ní àw?n ìgbèríko.[1] Ní ìb??r??, ní ipele èkíní nínú àrùn náà, ibà, orí-fíf??, ara-yíyún, àti ìrora oríìké-ara a má a wáyé.[1] Èyí a má a b??r?? l??yìn ??s?? kan sí m?ta tí e?in?in náà bá ti gé ni j?.[3] L??yìn ??s?? dí?? sí o?ù dí??, ipele kejì a má a b??r?? p??lú àìm? ohun tí ènìyàn ??e m??, àìlèronú bí ó ti t??, àìlègbé ?w?? tàbí ?s??, àti àìrí oorun sùn.[1][3] A má a ??e ìdánim?? orí?i àìsàn náà nípa wíwá kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? náà nínú ??j?? tí a pèsè fún àb??wò tàbí nínú omi-ara tí a gbà láti àw?n oríìké-ara.[3] A má a ? nílò láti fa omi jáde láti inú ??pá-??yìn láti lè m? ìyàt?? laarin ipele èkíní àti èkejì àrùn náà.[3] Láti dènà bíburújù àrùn náà, a nílò láti ?e ày??wò gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tó wà láb?? ewu níní àrùn náà nípas?? ày??wò ??j?? fún kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? T.b.g.[1] Ìt??jú a má a r?rùn síi nígbàtí a bá ?àkíyèsi àrùn náà lásìkò àti ?áájú àkókò tí àw?n ààmì àìsàn i?an ara yóò b??r?? sí farahàn.[1] A má a ??e ìt??jú ipele èkíní p??lú àw?n egbògi tí a ?pè ní pentamidine tàbí suramin.[1] Ìt??jú ipele kejì a má a wáyé nípas?? egbògi tí a ?pe ní eflornithine tàbí àdàp?? nifurtimox àti eflornithine fún T.b.g.[3] Bí o til?? j?? pé melarsoprol a má a ?i??? fún méjèèjì, a má a ?sába lòó fún T.b.r. nítorí àw?n ipa mìíràn tí egbògi náà má a ? ní lára ènìyàn.[1] Àrùn náà a má a wáyé láti ìgbà dé ìgbà ní àw?n agbègbè tí ó wà ní Gúsù Aginjù Sahara ní Afrika, níbití àw?n ènìyàn tí ó wà láb?? ewu ti p?? tó àád??rin mílí??nù (70 million) ní oríl??-èdè m??rìndílógójì.[4] Ní ?dún 2010 ó fa ikú àw?n ènìyàn tí ó tó 9,000, èyí tí ó wál?? láti iye ènìyàn tí ó tó 34,000 ní ?dún 1990.[5] Àw?n ènìyàn tí ó tó 30,000 ni ó ní àrùn náà báyìí, p??lú àkóràn 7000 titun ní ?dún 2012.[1] Iye tí ó ju ìw??n ?g?san nínú ?g?run (80%) l? lára àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí ni w??n wà ní Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira ti Kongo.[1] Orí?i m?ta àjàkál?? àrùn náà ni ó ti wáyé láìp??: ??kan láti ?dún 1896 sí 1906 ní oríl??-èdè Uganda àti Adágùn omi Kongo nìkan, àti méjì ní ?dún 1920 àti 1970 ní ??p??l?p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè Afrika mìíràn.[1] Àw?n ?ranko mìíràn g??g?? bíi maalu, lè kó àrùn náà, kí w??n sì ní àkóràn àìsàn náà.[1]","For other uses, see Sleeping sickness (disambiguation) . African trypanosomiasis Synonyms African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma forms in a blood smear Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Stage 1 : Fevers, headaches, itchiness, joint pains Stage 2 : Trouble sleeping , confusion , poor coordination Usual onset 1–3 weeks post exposure Causes Trypanosoma brucei spread by tsetse flies Diagnostic method Blood smear , lumbar puncture Medication Pentamidine , suramin , eflornithine Prognosis Fatal without treatment Frequency 11,000 Deaths 3,500 African trypanosomiasis , also known as sleeping sickness , is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei . There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (TbR). TbG causes over 98% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas. Initially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood smear or in the fluid of a lymph node. A lumbar puncture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease. Prevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for TbG. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. Treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin . Treatment of the second stage involves eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for TbG. While melarsoprol works for both stages, it is typically only used for TbR, due to serious side effects. Without treatment it typically results in death. The disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries. An estimated 11,000 people are currently infected with 2,800 new infections in 2015. In 2015 it caused around 3,500 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. More than 80% of these cases are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history: one from 1896 to 1906 primarily in Uganda and the Congo Basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease . Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as animal trypanosomiasis . Contents [ hide ] 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Trypanosoma brucei 2.2 Vector 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 First stage 6.2 Second stage 7 Epidemiology 8 Prognosis 9 History 10 Research 10.1 Funding 11 Other animals 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages. The first stage, known as the hemolymphatic phase, is characterized by fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. Fever is intermittent, with attacks lasting from a day to a week, separated by intervals of a few days to a month or longer. Invasion of the circulatory and lymphatic systems by the parasites is associated with severe swelling of lymph nodes , often to tremendous sizes. Winterbottom's sign , the tell-tale swollen lymph nodes along the back of the neck, may appear. Occasionally, a chancre (red sore) will develop at the location of the tsetse fly bite. If left untreated, the disease overcomes the host's defenses and can cause more extensive damage, broadening symptoms to include anemia , endocrine, cardiac , and kidney dysfunctions . The second phase of the disease, the neurological phase , begins when the parasite invades the central nervous system by passing through the blood–brain barrier . Disruption of the sleep cycle is a leading symptom of this stage and is the one that gave the disease the name 'sleeping sickness.' Infected individuals experience a disorganized and fragmented 24-hour rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in daytime sleep episodes and nighttime periods of wakefulness. Other neurological symptoms include confusion , tremor , general muscle weakness, hemiparesis , and paralysis of a limb. Parkinson -like movements might arise due to non-specific movement disorders and speech disorders. Individuals may also exhibit psychiatric symptoms such as irritability, psychotic reactions, aggressive behaviour, or apathy which can sometimes dominate the clinical diagnosis. Without treatment, the disease is invariably fatal, with progressive mental deterioration leading to coma, systemic organ failure, and death. An untreated infection with T. b. rhodesiense will cause death within months whereas an untreated infection with T. b. gambiense will cause death after several years. Damage caused in the neurological phase is irreversible. Cause [ edit ] The life cycle of the Trypanosoma brucei parasites. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounts for the majority of African trypanosomiasis cases, with humans as the main reservoir needed for the transmission, while Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is mainly zoonotic, with the occasional human infection. African Trypanosomiasis is dependent on the interaction of the parasite (trypanosome) with the tsetse flies (vector), as well as the host (human for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , and animals for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ). The risk of contracting African Trypanosomiasis is dependent on coming in contact with an infected tsetse fly . Trypanosoma brucei [ edit ] There are two subspecies of the parasite that are responsible for starting the disease in humans. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes the diseases in west and central Africa , whereas Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has a limited geographical range and is responsible for causing the disease in east and southern Africa. In addition, a third subspecies of the parasite known as Trypanosoma brucei brucei is responsible for affecting animals but not humans. Humans are the main reservoir for T. b. gambiense but this species can also be found in pigs and other animals. Wild game animals and cattle are the main reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense . These parasites primarily infect individuals in sub-Saharan Africa because that is where the vector (tsetse fly) is located. The two human forms of the disease also vary greatly in intensity. T. b. gambiense causes a chronic condition that can remain in a passive phase for months or years before symptoms emerge and the infection can last about 3 years before death occurs. T. b. rhodesiense is the acute form of the disease, and death can occur within months since the symptoms emerge within weeks and it is more virulent and faster developing than T. b. gambiense . Furthermore, trypanosomes are surrounded by a coat that is composed of variant surface glycoproteins (VSG). These proteins act to protect the parasite from any lytic factors that are present in human plasma. The host's immune system recognizes the glycoproteins present on the coat of the parasite leading to the production of different antibodies (IgM and IgG). These antibodies will then act to destroy the parasites that circulate around the blood. However, from the several parasites present in the plasma, a small number of them will experience changes in their surface coats resulting in the formation of new VSGs. Thus, the antibodies produced by the immune system will no longer recognize the parasite leading to proliferation until new antibodies are created to combat the novel VSGs. Eventually the immune system will no longer be able to fight off the parasite due to the constant changes in VSGs and infection will arise. Vector [ edit ] The tsetse fly (genus Glossina ) is a large, brown, biting fly that serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites. While taking blood from a mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. From the bite, parasites first enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the bloodstream. Inside the mammalian host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, and are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue to replicate by binary fission . The entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages. A tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host. In the fly's midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission, leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes. The epimastigotes reach the fly's salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission. The entire life cycle of the fly takes about three weeks. In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly , the disease can be transmitted by: Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can sometimes cross the placenta and infect the fetus. Laboratories: accidental infections, for example, through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation, although this is uncommon. Blood transfusion Sexual contact (This may be possible) Horse-flies ( Tabanidae ) and stable flies ( Muscidae ) possibly play a role in transmission of nagana (the animal form of sleeping sickness) and the human disease form. Mechanism [ edit ] Tryptophol is a chemical compound that induces sleep in humans. It is produced by the trypanosomal parasite in sleeping sickness. Diagnosis [ edit ] Two areas from a blood smear from a patient with African trypanosomiasis, thin blood smear stained with Giemsa : Typical trypomastigote stages (the only stages found in patients), with a posterior kinetoplast, a centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and an anterior flagellum. The two Trypanosoma brucei subspecies that cause human trypanosomiasis , T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense , are indistinguishable morphologically. The trypanosomes' length range is 14 to 33 µm, Source: CDC The gold standard for diagnosis is identification of trypanosomes in a patient sample by microscopic examination. Patient samples that can be used for diagnosis include chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow , and, during the neurological stage, cerebrospinal fluid . Detection of trypanosome-specific antibodies can be used for diagnosis, but the sensitivity and specificity of these methods are too variable to be used alone for clinical diagnosis. Further, seroconversion occurs after the onset of clinical symptoms during a T. b. rhodesiense infection, so is of limited diagnostic use. [ citation needed ] Trypanosomes can be detected from patient samples using two different preparations. A wet preparation can be used to look for the motile trypanosomes. Alternatively, a fixed (dried) smear can be stained using Giemsa 's or Field 's technique and examined under a microscope. Often, the parasite is in relatively low abundance in the sample, so techniques to concentrate the parasites can be used prior to microscopic examination. For blood samples, these include centrifugation followed by examination of the buffy coat ; mini anion-exchange/centrifugation; and the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) technique. For other samples, such as spinal fluid, concentration techniques include centrifugation followed by examination of the sediment. [ citation needed ] Three serological tests are also available for detection of the parasite: the micro-CATT, wb-CATT, and wb-LATEX. The first uses dried blood, while the other two use whole blood samples. A 2002 study found the wb-CATT to be the most efficient for diagnosis, while the wb-LATEX is a better exam for situations where greater sensitivity is required. Prevention [ edit ] See also: Tsetse fly § Control techniques Currently there are few medically related prevention options for African Trypanosomiasis (i.e. no vaccine exists for immunity). Although the risk of infection from a tsetse fly bite is minor (estimated at less than 0.1%), the use of insect repellants, wearing long-sleeved clothing, avoiding tsetse-dense areas, implementing bush clearance methods and wild game culling are the best options to avoid infection available for local residents of affected areas. At the 25th ISCTRC (International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control) in Mombasa, Kenya, in October 1999, the idea of an African-wide initiative to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis populations was discussed. During the 36th summit of the Organization for African Unity in Lome, Togo, in July 2000, a resolution was passed to form the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). The campaign works to eradicate the tsetse vector population levels and subsequently the protozoan disease, by use of insecticide-impregnated targets, fly traps, insecticide-treated cattle, ultra-low dose aerial/ground spraying (SAT) of tsetse resting sites and the sterile insect technique (SIT). The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis. Regular active surveillance, involving detection and prompt treatment of new infections, and tsetse fly control is the backbone of the strategy used to control sleeping sickness. Systematic screening of at-risk communities is the best approach, because case-by-case screening is not practical in endemic regions. Systematic screening may be in the form of mobile clinics or fixed screening centres where teams travel daily to areas of high infection rates. Such screening efforts are important because early symptoms are not evident or serious enough to warrant patients with gambiense disease to seek medical attention, particularly in very remote areas. Also, diagnosis of the disease is difficult and health workers may not associate such general symptoms with trypanosomiasis. Systematic screening allows early-stage disease to be detected and treated before the disease progresses, and removes the potential human reservoir. A single case of sexual transmission of West African sleeping sickness has been reported. Treatment [ edit ] First stage [ edit ] The current treatment for first-stage disease is intravenous or intramuscular pentamidine for T. b. gambiense or intravenous suramin for T. b. rhodesiense . Second stage [ edit ] For T. b. gambiense a regiment involving the combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine , nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment (NECT), or eflornithine alone appear to be more effective and result in fewer side effects. These treatments may replace melarsoprol when available with the combination being first line. NECT has the benefit of requiring less injections of eflornithine. Intravenous melarsoprol was previously the standard treatment for second-stage (neurological phase) disease and is effective for both types. Melarsoprol is the only treatment for second stage T. b. rhodesiense ; however, it causes death in 5% of people who take it. Resistance to melarsoprol can occur. Epidemiology [ edit ] Deaths per 100,000 population due to African trypanosomiasis by country in 2002. As of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. As of 2000, the disability-adjusted life-years (9 to 10 years) lost due to sleeping sickness are 2.0 million. From 2010-2014, there was an estimated 55 million people at risk for gambiense African Trypanosomiasis and over 6 million people at risk for rhodesiense African Trypanosomiasis. In 2014, the World Health Organization reported 3,797 cases of Human African Trypanosomiasis when the predicted number of cases were to be 5,000. The number of total reported cases in 2014 is an 86% reduction to the total number of cases reported in 2000. The disease has been recorded as occurring in 37 countries, all in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs regularly in southeast Uganda and western Kenya, and killed more than 48,000 Africans in 2008. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country in the world, accounting for 75% of the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense cases. The population at risk being about 69 million with one third of this number being at a 'very high' to 'moderate' risk and the remaining two thirds at a 'low' to 'very low' risk. The number of people being affected by the disease has declined. At this rate, sleeping sickness elimination is a possibility. The World Health Organization plans to eradicate sleeping sickness by the year 2020. Prognosis [ edit ] If untreated, T. b. gambiense almost always results in death, with only a few individuals shown in a long-term 15 year follow-up to have survived after refusing treatment. T. b. rhodesiense , being a more acute and severe form of the disease, is consistently fatal if not treated. Disease progression greatly varies depending on disease form. For individuals which are infected by T. b. gambiense , which accounts for 98% of all of the reported cases, a person can be infected for months or even years without signs or symptoms until the advanced disease stage, where it is too late to be treated successfully. For individuals affected by T. b. rhodesiense , which accounts for 2% of all reported cases, symptoms appear within weeks or months of the infection. Disease progression is rapid and invades the central nervous system, causing death within a short amount of time. History [ edit ] The condition has been present in Africa for thousands of years. Because of a lack of travel between indigenous people, sleeping sickness in humans had been limited to isolated pockets. This changed after Arab slave traders entered central Africa from the east, following the Congo River , bringing parasites along. Gambian sleeping sickness travelled up the Congo River, and then further east. An Arab writer of the 14th century left the following description in the case of a sultan of the Malli [ sic ] Kingdom: ""His end was to be overtaken by the sleeping sickness ( illat an-nawm ) which is a disease that frequently befalls the inhabitants of these countries especially their chieftains. Sleep overtakes one of them in such a manner that it is hardly possible to awake him."" The British naval surgeon John Atkins described the disease on his return from West Africa in 1734: ""The Sleepy Distemper (common among the Negroes) gives no other previous Notice, than a want of Appetite 2 or 3 days before; their sleeps are sound, and Sense and Feeling very little; for pulling, drubbing or whipping will scarce stir up Sense and Power enough to move; and the Moment you cease beating the smart is forgot, and down they fall again into a state of Insensibility, drivling constantly from the Mouth as in deep salivation; breathe slowly, but not unequally nor snort. Young people are more subject to it than the old; and the Judgement generally pronounced is Death, the Prognostik seldom failing. If now and then one of them recovers, he certainly loses the little Reason he had, and turns Ideot..."" In 1903, David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector. In 1901, a devastating epidemic erupted in Uganda , killing more than 250,000 people, including about two-thirds of the population in the affected lakeshore areas. According to The Cambridge History of Africa , ""It has been estimated that up to half the people died of sleeping-sickness and smallpox in the lands on either bank of the lower river Congo ."" The causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce , and the subspecies of the protozoa were differentiated in 1910. Bruce had earlier shown that T. brucei was the cause of a similar disease in horses and cattle that was transmitted by the tse-tse fly ( Glossina morsitans ). The first effective treatment, atoxyl , an arsenic -based drug developed by Paul Ehrlich and Kiyoshi Shiga , was introduced in 1910, but blindness was a serious side effect. The British-led Sleeping Sickness Commission collecting tsetse flies , Uganda and Nyasaland , 1908-1913 Suramin was first synthesized by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe in 1916 for Bayer . It was introduced in 1920 to treat the first stage of the disease. By 1922, Suramin was generally combined with tryparsamide (another pentavalent organoarsenic drug), the first drug to enter the nervous system and be useful in the treatment of the second stage of the gambiense form. Tryparsamide was announced in the Journal of Experimental Medicine in 1919 and tested in the Belgian Congo by Louise Pearce of the Rockefeller Institute in 1920. It was used during the grand epidemic in West and Central Africa on millions of people and was the mainstay of therapy until the 1960s. American medical missionary Arthur Lewis Piper was active in using tryparsamide to treat sleeping sickness in the Belgian Congo in 1925. Pentamidine , a highly effective drug for the first stage of the disease, has been used since 1937. During the 1950s, it was widely used as a prophylactic agent in western Africa, leading to a sharp decline in infection rates. At the time, eradication of the disease was thought to be at hand. [ citation needed ] The organoarsenical melarsoprol (Arsobal) developed in the 1940s is effective for patients with second-stage sleeping sickness. However, 3–10% of those injected have reactive encephalopathy (convulsions, progressive coma, or psychotic reactions), and 10–70% of such cases result in death; it can cause brain damage in those who survive the encephalopathy. However, due to its effectiveness, melarsoprol is still used today. Resistance to melarsoprol is increasing, and combination therapy with nifurtimox is currently under research. [ citation needed ] Eflornithine (difluoromethylornithine or DFMO), the most modern treatment, was developed in the 1970s by Albert Sjoerdsma and underwent clinical trials in the 1980s. The drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1990. Aventis , the company responsible for its manufacture, halted production in 1999. In 2001, Aventis, in association with Médecins Sans Frontières and the World Health Organization , signed a long-term agreement to manufacture and donate the drug. [ citation needed ] In addition to sleeping sickness, previous names have included negro lethargy, maladie du sommeil (Fr), Schlafkrankheit (Gr), African lethargy, and Congo trypanosomiasis. Research [ edit ] The genome of the parasite has been sequenced and several proteins have been identified as potential targets for drug treatment. Analysis of the genome also revealed the reason why generating a vaccine for this disease has been so difficult. T. brucei has over 800 genes that make proteins the parasite ""mixes and matches"" to evade immune system detection. Using a genetically modified form of a bacterium that occurs naturally in the gut of the vectors is being studied as a method of controlling the disease. Recent findings indicate that the parasite is unable to survive in the bloodstream without its flagellum . This insight gives researchers a new angle with which to attack the parasite. Trypanosomiasis vaccines are undergoing research. Additionally, the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative has contributed to the African sleeping sickness research effort by developing a compound called fexinidazole . This project was originally started in April 2007 and is currently in a pivotal study in clinical phase II/III. The goal is to have the drug succeed and be proven effective against stage one and stage two HAT caused by T. b. gambiense , as well as HAT caused by T. b. rhodesiense . Funding [ edit ] For current funding statistics, human African trypanosomiasis is grouped with kinetoplastid infections. Kinetoplastids refer to a group of flagellate protozoa. Kinetoplastid infections include African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis. All together, these three diseases accounted for 4.4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and an additional 70,075 recorded deaths yearly. For kinetoplastid infections, the total global research and development funding was approximately $136.3 million in 2012. Each of the three diseases, African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis each received approximately a third of the funding, which was about $36.8 million US dollars, $38.7 million US dollars, and $31.7 million US dollars, respectively. For sleeping sickness, funding was split into basic research, drug discovery, vaccines, and diagnostics. The greatest amount of funding was directed towards basic research of the disease; approximately $21.6 million US dollars were directed towards that effort. As for therapeutic development, approximately $10.9 billion were invested. The top funder for kinetoplastid infection research and development are public sources. About 62% of the funding comes from high-income countries while 9% comes from low- and middle-income countries. High-income countries public funding is largest contributors to the neglected disease research effort. However, in recent years, funding from high-income countries has been steadily decreasing; in 2007, high-income countries provided 67.5% of the total funding whereas, in 2012, high-income countries public funds only provided 60% of the total funding for kinetoplastid infections. This downwards trend leaves a gap for other funders, such as philanthropic foundations and private pharmaceutical companies to fill. Much of the progress that has been made in African sleeping sickness and neglected disease research as a whole is a result of the other non-public funders. One of these major sources of funding has come from foundations, which have increasingly become more committed to neglected disease drug discovery in the 21st century. In 2012, philanthropic sources provided 15.9% of the total funding. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been a leader in providing funding for neglected disease drug development. They have provided $444.1 million US dollars towards neglected disease research in 2012. To date, they have donated over $1.02 billion US dollars towards the neglected disease discovery efforts. For kinetoplastid infections specifically, they have donated an average of $28.15 million US dollars annually between the years 2007 to 2011. They have labeled human African trypanosomiasis a high-opportunity target meaning it is a disease that presents the greatest opportunity for control, elimination, and eradication, through the development on new drugs, vaccines, public-health programs, and diagnostics. They are the second highest funding source for neglected diseases, immediately behind the US National Institutes of Health. At a time where public funding is decreasing and government grants for scientific research are harder to obtain, the philanthropic world has stepped in to push the research forward. Another important component of increased interest and funding has come from industry. In 2012, they contributed 13.1% total to the kinetoplastid research and development effort, and have additionally played an important role by contributing to public-private partnerships (PPP) as well as product-development partnerships (PDP). A public-private partnership is an arrangement between one or more public entities and one or more private entities that exists to achieve a specific health outcome or to produce a health product. The partnership can exist in numerous ways; they may share and exchange funds, property, equipment, human resources, and intellectual property. These public-private partnerships and product-development partnerships have been established to address challenges in pharmaceutical industry, especially related to neglected disease research. These partnerships can help increase the scale of the effort towards therapeutic development by using different knowledge, skills, and expertise from different sources. These types of partnerships have been shown to be more effective than industry or public groups working independently. Other animals [ edit ] Trypanosoma of both the rhodesiense and gambiense types can affect other animals such as cattle and wild animals. In animals it is known as animal trypanosomiasis . References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Classification D ICD - 10 : B56 ICD - 9-CM : 086.5 MeSH : D014353 DiseasesDB : 29277 External resources MedlinePlus : 001362 eMedicine : med/2140 Patient UK : African trypanosomiasis ""Sleeping sickness"" . Médecins Sans Frontières . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Links to pictures of Sleeping Sickness (Hardin MD/ University of Iowa ) archived 2006-02-19. Hale Carpenter, G.D. (1920). A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly . Unwin. OCLC 2649363 ." 1240695226116326944,train,what type of pathogen is african sleeping sickness,"African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is an insect - borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (TbR). TbG causes over 98 % of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas.",['australopithecines'],irú àrùn wo ni àrùn oorun ilẹ̀ adúláwọ̀,Yes,"['A má a wáyé nípasẹ̀ kòkòrò àrùn ajọ̀fẹ́ tí ó jẹ́ ara oríṣi ìpín ẹranko tí a npè ní Trypanosoma brucei. Àwọn oríṣi méjì ni ó má a nkó àrùn bá ènìyàn, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) àti Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.). T.b.g ni ó má a nfa méjìdínlógún nínú ọgọrun ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àrùn náà tí a ti rí rí. Bí eṣinṣin tí ńmú ni sun oorun àsùnjù tí a ńpè ní eṣinṣin tsetse, èyí tí ó ti ní àrùn náà lára tẹ́lẹ̀ rí bá gé ni jẹ ni títàn káàkiri àwọn oríṣi méjèèjì kòkòrò àrùn ajọ̀fẹ́ náà má a ńwáyé, èyí sì wọ́pọ̀ ní àwọn ìgbèríko.']",['A má a wáyé nípasẹ̀ kòkòrò àrùn ajọ̀fẹ́ tí ó jẹ́ ara oríṣi ìpín ẹranko tí a npè ní Trypanosoma brucei. '],['P1'],1,0,"Àrùn oorun àsùnjù African trypanosomiasis tàbí àrùn oorun àsùnjù[1] j?? àrùn kòkòrò aj??f?? lára àw?n ènìyàn àti àw?n ?ranko mìíràn. A má a wáyé nípas?? kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? tí ó j?? ara orí?i ìpín ?ranko tí a npè ní Trypanosoma brucei.[2] Àw?n orí?i méjì ni ó má a nkó àrùn bá ènìyàn, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) àti Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.).[1] T.b.g ni ó má a nfa méjìdínlógún nínú ?g?run ì???l?? àrùn náà tí a ti rí rí.[1] Bí e?in?in tí ?mú ni sun oorun àsùnjù tí a ?pè ní e?in?in tsetse, èyí tí ó ti ní àrùn náà lára t??l?? rí bá gé ni j? ni títàn káàkiri àw?n orí?i méjèèjì kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? náà má a ?wáyé, èyí sì w??p?? ní àw?n ìgbèríko.[1] Ní ìb??r??, ní ipele èkíní nínú àrùn náà, ibà, orí-fíf??, ara-yíyún, àti ìrora oríìké-ara a má a wáyé.[1] Èyí a má a b??r?? l??yìn ??s?? kan sí m?ta tí e?in?in náà bá ti gé ni j?.[3] L??yìn ??s?? dí?? sí o?ù dí??, ipele kejì a má a b??r?? p??lú àìm? ohun tí ènìyàn ??e m??, àìlèronú bí ó ti t??, àìlègbé ?w?? tàbí ?s??, àti àìrí oorun sùn.[1][3] A má a ??e ìdánim?? orí?i àìsàn náà nípa wíwá kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? náà nínú ??j?? tí a pèsè fún àb??wò tàbí nínú omi-ara tí a gbà láti àw?n oríìké-ara.[3] A má a ? nílò láti fa omi jáde láti inú ??pá-??yìn láti lè m? ìyàt?? laarin ipele èkíní àti èkejì àrùn náà.[3] Láti dènà bíburújù àrùn náà, a nílò láti ?e ày??wò gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tó wà láb?? ewu níní àrùn náà nípas?? ày??wò ??j?? fún kòkòrò àrùn aj??f?? T.b.g.[1] Ìt??jú a má a r?rùn síi nígbàtí a bá ?àkíyèsi àrùn náà lásìkò àti ?áájú àkókò tí àw?n ààmì àìsàn i?an ara yóò b??r?? sí farahàn.[1] A má a ??e ìt??jú ipele èkíní p??lú àw?n egbògi tí a ?pè ní pentamidine tàbí suramin.[1] Ìt??jú ipele kejì a má a wáyé nípas?? egbògi tí a ?pe ní eflornithine tàbí àdàp?? nifurtimox àti eflornithine fún T.b.g.[3] Bí o til?? j?? pé melarsoprol a má a ?i??? fún méjèèjì, a má a ?sába lòó fún T.b.r. nítorí àw?n ipa mìíràn tí egbògi náà má a ? ní lára ènìyàn.[1] Àrùn náà a má a wáyé láti ìgbà dé ìgbà ní àw?n agbègbè tí ó wà ní Gúsù Aginjù Sahara ní Afrika, níbití àw?n ènìyàn tí ó wà láb?? ewu ti p?? tó àád??rin mílí??nù (70 million) ní oríl??-èdè m??rìndílógójì.[4] Ní ?dún 2010 ó fa ikú àw?n ènìyàn tí ó tó 9,000, èyí tí ó wál?? láti iye ènìyàn tí ó tó 34,000 ní ?dún 1990.[5] Àw?n ènìyàn tí ó tó 30,000 ni ó ní àrùn náà báyìí, p??lú àkóràn 7000 titun ní ?dún 2012.[1] Iye tí ó ju ìw??n ?g?san nínú ?g?run (80%) l? lára àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí ni w??n wà ní Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira ti Kongo.[1] Orí?i m?ta àjàkál?? àrùn náà ni ó ti wáyé láìp??: ??kan láti ?dún 1896 sí 1906 ní oríl??-èdè Uganda àti Adágùn omi Kongo nìkan, àti méjì ní ?dún 1920 àti 1970 ní ??p??l?p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè Afrika mìíràn.[1] Àw?n ?ranko mìíràn g??g?? bíi maalu, lè kó àrùn náà, kí w??n sì ní àkóràn àìsàn náà.[1]","""Sleeping sickness"" and ""Sleep fever"" redirect here. For other uses, see Sleeping sickness (disambiguation) . African trypanosomiasis Synonyms African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma forms in a blood smear Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Stage 1 : Fevers, headaches, itchiness, joint pains Stage 2 : Trouble sleeping , confusion , poor coordination Usual onset 1–3 weeks post exposure Causes Trypanosoma brucei spread by tsetse flies Diagnostic method Blood smear , lumbar puncture Medication Pentamidine , suramin , eflornithine Prognosis Fatal without treatment Frequency 11,000 Deaths 3,500 African trypanosomiasis , also known as sleeping sickness , is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei . There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (TbR). TbG causes over 98% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas. Initially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness, and trouble sleeping. Diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood smear or in the fluid of a lymph node. A lumbar puncture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease. Prevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for TbG. Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. Treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin . Treatment of the second stage involves eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for TbG. While melarsoprol works for both stages, it is typically only used for TbR, due to serious side effects. Without treatment it typically results in death. The disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries. An estimated 11,000 people are currently infected with 2,800 new infections in 2015. In 2015 it caused around 3,500 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. More than 80% of these cases are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history: one from 1896 to 1906 primarily in Uganda and the Congo Basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease . Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as animal trypanosomiasis . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Trypanosoma brucei 2.2 Vector 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 First stage 6.2 Second stage 7 Epidemiology 8 Prognosis 9 History 10 Research 10.1 Funding 11 Other animals 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages. The first stage, known as the hemolymphatic phase, is characterized by fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. Fever is intermittent, with attacks lasting from a day to a week, separated by intervals of a few days to a month or longer. Invasion of the circulatory and lymphatic systems by the parasites is associated with severe swelling of lymph nodes , often to tremendous sizes. Winterbottom's sign , the tell-tale swollen lymph nodes along the back of the neck, may appear. Occasionally, a chancre (red sore) will develop at the location of the tsetse fly bite. If left untreated, the disease overcomes the host's defenses and can cause more extensive damage, broadening symptoms to include anemia , endocrine, cardiac , and kidney dysfunctions . The second phase of the disease, the neurological phase , begins when the parasite invades the central nervous system by passing through the blood–brain barrier . Disruption of the sleep cycle is a leading symptom of this stage and is the one that gave the disease the name 'sleeping sickness.' Infected individuals experience a disorganized and fragmented 24-hour rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in daytime sleep episodes and nighttime periods of wakefulness. Other neurological symptoms include confusion , tremor , general muscle weakness, hemiparesis , and paralysis of a limb. Parkinson -like movements might arise due to non-specific movement disorders and speech disorders. Individuals may also exhibit psychiatric symptoms such as irritability, psychotic reactions, aggressive behaviour, or apathy which can sometimes dominate the clinical diagnosis. Without treatment, the disease is invariably fatal, with progressive mental deterioration leading to coma, systemic organ failure, and death. An untreated infection with T. b. rhodesiense will cause death within months whereas an untreated infection with T. b. gambiense will cause death after several years. Damage caused in the neurological phase is irreversible. Cause [ edit ] The life cycle of the Trypanosoma brucei parasites. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounts for the majority of African trypanosomiasis cases, with humans as the main reservoir needed for the transmission, while Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is mainly zoonotic, with the occasional human infection. African Trypanosomiasis is dependent on the interaction of the parasite (trypanosome) with the tsetse flies (vector), as well as the host (human for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , and animals for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ). The risk of contracting African Trypanosomiasis is dependent on coming in contact with an infected tsetse fly . Trypanosoma brucei [ edit ] There are two subspecies of the parasite that are responsible for starting the disease in humans. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes the diseases in west and central Africa , whereas Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has a limited geographical range and is responsible for causing the disease in east and southern Africa. In addition, a third subspecies of the parasite known as Trypanosoma brucei brucei is responsible for affecting animals but not humans. Humans are the main reservoir for T. b. gambiense but this species can also be found in pigs and other animals. Wild game animals and cattle are the main reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense . These parasites primarily infect individuals in sub-Saharan Africa because that is where the vector (tsetse fly) is located. The two human forms of the disease also vary greatly in intensity. T. b. gambiense causes a chronic condition that can remain in a passive phase for months or years before symptoms emerge and the infection can last about 3 years before death occurs. T. b. rhodesiense is the acute form of the disease, and death can occur within months since the symptoms emerge within weeks and it is more virulent and faster developing than T. b. gambiense . Furthermore, trypanosomes are surrounded by a coat that is composed of variant surface glycoproteins (VSG). These proteins act to protect the parasite from any lytic factors that are present in human plasma. The host's immune system recognizes the glycoproteins present on the coat of the parasite leading to the production of different antibodies (IgM and IgG). These antibodies will then act to destroy the parasites that circulate around the blood. However, from the several parasites present in the plasma, a small number of them will experience changes in their surface coats resulting in the formation of new VSGs. Thus, the antibodies produced by the immune system will no longer recognize the parasite leading to proliferation until new antibodies are created to combat the novel VSGs. Eventually the immune system will no longer be able to fight off the parasite due to the constant changes in VSGs and infection will arise. Vector [ edit ] The tsetse fly (genus Glossina ) is a large, brown, biting fly that serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites. While taking blood from a mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. From the bite, parasites first enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the bloodstream. Inside the mammalian host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, and are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue to replicate by binary fission . The entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages. A tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host. In the fly's midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission, leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes. The epimastigotes reach the fly's salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission. The entire life cycle of the fly takes about three weeks. In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly , the disease can be transmitted by: Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can sometimes cross the placenta and infect the fetus. Laboratories: accidental infections, for example, through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation, although this is uncommon. Blood transfusion Sexual contact (This may be possible) Horse-flies ( Tabanidae ) and stable flies ( Muscidae ) possibly play a role in transmission of nagana (the animal form of sleeping sickness) and the human disease form. Mechanism [ edit ] Tryptophol is a chemical compound that induces sleep in humans. It is produced by the trypanosomal parasite in sleeping sickness. Diagnosis [ edit ] Two areas from a blood smear from a patient with African trypanosomiasis, thin blood smear stained with Giemsa : Typical trypomastigote stages (the only stages found in patients), with a posterior kinetoplast, a centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and an anterior flagellum. The two Trypanosoma brucei subspecies that cause human trypanosomiasis , T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense , are indistinguishable morphologically. The trypanosomes' length range is 14 to 33 µm, Source: CDC The gold standard for diagnosis is identification of trypanosomes in a patient sample by microscopic examination. Patient samples that can be used for diagnosis include chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow , and, during the neurological stage, cerebrospinal fluid . Detection of trypanosome-specific antibodies can be used for diagnosis, but the sensitivity and specificity of these methods are too variable to be used alone for clinical diagnosis. Further, seroconversion occurs after the onset of clinical symptoms during a T. b. rhodesiense infection, so is of limited diagnostic use. [ citation needed ] Trypanosomes can be detected from patient samples using two different preparations. A wet preparation can be used to look for the motile trypanosomes. Alternatively, a fixed (dried) smear can be stained using Giemsa 's or Field 's technique and examined under a microscope. Often, the parasite is in relatively low abundance in the sample, so techniques to concentrate the parasites can be used prior to microscopic examination. For blood samples, these include centrifugation followed by examination of the buffy coat ; mini anion-exchange/centrifugation; and the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) technique. For other samples, such as spinal fluid, concentration techniques include centrifugation followed by examination of the sediment. [ citation needed ] Three serological tests are also available for detection of the parasite: the micro-CATT, wb-CATT, and wb-LATEX. The first uses dried blood, while the other two use whole blood samples. A 2002 study found the wb-CATT to be the most efficient for diagnosis, while the wb-LATEX is a better exam for situations where greater sensitivity is required. Prevention [ edit ] See also: Tsetse fly § Control techniques Currently there are few medically related prevention options for African Trypanosomiasis (i.e. no vaccine exists for immunity). Although the risk of infection from a tsetse fly bite is minor (estimated at less than 0.1%), the use of insect repellants, wearing long-sleeved clothing, avoiding tsetse-dense areas, implementing bush clearance methods and wild game culling are the best options to avoid infection available for local residents of affected areas. At the 25th ISCTRC (International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control) in Mombasa, Kenya, in October 1999, the idea of an African-wide initiative to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis populations was discussed. During the 36th summit of the Organization for African Unity in Lome, Togo, in July 2000, a resolution was passed to form the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). The campaign works to eradicate the tsetse vector population levels and subsequently the protozoan disease, by use of insecticide-impregnated targets, fly traps, insecticide-treated cattle, ultra-low dose aerial/ground spraying (SAT) of tsetse resting sites and the sterile insect technique (SIT). The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis. Regular active surveillance, involving detection and prompt treatment of new infections, and tsetse fly control is the backbone of the strategy used to control sleeping sickness. Systematic screening of at-risk communities is the best approach, because case-by-case screening is not practical in endemic regions. Systematic screening may be in the form of mobile clinics or fixed screening centres where teams travel daily to areas of high infection rates. Such screening efforts are important because early symptoms are not evident or serious enough to warrant patients with gambiense disease to seek medical attention, particularly in very remote areas. Also, diagnosis of the disease is difficult and health workers may not associate such general symptoms with trypanosomiasis. Systematic screening allows early-stage disease to be detected and treated before the disease progresses, and removes the potential human reservoir. A single case of sexual transmission of West African sleeping sickness has been reported. Treatment [ edit ] First stage [ edit ] The current treatment for first-stage disease is intravenous or intramuscular pentamidine for T. b. gambiense or intravenous suramin for T. b. rhodesiense . Second stage [ edit ] For T. b. gambiense a regimen involving the combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine , nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment (NECT), or eflornithine alone appear to be more effective and result in fewer side effects. These treatments may replace melarsoprol when available with the combination being first line. NECT has the benefit of requiring less injections of eflornithine. Intravenous melarsoprol was previously the standard treatment for second-stage (neurological phase) disease and is effective for both types. Melarsoprol is the only treatment for second stage T. b. rhodesiense ; however, it causes death in 5% of people who take it. Resistance to melarsoprol can occur. Epidemiology [ edit ] Deaths per 100,000 population due to African trypanosomiasis by country in 2002. As of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths, down from 34,000 in 1990. As of 2000, the disability-adjusted life-years (9 to 10 years) lost due to sleeping sickness are 2.0 million. From 2010-2014, there was an estimated 55 million people at risk for gambiense African Trypanosomiasis and over 6 million people at risk for rhodesiense African Trypanosomiasis. In 2014, the World Health Organization reported 3,797 cases of Human African Trypanosomiasis when the predicted number of cases were to be 5,000. The number of total reported cases in 2014 is an 86% reduction to the total number of cases reported in 2000. The disease has been recorded as occurring in 37 countries, all in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs regularly in southeast Uganda and western Kenya, and killed more than 48,000 Africans in 2008. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country in the world, accounting for 75% of the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense cases. The population at risk being about 69 million with one third of this number being at a 'very high' to 'moderate' risk and the remaining two thirds at a 'low' to 'very low' risk. The number of people being affected by the disease has declined. At this rate, sleeping sickness elimination is a possibility. The World Health Organization plans to eradicate sleeping sickness by the year 2020. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Angola 1498 2094 2406 1796 1274 2441 6726 8275 6610 5351 4546 4577 3621 3115 2280 1727 1105 648 517 247 211 154 70 69 36 35 19 Benin 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 27 27 20 17 18 13 12 1 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Cameroon 86 69 21 3 20 21 17 10 54 32 27 14 32 33 17 3 15 7 13 24 16 15 7 6 7 6 6 Central African Republic 308 197 362 262 368 676 492 730 1068 869 988 718 572 539 738 666 460 654 1194 1054 395 132 381 59 194 147 124 Chad 20 221 149 65 214 315 178 122 134 187 153 138 715 222 483 190 276 97 196 510 232 276 197 195 95 67 53 Congo 580 703 727 829 418 475 474 142 201 91 111 894 1005 717 873 398 300 189 182 87 87 61 39 20 21 36 18 Côte d'Ivoire 365 349 456 260 206 326 240 185 121 104 188 92 97 68 74 42 29 13 14 8 8 10 9 7 6 3 0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7515 5825 7757 11384 19021 18182 19342 25094 26318 18684 16951 17300 13816 11459 10339 10249 8013 8155 7318 7178 5624 5590 5968 5647 3205 2351 1769 Equatorial Guinea 63 36 45 30 85 37 46 67 62 28 16 17 32 23 22 17 13 15 11 7 8 1 2 3 0 0 3 Gabon 80 45 33 80 61 20 32 11 6 38 45 30 26 26 49 53 31 30 24 14 22 17 9 17 10 9 10 Ghana 3 6 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Guinea 52 29 24 27 26 33 38 88 99 68 52 72 132 130 95 94 48 69 90 79 68 57 70 78 33 29 107 Mali 0 0 0 27 17 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 14 14 26 31 10 21 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 South Sudan 67 58 28 62 69 56 157 737 1726 1312 1801 1919 3121 3061 1742 1853 789 469 623 373 199 272 317 117 63 45 17 Togo 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uganda 2066 1328 2042 1764 1469 1062 981 1123 971 1036 948 310 604 517 378 311 290 120 198 99 101 44 20 9 9 4 4 Total 12756 10987 14088 16607 23266 23671 28736 36585 37385 27862 25841 26095 23799 19941 17100 15624 11372 10466 10380 9680 6973 6632 7091 6228 3679 2733 2131 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Kenya 91 8 4 2 1 0 2 5 14 22 15 10 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Malawi 228 195 143 53 31 15 8 7 10 11 35 38 43 70 48 41 58 50 49 39 29 23 18 35 32 30 37 Mozambique 3 7 24 10 16 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data 1 No data 1 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data Uganda 1417 832 606 503 342 497 178 217 283 283 300 426 329 338 335 473 261 119 138 129 112 84 71 43 70 28 10 United Republic of Tanzania 187 177 366 262 319 422 400 354 299 288 350 277 228 113 159 186 127 126 59 14 5 1 4 1 1 2 3 Zambia 7 No data 4 1 1 1 3 No data No data 15 9 4 5 15 9 7 6 10 13 4 8 3 6 6 12 8 2 Zimbabwe No data No data No data No data 1 No data No data 9 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data 3 No data No data 0 3 2 4 9 1 3 3 1 Total 1933 1219 1147 831 710 935 591 583 606 619 709 755 617 536 552 707 453 305 259 187 154 111 101 85 115 68 52 Prognosis [ edit ] If untreated, T. b. gambiense almost always results in death, with only a few individuals shown in a long-term 15 year follow-up to have survived after refusing treatment. T. b. rhodesiense , being a more acute and severe form of the disease, is consistently fatal if not treated. Disease progression greatly varies depending on disease form. For individuals which are infected by T. b. gambiense , which accounts for 98% of all of the reported cases, a person can be infected for months or even years without signs or symptoms until the advanced disease stage, where it is too late to be treated successfully. For individuals affected by T. b. rhodesiense , which accounts for 2% of all reported cases, symptoms appear within weeks or months of the infection. Disease progression is rapid and invades the central nervous system, causing death within a short amount of time. History [ edit ] The condition has been present in Africa for thousands of years. Because of a lack of travel between indigenous people, sleeping sickness in humans had been limited to isolated pockets. This changed after Arab slave traders entered central Africa from the east, following the Congo River , bringing parasites along. Gambian sleeping sickness travelled up the Congo River, and then further east. An Arab writer of the 14th century left the following description in the case of a sultan of the Malli [ sic ] Kingdom: ""His end was to be overtaken by the sleeping sickness ( illat an-nawm ) which is a disease that frequently befalls the inhabitants of these countries especially their chieftains. Sleep overtakes one of them in such a manner that it is hardly possible to awake him."" The British naval surgeon John Atkins described the disease on his return from West Africa in 1734: ""The Sleepy Distemper (common among the Negroes) gives no other previous Notice, than a want of Appetite 2 or 3 days before; their sleeps are sound, and Sense and Feeling very little; for pulling, drubbing or whipping will scarce stir up Sense and Power enough to move; and the Moment you cease beating the smart is forgot, and down they fall again into a state of Insensibility, drivling constantly from the Mouth as in deep salivation; breathe slowly, but not unequally nor snort. Young people are more subject to it than the old; and the Judgement generally pronounced is Death, the Prognostik seldom failing. If now and then one of them recovers, he certainly loses the little Reason he had, and turns Ideot..."" In 1903, David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector. In 1901, a devastating epidemic erupted in Uganda , killing more than 250,000 people, including about two-thirds of the population in the affected lakeshore areas. According to The Cambridge History of Africa , ""It has been estimated that up to half the people died of sleeping-sickness and smallpox in the lands on either bank of the lower river Congo ."" The causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce , and the subspecies of the protozoa were differentiated in 1910. Bruce had earlier shown that T. brucei was the cause of a similar disease in horses and cattle that was transmitted by the tse-tse fly ( Glossina morsitans ). The first effective treatment, atoxyl , an arsenic -based drug developed by Paul Ehrlich and Kiyoshi Shiga , was introduced in 1910, but blindness was a serious side effect. The British-led Sleeping Sickness Commission collecting tsetse flies , Uganda and Nyasaland , 1908-1913 Suramin was first synthesized by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe in 1916 for Bayer . It was introduced in 1920 to treat the first stage of the disease. By 1922, Suramin was generally combined with tryparsamide (another pentavalent organoarsenic drug), the first drug to enter the nervous system and be useful in the treatment of the second stage of the gambiense form. Tryparsamide was announced in the Journal of Experimental Medicine in 1919 and tested in the Belgian Congo by Louise Pearce of the Rockefeller Institute in 1920. It was used during the grand epidemic in West and Central Africa on millions of people and was the mainstay of therapy until the 1960s. American medical missionary Arthur Lewis Piper was active in using tryparsamide to treat sleeping sickness in the Belgian Congo in 1925. Pentamidine , a highly effective drug for the first stage of the disease, has been used since 1937. During the 1950s, it was widely used as a prophylactic agent in western Africa, leading to a sharp decline in infection rates. At the time, eradication of the disease was thought to be at hand. [ citation needed ] The organoarsenical melarsoprol (Arsobal) developed in the 1940s is effective for patients with second-stage sleeping sickness. However, 3–10% of those injected have reactive encephalopathy (convulsions, progressive coma, or psychotic reactions), and 10–70% of such cases result in death; it can cause brain damage in those who survive the encephalopathy. However, due to its effectiveness, melarsoprol is still used today. Resistance to melarsoprol is increasing, and combination therapy with nifurtimox is currently under research. [ citation needed ] Eflornithine (difluoromethylornithine or DFMO), the most modern treatment, was developed in the 1970s by Albert Sjoerdsma and underwent clinical trials in the 1980s. The drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1990. Aventis , the company responsible for its manufacture, halted production in 1999. In 2001, Aventis, in association with Médecins Sans Frontières and the World Health Organization , signed a long-term agreement to manufacture and donate the drug. [ citation needed ] In addition to sleeping sickness, previous names have included negro lethargy, maladie du sommeil (Fr), Schlafkrankheit (Gr), African lethargy, and Congo trypanosomiasis. Research [ edit ] The genome of the parasite has been sequenced and several proteins have been identified as potential targets for drug treatment. Analysis of the genome also revealed the reason why generating a vaccine for this disease has been so difficult. T. brucei has over 800 genes that make proteins the parasite ""mixes and matches"" to evade immune system detection. Using a genetically modified form of a bacterium that occurs naturally in the gut of the vectors is being studied as a method of controlling the disease. Recent findings indicate that the parasite is unable to survive in the bloodstream without its flagellum . This insight gives researchers a new angle with which to attack the parasite. Trypanosomiasis vaccines are undergoing research. Additionally, the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative has contributed to the African sleeping sickness research effort by developing a compound called fexinidazole . This project was originally started in April 2007 and is currently in a pivotal study in clinical phase II/III. The goal is to have the drug succeed and be proven effective against stage one and stage two HAT caused by T. b. gambiense , as well as HAT caused by T. b. rhodesiense . Funding [ edit ] For current funding statistics, human African trypanosomiasis is grouped with kinetoplastid infections. Kinetoplastids refer to a group of flagellate protozoa. Kinetoplastid infections include African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis. All together, these three diseases accounted for 4.4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and an additional 70,075 recorded deaths yearly. For kinetoplastid infections, the total global research and development funding was approximately $136.3 million in 2012. Each of the three diseases, African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and Leishmaniasis each received approximately a third of the funding, which was about $36.8 million US dollars, $38.7 million US dollars, and $31.7 million US dollars, respectively. For sleeping sickness, funding was split into basic research, drug discovery, vaccines, and diagnostics. The greatest amount of funding was directed towards basic research of the disease; approximately $21.6 million US dollars were directed towards that effort. As for therapeutic development, approximately $10.9 billion were invested. The top funder for kinetoplastid infection research and development are public sources. About 62% of the funding comes from high-income countries while 9% comes from low- and middle-income countries. High-income countries public funding is largest contributors to the neglected disease research effort. However, in recent years, funding from high-income countries has been steadily decreasing; in 2007, high-income countries provided 67.5% of the total funding whereas, in 2012, high-income countries public funds only provided 60% of the total funding for kinetoplastid infections. This downwards trend leaves a gap for other funders, such as philanthropic foundations and private pharmaceutical companies to fill. Much of the progress that has been made in African sleeping sickness and neglected disease research as a whole is a result of the other non-public funders. One of these major sources of funding has come from foundations, which have increasingly become more committed to neglected disease drug discovery in the 21st century. In 2012, philanthropic sources provided 15.9% of the total funding. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been a leader in providing funding for neglected disease drug development. They have provided $444.1 million US dollars towards neglected disease research in 2012. To date, they have donated over $1.02 billion US dollars towards the neglected disease discovery efforts. For kinetoplastid infections specifically, they have donated an average of $28.15 million US dollars annually between the years 2007 to 2011. They have labeled human African trypanosomiasis a high-opportunity target meaning it is a disease that presents the greatest opportunity for control, elimination, and eradication, through the development of new drugs, vaccines, public-health programs, and diagnostics. They are the second highest funding source for neglected diseases, immediately behind the US National Institutes of Health. At a time where public funding is decreasing and government grants for scientific research are harder to obtain, the philanthropic world has stepped in to push the research forward. Another important component of increased interest and funding has come from industry. In 2012, they contributed 13.1% total to the kinetoplastid research and development effort, and have additionally played an important role by contributing to public-private partnerships (PPP) as well as product-development partnerships (PDP). A public-private partnership is an arrangement between one or more public entities and one or more private entities that exists to achieve a specific health outcome or to produce a health product. The partnership can exist in numerous ways; they may share and exchange funds, property, equipment, human resources, and intellectual property. These public-private partnerships and product-development partnerships have been established to address challenges in pharmaceutical industry, especially related to neglected disease research. These partnerships can help increase the scale of the effort towards therapeutic development by using different knowledge, skills, and expertise from different sources. These types of partnerships have been shown to be more effective than industry or public groups working independently. Other animals [ edit ] Trypanosoma of both the rhodesiense and gambiense types can affect other animals such as cattle and wild animals. In animals it is known as animal trypanosomiasis . References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Classification D ICD - 10 : B56 ICD - 9-CM : 086.5 MeSH : D014353 DiseasesDB : 29277 External resources MedlinePlus : 001362 eMedicine : med/2140 Patient UK : African trypanosomiasis ""Sleeping sickness"" . Médecins Sans Frontières . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Links to pictures of Sleeping Sickness (Hardin MD/ University of Iowa ) archived 2006-02-19. Hale Carpenter, G.D. (1920). A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly . Unwin. OCLC 2649363 ." -8727781154086886313,train,what does the color of guyana flag mean,"The flag of Guyana, known as The Golden Arrowhead, has been the national flag of Guyana since May 1966 when the country became independent from the United Kingdom. It was designed by Whitney Smith, an American vexillologist (though originally without the black and white fimbriations, which were later additions suggested by the College of Arms in the United Kingdom). The proportions of the national flag are 3 : 5. The colours are symbolic, with green for agriculture and forests, white for rivers and water, gold for mineral wealth, black for endurance, and red for zeal and dynamism.",['constitution of medina'],kí ni àwọ̀ àsíá guyana túmọ̀ sí,Yes,"['Àsíá yìí jẹ́ aláwọ̀ márùn ùn; Pupa, Funfun, Èsúrú, Dúdú àti awọ̀ Ewéko. Áwọ̀ pupa tí ó dúró fún àyípadà dáradára, àwọ̀ funfun tí ó dúró fún odò àti omi kanga tí ó mọ́ , ésúrú tí ó dúró fún wààrà àti ọrọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè náà, Dúdú dúró fún ìfaradà àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè náà àti àwọ̀ ewéko tí ọ ó dúró fún ètò ọ̀gbìn tí ọ́ fi ẹsẹ̀ múlẹ̀.']","['Àsíá yìí jẹ́ aláwọ̀ márùn ùn; Pupa, Funfun, Èsúrú, Dúdú àti awọ̀ Ewéko. Áwọ̀ pupa tí ó dúró fún àyípadà dáradára, àwọ̀ funfun tí ó dúró fún odò àti omi kanga tí ó mọ́ , ésúrú tí ó dúró fún wààrà àti ọrọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè náà, Dúdú dúró fún ìfaradà àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè náà àti àwọ̀ ewéko tí ọ ó dúró fún ètò ọ̀gbìn tí ọ́ fi ẹsẹ̀ múlẹ̀.']",['P1'],0,0,"Àsìá il?? Gùyánà Àsìá il?? Gùyánà J?? àsíá oríl??-édé, ó j?? àmì òpá á?? àti ogun. Àsíá yìí j?? aláw?? márùn ùn; Pupa, Funfun, Èsúrú, Dúdú àti aw?? Ewéko. Áw?? pupa tí ó dúró fún àyípadà dáradára, àw?? funfun tí ó dúró fún odò àti omi kanga tí ó m?? , ésúrú tí ó dúró fún wààrà àti ?r?? oríl??-èdè náà, Dúdú dúró fún ìfaradà àw?n ?m? oríl??-èdè náà àti àw?? ewéko tí ? ó dúró fún ètò ??gbìn tí ?? fi ?s?? múl??.","Guyana Name The Golden Arrowhead Use National flag Proportion 3:5 Adopted 26 May 1966 Design A green field with the black-edged red isosceles triangle based on the hoist-side superimposed on the larger white-edged golden triangle, also based on the hoist-side, pointed toward the fly-side. Designed by Whitney Smith Variant flag of Guyana Use National ensign Proportion 1:2 Design An elongated version of the above. Variant flag of Guyana Proportion 7:11 Design British Civil Air Ensign combined with national flag of Guyana. May be flown at airports and from landed aircraft. The flag of Guyana , known as The Golden Arrowhead , has been the national flag of Guyana since May 1966 when the country became independent from the United Kingdom . It was designed by Whitney Smith , an American vexillologist (though originally without the black and white fimbriations , which were later additions suggested by the College of Arms in the United Kingdom). The proportions of the national flag are 3:5. The colours are symbolic , with green for agriculture and forests , white for rivers and water , gold for mineral wealth, black for endurance , and red for zeal and dynamism. Contents [ hide ] 1 Other flags 2 Presidential Standards 3 Joint Services 4 References 5 External links Other flags [ edit ] The civil air ensign is a copy of the British Civil Air Ensign , with the Guyanese flag in the canton . The naval ensign of Guyana is a version of the national flag, with proportions of 1:2. As part of the British Empire , Guyana's flag was a British Blue Ensign with the colonial badge in the fly. An unofficial red version was used at sea. The first flag was introduced in 1875 and was changed slightly in 1906 and 1955. Like all British Ensigns, the colonial flags of Guyana were all ratio 1:2. 1875–1906 1906–1919 1919–1955 1955–1966 Presidential Standards [ edit ] The Presidential Standard of Guyana came into effect by Proclamation issued on 23 February 1970. Subsequent Presidents have amended this Proclamation to replace the description of the flag contained, to reflect the Presidential Standard they wish to introduce for the duration of their Presidency. Presidential Standard of Guyana 1970-1980. Current Standard as of 26 May 2015 Presidential Standard of Guyana 1980-1985 under President L.F.S. Burnham Presidential Standard of Guyana 1985-1992 under President H. Desmond Hoyte Presidential Standard of Guyana 1992-1997 under President Cheddi B. Jagan Joint Services [ edit ] Guyana Defence Force Guyana Police Force Guyana Prison Service References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Guyana at Flags of the World" 7133820225783271917,train,what is the flag of germany look like,"The flag of Germany or German Flag (German : Flagge Deutschlands) is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany : black, red, and gold (German : Schwarz - Rot - Gold). The flag was first adopted as the national flag of modern Germany in 1919, during the short - lived Weimar Republic, until 1933.",['for all'],báwo ni àsíá ilẹ̀ jámánì ṣe rí,Yes,"['Àsìá ilẹ̀ Jẹ́mánì pinsi awometa to ni ida gbooro to dogba meta to ni awo onibibibi ile Germany: dudu, pupa ati wura.']","['Àsìá ilẹ̀ Jẹ́mánì pinsi awometa to ni ida gbooro to dogba meta to ni awo onibibibi ile Germany: dudu, pupa ati wura.']",['P1'],1,0,"Àsìá il?? J??mánì Àsìá il?? J??mánì pinsi awometa to ni ida gbooro to dogba meta to ni awo onibibibi ile J??mánì: dudu, pupa ati wura.","Federal Republic of Germany Name Bundesflagge und Handelsflagge Use Civil and state flag , civil ensign Proportion 3:5 Adopted 23 May 1949 (modified in 1999) Design A horizontal tricolour of black , red , and gold , in that order. Variant flag of Federal Republic of Germany Name Bundesdienstflagge und Dienstflagge der Landstreitkräfte der Bundeswehr Use State flag and ensign , war flag Proportion 3:5 Adopted 7 June 1950 Variant flag of Federal Republic of Germany Name Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr Use Naval ensign Proportion 3:5 Adopted 9 May 1956 Common unofficial flag variant with the coat of arms of Germany The flag of Germany or German Flag ( German : Flagge Deutschlands ) is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany : black , red , and gold ( German : Schwarz-Rot-Gold ). The flag was first adopted as the national flag of modern Germany in 1919, during the short-lived Weimar Republic , until 1933. Germany has two competing traditions of national colours, black-red-gold and black-white-red, which have played an important role in the modern history of Germany. The black-red-gold tricolour's first appearance anywhere in a German-ethnicity sovereign state within what today comprises Germany occurred in 1778 , and achieved prominence during the 1848 Revolutions . Already before the actual revolution, the Bundestag adopted the colors on March 9th, 1848. The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848/1849 followed with an imperial law in December. The flag was so common that it was not even mentioned in the constitution of March 1849. After its restoration, in 1850/1851, the Bundestag made no further use of black-red-gold until 1863. The North German Confederation adopted, in its constitution, the colors black-white-red. With the formation of the short-lived Weimar Republic after World War I , the tricolour was adopted as the national flag of Germany. Sixteen years later following World War II , the tricolour was again designated as the flag of both West and East Germany divided states in 1949. The two flags were identical until 1959, when the East German flag was augmented with the coat of arms of East Germany . Since reunification on 3 October 1990, the black-red-gold tricolour has become the flag of a reunified Federal Republic of Germany. After the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, the Prussian -dominated North German Confederation adopted a tricolour of black-white-red as its flag. This flag later became the flag of the German Empire , formed following the unification of Germany under the Prussian king who became emperor in 1871, and was used until 1918 with the end of the First World War. Black, white, and red were reintroduced as the German national colours with the establishment of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler in 1933, replacing German republican colours with imperial colours until the end of World War II. The colours of the modern flag are associated with the republican democracy first proposed in 1848, formed after World War I , and represent German unity and freedom. During the Weimar Republic , the black-red-gold colours were the colours of the democratic, centrist, and republican political parties, as seen in the name of Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold , formed by members of the Social Democratic , the Centre , and the Democratic parties to defend the republic against extremists on the right and left. Contents 1 Origins 2 Flag variants 2.1 Civil flag 2.2 Government flag 2.3 Vertical flags 2.4 Military flags 3 Design 3.1 Color 4 Flag days 5 History 5.1 Medieval period 5.2 Principality of Reuss-Greiz 5.3 Napoleonic Wars 5.4 German Confederation 5.5 Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament 5.6 North German Confederation and the German Empire (1866–1918) 5.7 Weimar Republic (1918–1933) 5.8 Nazi Germany and World War II (1933–1945) 5.9 After World War II (1945–1949) 5.10 Divided Germany (1949–89) 5.11 1989–present 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origins [ edit ] The German association with the colours black, red, and gold surfaced in the radical 1840s, when the black-red-gold flag was used to symbolize the movement against the Conservative European Order that was established after Napoleon's defeat. There are many theories in circulation regarding the origins of the colour scheme used in the 1848 flag. It has been proposed that the colours were those of the Jena Students' League ( Jenaer Burschenschaft ), one of the radically minded Burschenschaften banned by Metternich in the Carlsbad Decrees ; the colours are mentioned in their canonical order in the seventh verse of August Daniel von Binzer 's student song Zur Auflösung der Jenaer Burschenschaft (""On the Dissolution of the Jena Students' League"") quoted by Johannes Brahms in his Academic Festival Overture . Another claim goes back to the uniforms (mainly black with red facings and gold buttons) of the Lützow Free Corps, comprising mostly university students and formed during the struggle against the occupying forces of Napoleon. Whatever the true explanation, these colours soon came to be regarded as the national colours of Germany during this brief period, and especially after their reintroduction during the Weimar period , they have become synonymous with liberalism in general. The colors also appear in the medieval Reichsadler Flag variants [ edit ] See also: Flags of Germany Civil flag [ edit ] The German Unity Flag is a national memorial to German reunification that was raised on 3 October 1990. It flies in front of the Reichstag building in Berlin (seat of the German parliament ). The German national flag or Bundesflagge (English: Federal flag ), containing only the black-red-gold tricolour, was introduced as part of the (West) German constitution in 1949. Following the creation of separate government and military flags in later years, the plain tricolour is now used as the German civil flag and civil ensign . This flag is also used by non-federal authorities to show their connection to the federal government, e.g. the authorities of the German states use the German national flag together with their own flag . Government flag [ edit ] Bundesdienstflagge at the German Embassy, Canberra , Australia The government flag of Germany is officially known as the Dienstflagge der Bundesbehörden (state flag of the federal authorities) or Bundesdienstflagge for short. Introduced in 1950, the government flag is the civil flag defaced with the Bundesschild (""Federal Shield""), which overlaps with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands. The Bundesschild is a variant of the coat of arms of Germany , whose main differences are the illustration of the eagle and the shape of the shield: the Bundesschild is rounded at the base, whereas the standard coat of arms is pointed. The government flag may only be used by federal government authorities and its use by others is an offence, punishable with a fine. However, public use of flags similar to the Bundesdienstflagge (e.g. using the actual coat of arms instead of the Bundesschild ) is tolerated, and such flags are sometimes seen at international sporting events. Vertical flags [ edit ] Civil flag (hanging) Government flag (hanging) In addition to the normal horizontal format, many public buildings in Germany use vertical flags. Most town halls fly their town flag together with the national flag in this way; many town flags in Germany exist only in vertical form. The proportions of these vertical flags are not specified. In 1996, a layout for the vertical version of the government flag was established, that co-incidentally matched the pattern of the ""conventional"" black-red-gold flag of the Fürstentum Reuß-Gera from 1806-1918: the Bundesschild is displayed in the centre of the flag, overlapping with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands. When hung like a banner or draped, the black band should be on the left, as illustrated. When flown from a vertical flagpole, the black band must face the staff. Military flags [ edit ] Since the German armed forces ( Bundeswehr ) are a federal authority, the Bundesdienstflagge is also used as the German war flag on land. In 1956, the Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr (Flag of the German Navy ) was introduced: the government flag ending in swallowtail . This naval flag is also used as a navy jack . Design [ edit ] Specifications for the flag of Germany Article 22 of the German constitution, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany , states: The federal flag shall be black, red and gold. Following specifications set by the (West) German government in 1950, the flag displays three bars of equal width and has a width–length ratio of 3:5; the tricolor used during the Weimar Republic had a ratio of 2:3. The exact colors used for the German flag were not officially defined at the time of the flag's adoption and have changed since then. The federal cabinet introduced a corporate design for the German government on 2 June 1999, which currently uses the following colors: Colour scheme Black Red Gold RAL 9005 Jet black 3020 Traffic red 1021 Rapeseed yellow HKS 0, 0, 0 5.0PB 3.0/12 6.0R 4.5/14 CMYK 0.0.0.100 0.100.100.0 0.12.100.5 Pantone Black 485 7405* Web color #000000 #FF0000 #FFCC00 Decimal RGB 0,0,0 255,0,0 255,204,0 * The value given here is an alternative to the following more-complicated combination: Yellow (765 g), Red 032 (26 g), Black (11 g), Transp. White (198 g) A version of the German flag where the golden band is of a metallic golden colour. This version was sometimes used in official publications before the introduction of the federal government's corporate design in 1999. Also note the slightly brighter red. Color [ edit ] Vexillology rarely distinguishes between gold and yellow; in heraldry , they are both Or . For the German flag, such a distinction is made: the color used in the flag is gold, not yellow. When the black–red–gold tricolor was adopted by the Weimar Republic as its flag, it was attacked by conservatives , monarchists , and the far right , who referred to the colors with spiteful nicknames such as Schwarz–Rot–Gelb (black–red–yellow), Schwarz–Rot–Senf (black–red–mustard), or even Schwarz–Rot–Scheiße (black–red–shit). When the Nazis came to power in 1933, the black–white–red colors of pre-1918 Imperial Germany were swiftly reintroduced, and their propaganda machine continued to discredit the Schwarz–Rot–Gold , using the same derogatory terms as previously used by the monarchists. On 16 November 1959, the Federal Court of Justice ( Bundesgerichtshof ) stated that the usage of ""black–red–yellow"" and the like had ""through years of Nazi agitation, attained the significance of a malicious slander against the democratic symbols of the state"" and was now an offence. As summarised by heraldist Arnold Rabbow in 1968, ""the German colors are black–red–yellow but they are called black–red–gold."" Flag days [ edit ] Following federal decree on 22 March 2005, the flag must be flown from public buildings on the following dates. Not all of these days are public holidays. The Stadtweinhaus in Münster with banners displayed in mourning (note the black ribbons atop each staff) after the death of former German president Johannes Rau in 2006. Date Name Reason 27 January Commemoration Day for the Victims of National Socialism Tag des Gedenkens an die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus Anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp (1945), observed by the United Nations as International Holocaust Remembrance Day (half-staff) 1 May International Workers' Day Tag der Arbeit Established for German labour unions to demonstrate for the promotion of workers' welfare. 9 May Europe Day Europatag Anniversary of the Schuman Declaration , leading to the European Union (1950) 23 May Basic Law Day Grundgesetztag Anniversary of the German Basic Law (1949) 17 June Jahrestag des 17. Juni 1953 Anniversary of the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 20 July Jahrestag des 20. Juli 1944 Anniversary of the July 20 plot , the failed assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler by Claus von Stauffenberg (1944) 3 October German Unity Day Tag der Deutschen Einheit Anniversary of German reunification (1990) The 2nd Sunday before Advent National day of mourning Volkstrauertag In memory of all killed during wartime (half-staff) Source: Federal Government of Germany Election days for the Bundestag and the European Parliament are also flag days in some states, in addition to other state-specific flag days. The public display of flags to mark other events, such as the election of the president or the death of a prominent politician (whereupon flags would be at half-staff), can be declared at the discretion of the Federal Ministry of the Interior . When flags are required to be flown at half-staff, vertical flags are not lowered. A black mourning ribbon is instead attached, either atop the staff (if hung from a pole) or to each end of the flag's supporting cross-beams (if flown like a banner). History [ edit ] Medieval period [ edit ] See also: Flags of the Holy Roman Empire Banners of the Holy Roman Emperor 14th century 15th–19th century War flag of the Holy Roman Empire (13th–14th century) The Holy Roman Empire (800/962 – 1806, known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512) did not have a national flag, but black and gold were used as colors of the Holy Roman Emperor and featured in the imperial banner: a black eagle on a golden background. After the late 13th or early 14th century, the claws and beak of the eagle were colored red. From the early 15th century, a double-headed eagle was used. Principality of Reuss-Greiz [ edit ] After Prince Heinrich XI began rule over the Reuss elder line , in 1778 the first-ever black-red-gold tricolor flag was adopted within a German sovereign state. When Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz was appointed by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to rule the then-new Principality of Reuss-Greiz on May 12, 1778, the flag adopted by the Fürstentum Reuß-Greiz was the first-ever appearance of the black-red-gold tricolour in its modern arrangement in any sovereign state within what today comprises Germany - the Reuss elder line that ruled the principality used a flag whose proportions were close to a ""nearly square""-shape 4:5 hoist/fly ratio, instead of the modern German flag's 3:5 figure. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte declared the First French Empire . In response to this, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II of the Habsburg dynasty declared his personal domain to be the Austrian Empire and became Francis I of Austria. Taking the colours of the banner of the Holy Roman Emperor, the flag of the Austrian Empire was black and gold. Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, with Napoleon forcing the empire's dissolution in 1806. After this point, these colours continued to be used as the flag of Austria until 1918. Early Hanseatic flags Lübeck Hamburg The colours red and white were also significant during this period. When the Holy Roman Empire took part in the Crusades , a war flag was flown alongside the black-gold imperial banner. This flag, known as the ""Saint George Flag"", was a white cross on a red background: the reverse of the St George's Cross used as the flag of England , and similar to the flag of Denmark . Red and white were also colors of the Hanseatic League (13th–17th century). Hanseatic trading ships were identifiable by their red-white pennants, and most Hanseatic cities adopted red and white as their city colours (see Hanseatic flags ). Red and white still feature as the colours of many former Hanseatic cities such as Hamburg or Bremen . In northern Italy , during the Guelph and Ghibelline conflict of the 12th–14th century, the armies of the Ghibelline (pro-imperial) communes adopted the war banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (white cross on red) as their own, while the Guelf (anti-imperial) communes reversed the colours (red cross on white). These two schemes are prevalent in the modern civic heraldry of northern Italian towns and remains a revealing indicator of their past factional leanings. Traditionally Ghibelline towns like Pavia , Novara , Como , and Asti continue to sport the Ghibelline cross. The Guelf cross can be found on the civic arms of traditionally Guelf towns like Genoa , Milan , Vercelli , Alessandria , Reggio , and Bologna . Napoleonic Wars [ edit ] With the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, many of its dukes and princes joined the Confederation of the Rhine , a confederation of Napoleonic client states. These states preferred to use their own flags. The confederation had no flag of its own; instead it used the blue-white-red flag of France and the Imperial Standard of its protector, Napoleon . During the Napoleonic Wars , the German struggle against the occupying French forces was significantly symbolised by the colours of black, red, and gold, which became popular after their use in the uniforms of the Lützow Free Corps , a volunteer unit of the Prussian Army . This unit had uniforms in black with red facings and gold buttons. The colour choice had pragmatic origins, even though black-red-gold were the former colours used by the Holy Roman Empire. Members of the corps were required to supply their own clothing: in order to present a uniform appearance it was easiest to dye all clothes black. Gold-coloured buttons were widely available, and pennons used by the lancers in the unit were red and black. At the time, the colours represented: Out of the blackness (black) of servitude through bloody (red) battles to the golden (gold) light of freedom. As the members of this unit came from all over Germany and were mostly university students and academics, the Lützow Free Corps and their colours gained considerable exposure among the German people. German Confederation [ edit ] The 1815–16 Congress of Vienna led to the creation of the German Confederation , a loose union of all remaining German states after the Napoleonic Wars. The Confederation was created as a replacement for the now-extinct Holy Roman Empire, with Francis I of Austria —the last Holy Roman Emperor—as its president. The confederation did not have a flag of its own, although the black-red-gold tricolour is sometimes mistakenly attributed to it. The flag adopted by the Jena Urburschenschaft Upon returning from the war, veterans of the Lützow Free Corps founded the Urburschenschaft fraternity in Jena in June 1815. The Jena Urburschenschaft eventually adopted a flag with three equal horizontal bands of red, black, and red, with gold trim and a golden oak branch across the black band, following the colours of the uniforms of the Free Corps. Since the students who served in the Lützow Free Corps came from various German states, the idea of a unified German state began to gain momentum within the Urburschenschaft and similar Burschenschaften that were subsequently formed throughout the Confederation. On 18 October 1817, the fourth anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig , hundreds of fraternity members and academics from across the Confederation states met in Wartburg in Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (in modern Thuringia ), calling for a free and unified German nation. The gold-red-black flag of the Jena Urburschenschaft featured prominently at this Wartburg festival . Therefore, the colours black, red, and gold eventually became symbolic of this desire for a unified German state. Austria, in its determination to maintain the status quo, enacted the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 that banned all student organisations, officially putting an end to the Burschenschaften . Hambach Festival (May 1832), contemporary lithograph In May 1832, around 30,000 people demonstrated at the Hambach Festival for freedom, unity, and civil rights. The colours black, red, and gold had become a well established symbol for the liberal, democratic and republican movement within the German states since the Wartburg Festival, and flags in these colours were flown en masse at the Hambach Festival. While contemporary illustrations showed prominent use of a gold-red-black tricolour (an upside-down version of the modern German flag), surviving flags from the event were in black-red-gold. Such an example is the Ur-Fahne , the flag flown from Hambach Castle during the festival: a black-red-gold tricolour where the red band contains the inscription Deutschlands Wiedergeburt (Germany's rebirth). This flag is now on permanent display at the castle. Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament [ edit ] Revolutionaries in Berlin (March 1848) War ensign of the Reichsflotte (1848–1852) In the Springtime of the Peoples during the Revolutions of 1848 , revolutionaries took to the streets, many flying the tricolour. Liberals took power and, after prolonged deliberation, a national assembly was formulated. This Frankfurt Parliament declared the black-red-gold as the official colours of Germany and passed a law stating its civil ensign was the black-red-yellow tricolour. Also, a naval war ensign used these colours. In 1850, the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, and the German Confederation was restored under Austrian presidency, who suppressed the actions of the failed Frankfurt Parliament, including the tricolour. Afterwards, the most pressing issue was whether or not to include Austria in any future German nation, as Austria's status as a multi-ethnic empire complicated the dream of a united Greater Germany—the grossdeutsch solution. Alternatively, there was the kleindeutsch (Lesser German) solution for a Germany that encompassed only German lands and excluded Austria. The Prussian–Austrian duality within the Confederation eventually led to the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. During the war, the southern states allied with Austria adopted the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, and the 8th German Army Corps also wore black-red-gold armbands. The Kingdom of Prussia and its predominately north German allies defeated Austria and made way for the realisation of the Lesser German solution a few years later. North German Confederation and the German Empire (1866–1918) [ edit ] Following the dissolution of the German Confederation, Prussia formed its unofficial successor, the North German Confederation , in 1866 with the signing of the Confederation Treaty in August 1866 and then the ratification of the Constitution of 1867 . This coalition consisted of Prussia, the largest member state, and 21 other north German states. 2:3 Flag of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and the German Empire (1871–1918). In use at the beginning of the Weimar Republic (1918–1919), and by the foreign services (1922–1933). A version with a slightly different aspect ratio was used as the German national flag from March 1933 to August 1935. The question regarding what flag should be adopted by the new confederation was first raised by the shipping sector and its desire to have an internationally recognisable identity. Virtually all international shipping that belonged to the confederation originated from either Prussia or the three former Hanseatic city-states of Bremen , Hamburg , and Lübeck . Based on this, Adolf Soetbeer, secretary of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce, suggested in the Bremer Handelsblatt on 22 September 1866 that any planned flag should combine the colours of Prussia (black and white) with the Hanseatic colours (red and white). In the following year, the constitution of the North German Confederation was enacted, where a horizontal black-white-red tricolour was declared to be both the civil and war ensign. King Wilhelm I of Prussia was satisfied with the colour choice: the red and white were also taken to represent the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the Imperial elector state that was a predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia. The absence of gold from the flag also made it clear that this German state did not include the ""black and gold"" monarchy of Austria. Following the Franco-Prussian War , the remaining southern German states allied with the North German Confederation, leading to the unification of Germany and the elevation of the Prussian monarch to Emperor of this new state in 1871. In its constitution , the German Empire retained black, white, and red as its national colours, with the tricolour previously used by the North German Confederation officially adopted as its flag in 1892. The black-white-red tricolour remained the flag of Germany until the end of the German Empire in 1918, in the final days of World War I . Weimar Republic (1918–1933) [ edit ] 2:3 Flag of Weimar Germany (1919–1933) Following the declaration of the German republic in 1918 and the ensuing revolutionary period , the so-called Weimar Republic was founded in August 1919. To form a continuity between the anti-autocratic movement of the 19th century and the new democratic republic, the old black-red-gold tricolour was designated as the national German flag in the Weimar Constitution in 1919. Only the tiny German principalities of Reuss-Greiz , Reuss-Gera , and Waldeck-Pyrmont and its republican successor had upheld the tradition and had always continued to use the German colours of black , red , and or (gold) in their flag. As a civil ensign, the black-white-red tricolour was retained, albeit with the new tricolour in the top left corner. ""Let the old flags fly"", election poster for the monarchist and nationalist DNVP , 1932. This change was not welcomed by many people in Germany, who saw this new flag as a symbol of humiliation following Germany's defeat in the First World War. In the Reichswehr , the old colours continued to be used in various forms. Many conservatives wanted the old colours to return, while monarchists and the far right were far more vocal with their objections, referring to the new flag with various derogatory names ( see Color above ). As a compromise, the old black-white-red flag was reintroduced in 1922 to represent German diplomatic missions abroad. The symbols of Imperial Germany became symbols of monarchist and nationalist protest and were often used by monarchist and nationalist organisations (e.g. Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten ). This included the Reichskriegsflagge (war flag of the Reich), which has been revived in the present for similar use. Many nationalist political parties during the Weimar period—such as the German National People's Party (see poster) and the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party)—used the imperial colours, a practice that has continued today with the National Democratic Party of Germany . On 24 February 1924, the organisation Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold was founded in Magdeburg by the member parties of the Weimar Coalition ( Centre , DDP , SPD ) and the trade unions . This organisation was formed to protect the fragile democracy of the Weimar Republic, which was under constant pressure by both the far right and far left. Through this organisation, the black-red-gold flag became not only a symbol of German democracy, but also of resistance to political extremism. This was summarised by the organisation's first chairman, Otto Hörsing , who described their task as a ""struggle against the swastika and the Soviet star "". In the face of the increasingly violent conflicts between the communists and Nazis, the growing polarisation of the German population and a multitude of other factors, mainly the drastic economic sinking, extreme hyperinflation and corruption of the republic, the Weimar Republic collapsed in 1933 with the Nazi seizure of power ( Machtergreifung ) and the appointment of Adolf Hitler as German chancellor . Nazi Germany and World War II (1933–1945) [ edit ] See also: Reichskriegsflagge and List of German flags § Nazi Germany 3:5 National flag of Germany (1933–1935), jointly with the swastika flag. 3:5 National flag of Germany and marine jack of Germany (1935–1945) After the Nazi Party came to power on 30 January 1933, the black-red-gold flag was swiftly scrapped; a ruling on 12 March established two legal national flags: the reintroduced black-white-red imperial tricolour and the flag of the Nazi Party . On 15 September 1935, one year after the death of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg and Hitler's elevation to the position of Führer , the dual flag arrangement was ended, with the exclusive use of the Nazi flag as the national flag of Germany. One reason may have been the "" Bremen incident"" of 26 July 1935, in which a group of demonstrators in New York City boarded the ocean liner SS Bremen , tore the Nazi Party flag from the jackstaff , and tossed it into the Hudson River . When the German ambassador protested, US officials responded that the German national flag had not been harmed, only a political party symbol. The new flag law was announced at the annual party rally in Nuremberg, where Hermann Göring claimed the old black-white-red flag, while honoured, was the symbol of a bygone era and under threat of being used by ""reactionaries"". The design of the Nazi flag was introduced by Hitler as the party flag in mid-1920: a flag with a red background, a white disk and a black swastika (Hakenkreuz) in the middle. In Mein Kampf , Hitler explained the process by which the Nazi flag design was created: It was necessary to use the same colours as Imperial Germany, because in Hitler's opinion they were ""revered colours expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honour to the German nation."" The most important requirement was that ""the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster"" because ""in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement."" Nazi propaganda clarified the symbolism of the flag: the red colour stood for the social, white for the movement's national thinking and the swastika for the victory of the Aryan peoples over Jewry. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design. Albert Speer stated in his memoirs that ""in only two other designs did he (Adolf Hitler) execute the same care as he did his Obersalzberg house : that of the Reich War Flag and his own standard of Chief of State "". An off-centred disk version of the swastika flag was used as the civil ensign on German-registered civilian ships and was used as the jack on Kriegsmarine (the name of the German Navy , 1933–1945) warships. The flags for use on sea had a through and through image, so the ""left-facing"" and ""right-facing"" version were each present on one side while the national flag was right-facing on both sides. From 1933 to at least 1938, the Nazis sometimes ""sanctified"" swastika flags by touching them with the Blutfahne (blood flag), the swastika flag used by Nazi paramilitaries during the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. This ceremony took place at every Nuremberg Rally . It is unknown whether this tradition was continued after the last Nuremberg rally in 1938. At the end of World War II , the first law enacted by the Allied Control Council abolished all Nazi symbols and repealed all relevant laws. The possession of swastika flags is forbidden in several countries since then, with the importation or display of them forbidden particularly in Germany . After World War II (1945–1949) [ edit ] 2:3 The C-Pennant (1946–1949) After the defeat of Germany in World War II, the country was placed under Allied administration . Although there was neither a national German government nor a German flag, German ships were required by international law to have a national ensign of some kind. As a provisional civil ensign of Germany, the Council designated the international signal pennant Charlie representing the letter C ending in a swallowtail , known as the C-Pennant ( C-Doppelstander ). The Council ruled that ""no ceremony shall be accorded this flag which shall not be dipped in salute to warships or merchant ships of any nationality"". Similarly, the Japanese civil ensign used immediately following World War II was the signal pennant for the letter E ending in a swallowtail, and the Ryūkyūan civil ensign was a swallowtailed letter D signal pennant. West of the Oder–Neisse line , the German states were reorganised along the lines of the zones of occupation , and new state governments were established. Within the American zone, the northern halves of the former states of Württemberg and Baden were merged to form Württemberg-Baden in 1946. As its flag, Württemberg-Baden adopted the black-red-gold tricolour. The choice of these colours was not based on the historical use of the tricolour, but the simple addition of gold to Württemberg's colours of red and black. Coincidentally, Baden's colours were red and yellow, so the colour choice could be mistaken for a combination of the two flags. In 1952, Württemberg-Baden became part of the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg , whose flag is black and gold. Two other states that were created after the war, Rhineland-Palatinate (French zone) and Lower Saxony (British zone), chose to use the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, defaced with the state's coat of arms. These two states were formed from parts of other states, and no colour combinations from these previous states were accepted as a new state flag. This led to the use of the black-red-gold for two reasons: the colours did not relate particularly to any one of the previous states, and using the old flag from the Weimar Republic was intended to be a symbol of the new democracy. Divided Germany (1949–89) [ edit ] See also: Flag of East Germany Two variants of Josef Wirmer 's 1944 ""Resistance"" design, created by his brother, Ernst. The bottom flag was proposed by conservative parties as a flag for West Germany (1948). 3:5 Flag of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present) Flag of the German Democratic Republic (1949–59) 3:5 Flag of the German Democratic Republic (1959–90) Flag of the United Team of Germany , as used from the 1960 to 1968 Olympics GDR flag at a 1955 boxing international With relations deteriorating between the Soviet Union and the United States , the three western Allies met in March 1948 to merge their zones of occupation and allow the formation of what became the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly known as West Germany . Meanwhile, the eastern Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic, commonly known as East Germany . During the preparation of the new constitution for West Germany, discussions regarding its national symbols took place in August 1948 during a meeting at Herrenchiemsee . Although there were objections to the creation of a national flag before reunification with the east, it was decided to proceed. This decision was primarily motivated by the proposed constitution by the eastern SED in November 1946, where black-red-gold were suggested as the colours for a future German republic. While there were other suggestions for the new flag for West Germany, the final choice was between two designs, both using black-red-gold. The Social Democrats proposed the re-introduction of the old Weimar flag, while the conservative parties such as the CDU / CSU and the German Party proposed a suggestion by Ernst Wirmer, a member of the Parlamentarischer Rat (parliamentary council) and future advisor of chancellor Konrad Adenauer . Wirmer suggested a variant of the 1944 ""Resistance"" flag (using the black-red-gold scheme in a Nordic Cross pattern) designed by his brother and 20 July co-conspirator Josef. The tricolour was ultimately selected, largely to illustrate the continuity between the Weimar Republic and this new German state. With the enactment of the (West) German constitution on 23 May 1949, the black-red-gold tricolour was adopted as the flag for the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1955, the inhabitants of the French-administered Saar Protectorate voted to join West Germany. Since its establishment as a separate French protectorate in 1947, the Saar had a white Nordic cross on a blue and red background as its flag. To demonstrate the commitment of the Saar to be a part of West Germany, a new flag was selected on 9 July 1956: the black-red-gold tricolour defaced with the new coat of arms , also proposed on this day. This flag came into force on 1 January 1957, upon the establishment of the Saarland as a state of West Germany. While the use of black-red-gold had been suggested in the Soviet zone in 1946, the Second People's Congress in 1948 decided to adopt the old black-white-red tricolour as a national flag for East Germany. This choice was based on the use of these colours by the National Committee for a Free Germany , a German anti- Nazi organisation that operated in the Soviet Union in the last two years of the war. In 1949, following a suggestion from Friedrich Ebert, Jr. , the black-red-gold tricolour was instead selected as the flag of the German Democratic Republic upon the formation of this state on 7 October 1949. From 1949 to 1959, the flags of both West and East Germany were identical. On 1 October 1959, the East German government changed its flag with the addition of its coat of arms . In West Germany, these changes were seen as a deliberate attempt to divide the two Germanys. Displaying this flag in West Germany and West Berlin—where it became known as the Spalterflagge (divider-flag)—was seen as a breach of the constitution and subsequently banned until the late 1960s. From 1956 to 1964, West and East Germany attended the Winter and Summer Olympic Games as a single team, known as the United Team of Germany . After the East German national flag was changed in 1959, neither country accepted the flag of the other. As a compromise, a new flag was used by the United Team of Germany from 1960 to 1964, featuring the black-red-gold tricolour defaced with white Olympic rings in the red stripe. In 1968 the teams from the two German states entered separately, but both used the same German Olympic flag. From 1972 to 1988, the separate West and East German teams used their respective national flags. 1989–present [ edit ] German football fans during the 2006 FIFA World Cup . It was the first time that so many flags could be seen at the same time in the history of the federal republic. Some flags seen here contain the federal coat of arms and must not be confused with the Bundesdienstflagge , which displays the Bundesschild and may only be used by government authorities. Flag of unified Germany (1990–present) After the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, many East Germans cut the coat of arms out of their flags, as Hungarians had done in 1956 and as Romanians would soon do during the fall of Ceaușescu . The widespread act of removing the coat of arms from the East German flag implied the plain black-red-gold tricolour as symbol for a united and democratic Germany. Finally, on 3 October 1990, as the area of the German Democratic Republic was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany, the black-red-gold tricolour became the flag of a reunified Germany . In 1998, the Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship was formed. The duty of this organisation, directly responsible to the federal government, is to examine the consequences of the former East German regime. As its logo, the foundation used an East German flag with the Communist coat of arms cut out. The old black-white-red tricolour of the German Empire is still used by monarchists and those members of German royalty who long for the peaceful reintroduction of a German democratic monarchy. This use of the old flag is almost completely overshadowed by its prevalent use by the far right; since the swastika is illegal in Germany, the far right have been forced to forego any Nazi flags and instead use the old tricolour, which the Nazis themselves banned in 1935. In Germany, the use of the flag and other national symbols has been relatively low for most of the time since the Second World War—a reaction against the widespread use of flags by the Nazi Party and against the nationalistic furor of the Nazis in general. During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Germany, public use of the national flag increased dramatically. Although this explosion in the flag's popularity was initially greeted by many Germans with a mixture of surprise and apprehension, the decades-old fear that German flag-waving and national pride was inextricably associated with its Nazi past was dismissed by the end of the tournament by Germans and non-Germans alike. See also [ edit ] Germany portal List of German flags Flags of German states Coat of arms of Germany National colours of Germany Hanseatic flags Flag of Prussia Reichskriegsflagge References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flags of Germany ( category ) Germany at Flags of the World All medieval flags of Germany Imperial German Empire Army Colours" 3851498614855465077,train,the green colour of the nigeria flag stands for,"The flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag is a vertical 1 : 2 triband of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria 's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace.",['causes low blood pressure'],àwọ̀ ewé inú àsíá orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà dúró fún,Yes,"['Àwọ̀ àsíá náà jẹ́ aláwọ̀ ewé-funfun-aláwọ̀ ewé, tí aláwọ̀-ewé náà dúró fún iṣẹ́-àgbè, tí funfun sì dúró fún àlàáfíà àti ìṣọ̀kan.']",['aláwọ̀-ewé náà dúró fún iṣẹ́-àgbè.'],['P1'],0,0,"Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ?e ní w??n gbà w?lé g??g?? bí i èyí tó máa ?ojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ?j?? kìíní o?ù k?wàá ?dún 1960, ?j?? tí Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira. W??n fi ??r?? àsíá yìí ?e ìdíje, tí àw?n ènìyàn ?gb??rún m??tà sì dá sí. Àsíá tí Akinkunmi ?e ni w??n gba w?lé láàárín àw?n èyí tí gbogbo àw?n tó kópa nínú ìdíje náà ?e. Àw?? àsíá náà j?? aláw?? ewé-funfun-aláw?? ewé, tí aláw??-ewé náà dúró fún i???-àgbè, tí funfun sì dúró fún àlàáfíà àti ì???kan. ","Nigeria Use National flag Proportion 1:2 Adopted 1 October 1960 (57 years ago) Design A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green Designed by Micheal Taiwo Akinkunmi Variant flag of Nigeria Use State flag Proportion 1:2 Design A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green; charged with the Coat of arms in the centre Variant flag of Nigeria Use Civil ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A red field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use State ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A blue field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use Naval ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A white field with the national flag in the canton, with the Naval seal in the fly. Variant flag of Nigeria Use Air force ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A sky-blue field with the national flag in the canton, with the air force roundel in the fly. The flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag is a vertical 1:2 triband of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace. Contents [ hide ] 1 Design 2 Flag specifications 2.1 Colour specifications 3 Gallery 3.1 Government flags 3.2 Historical flags 3.3 Subnational flags 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design [ edit ] The national flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959. The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the centre triptych of one white vertical with a green vertical on each side. After the badge was removed by the judges, the flag has remained unchanged. Like other countries, Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels. Some of its states also have flags. Akinkunmi was a twenty-three year-old student at the time he designed the flag. He was studying at Norwich Technical College in London, England, when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper that submissions were being accepted for the design of a new national flag of Nigeria. In 1959 Akinkunmi's design was chosen as the winner and, with adaptations, was first officially used on 1 October 1960, Nigeria's Independence Day. Flag specifications [ edit ] Colour specifications [ edit ] Colour scheme Green White RAL None 9003 Signal white CMYK 100.0.39.47 0.0.0.0 Hexadecimals #008753 #FFFFFF Decimals 0,135,83 255,255,255 Gallery [ edit ] Government flags [ edit ] Flag of the President of Nigeria Flag of the President as Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces Former flag of the President, adopted in 1963 Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces Naval ensign of Nigeria (1960-1998) Akinkunmi's original proposal Historical flags [ edit ] Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1887-1888) Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1888-1899) Flag of the British West African Settlements Flag of the Lagos Colony (1886-1906) Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914) Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914) Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (1914-1960) Subnational flags [ edit ] Flag of Osun State See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Heraldry portal Coat of arms of Nigeria Flag of Rhodesia References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Nigeria . Nigeria at Flags of the World Worldstatesmen.org – Nigeria" 1922787094397300515,train,the nigerian flag was design in what year,"The Flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag is a vertical 1 : 2 triband of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria 's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace.","['within the pelvic region immediately behind and almost overlying the bladder, and in front of the sigmoid colon']",ọdún wo ni wọ́n ṣe àsíá nàìjíríà?,Yes,"['Àsíá ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ṣe ní wọ́n gbà wọlé gẹ́gẹ́ bí i èyí tó máa ṣojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 1960, ọjọ́ tí Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira.']","['Àsíá ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ṣe ní wọ́n gbà wọlé gẹ́gẹ́ bí i èyí tó máa ṣojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 1960, ọjọ́ tí Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira.']",['P1'],1,0,"Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ?e ní w??n gbà w?lé g??g?? bí i èyí tó máa ?ojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ?j?? kìíní o?ù k?wàá ?dún 1960, ?j?? tí Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira. W??n fi ??r?? àsíá yìí ?e ìdíje, tí àw?n ènìyàn ?gb??rún m??tà sì dá sí. Àsíá tí Akinkunmi ?e ni w??n gba w?lé láàárín àw?n èyí tí gbogbo àw?n tó kópa nínú ìdíje náà ?e. Àw?? àsíá náà j?? aláw?? ewé-funfun-aláw?? ewé, tí aláw??-ewé náà dúró fún i???-àgbè, tí funfun sì dúró fún àlàáfíà àti ì???kan. ","Nigeria Use National flag Proportion 1:2 Adopted 1 October 1960 Design A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green Designed by Micheal Taiwo Akinkunmi Variant flag of Nigeria Use State flag Proportion 1:2 Design A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green; charged with the Coat of arms in the centre Variant flag of Nigeria Use Civil ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A red field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use State ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A blue field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use Naval ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A white field with the national flag in the canton, with the Naval seal in the fly. Variant flag of Nigeria Use Air force ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A sky-blue field with the national flag in the canton, with the air force roundel in the fly. The Flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag is a vertical 1:2 triband of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace. Contents [ hide ] 1 Design 2 Flag specifications 2.1 Colour specifications 3 Gallery 3.1 Government flags 3.2 Historical flags 3.3 Subnational flags 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design [ edit ] The national flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959. The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the centre triptych of one white vertical with a green vertical on each side. After the badge was removed by the judges, the flag has remained unchanged. Like other countries, Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels. Some of its states also have flags. Akinkunmi was a twenty-three year-old student at the time he designed the flag. He was studying at Norwich Technical College in London, England, when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper that submissions were being accepted for the design of a new national flag of Nigeria. In 1959 Akinkunmi's design was chosen as the winner and, with adaptations, was first officially used on 1 October 1960, Nigeria's Independence Day. Flag specifications [ edit ] Colour specifications [ edit ] Colour scheme Green White RAL None 9003 Signal white CMYK 100.0.39.47 0.0.0.0 Hexadecimals #008753 #FFFFFF Decimals 0,135,83 255,255,255 Gallery [ edit ] Government flags [ edit ] Flag of the President of Nigeria Flag of the President as Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces Former flag of the President, adopted in 1963 Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces Naval ensign of Nigeria (1960-1998) Akinkunmi's original proposal Historical flags [ edit ] Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1887-1888) Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1888-1899) Flag of the British West African Settlements Flag of the Lagos Colony (1886-1906) Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914) Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914) Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (1914-1960) Subnational flags [ edit ] Flag of Osun State See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Heraldry portal Coat of arms of Nigeria Flag of Rhodesia References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Nigeria . Nigeria at Flags of the World Worldstatesmen.org – Nigeria" -8741038741912279638,train,what is the meaning of the nigerian flag,"The flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag has three vertical bands of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria 's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace.",['sodium'],"kí ni ìtumọ̀ àsíá nàìjíríà ",Yes,"['Àwọ̀ àsíá náà jẹ́ aláwọ̀ ewé-funfun-aláwọ̀ ewé, tí aláwọ̀-ewé náà dúró fún iṣẹ́-àgbè, tí funfun sì dúró fún àlàáfíà àti ìṣọ̀kan.']","['Àwọ̀ àsíá náà jẹ́ aláwọ̀ ewé-funfun-aláwọ̀ ewé, tí aláwọ̀-ewé náà dúró fún iṣẹ́-àgbè, tí funfun sì dúró fún àlàáfíà àti ìṣọ̀kan.']",['P1'],1,0,"Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ?e ní w??n gbà w?lé g??g?? bí i èyí tó máa ?ojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ?j?? kìíní o?ù k?wàá ?dún 1960, ?j?? tí Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira. W??n fi ??r?? àsíá yìí ?e ìdíje, tí àw?n ènìyàn ?gb??rún m??tà sì dá sí. Àsíá tí Akinkunmi ?e ni w??n gba w?lé láàárín àw?n èyí tí gbogbo àw?n tó kópa nínú ìdíje náà ?e. Àw?? àsíá náà j?? aláw?? ewé-funfun-aláw?? ewé, tí aláw??-ewé náà dúró fún i???-àgbè, tí funfun sì dúró fún àlàáfíà àti ì???kan. ","Nigeria Use National flag Proportion 1:2 Adopted 1 October 1960 Design A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green Designed by Micheal Taiwo Akinkunmi Variant flag of Nigeria Use State flag Proportion 1:2 Design A vertical bicolour triband of a green, white and green; charged with the coat of arms in the centre Variant flag of Nigeria Use Civil ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A red field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use State ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A blue field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use Naval ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A white field with the national flag in the canton, with the Naval seal in the fly. Variant flag of Nigeria Use Air force ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A sky-blue field with the national flag in the canton, with the air force roundel in the fly. The flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag has three vertical bands of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace. Contents [ hide ] 1 Design 2 Colour specifications 3 Government flags 4 Historical flags 5 Subnational flags 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design [ edit ] The flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959. Akinkunmi was a 23-year-old student at the time he designed the flag. He was studying at Norwich Technical College in London, England, when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper that submissions were being accepted for the design of a new national flag of Nigeria. The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the central white vertical band with a green vertical band on each side. After the badge was removed by the judges, the flag has remained unchanged. It was first officially used on 1 October 1960, the day Nigeria was granted independence from the United Kingdom . Like other countries, Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels. Some of its states also have flags. Colour specifications [ edit ] Colour scheme Green White RAL None 9003 Signal white CMYK 100.0.39.47 0.0.0.0 Hexadecimals #008753 #FFFFFF Decimals 0,135,83 255,255,255 Government flags [ edit ] Flag of the President of Nigeria Flag of the President as Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces Former flag of the President, adopted in 1963 Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces Naval ensign of Nigeria (1960—98) Akinkunmi's original proposal Historical flags [ edit ] See also: Flag of Nigeria (1914–1960) Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1887—88) Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1888—99) Flag of the British West African Settlements Flag of the Lagos Colony (1886—1906) Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900—14) Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900—14) Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (1914—60) Subnational flags [ edit ] Flag of Osun State See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Heraldry portal Coat of arms of Nigeria Flag of Rhodesia References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Nigeria . Nigeria at Flags of the World http://www.flagscorner.com/nigeria-flag/ Worldstatesmen.org – Nigeria" -398461560897105669,train,who designed the nigerian flag and in what year,"The national flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959. The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the centre triptych of one white vertical with a green vertical on each side. After the badge was removed by the judges, the flag has remained unchanged. Like other countries, Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels. Some of its states also have flags.","['declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen', 'france', 'émigrés']","ta ló ṣe àdàkọ àsíá nàìjíríà, ọdún wo sì ni?",Yes,"['Àsíá ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ṣe ní wọ́n gbà wọlé gẹ́gẹ́ bí i èyí tó máa ṣojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 1960, ọjọ́ tí Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira.']",['Àsíá ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ṣe ní wọ́n gbà wọlé gẹ́gẹ́ bí i èyí tó máa ṣojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 1960.'],['P1'],0,0,"Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà Àsíá il?? Nàìjíríà tí Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi ?e ní w??n gbà w?lé g??g?? bí i èyí tó máa ?ojú Nàìjíríà láti òru ?j?? kìíní o?ù k?wàá ?dún 1960, ?j?? tí Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira. W??n fi ??r?? àsíá yìí ?e ìdíje, tí àw?n ènìyàn ?gb??rún m??tà sì dá sí. Àsíá tí Akinkunmi ?e ni w??n gba w?lé láàárín àw?n èyí tí gbogbo àw?n tó kópa nínú ìdíje náà ?e. Àw?? àsíá náà j?? aláw?? ewé-funfun-aláw?? ewé, tí aláw??-ewé náà dúró fún i???-àgbè, tí funfun sì dúró fún àlàáfíà àti ì???kan. ","Nigeria Use National flag Proportion 1:2 Adopted 1 October 1960 Design A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green Designed by Micheal Taiwo Akinkunmi Variant flag of Nigeria Use State flag Proportion 1:2 Design A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green; charged with the Coat of arms in the centre Variant flag of Nigeria Use Civil ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A red field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use State ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A blue field with the national flag, in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use Naval ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A white field with the national flag in the canton, with the Naval seal in the fly. Variant flag of Nigeria Use Air force ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A sky-blue field with the national flag in the canton, with the air force roundel in the fly. The Flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag is a vertical 1:2 triband of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace. Contents [ hide ] 1 Design 2 Flag specifications 2.1 Colour specifications 3 Gallery 3.1 Government flags 3.2 Historical flags 3.3 Subnational flags 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design [ edit ] The national flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959. The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the centre triptych of one white vertical with a green vertical on each side. After the badge was removed by the judges, the flag has remained unchanged. Like other countries, Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels. Some of its states also have flags. Akinkunmi was a twenty-three year-old student at the time he designed the flag. He was studying at Norwich Technical College in London, England, when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper that submissions were being accepted for the design of a new national flag of Nigeria. In 1959 Akinkunmi's design was chosen as the winner and, with adaptations, was first officially used on 1 October 1960, Nigeria's Independence Day. Flag specifications [ edit ] Colour specifications [ edit ] Colour scheme Green White RAL None 9003 Signal white CMYK 100.0.39.47 0.0.0.0 Hexadecimals #008753 #FFFFFF Decimals 0,135,83 255,255,255 Gallery [ edit ] Government flags [ edit ] Flag of the President of Nigeria Flag of the President as Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces Former flag of the President, adopted in 1963 Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces Naval ensign of Nigeria (1960-1998) Akinkunmi's original proposal Historical flags [ edit ] Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1887-1888) Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1888-1899) Flag of the British West African Settlements Flag of the Lagos Colony (1886-1906) Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914) Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914) Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (1914-1960) Subnational flags [ edit ] Flag of Osun State See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Heraldry portal Coat of arms of Nigeria Flag of Rhodesia References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Nigeria . Nigeria at Flags of the World Worldstatesmen.org – Nigeria" 6388020658762980148,train,what is the defining element of a society,"A society is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions ; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent of members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups.","['the argyle diamond mine in australia', 'mandela']",kí ni ohun tó ń ṣàpèjúwe àwùjọ ,Yes,"['Kò sí ẹ̀dá alààyè tó dá wà láì ní Olùbátan tàbí alájogbé. Orísirísi ènìyàn ló parapọ̀ di àwùjọ-bàbá, ìyá, ará, ọ̀rẹ́, olùbátan ati bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Bí ìyá ṣe ń bí ọmọ, tí bàbá ń wo ọmọ àti bí ọ̀rẹ́ àti ojúlùmọ̀ ṣe ń báni gbé, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni ìbá gbépọ̀ ẹ̀dá n gbòòrò si. Gbogbo àwọn wọ̀nyí náà ló parapọ̀ di àwùjọ-ẹ̀dá. Àti ẹ̀ni tí a bá tan, àti ẹni tí a kò tan mọ́, gbogbo wa náà la parapọ̀ di àwùjọ-ẹ̀dá.']",[],['P1'],0,0,"Àwùj? ??k?? nípa àwùj?-??dá j?? ??k?? kan pàtàkì tí kò ?e é f?w?? r?? s??yìn. Kò sí ??dá alààyè tó dá wà láì ní Olùbátan tàbí alájogbé. Orísirísi ènìyàn ló parap?? di àwùj?-bàbá, ìyá, ará, ??r??, olùbátan ati b???? b???? l?. Bí ìyá ?e ? bí ?m?, tí bàbá ? wo ?m? àti bí ??r?? àti ojúlùm?? ?e ? báni gbé, b???? ni ìbá gbép?? ??dá n gbòòrò si. Gbogbo àw?n w??nyí náà ló parap?? di àwùj?-??dá. Àti ??ni tí a bá tan, àti ?ni tí a kò tan m??, gbogbo wa náà la parap?? di àwùj?-??dá. Ní il?? Yorùbá ati níbi gbogbo ti ??dá ènìyàn ? gbé, ìbágbép?? ??dá ?e pàtàkì púp??. Bí ?nìkan bá ní òun ò bá ?nik??ni gbé, tí kò bá gbé nígbó, yóó wábi gbàl?. ?ùgb??n, àwa ènìyàn lápap?? m? ìwúlò ìbágbép??. Orísirísi à?fàní ni ó wà nínú ìbágbép?? ??dá. Bí ??p?? ènìyàn bá n gbé pap??, ó r?rùn lati j? parap?? dojú k? ogun tàbí ??t?? tí ó bá f?? wá láti ibikíbi. Yorùbá b?? w??n ní àjòjì ?w?? kan ò gb??rù dórí. B???? g??g?? ló ?e rí fún àwùj?-??dá. Gbígbé pap?? yìí máa ? mú ìdádúró láì sí ìb??rù dání nítorí bí ò?ù?ù ?w?? ?e le láti ???, b???? ni àwùj? tó fohùn ???kan. Èyí j?? oun pàtàkì lára ànfàní tó wa nínú ì???kan nínú àwùj?-??dá. Nídà kejì, bí ??r?? àwùj?-??dá ba j?? kónkó-jabele, ??t?? àti wàhálà ni ojú ?m? ènìyàn yóó máa rí. Nítorí náà, ó dára kí ì???kan j?ba ni àwuj?-??dá. Ìdàgbàsókè tí ó máa ? wà nínú àwùj? kò s??yìn ìf?w??sow??p?? bí àti ránmú un gángan ò ti s??yìn èékánná. Ó y? kí á mò pé nítorí ìdàgbàsókè ni ??dá fi ? gbé pap??. Bí igi kan ò ?e lè dágbó ?e, b???? náà ni ?nìkan ò lè dálùúgbé. ??p??l?p?? ènìyàn ló máa ? dá ?gb??n j? fún ìdàgbàsókè ìlú. Bí ?gb??n kan kò bá parí i???, ?gb??n mìíràn yóó gbè é l??yìn. Níbi tí orísirísi ?gb??n bá ti parap??, ìl?síwájú kò ní jìnnà si irú agbègbè b????. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan w??nyí j?? ànfàní tó wà ní àwùj?-??dá tí kò sì ?e é fi síl?? láì m??nu bà. Nínú ??k?? nípa àwùj?-??dá, a tún máa ? s??r?? nípa ìsòro tó ? kojú ìbágbép?? ??dá. Kò ?e é ?e kó máa sì wàhálà láwùj? ènìyàn. A kò lè ronú l??nà kan ?o?o, nítorí náà, ìjà àti as?? máa ? j?? àw?n n?kan tí a kò lè ?àì má rì í níbi ti àw?n ènìyàn bá ? gbé. Wàhálà máa ? fa ??t??, ??t?? ? di ogun, ogun sì ? fa ikú àti fífi dúkàá sòfò. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí j?? ara àw?n ì?òro tó n kojú àwùj?-??dá. Kò sí bí ìlú tàbí orílè-èdè kan kò se ní ní ??kan nínú àw?n àw?n ì?òro w??nyí. ?ùgb??n, a gbódò m?? wí pé aw?n ànfàní àti aw?n ì?òro w??nyí ti wà láti ìgbà pípé wá. Tí a bá wo àw?n ìtàn àtij? gbogbo, a ó ri pé gbogbo àw?n n?kan wònyí kò j?? tuntun. ?gb??n ?m? ènìyàn ni ó fi ?e ?k?? orí-ìl?, ti orí-omi àti ti òfúrifú fún ìrìnkèrindò tí ó r?rùn. Àwùj?-??dá ti ?e àw?n n?kan dáradára báyìí náà ni w??n ? ?e àw?n ohun tí ó lè pa ènìyàn lára. Fún àp??r?, ìb?n àti àdó-olóró. Àw?n ohun ìjà w??nyí ni w??n lò ní ogun àgbájé kìnní tí o wáyé ní Odun 1914 sí 1918 àti ti èkejì ní odún 1939 sí 1945. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló ti wà tí ó sì tún wà síbè di òní. Lákòótán, ??k?? nípa àwùj?-??dá j?? ??k?? tó lárinrin. Ohun kan tí a gb??d?? m?? nip é, kò ?e é ?e kí ??dá máa gbe ní ?y? k????kan. Ìdí ni pé gbígbé pap?? p??lú ìs??kan àti ìf?w??sow??p?? ló lè mú ìt??síwájú àti ìdàgbà-sókè wá","For other uses, see Society (disambiguation) . Anthropology Outline History Types [show] Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological [show] Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Feminist Forensic Maritime Paleoethnobotanical Zooarchaeological Biological [show] Anthrozoological Biocultural Evolutionary Forensic Molecular Neurological Nutritional Palaeoanthropological Primatological Social Cultural [show] Applied Art Cognitive Cyborg Development Digital Ecological Environmental Economic Political economy Historical Feminist Institutional Kinship Legal Media Medical Museums Musical Political Psychological Public Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic [show] Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Semiotic Sociological Research framework [show] Anthropometry Ethnography ( online ) Ethnology Cross-cultural comparison Participant observation Holism Reflexivity Thick description Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Key concepts [show] Culture Development Ethnicity Evolution ( sociocultural ) Gender Kinship and descent Meme Prehistory Race Society Value Colonialism / Postcolonialism Key theories [show] Actor–network theory Alliance theory Cross-cultural studies Cultural materialism Culture theory Diffusionism Feminism Historical particularism Boasian anthropology Functionalism Interpretive Performance studies Political economy Practice theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Systems theory Lists [show] Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations Anthropology portal v t e Sociology History Outline Portal Theory Positivism Antipositivism Postpositivism Functionalism Conflict theories Social constructionism Structuralism Interactionism Critical theory Structure and agency Actor–network theory Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Subfields Conflict Criminology Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology Stratification STS Technology Urban Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline v t e A society is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction , or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ( social relations ) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions ; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent of members. In the social sciences , a larger society often evinces stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups. Insofar as it is collaborative , a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap. A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture , a term used extensively within criminology . More broadly, and especially within structuralist thought , a society may be illustrated as an economic , social, industrial or cultural infrastructure , made up of, yet distinct from, a varied collection of individuals. In this regard society can mean the objective relationships people have with the material world and with other people, rather than ""other people"" beyond the individual and their familiar social environment. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology and usage 2 Conceptions 2.1 In political science 2.2 In sociology 3 Types 3.1 Pre-industrial 3.1.1 Hunting and gathering 3.1.2 Pastoral 3.1.3 Horticultural 3.1.4 Agrarian 3.1.5 Feudal 3.2 Industrial 3.3 Post-industrial 4 Contemporary usage 4.1 Western 4.2 Information 4.3 Knowledge 4.4 Other uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Etymology and usage [ edit ] A half-section of the 12th-century South Tang Dynasty version of Night Revels of Han Xizai , original by Gu Hongzhong . The painting portrays servants, musicians, monks, children, guests, and hosts all in a single social environment. It serves as an in-depth look into the Chinese social structure of the time. The term ""society"" came from the Latin word societas , which in turn was derived from the noun socius ("" comrade , friend, ally""; adjectival form socialis ) used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, the term can refer to the entirety of humanity (also: ""society in general"", ""society at large"", etc.), although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society in this sense may be deemed to be ""antisocial"". However, the Scottish economist, Adam Smith taught instead that a society ""may subsist among different men, as among different merchants, from a sense of its utility without any mutual love or affection, if only they refrain from doing injury to each other."" Used in the sense of an association , a society is a body of individuals outlined by the bounds of functional interdependence , possibly comprising characteristics such as national or cultural identity , social solidarity , language , or hierarchical structure . Conceptions [ edit ] Society, in general, addresses the fact that an individual has rather limited means as an autonomous unit . The great apes have always been more ( Bonobo , Homo , Pan ) or less ( Gorilla , Pongo ) social animals , so Robinson Crusoe -like situations are either fictions or unusual corner cases to the ubiquity of social context for humans, who fall between presocial and eusocial in the spectrum of animal ethology . Cultural relativism as a widespread approach or ethic has largely replaced notions of ""primitive"", better/worse, or ""progress"" in relation to cultures (including their material culture/technology and social organization). According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier , one critical novelty in society, in contrast to humanity's closest biological relatives (chimpanzees and bonobos), is the parental role assumed by the males, which supposedly would be absent in our nearest relatives for whom paternity is not generally determinable. In political science [ edit ] Societies may also be structured politically . In order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands , tribes , chiefdoms , and state societies. These structures may have varying degrees of political power , depending on the cultural , geographical , and historical environments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more isolated society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive than one in closer proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that is unable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be subsumed into the culture of the competing society. In sociology [ edit ] The social group enables its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis. Both individual and social (common) goals can thus be distinguished and considered. Ant (formicidae) social ethology . Sociologist Peter L. Berger defines society as ""...a human product, and nothing but a human product, that yet continuously acts upon its producers."" According to him, society was created by humans but this creation turns back and creates or molds humans every day. Canis lupus social ethology Sociologist Gerhard Lenski differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication, and economy: (1) hunters and gatherers, (2) simple agricultural, (3) advanced agricultural, (4) industrial, and (5) special (e.g. fishing societies or maritime societies). This is similar to the system earlier developed by anthropologists Morton H. Fried, a conflict theorist, and Elman Service , an integration theorist, who have produced a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of social inequality and the role of the state . This system of classification contains four categories: Hunter-gatherer bands (categorization of duties and responsibilities). Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige. Stratified structures led by chieftains . Civilizations , with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments . In addition to this there are: Humanity , mankind, upon which rest all the elements of society, including society's beliefs. Virtual society , a society based on online identity, which is evolving in the information age. Over time, some cultures have progressed toward more complex forms of organization and control. This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community. Hunter-gatherer tribes settled around seasonal food stocks to become agrarian villages . Villages grew to become towns and cities. Cities turned into city-states and nation-states . Many societies distribute largess at the behest of some individual or some larger group of people. This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures; typically, prestige accrues to the generous individual or group. Conversely, members of a society may also shun or scapegoat members of the society who violate its norms . Mechanisms such as gift-giving , joking relationships and scapegoating , which may be seen in various types of human groupings, tend to be institutionalized within a society. Social evolution as a phenomenon carries with it certain elements that could be detrimental to the population it serves. Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action. This type of recognition is bestowed in the form of a name, title, manner of dress, or monetary reward. In many societies, adult male or female status is subject to a ritual or process of this type. Altruistic action in the interests of the larger group is seen in virtually all societies. The phenomena of community action, shunning, scapegoating, generosity, shared risk, and reward are common to many forms of society. Types [ edit ] Societies are social groups that differ according to subsistence strategies , the ways that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves. Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. Virtually all societies have developed some degree of inequality among their people through the process of social stratification, the division of members of a society into levels with unequal wealth, prestige, or power. Sociologists place societies in three broad categories: pre-industrial , industrial , and postindustrial . Pre-industrial [ edit ] Main article: Pre-industrial society In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor , is the main economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and feudal. Hunting and gathering [ edit ] Main article: Hunter-gatherer society San people in Botswana start a fire by hand. The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts , and usually only form small groups such as bands and tribes . However, some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as people of tlingit ) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdom. The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies. They generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100. Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The ties that bind the tribe are more complex than those of the bands. Leadership is personal—charismatic—and used for special purposes only in tribal society. There are no political offices containing real power, and a chief is merely a person of influence, a sort of adviser; therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental. The family forms the main social unit , with most members being related by birth or marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions, including production and education . Pastoral [ edit ] Main article: Pastoral society Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations. Since there are food surpluses, fewer people are needed to produce food. As a result, the division of labor (the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities) becomes more complex. For example, some people become craftworkers, producing tools , weapons , and jewelry . The production of goods encourages trade. This trade helps to create inequality, as some families acquire more goods than others do. These families often gain power through their increased wealth . The passing on of property from one generation to another helps to centralize wealth and power. Over time emerge hereditary chieftainships, the typical form of government in pastoral societies. Horticultural [ edit ] Main article: Horticulturalist society Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or forest provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a level of technology and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some horticultural groups use the slash-and-burn method to raise crops. The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as fertilizers. Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a fairly long period of time. This allows them to build semipermanent or permanent villages. The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000. As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, shamans (religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows people to create a wide variety of artifacts. As in pastoral societies, surplus food can lead to inequalities in wealth and power within horticultural political systems, developed because of the settled nature of horticultural life. Agrarian [ edit ] Main article: Agrarian society Ploughing with oxen in the 15th century Agrarian societies use agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area. Sociologists use the phrase agricultural revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities. This meant a greater surplus, which resulted in towns that became centers of trade supporting various rulers, educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious leaders who did not have to worry about locating nourishment. Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agrarian societies. For example, women previously had higher social status because they shared labor more equally with men. In hunting and gathering societies, women even gathered more food than men. However, as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family, they increasingly became subordinate to men. As villages and towns expanded into neighboring areas, conflicts with other communities inevitably occurred. Farmers provided warriors with food in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies. A system of rulers with high social status also appeared. This nobility organized warriors to protect the society from invasion. In this way, the nobility managed to extract goods from “lesser” members of society. Cleric, knight and peasant; an example of feudal societies Feudal [ edit ] Main article: Feudal society Feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowner. The estates of the realm system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations. Industrial [ edit ] Main article: Industrial societies Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a new economic system emerged that began to replace feudalism. Capitalism is marked by open competition in a free market, in which the means of production are privately owned. Europe's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism. The introduction of foreign metals, silks, and spices stimulated great commercial activity in European societies. Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production of goods. This produced further dramatic increases in efficiency. The increased efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before. Now the surplus was not just agricultural goods, but also manufactured goods. This larger surplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced. Once again, the population boomed. Increased productivity made more goods available to everyone. However, inequality became even greater than before. The breakup of agricultural-based feudal societies caused many people to leave the land and seek employment in cities. This created a great surplus of labor and gave capitalists plenty of laborers who could be hired for extremely low wages. Post-industrial [ edit ] Main article: Post-industrial society Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods. Advanced industrial societies are now seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production. The United States is the first country to have over half of its work force employed in service industries. Service industries include government, research, education, health, sales, law, and banking. Contemporary usage [ edit ] The term ""society"" is currently used to cover both a number of political and scientific connotations as well as a variety of associations. Western [ edit ] Main article: Western world The development of the Western world has brought with it the emerging concepts of Western culture , politics, and ideas, often referred to simply as ""Western society"". Geographically, it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It sometimes also includes Eastern Europe, South America, and Israel. The cultures and lifestyles of all of these stem from Western Europe. They all enjoy relatively strong economies and stable governments, allow freedom of religion, have chosen democracy as a form of governance, favor capitalism and international trade, are heavily influenced by Judeo-Christian values , and have some form of political and military alliance or cooperation. Information [ edit ] World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva Main article: Information society Although the concept of information society has been under discussion since the 1930s, in the modern world it is almost always applied to the manner in which information technologies have impacted society and culture. It therefore covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government, and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace. One of the European Union 's areas of interest is the information society. Here policies are directed towards promoting an open and competitive digital economy , research into information and communication technologies , as well as their application to improve social inclusion , public services , and quality of life . The International Telecommunications Union 's World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva and Tunis (2003 and 2005) has led to a number of policy and application areas where action is envisaged. Knowledge [ edit ] Main article: Knowledge society The Seoul Cyworld control room As access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society. An analysis by the Irish government stated, ""The capacity to manipulate, store and transmit large quantities of information cheaply has increased at a staggering rate over recent years. The digitisation of information and the associated pervasiveness of the Internet are facilitating a new intensity in the application of knowledge to economic activity, to the extent that it has become the predominant factor in the creation of wealth. As much as 70 to 80 percent of economic growth is now said to be due to new and better knowledge."" The Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society, held in Chania , Crete , in September 2009, gave special attention to the following topics: business and enterprise computing ; technology-enhanced learning ; social and humanistic computing ; culture, tourism and technology; e-government and e-democracy ; innovation, sustainable development, and strategic management; service science, management and engineering ; intellectual and human capital development; ICTs for ecology and the green economy ; future prospects for the knowledge society; and technologies and business models for the creative industries . Other uses [ edit ] Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts. (2006) People of many nations united by common political and cultural traditions, beliefs, or values are sometimes also said to form a society (such as Judeo-Christian, Eastern, and Western). When used in this context, the term is employed as a means of contrasting two or more ""societies"" whose members represent alternative conflicting and competing worldviews. Some academic , professional, and scientific associations describe themselves as societies (for example, the American Mathematical Society , the American Society of Civil Engineers , or the Royal Society ). In some countries, e.g. the United States, France, and Latin America, the term ""society' is used in commerce to denote a partnership between investors or the start of a business . In the United Kingdom , partnerships are not called societies, but co-operatives or mutuals are often known as societies (such as friendly societies and building societies ). See also [ edit ] Society portal Civil society Consumer society Community ( outline ) Culture ( outline ) High society (group) Mass society Open society Outline of society Professional society Religion ( outline ) Scientific society Secret societies Sociobiology Social actions Social capital Social cohesion Societal collapse Social contract Social disintegration Social order Social solidarity Social structure Social work Structure agency Notes [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Effland, R. 1998. The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations Mesa Community College. Jenkins, Richard (2002). Foundations of Sociology . London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-96050-5 . Lenski, Gerhard E (1974). Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology . New York: McGraw- Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-037172-5 . Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society . Fontana, 1976. Althusser, Louis and Balibar, Étienne . Reading Capital . London: Verso, 2009. Bottomore, Tom (ed). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought , 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1991. 45–48. Calhoun, Craig (ed), Dictionary of the Social Sciences Oxford University Press (2002) Hall, Stuart . ""Rethinking the Base and Superstructure Metaphor."" Papers on Class, Hegemony and Party . Bloomfield, J., ed. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977. Chris Harman . "" Base and Superstructure "". International Socialism 2:32, Summer 1986, pp. 3–44. Harvey, David . A Companion to Marx's Capital. London: Verso, 2010. Larrain, Jorge. Marxism and Ideology . Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1983. Lukács, Georg . History and Class Consciousness . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1972. Postone, Moishe . Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Williams, Raymond . Marxism and Literature . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. Briggs, Asa (2000). The Age of Improvement (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN 0-582-36959-2 . External links [ edit ] Look up Society in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Society . Society at DMOZ Definition of Society from the OED . Lecture notes on ""Defining Society"" [ dead link ] from East Carolina University. Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution The Day the World Took Off Six-part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question ""Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."" BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living by Clark Nardinelli - the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell. Cliff Notes on Types of Societies Perceptions of Knowledge, Knowledge Society, and Knowledge Management" -5029845990367987627,train,when was the term human rights first used,"Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much of human history, there is agreement that the earlier conceptions do not closely resemble the modern conceptions of human rights. According to Jack Donnelly, in the ancient world, `` traditional societies typically have had elaborate systems of duties... conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realise human dignity, flourishing, or well - being entirely independent of human rights. These institutions and practices are alternative to, rather than different formulations of, human rights ''. The history of human rights can be traced to past documents, particularly Constitution of Medina (622), Al - Risalah al - Huquq (late 7th to early 8th century), Magna Carta (1215), the German Peasants ' War Twelve Articles (1525), the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), and the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution (1791).",['ciudad de méxico'],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n kọ́kọ́ lo ọ̀rọ̀ human rights,Yes,"['ero odeoni nipa awon eto omoniyan dide leyin isele Ogun Agbaye Keji, gege bi idahun si Ipaniyanrun àwon Ju, eyi fa itowobowe Ìkéde Akáríayé fún àwọn Ẹ̀tọ́ Ọmọnìyàn latowo United Nations General Assembly ni 1948.']",['ero odeoni nipa awon eto omoniyan dide leyin isele Ogun Agbaye Keji latowo United Nations General Assembly ni 1948.'],['P2'],1,0,"Àw?n ??t?? ?m?nìyàn Àw?n ??t?? ?m?nìyàn ni ""awo eto ipile ati ominira ti gbogbo awon omo eniyan leto si.""[1] Awon olugbowo ero yi un tenumo pe gbogbo awon eniyan ni awon ajemonu nitoripe won je omo eniyan.[2] Nitorie awon eto omoniyan je gbigba bi ti eyi to je alagbalaaye ati bakanna. Iru awon ajemonu bayi le wa gege bi awon asa awon iwuwa eniyan gangan, gege bi asa iwa tito tabi awon eto eda ti o ni idi pataki, tabi gege bi awon eto olofin boya ninu orile-ede tabi ninu ofin kariaye.[3] Sibesibe, ko si ikoenu lori kini ohu pato to je tabi ti ko je eto omoniyan lona kankan, be si ni ero awon eto omoniyan bi afoyemo ti je ohun ijiyan ati igbeyewo ninu imo oye. ero odeoni nipa awon eto omoniyan dide leyin isele Ogun Agbaye Keji, gege bi idahun si Ipaniyanrun àwon Ju, eyi fa itowobowe Ìkéde Akáríayé fún àw?n ??t?? ?m?nìyàn latowo Àpéj? Gbogbo Gbòò ti Ìparap?? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè ni 1948. ", 8829997184029026364,train,what is a long chain of amino acid molecules,"Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) that make up proteins. They join together to form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins. These polymers are linear and unbranched, with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids. The process of making proteins encoded by DNA / RNA genetic material is called translation and involves the step - by - step addition of amino acids to a growing protein chain by a ribozyme that is called a ribosome. The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is an RNA copy of one of the organism 's genes.","['approximately 1,070 km (665 mi) east-southeast of cape hatteras, north carolina']",kí ni àlàfo gígùn àwọn èròjà amino acid,Yes,"['Àwọn amino acid jẹ́ àwọn ohun tí ó ní carbon tí ó wúlò fún ara tí ó sì ní amine (-NH2) àti carboxylic acid (-COOH) gẹ́gẹ́ bíi àwọn akójọpọ̀ fún iṣẹ́ ṣiṣe, tí ó sábà maa ń ní ìsomọ́ lẹ́gbẹ́ pàtó fún amino acid kọ̀ọ̀kan. Àwọn ìdá ìpilẹ̀ amino acid tó ṣe kókọ́ ni carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, àti nitrogen, bípótilẹ̀jẹ́wípé a maa ń rí àwọn ìdá ìpilẹ̀ tókù nínú àwọn\xa0 ìsomọ́ lẹ́gbẹ́ àwọn amino acid kọ̀ọ̀kan.']","['Àwọn amino acid jẹ́ àwọn ohun tí ó ní carbon tí ó wúlò fún ara tí ó sì ní amine (-NH2) àti carboxylic acid (-COOH) gẹ́gẹ́ bíi àwọn akójọpọ̀ fún iṣẹ́ ṣiṣe, tí ó sábà maa ń ní ìsomọ́ lẹ́gbẹ́ pàtó fún amino acid kọ̀ọ̀kan. ']",['P1'],1,0,"Àw?n amino acid Àw?n ásíìdì amino j?? àw?n ohun tí ó ní carbon tí ó wúlò fún ara tí ó sì ní amine (-NH2) àti carboxylic acid (-COOH) g??g?? bíi àw?n akój?p?? fún i??? ?i?e, tí ó sábà maa ? ní ìsom?? l??gb?? pàtó fún ásíìdì amino k????kan.[1][2][3] Àw?n ìdá ìpil?? ásíìdì amino tó ?e kók?? ni carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, àti nitrogen, bípótil??j??wípé a maa ? rí àw?n ìdá ìpil?? tókù nínú àw?n ìsom?? l??gb?? àw?n ásíìdì amino k????kan. Àw?n ásíìdì amino tí a m?? f??? tó bíi ????d??gb??ta tí a sì lè pín sí ìs??rí lórí?irí?i ??nà.[4] A lè pín w?n g??g?? bi ìrísi àti àyè tí àw?n ?gb?? oní?é w?n wà, bíi alpha- (?-), beta- (?-), gamma- (?-) or delta- (?-) ásíìdì amino; àw?n ??ka tókù ní lati ?e p??lú òpó, ìw?n pH àti oní?é irú ìsom?? ??gb?? (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, tí ó ní hydroxyl àti sulfur, àti b????b???? l?.). Ní bíi protein ásíìdì amino j?? ??yà kejì tí ó tóbi jùl? nínú i?an (omi ni o poju) ninu isan, s????lì àti tí??ù.[5] Tí kò bá sí ní protein, ó maa ? ?e àw?n i??? pàtàkì bíi nuerotransmitter àti ì???dá ní ara. Ní biochemistry, àw?n ásíìdì amino tí ó ní amine àti àkój?p?? carboxylic acid so m?? carbon át??mù àk??k?? (alpha-) ? ní i??? pàtàkì kan pàtó. A m?? w??n sí 2-, alpha-, tàbí ?-ásíìdì amino (àgbékalè w?n maa ní H2NCHRCOOH,[6] R j?? àw?n ohun tí ó ní carbon tí ó dìr?? m??? tí a m?? sí ""ìsom??-??gb??"");[7] a sì maa sábà pè w??n ní ""ásíìdì amino"". M??tàlélógún ni àw?n proteinogenic (""ì???dá-protein"") ásíìdì amino náà [8][9][10] tí w??n maa ? sop?? m?? peptide (""polypeptides"") lati ?ètò ìpil?? fún àw?n ??p??l?p?? protein. [11] Gbogbo àw?n wònyí ni L-stereoisomers (isomer ""lápá-òsì""), bótilèjépé awon D-ásíìdì amino (""alapa-otun"") dí?? wà nínú ??yà ìdáàbòbò ara bacteria, w??n lè j?? neuromodulator (D-serine), wón tún wà nínú àw?n egbògi kànkàn.[12] Ogún nínú àw?n proteinogenic ásíìdì amino naa ní ó ? kóòdù tààrà nípasè kóòdù oním?ta nínú kóòdù jiini a si mo won si ""àjùm??lò"" ásíìdì amino. Àw?n ìrísí Àw?n eléyìí ?e àfihàn ìrísí àti àgékúrú àw?n ??kànlélógún ásíìdì amino tí w??n ? kóòdù tààrà fún ì???dá protein nípas?? àw?n kóòdù gene nínú ara. Àw?n ìrísí w??yí j?? ti k??míka tí wà bíi zwitterion nínú àdàp??.","This article is about the class of chemicals. For the structures and properties of the standard proteinogenic amino acids, see Proteinogenic amino acid . The structure of an alpha amino acid in its un-ionized form Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH 2 ) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups , along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. About 500 naturally occurring amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code ) and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-) , beta- (β-) , gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity , pH level, and side chain group type ( aliphatic , acyclic , aromatic , containing hydroxyl or sulfur , etc.). In the form of proteins , amino acid residues form the second-largest component ( water is the largest) of human muscles and other tissues . Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis . In biochemistry , amino acids having both the amine and the carboxylic acid groups attached to the first (alpha-) carbon atom have particular importance. They are known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic formula H 2 NCHRCOOH in most cases, where R is an organic substituent known as a "" side chain ""); often the term ""amino acid"" is used to refer specifically to these. They include the 22 proteinogenic (""protein-building"") amino acids, which combine into peptide chains (""polypeptides"") to form the building-blocks of a vast array of proteins . These are all L - stereoisomers ("" left-handed "" isomers ), although a few D -amino acids (""right-handed"") occur in bacterial envelopes , as a neuromodulator ( D - serine ), and in some antibiotics . Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as ""standard"" amino acids. The other two (""non-standard"" or ""non-canonical"") are selenocysteine (present in many prokaryotes as well as most eukaryotes , but not coded directly by DNA ), and pyrrolysine (found only in some archea and one bacterium ). Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine are encoded via variant codons; for example, selenocysteine is encoded by stop codon and SECIS element . N -formylmethionine (which is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria , and chloroplasts ) is generally considered as a form of methionine rather than as a separate proteinogenic amino acid. Codon– tRNA combinations not found in nature can also be used to ""expand"" the genetic code and form novel proteins known as alloproteins incorporating non-proteinogenic amino acids . Many important proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids have biological functions. For example, in the human brain , glutamate (standard glutamic acid ) and gamma-amino-butyric acid (""GABA"", non-standard gamma-amino acid) are, respectively, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters . Hydroxyproline , a major component of the connective tissue collagen , is synthesised from proline . Glycine is a biosynthetic precursor to porphyrins used in red blood cells . Carnitine is used in lipid transport . Nine proteinogenic amino acids are called "" essential "" for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. Others may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions. Essential amino acids may also differ between species . Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements , fertilizers , feed , and food technology . Industrial uses include the production of drugs , biodegradable plastics , and chiral catalysts . Contents 1 History 2 General structure 2.1 Isomerism 2.2 Side chains 2.3 Zwitterions 2.4 Isoelectric point 3 Occurrence and functions in biochemistry 3.1 Proteinogenic amino acids 3.2 Non-proteinogenic amino acids 3.3 D-amino acid natural abundance 3.4 Non-standard amino acids 3.5 In human nutrition 3.6 Non-protein functions 4 Uses in industry 4.1 Expanded genetic code 4.2 Nullomers 4.3 Chemical building blocks 4.4 Biodegradable plastics 5 Reactions 5.1 Chemical synthesis 5.2 Peptide bond formation 5.3 Biosynthesis 5.4 Catabolism 6 Physicochemical properties of amino acids 6.1 Table of standard amino acid abbreviations and properties 7 See also 8 References and notes 9 Further reading 10 External links History [ edit ] The first few amino acids were discovered in the early 19th century. In 1806, French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated a compound in asparagus that was subsequently named asparagine , the first amino acid to be discovered. Cystine was discovered in 1810, although its monomer, cysteine , remained undiscovered until 1884. Glycine and leucine were discovered in 1820. The last of the 20 common amino acids to be discovered was threonine in 1935 by William Cumming Rose , who also determined the essential amino acids and established the minimum daily requirements of all amino acids for optimal growth. The unity of the chemical category was recognized by Wurtz in 1865, but he gave no particular name to it. Usage of the term ""amino acid"" in the English language is from 1898, while the German term, Aminosäure , was used earlier. Proteins were found to yield amino acids after enzymatic digestion or acid hydrolysis . In 1902, Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister independently proposed that proteins are formed from many amino acids, whereby bonds are formed between the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another, resulting in a linear structure that Fischer termed "" peptide "". General structure [ edit ] The 21 proteinogenic α-amino acids found in eukaryotes , grouped according to their side chains' pK a values and charges carried at physiological pH (7.4) In the structure shown at the top of the page, R represents a side chain specific to each amino acid. The carbon atom next to the carboxyl group (which is therefore numbered 2 in the carbon chain starting from that functional group) is called the α–carbon . Amino acids containing an amino group bonded directly to the alpha carbon are referred to as alpha amino acids . These include amino acids such as proline which contain secondary amines , which used to be often referred to as ""imino acids"". Isomerism [ edit ] The alpha amino acids are the most common form found in nature, but only when occurring in the L -isomer. The alpha carbon is a chiral carbon atom, with the exception of glycine which has two indistinguishable hydrogen atoms on the alpha carbon. Therefore, all alpha amino acids but glycine can exist in either of two enantiomers , called L or D amino acids, which are mirror images of each other ( see also Chirality ). While L -amino acids represent all of the amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome, D -amino acids are found in some proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum , as in exotic sea-dwelling organisms such as cone snails . They are also abundant components of the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria, and D -serine may act as a neurotransmitter in the brain. D -amino acids are used in racemic crystallography to create centrosymmetric crystals, which (depending on the protein) may allow for easier and more robust protein structure determination. The L and D convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can, in theory, be synthesized ( D -glyceraldehyde is dextrorotatory; L -glyceraldehyde is levorotatory). In alternative fashion, the (S) and (R) designators are used to indicate the absolute stereochemistry . Almost all of the amino acids in proteins are (S) at the α carbon, with cysteine being (R) and glycine non- chiral . Cysteine has its side chain in the same geometric position as the other amino acids, but the R/S terminology is reversed because of the higher atomic number of sulfur compared to the carboxyl oxygen gives the side chain a higher priority, whereas the atoms in most other side chains give them lower priority. Side chains [ edit ] Lysine with carbon atoms labeled by position In amino acids that have a carbon chain attached to the α–carbon (such as lysine , shown to the right) the carbons are labeled in order as α, β, γ, δ, and so on. In some amino acids, the amine group is attached to the β or γ-carbon, and these are therefore referred to as beta or gamma amino acids . Amino acids are usually classified by the properties of their side chain into four groups. The side chain can make an amino acid a weak acid or a weak base , and a hydrophile if the side chain is polar or a hydrophobe if it is nonpolar . The chemical structures of the 22 standard amino acids, along with their chemical properties, are described more fully in the article on these proteinogenic amino acids . The phrase "" branched-chain amino acids "" or BCAA refers to the amino acids having aliphatic side chains that are non-linear; these are leucine , isoleucine , and valine . Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid whose side-group links to the α-amino group and, thus, is also the only proteinogenic amino acid containing a secondary amine at this position. In chemical terms, proline is, therefore, an imino acid , since it lacks a primary amino group , although it is still classed as an amino acid in the current biochemical nomenclature, and may also be called an ""N-alkylated alpha-amino acid"". Zwitterions [ edit ] An amino acid in its (1) un-ionized and (2) zwitterionic forms Main article: Zwitterion The α- carboxylic acid group of amino acids is a weak acid , meaning that it releases a hydron (such as a proton ) at moderate pH values. In other words, carboxylic acid groups (−CO 2 H) can be deprotonated to become negative carboxylates (−CO 2 − ). The negatively charged carboxylate ion predominates at pH values greater than the pKa of the carboxylic acid group (mean for the 20 common amino acids is about 2.2, see the table of amino acid structures above). In a complementary fashion, the α- amine of amino acids is a weak base , meaning that it accepts a proton at moderate pH values. In other words, α-amino groups (NH 2 −) can be protonated to become positive α-ammonium groups ( + NH 3 −). The positively charged α-ammonium group predominates at pH values less than the pKa of the α-ammonium group (mean for the 20 common α-amino acids is about 9.4). Because all amino acids contain amine and carboxylic acid functional groups, they share amphiprotic properties. Below pH 2.2, the predominant form will have a neutral carboxylic acid group and a positive α-ammonium ion (net charge +1), and above pH 9.4, a negative carboxylate and neutral α-amino group (net charge −1). But at pH between 2.2 and 9.4, an amino acid usually contains both a negative carboxylate and a positive α-ammonium group, as shown in structure (2) on the right, so has net zero charge. This molecular state is known as a zwitterion , from the German Zwitter meaning hermaphrodite or hybrid . The fully neutral form (structure (1) on the left) is a very minor species in aqueous solution throughout the pH range (less than 1 part in 10 7 ). Amino acids exist as zwitterions also in the solid phase, and crystallize with salt-like properties unlike typical organic acids or amines. Isoelectric point [ edit ] Composite of titration curves of twenty proteinogenic amino acids grouped by side chain category The variation in titration curves when the amino acids can be grouped by category. [ clarification needed ] With the exception of tyrosine, using titration to distinguish among hydrophobic amino acids is problematic. At pH values between the two pKa values, the zwitterion predominates, but coexists in dynamic equilibrium with small amounts of net negative and net positive ions. At the exact midpoint between the two pKa values, the trace amount of net negative and trace of net positive ions exactly balance, so that average net charge of all forms present is zero. This pH is known as the isoelectric point pI, so pI = ½(pKa 1 + pKa 2 ). The individual amino acids all have slightly different pKa values, so have different isoelectric points. For amino acids with charged side chains, the pKa of the side chain is involved. Thus for Asp, Glu with negative side chains, pI = ½(pKa 1 + pKa R ), where pKa R is the side chain pKa. Cysteine also has potentially negative side chain with pKa R = 8.14, so pI should be calculated as for Asp and Glu, even though the side chain is not significantly charged at neutral pH. For His, Lys, and Arg with positive side chains, pI = ½(pKa R + pKa 2 ). Amino acids have zero mobility in electrophoresis at their isoelectric point, although this behaviour is more usually exploited for peptides and proteins than single amino acids. Zwitterions have minimum solubility at their isoelectric point and some amino acids (in particular, with non-polar side chains) can be isolated by precipitation from water by adjusting the pH to the required isoelectric point. Occurrence and functions in biochemistry [ edit ] A polypeptide is an unbranched chain of amino acids β-alanine and its α-alanine isomer The amino acid selenocysteine Proteinogenic amino acids [ edit ] Main article: Proteinogenic amino acids See also: Protein primary structure and Posttranslational modification Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) that make up proteins. They join together to form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins . These polymers are linear and unbranched, with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids. The process of making proteins encoded by DNA/RNA genetic material is called translation and involves the step-by-step addition of amino acids to a growing protein chain by a ribozyme that is called a ribosome . The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is an RNA copy of one of the organism's genes . Twenty-two amino acids are naturally incorporated into polypeptides and are called proteinogenic or natural amino acids. Of these, 20 are encoded by the universal genetic code . The remaining 2, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine , are incorporated into proteins by unique synthetic mechanisms. Selenocysteine is incorporated when the mRNA being translated includes a SECIS element , which causes the UGA codon to encode selenocysteine instead of a stop codon . Pyrrolysine is used by some methanogenic archaea in enzymes that they use to produce methane . It is coded for with the codon UAG, which is normally a stop codon in other organisms. This UAG codon is followed by a PYLIS downstream sequence . Non-proteinogenic amino acids [ edit ] Main article: Non-proteinogenic amino acids Aside from the 22 proteinogenic amino acids , many non-proteinogenic amino acids are known. Those either are not found in proteins (for example carnitine , GABA , levothyroxine ) or are not produced directly and in isolation by standard cellular machinery (for example, hydroxyproline and selenomethionine ). Non-proteinogenic amino acids that are found in proteins are formed by post-translational modification , which is modification after translation during protein synthesis. These modifications are often essential for the function or regulation of a protein. For example, the carboxylation of glutamate allows for better binding of calcium cations , and collagen contains hydroxyproline, generated by hydroxylation of proline . Another example is the formation of hypusine in the translation initiation factor EIF5A , through modification of a lysine residue. Such modifications can also determine the localization of the protein, e.g., the addition of long hydrophobic groups can cause a protein to bind to a phospholipid membrane. Some non-proteinogenic amino acids are not found in proteins. Examples include 2-aminoisobutyric acid and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid . Non-proteinogenic amino acids often occur as intermediates in the metabolic pathways for standard amino acids – for example, ornithine and citrulline occur in the urea cycle , part of amino acid catabolism (see below). A rare exception to the dominance of α-amino acids in biology is the β-amino acid beta alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), which is used in plants and microorganisms in the synthesis of pantothenic acid (vitamin B 5 ), a component of coenzyme A . D -amino acid natural abundance [ edit ] D -isomers are uncommon in live organisms. For instance, gramicidin is a polypeptide made up from mixture of D - and L -amino acids. Other compounds containing D -amino acid are tyrocidine and valinomycin . These compounds disrupt bacterial cell walls, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria. Only 837 D -amino acids were found in Swiss-Prot database (187 million amino acids analysed). Non-standard amino acids [ edit ] The 20 amino acids that are encoded directly by the codons of the universal genetic code are called standard or canonical amino acids. A modified form of methionine ( N -formylmethionine ) is often incorporated in place of methionine as the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Other amino acids are called non-standard or non-canonical . Most of the non-standard amino acids are also non-proteinogenic (i.e. they cannot be incorporated into proteins during translation), but two of them are proteinogenic, as they can be incorporated translationally into proteins by exploiting information not encoded in the universal genetic code. The two non-standard proteinogenic amino acids are selenocysteine (present in many non-eukaryotes as well as most eukaryotes, but not coded directly by DNA) and pyrrolysine (found only in some archaea and one bacterium ). The incorporation of these non-standard amino acids is rare. For example, 25 human proteins include selenocysteine (Sec) in their primary structure, and the structurally characterized enzymes (selenoenzymes) employ Sec as the catalytic moiety in their active sites. Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine are encoded via variant codons. For example, selenocysteine is encoded by stop codon and SECIS element . In human nutrition [ edit ] Share of amino acid in different human diets and the resulting mix of amino acids in human blood serum. Glutamate and glutamine are the most frequent in food at over 10%, while alanine, glutamine, and glycine are the most common in blood. Main article: Essential amino acids Further information: Protein (nutrient) and Amino acid synthesis When taken up into the human body from the diet, the 20 standard amino acids either are used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules or are oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy. The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase ; the amino group is then fed into the urea cycle . The other product of transamidation is a keto acid that enters the citric acid cycle . Glucogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose, through gluconeogenesis . Of the 20 standard amino acids, nine ( His , Ile , Leu , Lys , Met , Phe , Thr , Trp and Val ) are called essential amino acids because the human body cannot synthesize them from other compounds at the level needed for normal growth, so they must be obtained from food. In addition, cysteine , taurine , tyrosine , and arginine are considered semiessential amino-acids in children (though taurine is not technically an amino acid), because the metabolic pathways that synthesize these amino acids are not fully developed. The amounts required also depend on the age and health of the individual, so it is hard to make general statements about the dietary requirement for some amino acids. Dietary exposure to the non-standard amino acid BMAA has been linked to human neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS . Diagram of the molecular signaling cascades that are involved in myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to physical exercise and specific amino acids or their derivatives (primarily L -leucine and HMB ). Many amino acids derived from food protein promote the activation of mTORC1 and increase protein synthesis by signaling through Rag GTPases . show Abbreviations and representations: • PLD: phospholipase D • PA: phosphatidic acid • mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin • AMP: adenosine monophosphate • ATP: adenosine triphosphate • AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase • PGC‐1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α • S6K1: p70S6 kinase • 4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 • eIF4E: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E • RPS6: ribosomal protein S6 • eEF2: eukaryotic elongation factor 2 • RE: resistance exercise; EE: endurance exercise • Myo: myofibrillar ; Mito: mitochondrial • AA: amino acids • HMB: β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid • ↑ represents activation • Τ represents inhibition Resistance training stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) for a period of up to 48 hours following exercise (shown by lighter dotted line). Ingestion of a protein-rich meal at any point during this period will augment the exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis (shown by solid lines). Non-protein functions [ edit ] Biosynthetic pathways for catecholamines and trace amines in the human brain L -Phenylalanine L -Tyrosine L -DOPA Epinephrine Phenethylamine p -Tyramine Dopamine Norepinephrine N -Methylphenethylamine N -Methyltyramine p -Octopamine Synephrine 3-Methoxytyramine AADC AADC AADC primary pathway PNMT PNMT PNMT PNMT AAAH AAAH brain CYP2D6 minor pathway COMT DBH DBH Catecholamines and trace amines are synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine in humans. Further information: Amino acid neurotransmitter In humans, non-protein amino acids also have important roles as metabolic intermediates , such as in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA). Many amino acids are used to synthesize other molecules, for example: Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin . Tyrosine (and its precursor phenylalanine) are precursors of the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine , epinephrine and norepinephrine and various trace amines . Phenylalanine is a precursor of phenethylamine and tyrosine in humans. In plants, it is a precursor of various phenylpropanoids , which are important in plant metabolism. Glycine is a precursor of porphyrins such as heme . Arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide . Ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine are precursors of polyamines . Aspartate , glycine , and glutamine are precursors of nucleotides . However, not all of the functions of other abundant non-standard amino acids are known. Some non-standard amino acids are used as defenses against herbivores in plants. For example, canavanine is an analogue of arginine that is found in many legumes , and in particularly large amounts in Canavalia gladiata (sword bean). This amino acid protects the plants from predators such as insects and can cause illness in people if some types of legumes are eaten without processing. The non-protein amino acid mimosine is found in other species of legume, in particular Leucaena leucocephala . This compound is an analogue of tyrosine and can poison animals that graze on these plants. Uses in industry [ edit ] Amino acids are used for a variety of applications in industry, but their main use is as additives to animal feed . This is necessary, since many of the bulk components of these feeds, such as soybeans , either have low levels or lack some of the essential amino acids : lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan are most important in the production of these feeds. In this industry, amino acids are also used to chelate metal cations in order to improve the absorption of minerals from supplements, which may be required to improve the health or production of these animals. The food industry is also a major consumer of amino acids, in particular, glutamic acid , which is used as a flavor enhancer , and aspartame (aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester) as a low-calorie artificial sweetener . Similar technology to that used for animal nutrition is employed in the human nutrition industry to alleviate symptoms of mineral deficiencies, such as anemia, by improving mineral absorption and reducing negative side effects from inorganic mineral supplementation. The chelating ability of amino acids has been used in fertilizers for agriculture to facilitate the delivery of minerals to plants in order to correct mineral deficiencies, such as iron chlorosis. These fertilizers are also used to prevent deficiencies from occurring and improving the overall health of the plants. The remaining production of amino acids is used in the synthesis of drugs and cosmetics . Similarly, some amino acids derivatives are used in pharmaceutical industry. They include 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) used for experimental treatment of depression, L -DOPA ( L -dihydroxyphenylalanine) for Parkinson's treatment, and eflornithine drug that inhibits ornithine decarboxylase and used in the treatment of sleeping sickness . Expanded genetic code [ edit ] Main article: Expanded genetic code Since 2001, 40 non-natural amino acids have been added into protein by creating a unique codon (recoding) and a corresponding transfer-RNA:aminoacyl – tRNA-synthetase pair to encode it with diverse physicochemical and biological properties in order to be used as a tool to exploring protein structure and function or to create novel or enhanced proteins. Nullomers [ edit ] Main article: Nullomers Nullomers are codons that in theory code for an amino acid, however in nature there is a selective bias against using this codon in favor of another, for example bacteria prefer to use CGA instead of AGA to code for arginine. This creates some sequences that do not appear in the genome. This characteristic can be taken advantage of and used to create new selective cancer-fighting drugs and to prevent cross-contamination of DNA samples from crime-scene investigations. Chemical building blocks [ edit ] Further information: Asymmetric synthesis Amino acids are important as low-cost feedstocks . These compounds are used in chiral pool synthesis as enantiomerically pure building-blocks. Amino acids have been investigated as precursors chiral catalysts , e.g., for asymmetric hydrogenation reactions, although no commercial applications exist. Biodegradable plastics [ edit ] Further information: Biodegradable plastic and Biopolymer Amino acids are under development as components of a range of biodegradable polymers. These materials have applications as environmentally friendly packaging and in medicine in drug delivery and the construction of prosthetic implants . These polymers include polypeptides, polyamides , polyesters, polysulfides, and polyurethanes with amino acids either forming part of their main chains or bonded as side chains. These modifications alter the physical properties and reactivities of the polymers. An interesting example of such materials is polyaspartate , a water-soluble biodegradable polymer that may have applications in disposable diapers and agriculture. Due to its solubility and ability to chelate metal ions, polyaspartate is also being used as a biodegradeable anti- scaling agent and a corrosion inhibitor . In addition, the aromatic amino acid tyrosine is being developed as a possible replacement for toxic phenols such as bisphenol A in the manufacture of polycarbonates . Reactions [ edit ] As amino acids have both a primary amine group and a primary carboxyl group, these chemicals can undergo most of the reactions associated with these functional groups. These include nucleophilic addition , amide bond formation, and imine formation for the amine group, and esterification , amide bond formation, and decarboxylation for the carboxylic acid group. The combination of these functional groups allow amino acids to be effective polydentate ligands for metal-amino acid chelates. The multiple side chains of amino acids can also undergo chemical reactions. The types of these reactions are determined by the groups on these side chains and are, therefore, different between the various types of amino acid. Chemical synthesis [ edit ] The Strecker amino acid synthesis See also: Category:Chemical synthesis of amino acids Several methods exist to synthesize amino acids. One of the oldest methods begins with the bromination at the α-carbon of a carboxylic acid. Nucleophilic substitution with ammonia then converts the alkyl bromide to the amino acid. In alternative fashion, the Strecker amino acid synthesis involves the treatment of an aldehyde with potassium cyanide and ammonia, this produces an α-amino nitrile as an intermediate. Hydrolysis of the nitrile in acid then yields an α-amino acid. Using ammonia or ammonium salts in this reaction gives unsubstituted amino acids, whereas substituting primary and secondary amines will yield substituted amino acids. Likewise, using ketones , instead of aldehydes, gives α,α-disubstituted amino acids. The classical synthesis gives racemic mixtures of α-amino acids as products, but several alternative procedures using asymmetric auxiliaries or asymmetric catalysts have been developed. At the current time, the most-adopted method is an automated synthesis on a solid support (e.g., polystyrene beads), using protecting groups (e.g., Fmoc and t-Boc ) and activating groups (e.g., DCC and DIC ). Peptide bond formation [ edit ] See also: Peptide synthesis and Peptide bond The condensation of two amino acids to form a dipeptide through a peptide bond As both the amine and carboxylic acid groups of amino acids can react to form amide bonds, one amino acid molecule can react with another and become joined through an amide linkage. This polymerization of amino acids is what creates proteins. This condensation reaction yields the newly formed peptide bond and a molecule of water. In cells, this reaction does not occur directly; instead, the amino acid is first activated by attachment to a transfer RNA molecule through an ester bond. This aminoacyl-tRNA is produced in an ATP -dependent reaction carried out by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase . This aminoacyl-tRNA is then a substrate for the ribosome , which catalyzes the attack of the amino group of the elongating protein chain on the ester bond. As a result of this mechanism, all proteins made by ribosomes are synthesized starting at their N-terminus and moving toward their C-terminus. However, not all peptide bonds are formed in this way. In a few cases, peptides are synthesized by specific enzymes. For example, the tripeptide glutathione is an essential part of the defenses of cells against oxidative stress. This peptide is synthesized in two steps from free amino acids. In the first step, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase condenses cysteine and glutamic acid through a peptide bond formed between the side chain carboxyl of the glutamate (the gamma carbon of this side chain) and the amino group of the cysteine. This dipeptide is then condensed with glycine by glutathione synthetase to form glutathione. In chemistry, peptides are synthesized by a variety of reactions. One of the most-used in solid-phase peptide synthesis uses the aromatic oxime derivatives of amino acids as activated units. These are added in sequence onto the growing peptide chain, which is attached to a solid resin support. The ability to easily synthesize vast numbers of different peptides by varying the types and order of amino acids (using combinatorial chemistry ) has made peptide synthesis particularly important in creating libraries of peptides for use in drug discovery through high-throughput screening . Biosynthesis [ edit ] Main article: Amino acid synthesis In plants, nitrogen is first assimilated into organic compounds in the form of glutamate , formed from alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia in the mitochondrion. In order to form other amino acids, the plant uses transaminases to move the amino group to another alpha-keto carboxylic acid. For example, aspartate aminotransferase converts glutamate and oxaloacetate to alpha-ketoglutarate and aspartate. Other organisms use transaminases for amino acid synthesis, too. Nonstandard amino acids are usually formed through modifications to standard amino acids. For example, homocysteine is formed through the transsulfuration pathway or by the demethylation of methionine via the intermediate metabolite S-adenosyl methionine , while hydroxyproline is made by a posttranslational modification of proline . Microorganisms and plants can synthesize many uncommon amino acids. For example, some microbes make 2-aminoisobutyric acid and lanthionine , which is a sulfide-bridged derivative of alanine. Both of these amino acids are found in peptidic lantibiotics such as alamethicin . However, in plants, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is a small disubstituted cyclic amino acid that is a key intermediate in the production of the plant hormone ethylene . Catabolism [ edit ] Catabolism of proteinogenic amino acids. Amino acids can be classified according to the properties of their main products as either of the following: * Glucogenic , with the products having the ability to form glucose by gluconeogenesis * Ketogenic , with the products not having the ability to form glucose. These products may still be used for ketogenesis or lipid synthesis . * Amino acids catabolized into both glucogenic and ketogenic products. Amino acids must first pass out of organelles and cells into blood circulation via amino acid transporters , since the amine and carboxylic acid groups are typically ionized. Degradation of an amino acid, occurring in the liver and kidneys, often involves deamination by moving its amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate, forming glutamate . This process involves transaminases, often the same as those used in amination during synthesis. In many vertebrates, the amino group is then removed through the urea cycle and is excreted in the form of urea . However, amino acid degradation can produce uric acid or ammonia instead. For example, serine dehydratase converts serine to pyruvate and ammonia. After removal of one or more amino groups, the remainder of the molecule can sometimes be used to synthesize new amino acids, or it can be used for energy by entering glycolysis or the citric acid cycle , as detailed in image at right. Physicochemical properties of amino acids [ edit ] The 20 amino acids encoded directly by the genetic code can be divided into several groups based on their properties. Important factors are charge, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity , size, and functional groups. These properties are important for protein structure and protein–protein interactions . The water-soluble proteins tend to have their hydrophobic residues (Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, and Trp) buried in the middle of the protein, whereas hydrophilic side chains are exposed to the aqueous solvent. (Note that in biochemistry , a residue refers to a specific monomer within the polymeric chain of a polysaccharide , protein or nucleic acid .) The integral membrane proteins tend to have outer rings of exposed hydrophobic amino acids that anchor them into the lipid bilayer . In the case part-way between these two extremes, some peripheral membrane proteins have a patch of hydrophobic amino acids on their surface that locks onto the membrane. In similar fashion, proteins that have to bind to positively charged molecules have surfaces rich with negatively charged amino acids like glutamate and aspartate , while proteins binding to negatively charged molecules have surfaces rich with positively charged chains like lysine and arginine . There are different hydrophobicity scales of amino acid residues. Some amino acids have special properties such as cysteine , that can form covalent disulfide bonds to other cysteine residues, proline that forms a cycle to the polypeptide backbone, and glycine that is more flexible than other amino acids. Many proteins undergo a range of posttranslational modifications , when additional chemical groups are attached to the amino acids in proteins. Some modifications can produce hydrophobic lipoproteins , or hydrophilic glycoproteins . These type of modification allow the reversible targeting of a protein to a membrane. For example, the addition and removal of the fatty acid palmitic acid to cysteine residues in some signaling proteins causes the proteins to attach and then detach from cell membranes. Table of standard amino acid abbreviations and properties [ edit ] Main article: Proteinogenic amino acid Amino acid 3-letter 1-letter Side chain class Side chain polarity Side chain charge (pH 7.4) Hydropathy index Absorbance λ max (nm) ε at λ max (mM −1 cm −1 ) MW (weight) Occurrence in proteins (%) Coding in the Standard Genetic Code (using IUPAC notation ) Alanine Ala A aliphatic nonpolar neutral 1.8 89.094 8.76 GCN Arginine Arg R basic basic polar positive −4.5 174.203 5.78 MGN, CGY (coding codons can also be expressed by: CGN, AGR) Asparagine Asn N amide polar neutral −3.5 132.119 3.93 AAY Aspartic acid Asp D acid acidic polar negative −3.5 133.104 5.49 GAY Cysteine Cys C sulfur-containing nonpolar neutral 2.5 250 0.3 121.154 1.38 UGY Glutamic acid Glu E acid acidic polar negative −3.5 147.131 6.32 GAR Glutamine Gln Q amide polar neutral −3.5 146.146 3.9 CAR Glycine Gly G aliphatic nonpolar neutral −0.4 75.067 7.03 GGN Histidine His H basic aromatic basic polar positive(10%) neutral(90%) −3.2 211 5.9 155.156 2.26 CAY Isoleucine Ile I aliphatic nonpolar neutral 4.5 131.175 5.49 AUH Leucine Leu L aliphatic nonpolar neutral 3.8 131.175 9.68 YUR, CUY (coding codons can also be expressed by: CUN, UUR) Lysine Lys K basic basic polar positive −3.9 146.189 5.19 AAR Methionine Met M sulfur-containing nonpolar neutral 1.9 149.208 2.32 AUG Phenylalanine Phe F aromatic nonpolar neutral 2.8 257, 206, 188 0.2, 9.3, 60.0 165.192 3.87 UUY Proline Pro P cyclic nonpolar neutral −1.6 115.132 5.02 CCN Serine Ser S hydroxyl-containing polar neutral −0.8 105.093 7.14 UCN, AGY Threonine Thr T hydroxyl-containing polar neutral −0.7 119.119 5.53 ACN Tryptophan Trp W aromatic nonpolar neutral −0.9 280, 219 5.6, 47.0 204.228 1.25 UGG Tyrosine Tyr Y aromatic polar neutral −1.3 274, 222, 193 1.4, 8.0, 48.0 181.191 2.91 UAY Valine Val V aliphatic nonpolar neutral 4.2 117.148 6.73 GUN Two additional amino acids are in some species coded for by codons that are usually interpreted as stop codons : 21st and 22nd amino acids 3-letter 1-letter MW (weight) Selenocysteine Sec U 168.064 Pyrrolysine Pyl O 255.313 In addition to the specific amino acid codes, placeholders are used in cases where chemical or crystallographic analysis of a peptide or protein cannot conclusively determine the identity of a residue. They are also used to summarise conserved protein sequence motifs. The use of single letters to indicate sets of similar residues is similar to the use of abbreviation codes for degenerate bases . Ambiguous amino acids 3-letter 1-letter Amino Acids Included Codons Included Any / unknown Xaa X All NNN Asparagine or aspartic acid Asx B D, N RAY Glutamine or glutamic acid Glx Z E, Q SAR Leucine or Isoleucine Xle J I, L YTR, ATH, CTY (coding codons can also be expressed by: CTN, ATH, TTR; MTY, YTR, ATA; MTY, HTA, YTG) Hydrophobic Φ V, I, L, F, W, Y, M NTN, TAY, TGG Aromatic Ω F, W, Y, H YWY, TTY, TGG (coding codons can also be expressed by: TWY, CAY, TGG) Aliphatic (non-aromatic) Ψ V, I, L, M VTN, TTR (coding codons can also be expressed by: NTR, VTY) Small π P, G, A, S BCN, RGY, GGR Hydrophilic ζ S, T, H, N, Q, E, D, K, R VAN, WCN, CGN, AGY (coding codons can also be expressed by: VAN, WCN, MGY, CGP) Positively charged + K, R, H ARR, CRY, CGR Negatively charged − D, E GAN Unk is sometimes used instead of Xaa , but is less standard. In addition, many non-standard amino acids have a specific code. For example, several peptide drugs, such as Bortezomib and MG132 , are artificially synthesized and retain their protecting groups , which have specific codes. Bortezomib is Pyz -Phe-boroLeu, and MG132 is Z -Leu-Leu-Leu-al. To aid in the analysis of protein structure, photo-reactive amino acid analogs are available. These include photoleucine ( pLeu ) and photomethionine ( pMet ). See also [ edit ] Amino acid dating Beta-peptide Degron Erepsin Homochirality Hyperaminoacidemia Leucines Miller–Urey experiment Nucleic acid sequence Proteinogenic amino acid Table of codons , 3-nucleotide sequences that encode each amino acid References and notes [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Tymoczko JL (2012). ""Protein Composition and Structure"". Biochemistry . New York: W. H. Freeman and company. pp. 28–31. ISBN 9781429229364 . Doolittle RF (1989). ""Redundancies in protein sequences"". In Fasman, G.D. Predictions of Protein Structure and the Principles of Protein Conformation . New York: Plenum Press . pp. 599–623. ISBN 978-0-306-43131-9 . LCCN 89008555 . Nelson DL, Cox MM (2000). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). Worth Publishers . ISBN 978-1-57259-153-0 . LCCN 99049137 . Meierhenrich U (2008). Amino acids and the asymmetry of life (PDF) . Berlin: Springer Verlag . ISBN 978-3-540-76885-2 . LCCN 2008930865 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) External links [ edit ] Media related to Amino acid at Wikimedia Commons" -6465391930294764993,train,is the bahamas considered part of the us,"The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II, as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance.","['the union of soviet socialist republics[9] (ussr, russian: ссср)']",ṣé wọ́n ka bahamas bíi apá kan ilẹ̀ amẹ́ríkà,No,"['Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba, Hispaniola (Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos.']","['Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba, Hispaniola (Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos.']",['P1'],1,0,"Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà , je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays , ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos , ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida ). Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939 km 2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000. Oluilu re ni Nassau . Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba , Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos . Awon onibudo ibe tele ni awon Taino ti Arawaka , awon Bahama ni ibi ti Columbus koko gunle si ni Ile Aye Tuntun ni 1492. Botilejepe awon ara Spein ko se amunisin awon Bahama, won ko awon Lucaya abinibi ibe (eyi ni oruko ti awon Taino Bahama unpe ara won) lo si oko eru ni Hispaniola. Lati 1513 de 1650 enikankan ko gbe ori awon erekusu yi, ko to di pe awon olumunisin ara Britani lati Bermuda tedo si erekusu Eleuthera . Itoka [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bahama"" and ""Bahamas"" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 24°15′N 76°00′W  /  24.250°N 76.000°W  / 24.250; -76.000 The Bahamas ( / b ə ˈ h ɑː m ə z / ( listen ) ), known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago . It consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of ""the Bahamas"" can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km 2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space. The Bahamas is the site of Columbus ' first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan -speaking Taino people. Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves; the Royal Navy resettled Africans there liberated from illegal slave ships, American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida, and the government freed American slaves carried on United States domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather. Today, Afro-Bahamians make up nearly 90% of the population. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th–19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 In popular culture 11 Notable residents 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 General history 15.2 Economic history 15.3 Social history 16 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma (""big upper middle land""), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans, or possibly from the Spanish baja mar (""shallow water or sea"" or "" low tide "") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning. A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to ""the Congo"" and ""the United Kingdom"", it is proper to write ""The Bahamas"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of The Bahamas A depiction of Columbus' first landing, claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1492. Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished. In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera —the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors , and administering the country. In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town (later renamed Nassau ). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th–19th centuries [ edit ] Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the ' Pirates' republic ' and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for American naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After American independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, and granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory. In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships. In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking. The United States' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas. In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that ""any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted."" This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two nations. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the ""most successful slave revolt in U.S. history"". These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and Great Britain . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. But, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships. 20th century [ edit ] The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they ""tried to make the best of a bad situation"". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as ""a third-class British colony"". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the ""Out Islands"" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren 's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany. The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a ""full-scale riot"". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on ""mischief makers – communists "" and ""men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft"". The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945. Post-Second World War [ edit ] Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier. A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964. In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues. The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space. NASA Aqua satellite image, 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N , and longitudes 72° and 80°W . In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony. The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft). Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas. Castaway Cay [ edit ] Main article: Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096. Climate [ edit ] See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. hide Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 26.6 (79.9) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 31.0 (87.8) 32.0 (89.6) 32.1 (89.8) 31.6 (88.9) 29.9 (85.8) 27.8 (82) 26.2 (79.2) 28.8 (83.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4 (70.5) 21.4 (70.5) 22.3 (72.1) 23.8 (74.8) 25.6 (78.1) 27.2 (81) 28.0 (82.4) 28.1 (82.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.3 (72.1) 24.8 (76.7) Average low °C (°F) 17.3 (63.1) 17.3 (63.1) 17.9 (64.2) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 23.3 (73.9) 24.0 (75.2) 24.0 (75.2) 23.7 (74.7) 22.5 (72.5) 20.6 (69.1) 18.3 (64.9) 20.8 (69.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.4 (1.551) 49.5 (1.949) 54.4 (2.142) 69.3 (2.728) 105.9 (4.169) 218.2 (8.591) 160.8 (6.331) 235.7 (9.28) 164.1 (6.461) 161.8 (6.37) 80.5 (3.169) 49.8 (1.961) 1,389.4 (54.701) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 °C 73 °F 23 °C 73 °F 24 °C 75 °F 26 °C 79 °F 27 °C 81 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 27 °C 81 °F 26 °C 79 °F 24 °C 75 °F Geology [ edit ] The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the ""carbonate factory"" of each bank, or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the ""retaining walls"" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form. Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps. Solution weathering of the limestone results in a ""Bahamian Karst "" topography. This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road (""pavements of Atlantis""), limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition. The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General ). Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house ), with members elected from single-member districts , and a 16-member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P. . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture [ edit ] The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Armed forces [ edit ] Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau (P-61) Its military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (the RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM )'s Regional Security Task Force. The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the ""Local Government Act"" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts. Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency. The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth. The districts other than New Providence are: Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport, Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag [ edit ] Main article: Flag of the Bahamas National flag of the Bahamas The colours of the Bahamian flag symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Coat of arms [ edit ] Main article: Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands. On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto: ""Forward, Upward, Onward Together."" National flower [ edit ] The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year. Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the Y.W.C.A. Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana —had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies. Tourism [ edit ] Cruise ships in Nassau Harbour The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors. Financial services [ edit ] After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP. The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [ citation needed ] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited. [ citation needed ] A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports. The economy has a very competitive tax regime. The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT , licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%. Agriculture [ edit ] Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located; and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups [ edit ] According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White). Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black. Afro-Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives. The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014. The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as ""light-skinned"" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture. [ citation needed ] Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages [ edit ] The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as ""dialect"") or ""Bahamianese."" Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole , a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still ""British-based"". Religion [ edit ] Further information: Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas (2010) Protestant (80%) Roman Catholic (14.5%) Other Christian (1.3%) Unaffiliated (3.1%) Other religion (1.1%) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor , the islands' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%. There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called ""straw"", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called ""Voodoo dolls"", even though such dolls are the result of the American imagination and not based on historic fact. A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law. Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day. Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival. Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the ""Pineapple Fest"" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the ""Crab Fest"" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders. Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas. Sport [ edit ] Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846, the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval. The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball , American football and baseball , rather than from Great Britain, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular. Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart , Magnum Rolle , Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks. Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer , though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas, facing the Jamaican national team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the club, is based in the Bahamas. Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing , where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union , beach soccer , and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics , commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands. Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis-Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the ""Golden Girls"". Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William-Darling. The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates, 98.2% of the adult population is literate. [ citation needed ] In popular culture [ edit ] Scenes from the final Jaws film ( Jaws: The Revenge ) were filmed on a New Providence Island beach now known as ""Jaws Beach"". The fourth official James Bond film , Thunderball (1965), was partly filmed in Nassau , where much of the story is set. Eon Productions were to return for filming underwater sequences in the famously clear waters, even when a Bond film's story was set elsewhere; for example, for The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). The unofficial remake of Thunderball , Never Say Never Again (1983), was similarly partly filmed in the islands, though this version of the story was not as extensively set there. Zeus and Roxanne is a 1997 family comedy/adventure film directed by George T. Miller. It revolves around the friendship between the title characters, a dog and a dolphin, respectively. It stars Steve Guttenberg and Kathleen Quinlan. Parts of the Movie was filmed in Grand Bahama . Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the second installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Pirates of the Caribbean. Parts of the movie was filmed in The Bahamas After the Sunset is a 2004 action comedy film starring Pierce Brosnan as Max Burdett, a master thief caught in a pursuit with FBI agent Stan Lloyd, played by Woody Harrelson. The film was directed by Brett Ratner and shot in the Bahamas. Into the Blue a 2005 American action-thriller film starring Paul Walker, Jessica Alba, Scott Caan, Ashley Scott, Josh Brolin, and James Frain. The film was directed by John Stockwell was filmed in the Bahamas Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? is a 2007 American comedy-drama film adaptation written, produced, directed, and starring Tyler Perry. Parts of the film was filmed in Eleuthera The twenty-first official James Bond film , Casino Royale (2006), was in part set and filmed in the islands. The Beatles ' film Help! was filmed in part on New Providence Island and Paradise Island also in 1965. Nassau is featured in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag as a pirate haven, housing the main protagonists. Historical pirates are encountered there such as Benjamin Hornigold , Edward Teach /Blackbeard, Charles Vane , ""Calico"" Jack Rackham , Anne Bonney and Mary Read . Notable residents [ edit ] Sidney Poitier (born 1927), Bahamian-American actor, film director, author, and diplomat Denis Shapovalov (born 1999), Israeli-Canadian tennis player Lexi Wilson (born 1991), Bahamian model and beauty pageant titleholder See also [ edit ] West Indies portal Caricom portal Commonwealth realms portal Bahamas portal New Spain portal Bahamas – Wikipedia book Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas-related articles Bibliography of the Bahamas References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 . Higham, Charles (1988). The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading [ edit ] General history [ edit ] Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools . London: Collins, 1978. Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46. Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas . London: Collins, 1962. Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People . Athens: University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood, Dean. ""Columbus and the Discovery of Self,"" Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44. Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications, 1983. Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press, 1987. Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990. Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980 , Nassau: Department of Archives Economic history [ edit ] Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991. Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933 . Gainesville: University of Florida Press , 1996. Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998. Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York: Peter Lang , 2004. Social history [ edit ] Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville: University of Arkansas , 2000. Shirley, Paul. ""Tek Force Wid Force"", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35. Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s . Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996. Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990. Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996. Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records, 1985. Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books, 1989. Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995 , 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Collinwood, Dean. ""Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty,"" in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO, No. 48, 1982. Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, ""The National Literature of the New Bahamas,"" Weber Studies , Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62. Collinwood, Dean. ""Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean,"" Tsuda Review , No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57. Collinwood, Dean. ""Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society,"" Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. ""Political Leadership in the Bahamas,"" The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987. External links [ edit ] Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas ""Bahamas"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library" -8263771207505675633,train,what is the current population of the bahamas,"The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9 % are under 14, 67.2 % 15 to 64 and 6.9 % over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925 % (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population, death rate of 9.35 / 1,000, and net migration rate of − 2.13 migrant (s) / 1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years : 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman (2010).","['united states of america (usa)', 'in north america between canada and mexico', 'the united states of america (usa)', 'north america', '3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2)', '50', 'north america between canada and mexico']",báwo ni iye àwọn èèyàn tó wà ní bahamas ṣe pọ̀ tó báyìí,No,"['Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939\xa0km2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000.']","['Apapo idiye olugbe to 330,000.']",['P1'],1,0,"Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà , je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays , ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos , ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida ). Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939 km 2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000. Oluilu re ni Nassau . Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba , Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos . Awon onibudo ibe tele ni awon Taino ti Arawaka , awon Bahama ni ibi ti Columbus koko gunle si ni Ile Aye Tuntun ni 1492. Botilejepe awon ara Spein ko se amunisin awon Bahama, won ko awon Lucaya abinibi ibe (eyi ni oruko ti awon Taino Bahama unpe ara won) lo si oko eru ni Hispaniola. Lati 1513 de 1650 enikankan ko gbe ori awon erekusu yi, ko to di pe awon olumunisin ara Britani lati Bermuda tedo si erekusu Eleuthera . Itoka [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bahama"" and ""Bahamas"" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 24°15′N 76°00′W  /  24.250°N 76.000°W  / 24.250; -76.000 The Bahamas ( / b ə ˈ h ɑː m ə z / ( listen ) ), known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of ""the Bahamas"" can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km 2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space. The Bahamas is the site of Columbus 's first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan -speaking Taino people. Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves; the Royal Navy resettled Africans there liberated from illegal slave ships, North American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida, and the government freed slaves carried on US domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather. Today, Afro-Bahamians make up nearly 90% of the population. The sovereign state of the Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th–19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 General history 12.2 Economic history 12.3 Social history 13 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma (""big upper middle land""), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans, or possibly from the Spanish baja mar (""shallow water or sea"" or "" low tide "") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning. A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to ""the Congo"" and ""the United Kingdom"", it is proper to write ""The Bahamas"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of The Bahamas A depiction of Columbus's first landing, claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in 1492. Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished. In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera —the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors , and administering the country. In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town (later renamed Nassau ). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th–19th centuries [ edit ] Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas Beach in Nassau, Bahamas . The lighthouse in Great Isaac Cay . During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the ' Pirates' republic ' and restore orderly government, Great Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the US War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for US naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Great Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, including two thousand from New York and at least 1,033 whites, 2,214 blacks and a few Creeks from East Florida . Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies, including West Florida , which the Spanish captured during the war. The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory. In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships. In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking. The United States' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to North American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas. In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that ""any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted."" This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the ""most successful slave revolt in U.S. history"". These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships. 20th century [ edit ] The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they ""tried to make the best of a bad situation"". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as ""a third-class British colony"". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the ""Out Islands"" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren 's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany. The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a ""full-scale riot"". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on ""mischief makers – communists "" and ""men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft"". The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945. Post-Second World War [ edit ] Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier. A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964. In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues. The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space. NASA Aqua satellite image, 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N , and longitudes 72° and 80°W . In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony. The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft). Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas. Castaway Cay [ edit ] Main article: Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096. Climate [ edit ] See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. hide Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 26.6 (79.9) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 31.0 (87.8) 32.0 (89.6) 32.1 (89.8) 31.6 (88.9) 29.9 (85.8) 27.8 (82) 26.2 (79.2) 28.8 (83.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4 (70.5) 21.4 (70.5) 22.3 (72.1) 23.8 (74.8) 25.6 (78.1) 27.2 (81) 28.0 (82.4) 28.1 (82.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.3 (72.1) 24.8 (76.7) Average low °C (°F) 17.3 (63.1) 17.3 (63.1) 17.9 (64.2) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 23.3 (73.9) 24.0 (75.2) 24.0 (75.2) 23.7 (74.7) 22.5 (72.5) 20.6 (69.1) 18.3 (64.9) 20.8 (69.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.4 (1.551) 49.5 (1.949) 54.4 (2.142) 69.3 (2.728) 105.9 (4.169) 218.2 (8.591) 160.8 (6.331) 235.7 (9.28) 164.1 (6.461) 161.8 (6.37) 80.5 (3.169) 49.8 (1.961) 1,389.4 (54.701) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 °C 73 °F 23 °C 73 °F 24 °C 75 °F 26 °C 79 °F 27 °C 81 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 27 °C 81 °F 26 °C 79 °F 24 °C 75 °F Geology [ edit ] Dean's Blue Hole in Clarence Town on Long Island, Bahamas . The Blue Lagoon Island , Bahamas. The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the ""carbonate factory"" of each bank, or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the ""retaining walls"" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form. Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps. Solution weathering of the limestone results in a ""Bahamian Karst "" topography. This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road (""pavements of Atlantis""), limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition. The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General ). Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house ), with members elected from single-member districts , and a 16-member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis MP . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture [ edit ] The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Armed forces [ edit ] Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau (P-61) The Bahamanian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM )'s Regional Security Task Force. The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the ""Local Government Act"" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts. Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency. The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth. The districts other than New Providence are: Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport, Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag [ edit ] Main article: Flag of the Bahamas The national flag of the Bahamas The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973. Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Coat of arms [ edit ] Main article: Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands. On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto: ""Forward, Upward, Onward Together."" National flower [ edit ] The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year. Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana —had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies. Tourism [ edit ] The Atlantis Paradise Island in Nassau The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors. Financial services [ edit ] After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services , accounting for some 15% of GDP. The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [ citation needed ] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited. [ citation needed ] A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports. The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified as a tax haven ). The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT , licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%. Agriculture [ edit ] Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located; and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups [ edit ] According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White). Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black. Afro-Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives. The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014. The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as ""light-skinned"" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture. [ citation needed ] Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages [ edit ] The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as ""dialect"") or ""Bahamianese."" Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole , a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still ""British-based"". Religion [ edit ] Further information: Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas (2010) Protestant (80%) Roman Catholic (14.5%) Other Christian (1.3%) Unaffiliated (3.1%) Other religion (1.1%) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor , the islands' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%. There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called ""straw"", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called ""Voodoo dolls"", even though such dolls are the result of foreign influences and not based in historic fact. A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law. Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day. Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival. Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the ""Pineapple Fest"" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the ""Crab Fest"" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders . Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas. Sport [ edit ] Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846, the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval. The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball , American football and baseball , rather than from Great Britain, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular. Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart , Magnum Rolle , Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks. Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer , though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas, facing the Jamaican national team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the club, is based in the Bahamas. Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing , where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union , beach soccer , and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics , commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands. Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis-Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the ""Golden Girls"". Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William-Darling. The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates, 98.2% of the Bahamian adult population is literate. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Bahamas portal New Spain portal Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas-related articles Bahamas – Wikipedia book References [ edit ] Bibliography Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 . Higham, Charles (1988). The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading [ edit ] Main article: Bibliography of the Bahamas General history [ edit ] Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools . London: Collins, 1978. Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46. Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas . London: Collins, 1962. Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People . Athens: University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood, Dean. ""Columbus and the Discovery of Self,"" Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44. Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications, 1983. Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press, 1987. Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990. Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980 , Nassau: Department of Archives Economic history [ edit ] Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991. Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933 . Gainesville: University of Florida Press , 1996. Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998. Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York: Peter Lang , 2004. Social history [ edit ] Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville: University of Arkansas , 2000. Shirley, Paul. ""Tek Force Wid Force"", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35. Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s . Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996. Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990. Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996. Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records, 1985. Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books, 1989. Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995 , 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Collinwood, Dean. ""Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty,"" in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO, No. 48, 1982. Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, ""The National Literature of the New Bahamas,"" Weber Studies , Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62. Collinwood, Dean. ""Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean,"" Tsuda Review , No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57. Collinwood, Dean. ""Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society,"" Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. ""Political Leadership in the Bahamas,"" The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987. External links [ edit ] Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas ""Bahamas"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library" -6522707825616616561,train,what is the main language in the bahamas,"The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English - based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as `` dialect '') or `` Bahamianese. '' Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole, a French - based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25 % of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still `` British - based ''.",['1496'],kí ni èdè tí ó gbajúmọ̀ jùlọ ní bahamas,No,"['Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen)) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà, je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays, ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). ']","['Àwọn Bàhámà tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà, je orile-ede elede Geesi. ']",['P1'],0,0,"Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà , je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays , ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos , ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida ). Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939 km 2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000. Oluilu re ni Nassau . Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba , Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos . Awon onibudo ibe tele ni awon Taino ti Arawaka , awon Bahama ni ibi ti Columbus koko gunle si ni Ile Aye Tuntun ni 1492. Botilejepe awon ara Spein ko se amunisin awon Bahama, won ko awon Lucaya abinibi ibe (eyi ni oruko ti awon Taino Bahama unpe ara won) lo si oko eru ni Hispaniola. Lati 1513 de 1650 enikankan ko gbe ori awon erekusu yi, ko to di pe awon olumunisin ara Britani lati Bermuda tedo si erekusu Eleuthera . Itoka [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bahama"" and ""Bahamas"" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 24°15′N 76°00′W  /  24.250°N 76.000°W  / 24.250; -76.000 The Bahamas ( / b ə ˈ h ɑː m ə z / ( listen ) ), known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of ""the Bahamas"" can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km 2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space. The Bahamas is the site of Columbus 's first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan -speaking Taino people. Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves; the Royal Navy resettled Africans there liberated from illegal slave ships, North American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida, and the government freed slaves carried on US domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather. Today, Afro-Bahamians make up nearly 90% of the population. The sovereign state of the Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th–19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 General history 12.2 Economic history 12.3 Social history 13 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma (""big upper middle land""), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans, or possibly from the Spanish baja mar (""shallow water or sea"" or "" low tide "") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning. A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to ""the Congo"" and ""the United Kingdom"", it is proper to write ""The Bahamas"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of The Bahamas A depiction of Columbus's first landing, claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in 1492. Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished. In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera —the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors , and administering the country. In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town (later renamed Nassau ). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th–19th centuries [ edit ] Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas Beach in Nassau, Bahamas . The lighthouse in Great Isaac Cay . During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the ' Pirates' republic ' and restore orderly government, Great Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the US War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for US naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Great Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, including two thousand from New York and at least 1,033 whites, 2,214 blacks and a few Creeks from East Florida . Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies, including West Florida , which the Spanish captured during the war. The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory. In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships. In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking. The United States' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to North American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas. In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that ""any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted."" This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the ""most successful slave revolt in U.S. history"". These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships. 20th century [ edit ] The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they ""tried to make the best of a bad situation"". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as ""a third-class British colony"". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the ""Out Islands"" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren 's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany. The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a ""full-scale riot"". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on ""mischief makers – communists "" and ""men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft"". The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945. Post-Second World War [ edit ] Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier. A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964. In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues. The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space. NASA Aqua satellite image, 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N , and longitudes 72° and 80°W . In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony. The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft). Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas. Castaway Cay [ edit ] Main article: Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096. Climate [ edit ] See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. hide Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 26.6 (79.9) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 31.0 (87.8) 32.0 (89.6) 32.1 (89.8) 31.6 (88.9) 29.9 (85.8) 27.8 (82) 26.2 (79.2) 28.8 (83.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4 (70.5) 21.4 (70.5) 22.3 (72.1) 23.8 (74.8) 25.6 (78.1) 27.2 (81) 28.0 (82.4) 28.1 (82.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.3 (72.1) 24.8 (76.7) Average low °C (°F) 17.3 (63.1) 17.3 (63.1) 17.9 (64.2) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 23.3 (73.9) 24.0 (75.2) 24.0 (75.2) 23.7 (74.7) 22.5 (72.5) 20.6 (69.1) 18.3 (64.9) 20.8 (69.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.4 (1.551) 49.5 (1.949) 54.4 (2.142) 69.3 (2.728) 105.9 (4.169) 218.2 (8.591) 160.8 (6.331) 235.7 (9.28) 164.1 (6.461) 161.8 (6.37) 80.5 (3.169) 49.8 (1.961) 1,389.4 (54.701) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 °C 73 °F 23 °C 73 °F 24 °C 75 °F 26 °C 79 °F 27 °C 81 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 27 °C 81 °F 26 °C 79 °F 24 °C 75 °F Geology [ edit ] Dean's Blue Hole in Clarence Town on Long Island, Bahamas . The Blue Lagoon Island , Bahamas. The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the ""carbonate factory"" of each bank, or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the ""retaining walls"" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form. Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps. Solution weathering of the limestone results in a ""Bahamian Karst "" topography. This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road (""pavements of Atlantis""), limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition. The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General ). Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house ), with members elected from single-member districts , and a 16-member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis MP . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture [ edit ] The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Armed forces [ edit ] Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau (P-61) The Bahamanian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM )'s Regional Security Task Force. The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the ""Local Government Act"" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts. Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency. The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth. The districts other than New Providence are: Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport, Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag [ edit ] Main article: Flag of the Bahamas The national flag of the Bahamas The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973. Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Coat of arms [ edit ] Main article: Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands. On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto: ""Forward, Upward, Onward Together."" National flower [ edit ] The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year. Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana —had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies. Tourism [ edit ] The Atlantis Paradise Island in Nassau The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors. Financial services [ edit ] After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services , accounting for some 15% of GDP. The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [ citation needed ] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited. [ citation needed ] A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports. The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified as a tax haven ). The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT , licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%. Agriculture [ edit ] Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located; and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups [ edit ] According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White). Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black. Afro-Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives. The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014. The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as ""light-skinned"" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture. [ citation needed ] Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages [ edit ] The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as ""dialect"") or ""Bahamianese."" Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole , a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still ""British-based"". Religion [ edit ] Further information: Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas (2010) Protestant (80%) Roman Catholic (14.5%) Other Christian (1.3%) Unaffiliated (3.1%) Other religion (1.1%) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor , the islands' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%. There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called ""straw"", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called ""Voodoo dolls"", even though such dolls are the result of foreign influences and not based in historic fact. A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law. Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day. Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival. Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the ""Pineapple Fest"" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the ""Crab Fest"" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders . Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas. Sport [ edit ] Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846, the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval. The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball , American football and baseball , rather than from Great Britain, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular. Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart , Magnum Rolle , Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks. Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer , though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas, facing the Jamaican national team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the club, is based in the Bahamas. Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing , where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union , beach soccer , and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics , commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands. Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis-Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the ""Golden Girls"". Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William-Darling. The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates, 98.2% of the Bahamian adult population is literate. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Bahamas portal New Spain portal Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas-related articles Bahamas – Wikipedia book References [ edit ] Bibliography Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 . Higham, Charles (1988). The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading [ edit ] Main article: Bibliography of the Bahamas General history [ edit ] Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools . London: Collins, 1978. Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46. Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas . London: Collins, 1962. Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People . Athens: University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood, Dean. ""Columbus and the Discovery of Self,"" Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44. Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications, 1983. Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press, 1987. Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990. Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980 , Nassau: Department of Archives Economic history [ edit ] Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991. Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933 . Gainesville: University of Florida Press , 1996. Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998. Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York: Peter Lang , 2004. Social history [ edit ] Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville: University of Arkansas , 2000. Shirley, Paul. ""Tek Force Wid Force"", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35. Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s . Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996. Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990. Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996. Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records, 1985. Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books, 1989. Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995 , 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Collinwood, Dean. ""Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty,"" in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO, No. 48, 1982. Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, ""The National Literature of the New Bahamas,"" Weber Studies , Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62. Collinwood, Dean. ""Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean,"" Tsuda Review , No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57. Collinwood, Dean. ""Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society,"" Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. ""Political Leadership in the Bahamas,"" The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987. External links [ edit ] Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas ""Bahamas"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library" 1174625414968335740,train,what is the primary language in the bahamas,"The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English - based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as `` dialect '') or `` Bahamianese. '' Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole, a French - based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25 % of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate languages. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still `` British - based ''.","['the macedonian dynasty', 'the byzantine empire, also referred to as the eastern roman empire, was the continuation of the roman empire in the east during late antiquity and the middle ages, when its capital city was constantinople (modern-day istanbul, which had been founded as byzantium).']",dárúkọ àmì ọ̀pá àṣẹ méjì ti ìpínlẹ̀ kamẹrúùnù,No,"['Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen)) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà, je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays, ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata).']",['o je orile-ede elede Geesi'],['P1'],0,0,"Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà , je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays , ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos , ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida ). Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939 km 2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000. Oluilu re ni Nassau . Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba , Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos . Awon onibudo ibe tele ni awon Taino ti Arawaka , awon Bahama ni ibi ti Columbus koko gunle si ni Ile Aye Tuntun ni 1492. Botilejepe awon ara Spein ko se amunisin awon Bahama, won ko awon Lucaya abinibi ibe (eyi ni oruko ti awon Taino Bahama unpe ara won) lo si oko eru ni Hispaniola. Lati 1513 de 1650 enikankan ko gbe ori awon erekusu yi, ko to di pe awon olumunisin ara Britani lati Bermuda tedo si erekusu Eleuthera . Itoka [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bahama"" and ""Bahamas"" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 24°15′N 76°00′W  /  24.250°N 76.000°W  / 24.250; -76.000 The Bahamas ( / b ə ˈ h ɑː m ə z / ( listen ) ), known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago . It consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of ""the Bahamas"" can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force , the Bahamas territory encompasses 470,000 km 2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space. The Bahamas is the site of Columbus ' first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan -speaking Taino people. Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. The Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves; the Royal Navy resettled Africans here liberated from illegal slave ships, American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida, and the government freed American slaves carried on United States domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather. Today, Afro-Bahamians make up nearly 90% of the population. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th–19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 14.1 General history 14.2 Economic history 14.3 Social history 15 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name Bahamas is mostly likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma (""big upper middle land""), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans, or possibly from the Spanish baja mar (""shallow water or sea"" or "" low tide "") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning. A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to ""the Congo"" and ""the United Kingdom"", it is proper to write ""The Bahamas"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of the Bahamas A depiction of Columbus' first landing, claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1492. Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished. In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera —the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors , and administering the country. In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town (later renamed Nassau ). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th–19th centuries [ edit ] Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the ' Pirates' republic ' and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for American naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After American independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, and granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory. In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships. In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking. The United States' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas. In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that ""any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted."" This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two nations. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the ""most successful slave revolt in U.S. history"". These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and Great Britain . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. But, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships. 20th century [ edit ] The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they ""tried to make the best of a bad situation"". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as ""a third-class British colony"". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the ""Out Islands"" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren 's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany. The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a ""full-scale riot"". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on ""mischief makers – communists "" and ""men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft"". The Duke resigned the post on 16 March 1945. Post-Second World War [ edit ] Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier. A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964. In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues. The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on November 10, 2016. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space. NASA Aqua satellite image, 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N , and longitudes 72° and 80°W . In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony. The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft). Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas. Castaway Cay [ edit ] Main article: Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096. Climate [ edit ] See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. [ hide ] Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 26.6 (79.9) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 31.0 (87.8) 32.0 (89.6) 32.1 (89.8) 31.6 (88.9) 29.9 (85.8) 27.8 (82) 26.2 (79.2) 28.8 (83.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4 (70.5) 21.4 (70.5) 22.3 (72.1) 23.8 (74.8) 25.6 (78.1) 27.2 (81) 28.0 (82.4) 28.1 (82.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.3 (72.1) 24.85 (76.73) Average low °C (°F) 17.3 (63.1) 17.3 (63.1) 17.9 (64.2) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 23.3 (73.9) 24.0 (75.2) 24.0 (75.2) 23.7 (74.7) 22.5 (72.5) 20.6 (69.1) 18.3 (64.9) 20.8 (69.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.4 (1.551) 49.5 (1.949) 54.4 (2.142) 69.3 (2.728) 105.9 (4.169) 218.2 (8.591) 160.8 (6.331) 235.7 (9.28) 164.1 (6.461) 161.8 (6.37) 80.5 (3.169) 49.8 (1.961) 1,389.4 (54.701) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 °C 73 °F 23 °C 73 °F 24 °C 75 °F 26 °C 79 °F 27 °C 81 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 27 °C 81 °F 26 °C 79 °F 24 °C 75 °F Geology [ edit ] The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the ""carbonate factory"" of each bank, or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the ""retaining walls"" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form. Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps. Solution weathering of the limestone results in a ""Bahamian Karst "" topography. This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road (""pavements of Atlantis""), limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition. The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General ). Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house ), with members elected from single-member districts , and a 16-member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P. . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture [ edit ] The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Armed forces [ edit ] Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau (P-61) Its military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (the RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM )'s Regional Security Task Force. The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the ""Local Government Act"" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts. Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency. The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth. The districts other than New Providence are: Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport, Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag [ edit ] Main article: Flag of the Bahamas National flag of the Bahamas The colors embodied in the design of the Bahamian flag symbolism the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and the economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of two colors on three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Coat of arms [ edit ] Main article: Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands. On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto: ""Forward, Upward, Onward Together."" National flower [ edit ] The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year. Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the Y.W.C.A. Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana —had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies. Tourism [ edit ] Cruise ships in Nassau Harbour The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors. Financial services [ edit ] After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP. The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [ citation needed ] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited. [ citation needed ] A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports. The economy has a very competitive tax regime. The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT , licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%. Agriculture [ edit ] Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located; and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups [ edit ] According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White). Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black. Afro-Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives. The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014. The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as ""light-skinned"" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture. [ citation needed ] Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages [ edit ] The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as ""dialect"") or ""Bahamianese."" Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole , a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate languages. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still ""British-based"". Religion [ edit ] Further information: Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas (2010) Protestant (80%) Roman Catholic (14.5%) Other Christian (1.3%) Unaffiliated (3.1%) Other religion (1.1%) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, the islands' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%. There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called ""straw"", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called ""Voodoo dolls"", even though such dolls are the result of the American imagination and not based on historic fact. A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practiced by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law. Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day. Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival. Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the ""Pineapple Fest"" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the ""Crab Fest"" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders. Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas. Sport [ edit ] Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846. It is the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936 as an organised body. From the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian Physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track & field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval. The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball , American football and baseball rather than Great Britain due to the country's close proximity to the United States. Unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular. Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart and Buddy Hield are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks, Over the years American football has become much more popular than association football , though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However association football, commonly known as 'soccer' in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas to face the Jamaica national football team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the Tottenham Hotspur club, is based in the Bahamas. Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union beach soccer and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics commonly known as track and field in the country is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands. Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medalist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis-Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the ""Golden Girls"". Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medalist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William-Darling. The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates 98.2% of the adult population is literate. [ citation needed ] In popular culture [ edit ] Scenes from the final Jaws movie ( Jaws: The Revenge ) were filmed on a New Providence Island beach now known as ""Jaws Beach"". The fourth official James Bond film , Thunderball (1965), was partly filmed in Nassau , where much of the story is set. Eon Productions were to return for filming underwater sequences in the famously clear waters, even when a Bond film's story was set elsewhere; for example, for The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). The unofficial remake of Thunderball , Never Say Never Again (1983), was similarly partly filmed in the islands, though this version of the story was not as extensively set there. The twenty-first official James Bond film , Casino Royale (2006), was in part set and filmed in the islands. The Beatles ' film Help! was filmed in part on New Providence Island and Paradise Island also in 1965. Nassau is featured in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag as a pirate haven, housing the main protagonists. Historical pirates are encountered there such as Benjamin Hornigold , Edward Teach /Blackbeard, Charles Vane , ""Calico"" Jack Rackham , Anne Bonney and Mary Read . See also [ edit ] West Indies portal Caricom portal Commonwealth realms portal Bahamas portal New Spain portal Bahamas – Wikipedia book Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas-related articles Bibliography of the Bahamas References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 . Higham, Charles (1988). The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading [ edit ] General history [ edit ] Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools . London: Collins, 1978. Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46. Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas . London: Collins, 1962. Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People . Athens: University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood, Dean. ""Columbus and the Discovery of Self,"" Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44. Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications, 1983. Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press, 1987. Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990. Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980 , Nassau: Department of Archives Economic history [ edit ] Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991. Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933 . Gainesville: University of Florida Press , 1996. Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998. Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York: Peter Lang , 2004. Social history [ edit ] Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville: University of Arkansas , 2000. Shirley, Paul. ""Tek Force Wid Force"", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35. Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s . Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996. Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990. Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996. Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records, 1985. Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books, 1989. Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995 , 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Collinwood, Dean. ""Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty,"" in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO, No. 48, 1982. Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, ""The National Literature of the New Bahamas,"" Weber Studies , Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62. Collinwood, Dean. ""Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean,"" Tsuda Review , No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57. Collinwood, Dean. ""Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society,"" Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. ""Political Leadership in the Bahamas,"" The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987. External links [ edit ] Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas ""Bahamas"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library" -8423239359104000290,train,where are the bahamas islands located on a map,"The Bahamas (/ bəˈhɑːməz / (listen)), known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. It consists of more than 700 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the United States state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The designation of `` the Bahamas '' can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.",['1901'],ibo ní àwọn erékùṣù bahamas wà lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀,No,"['O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola (Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos, ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida).']","['O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos, ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika']",['P1'],1,0,"Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà , je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays , ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos , ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida ). Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939 km 2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000. Oluilu re ni Nassau . Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba , Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos . Awon onibudo ibe tele ni awon Taino ti Arawaka , awon Bahama ni ibi ti Columbus koko gunle si ni Ile Aye Tuntun ni 1492. Botilejepe awon ara Spein ko se amunisin awon Bahama, won ko awon Lucaya abinibi ibe (eyi ni oruko ti awon Taino Bahama unpe ara won) lo si oko eru ni Hispaniola. Lati 1513 de 1650 enikankan ko gbe ori awon erekusu yi, ko to di pe awon olumunisin ara Britani lati Bermuda tedo si erekusu Eleuthera . Itoka [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bahama"" and ""Bahamas"" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 24°15′N 76°00′W  /  24.250°N 76.000°W  / 24.250; -76.000 The Bahamas ( / b ə ˈ h ɑː m ə z / ( listen ) ), known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago . It consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of ""the Bahamas"" can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km 2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space. The Bahamas is the site of Columbus ' first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan -speaking Taino people. Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves; the Royal Navy resettled Africans there liberated from illegal slave ships, American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida, and the government freed American slaves carried on United States domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather. Today, Afro-Bahamians make up nearly 90% of the population. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th–19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 In popular culture 11 Notable residents 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 General history 15.2 Economic history 15.3 Social history 16 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma (""big upper middle land""), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans, or possibly from the Spanish baja mar (""shallow water or sea"" or "" low tide "") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning. A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to ""the Congo"" and ""the United Kingdom"", it is proper to write ""The Bahamas"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of The Bahamas A depiction of Columbus' first landing, claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1492. Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished. In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera —the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors , and administering the country. In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town (later renamed Nassau ). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th–19th centuries [ edit ] Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the ' Pirates' republic ' and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for American naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After American independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, and granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory. In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships. In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking. The United States' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas. In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that ""any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted."" This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two nations. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the ""most successful slave revolt in U.S. history"". These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and Great Britain . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. But, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships. 20th century [ edit ] The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they ""tried to make the best of a bad situation"". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as ""a third-class British colony"". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the ""Out Islands"" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren 's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany. The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a ""full-scale riot"". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on ""mischief makers – communists "" and ""men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft"". The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945. Post-Second World War [ edit ] Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier. A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964. In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues. The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space. NASA Aqua satellite image, 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N , and longitudes 72° and 80°W . In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony. The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft). Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas. Castaway Cay [ edit ] Main article: Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096. Climate [ edit ] See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. hide Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 26.6 (79.9) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 31.0 (87.8) 32.0 (89.6) 32.1 (89.8) 31.6 (88.9) 29.9 (85.8) 27.8 (82) 26.2 (79.2) 28.8 (83.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4 (70.5) 21.4 (70.5) 22.3 (72.1) 23.8 (74.8) 25.6 (78.1) 27.2 (81) 28.0 (82.4) 28.1 (82.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.3 (72.1) 24.8 (76.7) Average low °C (°F) 17.3 (63.1) 17.3 (63.1) 17.9 (64.2) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 23.3 (73.9) 24.0 (75.2) 24.0 (75.2) 23.7 (74.7) 22.5 (72.5) 20.6 (69.1) 18.3 (64.9) 20.8 (69.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.4 (1.551) 49.5 (1.949) 54.4 (2.142) 69.3 (2.728) 105.9 (4.169) 218.2 (8.591) 160.8 (6.331) 235.7 (9.28) 164.1 (6.461) 161.8 (6.37) 80.5 (3.169) 49.8 (1.961) 1,389.4 (54.701) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 °C 73 °F 23 °C 73 °F 24 °C 75 °F 26 °C 79 °F 27 °C 81 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 27 °C 81 °F 26 °C 79 °F 24 °C 75 °F Geology [ edit ] The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the ""carbonate factory"" of each bank, or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the ""retaining walls"" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form. Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps. Solution weathering of the limestone results in a ""Bahamian Karst "" topography. This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road (""pavements of Atlantis""), limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition. The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General ). Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house ), with members elected from single-member districts , and a 16-member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P. . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture [ edit ] The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Armed forces [ edit ] Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau (P-61) Its military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (the RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM )'s Regional Security Task Force. The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the ""Local Government Act"" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts. Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency. The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth. The districts other than New Providence are: Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport, Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag [ edit ] Main article: Flag of the Bahamas National flag of the Bahamas The colours of the Bahamian flag symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Coat of arms [ edit ] Main article: Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands. On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto: ""Forward, Upward, Onward Together."" National flower [ edit ] The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year. Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the Y.W.C.A. Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana —had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies. Tourism [ edit ] Cruise ships in Nassau Harbour The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors. Financial services [ edit ] After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP. The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [ citation needed ] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited. [ citation needed ] A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports. The economy has a very competitive tax regime. The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT , licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%. Agriculture [ edit ] Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located; and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups [ edit ] According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White). Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black. Afro-Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives. The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014. The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as ""light-skinned"" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture. [ citation needed ] Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages [ edit ] The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (or simply ""dialect"") or ""Bahamianese."" Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole , a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still ""British-based"". Religion [ edit ] Further information: Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas (2010) Protestant (80%) Roman Catholic (14.5%) Other Christian (1.3%) Unaffiliated (3.1%) Other religion (1.1%) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor , the islands' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%. There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called ""straw"", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called ""Voodoo dolls"", even though such dolls are the result of the American imagination and not based on historic fact. A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law. Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day. Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival. Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the ""Pineapple Fest"" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the ""Crab Fest"" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders. Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas. Sport [ edit ] Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846, the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval. The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball , American football and baseball , rather than from Great Britain, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular. Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart , Magnum Rolle , Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks. Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer , though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas, facing the Jamaican national team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the club, is based in the Bahamas. Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing , where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union , beach soccer , and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics , commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands. Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis-Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the ""Golden Girls"". Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William-Darling. The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates, 98.2% of the adult population is literate. [ citation needed ] In popular culture [ edit ] Scenes from the final Jaws film ( Jaws: The Revenge ) were filmed on a New Providence Island beach now known as ""Jaws Beach"". The fourth official James Bond film , Thunderball (1965), was partly filmed in Nassau , where much of the story is set. Eon Productions were to return for filming underwater sequences in the famously clear waters, even when a Bond film's story was set elsewhere; for example, for The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). The unofficial remake of Thunderball , Never Say Never Again (1983), was similarly partly filmed in the islands, though this version of the story was not as extensively set there. Zeus and Roxanne is a 1997 family comedy/adventure film directed by George T. Miller. It revolves around the friendship between the title characters, a dog and a dolphin, respectively. It stars Steve Guttenberg and Kathleen Quinlan. Parts of the Movie was filmed in Grand Bahama . Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the second installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Pirates of the Caribbean. Parts of the movie was filmed in The Bahamas After the Sunset is a 2004 action comedy film starring Pierce Brosnan as Max Burdett, a master thief caught in a pursuit with FBI agent Stan Lloyd, played by Woody Harrelson. The film was directed by Brett Ratner and shot in the Bahamas. Into the Blue a 2005 American action-thriller film starring Paul Walker, Jessica Alba, Scott Caan, Ashley Scott, Josh Brolin, and James Frain. The film was directed by John Stockwell was filmed in the Bahamas Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? is a 2007 American comedy-drama film adaptation written, produced, directed, and starring Tyler Perry. Parts of the film was filmed in Eleuthera The twenty-first official James Bond film , Casino Royale (2006), was in part set and filmed in the islands. The Beatles ' film Help! was filmed in part on New Providence Island and Paradise Island also in 1965. Nassau is featured in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag as a pirate haven, housing the main protagonists. Historical pirates are encountered there such as Benjamin Hornigold , Edward Teach /Blackbeard, Charles Vane , ""Calico"" Jack Rackham , Anne Bonney and Mary Read . Notable residents [ edit ] Sidney Poitier (born 1927), Bahamian-American actor, film director, author, and diplomat Denis Shapovalov (born 1999), Israeli-Canadian tennis player Lexi Wilson (born 1991), Bahamian model and beauty pageant titleholder See also [ edit ] West Indies portal Caricom portal Commonwealth realms portal Bahamas portal New Spain portal Bahamas – Wikipedia book Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas-related articles Bibliography of the Bahamas References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 . Higham, Charles (1988). The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading [ edit ] General history [ edit ] Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools . London: Collins, 1978. Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46. Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas . London: Collins, 1962. Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People . Athens: University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood, Dean. ""Columbus and the Discovery of Self,"" Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44. Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications, 1983. Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press, 1987. Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990. Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980 , Nassau: Department of Archives Economic history [ edit ] Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991. Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933 . Gainesville: University of Florida Press , 1996. Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998. Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York: Peter Lang , 2004. Social history [ edit ] Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville: University of Arkansas , 2000. Shirley, Paul. ""Tek Force Wid Force"", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35. Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s . Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996. Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990. Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996. Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records, 1985. Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books, 1989. Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995 , 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Collinwood, Dean. ""Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty,"" in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO, No. 48, 1982. Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, ""The National Literature of the New Bahamas,"" Weber Studies , Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62. Collinwood, Dean. ""Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean,"" Tsuda Review , No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57. Collinwood, Dean. ""Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society,"" Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. ""Political Leadership in the Bahamas,"" The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987. External links [ edit ] Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas ""Bahamas"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library" -1826184638108060537,train,why is the bahamas called a commonwealth sovereign nation,"The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling, officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor - General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973.",['1707'],kí ló dé tí wọ́n fi ń pe bahamas ní orílẹ̀-èdè aláṣẹ lábẹ́ ìjọba àpapọ̀,No,"['Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen)) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà, je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays, ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata).']",['o je orile-ede elede Geesi'],['P1'],0,0,"Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà , je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays , ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos , ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida ). Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939 km 2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000. Oluilu re ni Nassau . Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba , Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos . Awon onibudo ibe tele ni awon Taino ti Arawaka , awon Bahama ni ibi ti Columbus koko gunle si ni Ile Aye Tuntun ni 1492. Botilejepe awon ara Spein ko se amunisin awon Bahama, won ko awon Lucaya abinibi ibe (eyi ni oruko ti awon Taino Bahama unpe ara won) lo si oko eru ni Hispaniola. Lati 1513 de 1650 enikankan ko gbe ori awon erekusu yi, ko to di pe awon olumunisin ara Britani lati Bermuda tedo si erekusu Eleuthera . Itoka [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bahama"" and ""Bahamas"" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 24°15′N 76°00′W  /  24.250°N 76.000°W  / 24.250; -76.000 The Bahamas ( / b ə ˈ h ɑː m ə z / ( listen ) ), known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago . It consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of ""the Bahamas"" can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km 2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space. The Bahamas is the site of Columbus ' first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan -speaking Taino people. Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves; the Royal Navy resettled Africans there liberated from illegal slave ships, American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida, and the government freed American slaves carried on United States domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather. Today, Afro-Bahamians make up nearly 90% of the population. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th–19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 In popular culture 11 Notable residents 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 General history 15.2 Economic history 15.3 Social history 16 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma (""big upper middle land""), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans, or possibly from the Spanish baja mar (""shallow water or sea"" or "" low tide "") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning. A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to ""the Congo"" and ""the United Kingdom"", it is proper to write ""The Bahamas"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of The Bahamas A depiction of Columbus' first landing, claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1492. Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished. In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera —the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors , and administering the country. In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town (later renamed Nassau ). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th–19th centuries [ edit ] Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the ' Pirates' republic ' and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for American naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After American independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, and granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory. In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships. In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking. The United States' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas. In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that ""any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted."" This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two nations. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the ""most successful slave revolt in U.S. history"". These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and Great Britain . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. But, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships. 20th century [ edit ] The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife, the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they ""tried to make the best of a bad situation"". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as ""a third-class British colony"". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the ""Out Islands"" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren 's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany. The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a ""full-scale riot"". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on ""mischief makers – communists "" and ""men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft"". The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945. Post-Second World War [ edit ] Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier. A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964. In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues. The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space. NASA Aqua satellite image, 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N , and longitudes 72° and 80°W . In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony. The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft). Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas. Castaway Cay [ edit ] Main article: Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096. Climate [ edit ] See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. hide Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 26.6 (79.9) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 31.0 (87.8) 32.0 (89.6) 32.1 (89.8) 31.6 (88.9) 29.9 (85.8) 27.8 (82) 26.2 (79.2) 28.8 (83.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4 (70.5) 21.4 (70.5) 22.3 (72.1) 23.8 (74.8) 25.6 (78.1) 27.2 (81) 28.0 (82.4) 28.1 (82.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.3 (72.1) 24.8 (76.7) Average low °C (°F) 17.3 (63.1) 17.3 (63.1) 17.9 (64.2) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 23.3 (73.9) 24.0 (75.2) 24.0 (75.2) 23.7 (74.7) 22.5 (72.5) 20.6 (69.1) 18.3 (64.9) 20.8 (69.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.4 (1.551) 49.5 (1.949) 54.4 (2.142) 69.3 (2.728) 105.9 (4.169) 218.2 (8.591) 160.8 (6.331) 235.7 (9.28) 164.1 (6.461) 161.8 (6.37) 80.5 (3.169) 49.8 (1.961) 1,389.4 (54.701) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 °C 73 °F 23 °C 73 °F 24 °C 75 °F 26 °C 79 °F 27 °C 81 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 27 °C 81 °F 26 °C 79 °F 24 °C 75 °F Geology [ edit ] The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the ""carbonate factory"" of each bank, or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the ""retaining walls"" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form. Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps. Solution weathering of the limestone results in a ""Bahamian Karst "" topography. This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road (""pavements of Atlantis""), limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition. The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General ). Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house ), with members elected from single-member districts , and a 16-member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P. . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture [ edit ] The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Armed forces [ edit ] Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau (P-61) Its military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (the RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM )'s Regional Security Task Force. The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the ""Local Government Act"" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts. Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency. The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth. The districts other than New Providence are: Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport, Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag [ edit ] Main article: Flag of the Bahamas National flag of the Bahamas The colours of the Bahamian flag symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Coat of arms [ edit ] Main article: Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands. On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto: ""Forward, Upward, Onward Together."" National flower [ edit ] The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year. Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the Y.W.C.A. Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana —had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies. Tourism [ edit ] Cruise ships in Nassau Harbour The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors. Financial services [ edit ] After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP. The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [ citation needed ] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited. [ citation needed ] A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports. The economy has a very competitive tax regime. The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT , licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%. Agriculture [ edit ] Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located; and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups [ edit ] According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White). Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black. Afro-Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives. The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014. The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as ""light-skinned"" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture. [ citation needed ] Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages [ edit ] The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (or simply ""dialect"") or ""Bahamianese."" Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole , a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still ""British-based"". Religion [ edit ] Further information: Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas (2010) Protestant (80%) Roman Catholic (14.5%) Other Christian (1.3%) Unaffiliated (3.1%) Other religion (1.1%) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor , the islands' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%. There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called ""straw"", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called ""Voodoo dolls"", even though such dolls are the result of the American imagination and not based on historic fact. A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law. Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day. Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival. Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the ""Pineapple Fest"" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the ""Crab Fest"" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders. Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas. Sport [ edit ] Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846, the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval. The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball , American football and baseball , rather than from Great Britain, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular. Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart , Magnum Rolle , Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks. Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer , though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas, facing the Jamaican national team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the club, is based in the Bahamas. Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing , where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union , beach soccer , and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics , commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands. Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis-Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the ""Golden Girls"". Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William-Darling. The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates, 98.2% of the adult population is literate. [ citation needed ] In popular culture [ edit ] Scenes from the final Jaws film ( Jaws: The Revenge ) were filmed on a New Providence Island beach now known as ""Jaws Beach"". The fourth official James Bond film , Thunderball (1965), was partly filmed in Nassau , where much of the story is set. Eon Productions were to return for filming underwater sequences in the famously clear waters, even when a Bond film's story was set elsewhere; for example, for The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). The unofficial remake of Thunderball , Never Say Never Again (1983), was similarly partly filmed in the islands, though this version of the story was not as extensively set there. Zeus and Roxanne is a 1997 family comedy/adventure film directed by George T. Miller. It revolves around the friendship between the title characters, a dog and a dolphin, respectively. It stars Steve Guttenberg and Kathleen Quinlan. Parts of the Movie was filmed in Grand Bahama . Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the second installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Pirates of the Caribbean. Parts of the movie was filmed in The Bahamas After the Sunset is a 2004 action comedy film starring Pierce Brosnan as Max Burdett, a master thief caught in a pursuit with FBI agent Stan Lloyd, played by Woody Harrelson. The film was directed by Brett Ratner and shot in the Bahamas. Into the Blue a 2005 American action-thriller film starring Paul Walker, Jessica Alba, Scott Caan, Ashley Scott, Josh Brolin, and James Frain. The film was directed by John Stockwell was filmed in the Bahamas Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? is a 2007 American comedy-drama film adaptation written, produced, directed, and starring Tyler Perry. Parts of the film was filmed in Eleuthera The twenty-first official James Bond film , Casino Royale (2006), was in part set and filmed in the islands. The Beatles ' film Help! was filmed in part on New Providence Island and Paradise Island also in 1965. Nassau is featured in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag as a pirate haven, housing the main protagonists. Historical pirates are encountered there such as Benjamin Hornigold , Edward Teach /Blackbeard, Charles Vane , ""Calico"" Jack Rackham , Anne Bonney and Mary Read . Notable residents [ edit ] Sidney Poitier (born 1927), Bahamian-American actor, film director, author, and diplomat Denis Shapovalov (born 1999), Israeli-Canadian tennis player Lexi Wilson (born 1991), Bahamian model and beauty pageant titleholder See also [ edit ] West Indies portal Caricom portal Commonwealth realms portal Bahamas portal New Spain portal Bahamas – Wikipedia book Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas-related articles Bibliography of the Bahamas References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 . Higham, Charles (1988). The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading [ edit ] General history [ edit ] Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools . London: Collins, 1978. Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46. Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas . London: Collins, 1962. Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People . Athens: University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood, Dean. ""Columbus and the Discovery of Self,"" Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44. Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications, 1983. Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press, 1987. Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990. Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980 , Nassau: Department of Archives Economic history [ edit ] Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991. Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933 . Gainesville: University of Florida Press , 1996. Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998. Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York: Peter Lang , 2004. Social history [ edit ] Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville: University of Arkansas , 2000. Shirley, Paul. ""Tek Force Wid Force"", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35. Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s . Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996. Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990. Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996. Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records, 1985. Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books, 1989. Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995 , 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Collinwood, Dean. ""Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty,"" in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO, No. 48, 1982. Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, ""The National Literature of the New Bahamas,"" Weber Studies , Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62. Collinwood, Dean. ""Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean,"" Tsuda Review , No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57. Collinwood, Dean. ""Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society,"" Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. ""Political Leadership in the Bahamas,"" The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987. External links [ edit ] Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas ""Bahamas"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library" -2840597376450334187,validation,where are the bahamas located in relation to the united states,"The Bahamas (/ bəˈhɑːməz / (listen)), known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. It consists of more than 700 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The designation of `` the Bahamas '' can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate / manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas territory encompasses 470,000 km (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.",[],níbo ni bahamas wà ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà,No,"['O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola (Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos, ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida).']","['O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola (Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos, ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida).']",['P1'],1,0,"Àwọn Bàhámà (pípè /ðə bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) tabi lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Àjọni ilẹ̀ awọn Bàhámà , je orile-ede elede Geesi to ni awon erekusu 29, 661 cays , ati 2,387 erekusu kekere 2,387 (apata). O budo si inu Okun Atlantiki ni ariwa Kuba ati Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ), ariwaiwoorun awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos , ati guusuilaorun orile-ede Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika (nitosi ipinle Florida ). Apapo iye aala ile re je 13,939 km 2 (5,382 sq. mi.), pelu idiye olugbe to to 330,000. Oluilu re ni Nassau . Bi jeografi, awon Bahama wa ni asopo erekusu kanna bi Kuba , Hispaniola ( Dominiki Olominira ati Haiti ) ati Awon Erekusu Turks ati Caicos . Awon onibudo ibe tele ni awon Taino ti Arawaka , awon Bahama ni ibi ti Columbus koko gunle si ni Ile Aye Tuntun ni 1492. Botilejepe awon ara Spein ko se amunisin awon Bahama, won ko awon Lucaya abinibi ibe (eyi ni oruko ti awon Taino Bahama unpe ara won) lo si oko eru ni Hispaniola. Lati 1513 de 1650 enikankan ko gbe ori awon erekusu yi, ko to di pe awon olumunisin ara Britani lati Bermuda tedo si erekusu Eleuthera . Itoka [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bahama"" and ""Bahamas"" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 24°15′N 76°00′W  /  24.250°N 76.000°W  / 24.250; -76.000 The Bahamas ( / b ə ˈ h ɑː m ə z / ( listen ) ), known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas , is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago . It consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the US state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of ""the Bahamas"" can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force , the Bahamas territory encompasses 470,000 km 2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space. The Bahamas is the site of Columbus ' first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan -speaking Taino people. Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. The Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves; the Royal Navy resettled Africans here liberated from illegal slave ships, American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida, and the government freed American slaves carried on United States domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather. Today, Afro-Bahamians make up nearly 90% of the population. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining the British monarch, then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and finance. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th–19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 Representation in other media 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 14.1 General history 14.2 Economic history 14.3 Social history 15 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name Bahamas is mostly likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma (""big upper middle land""), which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans, or possibly from the Spanish baja mar (""shallow water or sea"" or "" low tide "") reflecting the shallow waters of the area. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning. A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is, therefore, capitalised. So in contrast to ""the Congo"" and ""the United Kingdom"", it is proper to write ""The Bahamas"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of the Bahamas A depiction of Columbus' first landing, claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century, having migrated there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1492. Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished. In 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera —the name derives from the Greek word for freedom. They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle's Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors , and administering the country. In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town (later renamed Nassau ). In 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th–19th centuries [ edit ] Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the ' Pirates' republic ' and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for American naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782, following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau. The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Britain the following year, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received, however, the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After American independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas, and granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory. In 1807, the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year. During the following decades, the Royal Navy intercepted the trade; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships. In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking. The United States' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center (ABAC) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to American slaves' search for freedom. The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles' escape from southern Florida. It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas. In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that ""any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted."" This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two nations. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the ""most successful slave revolt in U.S. history"". These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and Great Britain . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. But, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships. 20th century [ edit ] Edward VIII , the Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940, after his abdication of the British throne, the Duke of Windsor was installed as Governor of the Bahamas , arriving with his wife, the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they ""tried to make the best of a bad situation"". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as ""a third-class British colony"". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the ""Out Islands"" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren 's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised (mistakenly) by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany. The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a ""full-scale riot"". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on ""mischief makers – communists "" and ""men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft"". The Duke resigned the post on 16 March 1945. Post-Second World War [ edit ] Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self-governing in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier. A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964. In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973. Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence. The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973, and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. Significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues. The University of The Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on November 10, 2016 Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space. NASA Aqua satellite image, 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N , and longitudes 72° and 80°W . In 1864, the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony. The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas. The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island. It has an elevation of 63 metres (207 ft). Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast, the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas. Castaway Cay [ edit ] Main article: Castaway Cay Disney Has it own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government, set to expire in 2096 Climate [ edit ] See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate. As such, there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas, although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland. There is only an 8 °C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. [ hide ] Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 26.6 (79.9) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 31.0 (87.8) 32.0 (89.6) 32.1 (89.8) 31.6 (88.9) 29.9 (85.8) 27.8 (82) 26.2 (79.2) 28.8 (83.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4 (70.5) 21.4 (70.5) 22.3 (72.1) 23.8 (74.8) 25.6 (78.1) 27.2 (81) 28.0 (82.4) 28.1 (82.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.3 (72.1) 24.85 (76.73) Average low °C (°F) 17.3 (63.1) 17.3 (63.1) 17.9 (64.2) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 23.3 (73.9) 24.0 (75.2) 24.0 (75.2) 23.7 (74.7) 22.5 (72.5) 20.6 (69.1) 18.3 (64.9) 20.8 (69.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.4 (1.551) 49.5 (1.949) 54.4 (2.142) 69.3 (2.728) 105.9 (4.169) 218.2 (8.591) 160.8 (6.331) 235.7 (9.28) 164.1 (6.461) 161.8 (6.37) 80.5 (3.169) 49.8 (1.961) 1,389.4 (54.701) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 °C 73 °F 23 °C 73 °F 24 °C 75 °F 26 °C 79 °F 27 °C 81 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 28 °C 82 °F 27 °C 81 °F 26 °C 79 °F 24 °C 75 °F Geology [ edit ] The Bahamas Platform, which includes the Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . The resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the ""carbonate factory"" of each bank, or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the ""retaining walls"" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form. Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m. In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one, 30 m below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater. Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m, though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps. Solution weathering of the limestone results in a ""Bahamian Karst "" topography. This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road (""pavements of Atlantis""), limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General ). Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house ), with members elected from single-member districts , and a 16-member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P. . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture [ edit ] The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament. These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Armed forces [ edit ] Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau (P-61) Its military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (the RBDF), the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM )'s Regional Security Task Force. The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Their duties include defending the Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the ""Local Government Act"" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts. Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency. The Bahamas uses drive-on-the-Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth. The districts other than New Providence are: Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport, Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag [ edit ] Main article: Flag of the Bahamas National flag of the Bahamas The colours embodied in the design of the Bahamian flag symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and the economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of two colours on three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Coat of arms [ edit ] Main article: Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands. On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto: ""Forward, Upward, Onward Together."" National flower [ edit ] The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands, and it blooms throughout the year. Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the Y.W.C.A. Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana —had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies. Tourism [ edit ] Cruise ships in Nassau Harbour The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60% of the Bahamian GDP, but provides jobs for more than half the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors. Financial services [ edit ] After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP. The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business, and further banking and finance reforms are in progress. The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions, including the Central Bank of the Bahamas (CBB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. [ citation needed ] The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments. The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies. Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system (mostly populated by Canadian banks), the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited. [ citation needed ] A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports. The economy has a very competitive tax regime. The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT , licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%. Agriculture [ edit ] Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232, of which 25.9% are under 14, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located; and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups [ edit ] According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a mixed race (Black and White). according to the CIA Handbook. Other sources indicate whites number up to 12 to 15%, The Bahamas Guide, World Population Review. Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was White and 26% Black. Afro-Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives. The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014. The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as ""light-skinned"" Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 1% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture. [ citation needed ] Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages [ edit ] The official language of the Bahamas is English. Many Haitians who migrated to The Bahamas speak an English-based creole language . Bahamian dialect (known simply as ""dialect"") or as ""Bahamianese."" is a variety of broken English by Bahamian diasporas. James Catalyn, a Bahamian writer and actor was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole , a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate languages. Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still ""British-based"". Religion [ edit ] Further information: Religion in the Bahamas According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, the islands' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%. There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands (or Family Islands), handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called ""straw"", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items. Another use is for so-called ""Voodoo dolls"", even though such dolls are the result of the American imagination and not based on historic fact. A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practiced by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of the Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law. Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day. Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival. Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the ""Pineapple Fest"" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the ""Crab Fest"" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders. Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The most well-known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas, the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas, and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas. Sport [ edit ] Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is Cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846. It is the oldest sport being played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936 as an organised body. From the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian Physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track & field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval. The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States, such as basketball , American football and baseball rather than Great Britain due to the country's close proximity to the United States. Unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular. Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart and Buddy Hield are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks, Over the years American football has become much more popular than association football , though not implemented in the high school system yet. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However association football, commonly known as 'soccer' in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market. In 2013 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas to face the Jamaica national football team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the Tottenham Hotspur club, is based in the Bahamas. Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union beach soccer and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics commonly known as track and field in the country is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands. Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medalist for the country. He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis-Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke-Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the ""Golden Girls"". Tonique Williams-Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medalist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007, with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis-Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William-Darling. The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates 98.2% of the adult population is literate. [ citation needed ] Representation in other media [ edit ] Scenes from the final Jaws movie ( Jaws: The Revenge ) were filmed on a New Providence Island beach now known as ""Jaws Beach"". The fourth official James Bond film , Thunderball (1965), was partly filmed in Nassau , where much of the story is set. Eon Productions were to return for filming underwater sequences in the famously clear waters, even when a Bond film's story was set elsewhere; for example, for The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). The unofficial remake of Thunderball , Never Say Never Again (1983), was similarly partly filmed in the islands, though this version of the story was not as extensively set there. The twenty-first official James Bond film , Casino Royale (2006), was in part set and filmed in the islands. The Beatles ' film Help! was filmed in part on New Providence Island and Paradise Island also in 1965. Nassau is featured in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag as a pirate haven, housing the main protagonists. Historical pirates are encountered there such as Benjamin Hornigold , Edward Teach /Blackbeard, Charles Vane , ""Calico"" Jack Rackham , Anne Bonney and Mary Read . See also [ edit ] West Indies portal Caricom portal Commonwealth realms portal Bahamas portal New Spain portal Bahamas – Wikipedia book Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas-related articles Bibliography of the Bahamas References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 . Higham, Charles (1988). The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading [ edit ] General history [ edit ] Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools . London: Collins, 1978. Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46. Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas . London: Collins, 1962. Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People . Athens: University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood, Dean. ""Columbus and the Discovery of Self,"" Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44. Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications, 1983. Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press, 1987. Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990. Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980 , Nassau: Department of Archives Economic history [ edit ] Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991. Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933 . Gainesville: University of Florida Press , 1996. Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998. Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York: Peter Lang , 2004. Social history [ edit ] Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville: University of Arkansas , 2000. Shirley, Paul. ""Tek Force Wid Force"", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35. Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s . Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996. Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990. Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996. Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records, 1985. Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books, 1989. Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press, 1989. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995 , 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Collinwood, Dean. ""The Bahamas,"" chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Collinwood, Dean. ""Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty,"" in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO, No. 48, 1982. Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, ""The National Literature of the New Bahamas,"" Weber Studies , Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62. Collinwood, Dean. ""Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean,"" Tsuda Review , No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57. Collinwood, Dean. ""Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society,"" Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297. Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. ""Political Leadership in the Bahamas,"" The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987. External links [ edit ] Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas ""Bahamas"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at DMOZ The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library" 4591041629504611205,train,where are the canary islands located on a world map,"The Canary Islands (/ kəˈnɛəri ˈaɪləndz / ; Spanish : Islas Canarias) is a Spanish archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean, 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of Morocco at the closest point. The Canaries are among the outermost regions (OMR) of the European Union proper. It is also one of the eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality recognized as such by the Spanish Government.","['1990', 'human development index (hdi)']",níbo ni àwọn erékùṣù canary wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Ile okan yi budo si eti ariwaiwoorun bebe orile Afrika, 100 km iwoorun bode to fa ija larin Morocco ati Western Sahara.']","['o budo si eti ariwaiwoorun bebe orile Afrika, 100 km iwoorun bode to fa ija larin Morocco ati Western Sahara.']",['P1'],0,0,"Awon Erekusu Kanari Awon Erekusu Kanari (pípè /k??ne?ri? ?a?l?ndz/; Spánì: [Islas Canarias]) je awon ile okan ti orile-ede Spain ti won je okan ninu Spanish Agbajo Adaduro ti Spain ati Agbegbe Ode ninu Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù. Ile okan yi budo si eti ariwaiwoorun bebe orile Afrika, 100 km iwoorun bode to fa ija larin Morocco ati Western Sahara. Iwo okun to yapa lati ebado Kanari lo n mo gbe awon oko oju-omi lo si Amerika.[4] Awon erekusu ibe lati eyi to tobijulo si eyi kerejulo ni wonyi: Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Alegranza, La Graciosa ati Montaña Clara.", -4416936900974577470,train,how many african countries are there in the world,"Africa is the world 's second - largest and second-most - populous continent (the first being Asia). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6 % of Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16 % of the world 's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.",[],iye orílẹ̀-èdè ilẹ̀ adúláwọ̀ wo ló wà ní ayé,Yes,"['Afrika ni orile-ede 54 lapapo mo Madagascar, opolopo erekusu ati orile-ede Olominira Sahrawi Arabu Toseluaralu, to je omo egbe Isokan Afrika botilejepe Morocco lodi si eyi.']",[],['P1'],0,0,"Áfríkà Áfríkà ni orile keji titobijulo ati toni awon eniyan julo lagbaye leyin Asia. Ni bi 30.2 egbegberun km² (11.7 million sq mi) lapapo mo awon erekusu to sunmo, ile re je 6% apapo gbogbo oju Aye ati 20.4% gbogbo ile Aye.[2] Pelu egbegberunkeji kan eniyan (ni 2009, e wo tabili) ni awon agbegbe 61, eyi je bi 14.72% gbogbo iye eniyan Agbaye. Ni ariwa re ni Okun Mediterraneani wa, si ariwailaorun re ni Ilaodo Suez ati Okun Pupa wa legbe Sinai Peninsula, si guusuilaorun re ni Okun India, ati si iwoorun re ni Okun Atlantiki wa. Afrika ni orile-ede 54 lapapo mo Madagascar, opolopo erekusu ati orile-ede Olominira Sahrawi Arabu Toseluaralu, to je omo egbe Isokan Afrika botilejepe Morocco lodi si eyi. Afrika, agaga gbongan apailaorun Afrika, je gbigba lopolopo latowo awon awujo onisayensi pe ibe ni ibi ti awon eniyan ti bere ati Hominidae clade (àw?n ìnàkí ?lá), gege bi o se han pelu iwari awon hominids pipejulo ati awon babanla won, ati awon ti won wa leyin won ti won peju bi odun legbegberun meje seyin – pelu eyi to pejulo ninu won Homo sapiens (eniyan odeoni) ti o je wiwari ni Ethiopia to je odun bi 200,000 seyin.[3] Afrika bo ibugedemeji mole, o si ni orisirisi awon agbegbe ojuojo; o je orile kan soso to gun lati agbegbe apaariwa aloworo de apaguusu alaworo.[4] Orisun itumo oro Afri ni oruko awon eniyan ti won gbe ni Ariwa Afrika leba Carthage. Oruko awon wonyi je siso mo ""afar"" ti awon Finiki, to tumosi ""eruku"", sugbon ero 1981 kan[5] ti so pe o wa lati oro ede Berber ifri tabi Ifran totumosi ""ihò"", àw?n tó ? gbé inú ihò àpáta.[6] Afrika tabi Ifri tabi Afer[6] ni oruko Banu Ifran lati Algeria ati Tripolitania (Eya Berber ti Yafran).[7] Labe ijoba awon Ara Romu, Carthage di oluilu Igberiko Afrika, to tun je kikomo apa eba odo Libya oni. ""-ka"" (""ca"") to je ilemeyin Afrika je awon Ara Romu to tokasi ""orile-ede tabi ile"".[8] Bakanna, ile-oba Musulumi ayeijoun Ifriqiya to wa leyin, ti a mo loni bi Tunisia, na tun lo iru oruko yi. Awon orisun itumo miran ti won ti da laba bi orisun oruko ijoun ""Afrika"": omo Ju olukoitan ni orundun 1st Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) so pe o je sisoloruko fun Epher, omokunrin omoomo Abraham gege bi Gen. 25:4, ti awon omomo re, bo se so, pe won bori Libya. oro Latin aprica (""ihan orun"") ti Isidore of Seville menu ba ninu Etymologiae XIV.5.2. oro Griiki aphrike (??????), to tumosi ""aini otutu."" Olukoitan Leo Africanus (1488–1554) lo damoran yi, to daba oro Griiki phrike (to tumosi ""otutu ati eru""), lapapo mo ""a-"", lati tumosi ""ile ti ko ni otutu ati eru. Massey, ni 1881, mu orisun itumo kan wa lati oro Egypti af-rui-ka, ""di dori ko ojuona Ka."" Ka tokasi ibiomo. Nipa eyi Afrika je fun awon Ara Egypti, ""ile ibimo.""[9] Itan Itan atijo Ni ibere Igba Mesosoik, Afrika je jijapo mo awon orile Aye yioku gege bi Pangea.[10] Afrika pin awon fauna kanna ti orilegbangba yi ti o je sisori lowo awon theropods, prosauropods ati ornithischians akokolo nigbati igba Trias wa sopin.[10] Awon idokuta opin je wiwari kakiri Africa, sugbon won wopo ni guusu ju ariwa lo.[10] Ila to ya igba Triassic soto si Jurassic lo falasi ibere awon isele iparun to ni ip ni lagbaye, botilejepe strata Afrika igba yi ko ti je gbigbewo daada.[10] Awon ipele ile igba Ibere Jurassik pinkiri lona kanna bi ti isun Late Triassic, p??lú àw?n àlàfo tí ó w??p?? ní gúúsù àti àw?n àlàfo fósílì tí kò w??p?? tí ó j?? pé àw?n òpópónà ni ó j?? ??gá ní àríwá.[10] Bí Jurassic ?e ? t??síwájú, àw?n àwùj? tí ó tóbi tí w??n sì ?e pàtàkì jùl? ti àw?n dinosaur bí sauropods àti ornithopods p?? sí i ní Áfíríkà.[10] Middle Jurassic strata are neither well represented nor well studied in Africa.[10] Aw?n ipele Jurassic p? tun j? a?oju ti ko dara ju iyat? l? ti aw?n ?ranko Tendaguru ti o ni iyanu ni Tanzania.[10] Ìgbésí ayé tí Tendaguru gbé ní apá ìparí Jurassic j? èyí tí a rí ní apá ìw?? oòrùn Àríwá Am??ríkà ní Morrison Formation.[10] Orundun 9k–18k Afrika ki o to di ibialamusin o se e se ki o ni orisirisi orile-ede otooto to ju 10,000 lo ati asejoba[11] to ni orisirisi ilana ati agbajo oloselu. Ninu awon wonyi ni idipo ebi kekere awon asode bi awon San ni apaguusu Afrika; titobi, awon adipo adimule bi awon idipo ibatan ebi awon elede Bantu ni apaarin ati apaguusu Afrika, awon adipo ibatan adimule gidigidi ni Ibi Iwo Ori Afrika, awon ileoba Saheli titobi, ati awon ilu-orilejoba ati awon ileoba aladawa bi ti awon Yoruba ni Iwoorun Afrika, ati awon ilu oja etiodo awon Swahili ni Ilaorun Afrika. Nigba to fi di orundun 9k SK orisirisi awon orilejoba obairanderan, ti awon orilejoba Hausa akoko wa ninu won, ti san kakiri saffana abe-sahara lati awon agbegbe apaiwoorun de ibiarin Sudan. Awon to lagbarajulo larin awon orilejoba wonyi ni Ghana, Gao, ati Kanem-Bornu Empire. Agbara Ghana dinku ni orundun 11k sugbon Ileobaluaye Mali ropo re, eyi lo si di opo gbogbo apaiwoorun Afrika mu ni orundun 13k. Kanem gba esin Imale ni orundun 11k. Be sini ni awon agbegbe igbo etiodo Iwoorun Afrika, awon ileoba alominira jadide laini ipa kankan latodo ariwa Musulumi. Ife, to je akoko larin awon ilu-orilejoba tabi ileoba Yoruba, sedasile ijoba labe oba, ton unje Ooni. Ife je ibi pataki esin ati asa ni Afrika, ati fun asa ibile ere gbigbe. Iru ifijuwe ijoba Ile-Ife je gbigbamulo ni Oyo, nibiti awon oba, ti won unje Alaafin ti figba kan joba lori opo iye iluorilejoba ati ileoba Yoruba miran ati ti awon ti won ko je Yoruba, Ileoba Dahomey awon Fon je ibi ti won ko so ede Yoruba labe ijoba Oyo. Awon Almoraffidi, je obairanderan Beriberi lati Sahara ti won fon kiri ariwaapaiwoorun Afrika ati peninsula Iberian nigba orundun 11k.[12] Banu Hilal ati Banu Ma'qil je akopo aon eya Arab Bedouin lati Arabian peninsula ti on kolo si iwoorun lati Egypt larin orundun 11k ati 13k. Ikoreokere fa idapo awon Arabu ati Beriberi, nibi ti awon ara ile ti di Arabu,[13] be sini asa Arabu gba apilese asa ibile ibe, labe isokan Islam.[14] Awon agbegbe Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n wà ní ìpele yí ni w??n wà láb?? àtò fún àw?n agbègbè ab??létí àj? Oríl??-èdè A?òkan, àti data tí ó r?? m?? ìt??ka sí fún àpil??k?. Níbi tí wó?n bá ti yàt?? síra, a máa ? fi àw?n àkàn?e gbólóhùn hàn kedere.", 1333561422349553590,train,how many countries are in the continent africa,"Africa is the world 's second largest and second most - populous continent (the first being Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6 % of Earth 's total surface area and 20 % of its total land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16 % of the world 's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.","['the allies (based on the triple entente of the russian empire, the french third republic, and the united kingdom of great britain and ireland) versus the central powers of germany and austria-hungary.', ""the allies (based on the triple entente of the russian empire, the french third republic, and the united kingdom of great britain and ireland)', 'the central powers of germany and austria-hungary"", 'the central powers of germany and austria-hungary']",àwọn orílẹ̀ èdè mélòó ló wà ní ilẹ̀ áfíríkà,Yes,"['Afrika ni orile-ede 54 lapapo mo Madagascar, opolopo erekusu ati orile-ede Olominira Sahrawi Arabu Toseluaralu, to je omo egbe Isokan Afrika botilejepe Morocco lodi si eyi.']",[],['P1'],0,0,"Áfríkà Áfríkà ni orile keji titobijulo ati toni awon eniyan julo lagbaye leyin Asia. Ni bi 30.2 egbegberun km² (11.7 million sq mi) lapapo mo awon erekusu to sunmo, ile re je 6% apapo gbogbo oju Aye ati 20.4% gbogbo ile Aye.[2] Pelu egbegberunkeji kan eniyan (ni 2009, e wo tabili) ni awon agbegbe 61, eyi je bi 14.72% gbogbo iye eniyan Agbaye. Ni ariwa re ni Okun Mediterraneani wa, si ariwailaorun re ni Ilaodo Suez ati Okun Pupa wa legbe Sinai Peninsula, si guusuilaorun re ni Okun India, ati si iwoorun re ni Okun Atlantiki wa. Afrika ni orile-ede 54 lapapo mo Madagascar, opolopo erekusu ati orile-ede Olominira Sahrawi Arabu Toseluaralu, to je omo egbe Isokan Afrika botilejepe Morocco lodi si eyi. Afrika, agaga gbongan apailaorun Afrika, je gbigba lopolopo latowo awon awujo onisayensi pe ibe ni ibi ti awon eniyan ti bere ati Hominidae clade (àw?n ìnàkí ?lá), gege bi o se han pelu iwari awon hominids pipejulo ati awon babanla won, ati awon ti won wa leyin won ti won peju bi odun legbegberun meje seyin – pelu eyi to pejulo ninu won Homo sapiens (eniyan odeoni) ti o je wiwari ni Ethiopia to je odun bi 200,000 seyin.[3] Afrika bo ibugedemeji mole, o si ni orisirisi awon agbegbe ojuojo; o je orile kan soso to gun lati agbegbe apaariwa aloworo de apaguusu alaworo.[4] Orisun itumo oro Afri ni oruko awon eniyan ti won gbe ni Ariwa Afrika leba Carthage. Oruko awon wonyi je siso mo ""afar"" ti awon Finiki, to tumosi ""eruku"", sugbon ero 1981 kan[5] ti so pe o wa lati oro ede Berber ifri tabi Ifran totumosi ""ihò"", àw?n tó ? gbé inú ihò àpáta.[6] Afrika tabi Ifri tabi Afer[6] ni oruko Banu Ifran lati Algeria ati Tripolitania (Eya Berber ti Yafran).[7] Labe ijoba awon Ara Romu, Carthage di oluilu Igberiko Afrika, to tun je kikomo apa eba odo Libya oni. ""-ka"" (""ca"") to je ilemeyin Afrika je awon Ara Romu to tokasi ""orile-ede tabi ile"".[8] Bakanna, ile-oba Musulumi ayeijoun Ifriqiya to wa leyin, ti a mo loni bi Tunisia, na tun lo iru oruko yi. Awon orisun itumo miran ti won ti da laba bi orisun oruko ijoun ""Afrika"": omo Ju olukoitan ni orundun 1st Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) so pe o je sisoloruko fun Epher, omokunrin omoomo Abraham gege bi Gen. 25:4, ti awon omomo re, bo se so, pe won bori Libya. oro Latin aprica (""ihan orun"") ti Isidore of Seville menu ba ninu Etymologiae XIV.5.2. oro Griiki aphrike (??????), to tumosi ""aini otutu."" Olukoitan Leo Africanus (1488–1554) lo damoran yi, to daba oro Griiki phrike (to tumosi ""otutu ati eru""), lapapo mo ""a-"", lati tumosi ""ile ti ko ni otutu ati eru. Massey, ni 1881, mu orisun itumo kan wa lati oro Egypti af-rui-ka, ""di dori ko ojuona Ka."" Ka tokasi ibiomo. Nipa eyi Afrika je fun awon Ara Egypti, ""ile ibimo.""[9] Itan Itan atijo Ni ibere Igba Mesosoik, Afrika je jijapo mo awon orile Aye yioku gege bi Pangea.[10] Afrika pin awon fauna kanna ti orilegbangba yi ti o je sisori lowo awon theropods, prosauropods ati ornithischians akokolo nigbati igba Trias wa sopin.[10] Awon idokuta opin je wiwari kakiri Africa, sugbon won wopo ni guusu ju ariwa lo.[10] Ila to ya igba Triassic soto si Jurassic lo falasi ibere awon isele iparun to ni ip ni lagbaye, botilejepe strata Afrika igba yi ko ti je gbigbewo daada.[10] Awon ipele ile igba Ibere Jurassik pinkiri lona kanna bi ti isun Late Triassic, p??lú àw?n àlàfo tí ó w??p?? ní gúúsù àti àw?n àlàfo fósílì tí kò w??p?? tí ó j?? pé àw?n òpópónà ni ó j?? ??gá ní àríwá.[10] Bí Jurassic ?e ? t??síwájú, àw?n àwùj? tí ó tóbi tí w??n sì ?e pàtàkì jùl? ti àw?n dinosaur bí sauropods àti ornithopods p?? sí i ní Áfíríkà.[10] Middle Jurassic strata are neither well represented nor well studied in Africa.[10] Aw?n ipele Jurassic p? tun j? a?oju ti ko dara ju iyat? l? ti aw?n ?ranko Tendaguru ti o ni iyanu ni Tanzania.[10] Ìgbésí ayé tí Tendaguru gbé ní apá ìparí Jurassic j? èyí tí a rí ní apá ìw?? oòrùn Àríwá Am??ríkà ní Morrison Formation.[10] Orundun 9k–18k Afrika ki o to di ibialamusin o se e se ki o ni orisirisi orile-ede otooto to ju 10,000 lo ati asejoba[11] to ni orisirisi ilana ati agbajo oloselu. Ninu awon wonyi ni idipo ebi kekere awon asode bi awon San ni apaguusu Afrika; titobi, awon adipo adimule bi awon idipo ibatan ebi awon elede Bantu ni apaarin ati apaguusu Afrika, awon adipo ibatan adimule gidigidi ni Ibi Iwo Ori Afrika, awon ileoba Saheli titobi, ati awon ilu-orilejoba ati awon ileoba aladawa bi ti awon Yoruba ni Iwoorun Afrika, ati awon ilu oja etiodo awon Swahili ni Ilaorun Afrika. Nigba to fi di orundun 9k SK orisirisi awon orilejoba obairanderan, ti awon orilejoba Hausa akoko wa ninu won, ti san kakiri saffana abe-sahara lati awon agbegbe apaiwoorun de ibiarin Sudan. Awon to lagbarajulo larin awon orilejoba wonyi ni Ghana, Gao, ati Kanem-Bornu Empire. Agbara Ghana dinku ni orundun 11k sugbon Ileobaluaye Mali ropo re, eyi lo si di opo gbogbo apaiwoorun Afrika mu ni orundun 13k. Kanem gba esin Imale ni orundun 11k. Be sini ni awon agbegbe igbo etiodo Iwoorun Afrika, awon ileoba alominira jadide laini ipa kankan latodo ariwa Musulumi. Ife, to je akoko larin awon ilu-orilejoba tabi ileoba Yoruba, sedasile ijoba labe oba, ton unje Ooni. Ife je ibi pataki esin ati asa ni Afrika, ati fun asa ibile ere gbigbe. Iru ifijuwe ijoba Ile-Ife je gbigbamulo ni Oyo, nibiti awon oba, ti won unje Alaafin ti figba kan joba lori opo iye iluorilejoba ati ileoba Yoruba miran ati ti awon ti won ko je Yoruba, Ileoba Dahomey awon Fon je ibi ti won ko so ede Yoruba labe ijoba Oyo. Awon Almoraffidi, je obairanderan Beriberi lati Sahara ti won fon kiri ariwaapaiwoorun Afrika ati peninsula Iberian nigba orundun 11k.[12] Banu Hilal ati Banu Ma'qil je akopo aon eya Arab Bedouin lati Arabian peninsula ti on kolo si iwoorun lati Egypt larin orundun 11k ati 13k. Ikoreokere fa idapo awon Arabu ati Beriberi, nibi ti awon ara ile ti di Arabu,[13] be sini asa Arabu gba apilese asa ibile ibe, labe isokan Islam.[14] Awon agbegbe Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n wà ní ìpele yí ni w??n wà láb?? àtò fún àw?n agbègbè ab??létí àj? Oríl??-èdè A?òkan, àti data tí ó r?? m?? ìt??ka sí fún àpil??k?. Níbi tí wó?n bá ti yàt?? síra, a máa ? fi àw?n àkàn?e gbólóhùn hàn kedere.", -1631639411030446618,train,how many countries are there in the continent of africa,"Africa is the world 's second largest and second most - populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6 % of Earth 's total surface area and 20 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16 % of the world 's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.","[""the first world war', 'the great war', 'the war to end all wars"", 'europe', 'the allies (based on the triple entente of the russian empire, the french third republic, and the united kingdom of great britain and ireland) versus the central powers of germany and austria-hungary.', ""28 july 1914', '11 november 1918"", ""assassination of archduke franz ferdinand of austria, heir to the throne of austria-hungary, by yugoslav nationalist gavrilo princip in sarajevo on 28 june 1914', 'assassination of"", 'from 28 july 1914 to 11 november 1918', '11 november 1918', ""the allies (based on the triple entente of the russian empire, the french third republic, and the united kingdom of great britain and ireland)', 'the central powers of germany and austria-hungary"", '28 july 1914', 'austria-hungary', 'the central powers of germany and austria-hungary', '28 july 1914 to 11 november 1918']",àwọn orílẹ̀ èdè mélòó ló wà ní ilẹ̀ áfíríkà,Yes,"['Afrika ni orile-ede 54 lapapo mo Madagascar, opolopo erekusu ati orile-ede Olominira Sahrawi Arabu Toseluaralu, to je omo egbe Isokan Afrika botilejepe Morocco lodi si eyi.']",['ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914'],['P1'],1,0,"Áfríkà Áfríkà ni orile keji titobijulo ati toni awon eniyan julo lagbaye leyin Asia. Ni bi 30.2 egbegberun km² (11.7 million sq mi) lapapo mo awon erekusu to sunmo, ile re je 6% apapo gbogbo oju Aye ati 20.4% gbogbo ile Aye.[2] Pelu egbegberunkeji kan eniyan (ni 2009, e wo tabili) ni awon agbegbe 61, eyi je bi 14.72% gbogbo iye eniyan Agbaye. Ni ariwa re ni Okun Mediterraneani wa, si ariwailaorun re ni Ilaodo Suez ati Okun Pupa wa legbe Sinai Peninsula, si guusuilaorun re ni Okun India, ati si iwoorun re ni Okun Atlantiki wa. Afrika ni orile-ede 54 lapapo mo Madagascar, opolopo erekusu ati orile-ede Olominira Sahrawi Arabu Toseluaralu, to je omo egbe Isokan Afrika botilejepe Morocco lodi si eyi. Afrika, agaga gbongan apailaorun Afrika, je gbigba lopolopo latowo awon awujo onisayensi pe ibe ni ibi ti awon eniyan ti bere ati Hominidae clade (àw?n ìnàkí ?lá), gege bi o se han pelu iwari awon hominids pipejulo ati awon babanla won, ati awon ti won wa leyin won ti won peju bi odun legbegberun meje seyin – pelu eyi to pejulo ninu won Homo sapiens (eniyan odeoni) ti o je wiwari ni Ethiopia to je odun bi 200,000 seyin.[3] Afrika bo ibugedemeji mole, o si ni orisirisi awon agbegbe ojuojo; o je orile kan soso to gun lati agbegbe apaariwa aloworo de apaguusu alaworo.[4] Orisun itumo oro Afri ni oruko awon eniyan ti won gbe ni Ariwa Afrika leba Carthage. Oruko awon wonyi je siso mo ""afar"" ti awon Finiki, to tumosi ""eruku"", sugbon ero 1981 kan[5] ti so pe o wa lati oro ede Berber ifri tabi Ifran totumosi ""ihò"", àw?n tó ? gbé inú ihò àpáta.[6] Afrika tabi Ifri tabi Afer[6] ni oruko Banu Ifran lati Algeria ati Tripolitania (Eya Berber ti Yafran).[7] Labe ijoba awon Ara Romu, Carthage di oluilu Igberiko Afrika, to tun je kikomo apa eba odo Libya oni. ""-ka"" (""ca"") to je ilemeyin Afrika je awon Ara Romu to tokasi ""orile-ede tabi ile"".[8] Bakanna, ile-oba Musulumi ayeijoun Ifriqiya to wa leyin, ti a mo loni bi Tunisia, na tun lo iru oruko yi. Awon orisun itumo miran ti won ti da laba bi orisun oruko ijoun ""Afrika"": omo Ju olukoitan ni orundun 1st Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) so pe o je sisoloruko fun Epher, omokunrin omoomo Abraham gege bi Gen. 25:4, ti awon omomo re, bo se so, pe won bori Libya. oro Latin aprica (""ihan orun"") ti Isidore of Seville menu ba ninu Etymologiae XIV.5.2. oro Griiki aphrike (??????), to tumosi ""aini otutu."" Olukoitan Leo Africanus (1488–1554) lo damoran yi, to daba oro Griiki phrike (to tumosi ""otutu ati eru""), lapapo mo ""a-"", lati tumosi ""ile ti ko ni otutu ati eru. Massey, ni 1881, mu orisun itumo kan wa lati oro Egypti af-rui-ka, ""di dori ko ojuona Ka."" Ka tokasi ibiomo. Nipa eyi Afrika je fun awon Ara Egypti, ""ile ibimo.""[9] Itan Itan atijo Ni ibere Igba Mesosoik, Afrika je jijapo mo awon orile Aye yioku gege bi Pangea.[10] Afrika pin awon fauna kanna ti orilegbangba yi ti o je sisori lowo awon theropods, prosauropods ati ornithischians akokolo nigbati igba Trias wa sopin.[10] Awon idokuta opin je wiwari kakiri Africa, sugbon won wopo ni guusu ju ariwa lo.[10] Ila to ya igba Triassic soto si Jurassic lo falasi ibere awon isele iparun to ni ip ni lagbaye, botilejepe strata Afrika igba yi ko ti je gbigbewo daada.[10] Awon ipele ile igba Ibere Jurassik pinkiri lona kanna bi ti isun Late Triassic, p??lú àw?n àlàfo tí ó w??p?? ní gúúsù àti àw?n àlàfo fósílì tí kò w??p?? tí ó j?? pé àw?n òpópónà ni ó j?? ??gá ní àríwá.[10] Bí Jurassic ?e ? t??síwájú, àw?n àwùj? tí ó tóbi tí w??n sì ?e pàtàkì jùl? ti àw?n dinosaur bí sauropods àti ornithopods p?? sí i ní Áfíríkà.[10] Middle Jurassic strata are neither well represented nor well studied in Africa.[10] Aw?n ipele Jurassic p? tun j? a?oju ti ko dara ju iyat? l? ti aw?n ?ranko Tendaguru ti o ni iyanu ni Tanzania.[10] Ìgbésí ayé tí Tendaguru gbé ní apá ìparí Jurassic j? èyí tí a rí ní apá ìw?? oòrùn Àríwá Am??ríkà ní Morrison Formation.[10] Orundun 9k–18k Afrika ki o to di ibialamusin o se e se ki o ni orisirisi orile-ede otooto to ju 10,000 lo ati asejoba[11] to ni orisirisi ilana ati agbajo oloselu. Ninu awon wonyi ni idipo ebi kekere awon asode bi awon San ni apaguusu Afrika; titobi, awon adipo adimule bi awon idipo ibatan ebi awon elede Bantu ni apaarin ati apaguusu Afrika, awon adipo ibatan adimule gidigidi ni Ibi Iwo Ori Afrika, awon ileoba Saheli titobi, ati awon ilu-orilejoba ati awon ileoba aladawa bi ti awon Yoruba ni Iwoorun Afrika, ati awon ilu oja etiodo awon Swahili ni Ilaorun Afrika. Nigba to fi di orundun 9k SK orisirisi awon orilejoba obairanderan, ti awon orilejoba Hausa akoko wa ninu won, ti san kakiri saffana abe-sahara lati awon agbegbe apaiwoorun de ibiarin Sudan. Awon to lagbarajulo larin awon orilejoba wonyi ni Ghana, Gao, ati Kanem-Bornu Empire. Agbara Ghana dinku ni orundun 11k sugbon Ileobaluaye Mali ropo re, eyi lo si di opo gbogbo apaiwoorun Afrika mu ni orundun 13k. Kanem gba esin Imale ni orundun 11k. Be sini ni awon agbegbe igbo etiodo Iwoorun Afrika, awon ileoba alominira jadide laini ipa kankan latodo ariwa Musulumi. Ife, to je akoko larin awon ilu-orilejoba tabi ileoba Yoruba, sedasile ijoba labe oba, ton unje Ooni. Ife je ibi pataki esin ati asa ni Afrika, ati fun asa ibile ere gbigbe. Iru ifijuwe ijoba Ile-Ife je gbigbamulo ni Oyo, nibiti awon oba, ti won unje Alaafin ti figba kan joba lori opo iye iluorilejoba ati ileoba Yoruba miran ati ti awon ti won ko je Yoruba, Ileoba Dahomey awon Fon je ibi ti won ko so ede Yoruba labe ijoba Oyo. Awon Almoraffidi, je obairanderan Beriberi lati Sahara ti won fon kiri ariwaapaiwoorun Afrika ati peninsula Iberian nigba orundun 11k.[12] Banu Hilal ati Banu Ma'qil je akopo aon eya Arab Bedouin lati Arabian peninsula ti on kolo si iwoorun lati Egypt larin orundun 11k ati 13k. Ikoreokere fa idapo awon Arabu ati Beriberi, nibi ti awon ara ile ti di Arabu,[13] be sini asa Arabu gba apilese asa ibile ibe, labe isokan Islam.[14] Awon agbegbe Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n wà ní ìpele yí ni w??n wà láb?? àtò fún àw?n agbègbè ab??létí àj? Oríl??-èdè A?òkan, àti data tí ó r?? m?? ìt??ka sí fún àpil??k?. Níbi tí wó?n bá ti yàt?? síra, a máa ? fi àw?n àkàn?e gbólóhùn hàn kedere.", -6463782533128048940,train,what type of government does gambia have today,"Politics of the Gambia takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of the Gambia is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.","['apatite (a group of minerals being, generally, pentacalcium triorthophosphate fluoride (hydroxide))']",irú ìjọba wo ni gambia ní lónìí,Yes,"['Ìṣèlú ilẹ̀ Gámbíà únwáyé lórí àgbékalẹ̀ ààrẹ orílẹ̀-èdè olómìnira, ní bi tí Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Gámbíà jẹ́ olórí orílẹ̀-èdè àti olórí ìjọba, lábẹ́ sístẹ́mù ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú púpọ̀.']","['Ìṣèlú ilẹ̀ Gámbíà únwáyé lórí àgbékalẹ̀ ààrẹ orílẹ̀-èdè olómìnira, ní bi tí Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Gámbíà jẹ́ olórí orílẹ̀-èdè àti olórí ìjọba, lábẹ́ sístẹ́mù ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú púpọ̀.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ì?èlú il?? Gámbíà Ì?èlú il?? Gámbíà únwáyé lórí àgbékal?? ààr? oríl??-èdè olómìnira, ní bi tí Ààr? il?? Gámbíà j?? olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba, láb?? síst??mù ?gb?? oló?èlú púp??. Agbára alá?e wà l??w?? ìj?ba. Agbára a?òfin wà l??w?? ìj?ba àti l??w?? ilé-a?òfin. ","The Gambia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Gambia Constitution Executive [show] President ( list ) Adama Barrow Cabinet Legislative [show] National Assembly Speaker : Abdoulie Bojang Elections [show] Political parties Politicians Recent elections Presidential: 2011 2016 Parliamentary: 2012 2017 Administrative divisions [show] Regions Districts Foreign relations [show] Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas v t e Politics of the Gambia takes place in a framework of a presidential republic , whereby the President of the Gambia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The 1970 constitution of the Gambia , which divided the government into independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, was suspended after the 1994 military coup. As part of the transition process, the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council established the Constitution Review Commission (CRC) through decree in March 1995. In accordance with the timetable for the transition to a democratically elected government, the commission drafted a new constitution for the Gambia which was approved by referendum in August 1996. The constitution provides for a presidential system, a unicameral legislature, an independent judiciary, and the protection of human rights. Contents [ hide ] 1 Political conditions 2 Executive branch 3 Legislative branch 4 Judicial branch 5 Political parties and elections 5.1 Presidential elections 5.2 Parliamentary elections 6 Administrative divisions 7 International organization participation 8 References Political conditions [ edit ] Before the coup d'état in July 1994, the Gambia was one of the oldest existing multi-party democracies in Africa . It had conducted freely contested elections every 5 years since independence. After the military coup, politicians from deposed President Jawara 's People's Progressive Party (PPP) and other senior government officials were banned from participating in politics until July 2001. The People's Progressive Party (PPP), headed by former president Jawara, had dominated Gambian politics for nearly 30 years. The last elections under the PPP regime were held in April 1992. Following the coup, a presidential election took place in September 1996, in which retired Col. Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh won 56% of the vote. The legislative elections held in January 1997 were dominated by the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (the new incarnation of AFPRC), which captured 33 out of 45 seats. In July 2001, the ban on Jawara-era political parties and politicians was lifted. Four registered opposition parties participated in the 18 October 2001 presidential election, which the incumbent, President Yahya Jammeh, won with almost 53% of the votes. The APRC maintained its strong majority in the National Assembly in legislative elections held in January 2002, particularly after the main opposition United Democratic Party (UDP) boycotted the legislative elections. Arch 22 Monument commemorating the 1994 coup In 2005 the political scenario was changed, as five opposition parties united under the umbrella of the National Alliance for Democracy and Development . NADD thus represented virtually all political opposition forces in the country. Following the registration of NADD the High Court ruled that dual party membership was unconstitutional, and as NADD had been registered as a political party all four opposition MPs were dismissed from the National Assembly. By-elections were held on 29 September, in which NADD retained three of the four seats. On 15 November the same year, three high-ranking NADD leaders (including the Leader of Opposition in the National Assembly, Halifa Sallah ) were arrested on the grounds of subversion. On 21 and 22 March 2006, amid tensions preceding the 2006 presidential elections , an alleged planned military coup was uncovered. President Yahya Jammeh was forced to return from a trip to Mauritania , many suspected army officials were arrested, and prominent army officials, including the army chief of staff, fled the country. There are claims circulating that this whole event was fabricated by the President incumbent for his own devious purposes - however the veracity of these claims is not known, as no corroborating evidence has as yet been brought forward. It is doubtful whether the full truth will ever be known however, as anyone with any evidence would not be likely to come forward with it in light of the poor human rights record of the National Intelligence Agency, and their well-known penchant for torturing and detaining indefinitely anyone who speaks up against the Government. The next presidential election took place on 22 September 2006. The nominations for party Presidential candidates were held on 28 August 2006, amid reports of the Government intimidating and unfairly detaining Opposition members and sympathisers, and of using the machineries of state (including the national media arm of the Government, GRTS ), to gain an unfair advantage during political campaigns. These reports follow a widely publicised signing of a Meromandum of Understanding between the Government and Opposition parties, initiated by the Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo during a recent visit to the country. Incumbent president, Yahya Jammeh, was reelected. On 31 December 2014, a failed coup was attempted when a military deserter along with supporters attacked the presidential palace. The coup failed and the alleged ringleader, Lamin Sanneh was amongst those killed by forces loyal to Jammeh. Following the 1 December 2016 elections , the elections commission declared Adama Barrow the winner of the presidential election. Jammeh, who had ruled for 22 years, first announced he would step down after losing the 2016 election before declaring the results void and calling for a new vote, sparking a constitutional crisis and leading to an invasion by an ECOWAS coalition. On 20 January 2017, Jammeh announced that he had agreed to step down and would leave the country allowing Barrow to take up office. Executive branch [ edit ] A government ministry signboard Main office holders Office Name Party Since President Adama Barrow United Democratic Party 19 January 2017 Vice-President Fatoumata Tambajang United Democratic Party 23 January 2017 The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; the number of terms is not restricted. He appoints the members of the Cabinet . Legislative branch [ edit ] The National Assembly has 53 members, 48 members elected for a five-year term and 4 members appointed. Gambia was effectively a one party dominant state when the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction was in power. Opposition parties were allowed, but were widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Judicial branch [ edit ] Supreme Court of The Gambia (since 1998). Until 1998, there was a right of appeal from the Court of Appeal of The Gambia to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London . The last case from The Gambia to be decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was 'West Coast Air Limited v. Gambia Civil Aviation Authority and Others U.K.P.C. 39 (15 September 1998) [1] Political parties and elections [ edit ] For other political parties, see List of political parties in the Gambia . An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in the Gambia . Presidential elections [ edit ] Summary of the 1 December 2016 Gambian presidential election results Candidate Party Votes % Adama Barrow Coalition 2016 227,708 43.3 Yahya Jammeh Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction 208,487 39.6 Mamma Kandeh Gambia Democratic Congress 89,768 17.1 Total 525,963 100 Registered voters/turnout 886,578 59.3 Source: IEC (votes) IEC (registered voters) Parliamentary elections [ edit ] e • d Summary of the 29 March 2012 Gambian parliamentary election results Parties Votes % Seats +/– Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction 80,289 51.82 43 +1 National Reconciliation Party 14,606 9.43 1 – Independents 60,055 38.76 4 +3 Invalid/blank votes 0 – – – Total 154,950 100 48 0 Registered voters/turnout 796,929 38.71 – – Source: Independent Electoral Commission , IFES Administrative divisions [ edit ] Local government in the Gambia varies. The capital city, Banjul , has an elected town council. Five rural divisions exist (Lower River, Central River, North Bank, Upper River, Western), each with a council containing a majority of elected members. Each council has its own treasury and is responsible for local government services. Tribal chiefs retain traditional powers authorized by customary law in some instances. International organization participation [ edit ] The Gambia portal Politics portal The Gambia is a member of these international organisations; ACP , AfDB , Commonwealth of Nations CCC , ECA , ECOWAS , FAO , G-77 , IBRD , ICAO , ICFTU , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , ILO , IMF , IMO , Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol , IOC , ITU , NAM , Shelter Afrique-A regional housing institution owned by 42 African Countries OAU , (Now African Union abbreviated AU) OIC , OPCW , UN , UNCTAD , UNESCO , UNIDO , UPU , WCL , WFTU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WToO , WTrO References [ edit ]" 2380221939752265321,train,name the branch of science that deals with the study of heredity and variation,"Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya).","['the union of soviet socialist republics[9] (ussr, russian: ссср)', 'the united nations']",sọ ẹ̀ka ẹ̀kọ́ sáyẹ́ǹsì tó ń ṣe ìwádìí nípa àtọmọdọ́mọ àti ìyípadà,Yes,"['Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́ da lori idimu ati imuse oniakinkinni awon abinimo, pelu iwa abinimo ninu ahamo tabi adirajo (f.a. ilagbaralori ati isiseabinimoju), pelu ogun latodo obi si omo, ati pelu ipinkari, iyasoto ati iyipada larin awon olugbe.']","['Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́ da lori idimu ati imuse oniakinkinni awon abinimo, pelu iwa abinimo ninu ahamo tabi adirajo pelu ogun latodo obi si omo, ati pelu ipinkari, iyasoto ati iyipada larin awon olugbe.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ì?i???àbínim?? Ì?i???àbínim?? tabi G??n??tíkì (lati Èdè Gíríìkì aye atijo, “ibere”[1][2][3]) gegebi apa eko baoloji, je sayensi awon abimo, ijogun, ati iyasorisi larin awon adiarajo alaaye.[4][5] Ì?i???àbínim?? da lori idimu ati imuse oniakinkinni awon abinimo, pelu iwa abinimo ninu ahamo tabi adirajo (f.a. ilagbaralori ati isiseabinimoju), pelu ogun latodo obi si omo, ati pelu ipinkari, iyasoto ati iyipada larin awon olugbe. Nitoripe awon abinibi wa ninu gbogbo awon adirajo alaaye, isiseabinibi se lo lati se akomo gbogbo awon sistemu alaaye, latori awon eran ati bakteria, de ori awon ogbin (agaga awon eso oko) ati awon eran osin, de ori awon eniyan (bi ninu isiseabinibi oniwosan).","This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal) . For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see Introduction to genetics . Part of a series on Genetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Mutation Nucleotide Variation Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution ( molecular ) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template ) Medical genetics Branches of genetics Personalized medicine Personalized medicine Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal v t e Part of a series on Biochemistry Key components Biomolecules Metabolism Index Outline History and topics History Biochemistry Cell biology Bioinformatics Enzymology Genetics Immunology Molecular biology Plant biochemistry Structural biology Branches of biochemistry List of biochemists Glossaries Glossary of biology Glossary of chemistry Portals: Biology , MCB v t e Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes , genetic variation , and heredity in living organisms . The discoverer of genetics is Gregor Mendel , a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar . Mendel studied ""trait inheritance"", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete ""units of inheritance"". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene . Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell , the organism (e.g. dominance ), and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including epigenetics and population genetics . Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life ( archaea , bacteria , and eukarya ). Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior , often referred to as nature versus nurture . The intracellular or extracellular environment of a cell or organism may switch gene transcription on or off. A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate. While the average height of the two corn stalks may be genetically determined to be equal, the one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Mendelian and classical genetics 2.2 Molecular genetics 3 Features of inheritance 3.1 Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws 3.2 Notation and diagrams 3.3 Multiple gene interactions 4 Molecular basis for inheritance 4.1 DNA and chromosomes 4.2 Reproduction 4.3 Recombination and genetic linkage 5 Gene expression 5.1 Genetic code 5.2 Nature and nurture 5.3 Gene regulation 6 Genetic change 6.1 Mutations 6.2 Natural selection and evolution 6.3 Model organisms 6.4 Medicine 6.5 Research methods 6.6 DNA sequencing and genomics 7 Society and culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology [ edit ] The word genetics stems from the ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos meaning ""genitive""/""generative"", which in turn derives from γένεσις genesis meaning ""origin"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of genetics The observation that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding . The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century. Prior to Mendel, Imre Festetics , a Hungarian noble, who lived in Kőszeg before Mendel, was the first who used the word ""genetics."" He described several rules of genetic inheritance in his work The genetic law of the Nature (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). His second law is the same as what Mendel published. In his third law, he developed the basic principles of mutation (he can be considered a forerunner of Hugo de Vries ). Blending inheritance leads to the averaging out of every characteristic, which as the engineer Fleeming Jenkin pointed out, makes evolution by natural selection impossible. Other theories of inheritance preceded Mendel's work. A popular theory during the 19th century, and implied by Charles Darwin 's 1859 On the Origin of Species , was blending inheritance : the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents. Mendel's work provided examples where traits were definitely not blended after hybridization, showing that traits are produced by combinations of distinct genes rather than a continuous blend. Blending of traits in the progeny is now explained by the action of multiple genes with quantitative effects . Another theory that had some support at that time was the inheritance of acquired characteristics : the belief that individuals inherit traits strengthened by their parents. This theory (commonly associated with Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ) is now known to be wrong—the experiences of individuals do not affect the genes they pass to their children, although evidence in the field of epigenetics has revived some aspects of Lamarck's theory. Other theories included the pangenesis of Charles Darwin (which had both acquired and inherited aspects) and Francis Galton 's reformulation of pangenesis as both particulate and inherited. Mendelian and classical genetics [ edit ] Morgan's observation of sex-linked inheritance of a mutation causing white eyes in Drosophila led him to the hypothesis that genes are located upon chromosomes. Further information: Mutationism and Modern synthesis (20th century) Modern genetics started with Mendel's studies of the nature of inheritance in plants. In his paper "" Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden "" ("" Experiments on Plant Hybridization ""), presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) in Brünn , Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically. Although this pattern of inheritance could only be observed for a few traits, Mendel's work suggested that heredity was particulate, not acquired, and that the inheritance patterns of many traits could be explained through simple rules and ratios. The importance of Mendel's work did not gain wide understanding until 1900, after his death, when Hugo de Vries and other scientists rediscovered his research. William Bateson , a proponent of Mendel's work, coined the word genetics in 1905 (the adjective genetic , derived from the Greek word genesis —γένεσις, ""origin"", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860 ). Bateson both acted as a mentor and was aided significantly by the work of female scientists from Newnham College at Cambridge, specifically the work of Becky Saunders , Nora Darwin Barlow , and Muriel Wheldale Onslow . Bateson popularized the usage of the word genetics to describe the study of inheritance in his inaugural address to the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906. After the rediscovery of Mendel's work, scientists tried to determine which molecules in the cell were responsible for inheritance. In 1911, Thomas Hunt Morgan argued that genes are on chromosomes , based on observations of a sex-linked white eye mutation in fruit flies . In 1913, his student Alfred Sturtevant used the phenomenon of genetic linkage to show that genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome. Molecular genetics [ edit ] DNA , the molecular basis for biological inheritance . Each strand of DNA is a chain of nucleotides , matching each other in the center to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder. Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and DNA, and scientists did not know which of the two is responsible for inheritance. In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon of transformation (see Griffith's experiment ): dead bacteria could transfer genetic material to ""transform"" other still-living bacteria. Sixteen years later, in 1944, the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment identified DNA as the molecule responsible for transformation. The role of the nucleus as the repository of genetic information in eukaryotes had been established by Hämmerling in 1943 in his work on the single celled alga Acetabularia . The Hershey–Chase experiment in 1952 confirmed that DNA (rather than protein) is the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA is the molecule responsible for inheritance. James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA has a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew). Their double-helix model had two strands of DNA with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder. This structure showed that genetic information exists in the sequence of nucleotides on each strand of DNA. The structure also suggested a simple method for replication : if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand. This property is what gives DNA its semi-conservative nature where one strand of new DNA is from an original parent strand. Although the structure of DNA showed how inheritance works, it was still not known how DNA influences the behavior of cells. In the following years, scientists tried to understand how DNA controls the process of protein production . It was discovered that the cell uses DNA as a template to create matching messenger RNA , molecules with nucleotides very similar to DNA. The nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA is used to create an amino acid sequence in protein; this translation between nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences is known as the genetic code . With the newfound molecular understanding of inheritance came an explosion of research. A notable theory arose from Tomoko Ohta in 1973 with her amendment to the neutral theory of molecular evolution through publishing the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution . In this theory, Ohta stressed the importance of natural selection and the environment to the rate at which genetic evolution occurs. One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger . This technology allows scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. In 1983, Kary Banks Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction , providing a quick way to isolate and amplify a specific section of DNA from a mixture. The efforts of the Human Genome Project , Department of Energy, NIH, and parallel private efforts by Celera Genomics led to the sequencing of the human genome in 2003. Features of inheritance [ edit ] Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws [ edit ] Main article: Mendelian inheritance A Punnett square depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms. At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by passing discrete heritable units, called genes , from parents to offspring. This property was first observed by Gregor Mendel , who studied the segregation of heritable traits in pea plants. In his experiments studying the trait for flower color, Mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white—but never an intermediate between the two colors. These different, discrete versions of the same gene are called alleles . In the case of the pea, which is a diploid species, each individual plant has two copies of each gene, one copy inherited from each parent. Many species, including humans, have this pattern of inheritance. Diploid organisms with two copies of the same allele of a given gene are called homozygous at that gene locus , while organisms with two different alleles of a given gene are called heterozygous . The set of alleles for a given organism is called its genotype , while the observable traits of the organism are called its phenotype . When organisms are heterozygous at a gene, often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed. Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once. When a pair of organisms reproduce sexually , their offspring randomly inherit one of the two alleles from each parent. These observations of discrete inheritance and the segregation of alleles are collectively known as Mendel's first law or the Law of Segregation. Notation and diagrams [ edit ] Genetic pedigree charts help track the inheritance patterns of traits. Geneticists use diagrams and symbols to describe inheritance. A gene is represented by one or a few letters. Often a ""+"" symbol is used to mark the usual, non-mutant allele for a gene. In fertilization and breeding experiments (and especially when discussing Mendel's laws) the parents are referred to as the ""P"" generation and the offspring as the ""F1"" (first filial) generation. When the F1 offspring mate with each other, the offspring are called the ""F2"" (second filial) generation. One of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square . When studying human genetic diseases, geneticists often use pedigree charts to represent the inheritance of traits. These charts map the inheritance of a trait in a family tree. Multiple gene interactions [ edit ] Human height is a trait with complex genetic causes. Francis Galton 's data from 1889 shows the relationship between offspring height as a function of mean parent height. Organisms have thousands of genes, and in sexually reproducing organisms these genes generally assort independently of each other. This means that the inheritance of an allele for yellow or green pea color is unrelated to the inheritance of alleles for white or purple flowers. This phenomenon, known as "" Mendel's second law "" or the ""law of independent assortment,"" means that the alleles of different genes get shuffled between parents to form offspring with many different combinations. (Some genes do not assort independently, demonstrating genetic linkage , a topic discussed later in this article.) Often different genes can interact in a way that influences the same trait. In the Blue-eyed Mary ( Omphalodes verna ), for example, there exists a gene with alleles that determine the color of flowers: blue or magenta. Another gene, however, controls whether the flowers have color at all or are white. When a plant has two copies of this white allele, its flowers are white—regardless of whether the first gene has blue or magenta alleles. This interaction between genes is called epistasis , with the second gene epistatic to the first. Many traits are not discrete features (e.g. purple or white flowers) but are instead continuous features (e.g. human height and skin color ). These complex traits are products of many genes. The influence of these genes is mediated, to varying degrees, by the environment an organism has experienced. The degree to which an organism's genes contribute to a complex trait is called heritability . Measurement of the heritability of a trait is relative—in a more variable environment, the environment has a bigger influence on the total variation of the trait. For example, human height is a trait with complex causes. It has a heritability of 89% in the United States. In Nigeria, however, where people experience a more variable access to good nutrition and health care , height has a heritability of only 62%. Molecular basis for inheritance [ edit ] DNA and chromosomes [ edit ] Main articles: DNA and Chromosome The molecular structure of DNA. Bases pair through the arrangement of hydrogen bonding between the strands. The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides , of which there are four types: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Genetic information exists in the sequence of these nucleotides, and genes exist as stretches of sequence along the DNA chain. Viruses are the only exception to this rule—sometimes viruses use the very similar molecule RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material. Viruses cannot reproduce without a host and are unaffected by many genetic processes, so tend not to be considered living organisms. DNA normally exists as a double-stranded molecule, coiled into the shape of a double helix . Each nucleotide in DNA preferentially pairs with its partner nucleotide on the opposite strand: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria , each cell usually contains a single circular genophore , while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin ; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes , segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all chromosomes) is called the genome . While haploid organisms have only one copy of each chromosome, most animals and many plants are diploid , containing two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene. The two alleles for a gene are located on identical loci of the two homologous chromosomes , each allele inherited from a different parent. Walther Flemming 's 1882 diagram of eukaryotic cell division. Chromosomes are copied, condensed, and organized. Then, as the cell divides, chromosome copies separate into the daughter cells. Many species have so-called sex chromosomes that determine the gender of each organism. In humans and many other animals, the Y chromosome contains the gene that triggers the development of the specifically male characteristics. In evolution, this chromosome has lost most of its content and also most of its genes, while the X chromosome is similar to the other chromosomes and contains many genes. The X and Y chromosomes form a strongly heterogeneous pair. Reproduction [ edit ] Main articles: Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction When cells divide, their full genome is copied and each daughter cell inherits one copy. This process, called mitosis , is the simplest form of reproduction and is the basis for asexual reproduction . Asexual reproduction can also occur in multicellular organisms, producing offspring that inherit their genome from a single parent. Offspring that are genetically identical to their parents are called clones . Eukaryotic organisms often use sexual reproduction to generate offspring that contain a mixture of genetic material inherited from two different parents. The process of sexual reproduction alternates between forms that contain single copies of the genome ( haploid ) and double copies ( diploid ). Haploid cells fuse and combine genetic material to create a diploid cell with paired chromosomes. Diploid organisms form haploids by dividing, without replicating their DNA, to create daughter cells that randomly inherit one of each pair of chromosomes. Most animals and many plants are diploid for most of their lifespan, with the haploid form reduced to single cell gametes such as sperm or eggs . Although they do not use the haploid/diploid method of sexual reproduction, bacteria have many methods of acquiring new genetic information. Some bacteria can undergo conjugation , transferring a small circular piece of DNA to another bacterium. Bacteria can also take up raw DNA fragments found in the environment and integrate them into their genomes, a phenomenon known as transformation . These processes result in horizontal gene transfer , transmitting fragments of genetic information between organisms that would be otherwise unrelated. Recombination and genetic linkage [ edit ] Main articles: Chromosomal crossover and Genetic linkage Thomas Hunt Morgan 's 1916 illustration of a double crossover between chromosomes. The diploid nature of chromosomes allows for genes on different chromosomes to assort independently or be separated from their homologous pair during sexual reproduction wherein haploid gametes are formed. In this way new combinations of genes can occur in the offspring of a mating pair. Genes on the same chromosome would theoretically never recombine. However, they do, via the cellular process of chromosomal crossover . During crossover, chromosomes exchange stretches of DNA, effectively shuffling the gene alleles between the chromosomes. This process of chromosomal crossover generally occurs during meiosis , a series of cell divisions that creates haploid cells. The first cytological demonstration of crossing over was performed by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931. Their research and experiments on corn provided cytological evidence for the genetic theory that linked genes on paired chromosomes do in fact exchange places from one homolog to the other. The probability of chromosomal crossover occurring between two given points on the chromosome is related to the distance between the points. For an arbitrarily long distance, the probability of crossover is high enough that the inheritance of the genes is effectively uncorrelated. For genes that are closer together, however, the lower probability of crossover means that the genes demonstrate genetic linkage ; alleles for the two genes tend to be inherited together. The amounts of linkage between a series of genes can be combined to form a linear linkage map that roughly describes the arrangement of the genes along the chromosome. Gene expression [ edit ] Genetic code [ edit ] Main article: Genetic code The genetic code : Using a triplet code , DNA, through a messenger RNA intermediary, specifies a protein. Genes generally express their functional effect through the production of proteins , which are complex molecules responsible for most functions in the cell. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains, each of which is composed of a sequence of amino acids , and the DNA sequence of a gene (through an RNA intermediate) is used to produce a specific amino acid sequence . This process begins with the production of an RNA molecule with a sequence matching the gene's DNA sequence, a process called transcription . This messenger RNA molecule is then used to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence through a process called translation . Each group of three nucleotides in the sequence, called a codon , corresponds either to one of the twenty possible amino acids in a protein or an instruction to end the amino acid sequence ; this correspondence is called the genetic code . The flow of information is unidirectional: information is transferred from nucleotide sequences into the amino acid sequence of proteins, but it never transfers from protein back into the sequence of DNA—a phenomenon Francis Crick called the central dogma of molecular biology . The specific sequence of amino acids results in a unique three-dimensional structure for that protein, and the three-dimensional structures of proteins are related to their functions. Some are simple structural molecules, like the fibers formed by the protein collagen . Proteins can bind to other proteins and simple molecules, sometimes acting as enzymes by facilitating chemical reactions within the bound molecules (without changing the structure of the protein itself). Protein structure is dynamic; the protein hemoglobin bends into slightly different forms as it facilitates the capture, transport, and release of oxygen molecules within mammalian blood. A single nucleotide difference within DNA can cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. Because protein structures are the result of their amino acid sequences, some changes can dramatically change the properties of a protein by destabilizing the structure or changing the surface of the protein in a way that changes its interaction with other proteins and molecules. For example, sickle-cell anemia is a human genetic disease that results from a single base difference within the coding region for the β-globin section of hemoglobin, causing a single amino acid change that changes hemoglobin's physical properties. Sickle-cell versions of hemoglobin stick to themselves, stacking to form fibers that distort the shape of red blood cells carrying the protein. These sickle-shaped cells no longer flow smoothly through blood vessels , having a tendency to clog or degrade, causing the medical problems associated with this disease. Some DNA sequences are transcribed into RNA but are not translated into protein products—such RNA molecules are called non-coding RNA . In some cases, these products fold into structures which are involved in critical cell functions (e.g. ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA ). RNA can also have regulatory effects through hybridization interactions with other RNA molecules (e.g. microRNA ). Nature and nurture [ edit ] Main article: Nature and nurture Siamese cats have a temperature-sensitive pigment-production mutation. Although genes contain all the information an organism uses to function, the environment plays an important role in determining the ultimate phenotypes an organism displays. The phrase "" nature and nurture "" refers to this complementary relationship. The phenotype of an organism depends on the interaction of genes and the environment. An interesting example is the coat coloration of the Siamese cat . In this case, the body temperature of the cat plays the role of the environment. The cat's genes code for dark hair, thus the hair-producing cells in the cat make cellular proteins resulting in dark hair. But these dark hair-producing proteins are sensitive to temperature (i.e. have a mutation causing temperature-sensitivity) and denature in higher-temperature environments, failing to produce dark-hair pigment in areas where the cat has a higher body temperature. In a low-temperature environment, however, the protein's structure is stable and produces dark-hair pigment normally. The protein remains functional in areas of skin that are colder—such as its legs, ears, tail and face—so the cat has dark-hair at its extremities. Environment plays a major role in effects of the human genetic disease phenylketonuria . The mutation that causes phenylketonuria disrupts the ability of the body to break down the amino acid phenylalanine , causing a toxic build-up of an intermediate molecule that, in turn, causes severe symptoms of progressive intellectual disability and seizures. However, if someone with the phenylketonuria mutation follows a strict diet that avoids this amino acid, they remain normal and healthy. A common method for determining how genes and environment (""nature and nurture"") contribute to a phenotype involves studying identical and fraternal twins , or other siblings of multiple births . Because identical siblings come from the same zygote, they are genetically the same. Fraternal twins are as genetically different from one another as normal siblings. By comparing how often a certain disorder occurs in a pair of identical twins to how often it occurs in a pair of fraternal twins, scientists can determine whether that disorder is caused by genetic or postnatal environmental factors – whether it has ""nature"" or ""nurture"" causes. One famous example involved the study of the Genain quadruplets , who were identical quadruplets all diagnosed with schizophrenia . However such tests cannot separate genetic factors from environmental factors affecting fetal development. Gene regulation [ edit ] Main article: Regulation of gene expression The genome of a given organism contains thousands of genes, but not all these genes need to be active at any given moment. A gene is expressed when it is being transcribed into mRNA and there exist many cellular methods of controlling the expression of genes such that proteins are produced only when needed by the cell. Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind to DNA, either promoting or inhibiting the transcription of a gene. Within the genome of Escherichia coli bacteria, for example, there exists a series of genes necessary for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan . However, when tryptophan is already available to the cell, these genes for tryptophan synthesis are no longer needed. The presence of tryptophan directly affects the activity of the genes—tryptophan molecules bind to the tryptophan repressor (a transcription factor), changing the repressor's structure such that the repressor binds to the genes. The tryptophan repressor blocks the transcription and expression of the genes, thereby creating negative feedback regulation of the tryptophan synthesis process. Transcription factors bind to DNA, influencing the transcription of associated genes. Differences in gene expression are especially clear within multicellular organisms , where cells all contain the same genome but have very different structures and behaviors due to the expression of different sets of genes. All the cells in a multicellular organism derive from a single cell, differentiating into variant cell types in response to external and intercellular signals and gradually establishing different patterns of gene expression to create different behaviors. As no single gene is responsible for the development of structures within multicellular organisms, these patterns arise from the complex interactions between many cells. Within eukaryotes , there exist structural features of chromatin that influence the transcription of genes, often in the form of modifications to DNA and chromatin that are stably inherited by daughter cells. These features are called "" epigenetic "" because they exist ""on top"" of the DNA sequence and retain inheritance from one cell generation to the next. Because of epigenetic features, different cell types grown within the same medium can retain very different properties. Although epigenetic features are generally dynamic over the course of development, some, like the phenomenon of paramutation , have multigenerational inheritance and exist as rare exceptions to the general rule of DNA as the basis for inheritance. Genetic change [ edit ] Mutations [ edit ] Main article: Mutation Gene duplication allows diversification by providing redundancy: one gene can mutate and lose its original function without harming the organism. During the process of DNA replication , errors occasionally occur in the polymerization of the second strand. These errors, called mutations , can affect the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. Error rates are usually very low—1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the ""proofreading"" ability of DNA polymerases . Processes that increase the rate of changes in DNA are called mutagenic : mutagenic chemicals promote errors in DNA replication, often by interfering with the structure of base-pairing, while UV radiation induces mutations by causing damage to the DNA structure. Chemical damage to DNA occurs naturally as well and cells use DNA repair mechanisms to repair mismatches and breaks. The repair does not, however, always restore the original sequence. In organisms that use chromosomal crossover to exchange DNA and recombine genes, errors in alignment during meiosis can also cause mutations. Errors in crossover are especially likely when similar sequences cause partner chromosomes to adopt a mistaken alignment; this makes some regions in genomes more prone to mutating in this way. These errors create large structural changes in DNA sequence – duplications , inversions , deletions of entire regions – or the accidental exchange of whole parts of sequences between different chromosomes ( chromosomal translocation ). This is a diagram showing mutations in an RNA sequence. Figure (1) is a normal RNA sequence, consisting of 4 codons. Figure (2) shows a missense, single point, non silent mutation. Figures (3 and 4) both show frameshift mutations , which is why they are grouped together. Figure 3 shows a deletion of the second base pair in the second codon. Figure 4 shows an insertion in the third base pair of the second codon. Figure (5) shows a repeat expansion, where an entire codon is duplicated. Natural selection and evolution [ edit ] Main article: Evolution Further information: Natural selection Mutations alter an organism's genotype and occasionally this causes different phenotypes to appear. Most mutations have little effect on an organism's phenotype, health, or reproductive fitness . Mutations that do have an effect are usually detrimental, but occasionally some can be beneficial. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, about 70 percent of these mutations will be harmful with the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial. An evolutionary tree of eukaryotic organisms, constructed by the comparison of several orthologous gene sequences. Population genetics studies the distribution of genetic differences within populations and how these distributions change over time. Changes in the frequency of an allele in a population are mainly influenced by natural selection , where a given allele provides a selective or reproductive advantage to the organism, as well as other factors such as mutation , genetic drift , genetic hitchhiking , artificial selection and migration . Over many generations, the genomes of organisms can change significantly, resulting in evolution . In the process called adaptation , selection for beneficial mutations can cause a species to evolve into forms better able to survive in their environment. New species are formed through the process of speciation , often caused by geographical separations that prevent populations from exchanging genes with each other. By comparing the homology between different species' genomes, it is possible to calculate the evolutionary distance between them and when they may have diverged . Genetic comparisons are generally considered a more accurate method of characterizing the relatedness between species than the comparison of phenotypic characteristics. The evolutionary distances between species can be used to form evolutionary trees ; these trees represent the common descent and divergence of species over time, although they do not show the transfer of genetic material between unrelated species (known as horizontal gene transfer and most common in bacteria). Model organisms [ edit ] The common fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ) is a popular model organism in genetics research. Although geneticists originally studied inheritance in a wide range of organisms, researchers began to specialize in studying the genetics of a particular subset of organisms. The fact that significant research already existed for a given organism would encourage new researchers to choose it for further study, and so eventually a few model organisms became the basis for most genetics research. Common research topics in model organism genetics include the study of gene regulation and the involvement of genes in development and cancer . Organisms were chosen, in part, for convenience—short generation times and easy genetic manipulation made some organisms popular genetics research tools. Widely used model organisms include the gut bacterium Escherichia coli , the plant Arabidopsis thaliana , baker's yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , the common fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ), and the common house mouse ( Mus musculus ). Medicine [ edit ] Schematic relationship between biochemistry , genetics and molecular biology . Medical genetics seeks to understand how genetic variation relates to human health and disease. When searching for an unknown gene that may be involved in a disease, researchers commonly use genetic linkage and genetic pedigree charts to find the location on the genome associated with the disease. At the population level, researchers take advantage of Mendelian randomization to look for locations in the genome that are associated with diseases, a method especially useful for multigenic traits not clearly defined by a single gene. Once a candidate gene is found, further research is often done on the corresponding (or homologous ) genes of model organisms. In addition to studying genetic diseases, the increased availability of genotyping methods has led to the field of pharmacogenetics : the study of how genotype can affect drug responses. Individuals differ in their inherited tendency to develop cancer , and cancer is a genetic disease. The process of cancer development in the body is a combination of events. Mutations occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. Although these mutations will not be inherited by any offspring, they can affect the behavior of cells, sometimes causing them to grow and divide more frequently. There are biological mechanisms that attempt to stop this process; signals are given to inappropriately dividing cells that should trigger cell death , but sometimes additional mutations occur that cause cells to ignore these messages. An internal process of natural selection occurs within the body and eventually mutations accumulate within cells to promote their own growth, creating a cancerous tumor that grows and invades various tissues of the body. Normally, a cell divides only in response to signals called growth factors and stops growing once in contact with surrounding cells and in response to growth-inhibitory signals. It usually then divides a limited number of times and dies, staying within the epithelium where it is unable to migrate to other organs. To become a cancer cell, a cell has to accumulate mutations in a number of genes (three to seven) that allow it to bypass this regulation: it no longer needs growth factors to divide, continues growing when making contact to neighbor cells, ignores inhibitory signals, keeps growing indefinitely and is immortal, escapes from the epithelium and ultimately may be able to escape from the primary tumor , cross the endothelium of a blood vessel, be transported by the bloodstream and colonize a new organ, forming deadly metastasis . Although there are some genetic predispositions in a small fraction of cancers, the major fraction is due to a set of new genetic mutations that originally appear and accumulate in one or a small number of cells that will divide to form the tumor and are not transmitted to the progeny ( somatic mutations ). The most frequent mutations are a loss of function of p53 protein , a tumor suppressor , or in the p53 pathway, and gain of function mutations in the Ras proteins , or in other oncogenes . Research methods [ edit ] Colonies of E. coli produced by cellular cloning . A similar methodology is often used in molecular cloning . DNA can be manipulated in the laboratory. Restriction enzymes are commonly used enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, producing predictable fragments of DNA. DNA fragments can be visualized through use of gel electrophoresis , which separates fragments according to their length. The use of ligation enzymes allows DNA fragments to be connected. By binding (""ligating"") fragments of DNA together from different sources, researchers can create recombinant DNA , the DNA often associated with genetically modified organisms . Recombinant DNA is commonly used in the context of plasmids : short circular DNA molecules with a few genes on them. In the process known as molecular cloning , researchers can amplify the DNA fragments by inserting plasmids into bacteria and then culturing them on plates of agar (to isolate clones of bacteria cells – ""cloning"" can also refer to the various means of creating cloned (""clonal"") organisms). DNA can also be amplified using a procedure called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By using specific short sequences of DNA, PCR can isolate and exponentially amplify a targeted region of DNA. Because it can amplify from extremely small amounts of DNA, PCR is also often used to detect the presence of specific DNA sequences. DNA sequencing and genomics [ edit ] DNA sequencing , one of the most fundamental technologies developed to study genetics, allows researchers to determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragments. The technique of chain-termination sequencing , developed in 1977 by a team led by Frederick Sanger , is still routinely used to sequence DNA fragments. Using this technology, researchers have been able to study the molecular sequences associated with many human diseases. As sequencing has become less expensive, researchers have sequenced the genomes of many organisms using a process called genome assembly , which utilizes computational tools to stitch together sequences from many different fragments. These technologies were used to sequence the human genome in the Human Genome Project completed in 2003. New high-throughput sequencing technologies are dramatically lowering the cost of DNA sequencing, with many researchers hoping to bring the cost of resequencing a human genome down to a thousand dollars. Next-generation sequencing (or high-throughput sequencing) came about due to the ever-increasing demand for low-cost sequencing. These sequencing technologies allow the production of potentially millions of sequences concurrently. The large amount of sequence data available has created the field of genomics , research that uses computational tools to search for and analyze patterns in the full genomes of organisms. Genomics can also be considered a subfield of bioinformatics , which uses computational approaches to analyze large sets of biological data . A common problem to these fields of research is how to manage and share data that deals with human subject and personally identifiable information . See also genomics data sharing . Society and culture [ edit ] See also: Genetics in fiction On 19 March 2015, a group of leading biologists urged a worldwide ban on clinical use of methods, particularly the use of CRISPR and zinc finger , to edit the human genome in a way that can be inherited. In April 2015, Chinese researchers reported results of basic research to edit the DNA of non-viable human embryos using CRISPR. See also [ edit ] Genetics portal Bacterial genome size Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources Eugenics Embryology Evolution Genetic disorder Genetic diversity Genetic engineering Genetic enhancement Index of genetics articles Medical genetics Molecular tools for gene study Mutation Neuroepigenetics Outline of genetics Timeline of the history of genetics Plant genetic resources References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] See also: Bibliography of biology § Genetics Bruce Alberts; Dennis Bray; Karen Hopkin; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter (2013). Essential Cell Biology, 4th Edition . Garland Science. ISBN 978-1-317-80627-1 . Griffiths, Anthony J. F.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2 . Hartl D, Jones E (2005). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 0-7637-1511-5 . King, Robert C; Mulligan, Pamela K; Stansfield, William D (2013). A Dictionary of Genetics (8th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1997-6644-4 . Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: Scientific American Books. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3 . External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Genetics Wikimedia Commons has media related to Genetics . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Genetics Library resources about Genetics Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries At Wikiversity , you can learn more and teach others about Genetics at the Department of Genetics Genetics on In Our Time at the BBC Genetics at Curlie" 564898085165344560,train,what are the different types of twin pregnancies,"Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either monozygotic (`` identical ''), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or dizygotic (`` fraternal ''), meaning that they develop from two different eggs. In fraternal twins, each twin is fertilized by its own sperm cell.","['the social contract', 'nuclide']",irú oyún ìbejì wo ló wà,Yes,"['Àwọn ìbejì le ti àti inú ẹyin kan jade tàbí láti inú ẹyin ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀. Àwọn tí ó jáde láti inú ẹyin kan ma ń jo ara wọn, wọ́n sì ma ń jẹ́ ọkùnrin méjì tàbí obìnrin méjì.', 'Àwọn Ìbejì jẹ́ àwọn ọmọ méjì tí ìyá wọn lóyún papọ̀, wọ́n lè jẹ́ obìnrin meji, ọkùnrin méjì tàbi ọkùnrin kan àti obìnrin kan.']","['Àwọn ìbejì le ti àti inú ẹyin kan jade tàbí láti inú ẹyin ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀. Àwọn tí ó jáde láti inú ẹyin kan ma ń jo ara wọn, wọ́n sì ma ń jẹ́ ọkùnrin méjì tàbí obìnrin méjì.', 'Àwọn Ìbejì jẹ́ àwọn ọmọ méjì tí ìyá wọn lóyún papọ̀, wọ́n lè jẹ́ obìnrin meji, ọkùnrin méjì tàbi ọkùnrin kan àti obìnrin kan.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ìbejì Àw?n Ìbejì j?? àw?n ?m? méjì tí ìyá w?n lóyún pap??, w??n lè j?? obìnrin meji, ?kùnrin méjì tàbi ?kùnrin kan àti obìnrin kan. Àw?n ìbejì le ti àti inú ?yin kan jade tàbí láti inú ?yin ??t????t??.[1] Àw?n tí ó jáde láti inú ?yin kan ma ? jo ara w?n, w??n sì ma ? j?? ?kùnrin méjì tàbí obìnrin méjì. Ní igbamiran(ì???l?? yí kò w??p??), àw?n ìbejì kan le ní baba méjì ??t????t??. Statistiki Ní gbogbo àgbáyé, ??yà Yoruba ni àw?n ?m? w?n ? ya ìbejì jù, àw?n ìbejì 45 sí 50(àw?n ?m? 90 sí 100) ni ó ? ya ìbejì nínú gbogbo ?m? ?gb??rún tí w??n bá bí.[2][3][4]","For other uses, see Twin (disambiguation) and Twins (disambiguation) . Marian and Vivian Brown , identical twins, photographed by Christopher Michel Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy . Twins can be either monozygotic (""identical""), meaning that they develop from one zygote , which splits and forms two embryos , or dizygotic (""fraternal""), meaning that they develop from two different eggs. In fraternal twins, each twin is fertilized by its own sperm cell. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a singleton , and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is multiple . Non-related look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgangers . Contents [ hide ] 1 Statistics 2 Types of twins and zygosity 2.1 Dizygotic (fraternal) twins 2.2 Monozygotic (identical) twins 2.2.1 Mechanism 2.2.2 Incidence 2.2.3 Genetic and epigenetic similarity 2.3 Polar body and semi-identical twins 2.4 Unknown twin type 3 Degree of separation 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnicity 4.2 Predisposing factors 5 Delivery interval 6 Complications during pregnancy 6.1 Vanishing twins 6.2 Conjoined twins 6.3 Chimerism 6.4 Parasitic twins 6.5 Partial molar twins 6.6 Miscarried twin 6.7 Low birth weight 6.8 Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 6.9 Stillbirths 7 Management of birth 8 Human twin studies 8.1 Unusual twinnings 8.2 Semi-identical twins 8.3 Mirror image twins 9 Language development 10 Animals 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 Foundations Statistics [ edit ] The human twin birth rate in the United States, rose 76% from 1980 through 2009, from 18.9 to 33.3 per 1,000 births (about 80%) The Yoruba peoples have the highest rate of twinning in the world, at 45–50 twin sets (or 90–100 twins) per 1,000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of a specific type of yam containing a natural phytoestrogen which may stimulate the ovaries to release an egg from each side. In Central Africa there are 18–30 twin sets (or 36–60 twins) per 1,000 live births. In Latin America , South Asia , and Southeast Asia , the lowest rates are found; only 6 to 9 twin sets per 1,000 live births. North America and Europe have intermediate rates of 9 to 16 twin sets per 1,000 live births. Multiple pregnancies are much less likely to carry to full term than single births, with twin pregnancies lasting on average 37 weeks, three weeks less than full term. Women who have a family history of fraternal twins have a higher chance of producing fraternal twins themselves, as there is a genetically linked tendency to hyper- ovulate . There is no known genetic link for identical twinning. Other factors that increase the odds of having fraternal twins include maternal age, fertility drugs and other fertility treatments, nutrition, and prior births. Types of twins and zygosity [ edit ] The vast majority of twins are either dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). Less common variants are discussed further down the article. Twins can be: Female-female—sometimes called sororal twins Male-male twins—no special name Male–female twins—most common pairing; half of all fraternal (dizygotic) twins are male-female Among non-twin births, male singletons are slightly (about five percent) more common than female singletons. The rates for singletons vary slightly by country. For example, the sex ratio of birth in the US is 1.05 males/female, while it is 1.07 males/female in Italy. However, males are also more susceptible than females to die in utero, and since the death rate in utero is higher for twins, it leads to female twins being more common than male twins. Zygosity is the degree of identity in the genome of twins. Common name Scientific name Zygosity Development Occurrence Identification Health Other identical monozygotic x x x x x x fraternal dizygotic x x x x x x half-identical x x x x x x x mirror image x x x x x x x mixed chromosome x x x x x x x superfecundation x x eggs are fertilized during different acts of intercourse x x x usage is practically equivalent with Heteropaternal Superfecundation , which occurs when two different males father fraternal twins, because though superfecundation by the same father is thought to be a common occurrence, it can only be proven to have occurred with multiple fathers. superfetation x x a woman gets pregnant again while already pregnant, resulting in multiple fetuses at differing developmental stages x x x x parasitic twin x x x x x by definition only healthy fully formed fetus x vanishing twin fetal resorption, twin embolisation syndrome x x up to 1 of every 8 multifetus pregnancies x by definition only healthy fully formed fetus chimerism , mosaicism polar body x x x x x x x conjoined twin x x x x x ranges from normal to compromised x Dizygotic (fraternal) twins [ edit ] Eight-month-old sororal twins napping Dizygotic ( DZ ) or fraternal twins (also referred to as ""non-identical twins"", ""dissimilar twins"", ""biovular twins"", and, informally in the case of females, ""sororal twins"") usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells, fraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ova , form two zygotes , hence the terms dizygotic and biovular . Fraternal twins are, essentially, two ordinary siblings who happen to be born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm, just like ordinary siblings. This is the most common type of twin. Dizygotic twins, like any other siblings, have an extremely small chance of having the same chromosome profile. Even if they happen to have the same chromosome profile, they will always have different genetic material on each chromosome, due to chromosomal crossover during meiosis . Like any other siblings , dizygotic twins may look similar, particularly given that they are the same age. However, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other. Studies show that there is a genetic proclivity for dizygotic twinning. However, it is only the mother who has any effect on the chances of having such twins; there is no known mechanism for a father to cause the release of more than one ovum . Dizygotic twinning ranges from six per thousand births in Japan (similar to the rate of monozygotic twins) to 14 and more per thousand in some African countries. Dizygotic twins are also more common for older mothers, with twinning rates doubling in mothers over the age of 35. With the advent of technologies and techniques to assist women in getting pregnant, the rate of fraternals has increased markedly. Monozygotic (identical) twins [ edit ] Comparison of zygote development in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. In the uterus, a majority of monozygotic twins (60–70%) share the same placenta but have separate amniotic sacs . In 18–30% of monozygotic twins each fetus has a separate placenta and a separate amniotic sac. A small number (1–2%) of monozygotic twins share the same placenta and amniotic sac. Fraternal twins each have their own placenta and own amniotic sac. Monozygotic ( MZ ) or identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote (hence, ""monozygotic"") which then divides into two separate embryos . Mechanism [ edit ] Regarding spontaneous or natural monozygotic twinning, a recent theory proposes that monozygotic twins are formed after a blastocyst essentially collapses, splitting the progenitor cells (those that contain the body's fundamental genetic material) in half, leaving the same genetic material divided in two on opposite sides of the embryo. Eventually, two separate fetuses develop. Spontaneous division of the zygote into two embryos is not considered to be a hereditary trait, but rather a spontaneous and random event. Monozygotic twins may also be created artificially by embryo splitting. It can be used as an expansion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the number of available embryos for embryo transfer . Incidence [ edit ] Monozygotic twinning occurs in birthing at a rate of about 3 in every 1000 deliveries worldwide. (about 0.3% of the world population). The likelihood of a single fertilization resulting in monozygotic twins is uniformly distributed in all populations around the world. This is in marked contrast to dizygotic twinning, which ranges from about six per thousand births in Japan (almost similar to the rate of identical twins, which is around 4–5) to 15 and more per thousand in some parts of India and up to over 20 in some Central African countries. The exact cause for the splitting of a zygote or embryo is unknown. IVF techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1,000. Genetic and epigenetic similarity [ edit ] Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (or full siblings, if a pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints however, because even within the confines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment, giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique. Monozygotic twins always have different phenotypes . Normally due to an environmental factor or the deactivation of different X chromosomes in female monozygotic twins, and in some extremely rare cases, due to aneuploidy , twins may express different sexual phenotypes , normally from an XXY Klinefelter syndrome zygote splitting unevenly. Monozygotic twins, although genetically very similar, are not genetically exactly the same. The DNA in white blood cells of 66 pairs of monozygotic twins was analyzed for 506,786 single nucleotide polymorphisms known to occur in human populations. Polymorphisms appeared in 2 of the 33 million comparisons, leading the researchers to extrapolate that the blood cells of monozygotic twins may have on the order of one DNA-sequence difference for every 1.2 x 10 7 nucleotides, which would imply hundreds of differences across the entire genome. The mutations producing the differences detected in this study would have occurred during embryonic cell-division (after the point of fertilization). If they occur early in fetal development, they will be present in a very large proportion of body cells. Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification , caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives. Epigenetics refers to the level of activity of any particular gene. A gene may become switched on, switched off, or could become partially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modification is triggered by environmental events. Monozygotic twins can have markedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality. Polar body and semi-identical twins [ edit ] A 1981 study of a deceased triploid XXX twin fetus without a heart showed that although its fetal development suggested that it was an identical twin, as it shared a placenta with its healthy twin, tests revealed that it was probably a polar body twin. The authors were unable to predict whether a healthy fetus could result from a polar body twinning. In 2003, a study argued that many cases of triploidity arise from semi-identical twinning. Unknown twin type [ edit ] In 2007, a study reported a case of a pair of living twins, one intersex and one a phenotypical male. The twins were both found to be chimeras and to share all of their maternal DNA but only half of their father's DNA. The exact mechanism of fertilization could not be determined but the study stated that it was unlikely to be a case of polar body twinning. Degree of separation [ edit ] Various types of chorionicity and amniosity (how the baby's sac looks) in monozygotic (one egg/identical) twins as a result of when the fertilized egg divides The degree of separation of the twins in utero depends on if and when they split into two zygotes. Dizygotic twins were always two zygotes. Monozygotic twins split into two zygotes at some time very early in the pregnancy. The timing of this separation determines the chorionicity (the number of placentae) and amniocity (the number of sacs) of the pregnancy. Dichorionic twins either never divided (i.e.: were dizygotic) or they divided within the first 4 days. Monoamnionic twins divide after the first week. In very rare cases, twins become conjoined twins . Non-conjoined monozygotic twins form up to day 14 of embryonic development, but when twinning occurs after 14 days, the twins will likely be conjoined. Furthermore, there can be various degrees of shared environment of twins in the womb, potentially leading to pregnancy complications . It is a common misconception that two placentas means twins are dizygotic. But if monozygotic twins separate early enough, the arrangement of sacs and placentas in utero is indistinguishable from dizygotic twins. Type Description Day Dichorionic-Diamniotic Normally, twins have two separate (di- being a numerical prefix for two) chorions and amniotic sacs , termed Dichorionic-Diamniotic or ""DiDi"". It occurs in almost all cases of dizygotic twins (except in very rare cases of fusion between their blastocysts ) and in 18–36% (or around 25% ) of monozygotic (identical) twins. DiDi twins have the lowest mortality risk at about 9 percent, although that is still significantly higher than that of singletons. Dichorionic-Diamniotic twins form when splitting takes place by the third day after fertilization . Monochorionic-Diamniotic Monochorionic twins share the same placenta . Monochorionic twins generally have two amniotic sacs (called Monochorionic-Diamniotic ""MoDi""), which occurs in 60–70% of the pregnancies with monozygotic twins, and in 0.3% of all pregnancies. Monochorionic-Diamniotic twins are almost always monozygotic, with a few exceptions where the blastocysts have fused. Monochorionic twins share the same placenta , and thus have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Days 4-8 Monochorionic-Monoamniotic Monochorionic twins share the same amnion in 1–2% of monozygotic twin pregnancies. Monoamniotic twins are always monozygotic . The survival rate for monoamniotic twins is somewhere between 50% to 60%. Monoamniotic twins, as with diamniotic monochorionic twins, have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Also, the two umbilical cords have an increased chance of being tangled around the babies. Because of this, there is an increased chance that the newborns may be miscarried or suffer from cerebral palsy due to lack of oxygen. Monoamniotic twins occur when the split takes place after the ninth day after fertilization. Conjoined twins When the division of the developing zygote into 2 embryos occurs, 99% of the time it is within 8 days of fertilization. Mortality is highest for conjoined twins due to the many complications resulting from shared organs. If the division of the zygote occurs later than the 12 days then conjoined twins are usually the result. Dichorionic-diamniotic twins at 8 weeks and 5 days since co-incubation as part of IVF. The twin at left in the image is shown in the sagittal plane with the head pointing towards upper left. The twin at right in the image is shown in the coronal plane with the head pointing rightwards. Abdominal ultrasonography of monoamniotic twins at a gestational age of 15 weeks. There is no sign of any membrane between the fetuses. A coronal plane is shown of the twin at left, and a sagittal plane of parts of the upper thorax and head is shown of the twin at right. Demographics [ edit ] A 2006 study has found that insulin-like growth factor present in dairy products may increase the chance of dizygotic twinning. Specifically, the study found that vegan mothers (who exclude dairy from their diets) are one-fifth as likely to have twins as vegetarian or omnivore mothers, and concluded that ""Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation."" From 1980 to 1997, the number of twin births in the United States rose 52%. This rise can at least partly be attributed to the increasing popularity of fertility drugs and procedures such as IVF, which result in multiple births more frequently than unassisted fertilizations do. It may also be linked to the increase of growth hormones in food. Ethnicity [ edit ] Main article: Populated places with highest incidence of multiple birth A pair of female ere ibeji twin figures (early 20th-century) in the permanent collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis . Yoruba people have the highest twinning rate in the world. About 1 in 90 human births (1.1%) results from a twin pregnancy. The rate of dizygotic twinning varies greatly among ethnic groups , ranging as high as about 45 per 1000 births (4.5%) for the Yoruba to 10% for Linha São Pedro, a tiny Brazilian settlement which belongs to the city of Cândido Godói . In Cândido Godói, one in five pregnancies has resulted in twins. The Argentine historian Jorge Camarasa has put forward a theory that experiments of the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele could be responsible for the high ratio of twins in the area. His theory was rejected by Brazilian scientists who had studied twins living in Linha São Pedro; they suggested genetic factors within that community as a more likely explanation. A high twinning rate has also been observed in other places of the world, including: Igbo-Ora in Nigeria Kodinji , located in Kerala , India Mohammadpur Umri , located in Uttar Pradesh , India The widespread use of fertility drugs causing hyperovulation (stimulated release of multiple eggs by the mother) has caused what some call an ""epidemic of multiple births "". In 2001, for the first time ever in the US , the twinning rate exceeded 3% of all births. Nevertheless, the rate of monozygotic twins remains at about 1 in 333 across the globe. In a study on the maternity records of 5750 Hausa women living in the Savannah zone of Nigeria , there were 40 twins and 2 triplets per 1000 births. Twenty-six percent of twins were monozygotic. The incidence of multiple births, which was about five times higher than that observed in any western population, was significantly lower than that of other ethnic groups, who live in the hot and humid climate of the southern part of the country. The incidence of multiple births was related to maternal age but did not bear any association to the climate or prevalence of malaria . Predisposing factors [ edit ] The predisposing factors of monozygotic twinning are unknown. Dizygotic twin pregnancies are slightly more likely when the following factors are present in the woman: She is of West African descent (especially Yoruba ) She is between the age of 30 and 40 years She is greater than average height and weight She has had several previous pregnancies. Women undergoing certain fertility treatments may have a greater chance of dizygotic multiple births. In the United States it has been estimated that by 2011 36% of twin births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology . The risk of twin birth can vary depending on what types of fertility treatments are used. With in vitro fertilisation (IVF), this is primarily due to the insertion of multiple embryos into the uterus. Ovarian hyperstimulation without IVF has a very high risk of multiple birth. Reversal of anovulation with clomifene (trade names including Clomid ) has a relatively less but yet significant risk of multiple pregnancy. Delivery interval [ edit ] A 15-year German study of 8,220 vaginally delivered twins (that is, 4,110 pregnancies) in Hesse yielded a mean delivery time interval of 13.5 minutes. The delivery interval between the twins was measured as follows: Within 15 minutes: 75.8% 16–30 minutes: 16.4% 31–45 minutes: 4.3% 46–60 minutes: 1.7% Over 60 minutes: 1.8% (72 instances) The study stated that the occurrence of complications ""was found to be more likely with increasing twin-to-twin delivery time interval"" and suggested that the interval be kept short, though it noted that the study did not examine causes of complications and did not control for factors such as the level of experience of the obstetrician, the wish of the women giving birth, or the ""management strategies"" of the procedure of delivering the second twin. Complications during pregnancy [ edit ] Vanishing twins [ edit ] Main article: Vanishing twin Researchers suspect that as many as 1 in 8 pregnancies start out as multiples, but only a single fetus is brought to full term, because the other fetus has died very early in the pregnancy and has not been detected or recorded. Early obstetric ultrasonography exams sometimes reveal an ""extra"" fetus, which fails to develop and instead disintegrates and vanishes in the uterus. There are several reasons for the ""vanishing"" fetus, including it being embodied or absorbed by the other fetus, placenta or the mother. This is known as vanishing twin syndrome. Also, in an unknown proportion of cases, two zygotes may fuse soon after fertilization, resulting in a single chimeric embryo, and, later, fetus. Chang and Eng Bunker , born in Siam (now Thailand ) in 1811, were the origin of the term ""Siamese twins"". Conjoined twins [ edit ] Main article: Conjoined twins Conjoined twins (or the once-commonly used term ""siamese"") are monozygotic twins whose bodies are joined together during pregnancy. This occurs when the zygote starts to split after day 12 following fertilization and fails to separate completely. This condition occurs in about 1 in 50,000 human pregnancies. Most conjoined twins are now evaluated for surgery to attempt to separate them into separate functional bodies. The degree of difficulty rises if a vital organ or structure is shared between twins, such as the brain , heart or liver . Chimerism [ edit ] Main article: Chimera (genetics) A chimera is an ordinary person or animal except that some of their parts actually came from their twin or from the mother. A chimera may arise either from monozygotic twin fetuses (where it would be impossible to detect), or from dizygotic fetuses, which can be identified by chromosomal comparisons from various parts of the body. The number of cells derived from each fetus can vary from one part of the body to another, and often leads to characteristic mosaicism skin coloration in human chimeras. A chimera may be intersex , composed of cells from a male twin and a female twin. In one case DNA tests determined that a woman, mystifyingly, was not the mother of two of her three children; she was found to be a chimera, and the two children were conceived from eggs derived from cells of their mother's twin. Parasitic twins [ edit ] Main article: Parasitic twin Sometimes one twin fetus will fail to develop completely and continue to cause problems for its surviving twin. One fetus acts as a parasite towards the other. Sometimes the parasitic twin becomes an almost indistinguishable part of the other, and sometimes this needs to be treated medically. Partial molar twins [ edit ] A very rare type of parasitic twinning is one where a single viable twin is endangered when the other zygote becomes cancerous, or molar. This means that the molar zygote's cellular division continues unchecked, resulting in a cancerous growth that overtakes the viable fetus. Typically, this results when one twin has either triploidy or complete paternal uniparental disomy , resulting in little or no fetus and a cancerous, overgrown placenta, resembling a bunch of grapes. Miscarried twin [ edit ] Occasionally, a woman will suffer a miscarriage early in pregnancy, yet the pregnancy will continue; one twin was miscarried but the other was able to be carried to term. This occurrence is similar to the vanishing twin syndrome, but typically occurs later, as the twin is not reabsorbed. Low birth weight [ edit ] It is very common for twins to be born at a low birth weight . More than half of twins are born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while the average birth weight of a healthy baby should be around 6–8 pounds (3–4 kg). This is largely due to the fact that twins are typically born premature . Premature birth and low birth weights, especially when under 3.5 pounds (1.6 kg), can increase the risk of several health-related issues, such as vision and hearing loss, mental disabilities, and cerebral palsy . There is an increased possibility of potential complications as the birth weight of the baby decreases. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome [ edit ] Main article: Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome Monozygotic twins who share a placenta can develop twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. This condition means that blood from one twin is being diverted into the other twin. One twin, the 'donor' twin, is small and anemic , the other, the 'recipient' twin, is large and polycythemic . The lives of both twins are endangered by this condition. Stillbirths [ edit ] Stillbirths occurs when a fetus dies after 20 weeks of gestation. There are two types of stillbirth, including intrauterine death and intrapartum death. Intrauterine death occurs when a baby dies during late pregnancy. Intrapartum death, which is more common, occurs when a baby dies while the mother is giving birth. The cause of stillbirth is often unknown, but the rate of babies who are stillborn is higher in twins and multiple births. Caesareans or inductions are advised after 38 weeks of pregnancy for twins, because the risk of stillbirth increases after this time. Management of birth [ edit ] For otherwise healthy twin pregnancies where both twins are head down a trial of vaginal delivery is recommended at between 37 and 38 weeks. Vaginal delivery in this case does not worsen the outcome for the infant as compared with Caesarean section . There is controversy on the best method of delivery where the first twin is head first and the second is not. When the first twin is not head down a caesarean section is often recommended. It is estimated that 75% of twin pregnancies in the United States were delivered by caesarean section in 2008. In comparison, the rate of caesarean section for all pregnancies in the general population varies between 14% and 40%. In twins that share the same placenta delivery may be considered at 36 weeks. Human twin studies [ edit ] Main article: Twin study Twin studies are utilized in an attempt to determine how much of a particular trait is attributable to either genetics or environmental influence. These studies compare monozygotic and dizygotic twins for medical , genetic , or psychological characteristics to try to isolate genetic influence from epigenetic and environmental influence. Twins that have been separated early in life and raised in separate households are especially sought-after for these studies, which have been used widely in the exploration of human nature . Classical twin studies are now being supplemented with molecular genetic studies which identify individual genes. Unusual twinnings [ edit ] Among dizygotic twins, in rare cases, the eggs are fertilized at different times with two or more acts of sexual intercourse, either within one menstrual cycle ( superfecundation ) or, even more rarely, later on in the pregnancy ( superfetation ). This can lead to the possibility of a woman carrying fraternal twins with different fathers (that is, half-siblings ). This phenomenon is known as heteropaternal superfecundation. One 1992 study estimates that the frequency of heteropaternal superfecundation among dizygotic twins, whose parents were involved in paternity suits, was approximately 2.4%; see the references section, below, for more details. Dizygotic twins from biracial couples can sometimes be mixed twins , which exhibit differing ethnic and racial features. One such pairing was born in Germany in 2008 to a white father from Germany and a black mother from Ghana. Heterotopic pregnancy is an exceedingly rare type of dizygotic twinning in which one twin implants in the uterus as normal and the other remains in the fallopian tube as an ectopic pregnancy . Ectopic pregnancies must be resolved because they can be life-threatening to the mother. However, in most cases, the intrauterine pregnancy can be salvaged. [ citation needed ] Among monozygotic twins, in extremely rare cases, twins have been born with different sexes (one male, one female). When monozygotic twins are born with different sexes it is because of chromosomal defects. There can be monozygotic boy/girl twins if the sex gene of the embryo has an extra x chromosome (the fertilized egg would be an xxy) then when the egg splits, one can have xx (girl) genes and one can have xy (boy) genes. This is rare, but possible. Records show there are only 10 known cases of these type twins. [ citation needed ] The probability of this is so small that multiples having different sexes is universally accepted as a sound basis for in utero clinical determination that the multiples are not monozygotic. Another abnormality that can result in monozygotic twins of different genders is if the egg is fertilized by a male sperm but during cell division only the X chromosome is duplicated. This results in one normal male (XY) and one female with Turner syndrome (45,X). In these cases, although the twins did form from the same fertilized egg, it is incorrect to refer to them as genetically identical, since they have different karyotypes . Semi-identical twins [ edit ] Monozygotic twins can develop differently, due to different genes being activated. More unusual are ""semi-identical twins"". These ""half-identical twins"" are hypothesized to occur when an unfertilized egg cleaves into two identical attached ova and which are viable for fertilization. Both cloned ova are then fertilized by different sperm and the coalesced eggs undergo further cell duplications developing as a chimeric blastomere . If this blastomere then undergoes a twinning event, two embryos will be formed, each of which have different paternal genes and identical maternal genes. This results in a set of twins with identical genes from the mother's side, but different genes from the father's side. Cells in each fetus carry genes from either sperm, resulting in chimeras . This form had been speculated until only recently being recorded in western medicine. Twin calves of the Hereford breed in Miles City, Montana Mirror image twins [ edit ] Mirror image twins result when a fertilized egg splits later in the embryonic stage than normal timing, around day 9–12. This type of twinning could exhibit characteristics with reversed asymmetry, such as opposite dominant handedness, dental structure, or even organs ( situs inversus ). If the split occurs later than this time period, the twins risk being conjoined. There is no DNA-based zygosity test that can determine if twins are indeed mirror image. Language development [ edit ] There have been many studies highlighting the development of language in twins compared to single-born children. These studies have converged on the notion that there is a greater rate of delay in language development in twins compared to their single-born counterparts. The reasons for this phenomenon are still in question; however, cryptophasia was thought to be the major cause. Idioglossia is defined as a private language that is usually invented by young children, specifically twins. Another term to describe what some people call ""twin talk"" is cryptophasia where a language is developed by twins that only they can understand. The increased focused communication between two twins may isolate them from the social environment surrounding them. Idioglossia has been found to be a rare occurrence and the attention of scientists has shifted away from this idea. However, there are researchers and scientists that say cryptophasia or idioglossia is not a rare phenomenon. Current research is looking into the impacts of a richer social environment for these twins to stimulate their development of language. Animals [ edit ] Twins are common in many animal species, including cats , sheep , ferrets , giant pandas , dogs , deer , marmosets , and tamarins . The incidence of twinning among cattle is about 1–4%, and research is under way to improve the odds of twinning, which can be more profitable for the breeder if complications can be sidestepped or managed. A female calf that is the twin of a bull becomes partially masculinized and is known as a freemartin . See also [ edit ] Multiple birth Litter (animal) Superfecundation Mixed twins Twin study List of multiple births List of twins Incest between twins Twins in mythology Gemini (astrology) Look-alike Doppelgänger Evil twin Twin towns and sister cities Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Twin ( category ) Look up twin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Twins References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Bacon, Kate. Twins in Society: Parents, Bodies, Space, and Talk (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 221 pages; explores the experience of child twins, adult twins, and parents of twins, with a focus on Britain. Nieuwint, Aggie; Van Zalen-Sprock, Rieteke; Hummel, Pieter; Pals, Gerard; Van Vugt, John; et al. (1999). "" ' Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes"". Prenatal Diagnosis . 19 (1): 72–6. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199901)19:1<72::AID-PD465>3.0.CO;2-V . PMID 10073913 . Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA (1992). ""How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation?"". Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae . 41 (1): 43–7. PMID 1488855 . Girela, Eloy; Lorente, Jose A.; Alvarez, J. Carlos; Rodrigo, Maria D.; Lorente, Miguel; et al. (1997). ""Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins"". Fertility and Sterility . 67 (6): 1159–61. doi : 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81456-2 . PMID 9176461 . Shinwell ES, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Boyko V, Blickstein I (September 2007). "" "" Masculinizing"" effect on respiratory morbidity in girls from unlike-sex preterm twins: a possible transchorionic paracrine effect"" . Pediatrics . 120 (3): e447–53. doi : 10.1542/peds.2006-3574 . PMID 17766488 . Retrieved 2008-10-06 . Lummaa V, Pettay JE, Russell AF (June 2007). ""Male twins reduce fitness of female co-twins in humans"" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 (26): 10915–20. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0605875104 . PMC 1904168 . PMID 17576931 . Retrieved 2008-10-06 . Schein, Elyse; Paula Bernstein (2007). Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited . New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6496-1 . OCLC 123390922 . Helle, Samuli; Virpi Lummaa; Jukka Jokela (2004). ""Selection for Increased Brood Size in Historical Human Populations"" (PDF) . Evolution . 58 (2): 430–436. doi : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01658.x . PMID 15068359 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-02 . Retrieved 2008-10-02 . ""TWINS Guide to the First Year"" (PDF) . Fort Collins, Colorado : TWINS Magazine. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-30 . Retrieved 2008-10-06 . Samson, Jennifer. ""Facts About Multiples: An Encyclopedia of Multiple Birth Records"" . Archived from the original on 2009-10-15 . Retrieved 2008-10-18 . Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15;151C(2):136-41. Not really identical: epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH. Foundations [ edit ] Tamba, Twins and Multiple Births Association" -1806915090368563048,train,a change in which new products are formed is called a,"The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so - called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.",[],ìyípadà tí a fi ń ṣe àwọn ohun tuntun ni a ń pè ní ,Yes,"['Idarapomora kemika nfa iyipada kemika wa, eyi le mu eso kan tabi pupo wa, ti ohun ini won yato si ti awon oludarapomora.']","['Idarapomora kemika nfa iyipada kemika wa, eyi le mu eso kan tabi pupo wa, ti ohun ini won yato si ti awon oludarapomora.']",['P1'],1,0,"Idarapomora kemika Idarapomora kemika je igbese to n fa iyipada akojopo ohun kemika si omiran.[1] Awon idarapomora kemika je ohun ti awon onimo kemistri nko ninu papa sayensi to n je kemistri. Awon idarapomora kemika le je lojiji, ti ko fe okun/agbara kankan, tabi alaije lojiji, to le sele leyin igbati a ba se afikun iru okun/agbara kan sibe, fun apere igbona, imole tabi itanna. Awon idarapomora kemika je awon iyipada to je mo irin awon elektroni lati da tabi tuka awon isorapo kemika, botilejepe itumo gbogbogbo idarapomora kemika, agaga bo se je ti isodogba kemika, wulo fun iyipada awon egunrín ìpil?????, ati fun awon idarapomora tinuatomu. Ohun/awon ohun to bere idarapomora kemika ni a npe ni awon oludarapomora. Idarapomora kemika nfa iyipada kemika wa, eyi le mu eso kan tabi pupo wa, ti ohun ini won yato si ti awon oludarapomora. Oru omi Haidrojini oniklorini ninu igo ati ammonia ninu igo idanwo pade lati da isu ohun tuntun, amoniomu oniklorini","A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms , with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation . Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur. The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents . Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change , and they yield one or more products , which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions , and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism . Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations , which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions. Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms. Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous , requiring no input of free energy to go forward. Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward (examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight). Different chemical reactions are used in combinations during chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry , a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways . These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes . Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and concentrations present within a cell . The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions , radioactive decays , and reactions between elementary particles , as described by quantum field theory . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Equations 3 Elementary reactions 4 Chemical equilibrium 5 Thermodynamics 6 Kinetics 7 Reaction types 7.1 Four basic types 7.1.1 Synthesis 7.1.2 Decomposition 7.1.3 Single replacement 7.1.4 Double replacement 7.2 Oxidation and reduction 7.3 Complexation 7.4 Acid-base reactions 7.5 Precipitation 7.6 Solid-state reactions 7.7 Reactions at the solid|gas interface 7.8 Photochemical reactions 8 Catalysis 9 Reactions in organic chemistry 9.1 Substitution 9.2 Addition and elimination 9.3 Other organic reaction mechanisms 10 Biochemical reactions 11 Applications 12 Monitoring 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography History [ edit ] Antoine Lavoisier developed the theory of combustion as a chemical reaction with oxygen. Chemical reactions such as combustion in fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity. Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth. In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists . They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold , for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead-copper alloys with sulfur . The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried, such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān . The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate , alum and saltpeter . In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride . With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process , allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate , respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry. Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis. From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont , Robert Boyle , and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations. The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher . It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called ""phlogiston"", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion . This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other. Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton , Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions , which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations . Regarding the organic chemistry , it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically . According to the concept of vitalism , organic matter was endowed with a ""vital force"" and distinguished from inorganic materials. This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold , who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions . Equations [ edit ] As seen from the equation CH 4 + 2 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 H 2 O , a coefficient of 2 must be placed before the oxygen gas on the reactants side and before the water on the products side in order for, as per the law of conservation of mass, the quantity of each element does not change during the reaction Main article: Chemical equation Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions. They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants on the left and those of the products on the right. They are separated by an arrow (→) which indicates the direction and type of the reaction; the arrow is read as the word ""yields"". The tip of the arrow points in the direction in which the reaction proceeds. A double arrow (⇌) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions . Equations should be balanced according to the stoichiometry , the number of atoms of each species should be the same on both sides of the equation. This is achieved by scaling the number of involved molecules ( A , B , C {\displaystyle {\ce {A, B, C}}} and D {\displaystyle {\ce {D}}} in a schematic example below) by the appropriate integers a, b, c and d . a A + b B ⟶ c C + d D {\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{\mathit {b}}B->{{\mathit {c}}C}+{\mathit {d}}D}}} More elaborate reactions are represented by reaction schemes, which in addition to starting materials and products show important intermediates or transition states . Also, some relatively minor additions to the reaction can be indicated above the reaction arrow; examples of such additions are water, heat, illumination, a catalyst, etc. Similarly, some minor products can be placed below the arrow, often with a minus sign. An example of organic reaction: oxidation of ketones to esters with a peroxycarboxylic acid Retrosynthetic analysis can be applied to design a complex synthesis reaction. Here the analysis starts from the products, for example by splitting selected chemical bonds, to arrive at plausible initial reagents. A special arrow (⇒) is used in retro reactions. Elementary reactions [ edit ] The elementary reaction is the smallest division into which a chemical reaction can be decomposed, it has no intermediate products. Most experimentally observed reactions are built up from many elementary reactions that occur in parallel or sequentially. The actual sequence of the individual elementary reactions is known as reaction mechanism . An elementary reaction involves a few molecules, usually one or two, because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time. Isomerization of azobenzene , induced by light (hν) or heat (Δ) The most important elementary reactions are unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Only one molecule is involved in a unimolecular reaction; it is transformed by an isomerization or a dissociation into one or more other molecules. Such reactions require the addition of energy in the form of heat or light. A typical example of a unimolecular reaction is the cis–trans isomerization , in which the cis-form of a compound converts to the trans-form or vice versa. In a typical dissociation reaction, a bond in a molecule splits ( ruptures ) resulting in two molecular fragments. The splitting can be homolytic or heterolytic . In the first case, the bond is divided so that each product retains an electron and becomes a neutral radical . In the second case, both electrons of the chemical bond remain with one of the products, resulting in charged ions . Dissociation plays an important role in triggering chain reactions , such as hydrogen–oxygen or polymerization reactions. AB ⟶ A + B {\displaystyle {\ce {AB -> A + B}}} Dissociation of a molecule AB into fragments A and B For bimolecular reactions, two molecules collide and react with each other. Their merger is called chemical synthesis or an addition reaction . A + B ⟶ AB {\displaystyle {\ce {A + B -> AB}}} Another possibility is that only a portion of one molecule is transferred to the other molecule. This type of reaction occurs, for example, in redox and acid-base reactions. In redox reactions, the transferred particle is an electron, whereas in acid-base reactions it is a proton. This type of reaction is also called metathesis . HA + B ⟶ A + HB {\displaystyle {\ce {HA + B -> A + HB}}} for example NaCl + AgNO 3 ⟶ NaNO 3 + AgCl ↓ {\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl + AgNO3 -> NaNO3 + AgCl(v)}}} Chemical equilibrium [ edit ] Main article: Chemical equilibrium Most chemical reactions are reversible, that is they can and do run in both directions. The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates . These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so-called chemical equilibrium. The time to reach equilibrium depends on such parameters as temperature, pressure and the materials involved, and is determined by the minimum free energy . In equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy must be zero. The pressure dependence can be explained with the Le Chatelier's principle . For example, an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with the fewer moles of gas. The reaction yield stabilizes at equilibrium, but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or changed by increasing the temperature or pressure. A change in the concentrations of the reactants does not affect the equilibrium constant, but does affect the equilibrium position. Thermodynamics [ edit ] Chemical reactions are determined by the laws of thermodynamics . Reactions can proceed by themselves if they are exergonic , that is if they release energy. The associated free energy of the reaction is composed of two different thermodynamic quantities, enthalpy and entropy : Δ G = Δ H − T ⋅ Δ S {\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\cdot \Delta S} . G : free energy, H : enthalpy, T : temperature, S : entropy, Δ : difference(change between original and product) Reactions can be exothermic , where ΔH is negative and energy is released. Typical examples of exothermic reactions are precipitation and crystallization , in which ordered solids are formed from disordered gaseous or liquid phases. In contrast, in endothermic reactions, heat is consumed from the environment. This can occur by increasing the entropy of the system, often through the formation of gaseous reaction products, which have high entropy. Since the entropy increases with temperature, many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures. On the contrary, many exothermic reactions such as crystallization occur at low temperatures. Changes in temperature can sometimes reverse the sign of the enthalpy of a reaction, as for the carbon monoxide reduction of molybdenum dioxide : 2 CO ( g ) + MoO 2 ( s ) ⟶ 2 CO 2 ( g ) + Mo ( s ) {\displaystyle {\ce {2CO(g) + MoO2(s) -> 2CO2(g) + Mo(s)}}} ; Δ H o = + 21.86 kJ at 298 K {\displaystyle \Delta H^{o}=+21.86\ {\text{kJ at 298 K}}} This reaction to form carbon dioxide and molybdenum is endothermic at low temperatures, becoming less so with increasing temperature. ΔH° is zero at 7003185500000000000♠ 1855 K , and the reaction becomes exothermic above that temperature. Changes in temperature can also reverse the direction tendency of a reaction. For example, the water gas shift reaction CO ( g ) + H 2 O ( v ) ↽ − − ⇀ CO 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) {\displaystyle {\ce {CO(g) + H2O({v}) <=> CO2(g) + H2(g)}}} is favored by low temperatures, but its reverse is favored by high temperature. The shift in reaction direction tendency occurs at 7003110000000000000♠ 1100 K . Reactions can also be characterized by the internal energy which takes into account changes in the entropy, volume and chemical potential . The latter depends, among other things, on the activities of the involved substances. d U = T ⋅ d S − p ⋅ d V + μ ⋅ d n {\displaystyle {d}U=T\cdot {d}S-p\cdot {d}V+\mu \cdot {d}n} U : internal energy, S : entropy, p : pressure, μ : chemical potential, n : number of molecules, d : small change sign Kinetics [ edit ] The speed at which reactions takes place is studied by reaction kinetics . The rate depends on various parameters, such as: Reactant concentrations, which usually make the reaction happen at a faster rate if raised through increased collisions per unit time. Some reactions, however, have rates that are independent of reactant concentrations. These are called zero order reactions . Surface area available for contact between the reactants, in particular solid ones in heterogeneous systems. Larger surface areas lead to higher reaction rates. Pressure – increasing the pressure decreases the volume between molecules and therefore increases the frequency of collisions between the molecules. Activation energy , which is defined as the amount of energy required to make the reaction start and carry on spontaneously. Higher activation energy implies that the reactants need more energy to start than a reaction with a lower activation energy. Temperature , which hastens reactions if raised, since higher temperature increases the energy of the molecules, creating more collisions per unit time, The presence or absence of a catalyst . Catalysts are substances which change the pathway (mechanism) of a reaction which in turn increases the speed of a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place. A catalyst is not destroyed or changed during a reaction, so it can be used again. For some reactions, the presence of electromagnetic radiation , most notably ultraviolet light , is needed to promote the breaking of bonds to start the reaction. This is particularly true for reactions involving radicals . Several theories allow calculating the reaction rates at the molecular level. This field is referred to as reaction dynamics. The rate v of a first-order reaction , which could be disintegration of a substance A, is given by: v = − d [ A ] d t = k ⋅ [ A ] . {\displaystyle v=-{\frac {d[{\ce {A}}]}{dt}}=k\cdot [{\ce {A}}].} Its integration yields: [ A ] ( t ) = [ A ] 0 ⋅ e − k ⋅ t . {\displaystyle {{\ce {[A]}}}(t)={{\ce {[A]}}}_{0}\cdot e^{-k\cdot t}.} Here k is first-order rate constant having dimension 1/time, [A](t) is concentration at a time t and [A] 0 is the initial concentration. The rate of a first-order reaction depends only on the concentration and the properties of the involved substance, and the reaction itself can be described with the characteristic half-life . More than one time constant is needed when describing reactions of higher order. The temperature dependence of the rate constant usually follows the Arrhenius equation : k = k 0 e − E a / k B T {\displaystyle k=k_{0}e^{{-E_{a}}/{k_{B}T}}} where E a is the activation energy and k B is the Boltzmann constant . One of the simplest models of reaction rate is the collision theory . More realistic models are tailored to a specific problem and include the transition state theory , the calculation of the potential energy surface , the Marcus theory and the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory . Reaction types [ edit ] Four basic types [ edit ] Representation of four basic chemical reactions types: synthesis, decomposition, single replacement and double replacement. Synthesis [ edit ] Main article: Synthesis reaction In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance. These reactions are in the general form: A + B ⟶ AB {\displaystyle {\ce {A + B -> AB}}} Two or more reactants yielding one product is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide : 8 Fe + S 8 ⟶ 8 FeS {\displaystyle {\ce {8Fe + S8 -> 8FeS}}} Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance, such as water. Decomposition [ edit ] Main article: Decomposition reaction A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction, and can be written as AB ⟶ A + B {\displaystyle {\ce {AB -> A + B}}} One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas: 2 H 2 O ⟶ 2 H 2 + O 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O -> 2H2 + O2}}} Single replacement [ edit ] In a single replacement reaction , a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound; in other words, one element trades places with another element in a compound These reactions come in the general form of: A + BC ⟶ AC + B {\displaystyle {\ce {A + BC -> AC + B}}} One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas: Mg + 2 H 2 O ⟶ Mg ( OH ) 2 + H 2 ↑ {\displaystyle {\ce {{Mg}+2H2O->{Mg(OH)2}+H2{\uparrow }}}} Double replacement [ edit ] In a double replacement reaction , the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form: AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB {\displaystyle {\ce {AB + CD -> AD + CB}}} For example, when barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) react, the SO 4 2− anion switches places with the 2Cl − anion, giving the compounds BaSO 4 and MgCl 2 . Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate : Pb ( NO 3 ) 2 + 2 KI ⟶ PbI 2 ↓ + 2 KNO 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI -> PbI2(v) + 2KNO3}}} Oxidation and reduction [ edit ] Illustration of a redox reaction Sodium chloride is formed through the redox reaction of sodium metal and chlorine gas Redox reactions can be understood in terms of transfer of electrons from one involved species ( reducing agent ) to another ( oxidizing agent ). In this process, the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced . Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state , and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as ""redox"" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds). In the following redox reaction, hazardous sodium metal reacts with toxic chlorine gas to form the ionic compound sodium chloride , or common table salt: 2 Na ( s ) + Cl 2 ( g ) ⟶ 2 NaCl ( s ) {\displaystyle {\ce {2Na(s) + Cl2(g) -> 2NaCl(s)}}} In the reaction, sodium metal goes from an oxidation state of 0 (as it is a pure element) to +1: in other words, the sodium lost one electron and is said to have been oxidized. On the other hand, the chlorine gas goes from an oxidation of 0 (it is also a pure element) to −1: the chlorine gains one electron and is said to have been reduced. Because the chlorine is the one reduced, it is considered the electron acceptor, or in other words, induces oxidation in the sodium – thus the chlorine gas is considered the oxidizing agent. Conversely, the sodium is oxidized or is the electron donor, and thus induces reduction in the other species and is considered the reducing agent . Which of the involved reactants would be reducing or oxidizing agent can be predicted from the electronegativity of their elements. Elements with low electronegativity, such as most metals, easily donate electrons and oxidize – they are reducing agents. On the contrary, many ions with high oxidation numbers, such as H 2 O 2 , MnO − 4 , CrO 3 , Cr 2 O 2− 7 , OsO 4 can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents. The number of electrons donated or accepted in a redox reaction can be predicted from the electron configuration of the reactant element. Elements try to reach the low-energy noble gas configuration, and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron respectively. Noble gases themselves are chemically inactive. An important class of redox reactions are the electrochemical reactions, where electrons from the power supply are used as the reducing agent. These reactions are particularly important for the production of chemical elements, such as chlorine or aluminium . The reverse process in which electrons are released in redox reactions and can be used as electrical energy is possible and used in batteries. Complexation [ edit ] Ferrocene – an iron atom sandwiched between two C 5 H 5 ligands In complexation reactions, several ligands react with a metal atom to form a coordination complex . This is achieved by providing lone pairs of the ligand into empty orbitals of the metal atom and forming dipolar bonds . The ligands are Lewis bases , they can be both ions and neutral molecules, such as carbon monoxide, ammonia or water. The number of ligands that react with a central metal atom can be found using the 18-electron rule , saying that the valence shells of a transition metal will collectively accommodate 18 electrons , whereas the symmetry of the resulting complex can be predicted with the crystal field theory and ligand field theory . Complexation reactions also include ligand exchange , in which one or more ligands are replaced by another, and redox processes which change the oxidation state of the central metal atom. Acid-base reactions [ edit ] In the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory , an acid-base reaction involves a transfer of protons (H + ) from one species (the acid ) to another (the base ). When a proton is removed from an acid, the resulting species is termed that acid's conjugate base . When the proton is accepted by a base, the resulting species is termed that base's conjugate acid . In other words, acids act as proton donors and bases act as proton acceptors according to the following equation: HA acid + B base ↽ − − ⇀ A − conjugated base + HB + conjugated acid {\displaystyle {\ce {{\underset {acid}{HA}}+{\underset {base}{B}}<=>{\underset {conjugated\ base}{A^{-}}}+{\underset {conjugated\ acid}{HB+}}}}} The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid/base and conjugated base/acid are always in equilibrium. The equilibrium is determined by the acid and base dissociation constants ( K a and K b ) of the involved substances. A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at exactly same amounts, form a neutral salt . Acid-base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid-base concept employed. Some of the most common are: Arrhenius definition: Acids dissociate in water releasing H 3 O + ions; bases dissociate in water releasing OH − ions. Brønsted-Lowry definition: Acids are proton (H + ) donors, bases are proton acceptors; this includes the Arrhenius definition. Lewis definition: Acids are electron-pair acceptors, bases are electron-pair donors; this includes the Brønsted-Lowry definition. Precipitation [ edit ] Precipitation Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction. It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit and forms an insoluble salt. This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by removal of the solvent. Rapid precipitation results in an amorphous or microcrystalline residue and slow process can yield single crystals . The latter can also be obtained by recrystallization from microcrystalline salts. Solid-state reactions [ edit ] Reactions can take place between two solids. However, because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids, the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions. They are accelerated by increasing the reaction temperature and finely dividing the reactant to increase the contacting surface area. Reactions at the solid|gas interface [ edit ] Reaction can take place at the solid|gas interface, surfaces at very low pressure such as ultra-high vacuum . Via scanning tunneling microscopy , it is possible to observe reactions at the solid|gas interface in real space, if the time scale of the reaction is in the correct range. Reactions at the solid|gas interface are in some cases related to catalysis. Photochemical reactions [ edit ] In this Paterno–Büchi reaction , a photoexcited carbonyl group is added to an unexcited olefin , yielding an oxetane . In photochemical reactions , atoms and molecules absorb energy ( photons ) of the illumination light and convert into an excited state . They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals. Photochemical reactions include hydrogen–oxygen reactions, radical polymerization , chain reactions and rearrangement reactions . Many important processes involve photochemistry. The premier example is photosynthesis , in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose , disposing of oxygen as a side-product. Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D, and vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin . In fireflies , an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that results in bioluminescence . Many significant photochemical reactions, such as ozone formation, occur in the Earth atmosphere and constitute atmospheric chemistry . Catalysis [ edit ] Main article: Catalysis Further information: Reaction Progress Kinetic Analysis Schematic potential energy diagram showing the effect of a catalyst in an endothermic chemical reaction. The presence of a catalyst opens a different reaction pathway (in red) with a lower activation energy. The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the same. Solid heterogeneous catalysts are plated on meshes in ceramic catalytic converters in order to maximize their surface area. This exhaust converter is from a Peugeot 106 S2 1100 In catalysis , the reaction does not proceed directly, but through reaction with a third substance known as catalyst . Although the catalyst takes part in the reaction, it is returned to its original state by the end of the reaction and so is not consumed. However, it can be inhibited, deactivated or destroyed by secondary processes. Catalysts can be used in a different phase ( heterogeneous ) or in the same phase ( homogeneous ) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solid–liquid system or evaporate in a solid–gas system. Catalysts can only speed up the reaction – chemicals that slow down the reaction are called inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons. With a catalyst, a reaction which is kinetically inhibited by a high activation energy can take place in circumvention of this activation energy. Heterogeneous catalysts are usually solids, powdered in order to maximize their surface area. Of particular importance in heterogeneous catalysis are the platinum group metals and other transition metals, which are used in hydrogenations , catalytic reforming and in the synthesis of commodity chemicals such as nitric acid and ammonia . Acids are an example of a homogeneous catalyst, they increase the nucleophilicity of carbonyls , allowing a reaction that would not otherwise proceed with electrophiles. The advantage of homogeneous catalysts is the ease of mixing them with the reactants, but they may also be difficult to separate from the products. Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts are preferred in many industrial processes. Reactions in organic chemistry [ edit ] Main article: Organic reaction In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens , etc.). Many specific reactions in organic chemistry are name reactions designated after their discoverers. Substitution [ edit ] In a substitution reaction , a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group. These reactions can be distinguished by the type of substituting species into a nucleophilic , electrophilic or radical substitution . S N 1 mechanism S N 2 mechanism In the first type, a nucleophile , an atom or molecule with an excess of electrons and thus a negative charge or partial charge , replaces another atom or part of the ""substrate"" molecule. The electron pair from the nucleophile attacks the substrate forming a new bond, while the leaving group departs with an electron pair. The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. Examples of nucleophiles are hydroxide ion, alkoxides , amines and halides . This type of reaction is found mainly in aliphatic hydrocarbons , and rarely in aromatic hydrocarbon . The latter have high electron density and enter nucleophilic aromatic substitution only with very strong electron withdrawing groups . Nucleophilic substitution can take place by two different mechanisms, S N 1 and S N 2 . In their names, S stands for substitution, N for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction, unimolecular or bimolecular. The three steps of an S N 2 reaction . The nucleophile is green and the leaving group is red S N 2 reaction causes stereo inversion (Walden inversion) The S N 1 reaction proceeds in two steps. First, the leaving group is eliminated creating a carbocation . This is followed by a rapid reaction with the nucleophile. In the S N 2 mechanism, the nucleophile forms a transition state with the attacked molecule, and only then the leaving group is cleaved. These two mechanisms differ in the stereochemistry of the products. S N 1 leads to the non-stereospecific addition and does not result in a chiral center, but rather in a set of geometric isomers ( cis/trans ). In contrast, a reversal ( Walden inversion ) of the previously existing stereochemistry is observed in the S N 2 mechanism. Electrophilic substitution is the counterpart of the nucleophilic substitution in that the attacking atom or molecule, an electrophile , has low electron density and thus a positive charge. Typical electrophiles are the carbon atom of carbonyl groups , carbocations or sulfur or nitronium cations. This reaction takes place almost exclusively in aromatic hydrocarbons, where it is called electrophilic aromatic substitution . The electrophile attack results in the so-called σ-complex, a transition state in which the aromatic system is abolished. Then, the leaving group, usually a proton, is split off and the aromaticity is restored. An alternative to aromatic substitution is electrophilic aliphatic substitution. It is similar to the nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and also has two major types, S E 1 and S E 2 Mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution In the third type of substitution reaction, radical substitution, the attacking particle is a radical . This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction , for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens. In the first step, light or heat disintegrates the halogen-containing molecules producing the radicals. Then the reaction proceeds as an avalanche until two radicals meet and recombine. X ⋅ + R − H ⟶ X − H + R ⋅ {\displaystyle {\ce {X. + R-H -> X-H + R.}}} R ⋅ + X 2 ⟶ R − X + X ⋅ {\displaystyle {\ce {R. + X2 -> R-X + X.}}} Reactions during the chain reaction of radical substitution Addition and elimination [ edit ] The addition and its counterpart, the elimination , are reactions which change the number of substitutents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds . Double and triple bonds can be produced by eliminating a suitable leaving group. Similar to the nucleophilic substitution, there are several possible reaction mechanisms which are named after the respective reaction order. In the E1 mechanism, the leaving group is ejected first, forming a carbocation. The next step, formation of the double bond, takes place with elimination of a proton ( deprotonation ). The leaving order is reversed in the E1cb mechanism, that is the proton is split off first. This mechanism requires participation of a base. Because of the similar conditions, both reactions in the E1 or E1cb elimination always compete with the S N 1 substitution. E1 elimination E1cb elimination E2 elimination The E2 mechanism also requires a base, but there the attack of the base and the elimination of the leaving group proceed simultaneously and produce no ionic intermediate. In contrast to the E1 eliminations, different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism, because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group. Because of the similar conditions and reagents, the E2 elimination is always in competition with the S N 2-substitution. Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide The counterpart of elimination is the addition where double or triple bonds are converted into single bonds. Similar to the substitution reactions, there are several types of additions distinguished by the type of the attacking particle. For example, in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide, an electrophile (proton) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation , which then reacts with the nucleophile (bromine). The carbocation can be formed on either side of the double bond depending on the groups attached to its ends, and the preferred configuration can be predicted with the Markovnikov's rule . This rule states that ""In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative (nucleophilic) atom (or part) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms."" If the addition of a functional group takes place at the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond, then the electrophilic substitution with acids is not possible. In this case, one has to use the hydroboration–oxidation reaction , where in the first step, the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom. At the second step, the nucleophilic hydroperoxide or halogen anion attacks the boron atom. While the addition to the electron-rich alkenes and alkynes is mainly electrophilic, the nucleophilic addition plays an important role for the carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds, and especially its most important representative, the carbonyl group. This process is often associated with an elimination, so that after the reaction the carbonyl group is present again. It is therefore called addition-elimination reaction and may occur in carboxylic acid derivatives such as chlorides, esters or anhydrides. This reaction is often catalyzed by acids or bases, where the acids increase by the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group by binding to the oxygen atom, whereas the bases enhance the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile. Acid-catalyzed addition-elimination mechanism Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction , which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions . This is one of the most useful methods for the mild formation of C–C bonds. Some additions which can not be executed with nucleophiles and electrophiles, can be succeeded with free radicals. As with the free-radical substitution, the radical addition proceeds as a chain reaction, and such reactions are the basis of the free-radical polymerization . Other organic reaction mechanisms [ edit ] The Cope rearrangement of 3-methyl-1,5-hexadiene Mechanism of a Diels-Alder reaction Orbital overlap in a Diels-Alder reaction In a rearrangement reaction , the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. These include hydride shift reactions such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement , where a hydrogen , alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. Most rearrangements are associated with the breaking and formation of new carbon-carbon bonds. Other examples are sigmatropic reaction such as the Cope rearrangement . Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and, more generally, pericyclic reactions , wherein two or more double bond-containing molecules form a cyclic molecule. An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels–Alder reaction (the so-called [4+2] cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system. Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species, as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds. Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat. These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects. For example, the [4+2] Diels-Alder reactions can be assisted by heat whereas the [2+2] cycloaddition is selectively induced by light. Because of the orbital character, the potential for developing stereoisomeric products upon cycloaddition is limited, as described by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules . Biochemical reactions [ edit ] Illustration of the induced fit model of enzyme activity Biochemical reactions are mainly controlled by enzymes . These proteins can specifically catalyze a single reaction, so that reactions can be controlled very precisely. The reaction takes place in the active site , a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft or pocket lined by amino acid residues, and the rest of the enzyme is used mainly for stabilization. The catalytic action of enzymes relies on several mechanisms including the molecular shape (""induced fit""), bond strain, proximity and orientation of molecules relative to the enzyme, proton donation or withdrawal (acid/base catalysis), electrostatic interactions and many others. The biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms are collectively known as metabolism . Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism , in which different DNA and enzyme-controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units. Bioenergetics studies the sources of energy for such reactions. An important energy source is glucose , which can be produced by plants via photosynthesis or assimilated from food. All organisms use this energy to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can then be used to energize other reactions. Applications [ edit ] Thermite reaction proceeding in railway welding. Shortly after this, the liquid iron flows into the mould around the rail gap Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores . It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible, maximizing the yield and minimizing the amount of reagents, energy inputs and waste. Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate . Some specific reactions have their niche applications. For example, the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding . Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy-fuel welding , arc welding and flash welding , it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails, especially in remote areas. Monitoring [ edit ] Mechanisms of monitoring chemical reactions depend strongly on the reaction rate. Relatively slow processes can be analyzed in situ for the concentrations and identities of the individual ingredients. Important tools of real time analysis are the measurement of pH and analysis of optical absorption (color) and emission spectra. A less accessible but rather efficient method is introduction of a radioactive isotope into the reaction and monitoring how it changes over time and where it moves to; this method is often used to analyze redistribution of substances in the human body. Faster reactions are usually studied with ultrafast laser spectroscopy where utilization of femtosecond lasers allows short-lived transition states to be monitored at time scaled down to a few femtoseconds. See also [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Chemical reaction Chemical reaction Substrate Reagent Catalyst Product Chemical reaction model Chemist Chemistry Limiting reagent List of organic reactions Organic reaction Reaction progress kinetic analysis Combustion Mass balance References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Atkins, Peter W.; Julio de Paula (2006). Physical Chemistry (4th ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH . ISBN 978-3-527-31546-8 . Brock, William H. (1997). Viewegs Geschichte der Chemie (in German). Braunschweig: Vieweg . ISBN 3-540-67033-5 . Brückner, Reinhard (2004). Reaktionsmechanismen (in German) (3rd ed.). München: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3-8274-1579-9 . Wiberg, Egon, Wiberg, Nils and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry . Academic Press . ISBN 0-12-352651-5 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) "" Chemical Action "". Encyclopædia Britannica . 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 26–33." 6675754009875066168,train,what happened to chemical bonds during chemical reactions,"A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.","[""australia', 'tropical indomalaya"", 'fruit']",ohun tó máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ sáwọn èròjà kẹ́míkà nígbà tí nǹkan bá dà pọ̀,Yes,"['Awon idarapomora kemika je awon iyipada to je mo irin awon elektroni lati da tabi tuka awon isorapo kemika, botilejepe itumo gbogbogbo idarapomora kemika, agaga bo se je ti isodogba kemika, wulo fun iyipada awon elementary particles, ati fun awon idarapomora tinuatomu.', 'Idarapomora kemika nfa iyipada kemika wa, eyi le mu eso kan tabi pupo wa, ti ohun ini won yato si ti awon oludarapomora.', 'Idarapomora kemika je igbese to n fa iyipada akojopo ohun kemika si omiran. Awon idarapomora kemika je ohun ti awon onimo kemistri nko ninu papa sayensi to n je kemistri.']","['Awon idarapomora kemika je awon iyipada to je mo irin awon elektroni lati da tabi tuka awon isorapo kemika, botilejepe itumo gbogbogbo idarapomora kemika, agaga bo se je ti isodogba kemika, wulo fun iyipada awon elementary particles, ati fun awon idarapomora tinuatomu.', 'Idarapomora kemika nfa iyipada kemika wa, eyi le mu eso kan tabi pupo wa, ti ohun ini won yato si ti awon oludarapomora.', 'Idarapomora kemika je igbese to n fa iyipada akojopo ohun kemika si omiran. Awon idarapomora kemika je ohun ti awon onimo kemistri nko ninu papa sayensi to n je kemistri.']","['P1', 'P2']",1,0,"Idarapomora kemika Idarapomora kemika je igbese to n fa iyipada akojopo ohun kemika si omiran.[1] Awon idarapomora kemika je ohun ti awon onimo kemistri nko ninu papa sayensi to n je kemistri. Awon idarapomora kemika le je lojiji, ti ko fe okun/agbara kankan, tabi alaije lojiji, to le sele leyin igbati a ba se afikun iru okun/agbara kan sibe, fun apere igbona, imole tabi itanna. Awon idarapomora kemika je awon iyipada to je mo irin awon elektroni lati da tabi tuka awon isorapo kemika, botilejepe itumo gbogbogbo idarapomora kemika, agaga bo se je ti isodogba kemika, wulo fun iyipada awon egunrín ìpil?????, ati fun awon idarapomora tinuatomu. Ohun/awon ohun to bere idarapomora kemika ni a npe ni awon oludarapomora. Idarapomora kemika nfa iyipada kemika wa, eyi le mu eso kan tabi pupo wa, ti ohun ini won yato si ti awon oludarapomora. Oru omi Haidrojini oniklorini ninu igo ati ammonia ninu igo idanwo pade lati da isu ohun tuntun, amoniomu oniklorini","A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms , with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation . Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur. The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents . Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change , and they yield one or more products , which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions , and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism . Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations , which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions. Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms. Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous , requiring no input of free energy to go forward. Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward (examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight). Different chemical reactions are used in combinations during chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry , a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways . These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes . Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and concentrations present within a cell . The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions , radioactive decays , and reactions between elementary particles as described by quantum field theory . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Equations 3 Elementary reactions 4 Chemical equilibrium 5 Thermodynamics 6 Kinetics 7 Reaction types 7.1 Four basic types 7.1.1 Synthesis 7.1.2 Decomposition 7.1.3 Single replacement 7.1.4 Double replacement 7.2 Oxidation and reduction 7.3 Complexation 7.4 Acid-base reactions 7.5 Precipitation 7.6 Solid-state reactions 7.7 Reactions at the solid|gas interface 7.8 Photochemical reactions 8 Catalysis 9 Reactions in organic chemistry 9.1 Substitution 9.2 Addition and elimination 9.3 Other organic reaction mechanisms 10 Biochemical reactions 11 Applications 12 Monitoring 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography History Antoine Lavoisier developed the theory of combustion as a chemical reaction with oxygen Chemical reactions such as combustion in fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity. Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth. In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists . They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold , for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead-copper alloys with sulfur . The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried, such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān . The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate , alum and saltpeter . In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride . With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process , allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate , respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry. Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis. From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont , Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations. The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher . It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called ""phlogiston"", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion . This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other. Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton , Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions , which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations . Regarding the organic chemistry , it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically . According to the concept of vitalism , organic matter was endowed with a ""vital force"" and distinguished from inorganic materials. This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold , who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions . Equations As seen from the equation CH 4 + 2 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 H 2 O , a coefficient of 2 must be placed before the oxygen gas on the reactants side and before the water on the products side in order for, as per the law of conservation of mass, the quantity of each element does not change during the reaction Main article: Chemical equation Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions. They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants on the left and those of the products on the right. They are separated by an arrow (→) which indicates the direction and type of the reaction; the arrow is read as the word ""yields"". The tip of the arrow points in the direction in which the reaction proceeds. A double arrow (⇌) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions . Equations should be balanced according to the stoichiometry , the number of atoms of each species should be the same on both sides of the equation. This is achieved by scaling the number of involved molecules ( A , B , C {\displaystyle {\ce {A,B,C}}} and D {\displaystyle {\ce {D}}} in a schematic example below) by the appropriate integers a, b, c and d . a A + b B ⟶ c C + d D {\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{\mathit {b}}B->{{\mathit {c}}C}+{\mathit {d}}D}}} More elaborate reactions are represented by reaction schemes, which in addition to starting materials and products show important intermediates or transition states . Also, some relatively minor additions to the reaction can be indicated above the reaction arrow; examples of such additions are water, heat, illumination, a catalyst, etc. Similarly, some minor products can be placed below the arrow, often with a minus sign. An example of organic reaction: oxidation of ketones to esters with a peroxycarboxylic acid Retrosynthetic analysis can be applied to design a complex synthesis reaction. Here the analysis starts from the products, for example by splitting selected chemical bonds, to arrive at plausible initial reagents. A special arrow (⇒) is used in retro reactions. Elementary reactions The elementary reaction is the smallest division into which a chemical reaction can be decomposed, it has no intermediate products. Most experimentally observed reactions are built up from many elementary reactions that occur in parallel or sequentially. The actual sequence of the individual elementary reactions is known as reaction mechanism . An elementary reaction involves a few molecules, usually one or two, because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time. Isomerization of azobenzene , induced by light (hν) or heat (Δ) The most important elementary reactions are unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Only one molecule is involved in a unimolecular reaction; it is transformed by an isomerization or a dissociation into one or more other molecules. Such reactions require the addition of energy in the form of heat or light. A typical example of a unimolecular reaction is the cis–trans isomerization , in which the cis-form of a compound converts to the trans-form or vice versa. In a typical dissociation reaction, a bond in a molecule splits ( ruptures ) resulting in two molecular fragments. The splitting can be homolytic or heterolytic . In the first case, the bond is divided so that each product retains an electron and becomes a neutral radical . In the second case, both electrons of the chemical bond remain with one of the products, resulting in charged ions . Dissociation plays an important role in triggering chain reactions , such as hydrogen–oxygen or polymerization reactions. AB ⟶ A + B {\displaystyle {\ce {AB->{A}+{B}}}} Dissociation of a molecule AB into fragments A and B For bimolecular reactions, two molecules collide and react with each other. Their merger is called chemical synthesis or an addition reaction . A + B ⟶ AB {\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+{B}->AB}}} Another possibility is that only a portion of one molecule is transferred to the other molecule. This type of reaction occurs, for example, in redox and acid-base reactions. In redox reactions, the transferred particle is an electron, whereas in acid-base reactions it is a proton. This type of reaction is also called metathesis . HA + B ⟶ A + HB {\displaystyle {\ce {{HA}+{B}->{A}+{HB}}}} for example NaCl + AgNO 3 ⟶ NaNO 3 + AgCl ↓ {\displaystyle {\ce {{NaCl}+{AgNO3}->{NaNO3}+{AgCl(v)}}}} Chemical equilibrium Main article: Chemical equilibrium Most chemical reactions are reversible, that is they can and do run in both directions. The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates . These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so-called chemical equilibrium. The time to reach equilibrium depends on such parameters as temperature, pressure and the materials involved, and is determined by the minimum free energy . In equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy must be zero. The pressure dependence can be explained with the Le Chatelier's principle . For example, an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with the fewer moles of gas. The reaction yield stabilizes at equilibrium, but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or changed by increasing the temperature or pressure. A change in the concentrations of the reactants does not affect the equilibrium constant, but does affect the equilibrium position. Thermodynamics Chemical reactions are determined by the laws of thermodynamics . Reactions can proceed by themselves if they are exergonic , that is if they release energy. The associated free energy of the reaction is composed of two different thermodynamic quantities, enthalpy and entropy : Δ G = Δ H − T ⋅ Δ S {\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\cdot \Delta S} . G : free energy, H : enthalpy, T : temperature, S : entropy, Δ : difference(change between original and product) Reactions can be exothermic , where ΔH is negative and energy is released. Typical examples of exothermic reactions are precipitation and crystallization , in which ordered solids are formed from disordered gaseous or liquid phases. In contrast, in endothermic reactions, heat is consumed from the environment. This can occur by increasing the entropy of the system, often through the formation of gaseous reaction products, which have high entropy. Since the entropy increases with temperature, many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures. On the contrary, many exothermic reactions such as crystallization occur at low temperatures. Changes in temperature can sometimes reverse the sign of the enthalpy of a reaction, as for the carbon monoxide reduction of molybdenum dioxide : 2 CO ( g ) + MoO 2 ( s ) ⟶ 2 CO 2 ( g ) + Mo ( s ) {\displaystyle {\ce {{2CO(g)}+{MoO2(s)}->{2CO2(g)}+{Mo(s)}}}} ; Δ H o = + 21.86 kJ at 298 K {\displaystyle \Delta H^{o}=+21.86\ {\text{kJ at 298 K}}} This reaction to form carbon dioxide and molybdenum is endothermic at low temperatures, becoming less so with increasing temperature. ΔH° is zero at 7003185500000000000♠ 1855 K , and the reaction becomes exothermic above that temperature. Changes in temperature can also reverse the direction tendency of a reaction. For example, the water gas shift reaction CO ( g ) + H 2 O ( v ) ↽ − − ⇀ CO 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) {\displaystyle {\ce {{CO(g)}+{H2O({v})}<=>{CO2(g)}+{H2(g)}}}} is favored by low temperatures, but its reverse is favored by high temperature. The shift in reaction direction tendency occurs at 7003110000000000000♠ 1100 K . Reactions can also be characterized by the internal energy which takes into account changes in the entropy, volume and chemical potential . The latter depends, among other things, on the activities of the involved substances. d U = T ⋅ d S − p ⋅ d V + μ ⋅ d n {\displaystyle {d}U=T\cdot {d}S-p\cdot {d}V+\mu \cdot {d}n} U : internal energy, S : entropy, p : pressure, μ : chemical potential, n : number of molecules, d : small change sign Kinetics The speed at which reactions takes place is studied by reaction kinetics . The rate depends on various parameters, such as: Reactant concentrations, which usually make the reaction happen at a faster rate if raised through increased collisions per unit time. Some reactions, however, have rates that are independent of reactant concentrations. These are called zero order reactions . Surface area available for contact between the reactants, in particular solid ones in heterogeneous systems. Larger surface areas lead to higher reaction rates. Pressure – increasing the pressure decreases the volume between molecules and therefore increases the frequency of collisions between the molecules. Activation energy , which is defined as the amount of energy required to make the reaction start and carry on spontaneously. Higher activation energy implies that the reactants need more energy to start than a reaction with a lower activation energy. Temperature , which hastens reactions if raised, since higher temperature increases the energy of the molecules, creating more collisions per unit time, The presence or absence of a catalyst . Catalysts are substances which change the pathway (mechanism) of a reaction which in turn increases the speed of a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place. A catalyst is not destroyed or changed during a reaction, so it can be used again. For some reactions, the presence of electromagnetic radiation , most notably ultraviolet light , is needed to promote the breaking of bonds to start the reaction. This is particularly true for reactions involving radicals . Several theories allow calculating the reaction rates at the molecular level. This field is referred to as reaction dynamics. The rate v of a first-order reaction , which could be disintegration of a substance A, is given by: v = − d [ A ] d t = k ⋅ [ A ] . {\displaystyle v=-{\frac {d[{\ce {A}}]}{dt}}=k\cdot [{\ce {A}}].} Its integration yields: [ A ] ( t ) = [ A ] 0 ⋅ e − k ⋅ t . {\displaystyle {\ce {[A]}}(t)={\ce {[A]}}_{0}\cdot e^{-k\cdot t}.} Here k is first-order rate constant having dimension 1/time, [A](t) is concentration at a time t and [A] 0 is the initial concentration. The rate of a first-order reaction depends only on the concentration and the properties of the involved substance, and the reaction itself can be described with the characteristic half-life . More than one time constant is needed when describing reactions of higher order. The temperature dependence of the rate constant usually follows the Arrhenius equation : k = k 0 e − E a / k B T {\displaystyle k=k_{0}e^{{-E_{a}}/{k_{B}T}}} where E a is the activation energy and k B is the Boltzmann constant . One of the simplest models of reaction rate is the collision theory . More realistic models are tailored to a specific problem and include the transition state theory , the calculation of the potential energy surface , the Marcus theory and the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory . Reaction types Four basic types Representation of four basic chemical reactions types: synthesis, decomposition, single replacement and double replacement. Synthesis Main article: Synthesis reaction In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance. These reactions are in the general form: A + B ⟶ AB {\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+{B}->AB}}} Two or more reactants yielding one product is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide : 8 Fe + S 8 ⟶ 8 FeS {\displaystyle {\ce {{8Fe}+S8->8FeS}}} Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance, such as water. Decomposition Main article: Decomposition reaction A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction, and can be written as AB ⟶ A + B {\displaystyle {\ce {AB->{A}+{B}}}} One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas: 2 H 2 O ⟶ 2 H 2 + O 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O->{2H2}+{O2}}}} Single replacement In a single replacement reaction , a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound; in other words, one element trades places with another element in a compound These reactions come in the general form of: A + BC ⟶ AC + B {\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+{BC}->{AC}+{B}}}} One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas: Mg + 2 H 2 O ⟶ Mg ( OH ) 2 + H 2 ↑ {\displaystyle {\ce {{Mg}+{2H2O}->{Mg(OH)2}+{H2\uparrow }}}} Double replacement In a double replacement reaction , the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form: AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB {\displaystyle {\ce {{AB}+{CD}->{AD}+{CB}}}} For example, when barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) react, the SO 4 2− anion switches places with the 2Cl − anion, giving the compounds BaSO 4 and MgCl 2 . Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate : Pb ( NO 3 ) 2 + 2 KI ⟶ PbI 2 ↓ + 2 KNO 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {{Pb(NO3)2}+2KI->PbI2(v)+2KNO3}}} Oxidation and reduction Illustration of a redox reaction Sodium chloride is formed through the redox reaction of sodium metal and chlorine gas Redox reactions can be understood in terms of transfer of electrons from one involved species ( reducing agent ) to another ( oxidizing agent ). In this process, the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced . Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state , and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as ""redox"" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds). In the following redox reaction, hazardous sodium metal reacts with toxic chlorine gas to form the ionic compound sodium chloride , or common table salt: 2 Na ( s ) + Cl 2 ( g ) ⟶ 2 NaCl ( s ) {\displaystyle {\ce {{2Na(s)}+{Cl2(g)}->2NaCl(s)}}} In the reaction, sodium metal goes from an oxidation state of 0 (as it is a pure element) to +1: in other words, the sodium lost one electron and is said to have been oxidized. On the other hand, the chlorine gas goes from an oxidation of 0 (it is also a pure element) to −1: the chlorine gains one electron and is said to have been reduced. Because the chlorine is the one reduced, it is considered the electron acceptor, or in other words, induces oxidation in the sodium – thus the chlorine gas is considered the oxidizing agent. Conversely, the sodium is oxidized or is the electron donor, and thus induces reduction in the other species and is considered the reducing agent . Which of the involved reactants would be reducing or oxidizing agent can be predicted from the electronegativity of their elements. Elements with low electronegativity, such as most metals, easily donate electrons and oxidize – they are reducing agents. On the contrary, many ions with high oxidation numbers, such as H 2 O 2 , MnO − 4 , CrO 3 , Cr 2 O 2− 7 , OsO 4 can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents. The number of electrons donated or accepted in a redox reaction can be predicted from the electron configuration of the reactant element. Elements try to reach the low-energy noble gas configuration, and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron respectively. Noble gases themselves are chemically inactive. An important class of redox reactions are the electrochemical reactions, where electrons from the power supply are used as the reducing agent. These reactions are particularly important for the production of chemical elements, such as chlorine or aluminium . The reverse process in which electrons are released in redox reactions and can be used as electrical energy is possible and used in batteries. Complexation Ferrocene – an iron atom sandwiched between two C 5 H 5 ligands In complexation reactions, several ligands react with a metal atom to form a coordination complex . This is achieved by providing lone pairs of the ligand into empty orbitals of the metal atom and forming dipolar bonds . The ligands are Lewis bases , they can be both ions and neutral molecules, such as carbon monoxide, ammonia or water. The number of ligands that react with a central metal atom can be found using the 18-electron rule , saying that the valence shells of a transition metal will collectively accommodate 18 electrons , whereas the symmetry of the resulting complex can be predicted with the crystal field theory and ligand field theory . Complexation reactions also include ligand exchange , in which one or more ligands are replaced by another, and redox processes which change the oxidation state of the central metal atom. Acid-base reactions In the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory , an acid-base reaction involves a transfer of protons (H + ) from one species (the acid ) to another (the base ). When a proton is removed from an acid, the resulting species is termed that acid's conjugate base . When the proton is accepted by a base, the resulting species is termed that base's conjugate acid . In other words, acids act as proton donors and bases act as proton acceptors according to the following equation: HA ⏟ acid + B ⏟ base ↽ − − ⇀ A − ⏟ conjugated base + HB + ⏟ conjugated acid {\displaystyle {\ce {\underbrace {HA} _{acid}+\underbrace {B} _{base}<=>\underbrace {A^{-}} _{conjugated\ base}+\underbrace {HB+} _{conjugated\ acid}}}} The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid/base and conjugated base/acid are always in equilibrium. The equilibrium is determined by the acid and base dissociation constants ( K a and K b ) of the involved substances. A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at exactly same amounts, form a neutral salt . Acid-base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid-base concept employed. Some of the most common are: Arrhenius definition: Acids dissociate in water releasing H 3 O + ions; bases dissociate in water releasing OH − ions. Brønsted-Lowry definition: Acids are proton (H + ) donors, bases are proton acceptors; this includes the Arrhenius definition. Lewis definition: Acids are electron-pair acceptors, bases are electron-pair donors; this includes the Brønsted-Lowry definition. Precipitation Precipitation Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction. It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit and forms an insoluble salt. This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by removal of the solvent. Rapid precipitation results in an amorphous or microcrystalline residue and slow process can yield single crystals . The latter can also be obtained by recrystallization from microcrystalline salts. Solid-state reactions Reactions can take place between two solids. However, because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids, the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions. They are accelerated by increasing the reaction temperature and finely dividing the reactant to increase the contacting surface area. Reactions at the solid|gas interface Reaction can take place at the solid|gas interface, surfaces at very low pressure such as ultra-high vacuum . Via scanning tunneling microscopy , it is possible to observe reactions at the solid|gas interface in real space, if the time scale of the reaction is in the correct range. Reactions at the solid|gas interface are in some cases related to catalysis. Photochemical reactions In this Paterno–Büchi reaction , a photoexcited carbonyl group is added to an unexcited olefin , yielding an oxetane . In photochemical reactions , atoms and molecules absorb energy ( photons ) of the illumination light and convert into an excited state . They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals. Photochemical reactions include hydrogen–oxygen reactions, radical polymerization , chain reactions and rearrangement reactions . Many important processes involve photochemistry. The premier example is photosynthesis , in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose , disposing of oxygen as a side-product. Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D, and vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin . In fireflies , an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that results in bioluminescence . Many significant photochemical reactions, such as ozone formation, occur in the Earth atmosphere and constitute atmospheric chemistry . Catalysis Main article: Catalysis Further information: Reaction Progress Kinetic Analysis Schematic potential energy diagram showing the effect of a catalyst in an endothermic chemical reaction. The presence of a catalyst opens a different reaction pathway (in red) with a lower activation energy. The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the same. Solid heterogeneous catalysts are plated on meshes in ceramic catalytic converters in order to maximize their surface area. This exhaust converter is from a Peugeot 106 S2 1100 In catalysis , the reaction does not proceed directly, but through reaction with a third substance known as catalyst . Although the catalyst takes part in the reaction, it is returned to its original state by the end of the reaction and so is not consumed. However, it can be inhibited, deactivated or destroyed by secondary processes. Catalysts can be used in a different phase ( heterogeneous ) or in the same phase ( homogeneous ) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solid–liquid system or evaporate in a solid–gas system. Catalysts can only speed up the reaction – chemicals that slow down the reaction are called inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons. With a catalyst, a reaction which is kinetically inhibited by a high activation energy can take place in circumvention of this activation energy. Heterogeneous catalysts are usually solids, powdered in order to maximize their surface area. Of particular importance in heterogeneous catalysis are the platinum group metals and other transition metals, which are used in hydrogenations , catalytic reforming and in the synthesis of commodity chemicals such as nitric acid and ammonia . Acids are an example of a homogeneous catalyst, they increase the nucleophilicity of carbonyls , allowing a reaction that would not otherwise proceed with electrophiles. The advantage of homogeneous catalysts is the ease of mixing them with the reactants, but they may also be difficult to separate from the products. Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts are preferred in many industrial processes. Reactions in organic chemistry Main article: Organic reaction In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens , etc.). Many specific reactions in organic chemistry are name reactions designated after their discoverers. Substitution In a substitution reaction , a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group. These reactions can be distinguished by the type of substituting species into a nucleophilic , electrophilic or radical substitution . S N 1 mechanism S N 2 mechanism In the first type, a nucleophile , an atom or molecule with an excess of electrons and thus a negative charge or partial charge , replaces another atom or part of the ""substrate"" molecule. The electron pair from the nucleophile attacks the substrate forming a new bond, while the leaving group departs with an electron pair. The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. Examples of nucleophiles are hydroxide ion, alkoxides , amines and halides . This type of reaction is found mainly in aliphatic hydrocarbons , and rarely in aromatic hydrocarbon . The latter have high electron density and enter nucleophilic aromatic substitution only with very strong electron withdrawing groups . Nucleophilic substitution can take place by two different mechanisms, S N 1 and S N 2 . In their names, S stands for substitution, N for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction, unimolecular or bimolecular. The three steps of an S N 2 reaction . The nucleophile is green and the leaving group is red S N 2 reaction causes stereo inversion (Walden inversion) The S N 1 reaction proceeds in two steps. First, the leaving group is eliminated creating a carbocation . This is followed by a rapid reaction with the nucleophile. In the S N 2 mechanism, the nucleophile forms a transition state with the attacked molecule, and only then the leaving group is cleaved. These two mechanisms differ in the stereochemistry of the products. S N 1 leads to the non-stereospecific addition and does not result in a chiral center, but rather in a set of geometric isomers ( cis/trans ). In contrast, a reversal ( Walden inversion ) of the previously existing stereochemistry is observed in the S N 2 mechanism. Electrophilic substitution is the counterpart of the nucleophilic substitution in that the attacking atom or molecule, an electrophile , has low electron density and thus a positive charge. Typical electrophiles are the carbon atom of carbonyl groups , carbocations or sulfur or nitronium cations. This reaction takes place almost exclusively in aromatic hydrocarbons, where it is called electrophilic aromatic substitution . The electrophile attack results in the so-called σ-complex, a transition state in which the aromatic system is abolished. Then, the leaving group, usually a proton, is split off and the aromaticity is restored. An alternative to aromatic substitution is electrophilic aliphatic substitution. It is similar to the nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and also has two major types, S E 1 and S E 2 Mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution In the third type of substitution reaction, radical substitution, the attacking particle is a radical . This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction , for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens. In the first step, light or heat disintegrates the halogen-containing molecules producing the radicals. Then the reaction proceeds as an avalanche until two radicals meet and recombine. X ⋅ + R − H ⟶ X − H + R ⋅ {\displaystyle {\ce {{X.}+{R-H}->{X-H}+{R.}}}} R ⋅ + X 2 ⟶ R − X + X ⋅ {\displaystyle {\ce {{R.}+{X2}->{R{-}X}+{X.}}}} Reactions during the chain reaction of radical substitution Addition and elimination The addition and its counterpart, the elimination , are reactions which change the number of substitutents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds . Double and triple bonds can be produced by eliminating a suitable leaving group. Similar to the nucleophilic substitution, there are several possible reaction mechanisms which are named after the respective reaction order. In the E1 mechanism, the leaving group is ejected first, forming a carbocation. The next step, formation of the double bond, takes place with elimination of a proton ( deprotonation ). The leaving order is reversed in the E1cb mechanism, that is the proton is split off first. This mechanism requires participation of a base. Because of the similar conditions, both reactions in the E1 or E1cb elimination always compete with the S N 1 substitution. E1 elimination E1cb elimination E2 elimination The E2 mechanism also requires a base, but there the attack of the base and the elimination of the leaving group proceed simultaneously and produce no ionic intermediate. In contrast to the E1 eliminations, different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism, because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group. Because of the similar conditions and reagents, the E2 elimination is always in competition with the S N 2-substitution. Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide The counterpart of elimination is the addition where double or triple bonds are converted into single bonds. Similar to the substitution reactions, there are several types of additions distinguished by the type of the attacking particle. For example, in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide, an electrophile (proton) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation , which then reacts with the nucleophile (bromine). The carbocation can be formed on either side of the double bond depending on the groups attached to its ends, and the preferred configuration can be predicted with the Markovnikov's rule . This rule states that ""In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative (nucleophilic) atom (or part) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms."" If the addition of a functional group takes place at the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond, then the electrophilic substitution with acids is not possible. In this case, one has to use the hydroboration–oxidation reaction , where in the first step, the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom. At the second step, the nucleophilic hydroperoxide or halogen anion attacks the boron atom. While the addition to the electron-rich alkenes and alkynes is mainly electrophilic, the nucleophilic addition plays an important role for the carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds, and especially its most important representative, the carbonyl group. This process is often associated with an elimination, so that after the reaction the carbonyl group is present again. It is therefore called addition-elimination reaction and may occur in carboxylic acid derivatives such as chlorides, esters or anhydrides. This reaction is often catalyzed by acids or bases, where the acids increase by the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group by binding to the oxygen atom, whereas the bases enhance the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile. Acid-catalyzed addition-elimination mechanism Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction , which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions . This is one of the most useful methods for the mild formation of C–C bonds. Some additions which can not be executed with nucleophiles and electrophiles, can be succeeded with free radicals. As with the free-radical substitution, the radical addition proceeds as a chain reaction, and such reactions are the basis of the free-radical polymerization . Other organic reaction mechanisms The Cope rearrangement of 3-methyl-1,5-hexadiene Mechanism of a Diels-Alder reaction Orbital overlap in a Diels-Alder reaction In a rearrangement reaction , the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. These include hydride shift reactions such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement , where a hydrogen , alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. Most rearrangements are associated with the breaking and formation of new carbon-carbon bonds. Other examples are sigmatropic reaction such as the Cope rearrangement . Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and, more generally, pericyclic reactions , wherein two or more double bond-containing molecules form a cyclic molecule. An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels–Alder reaction (the so-called [4+2] cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system. Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species, as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds. Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat. These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects. For example, the [4+2] Diels-Alder reactions can be assisted by heat whereas the [2+2] cycloaddition is selectively induced by light. Because of the orbital character, the potential for developing stereoisomeric products upon cycloaddition is limited, as described by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules . Biochemical reactions Illustration of the induced fit model of enzyme activity Biochemical reactions are mainly controlled by enzymes . These proteins can specifically catalyze a single reaction, so that reactions can be controlled very precisely. The reaction takes place in the active site , a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft or pocket lined by amino acid residues, and the rest of the enzyme is used mainly for stabilization. The catalytic action of enzymes relies on several mechanisms including the molecular shape (""induced fit""), bond strain, proximity and orientation of molecules relative to the enzyme, proton donation or withdrawal (acid/base catalysis), electrostatic interactions and many others. The biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms are collectively known as metabolism . Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism , in which different DNA and enzyme-controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units. Bioenergetics studies the sources of energy for such reactions. An important energy source is glucose , which can be produced by plants via photosynthesis or assimilated from food. All organisms use this energy to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can then be used to energize other reactions. Applications Thermite reaction proceeding in railway welding. Shortly after this, the liquid iron flows into the mould around the rail gap Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores . It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible, maximizing the yield and minimizing the amount of reagents, energy inputs and waste. Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate . Some specific reactions have their niche applications. For example, the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding . Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy-fuel welding , arc welding and flash welding , it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails, especially in remote areas. Monitoring Mechanisms of monitoring chemical reactions depend strongly on the reaction rate. Relatively slow processes can be analyzed in situ for the concentrations and identities of the individual ingredients. Important tools of real time analysis are the measurement of pH and analysis of optical absorption (color) and emission spectra. A less accessible but rather efficient method is introduction of a radioactive isotope into the reaction and monitoring how it changes over time and where it moves to; this method is often used to analyze redistribution of substances in the human body. Faster reactions are usually studied with ultrafast laser spectroscopy where utilization of femtosecond lasers allows short-lived transition states to be monitored at time scaled down to a few femtoseconds. See also Wikiquote has quotations related to: Chemical reaction Chemical reaction Substrate Reagent Catalyst Product Chemical reaction model Chemist Chemistry Limiting reagent List of organic reactions Organic reaction Reaction progress kinetic analysis Combustion Mass balance References Bibliography Atkins, Peter W.; Julio de Paula (2006). Physical Chemistry (4th ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH . ISBN 978-3-527-31546-8 . Brock, William H. (1997). Viewegs Geschichte der Chemie (in German). Braunschweig: Vieweg . ISBN 3-540-67033-5 . Brückner, Reinhard (2004). Reaktionsmechanismen (in German) (3rd ed.). München: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3-8274-1579-9 . Wiberg, Egon, Wiberg, Nils and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry . Academic Press . ISBN 0-12-352651-5 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) "" Chemical Action "". Encyclopædia Britannica . 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 26–33." -7902280161156543824,train,who is the chairman of isolo local government,"Oshodi - Isolo is a Local Government Area (LGA) within Lagos State. It was formed by the second republic Governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande, also known as ' Baba Kekere ' and the first Executive Chairman of the Local Government was late Sir Isaac Ademolu Banjoko. The LGA is part of the Ikeja Division of Lagos State, Nigeria. At the 2006 Census it had a population of 621,509 people, and an area of 45 square kilometers. Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh, has been re-elected for a second term into office July 25th 2017, as the Executive Chairman.",['curling'],ta ni alága ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ isolo,Yes,['Ẹni tí ó jẹ́ Alága àti Olùdarí ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ náà lásìkò àpilẹ̀kọ yí ni Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh.'],['Ẹni tí ó jẹ́ Alága àti Olùdarí ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ náà lásìkò àpilẹ̀kọ yí ni Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh.'],['P1'],1,0,"Ìj?ba Ìbíl?? O?òdì-Ìs?l?? O?òdì-Ìs??l?? j?? Agbègbè Ìj?ba Ìbíl?? (LGA) kan láàrín Ìpínl?? Èkó. Ìj?ba ìbíl?? yí j?? dídá síl?? láb?? ì???j?ba Gómìnà t??l?? rí ní Ìpínl?? Èkó Alhaji Lateef Káy??dé Jákàndè, tí gbogbo ènìyàn tún m?? sí Bàbá Kékeré. ?ni tí ó k??k?? j?? Alága àti Olùdarí ìj?ba Ìbíl?? náà ni Olóògbé Sir Isaac Adémólú Bánjókó. Agbègbè ìj?ba ìbíl?? O?òdì-Ìs?l?? yí j?? ??ka Ìj?ba Ìbíl?? Ìk?jà. Iye ènìyàn tí ó tó 621,509, ni ó ? gbé ab?? ìj?ba ìbíl?? náà g??g?? bí ètò ìkànìyàn ?dún 2006 ?e fi yé ni. ?ni tí ó j?? Alága àti Olùdarí ìj?ba ìbíl?? náà lásìkò àpil??k? yí ni Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh.[1] Àw?n ?kùn Ìj?ba ìbíl?? ib?? Ìj?ba ìbíl?? yí ní ?kùn ìj?ba ìbíl?? M??kànlá, àw?n ni: O?òdì/B??ládé Orílé O?òdì Máfolúkù ?ógúnl?? ?ógúnl??/Alásìá Ìs?l?? Àjàó Estate Ìlasa-màjà ?k??ta Ì?àgát??dó Òkè-Afá/Èjìgbò.[2]","photo news Oshodi-Isolo is a Local Government Area (LGA) within Lagos State . It was formed by the second republic Governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande, also known as 'Baba Kekere' and the first Executive Chairman of the Local Government was late Sir Isaac Ademolu Banjoko. The LGA is part of the Ikeja Division of Lagos State , Nigeria . At the 2006 Census it had a population of 621,509 people, and an area of 45 square kilometers. Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh, has been re-elected for a second term into office July 25th 2017, as the Executive Chairman. Two State House of Assembly, Hon. Shokunle Hakeem Oshodi/Isolo I APC And Hon. Emeka Odimogu Oshodi/Isolo II APC Hon. Moruf Akinderu Fatai also known as 'MAF' by his constituents and supporters, of the Action Congress (AC) represented Oshodi-Isolo I, and Hon. Joseph Ajatta (AC) represented Oshodi-Isolo II. From 1999-2007, Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein of the Alliance for Democracy party represented Oshodi-Isolo. References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Oshodi-Isolo Local Government" -4162427923969480211,train,what does the un charter say about human rights,"During World War II, the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms -- freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from want -- as their basic war aims. The United Nations Charter `` reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights, and dignity and worth of the human person '' and committed all member states to promote `` universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion ''.",['two halves of 45 minutes each'],kí ni ìwé òfin àjọ ìparapọ̀ àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè sọ nípa ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọnìyàn,Yes,"['E̟nì kò̟ò̟kan ló ní è̟̟tó̟ sí òmìnira èrò, òmìnira è̟rí-o̟kàn àti òmìnira e̟ sìn.']","['E̟nì kò̟ò̟kan ló ní è̟̟tó̟ sí òmìnira èrò, òmìnira è̟rí-o̟kàn àti òmìnira e̟ sìn.']",['P26'],1,0,"ÌKÉDE KÁRÍAYÉ FÚN È?TÓ? O?MO?NÌYÀN Ò?RÒ? ÀKÓ?SO? Bí ó ti jé? pé s?ís?e àkíyèsí iyì tó jé? àbímó? fún è?dá àti ìdó?gba è?tó? t????í kò s?eé mú kúrò tí è?dá kò?ò?kan ní, ni òkúta ìpìlè? fún òmìnira, ìdájó? òdodo àti àlàáfíà lágbàáyé. Bí ó ti jé? pé àìka àwo?n è?tó? o?mo?nìyàn sí àti ìké?gàn àwo?n è?tó? wò?nyí ti s?e okùnfà fún àwo?n ìwà búburú kan, tó mú è?rí-o?kàn è?dá gbo?gbé?, tó sì jé? pé ìbè?rè? ìgbé ayé titun, nínú èyí tí àwo?n ènìyàn yóò ti ní òmìnira òrò? síso? àti òmìnira láti gba ohun tó bá wù wó?n gbó?, òmìnira ló?wó? è?rù àti òmìnira ló?wó? àìní, ni a ti kà sí àníyàn tó ga jù lo? ló?kàn àwo?n o?mo?-èniyàn, Bí ó ti jé?? pé ó s?e pàtàkì kí a dáàbò bo àwo?n è?tó o?mo?nìyàn lábé? òfin, bí a kò bá fé? ti àwo?n ènìyàn láti ko?jú ìjà sí ìjo?ba ipá àti ti amúnisìn, nígbà tí kò bá sí ò?nà àbáyo? mìíràn fún wo?n láti bèèrè è?tó? wo?n, Bí ó ti jé? pé ó s?e pàtàkì kí ìdàgbàsókè ìbás?epò? ti ò?ré?-sí-ò?ré? wà láàrin àwo?n orílè?-èdè, Bí ó ti jé? pé gbogbo o?mo? Àjo?-ìsò?kan orílè?-èdè àgbáyé tún ti te?nu mó? ìpinnu tí wó?n ti s?e té?lè? nínú ìwé àdéhùn wo?n, pé àwo?n ní ìgbàgbó? nínú è?tó? o?mo?nìyàn tó jé? kò-s?eé-má-nìí, ìgbàgbó? nínú iyì àti è?ye? è?dá ènìyàn, àti ìgbàgbó? nínú ìdó?gba è?tó? láàrin o?kùnrin àti obìnrin, tó sì jé? pé wó?n tún ti pinnu láti s?e ìgbéláruge? ìtè?síwájú àwùjo? nínú èyí tí òmìnira ètò ìgbé-ayé rere è?dá ti lè gbòòrò sí i, Bí ó ti jé? pé àwo?n o?mo? e?gbé? Àjo?-ìsò?kan orílè?-èdè àgbáyé ti jé?jè?é? láti fo?wó?s?owó? pò? pè?lú Àjo? náà, kí won lè jo? s?e às?eyege nípa àmús?e? àwo?n è?tó? o?mo?nìyàn àti òmìnira è?dá tó jé? kò-s?eé-má-nìí àti láti rí i pé à ? bò?wò? fún àwo?n è?tó? náà káríayé, Bí ó ti jé? pé àfi tí àwo?n è?tó? àti òmìnira wò?nyí bá yé ènìyàn nìkan ni a fi lè ní àmús?e? è?jé? yìí ní kíkún, Ní báyìí, Àpapò?? ìgbìmò? Àjo?-ìsò?kan orílè?-èdè àgbáyé s?e ìkéde káríayé ti è?tó? o?mo?nìyàn, gé?gé? bí ohun àfojúsùn tí gbogbo è?dá àti orílè?-èdè jo? ? lépa ló?nà tó jé? pé e?nì kò?ò?kan àti è?ka kò?ò?kan láwùjo? yóò fi ìkéde yìí só?kàn, tí wo?n yóò sì rí i pé àwo?n lo ètò-ìkó?ni àti ètò-è?kó? láti s?e ìgbéláruge? ìbò?wò? fún è?tó? àti òmìnira wò?nyí. Bákan náà, a gbo?dò? rí àwo?n ìgbésè? tí ó lè mú ìlo?síwájú bá orílè?-èdè kan s?os?o tàbí àwo?n orílè?-èdè sí ara wo?n, kí a sì rí i pé a fi ò?wò? tó jo?jú wo? àwo?n òfin wò?nyí, kí àmúlò wo?n sì jé? káríayé láàrin àwo?n ènìyàn orílè?-èdè tó jé? o?mo? Àjo?-ìsò?kan àgbáyé fúnra wo?n àti láàrin àwo?n ènìyàn orílè?-èdè mìíràn tó wà lábé? às?e? wo?n. Abala kìíní Gbogbo ènìyàn ni a bí ní òmìnira; iyì àti è?tó? kò?ò?kan sì dó?gba. Wó?n ní è?bùn ti làákàyè àti ti è?rí-o?kàn, ó sì ye? kí wo?n ó máa hùwà sí ara wo?n gé?gé? bí o?mo? ìyá. Abala kejì E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní à?fàní sí gbogbo è?tó? àti òmìnira tí a ti gbé kalè? nínú ìkéde yìí láìfi ti ò?rò? ìyàtò? è?yà kankan s?e; ìyàtò? bí i ti è?yà ènìyàn, àwò???, ako?-n?-bábo, èdè, è?sìn, ètò ìs?èlú tàbí ìyàtò? nípa èrò e?ni, orílè?-èdè e?ni, orírun e?ni, ohun ìní e?ni, ìbí e?ni tàbí ìyàtò?? mìíràn yòówù kó jé?. Síwájú sí i, a kò gbo?dò? ya e?nìké?ni só?tò? nítorí irú ìjo?ba orílè?-èdè rè? ní àwùjo? àwo?n orílè?-èdè tàbí nítorí ètò-ìs?èlú tàbí ètò-ìdájó? orílè?-èdè rè?; orílè?-èdè náà ìbáà wà ní òmìnira tàbí kí ó wà lábé? ìs?àkóso ilè? mìíràn, wo?n ìbáà má dàá ìjo?ba ara wo?n s?e tàbí kí wó?n wà lábé? ìkáni-lápá-kò yòówù tí ìbáà fé? dí òmìnira wo?n ló?wó? gé?gé? bí orílè?-èdè. Abala ke?ta E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti wà láàyè, è?tó? sí òmìnira àti è?tó? sí ààbò ara rè?. Abala ke?rin A kò gbo?dò? mú e?niké?ni ní e?rú tàbí kí a mú un sìn; e?rú níní àti ò wò e?rú ni a gbo?dò? fi òfin dè ní gbogbo ò?nà. Abala karùn-ún A kò gbo?dò? dá e?nì ké?ni lóró tàbí kí a lò ó ní ìlò ìkà tí kò ye? o?mo? ènìyàn tàbí ìlò tó lè tàbùkù è?dá ènìyàn. Abala ke?fà E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? pé kí a kà á sí gé?gé? bí ènìyàn lábé? òfin ní ibi gbogbo. Abala keje Gbogbo ènìyàn ló dó?gba lábé? òfin. Wó?n sì ní è?tó? sí àà bò lábé? òfin láìsí ìyàsó?tò? kankan. Gbogbo ènìyàn ló ní è?tó? sí ààbò tó dó?gba kúrò ló?wó? ìyàsó?tò? yòówù tí ìbáà lòdì sí ìkéde yìí àti è?tó? kúrò ló?wó? gbogbo ohun tó bá lè ti ènìyàn láti s?e irú ìyàsó?tò? bé?è?. Abala ke?jo? E?nì kò?ò?kan lórílè?-èdè, ló ní è?tó? sí àtúns?e tó jo?jú ní ilé-e?jó? fún ìwà tó lòdì sí è?tó? o?mo?nìyàn, tó jé? kò-s?eé-má-nìí gé?gé? bó s?e wà lábé? òfin àti bí òfin-ìpìlè? s?e là á sílè?. Abala ke?sàn-án A kò gbo?dò? s?àdédé fi òfin mú ènìyàn tàbí kí a kàn gbé ènìyàn tì mó?lé, tàbí kí a lé ènìyàn jáde ní ìlú láìnídìí. Abala ke?wàá E?nì kò?ò?kan tí a bá fi è?sùn kàn ló ní è?tó? tó dó?gba, tó sì kún, láti s?àlàyé ara rè? ní gban?gba, níwájú ilé-e?jó? tí kò s?ègbè, kí wo?n lè s?e ìpinnu lórí è?tó? àti ojús?e rè? nípa irú è?sùn ò?ràn dídá tí a fi kàn án. Abala ko?kànlá E?nìké?ni tí a fi è?sùn kàn ni a gbo?dò? gbà wí pé ó jàrè títí è?bi rè? yóò fi hàn lábé? òfin nípasè? ìdájó? tí a s?e ní gban|gba nínú èyí tí e?ni tí a fi è?sùn kàn yóò ti ní gbogbo ohun tí ó nílò láti fi s?e àwíjàre ara rè?. A kò gbo?dò? dá è?bi è?s?è? fún e?nìké?ni fún pé ó hu ìwà kan tàbí pé ó s?e àwo?n àfojúfò kàn nígbà tó jé? pé lásìkò tí èyí s?e?lè?, irú ìwà bé?è? tàbí irú àfojúfò bé?è? kò lòdì sí òfin orílè?-èdè e?ni náà tàbí òfin àwo?n orílè?-èdè àgbáyé mìíràn. Bákan náà, ìje?níyà tí a lè fún e?ni tó dé?s?è? kò gbo?dò? ju èyí tó wà ní ìmúlò ní àsìkò tí e?ni náà dá è?s?è? rè?. Abala kejìlá E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? pé kí a má s?àdédé s?e àyo?júràn sí ò?rò? ìgbésí ayé rè?, tàbí sí ò?rò?e?bí rè? tàbí sí ò?rò? ìdílé rè? tàbí ìwé tí a ko? sí i; a kò sì gbo?dò? ba iyì àti orúko? rè? jé?. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? sí ààbò lábé? òfin kúrò ló?wó? irú àyo?júràn tàbí ìbanijé? bé?è?. Abala ke?tàlá E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti rìn káàkiri ní òmìnira kí ó sì fi ibi tó bá wù ú s?e ìbùgbé láàrin orílè?-èdè rè?. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti kúrò lórílè?-èdè yòówù kó jé?, tó fi mó? orílè?-èdè tirè?, kí ó sì tún padà sí orílè?-èdè tirè? nígbà tó bá wù ú. Abala ke?rìnlá E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti wá ààbò àti láti je? àn fàní ààbò yìí ní orílè?-èdè mìíràn nígbà tí a bá ? s?e inúnibíni sí i. A kò lè lo è?tó? yìí fún e?ni tí a bá pè lé?jó? tó dájú nítorí e? s??è? tí kò je? mó? ò?rò? ìs?èlú tàbí ohun mìíràn tí ó s?e tí kò bá ète àti ìgbékalè? Ajo?-ìsò?kan orílè?-èdè àgbáyé mu. Abala ke?è?é?dógún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti jé? o?mo? orílè?-èdè kan. A kò lè s?àdédé gba è?tó? jíjé? o?mo? orílè?-èdè e?ni ló?wó? e?nìké?ni láìnídìí tàbí kí a kò? fún e?nìké?ni láti yàn láti jé? o?mo? orílè?-èdè mìíràn. Abala ke?rìndínlógún To?kùnrin tobìnrin tó bá ti bàlágà ló ní è?tó? láti fé? ara wo?n, kí wó?n sì dá e?bí ti wo?n sílè? láìsí ìkanilápá-kò kankan nípa è?yà wo?n, tàbí orílè?-èdè wo?n tàbí è?sìn wo?n. E?tó? wo?n dó?gba nínú ìgbeyàwó ìbáà jé? nígbà tí wo?n wà papò? tàbí lé?yìn tí wó?n bá ko? ara wo?n. A kò gbo?dò? s?e ìgbeyàwó kan láìjé? pé àwo?n tí ó fé? fé? ara wo?n ní òmìnira àto?kànwá tó péye láti yàn fúnra wo?n. E?bí jé? ìpìlè? pàtàkì àdánidá ní àwùjo?, ó sì ní è?tó? pé kí àwùjo? àti orílè?-èdè ó dáàbò bò ó. Abala ke?tàdínlógún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti dá ohun ìní ara rè? ní tàbí láti ní in papò? pè?lú àwo?n mìíràn. A kò lè s?àdédé gba ohun ìní e?nì kan ló?wó? rè? láìnídìí. Abala kejìdínlógún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è??tó? sí òmìnira èrò, òmìnira è?rí-o?kàn àti òmìnira e? sìn. E?tó? yìí sì gbani láàyè láti pààrò? e? sìn tàbí ìgbàgbó? e?ni. Ó sì fún e?yo? e?nì kan tàbí àkójo?pò? ènìyàn láàyè láti s?e è?sìn wo?n àti ìgbàgbó? wo?n bó s?e je? mó? ti ìkó?ni, ìs?esí, ìjó?sìn àti ìmús?e ohun tí wó?n gbàgbó? yálà ní ìkò?kò? tàbí ní gban?gba. Abala ko?kàndínlógún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? sí òmì nira láti ní ìmò?ràn tí ó wù ú, kí ó sì so? irú ìmò?ràn bé?è? jáde; è?tó?yìí gbani láàyè láti ní ìmò?ràn yòówù láìsí àtakò láti ò?dò? e?nìké?ni láti wádìí ò?rò?, láti gba ìmò?ràn ló?dò? e?lòmíràn tàbí láti gbani níyànjú ló?nàkó?nà láìka ààlà orílè?-èdè kankan kún. Abala ogún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? sí òmìnira láti pé jo? pò? àti láti dara pò? mó? àwo?n mìíràn ní àlàáfíà. A kò lè fi ipá mú e?nìké?ni dara pò? mó? e?gbé? kankan. Abala ko?kànlélógún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è??tó? láti kópa nínú ìs?àkóso orílè?-èdè rè?, yálà fúnra rè? tàbí nípasè? àwo?n as?ojú tí a kò fi ipá yàn. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? tó dó?gba láti s?e is?é? ìjo?ba ní orílè?-èdè rè?. Ìf?? àwo?n ènìyàn ìlú ni yóò jé? òkúta ìpìlè? fún à s?e? ìjo?ba; a ó máa fi ìfé? yìí hàn nípasè? ìbò tòótó? tí a ó máa dì láti ìgbà dé ìgbà, nínú èyí tí e?nì kò?ò?kan yóò ní è?tó? sí ìbò kan s?os?o tí a dì ní ìkò?kò? tàbí nípasè? irú o? nà ìdìbò mìíràn tí ó bá irú ìdìbò bé?è? mu. Abala kejìlélógún E?nì kò?ò?kan gé?gé?? bí è?yà nínú àwùjo? ló ní è?tó? sí ìdáàbò bò láti o?wó? ìjo?ba àti láti jé? àn fà ní àwo?n è?tó? tí ó bá o?rò?-ajé, ìwà láwùjo? àti às?à àbínibí mu; àwo?n è?tó? tí ó jé? kò-s?eé-má-nìí fún iyì àti ìdàgbàsókè è?dá ènìyàn, nípa akitiyan nínú orílè?-èdè àti ìfo?wó?s?owó? pò? láàrin àwo?n orílè?-èdè ní ìbámu pè?lú ètò àti ohun àlùmó?nì orílè?-èdè kò?ò?kan. Abala ke?tàlélógún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti s?is?é?, láti yan irú is?é? tí ó wù ú, lábé? àdéhùn tí ó tó? tí ó sì tún ro?rùn, kí ó sì ní ààbò kúrò ló?wó? àìrís?é? s?e. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti gba iye owó tí ó dó?gba fún irú is?é? kan náà, láìsí ìyàsó?tò? kankan. E?nì kò?ò?kan tí ó bá ? s?isé? ní è?tó? láti gba owó os?ù tí ó tó? tí yóò sì tó fún òun àti e?bí rè? láti gbé ayé tí ó bu iyì kún ènìyàn; a sì lè fi kún owó yìí nípasè? orís?ìí àwo?n ètò ìrànló?wó? mìíràn nígbà tí ó bá ye. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti dá e?gbé? òs?ìs?é? sílè? àti láti dara pò? mó? irú e?gbe?; bé?è? láti dáàbò bo àwo?n ohun tí ó je? é? lógún. Abala ke?rìnlélógún E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? sí ìsinmi àti fàájì pè?lú àkókò tí kò pò? jù lé?nu is?é? àti àsìkò ìsinmi lé?nu is?é? láti ìgbà dé ìgbà tí a ó sanwó fún. Abala ke?è?é?dó?gbò?n E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti gbé ìgbé ayé tó bójú mu nínú èyí tí òun àti e?bí rè? yóò wà ní ìlera àti àlàáfíà, tí wo?n yóò sì ní oúnje?, as?o?, ilégbèé, àti àn fàní fún ìwòsàn àti gbogbo ohun tó lè mú è?dá gbé ìgbé ayé rere. Bákan náà, e?nì kò?ò?kan ló tún ní ààbò nígbà àìnís?é?ló?wó?, nígbà àìsà n, nígbà tó bá di aláàbò?-ara, ní ipò opó, nígbà ogbó rè? tàbí ìgbà mìíràn tí ènìyàn kò ní ò?nà láti rí oúnje? òò jó?, tí eléyìí kì í sì í s?e è?bi olúwa rè?. A ní láti pèsè ìtó?jú àti ìrànló?wó? pàtàkì fún àwo?n abiyamo? àti àwo?n o?mo?dé. Gbogbo àwo?n o?mo?dé yóò máa je? àwo?n àn fàní ààbò kan náà nínú àwùjo? yálà àwo?n òbí wo?n fé? ara wo?n ni tàbí wo?n kò fé? ara wo?n. Abala ke?rìndínló?gbò?n. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láti kó? è?kó?. Ó kéré tán, è?kó? gbo?dò? jé? ò?fé? ní àwo?n ilé-è?kó? alákò?ó?bè?rè?. E?kó? ní ilé-è?kó? alákò?ó?bè?rè? yìí sì gbo?dò? jé? dandan. A gbo?dò? pèsè è?kó? is?é?-o?wó?, àti ti ìmò?-è?ro? fún àwo?n ènìyàn lápapò?. Àn fàní tó dó?gba ní ilé-è?kó? gíga gbo?dò? wà ní àró?wó?tó gbogbo e?ni tó bá tó? sí. Ohun tí yóò jé? ète è?kó? ni láti mú ìlo?síwájú tó péye bá è?dá ènìyàn, kí ó sì túbò? rí i pé àwo?n ènìyàn bò?wò? fún è?tó? o?mo?nìyàn àti àwo?n òmìnira wo?n, tó jé? kò-s?eé-má-nìí. E tò è?kó? gbo?dò? lè rí i pé è?mí; ìgbó?ra-e?ni-yé, ìbágbépò? àlàáfíà, àti ìfé? ò?ré?-sí-ò?ré? wà láàrin orílè?-èdè, láàrin è?yà kan sí òmíràn àti láàrin e?lé?sìn kan sí òmíràn. E tò-è?kó? sì gbo?dò? kún àwo?n akitiyan Àjo?-ìsò?kan orílè?-èdè àgbáyé ló?wó? láti rí i pé àlàáfíà fìdí múlè?. Àwo?n òbí ló ní è?tó? tó ga jù lo? láti yan è?kó? tí wó?n bá fé? fún àwo?n o?mo? wo?n. Abala ke?tàdínló?gbò?n. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? láìjé? pé a fi ipá mú un láti kópa nínú àpapò? ìgbé ayé àwùjo? rè?, kí ó je? ìgbádùn gbogbo ohun àmús?e? wà ibè?, kí ó sì kópa nínú ìdàgbàsókè ìmò? sáyé?n sì àti àwo?n àn fàní tó ? ti ibè? jáde. E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? sí ààbò àn fàní ìmo?yì àti ohun ìní tí ó je? yo? láti inú is?é? yòówù tí ó bá s?e ìbáà s?e ìmò? sáyé?n sì, ìwé kíko? tàbí is?é? o?nà. Abala kejìdínló?gbò?n E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní è?tó? sí ètò nínú àwùjo? rè? àti ní gbogbo àwùjo? àgbáyé níbi tí àwo?n è?tó? òmìnira tí a ti gbé kalè? nínú ìkéde yìí yóò ti jé? mímús?e?. Abala ko?kàndínló?gbò?n E?nì kò?ò?kan ló ní àwo?n ojús?e kan sí àwùjo?, nípasè? èyí tí ó fi lè s?eé s?e fún e?ni náà láti ní ìdàgbàsókè kíkún gé?gé? bí è?dá ènìyàn. Òfin yóò de e?nì kò?ò?kan láti fi ò?wò? àti ìmo?yì tí ó tó? fún è?tó? àti òmìnira àwo?n e?lòmíràn nígbà tí e?ni náà bá ? lo àwo?n è?tó? àti òmìnira ara rè?. E yí wà ní ìbámu pè?lú ò?nà tó ye?, tó sì tó? láti fi báni lò nínú àwùjo? fún ire àti àlàáfíà àwùjo? náà nínú èyí tí ìjo?ba yóò wà ló?wó? gbogbo ènìyàn. A kò gbo?dò? lo àwo?n è?tó? àti òmìnira wò?nyí rárá, ní ò?nà yòówù kó jé?, tó bá lòdì sí àwo?n ète àti ìgbékalè? Ajo?-àpapò? orílè?-èdè agbáyé. Abala o?gbò?n A kò gb?d?? túmò? ohunkóhun nínú ìkéde yìí gé?gé? bí ohun tí ó fún orílè?-èdè kan tàbí àkójo?pò? àwo?n ènìyàn kan tàbí e?nìké?ni ní è?tó? láti s?e ohunkóhun tí yóò mú ìparun bá èyíkéyìí nínú àwo?n è?tó? àti òmìnira tí a kéde yìí. [1] Àw?n Ìt??kasí","Universal Declaration of Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish language version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Created 1948 Ratified 10 December 1948 Location Palais de Chaillot, Paris Author(s) Draft Committee Purpose Human rights Poster The human rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly of its 183rd meeting, held in Paris on 10 December 1948 Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic, social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Self defense Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self-determination of people Water and sanitation v t e The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris , France . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained , and two did not vote. The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual's rights which, although not legally binding in themselves, have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, economic transfers, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions, and other laws. The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights , which was completed in 1966, and came into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them. Some legal scholars have argued that because countries have constantly invoked the Declaration for more than 50 years, it has become binding as a part of customary international law . However, in the United States, the Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain (2004), concluded that the Declaration ""does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law."" Courts of other countries have also concluded that the Declaration is not in and of itself part of domestic law. Contents 1 Structure and content 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Creation and drafting 2.3 Adoption 3 International Human Rights Day 4 Significance and legal effect 4.1 Significance 4.2 Legal effect 5 Reaction 5.1 Praise 5.2 Criticism 5.2.1 Islamic countries 5.2.2 ""The Right to Refuse to Kill"" 5.2.3 American Anthropological Association 5.2.4 Bangkok Declaration 6 Organizations promoting the UDHR 6.1 International Federation for Human Rights 6.2 Amnesty International 6.3 Unitarian Universalist Service Committee 6.4 Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee 6.5 American Library Association 6.6 Youth for Human Rights International 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Audiovisual materials Structure and content [ edit ] The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft, which was prepared by René Cassin . Cassin worked from a first draft, which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey . The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon , including a preamble and introductory general principles. Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns, and a pediment . Wikisource has original text related to this article: Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Declaration consists of a preamble and thirty articles: The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration. Articles 1–2 established the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, equality, and brotherhood. Articles 3–11 established other individual rights, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery . Articles 6–11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defence when violated. Articles 12–17 established the rights of the individual towards the community (including such things as freedom of movement ). Articles 18–21 sanctioned the so-called ""constitutional liberties"", and with spiritual, public, and political freedoms, such as freedom of thought , opinion, religion and conscience , word, and peaceful association of the individual. Articles 22–27 sanctioned an individual's economic, social and cultural rights, including healthcare . Article 25 states: ""Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services."" It also makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability, and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood. Articles 28–30 established the general ways of using these rights, the areas in which these rights of the individual can not be applied, and that they can not be overcome against the individual. These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation. History [ edit ] Background [ edit ] State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (6 January 1941) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02) Problems playing this file? See media help . Main article: History of human rights During World War II , the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms — freedom of speech , freedom of religion , freedom from fear , and freedom from want —as their basic war aims. The United Nations Charter ""reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights , and dignity and worth of the human person"" and committed all member states to promote ""universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion"". When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became fully apparent after World War II , the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred. A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter's provisions on human rights. Creation and drafting [ edit ] Main article: Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights In June 1946, the UN Economic and Social Council established the Commission on Human Rights , comprising 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds. The Commission, a standing body of the United Nations , was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights . The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt , to write the articles of the Declaration. The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years. Canadian John Peters Humphrey , Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat, was called upon by the United Nations Secretary-General to work on the project and became the Declaration's principal drafter. At the time, Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat . Other well-known members of the drafting committee included René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon , and P. C. Chang of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission. According to Allan Carlson , the Declaration's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement's influence on Cassin and Malik. Once the Committee finished its work in May 1948, the draft was further discussed by the Commission on Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council , the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote in December 1948. During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States. British representatives were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation. (It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force, giving a legal status to most of the Declaration.) Adoption [ edit ] The Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 on 10 December 1948. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained and Honduras and Yemen failed to vote or abstain. In miniature book The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate. South Africa's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid , which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration. The Saudi Arabian delegation's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: Article 18, which states that everyone has the right ""to change his religion or belief""; and Article 16, on equal marriage rights. The six communist countries abstentions centred around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism. Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of Soviet bloc countries to Article 13, which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries . The 48 countries which voted in favour of the Declaration are: Voters and abstainers in the Plenary session: In green countries that voted in favour, in orange those who abstained, In black countries which failed to abstain or vote, In grey countries which were not part of the UN at the time of voting. Afghanistan Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia Brazil Burma Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France Greece Guatemala Haiti Iceland India Iran Iraq Lebanon Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Siam Sweden Syria Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela a. ^ Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey, the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration's draft, but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly. 8 countries abstained: Czechoslovakia Poland Saudi Arabia Soviet Union Byelorussian SSR Ukrainian SSR South Africa Yugoslavia 2 countries didn't vote: Honduras Yemen Other countries only gained sovereignty and joined the United Nations later, which explains the relatively small number of states entitled to the historical vote, and in no way reflects opposition to the universal principles. International Human Rights Day [ edit ] Main article: Human Rights Day The Declaration of Human Rights Day is commemorated every year on December 10, the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration, and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments, governments, and the United Nations. Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights. 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities around the theme ""Dignity and justice for all of us"". Significance and legal effect [ edit ] Significance [ edit ] In 1948, the UN Resolution A/RES/217(III)[A] adopted the Declaration on a bilingual document in English and French , and official translations in Chinese , Russian and Spanish . In 2009, the Guinness Book of Records described the Declaration as the world's ""Most Translated Document"" (370 different languages and dialects). The Unicode Consortium stores 431 of the 503 official translations available at the OHCHR (as of June 2017 [update] ). In its preamble, governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration. Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States. In this, she proved to be correct. Even though it is not legally binding, the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948. It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws, international laws, and treaties, as well as for a growing number of regional, sub national, and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights. For the first time in international law, the term “the rule of law” was used in the preamble of the Declaration. The third paragraph of the preamble of the Declaration reads as follows: ""Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law."" Legal effect [ edit ] While not a treaty itself, the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words "" fundamental freedoms "" and ""human rights"" appearing in the United Nations Charter, which is binding on all member states. For this reason, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations. In addition, many international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles. The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration ""constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community"" to all persons. The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women , the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , the United Nations Convention Against Torture , and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights. Reaction [ edit ] Praise [ edit ] The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people. The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it ""an international document of the first order of importance"", while Eleanor Roosevelt —first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration—stated that it ""may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere."" In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration ""one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time"" but the Vatican never adopted the Declaration. In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union , Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration ""placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community."" Criticism [ edit ] Islamic countries [ edit ] Turkey — which was a secular state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population—signed the Declaration in 1948. However, the same year, Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration, claiming that it violated Sharia law . Pakistan —which had signed the declaration—disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position. Pakistani minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan strongly argued in favor of including freedom of religion. In 1982, the Iranian representative to the United Nations, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, said that the Declaration was ""a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition"" which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia. On 30 June 2000, members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam , an alternative document that says people have ""freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah"", without any discrimination on grounds of ""race, colour, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations"". Some Muslim diplomats would go on later to help draft other UN human rights treaties. For example, Iraqi diplomat Bedia Afnan 's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the ICCPR and ICESCR . Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah also spoke in favor of recognizing women's rights. A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration's alleged Western bias. These include Irene Oh, Abdulaziz Sachedina , Riffat Hassan , and Faisal Kutty . Hassan has argued: What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest, or sole, model, of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings, is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration, the ""universality"" of the assumptions on which it is based is – at the very least – problematic and subject to questioning. Furthermore, the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general, or particular religions such as Islam, needs to be examined in an unbiased way. Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative (descriptive) ethics . Kutty writes: ""A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights."" Ironically, a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014 [update] are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs, played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration, with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self-determination. ""The Right to Refuse to Kill"" [ edit ] Groups such as Amnesty International and War Resisters International have advocated for ""The Right to Refuse to Kill"" to be added to the Universal Declaration. War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from—but not yet explicit in—Article 18 of the UDHR: the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit , but—to date (2017)— [update] those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents. Sean MacBride —Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate—has said: ""To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is 'The Right to Refuse to Kill'."" American Anthropological Association [ edit ] The American Anthropological Association criticized the UDHR while it was in its drafting process. The AAA warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western paradigm which would be unfair to countries outside of that scope. They further argued that the West's history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world. They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of cultural relativism : ""1. The individual realizes his personality through his culture, hence respect for individual differences entails a respect for cultural differences"", ""2. Respect for differences between cultures is validated by the scientific fact that no technique of qualitatively evaluating cultures has been discovered"", and ""3. Standards and values are relative to the culture from which they derive so that any attempt to formulate postulates that grow out of the beliefs or moral codes of one culture must to that extent detract from the applicability of any Declaration of Human Rights to mankind as a whole."" Bangkok Declaration [ edit ] During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993, ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration, reaffirming their governments' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality, objectivity , and non-selectivity of human rights. However, at the same time, they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference, calling for greater emphasis on economic, social, and cultural rights—in particular, the right to economic development over civil and political rights. The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective, which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism . Organizations promoting the UDHR [ edit ] International Federation for Human Rights [ edit ] The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) is nonpartisan , nonsectarian , and independent of any government, and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . Amnesty International [ edit ] In 1988, director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators , musicians, and producers created a 20-minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration. The video was to bring to life the Declaration's 30 articles. Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the ""Fire Up!"" event. Unitarian Universalist Service Committee [ edit ] The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC) is a non-profit, nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world. Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee [ edit ] The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues, including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. American Library Association [ edit ] In 1997, the council of the American Library Association (ALA) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Along with Article 19, Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights . Censorship , the invasion of privacy , and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA. In response to violations of human rights, the ALA asserts the following principles: “ The American Library Association opposes any use of governmental prerogative that leads to intimidation of individuals that prevents them from exercising their rights to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas. We urge libraries and librarians everywhere to resist such abuse of governmental power, and to support those against whom such governmental power has been employed. The American Library Association condemns any governmental effort to involve libraries and librarians in restrictions on the right of any individual to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas. Such restrictions, whether enforced by statutes or regulations, contractual stipulations, or voluntary agreements, pervert the function of the library and violate the professional responsibilities of librarians. The American Library Association rejects censorship in any form. Any action that denies the inalienable human rights of individuals only damages the will to resist oppression, strengthens the hand of the oppressor, and undermines the cause of justice. The American Library Association will not abrogate these principles. We believe that censorship corrupts the cause of justice, and contributes to the demise of freedom. ” Youth for Human Rights International [ edit ] Youth for Human Rights International (YHRI) is a non-profit organization founded in 2001 by Mary Shuttleworth, an educator born and raised in apartheid South Africa, where she witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of discrimination and the lack of basic human rights. The purpose of YHRI is to teach youth about human rights, specifically the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and inspire them to become advocates for tolerance and peace. YHRI has now grown into a global movement, including hundreds of groups, clubs and chapters around the world. See also [ edit ] Human rights portal United Nations portal Freedom of speech portal Human rights History of human rights Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom in the United States in France Non-binding agreements Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993) United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000) International human rights law Fourth Geneva Convention (1949) European Convention on Human Rights (1952) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1954) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1969) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1981) Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007) Thinkers influencing the Declaration Jacques Maritain Tommy Douglas John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey Other Slavery in the United States in Russia Slavery in international law Slave Trade Acts Human rights in China (PRC) Command responsibility Moral universalism Declaration on Great Apes , an as-yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other great apes . "" Consent of the governed "" Racial equality proposal (1919) The Farewell Sermon (632 CE ) Youth for Human Rights International List of literary works by number of translations References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] Sources [ edit ] Brown, Gordon (2016). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century: A Living Document in a Changing World . Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-783-74218-9 . Glendon, Mary Ann (2002). A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-76046-4 . Hashmi, Sohail H. (2002). Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11310-4 . Morsink, Johannes (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978-0-8122-1747-6 . Price, Daniel E. (1999). Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-275-96187-9 . Williams, Paul (1981). The International bill of human rights . United Nations General Assembly. Entwhistle Books. ISBN 978-0-934558-07-5 . Further reading [ edit ] Feldman, Jean-Philippe. ""Hayek's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights"". Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines , Volume 9, Issue 4 (December 1999): 1145-6396. Nurser, John. ""For All Peoples and All Nations. Christian Churches and Human Rights."". (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005). Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University (Centre for the Study of Human Rights), including article by article commentary, video interviews, discussion of meaning, drafting and history. Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Universal Declaration of Human Rights Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Wikiversity has learning resources about Assessing Human Rights UN Member States Text of the UDHR Official translations of the UDHR Resource Guide on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the UN Library, Geneva. Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - documents and meetings records — United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights UDHR – Education UDHR in Unicode Revista Envío – A Declaration of Human Rights For the 21st Century Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history note on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law DHpedia: Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Laws of Burgos: 500 Years of Human Rights from the Law Library of Congress blog. Audiovisual materials [ edit ] UDHR Audio/Video Project (recordings in 500+ languages by native speakers) Librivox: Human-read audio recordings in several Languages Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Animated presentation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Amnesty International on YouTube (in English duration 20 minutes and 23 seconds). Audio: Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration, 6 November 1948 UN Department of Public Information introduction to the drafters of the Declaration Audiovisual material on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law" -5395318367071840146,train,when does a newborn turn into an infant,"A newborn is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth ; the term applies to premature, full term, and postmature infants ; before birth, the term `` fetus '' is used. The term `` infant '' is typically applied to young children between one month and one year of age ; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, the term `` toddler '' may be used instead.",[],ìgbà wo ni ọmọ tí wọ́n ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ bí máa ń di ọmọ jòjòló,Yes,"['Ọmọ tuntun jẹ́ lílò ọ̀pọ̀, ìkókó tí ó jẹ́ wákàtí nìkan, ọjọ́, tàbí tí ó tó oṣù kan.']","['Ọmọ tuntun jẹ́ lílò ọ̀pọ̀, ìkókó tí ó jẹ́ wákàtí nìkan, ọjọ́, tàbí tí ó tó oṣù kan.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ìkókó Ìkókó tàbí ?m?-?w?? j?? ?m? tí ó kéré gan-an ti ??dá ènìyàn . ?m? ìkókó (tí ó túm?? sí '?m? ?w??' tàbí '?m?' [1] ) j?? ar??pò-??r?? fún ??r?? tí ó w??p?? ?m? . Àw?n ??r?? náà lè tún ?eé lò láti t??ka sí ??d??. ?m? tuntun j?? lílò ??p??, ìkókó tí ó j?? wákàtí nìkan, ?j??, tàbí tí ó tó o?ù kan. Tí a bá fojú ì?ègùn wò ó , ?m? tuntun tabi ?m? tuntun j?? ìkókó ní àw?n ?j?? méjìdínlógún àk??k?? l??hìn ìbím?; [2] ??r?? náà kàn sí àìt??j??, ogbó , àti àw?n ?m? tó p?? nínú . ?áájú ìbím?, ?m? ni à ? pè ní ?m? inú oyún . ??r?? tí à ? pè ní ìkókó ni a fi s?rí àw?n ?m? láti ?dún kan sí ìsàl??; síb??síb??, àw?n ìtum?? lè yàt?? àti pé ó lè p??lú àw?n ?m?dé tí ó tó ?dún méjì . Nigbati ?m? eniyan ba k? ?k? lati rin, w?n ni a npe ni ?m?de ni dipo.","This article is about the very young child. For other uses, see Infant (disambiguation) . ""Baby"", ""Newborn"", and ""Babyhood"" redirect here. For other uses, see Baby (disambiguation) , Newborn (disambiguation) , and Babyhood (disambiguation) . Part of a series on Human growth and development Stages Human embryogenesis Fetus Infant Toddler Early childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adult Middle age Old age Biological milestones Fertilization Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre- and perinatal Infant and child Adolescent Youth Young adult Adult Maturity Developmental stage theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural-historical Evolutionary Human body portal v t e An infant (from the Latin word infans , meaning ""unable to speak"" or ""speechless"") is the more formal or specialised synonym for "" baby "", the very young offspring of a human. The term may also be used to refer to juveniles of other organisms. A newborn is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus , newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth; the term applies to premature , full term , and postmature infants; before birth, the term "" fetus "" is used. The term ""infant"" is typically applied to young children between one month and one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, the term "" toddler "" may be used instead. In British English , an infant school is for children aged between four and seven. As a legal term, ""infancy"" continues from birth until age 18. Contents [ hide ] 1 Physical characteristics of newborn 1.1 Weight 1.2 Head 1.3 Hair 1.4 Skin 1.5 Genitals 1.6 Umbilical cord 2 Care and feeding 3 Response to sounds 4 Benefits of touch 5 Diseases 6 Mortality 7 Emotional development 8 Babyhood 9 Plane travel 10 Gallery 11 Common care issues 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Physical characteristics of newborn Eight-month-old twin sisters Play media (video) A very young baby moves around in a crib, 2009 Eight month-old infant; as a common feature eyes are usually larger compared to the face. A crying newborn, a few days after birth A newborn's shoulders and hips are wide, the abdomen protrudes slightly, and the arms and legs are relatively long with respect to the rest of their body. In first world nations, the average total body length of newborns are 35.6–50.8 cm (14.0–20.0 in), although premature newborns may be much smaller. The Apgar score is a measure of a newborn's transition from the uterus during the first minutes after birth. Weight In developed countries, the average birth weight of a full-term newborn is approximately 3.4 kg ( 7 1 ⁄ 2 lb), and is typically in the range of 2.7–4.6 kg (6.0–10.1 lb). Over the first 5–7 days following birth, the body weight of a term neonate decreases by 3–7%, and is largely a result of the resorption and urination of the fluid that initially fills the lungs, in addition to a delay of often a few days before breastfeeding becomes effective. After the first week, healthy term neonates should gain 10–20 grams/day. Head A newborn's head is very large in proportion to the body, and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face. While the adult human skull is about one seventh of the total body length, the newborn's is about ¼. Normal head circumference for a full-term infant is 33–36 cm at birth. At birth, many regions of the newborn's skull have not yet been converted to bone, leaving ""soft spots"" known as fontanels . The two largest are the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel, located at the top front portion of the head, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel, which lies at the back of the head. Later in the child's life, these bones will fuse together in a natural process. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion. A newborn baby in Indonesia, with umbilical cord ready to be clamped During labour and birth, the infant's skull changes shape to fit through the birth canal , sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks. Special exercises sometimes advised by physicians may assist the process. Hair Some newborns have a fine, downy body hair called lanugo . It may be particularly noticeable on the back, shoulders, forehead, ears and face of premature infants. Lanugo disappears within a few weeks. Infants may be born with full heads of hair; others, particularly caucasian infants, may have very fine hair or may even be bald. Amongst fair-skinned parents, this fine hair may be blonde, even if the parents are not. The scalp may also be temporarily bruised or swollen, especially in hairless newborns, and the area around the eyes may be puffy. Skin Immediately after birth, a newborn's skin is often grayish to dusky blue in color. As soon as the newborn begins to breathe, usually within a minute or two, the skin's color reaches its normal tone. Newborns are wet, covered in streaks of blood, and coated with a white substance known as vernix caseosa , which is hypothesised to act as an antibacterial barrier. The newborn may also have Mongolian spots , various other birthmarks , or peeling skin, particularly on the wrists, hands, ankles, and feet. Genitals A newborn's genitals are enlarged and reddened, with male infants having an unusually large scrotum. The breasts may also be enlarged, even in male infants. This is caused by naturally occurring maternal hormones and is a temporary condition. Females (and even males) may actually discharge milk from their nipples (sometimes called witch's milk ), or a bloody or milky-like substance from the vagina. In either case, this is considered normal and will disappear with time. Umbilical cord The umbilical cord of a newborn is bluish-white in color. After birth, the umbilical cord is normally cut, leaving a 1–2 inch stub. The umbilical stub will dry out, shrivel, darken, and spontaneously fall off within about 3 weeks. This will later become a belly-button after it heals. Occasionally, hospitals may apply triple dye to the umbilical stub to prevent infection , which may temporarily color the stub and surrounding skin purple. A newborn infant, seconds after delivery. Amniotic fluid glistens on the child's skin. Main article: Adaptation to extrauterine life Care and feeding Further information: Newborn care and safety Further information: Infant bathing A baby breastfeeding Infants cry as a form of basic instinctive communication. A crying infant may be trying to express a variety of feelings including hunger, discomfort, overstimulation, boredom, wanting something, or loneliness. Breastfeeding is the recommended method of feeding by all major infant health organizations. If breastfeeding is not possible or desired, bottle feeding is done with expressed breast-milk or with infant formula . Infants are born with a sucking reflex allowing them to extract the milk from the nipples of the breasts or the nipple of the baby bottle , as well as an instinctive behavior known as rooting with which they seek out the nipple. Sometimes a wet nurse is hired to feed the infant, although this is rare, especially in developed countries. Adequate food consumption at an early age is vital for an infant’s development. From birth to four months, infants should consume breast milk or an unmodified milk substitute. As an infant’s diet matures, finger foods may be introduced as well as fruit, vegetables and small amounts of meat. As infants grow, food supplements are added. Many parents choose commercial, ready-made baby foods to supplement breast milk or formula for the child, while others adapt their usual meals for the dietary needs of their child. Whole cow's milk can be used at one year, but lower-fat milk is not recommended until the child is 2 to 3 years old. Weaning is the process through which breast milk is eliminated from the infant's diet through the introduction of solid foods in exchange for milk. Until they are toilet-trained, infants in industrialized countries wear diapers . Children need more sleep than adults—up to 18 hours for newborn babies, with a declining rate as the child ages. Until babies learn to walk, they are carried in the arms, held in slings or baby carriers, or transported in baby carriages or strollers. Most industrialized countries have laws requiring child safety seats for babies in motor vehicles. Response to sounds Infants respond to the sound of snake hissing, angry voices of adults, the crackling sound of a fire, thunder, and the cries of other infants. They have a drop in heart rate, their eyes blinking, increased turning toward the speakers or parent, all of these indicating that they were paying more attention. This is believed by some to be evolutionary response to danger. Benefits of touch Studies have shown that infants who have been the recipients of positive touch experience more benefits as they develop emotionally and socially. Experiments have been done with infants up to four months of age using both positive touch (stroking or cuddling) and negative touch (poking, pinching or tickling). The infants who received the positive touch cried less often and also vocalized and smiled more than the infants who were touched negatively. Infants who were the recipients of negative touching have been linked with emotional and behavioral problems later in life. A lower amount of physical violence in adults has been discovered in cultures with greater levels of positive physical touching. Diseases Further information: Neonatology The infant is undergoing many adaptations to extrauterine life , and its physiological systems, such as the immune system , are far from fully developed. Potential diseases of concern during the neonatal period include: Neonatal jaundice Infant respiratory distress syndrome Neonatal lupus erythematosus Neonatal conjunctivitis Neonatal tetanus Neonatal sepsis Neonatal bowel obstruction Benign neonatal seizures Neonatal diabetes mellitus Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia Neonatal herpes simplex Neonatal hemochromatosis Neonatal meningitis Neonatal hepatitis Neonatal hypoglycemia Mortality Main article: Infant mortality An infant being immunized in Bangladesh Infant mortality is the death of an infant in the first year of life, often expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 live births (infant mortality rate). Major causes of infant mortality include dehydration , infection , congenital malformation and SIDS . This epidemiological indicator is recognized as a very important measure of the level of health care in a country because it is directly linked with the health status of infants, children, and pregnant women as well as access to medical care, socioeconomic conditions, and public health practices. There is a positive relationship between national wealth and good health. The rich and industrialized countries of the world, prominently Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan, spend a large proportion of their wealthy budget on the health care system. As, a result, their health care systems are very sophisticated, with many physicians, nurses, and other health care experts servicing the population. Thus, infant mortality is low. On the other hand, a country such as Mexico, which spends disproportionately less of its budget on healthcare, suffers from high mortality rates. This is because the general population is likely to be less healthy. In the U.S., infant mortality rates are especially high in minority groups. For instance, non-Hispanic black women have an infant mortality rate of 13.63 per 1000 live births whereas in non-Hispanic white women it was much lower at a rate of 5.76 per 1000 live births. The average infant mortality rate in the U.S. is 6.8 per 1000 live births. Emotional development A mother wishes joy towards her child in William Blake 's poem "" Infant Joy "". This copy, Copy AA, was printed and painted in 1826, is currently held by the Fitzwilliam Museum . Attachment theory is primarily an evolutionary and ethological theory whereby the infant or child seeks proximity to a specified attachment figure in situations of alarm or distress for the purpose of survival. The forming of attachments is considered to be the foundation of the infant/child's capacity to form and conduct relationships throughout life. Attachment is not the same as love or affection although they often go together. Attachment and attachment behaviors tend to develop between the age of 6 months and 3 years. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment, which in turn lead to 'internal working models' which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships. There are a number of attachment 'styles' namely 'secure', 'anxious-ambivalent', 'anxious-avoidant', (all 'organized') and 'disorganized', some of which are more problematic than others. A lack of attachment or a seriously disrupted capacity for attachment could potentially amount to serious disorders. [ citation needed ] Infants develop distinct relationships to their mothers, fathers, siblings, and non- familial caregivers. Beside the dyadic attachment relationships also a good quality of the triadic relationships (mother- father – infant) is important for infant mental health development. Babyhood Babyhood is a critical period in personality development when the foundations of adult personality are laid. In contrast toddler is used to denote a baby that has achieved relative independence, in moving about, and feeding. Plane travel Many airlines refuse boarding for all babies aged under 7 days (for domestic flights) or 14 days for international flights. Asiana Airlines allows babies to board international flights at 7 days of age. Garuda Indonesia disallows all babies under the age of 14 days to board any flights. Delta Air Lines and Pinnacle Airlines allow infants to travel when they are less than 7 days old when they present a physician travel approval letter. Comair requires a letter if the infant is 12 days or younger. Skywest will not allow an infant less than 8 days old on board. Gallery an Asian baby an African baby An African baby born to two African parents, with an unusually light skin. An Indian baby Common care issues Baby colic Bassinet / crib Bathing Cradle cap Day care Diaper rash Infant formula Infant massage Immunization Pacifier Paternal bond Swaddling Teething Umbilical cord References Further reading Simkin, Penny; Whalley, Janet; Keppler, Ann (1991). Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn: The Complete Guide (Revised ed.). Meadowbook Press. ISBN 0-88166-177-5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Babies Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Baby care and evolution Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babies . Look up infant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. American Academy of Pediatrics The impact of buggy orientation on parent-infant interaction and infant stress The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child Infant eyesight – University of Illinois Preceded by Fetus Stages of human development Infancy Succeeded by Toddlerhood" 888381621441628682,train,where is guatemala city located on the map,"Guatemala City (Spanish : Ciudad de Guatemala), locally known as Guatemala or Guate, is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala, and the most populous in Central America. The city is located in the south - central part of the country, nestled in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita (English : Hermitage Valley). In 2012, it had a population of 2,110,100. Guatemala City is also the capital of the local Municipality of Guatemala and of the Guatemala Department.",['memoir'],ibo ni ìlú guatemala wà lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀,Yes,['Ìlú Guatẹmálà je oluilu ni Ariwa Amerika.'],['Ìlú Guatẹmálà je oluilu ni Ariwa Amerika.'],['P1'],1,0,"Ìlú Guat?málà Ìlú Guat?málà je oluilu ni Ariwa Amerika. ","Guatemala City ( Spanish : Ciudad de Guatemala ), locally known as Guatemala or Guate , is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala , and the most populous in Central America . The city is located in the south-central part of the country, nestled in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita (English: Hermitage Valley). In 2012, it had a population of 2,110,100. Guatemala City is also the capital of the local Municipality of Guatemala and of the Guatemala Department . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Contemporary times 3 Structure and growth 4 Population 5 Communications 6 Economy and Finance 7 Places of interest by zones 8 Transportation 9 Universities and schools 10 Sports 11 Panoramic views of Guatemala City 11.1 1875 11.2 2008 12 International relations 12.1 International organizations with headquarters in Guatemala City 12.2 Twin towns — sister cities 13 Notable residents 14 Climate 14.1 Volcanic activity 14.2 Earthquakes 14.3 Mudslides 14.4 Piping pseudokarst 15 Geographic location 16 See also 17 Notes and references 17.1 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links History [ edit ] ""Cerrito del Carmen"" church. First construction ever built by the Spaniards in the valley that eventually became Guatemala City. Main articles: History of Guatemala City and Timeline of Guatemala City Human settlement on the present site of Guatemala City began with the Maya who built a city at Kaminaljuyu . The Spanish colonists established a small town, which was made a capital city in 1775. At this period the Central Square with the Cathedral and Royal Palace were constructed. After Central American independence from Spain the city became the capital of the United Provinces of Central America in 1821. The 19th century saw the construction of the monumental Carrera Theater in the 1850s, and the Presidential Palace in the 1890s. At this time the city was expanding around the 30 de junio Boulevard and elsewhere, displacing native settlements from the ancient site. Earthquakes in 1917–1918 destroyed many historic structures. Under Jorge Ubico in the 1930s a hippodrome and many new public buildings were constructed, although peripheral poor neighborhoods that formed after the 1917–1918 earthquakes continued to lack basic amenities. During the Guatemalan Civil War , terror attacks beginning with the burning of the Spanish Embassy in 1980 led to severe destruction and loss of life in the city. In May 2010 two disasters struck: the eruption of the Pacaya volcano, and two days later Tropical Storm Agatha . Contemporary times [ edit ] Guatemala City from Carretera a El Salvador Santiago Garcia-Salas City serves as the economic, governmental, and cultural epicenter of the nation of Guatemala. The city also functions as Guatemala's main transportation hub, hosting an international airport, La Aurora International Airport , and serving as the origination or end points for most of Guatemala's major highways. The city, with its robust economy, attracts hundreds of thousands of rural migrants from Guatemala's interior hinterlands and serves as the main entry point for most foreign immigrants seeking to settle in Guatemala. In addition to a wide variety of restaurants, hotels, shops, and a modern BRT transport system ( Transmetro ), the city is home to many art galleries, theaters, sports venues and museums (including some fine collections of Pre-Columbian art) and provides a growing number of cultural offerings. Guatemala City not only possesses a history and culture unique to the Central American region, it also furnishes all the modern amenities of a world class city, ranging from an IMAX Theater to the Ícaro film festival ( Festival Ícaro ), where independent films produced in Guatemala and Central America are debuted. Structure and growth [ edit ] Plaza España at Night Evening view from a plane C.C. Miraflores Paseo Cayalá Guatemala City is subdivided into 22 zones designed by the urban engineering of Raúl Aguilar Batres , each one with its own streets and avenues, making it pretty easy to find addresses in the city. Zones are numbered 1-25 with Zones 20, 22 and 23 not existing as they would have fallen in two other municipalities territory. Addresses are assigned according to the street or avenue number, followed by a dash and the number of metres it is away from the intersection further simplifying address location. The zones are assigned in a spiral form starting in downtown Guatemala city. The city's metro area has recently grown very rapidly and has absorbed most of the neighboring municipalities of Villa Nueva, San Miguel Petapa, Mixco , San Juan Sacatepequez, San José Pinula, Santa Catarina Pinula, Fraijanes, San Pedro Ayampuc, Amatitlán, Villa Canales, Palencia and Chinautla forming what is now known as the Guatemala City Metropolitan Area . Zone One is the Historic Center, (Centro Histórico), lying in the very heart of the city, the location of many important historic buildings including the Palacio Nacional de la Cultura (National Palace of Culture), the Metropolitan Cathedral, the National Congress, the Casa Presidencial (Presidential House), the National Library and Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Plaza, old Central Park). Efforts to revitalize this important part of the city have been undertaken by the municipal government and have been very successful thus far. In an attempt to control rapid growth of the city, the municipal government (Municipalidad de Guatemala) headed by longtime Mayor Álvaro Arzú , has implemented a plan to control its growth based on transects along its important arterial roads and exhibitting Transit-oriented development (TOD) characteristics. This plan denominated POT (Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial) aims to allow taller building structures of mixed uses to be built next to large arterial roads and gradually decline in height and density as you move away from such. It is also worth mentioning, that due to the Airport being in the city, to the south, many Aeronautic Height Limits have been applied to the construction code. This limits the maximum height for a building, at 60 metres (200 feet) in Zone 10, up to 95 metres (312 feet) in Zone 1. The city is located in the South-Central area of the country and has a lot of green areas. Besides the parks, the city offers a portfolio of entertainment in the region, focused on the so-called Zona Viva and the Calzada Roosevelt as well as four degrees North. The activity of Casinos is considerable and possesses several located in different parts of the Zona Viva, although East market is still in the stage of initiation, although the date has been restructuring this area and is becoming more modern. One of the most outstanding mayors was the engineer Martin Prado Vélez, who took over in 1949, and ruled the city during the reformist Presidents Juan José Arévalo and Jacobo Arbenz Guzman , although he was not a member of the ruling party at the time and was elected due his well-known capabilities. Of cobanero origin, married with Marta Cobos, he studied at the University of San Carlos ; under his tenure, among other modernist works of the city, it was planned the El Incienso bridge, the construction of the Roosevelt Avenue, the main road axis from East to West of the city, the town hall building, and numerous road works which meant the widening of the colonial city, its order in the cardinal points and the generation of a ring road with the first Shamrock in the main city of Central America. In the financial district are the tallest buildings in the country including: Club Premier , Tinttorento, Atlantis building, Atrium, Tikal Futura , Building of Finances, Towers Building Batteries, Torres Botticelli, Tadeus, building of the INTECAP, Royal Towers, Towers Geminis, Industrial Bank towers, Holiday Inn Hotel, Premier of the Americas, among many others to be used for offices, apartments etc. Also include projects such as Zona Pradera and Interamerica´s World Financial Center http://www.interamericaswfc.com . The location of the La Aurora international airport within the city limits the construction of skyscrapers, changing the limits permitted directly by its location within the urban area. Population [ edit ] Aerial View of Guatemala City According to the 2017 census, the Guatemala City metropolitan area had a population of 3.3 million, making it the most populous urban agglomeration in Central America. The growth of the city's population has been robust since then, abetted by the mass migration of Guatemalans from the rural hinterlands to the largest and most vibrant regional economy in Guatemala. The inhabitants of Guatemala City are incredibly diverse given the size of the city, with those of Spanish and Mestizo descent being the most numerous. Guatemala City also has sizable indigenous populations, divided among the 23 distinct Mayan groups present in Guatemala. The numerous Mayan languages are now spoken in certain quarters of Guatemala City, making the city a linguistically rich area. Foreigners and foreign immigrants comprise the final distinct group of Guatemala City inhabitants, representing a very small minority among the city's citizens. Due to mass migration from impoverished rural districts wracked with political instability, Guatemala City's population has exploded since the 1970s, severely straining the existing bureaucratic and physical infrastructure of the city. As a result, chronic traffic congestion, shortages of safe potable water in some areas of the city, and a sudden and prolonged surge in crime have become perennial problems. The infrastructure, although continuing to grow and improve in some areas, it is lagging in relation to the increasing population of those less fortunate. Guatemala City is not unique in facing and tackling problems all too common among rapidly expanding cities around the world. Communications [ edit ] Guatemala City is headquarters to many communications and telecom companies, among them Tigo, Claro-Telgua, and Movistar-Telefónica. These companies also offer cable television, internet services and telephone access. Due to Guatemala City's large and concentrated consumer base in comparison to the rest of the country, these telecom and communications companies provide most of their services and offerings within the confines of the city. There are also seven local television channels, in addition to numerous international channels. The international channels range from children's programming channels, like Nickelodeon and the Disney Channel, to more adult offerings, such as E! and HBO. While most international programming is dominated by televised entertainment from the United States, most domestic programming is dominated by televised entertainment from Mexico. Due to its small and relatively income-restricted domestic market, Guatemala City produces very little in the way of its own programming outside of local news and sports. Economy and Finance [ edit ] Guatemala City, as the capital, is home to Guatemala's central bank, from which Guatemala's monetary and fiscal policies are formulated and promulgated. Guatemala City is also headquarters to numerous regional private banks, among them CitiBank, Banco Agromercantil, Banco Promerica, Banco Industrial, Banco GyT Continental, Banco de Antigua, Banco Reformador, Banrural, Grupo Financiero de Occidente, BAC Credomatic, and Banco Internacional. By far the richest and most powerful regional economy within Guatemala, Guatemala City is the largest market for goods and services, which provides the greatest number of investment opportunities for public and private investors in all of Guatemala. Financing for these investments is provided by the regional private banks, as well as by foreign direct and capital investment, mostly from the United States. Guatemala City's ample consumer base and sophisticated service sector is represented by the large department store chains present in the city, among them Siman, Hiper Paiz & Paiz (Walmart), Price Smart, ClubCo, Cemaco, Sears and Office Depot. Bank of Guatemala. Banrural Bank. Pradera Zone. Agromercantil Bank. G&T Continental Bank. CHN Bank. Places of interest by zones [ edit ] Guatemala City is divided into 22 zones in accordance with the urban layout plan designed by Raúl Aguilar Batres . Each zone has its own streets and avenues, facilitating navigation within the city. Zones are numbered 1 through 25. However, numbers 20, 22 and 23 have not been designated to zones, thus these zones do not exist within the city proper. Zone Main places Pictures Zone 1 Museums Historic Downtown District La Sexta Boulevard National Palace Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala Teatro Abril Hogar Rafael Ayau Centro Cultural de España en Guatemala Guatemala National Theater. Zone 2 Guatemala Relief Map Hipódromo del Norte park Simeón Cañas Avenue Enrique Torrebiarte Baseball Stadium Relief Map of Guatemala. Zone 3 Guatemala City General Cemetery Guatemala City General Cemetery . Zone 4 La Terminal Market El Triángulo Building Cuatro Grados Norte Zone 5 Doroteo Guamuch Flores National Stadium Teodoro Palacios Flores Gym Olympic Villa Zone 6 Cementos Progreso Stadium Zone 7 Kaminaljuyú Archeological Site Erick Barrondo Sports Park Peri-Roosevelt Mall Megacentro Mall Zone 9 Torre del Reformador Parque de la Industria Avenida Reforma Obelisco Torre del Reformador . Zone 10 Universidad Francisco Marroquín Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing Universidad Galileo Museo Popol Vuh Zona Viva Jardín Botánico La Pradera mall Plaza Fontabella shopping center Oakland Mall Zone 11 Museo de Miraflores Miraflores Mall Hotel Tikal Futura Hospital Roosevelt Centro Universitario Metropolitano de la Universidad de San Carlos Calzada Roosevelt Hotel Tikal Futura, zone 11. Zone 12 Ciudad Universitaria University of San Carlos Central Campus. Zone 13 Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno ""Carlos Mérida"" Museo de los Niños Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Zoológico La Aurora La Aurora International Airport Avenida Las Américas Contraloría General de Cuentas de la Nación Universidad del Istmo Domo Polideportivo Mercado de Artesanías Reloj de Flores Antiguo Aqueducto de La Aurora Monument to Justo Rufino Barrios Monument to Tecún Umán La Aurora International Airport Zone 14 Centro Recreativo Universitario Los Arcos Las Américas Avenue Gerentes de Guatemala Association (AGG) Zone 15 Church of Latter-day Saints Guatemala City Temple Latter Day Saints Guatemala City Temple Zone 16 Universidad Rafael Landívar Guatemala Military Hospital Universidad Panamericana de Guatemala Paseo Cayalá Universidad Rafael Landívar Transmetro Transurbano La Aurora International Airport Transportation [ edit ] Renovated and expanded, La Aurora International Airport lies to the south of the city center. La Aurora serves as Guatemala's principal air hub. Public transport is provided by buses and supplemented by a BRT system. The three main highways that bisect and serve Guatemala start in the city. (CA9 Transoceanic Highway - Puerto San Jose to Puerto Santo Tomas de Castilla-, CA1 Panamerican Highway - from the Mexican border to Salvadorian border - and to Peten.) Construction of freeways and underpasses by the municipal government, the implementation of reversible lanes during peak rush-hour traffic, as well as the establishment of the Department of Metropolitan Transit Police (PMT), has helped improve traffic flow in the city. Despite these municipal efforts, the Guatemala City metropolitan area still faces growing traffic congestion. A BRT ( Bus Rapid Transit ) system called Transmetro , consisting of special-purpose lanes for high-capacity buses, began operating in 2007, and aimed to improve traffic flow in the city through the implementation of an efficient mass transit system. The system currently consists of five lines. In the future, it is expected to be made up of around 10 lines, with some over-capacity expected lines considered to be made Light Metro or Heavy Metro. Traditional buses are now required to discharge passengers at transfer stations at the city's edge to board the Transmetro. This is being implemented as new Transmetro lines become established. In conjunction with the new mass transit implementation in the city, there is also a prepaid bus card system called Transurbano that is being implemented in the metro area to limit cash handling for the transportation system. A new fleet of buses tailored for this system has been purchased from a Brazilian firm. Universities and schools [ edit ] See also: List of universities in Guatemala Guatemala City is home to ten universities, among them the oldest institution of higher education in Central America, the University of San Carlos of Guatemala . Founded in 1676, the Universidad de San Carlos is older than all North American universities except for Harvard University . The other nine institutions of higher education to be found in Guatemala City include the Universidad Mariano Gálvez, the Universidad Panamericana, the Universidad Mesoamericana, the Universidad Rafael Landivar, the Universidad Francisco Marroquín , the Universidad del Valle , the Universidad del Istmo , Universidad Galileo , Universidad da Vinci and the Universidad Rural. Whereas these nine named universities are private, the Universidad de San Carlos remains the only public institution of higher learning. Sports [ edit ] Guatemala City possesses several sportsgrounds and is home to many sports clubs. Association football is the most popular sport, with CSD Municipal , Aurora FC and Comunicaciones being the main clubs. The Estadio Mateo Flores , located in the Zone 5 of the city, is the largest stadium in the country, followed in capacity by the Estadio Cementos Progreso , Estadio del Ejército & Estadio El Trébol . An important multi-functional hall is the Domo Polideportivo de la CDAG . The city has hosted several promotional functions and some international sports events: in 1950 it hosted the VI Central American and Caribbean Games , and in 2000 the FIFA Futsal World Championship . On July 4, 2007 the International Olympic Committee gathered in Guatemala City and voted Sochi to become the host for the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . In April 2010, it hosted the XIVth Pan-American Mountain Bike Championships. Guatemala City hosted the 2008 edition of the CONCACAF Futsal Championship , played at the Domo Polideportivo from June 2 to June 8, 2008. Panoramic views of Guatemala City [ edit ] 1875 [ edit ] See also: Eadweard Muybridge Guatemala City skyline in 1875. Phographs by Eadweard Muybridge . 2008 [ edit ] Panoramic view of Guatemala City. Skyline of the zone 14 or residential buildings zone. International relations [ edit ] See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Central America International organizations with headquarters in Guatemala City [ edit ] Central American Parliament Twin towns — sister cities [ edit ] Guatemala City is twinned with: City Jurisdiction Country [ hide ] Year Caracas Capital District Venezuela 1969 San Salvador San Salvador El Salvador 1979 Madrid Madrid Spain 1983 Lima Lima Peru 1987 Santiago de Chile Metropolitan Santiago Chile 1991 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico 1993 La Habana La Habana Cuba 1997 Bogotá Distrito Capital Colombia 1997 San Pedro Sula Cortés Honduras 1999 Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain 2002 San José San José Costa Rica 2005 Ciudad de Panamá Panamá Panama 2005 Taipei Northern Taiwan Republic of China 2007 Managua Managua Nicaragua 2008 Beijing Beijing China 2009 Notable residents [ edit ] Raúl Aguilar Batres , Engineer, creator of Guatemala City's system of avenue/street notation Miguel Ángel Asturias , Writer and diplomat, Nobel Prize Laureate Ricardo Arjona , Singer /songwriter Manuel Colom Argueta , Former mayor of Guatemala City and politician Toti Fernández , triathlete and ultramarathon runner Juan José Gutiérrez , CEO of Pollo Campero and on the board of directors of Corporación Multi Inversiones . Has been featured on the cover of Newsweek as Super CEO and named one of the Ten Big Thinkers for Big Business. Ted Hendricks , Oakland Raiders NFL Hall Of Fame Linebacker. 5-Time Super Bowl Champion Jorge de León , performance artist Carlos Mérida , painter Gaby Moreno , Singer/ Songwriter Carlos Peña , Singer, Winner of Latin American Idol 2007 Georgina Pontaza , actress and artistic director of the Teatro Abril and Teatro Fantasía Fernando Quevedo , Theoretical Physicist, currently a professor of High Energy Physics at the university of Cambridge Rodolfo Robles , Physician, discovered onchocercosis ""Robles' Disease"" Fabiola Rodas , Winner of The Third TV Azteca's Desafio de Estrellas 2nd Place in The Last Generation of La Academia Carlos Ruíz , football/soccer player Alida Boer , designer/Guatemalan designer clothing Alvaro Arzu , Mayor/businessman Shery , singer / songwriter Jaime Viñals , Mountaineer (Scaled seven highest peaks in the world) Luis von Ahn , Computer Scientist, CAPTCHA 's creator and Researcher at Carnegie Mellon University Rodrigo Saravia , Guatemala national team and IK Frej footballer Climate [ edit ] Despite its location in the tropics , Guatemala City’s relatively high altitude moderates average temperatures. The city has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) bordering on a subtropical highland climate ( Cwb ). Guatemala City is generally warm, almost springlike, throughout the course of the year. It occasionally gets hot during the dry season, but not as hot and humid as in the cities located at sea level. The hottest month is April. The rainy season extends from May to October, coinciding with the tropical storm and hurricane season in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, while the dry season extends from November to April. The city can at times be windy, which also leads to lower ambient temperatures. The average annual temperature ranges from 22 to 28 °C (72 to 82 °F) during the day, and 12 to 17 °C (54 to 63 °F) at night. Average morning relative humidity : 82%, evening relative humidity: 58%. Average dew point is 16 °C (61 °F ). [ hide ] Climate data for Guatemala City (1990–2011) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 30.0 (86) 32.1 (89.8) 32.0 (89.6) 33.9 (93) 33.9 (93) 31.2 (88.2) 29.1 (84.4) 30.2 (86.4) 29.8 (85.6) 28.6 (83.5) 29.9 (85.8) 28.8 (83.8) 33.9 (93) Average high °C (°F) 24.3 (75.7) 25.8 (78.4) 26.8 (80.2) 27.8 (82) 27.1 (80.8) 25.8 (78.4) 25.4 (77.7) 25.5 (77.9) 25.1 (77.2) 24.7 (76.5) 24.2 (75.6) 23.9 (75) 25.5 (77.9) Average low °C (°F) 13.2 (55.8) 13.6 (56.5) 14.6 (58.3) 16.0 (60.8) 16.8 (62.2) 16.8 (62.2) 16.3 (61.3) 16.5 (61.7) 16.4 (61.5) 16.0 (60.8) 14.7 (58.5) 13.7 (56.7) 15.4 (59.7) Record low °C (°F) 6.0 (42.8) 7.8 (46) 8.4 (47.1) 8.6 (47.5) 12.3 (54.1) 11.2 (52.2) 12.1 (53.8) 13.5 (56.3) 13.0 (55.4) 11.4 (52.5) 9.4 (48.9) 7.6 (45.7) 6.0 (42.8) Average rainfall mm (inches) 2.8 (0.11) 5.4 (0.213) 6.0 (0.236) 31.0 (1.22) 128.9 (5.075) 271.8 (10.701) 202.6 (7.976) 202.7 (7.98) 236.6 (9.315) 131.6 (5.181) 48.8 (1.921) 6.6 (0.26) 1,274.8 (50.188) Average rainy days 1.68 1.45 2.00 4.73 12.36 21.14 18.59 19.04 20.82 14.59 6.18 2.64 125.22 Average relative humidity (%) 74.3 73.4 73.2 74.3 77.3 82.4 80.8 80.9 84.5 82.0 79.2 76.0 77.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 248.4 236.2 245.6 237.9 184.4 155.3 183.4 191.8 159.0 178.0 211.7 209.2 2,440.9 Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia Volcanic activity [ edit ] Four stratovolcanoes are visible from the city, two of them active. The nearest and most active is Pacaya , which at times erupts a considerable amount of ash. These volcanoes lie to the south of the Valle de la Ermita, providing a natural barrier between Guatemala City and the Pacific lowlands that define the southern regions of Guatemala. Agua , Fuego , Pacaya and Acatenango comprise a line of 33 stratovolcanoes that stretches across the breadth of Guatemala, from the Salvadorian border to the Mexican border. Earthquakes [ edit ] See also: 1917 Guatemala earthquake and 1976 Guatemala earthquake Lying on the Ring of Fire , the Guatemalan highlands and the Valle de la Ermita are frequently shaken by large earthquakes. The last large tremor to hit the Guatemala City region occurred in the 1976, on the Motagua Fault , a left-lateral strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between the Caribbean Plate and the North American Plate . The 1976 event registered 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale . Smaller, less severe tremors are frequently felt in Guatemala City and environs. Mudslides [ edit ] Torrential downpours, similar to the more famous monsoons, occur frequently in the Valle de la Ermita during the rainy season, leading to flash floods that sometimes inundate the city. Due to these heavy rainfalls, some of the slums perched on the steep edges of the canyons that criss-cross the Valle de la Ermita are washed away and buried under mudslides, as in October 2005. Tropical waves, tropical storms and hurricanes sometimes strike the Guatemalan highlands, which also bring torrential rains to the Guatemala City region and trigger these deadly mudslides. Piping pseudokarst [ edit ] 2007 Sinkhole The 2010 sinkhole in Zona 2 In February 2007, a very large, deep circular hole with vertical walls opened in northeastern Guatemala City ( 14°39′1.40″N 90°29′25″W  /  14.6503889°N 90.49028°W  / 14.6503889; -90.49028 ), killing five people. This sinkhole, which is classified by geologists as either a "" piping feature "" or "" piping pseudokarst "", was 100 metres (330 ft) deep, and apparently was created by fluid from a sewer eroding the loose volcanic ash , limestone , and other pyroclastic deposits that underlie Guatemala City. As a result, one thousand people were evacuated from the area. This piping feature has since been mitigated by City Hall by providing proper maintenance to the sewerage collection system and plans to develop the site have been proposed. However, critics believe municipal authorities have neglected needed maintenance on the city's aging sewerage system, and have speculated that more dangerous piping features are likely to develop unless action is taken. 3 years later the 2010 Guatemala City sinkhole arose. Geographic location [ edit ] The city is completely surrounded by Guatemala Department municipalities: See also [ edit ] Guatemala portal Geography portal 2007 Guatemala earthquake La Aurora International Airport List of places in Guatemala Notes and references [ edit ] References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Almengor, Oscar Guillermo (1994). ""La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción y los terremotos de 1917-18"". Ciudad de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Centro de estudios urbanos y regionales-USAC. Assardo, Luis (2010). ""Llueve ceniza y piedras del Volcán de Pacaya"" . El Periódico . Guatemala. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Baily, John (1850). Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica . London: Trelawney Saunders. p. 72. Barrios Vital, Jenny Ivette (2006). ""Restauración y revitalización del complejo arquitectónico de la Recolección"" (PDF) (in Spanish). Guatemala: University of San Carlos of Guatemala thesis . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Bascome Jones, J.; Scoullar, William T.; Soto Hall, Máximo (1915). El Libro azul de Guatemala (in Spanish). Searcy & Pfaff. relato é historia sobre la vida de las personas más prominentes; historia condensada de la república; artículos especiales sobre el comercio, agricultura y riqueza mineral, basado sobre las estadísticas oficiales Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV,2 (1999). ""Atentados contra la libertad"" . Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia (in Spanish). Guatemala: memoria del silencio. Archived from the original (Online edition) on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV (1999). ""Atentados contra sedes municipales"" . Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia (in Spanish). Guatemala: memoria del silencio. Archived from the original (Online edition) on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Conkling, Alfred R. (1884). Appleton's guide to Mexico, including a chapter on Guatemala, and a complete English-Spanish vocabulary . Nueva York: D. Appleton and Company. Dary Fuentes, Claudia (1994). ""Una ciudad que empezaba a crecer"". Revista Crónica, suplemento Revolución (in Spanish). Guatemala: Editorial Anahté. Diario de Navarra (2010). ""El volcán Pacaya continúa activo y obliga a seguir con evacuaciones"" . Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . El País (2010). ""Socavón causado por la tormenta Agatha"" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. El Periódico (31 January 2012). ""Quema de embajada española"" . elPeriódico (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Figueroa, Luis (2011). ""Bombazo en el Palacio Nacional"" . Luis Figueroa Blog (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Funtec (n.d.). ""Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala"" . Funtec-Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . González Davison, Fernando (2008). La montaña infinita;Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. ISBN 84-89452-81-4 . Guateantaño (17 October 2011). ""Parques y plazas antiguas de Guatemala"" . Guatepalabras Blogspot . Guatemala. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Halliday, W.R. (2007). ""Pseudokarst in the 21st century"". Journal of Cave and Karst Studies . 69 (1): 103–113. Ine (2013). ""Caracterización Departamental, Guatemala 2012"" (PDF) . Instituto Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). Guatemala: Gobierno de Guatemala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2014. Hernández de León, Federico (1959). ""El capítulo de las efemérides"". Diario La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala. Hernández de León, Federico (1930). El libro de las efemérides (in Spanish). Tomo III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise. La Hora (2013). ""Una crónica impactante en el aniversario de la quema de la Embajada de España tras 33 años de impunidad"" . Diario La Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . La otra memoria histórica (5 December 2011). ""Guatemala, viudas y huérfanos que dejó el comunismo"" . La otra memoria histórica (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Milla y Vidaurre, José (1980). Cuadros de Costumbres . Textos Modernos (in Spanish). Guatemala: Escolar Piedra Santa. Moncada Maya, José Omar (n.d.). ""En torno a la destrucción de la ciudad de Guatemala, 1773. Una carta del ingeniero militar Antonio Marín"" . Ub.es (in Spanish) . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Morán Mérida, Amanda (1994). ""Movimientos de pobladores en la Ciudad de Guatemala (1944-1954)"" (PDF) . Boletín del CEUR-USAC (in Spanish). Guatemala: Centro de estudios urbanos y regionales-USAC (23). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Mundo Chapín (2013). ""La Aurora y el Hipódromo del Sur"" . Mundo Chapín . Guatemala. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Municipalidad de Guatemala (August 2008). ""Paso a desnivel de Tecún Umán"" . Segmento cultural de la Municipalidad de Guatemala (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Municipalidad de Guatemala (2014). ""Mi barrio querido, Ciudad de Guatemala"" (in Spanish). Guatemala City. Municipalidad de Guatemala (2007). ""Conmemoración de los doscientos treinta años de fundación de la Ciudad de Guatemala"" . Boletín de la Municipalidad de Guatemala . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 . Municipalidad de Guatemala (2008). ""Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial, Ciudad de Guatemala"" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Museo Ixchel (2008). ""Museo Ixchel"" . Museo Ixchel del traje indígena (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . Natural Reserve (2005). ""Jardin Botanico"" . Natureserve.org (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . Newskeek (2005). ""10 Big Thinkers for Big Business - The Daily Beast"" . Newsweek.com . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Population data (2012). ""Guatemala population"" . Population data . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Prensa Libre (6 September 1980). ""Avalancha terrorista en contra de la manifestación de mañana; poder público y transporte extraurbano blancos de ataque"". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Guatemala. Reilly, Michael (2 June 2010). ""Don't Call the Guatemala Sinkhole a Sinkhole"" . Discovery News . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Sharer, Robert J. ; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . ISBN 0-8047-4817-9 . OCLC 57577446 . Sydney Morning Herald (2010). ""Hole that swallowed a three-story building"" . Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Walker, Peter (2010). ""Tropical Storm Agatha blows a hole in Guatemala City"" . The Guardian . London, UK. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Waltham, T. (2008). ""Sinkhole hazard case histories in karst terrains"" . Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology . 41 (3). Woodward, Ralph Lee, Jr. (2002). ""Rafael Carrera y la creación de la República de Guatemala, 1821–1871"" . Serie monográfica (in Spanish). CIRMA y Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies (12). ISBN 0-910443-19-X . Woodward, Ralph Lee, Jr. (1993). Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871 (Online edition) . Athens, Georgia EE.UU.: University of Georgia Press . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Guatemala City at Wikimedia Commons Guatemala City travel guide from Wikivoyage Official Website of the Municipalidad de Guatemala" -6252568056196742274,train,mexico city is in which state of mexico,"Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Native Americans, the other being Quito, Ecuador. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the federal district was created in 1824.","['ghana', 'the flag of uganda']",ìlú mexico wà ní ìpínlẹ̀ mexico wo,Yes,['Ilu Meksiko ni oluilu orile-ede Mexico.'],['Ilu Meksiko ni oluilu orile-ede Mexico.'],['P1'],1,1,"Ilu Meksiko Ilu Meksiko ni oluilu orile-ede Mexico.", -6870280421958372560,train,where is cross river state located in nigeria,"Cross River is a state in South South Nigeria, bordering Cameroon to the east. Its capital is Calabar, and its name is derived from the Cross River (Oyono), which passes through the state. Boki, Ejagham and Efik are major languages of this state.",['neonate'],níbo ni ìpínlẹ̀ cross river wà ní nàìjíríà,Yes,"['Ìpínlẹ̀ Cross River jẹ́ kan láàárín àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ mẹ́rìndínlógójì ní agbègbè Gúúsù-Gúúsù ní orílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà.', 'Láyé òde-òní Ìpínlẹ̀ Cross River ti ní olùgbé láti bí ọ̀pọ̀ ọgọ́rùn-ún ọdún sẹ́yìn kúnfún àwọn oríṣiríṣi ẹ̀yà, pàáp̀á àwọn ará Efik ti gúúsù ni apá odò àti Calabar; àwọn ará Ekoi (Ejagham) ti erékùṣù gúúsù; àwọn ará Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, àti Yakö (Yakurr) ti àáríngbùngbùn agbègbè náà; àti àwọn ará Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, Ukelle (Kukele) ti agbègbè àríwá.']","['Ìpínlẹ̀ Cross River jẹ́ kan láàárín àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ mẹ́rìndínlógójì ní agbègbè Gúúsù-Gúúsù ní orílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà.', 'Láyé òde-òní Ìpínlẹ̀ Cross River ti ní olùgbé láti bí ọ̀pọ̀ ọgọ́rùn-ún ọdún sẹ́yìn kúnfún àwọn oríṣiríṣi ẹ̀yà, pàáp̀á àwọn ará Efik ti gúúsù ni apá odò àti Calabar; àwọn ará Ekoi (Ejagham) ti erékùṣù gúúsù; àwọn ará Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, àti Yakö (Yakurr) ti àáríngbùngbùn agbègbè náà; àti àwọn ará Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, Ukelle (Kukele) ti agbègbè àríwá.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ìpínl?? Cross River Ìpínl?? Cross River j?? kan láàárín àw?n ìpínl?? m??rìndínlógójì ní agbègbè Gúúsù-Gúúsù ní oríl?? èdè Nàìjíríà. W??n s??? lórúk? fún àw?n ará Cross River, w??n dá Ìpínl?? náà síl?? látara ìlà-oòrùn ní agbègbè ìlà-oòrùn ní ?j?? k?tàdínl??gb??n o?ù karùn-ún ?dún 1967. Olú-ìlú r?? ni Calabar, Ó pín ààlà sí àríwá p??lú Ìpínl?? Benue, sí ìw??-oòrùn p??lú Ìpínl?? Ebonyi p??lú sí Ìpínl?? Abia , àti sí gúúsù-ìw??-oòrùn p??lú Ìpínl?? Akwa Ibom nígbàtí ààlà ìlà-oòrùn r?? parap?? di ààlà oríl?? èdè p??lú oríl?? èdè Cameroon.[1] Ìpínl?? Gúúsù-Ìlà-oòrùnni w??n m???? sí kí w??n tó yí orúk? r?? padà ní ?dún 1976, Ìpínl?? Cross River t??l??rí ?àkóónú agbègbè tí ó wá di Ìpínl?? Akwa Ibom báyìí, tí ó di ìpínl?? tí ó dá yàt?? ní ?dún 1987.[2] Láàárín àw?n ìpínl?? m??rìndínlógójì ti oríl?? èdè Nàìjíríà, ìpínl?? Cross River j?? ìpínl?? ?l????k?sàn-án tí ó gbòòrò jùl? ní ààyè tàbí agbègbè àti ?l????k?tàdínl??gb??n ní iye p??lú ènìyàn tí ó tó mílí??nnù m??tàlél??gb??rin-?g??rùn-ún g??g?? bí àbájáde ?dún 2016.[3] Láyé òd-òní Ìpínl?? Cross River ti ní olùgbé láti bí ??p?? ?g??rùn-ún ?dún s??yìn kúnfún àw?n orí?irí?i ??yà, pàáp?á àw?n ará Efik ti gúúsù ni apá odò àti Calabar; àw?n ará Ekoi (Ejagham) ti erékù?ù gúúsù; àw?n ará Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, àti Yakö (Yakurr) ti àáríngbùngbùn agbègbè náà; àti àw?n ará Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, Ukelle (Kukele) ti agbègbè àríwá. Ní àkókò ìmúnisìn, ibi tí awá m?? sí Ìpínl?? Cross River báyìí pín sí àw?n ??yà tí àw?n kún àw?n ará E?gbé? Aro nígbà tí àw?n ará Efik ???dá Akwa Akpa (Calabar àtij??) ìlú-ìpínl??.[1]","Cross River is a state in South South Nigeria , bordering Cameroon to the east. Its capital is Calabar , and its name is derived from the Cross River (Oyono) , which passes through the state. Boki , Ejagham and Efik are major languages of this state. Contents [ hide ] 1 Geography 2 History 3 Demographics 4 Health Sector Development 5 Local Government Areas 6 Festivals 7 Tourism 8 Education 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Geography [ edit ] Cross River State is a coastal state in South South Nigeria, named after the Cross River, which passes through the state. Located in the Niger Delta , Cross River State occupies 20,156 square kilometers. It shares boundaries with Benue State to the north, Ebonyi and Abia States to the west, to the east by Cameroon Republic and to the south by Akwa-Ibom and the Atlantic Ocean . History [ edit ] The South-South State was created on May 27,1967 from the former Eastern Region, Nigeria by the General Yakubu Gowon regime. Its name was changed to Cross River State in the 1976 state creation exercise by the then General Murtala Mohammed regime from South Eastern State. The present day Akwa Ibom State was excised from it in the state creation exercise of September 1987 by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. Its capital is Calabar . Its major towns are Akamkpa , Biase , Calabar South , Ikom , Igede , Obubra , Odukpani , Ogoja , Ugep , Obudu , Obanliku , Akpabuyo , Ofutop , Iso-bendghe , Danare , Boki , Yala and Ukelle The state has been previously governed by many governors and administrators including Udoakaha J. Esuene, Paul Omu, Tunde Elegbede, Clement Isong, Donald Etiebet, Daniel Archibong, Ibim Princewill, Ernest Atta, Clement Ebri, Ibrahim Kefas, Gregory Agboneni, Umar Faoruk Ahmed, Christopher Osondu, Donald Duke and Liyel Imoke. The Current Governor is Ben Ayade, who came into power on the 29th of May, 2015. Demographics [ edit ] The State is composed of several ethnic groups, which include the Efik, the Ejagham, Yakurr, Bette, Yala, Igede, Ukelle and the Bekwarra. The Efik language is widely spoken in the southern part of Cross River State, especially in Calabar Municipality, Calabar South and Odukpani. The Ejagham language is the most widely spoken language in Cross River State; from Calabar Municipality, Akamkpa, Ikom, Obubura, Ojoga, Obudu, and Etung local government councils, to the south west province of Cameroon . The Efik-speaking people live mainly in the Southern senetorial districts of Cross River, or as it is commonly referred to, the Greater Calabar district, which includes Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa LGAs. There is also the Qua community in Calabar, which speaks Ejagham. The main Ejagham group occupies mostly the Greater Calabar areas of Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase and Akampkpa sections of Cross River State. There are also the Yakurr/Agoi/Bahumono ethnic groups in Yakurr and Abi LGA, while the Mbembe are predominantly found in Obubra LGA. Further up the core northern part of the state are several sub-dialectical groups, among which are Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke and Boki in both Ikom, Etung and Boki LGAs. Also, the Yala/Yache,Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuk, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra and Utugwanga people are found in Ogoja, Yala, Obudu and Obanliku LGA's. The Yala are a subgroup of the Idoma nation, part of the Yala LGA's subgroups are the Igede speaking people believed to have migrated from the Oju part of Benue State, who migrated from Ora, in Edo North. Cross River State epitomises the nation's linguistic and cultural plurality and it is important to note that, in spite of the diversity of dialects, all the indigenous languages in the state have common linguistic roots as Niger–Congo languages . Finally, the state boasts of being the venue for the largest carnival in Africa. Health Sector Development [ edit ] Cross River healthcare delivery system is skewed in favour of the urban settlements. Local Government Areas [ edit ] Cross River State consists of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas . They are: Abi Akamkpa Akpabuyo Bakassi Bekwarra Biase Boki Calabar Municipal Calabar South Etung Ikom Obanliku Obubra Obudu Odukpani Ogoja Yakuur Yala Festivals [ edit ] In line with the objectives of the former Governor of the state Mr. Donald Duke to mix business with pleasure, there are many festivals. These festivals bring in tourists from far and wide into the state to enjoy themselves and also do business in the state. These festivals include The Cross River State Christmas Festival,which promises to be an event that will rival any festival events in Africa, with over 30 days of endless fun, carnival, games, cultural display, art exhibition, pageant and music performance. This year's Christmas event and Carnival promise to be the best. The Cross River State Christmas Festival – 1 December to 31 December annually The Cross River State Carnival Float – 26th and 27th December yearly The Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – 28 August annually The Calabar Boat Regata Another Interesting Festival in cross River state is Anong Bahumono Festival which holds in Anong Village, during which different cultural dances are showcased, including Ikpobin (acclaimed to be the most entertaining dance in the state), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei and Etangala Dances. Obanliku New Yam Festival - last Saturday of August Every Year. Tourism [ edit ] From the soaring plateaus of the mountain tops of Obanliku to the Rain forests of Afi, from the Waterfalls of Agbokim and Kwa to the spiralling ox-bow Calabar River which provides sights and images of the Tinapa Business Resort , Calabar Marina , Calabar Residency Museum and the Calabar Slave Park along its course, there is always a thrilling adventure awaiting the eco-tourist visiting Cross River State. Other tourist attractions are the Ikom Monoliths (a series of volcanic-stone monoliths of unknown age), the Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort and the annual Calabar Carnival that takes place during the Christmas period. Cross River State can be accessed by air through the Margaret Ekpo International Airport at Calabar. There are daily flights to Calabar from Lagos and Abuja serviced by airlines such as Virgin Nigeria, Arik Airlines and Aero Contractors. Aero Contractors also have flights to the Bebi airstrip at Obanliku for trips to the Obanliku Mountain Resort. Calabar, the capital of Cross River State, is now the leading tourism city of Nigeria [ citation needed ] . Visitors from different parts of Nigeria come to the city in large numbers all year around. Education [ edit ] Tertiary educational institutions are the University of Calabar and the Cross River State University of Technology both in Calabar , the Ibrahim Babangida College of Agriculture in Obubra ,Cross River State College of Education in akamkpa , College of Health Technology, Iboko at Okpoma, Yala and Technical college Ugep . See also [ edit ] Tinapa Resort Akwa Akpa References [ edit ] http://crossriverwatch.com/?p=25473 External links [ edit ] Cross River State Government website" 2924801936451304505,train,how many local goverment do we have in delta state,Delta State consists of 25 Local Government Areas (shown with 2006 population figures) :,['chioma ajunwa-opara'],iye ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ mélòó la ní ní ìpínlẹ̀ delta,Yes,['Ìpinlè Delta ní Ìjoba Agbegbe Ibile marundinlogbon(25) [3]Arakunrin Emmanuel Uduaaghan ti fi igba je gomina ipinle delta ri labe asia egbe oselu PDP.'],['Ìjoba Agbegbe Ibile marundinlogbon(25)'],['P1'],0,0,"Ipinle Delta Ipinle Delta je ipinle kan nini awon Ipinle ni orile-ede Naijiria. Ìpínlè Delta wà ní apa Guusu Nàìjíríà. Adá Ìpínlè Delta kalè ní ojo ketadinlogbon, osu kejo, odun 1991(27, Osu? ke?jo?, o?du?n 1991) ní abe isejoba Gen. Ibrahim Babangida [1]. Olú-ìlú Ìpínlè Delta ní Asaba bí otile jepe ìlú Warri ìkan aje/oja kale sí jù. Àwon èyà tí opoju ní Ìpinlè Delta ni Igbo, Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, Itsekiri [2]. Ìpinlè Delta ní Ìjoba Agbegbe Ibile marundinlogbon(25) [3] Arakunrin Emmanuel Uduaaghan ti fi igba je gomina ipinle delta ri labe asia egbe oselu PDP. Oruko gomina ipinle delta lowolowo bayii ni arakunrin Ifeanyi Okowa Awon Ìjoba Agbegbe Ìbílè ti Delta • Ariwa Aniocha • Guusu Aniocha • Bomadi • Burutu • Guusu Ethiope • Ila-oorun Ethiope • Ariwa Ila-oorun Ika • Guusu Ika • Ariwa Isoko • Guusu Isoko • Ila-oorun Ndokwa • ìw?? oòrùn Ndokwa • Okpe • Ariwa Oshimili • Guusu Oshimili • Patani • Sapele • Udu • Ariwa Ughelli • Guusu Ughelli • Ukwuani • Uvwie • Ariwa Warri • Guusu Warri • Guusu ìw?? oòrùn Warri Olokiki eniyan Kefee, olori obinrin ati ko-orin Naijiria Sunny Ofehe, oluselu ati ajafitafita Isaiah Ogedegbe, elesin aguntan ati oluso buloogi[4]","This article is about the state in Nigeria. For the Canadian animated TV series, see Delta State (TV series) . For states called delta, see Delta (disambiguation) . For other uses, see Delta State (disambiguation) . Delta or Delta State is an oil and agricultural producing state of Nigeria, situated in the region known as the South-South geo-political zone with a population of 4,112,445 (males: 2,069,309; females: 2,043,136). The capital city is Asaba , located at the northern end of the state, with an estimated area of 762 square kilometres (294 sq mi), while Warri is the economic nerve center of the state and also the most populated. It is located in the southern end of the state. The state has a total land area of 16,842 square kilometres (6,503 sq mi). Contents 1 Geography 2 History 3 Demographics 4 Administration 4.1 Past & Present Administrations [4] 4.2 Local government areas 5 Natural resources 6 Higher education 7 Tourist attractions 8 Sports 9 Notable people 10 References 11 External links Geography [ edit ] The state covers a landmass of about 18,050 km², of which more than 60% is land. The state lies approximately between Longitude 5°00 and 6°.45' East and Latitude 5°00 and 6°.30' North. It is bounded in the north and west by Edo State , the east by Anambra , Imo , and Rivers States, southeast by Bayelsa State , and on the southern flank is the Bight of Benin which covers about 160 kilometres of the state's coastline. Delta State is generally low-lying without remarkable hills. The state has a wide coastal belt inter-lace with rivulets and streams, which form part of the Niger River Delta . History [ edit ] Delta State was carved out of the former Bendel State on 27 August 1991. The state was created following agitations for the creation of a separate distinct state by the peoples of the old Delta Province: the Urhobos , Ijaw Izon , Isoko , Itsekiri and Ukwuani (later joined Anioma). There was yet another state creation movement designated as ""Niger State"" comprising the old midwestern Igbo-speaking Asaba divisions and Ukwuani-speaking Aboh division of the old Midwest region. This was transformed into ""Anioma"" following the creation of Niger State from the old Northwestern State by the Murtala Muhammed administration in 1976. The then Military President, Gen. Ibrahim Babangida , created the state using the name ""Delta"" advanced by Niger Delta region and ""Asaba"" a prominent town within the ""Anioma"" axis as capital. Asaba was designated as capital of the proposed Anioma State. The proposed capital was a virgin land or ""Anioma city"" in the heart of the two constituent divisions that had evolved to become the Anioma area. Delta state was once integrated in the Mid Western state from 1963 to 1976 and later Bendel state, from 1976 to 1991. The name ""Bendel"" (Ben-Del) coined from the old Benin and Delta Provinces of Western Region-Delta to reflect the integration of Benin and Delta provinces. Demographics [ edit ] Delta State is ethnically diverse, with various linguistic stocks. The first region is made up of three linguistic groupings, collectively referred to as Anioma . They are of Igboid stock and composed of three main groups namely Enuani, who inhabit the Aniocha and Oshimili Local Government Areas; Ika ; and Ndokwa/Ukwuani . All three inhabit the Delta North senatorial district. The second region consists of the other three main linguistic groups: Edoid , comprising the Isoko and Urhobo ; Yoruboid , Itsekiri ; and Ijoid , Izon. The Urhobo cultural extraction is the largest in the state with over 2 million native speakers. The Itsekiri speak a language very closely related to Yoruba but have been culturally influenced by the Edo ethnic group from neighbouring Edo state, as well as the Urhobo, Ijaw and Portuguese . The Izon are a branch of their kith and kin, in neighbouring Bayelsa State. The vast majority of inhabitants are Christian, with very few practicing Traditional Religion . Administration [ edit ] Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi , a member of the People's Democratic Party , was elected Governor and chief executive of Delta State in April 2015. His deputy is Barr. Kingsley Otuaro. The state has three National Senatorial Districts (South, North and Central). In 2011 and 2013, the elected senators were James Manager , Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi and Emmanuel Aguariavwodo who replaced Pius Ewherido who died in 2013 at National Hospital, Abuja. In 2015, Chief Ighoyeta Amori was elected Senator of Delta Central but his election was annulled and Senator Ovie Omo-Agege sworn in as Senator of Delta Central, James Manager retained his position and Chief Peter Nwaoboshi was elected Senator of Delta North. The Executive, Legislative and Judicial Chambers are housed in Asaba with a government house annex in Warri . Past & Present Administrations [ edit ] Ifeanyi Okowa - 29 May, 2015 to date ( PDP ) Emmanuel Uduaghan - 29 May 2007 to 29 May 2015 ( PDP ) James Ibori - 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007 ( PDP ) Walter Feghabo - 12 August 1998 to 29 May 1999 (Military) John Dungs - 22 August 1996 to 12 August 1998 (Military) Ibrahim Kefas - 26 September 1994 to 22 August 1996 (Military) Bassey Asuquo - 10 December 1993 to 26 September 1994 (Military) Abdulkadir Shehu - 17 November 1993 - 10 December 1993 (Military) Luke Chijiuba Ochulor - 28 August 1991 - January 1992 (Military) Felix Ibru - January 1992 - November 1993 ( SDP ) Local government areas [ edit ] Delta State consists of 25 Local Government Areas (shown with 2006 population figures): Delta Central Senatorial District 1,575,738 Delta North Senatorial District 1,293,074 Delta South Senatorial District 1,229,282 Ethiope East 200,942 Aniocha North 104,062 Bomadi 86,016 Ethiope West 202,712 Aniocha South 142,045 Burutu 207,977 Okpe 128,398 Ika North East 182,819 Isoko North 143,559 Sapele 174,273 Ika South 167,060 Isoko South 235,147 Udu 142,480 Ndokwa East 103,224 Patani 67,391 Ughelli North 320,687 Ndokwa West 150,024 Warri North 136,149 Ughelli South 212,638 Oshimili North 118,540 Warri South 311,970 Uvwie 188,728 Oshimili South 150,032 Warri South West 116,538 Ukwuani 119,034 See also: Delta State Executive Council Natural resources [ edit ] There are various solid mineral deposits within state - industrial clay , silica , lignite , kaolin , tar sand , decorative rocks, limestone , etc. These are raw materials for industries such as brick making, ceramics , bottle manufacturing, glass manufacturing, chemical/insulators production, chalk manufacturing and sanitary wares , decorative stone cutting and quarrying . Delta state also has huge deposits of crude oil and is also one the largest producers of petroleum products in Nigeria Higher education [ edit ] Delta state has one of the highest numbers of tertiary institutions in any Nigerian state. This is a product of the people's thirst for knowledge and academic work. Some of these institutions are: Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun Delta State University (Abraka Campus, Oleh Campus, Asaba Campus) Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro The Film and Broadcast Academy, Ozoro College of Education, Agbor College of Education, Warri Federal College of Education Technical, Asaba College of Physical Education, Mosogar School of Health Technology, Ughelli Petroleum Training Institute , Effurun Western Delta University , Oghara Novena University, Ogume-Amai National Open University of Nigeria, Asaba Study Center, Asaba National Open University of Nigeria, Emevor Study Center, Emevor Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu Nigerian Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Warri Conarina School of Maritime & Transport Technology, Oria- Abraka University of Information and Communication Technology, Agbor State School of Midwifery, Asaba School of Nursing, Agbor School of Nursing, Warri Baptist School of Nursing, Eku Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri Nigerian Naval School, Sapele Nigerian Navy Maritime University, Ibusa Tourist attractions [ edit ] Delta State has some historical, cultural and socio-political tourist centers that attract visitors from around the globe. Some of these sites of tourism include: The Nana's Palace built by Chief Nana Olomu of Ebrohim. He was a powerful 19th century indigenous entrepreneur who traded with the British. The relationship eventually turned sour. Later, he surrendered (not without putting up a fight) and was exiled to Ghana. His personal effects are housed in this grand palace. The River Ethiope which is reputed to be the deepest inland waterway in Africa (at 176 km). Its source is at the foot of a giant silk-cotton tree at Umuaja in Ukwuani Local Government Area of the state and flows through seven Local Government Areas in the State. It is a place of worship for Olokun traditional religion and also a common site for faithfuls of the Igbe Religious Movement . The Araya Bible Site which houses a copy of the Holy Bible . It is believed that the bible descended to this spot miraculously from heaven around August, 1914. The bible dropped on rain-soaked yam and it didn't get wet. The site now attracts thousands of Christians yearly. Demas Nwoko Edifice which was built using traditional materials, designs and construction techniques of the Igbo civilization and the Benin Empire by Demas Nwoko , an architect, builder and artist of international repute from Idumuje-Ugboko, in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State. The Mungo Park House which is now the site of the National Museum, Asaba . The house was constructed by the Royal Niger Company (RNC) in 1886 and was used as a colonial administrative headquarters, a military house, the colonial administrative divisional headquarters, the RNC Constabulary building, and the seat of the Urban District Council at different times. The Niger Bridge which connects Delta State (by extension, western Nigeria) to the Eastern part of Nigeria. It is a beauty to behold. It was completed in 1965 and cost £5 million. It was damaged during the civil war, but later repaired. Lander Brothers Anchorage, Asaba which was built in memory of early British explorers. The complex has a museum, a graveyard, and many artworks and writings. It houses a replica of one of the boats that was used by the brothers. Falcorp Mangrove Park Warri Kingdom Royal Cemetery which is 512 year old burial ground and serves as the resting place of past rulers of Warri kingdom. A tree is planted on each grave. Sports [ edit ] Delta State is known to have produced several sportsmen and women, notably Stephen Okechukwu Keshi , Sunday Oliseh , Austin Jay-Jay Okocha , Wilson Oruma , Efetobore Sodje Blessing Okagbare and Jonathan Akpoborie , Cindy Ofili . Notable people [ edit ] Dennis Osadebe Gamaliel Onosode Patrick Utomi Zulu Sofola Stephen Keshi Michael Ashikodi Agbamuche , former Attorney General & Minister for Justice of Nigeria Bovi , popular Nigerian comedian John Pepper Clark , first professor of English in Africa, poet and writer Joy Ogwu , former Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations . Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu , Minister of State, Petroleum Resources, Nigeria. Dominic Oneya Jim Ovia Tony Elumelu , UBA and Heirs Holdings . Olorogun O'tega Emerhor , Nigerian financial industry leader and politician. Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin , founder of Christ Mercyland Deliverance Ministry RMD , veteran actor Ali Baba , veteran comedian. I Go Dye , popular comedian across Africaand United Nations ' Millennium Development Goals Ambassador James Ibori , former governor of Delta State Michael Ibru , business leader Tanure Ojaide , professor of English and renowned writer Blessing Okagbare , athlete, Olympic and World Championships medalist in the long jump, and a world medallist in the 200 metres Sunny Ofehe , international human & environmental rights activist. Okocha , former Super Eagles Captain Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Ben Okri , writer Omawumi , popular Nigerian entertainer. Bruce Onobrakpeya , 2006 UNESCO Living Human Treasure Award, trustee of Western Niger Delta University Ayo Oritsejafor , founder of Word of Life Bible Church Amaju Pinnick , president of the Nigeria Football Federation Emmanuel Uduaghan Abel Ubeku , first black Managing Director of Guinness Nigeria Plc. Udoka Azubuike , college basketball player at the University of Kansas References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Delta State Government Governor of Delta State Delta State Newspaper" 2015989714861719388,train,where is the yoruba tribe located in africa,"The Yoruba people (Yoruba : Ìran Yorùbá, lit. ' Yoruba lineage ' ; also known as Àwon omo Yorùbá, lit. ' Children of Yoruba ', or simply as the Yoruba) are an ethnic group of southwestern and north - central Nigeria, as well as southern and central Benin. Together, these regions are known as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute over 40 million people in total. The majority of this population is from Nigeria, and the Yoruba make up 21 % of the country 's population, according to the CIA World Factbook, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language, which is tonal, and is the Niger - Congo language with the largest number of native speakers.",[],níbo ni ẹ̀yà yorùbá wà ní áfíríkà,Yes,"['Ìran Yorùbá, àwọn ọmọ Yorùbá tàbí Ọmọ káàárọ̀-oòjíire, jé árá ìpinle ẹ̀yà, ní apá ìwọ̀ oòrùn ilẹ̀ Áfríkà.']",['apá ìwọ̀ oòrùn ilẹ̀ Áfríkà.'],['P1'],0,1,"Ìran Yorùbá Ìran Yorùbá, àw?n ?m? Yorùbá tàbí ?m? káàár??-oòjíire, jé árá ìpinle ??yà, ní apá ìw?? oòrùn il?? Áfríkà. W?n jé árá ìpin àw?n ìran to pò ju ní oríl?? Áfríkà. Il?? Yorùbá ní púpò nínú w??n.[1] ? lè ri w??n ní ìpínl?? púpò bíi ìpínl?? ?dó, Ìpínl?? Èkìtì, ìpínl?? Èkó, Ìpínl?? Kwara, ìpínl?? Kogí, ìpínl?? Ògùn, Ìpínl?? O?dó, ìpínl?? ???un, ìpínl?? ??y??, àti ní ??yà ila ??w?? òsi ti ilè Nàìjíríà. ? tún le rí w??n ní ìpínl?? to wa nínú oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Benin, ní oríl??-èdè Sàró, àti ní àw?n oríl??-èdè miiran bíi àw?n tí w??n pè ní Togo, Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, Am??ríkà ati Venezuela. Àw?n Yorùbá wà l’árá àw?n to tóbí ju ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó le j?? pe àw?n lo p?? jù, abí kí w??n j?? ìkejì, tàbí ??yà k?ta tí w??n p?? jùl? ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[2][3] Àw?n Yorùbá j?? àw?n ènìyàn kan ti èdè wón pín sí orísirísi. Di?? lára àw?n ìpínsís??rí àw?n èdè w?n ni a ti ri: ""Èkìtì""; ""Èkó""; ""Ìjèbú""; ""Ìj???hà""; ""Ìkál??""; ""??y??""; ""??gbá"" àti b???? b???? l?. Àw?n ìpínsís??rí yí ni a ? pe ní ??ka èdè tàbí èdè àdúgbò. Ìran Yorùbá je ènìyàn kan tí w??n f??ràn láti máà se áájò àti àlejò àw?n ?l??yà míràn, w??n sì ma ? níf?? sí ?m?'làkejì. Èdè Èdè Yorùbá jé èdè ti àw?n ìran Yorùbá ma'? s? sí ara w?n. Ój?? èdè to pé jù ni il?? Yorùbá. ? lè ri èdè yi ni Il? Nàìjíríà, Il? Benin, ati ni Il? Togo. Iye to'n s? èdè yi ju ni gbogbo il?? Yorùbá 30 milli?nu l?.[4][5]", -3635740292369817559,train,the spontaneous emission of radiation by a nucleus is known as,"Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion. A material containing such unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Certain highly excited short - lived nuclear states can decay through neutron emission, or more rarely, proton emission.","['1998', ""russian', 'american"", 'low earth orbit']",ohun tí wọ́n ń pè ní ìmújáde Ìtànṣán láìgbèròtẹ́lẹ̀ nípa núkléù ni,Yes,"['Ituka, tabi ipofo okun-inu, unsele nigbati atomu kan to ni iru nukleu kan, to unje radionuklidi obi, yirapada di atomu to ni nukleu kan ni ipoaye to yato, tabi to di nukleu oto to ni iye proton ati neutron oto.']","['Ituka, tabi ipofo okun-inu, unsele nigbati atomu kan to ni iru nukleu kan, to unje radionuklidi obi, yirapada di atomu to ni nukleu kan ni ipoaye to yato, tabi to di nukleu oto to ni iye proton ati neutron oto.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ìtúká onítítànyindin Ìtúká onítítànyindin tabi ítuka titanyindin tabi ituka radioaktifu ni igbese nibi ti nukleu atomu kan ti atomu ti ko ni iduro lese pofo okun-inu nipa yiyojade awon alaratintinni toun je sisodi ioni (iranka ijeonisisodiioni|). Awon orisirisi iru ituka titanyindin lowa. Ituka, tabi ipofo okun-inu, unsele nigbati atomu kan to ni iru nukleu kan, to unje radionuklidi obi, yirapada di atomu to ni nukleu kan ni ipoaye to yato, tabi to di nukleu oto to ni iye proton ati neutron oto. Eyi to wu ninu awon yi ni o unje nuklidi omo. Ninu awon ituka miran obi ati omo je elimenti kemika otooto, nitori eyi igbese ituka fa iyirapada nukleu wa (ida atomu elimenti tuntun). Ìtúká álfà j?? àp?r? kan irú is one example type of ìtúká títànyindin, nibi ti nukleu atomu kan ti tu alfa alaratintinni kan sita, bi bayi to yirapada (tabi 'tuka') di atomu to din ni nomba akojo 4 ati to din ni nomba atomu 2. Orisi iru ituka miran lo tun se e se. ", 2619774198232630732,train,why do some atoms decay and emit radioactive rays,"Although alpha, beta, and gamma radiations were most commonly found, other types of emission were eventually discovered. Shortly after the discovery of the positron in cosmic ray products, it was realized that the same process that operates in classical beta decay can also produce positrons (positron emission), along with neutrinos (classical beta decay produces antineutrinos). In a more common analogous process, called electron capture, some proton - rich nuclides were found to capture their own atomic electrons instead of emitting positrons, and subsequently these nuclides emit only a neutrino and a gamma ray from the excited nucleus (and often also Auger electrons and characteristic X-rays, as a result of the re-ordering of electrons to fill the place of the missing captured electron). These types of decay involve the nuclear capture of electrons or emission of electrons or positrons, and thus acts to move a nucleus toward the ratio of neutrons to protons that has the least energy for a given total number of nucleons. This consequently produces a more stable (lower energy) nucleus.",[],"kí nìdí tí àwọn átọ́ọ̀mù kan fi máa ń bà jẹ́ tí wọ́n sì máa ń tú ìtànṣán olóró jáde? ",Yes,"['Ninu awon ituka miran obi ati omo je elimenti kemika otooto, nitori eyi igbese ituka fa iyirapada nukleu wa (ida atomu elimenti tuntun).', 'Ituka, tabi ipofo okun-inu, unsele nigbati atomu kan to ni iru nukleu kan, to unje radionuklidi obi, yirapada di atomu to ni nukleu kan ni ipoaye to yato, tabi to di nukleu oto to ni iye proton ati neutron oto.']","['Ninu awon ituka miran obi ati omo je elimenti kemika otooto, nitori eyi igbese ituka fa iyirapada nukleu wa (ida atomu elimenti tuntun).', 'Ituka, tabi ipofo okun-inu, unsele nigbati atomu kan to ni iru nukleu kan, to unje radionuklidi obi, yirapada di atomu to ni nukleu kan ni ipoaye to yato, tabi to di nukleu oto to ni iye proton ati neutron oto.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ìtúká onítítànyindin Ìtúká onítítànyindin tabi ítuka titanyindin tabi ituka radioaktifu ni igbese nibi ti nukleu atomu kan ti atomu ti ko ni iduro lese pofo okun-inu nipa yiyojade awon alaratintinni toun je sisodi ioni (iranka ijeonisisodiioni|). Awon orisirisi iru ituka titanyindin lowa. Ituka, tabi ipofo okun-inu, unsele nigbati atomu kan to ni iru nukleu kan, to unje radionuklidi obi, yirapada di atomu to ni nukleu kan ni ipoaye to yato, tabi to di nukleu oto to ni iye proton ati neutron oto. Eyi to wu ninu awon yi ni o unje nuklidi omo. Ninu awon ituka miran obi ati omo je elimenti kemika otooto, nitori eyi igbese ituka fa iyirapada nukleu wa (ida atomu elimenti tuntun). Ìtúká álfà j?? àp?r? kan irú is one example type of ìtúká títànyindin, nibi ti nukleu atomu kan ti tu alfa alaratintinni kan sita, bi bayi to yirapada (tabi 'tuka') di atomu to din ni nomba akojo 4 ati to din ni nomba atomu 2. Orisi iru ituka miran lo tun se e se. ", 9024634732820885553,train,where in the bible is the story of samuel,"The Books of Samuel, 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or `` prophets '' section of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament, called the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God 's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets. According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630 -- 540 BC by combining a number of independent texts of various ages.","['june 28, 1870', 'the coming to earth of jesus']",ibo nínú bíbélì ni ìtàn sámúẹ́lì wà,Yes,"['Ìwé Sámúẹ́lì jẹ́ ìwé Bíbélì Mímọ́ tó sọ̀rọ̀ nípa Sámúẹ́lì, ìbí rẹ̀, bí ó ti ṣe dàgbà nínú ìjọ lábẹ́ wòlíì Ọlọ́run kan Élì, tí ó sì jẹ́ láti ìgbà èwe rẹ̀ ni Ọlọ́run ti pè é.']",['Ìwé Sámúẹ́lì jẹ́ ìwé Bíbélì Mímọ́ tó sọ̀rọ̀ nípa Sámúẹ́lì'],['P1'],1,0,"Ìwé Sámú??lì Ìwé Sámú??lì j?? ìwé Bíbélì Mím?? tó s??r?? nípa Sámú??lì, ìbí r??, bí ó ti ?e dàgbà nínú ìj? láb?? wòlíì ?l??run kan Élì, tí ó sì j?? láti ìgbà èwe r?? ni ?l??run ti pè é. Sámú??lì ni wòlíì Ísír??lì tó kàn l??yìn Élì, tí ó sì ? fi i??? tí ?l??run ran gba àw?n ènìyàn r?? nípa yíyàn ?ba S????lù g??g?? bí i ?ba Ísír??lì àk??k??. Tí ó sì tún s??r?? nípa ày?rísí àwon àw?n Ísír??lì g??g?? bí i olùborí lórí àw?n Filísínì, àti ìgbàgb?? nínú ?l??run láti má k? àw?n ènìyàn r?? síl??. Abbl. ","Tanakh (Judaism) Torah (Instruction) [show] Genesis Bereshit Exodus Shemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bemidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im (Prophets) [hide] Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim (Writings) [show] Poetic Psalms Tehillim Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot (Scrolls) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qohelet Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra–Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Divre Hayyamim Old Testament (Christianity) Pentateuch [show] Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical [hide] Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom [show] Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic [show] Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical [show] Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal v t e The Books of Samuel , 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel , form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or ""prophets"" section of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament , called the Deuteronomistic history , a series of books ( Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings ) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets. According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel , with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan . Modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630–540 BC by combining a number of independent texts of various ages. Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel 's birth and God 's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the Philistines , which brought about Samuel's anointing of Saul as Israel's first king. But Saul proved unworthy and God's choice turned to David , who defeated Israel's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty. Contents 1 Summary 2 Composition 2.1 Versions 2.2 Authorship and date of composition 2.3 Sources 3 Themes 3.1 Samuel 3.2 Saul 3.3 David 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 7.1 Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel 7.2 Commentaries on Samuel 7.3 General 8 External links Summary [ edit ] Ernst Josephson , David and Saul , 1878. The childless Hannah vows to Yahweh of hosts that if she has a son, he will be dedicated to him. Eli , the priest of Shiloh (where the Ark of the Covenant is located), blesses her, and a child named Samuel is born. Samuel is dedicated to the Lord as a Nazirite – the only one beside Samson to be identified in the Bible. Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas , prove unworthy of the priesthood and are killed in battle during the Battle of Aphek , but the child Samuel grows up ""in the presence of the Lord."" The Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh and take it to the temple of their god Dagon , who recognises the supremacy of Yahweh. The Philistines are afflicted with plagues and return the ark to the Israelites, but to the territory of the tribe of Benjamin rather than to Shiloh. The Philistines attack the Israelites gathered at Mizpah in Benjamin. Samuel appeals to Yahweh, the Philistines are decisively beaten, and the Israelites reclaim their lost territory. In Samuel's old age, he appoints his sons Joel and Abijah as judges, but they are unworthy, and so the people clamour for a king. God directs Samuel to grant them a king despite his concerns, and gives them Saul of the tribe of Benjamin. Saul defeats the enemies of the Israelites, but sins against Yahweh. Yahweh tells Samuel to anoint David of Bethlehem as king, and David enters Saul's court as his armour-bearer and harpist . Saul's son and heir Jonathan befriends David and recognises him as rightful king. Saul plots David's death, but David flees into the wilderness, where he becomes a champion of the Hebrews. David joins the Philistines, but continues secretly to champion his own people, until Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle at Mount Gilboa . At this point, David offers a majestic eulogy, where he praises the bravery and magnificence of both his friend Jonathan and King Saul. The elders of Judah anoint David as king, but in the north Saul's son Ish-bosheth , or Ishbaal, rules over the northern tribes. After a long war, Ishbaal is murdered by Rechab and Baanah , two of his captains who hope for a reward from David; but David has them killed for killing God's anointed. David is then anointed King of all Israel. David captures Jerusalem and brings the Ark there. David wishes to build a temple, but Nathan tells him that one of his sons will be the one to build the temple. David defeats the enemies of Israel, slaughtering Philistines, Moabites , Edomites , Syrians and Arameans . David commits adultery and has sex with Bathsheba and plots the death of her husband, Uriah the Hittite ; for this Yahweh sends disasters against his house. Nathan tells David that the sword shall never depart from his house. For the remainder of his reign there are problems. Amnon (one of David's sons) rapes his half-sister Tamar (one of David's daughters). Absalom (another son of David) kills Amnon, rebels against his father, and David flees from Jerusalem. Absalom is killed following the Battle of the Wood of Ephraim , David is restored as king, and he returns to his palace. Finally only two contenders for the succession remain, Adonijah and Bathsheba's son Solomon . The Second Book of Samuel concludes with four chapters (chapters 21 to 24) which lie outside the chronological narrative of Saul and David. The narrative is resumed with the first Book of Kings , which relates how, as David lies dying, Bathsheba and Nathan ensure Solomon's elevation to the throne. The four supplementary chapters cover a great famine during David's reign, the execution of seven of Saul's remaining descendants, only Mephibosheth being saved, David's song of thanksgiving , which is almost identical to Psalm 18 , his last words, a list of David's "" mighty warriors "", an offering made by David using water from the well of Bethlehem, David's sinful census , a plague over Israel which David opted for as preferable to either famine or oppression, and the construction of an altar on land he purchased from Araunah the Jebusite . Composition [ edit ] David and Bathsheba , by Artemisia Gentileschi . David is seen in the background, standing on a balcony. Versions [ edit ] What it is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel are called by the Vulgate , in imitation of the Septuagint , 1 Kings and 2 Kings respectively. Then, what it is now commonly known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in old Bibles before the year 1516. It was in 1517 that use of the division we know now today used by Protestant Bibles and adopted by Catholics began. Some Bibles still preserve the old denomination, for example, Douay Rheims bible . 1 and 2 Samuel were originally (and, in some Jewish bibles, still are [ citation needed ] ) a single book, but the first Greek translation, called Septuagint and produced around the second century BCE, divided it into two; this was adopted by the Latin translations used in the early Christian church of the West, and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century. The Hebrew text, that is used by Jews today, called the Masoretic text , differs considerably from the Hebrew text that was the basis of the first Greek translation, and scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents. Authorship and date of composition [ edit ] According to passages 14b and 15a of the Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud , the book was written by Samuel up until 1 Samuel 25, which notes the death of Samuel, and the remainder by the prophets Gad and Nathan . Critical scholars from the 19th century onward have rejected this idea. Martin Noth in 1943 theorized that Samuel was composed by a single author as part of a history of Israel: the Deuteronomistic history (made up of Deuteronomy , Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings ). Although Noth's belief that the entire history was composed by a single individual has been largely abandoned, his theory in its broad outline has been adopted by most scholars. The most common view today is that an early version of the history was composed in the time of king Hezekiah (8th century BC); the bulk of the first edition dates from his grandson Josiah at the end of the 7th BC, with further sections added during the Babylonian exile (6th century BC) and the work was substantially complete by about 550 BC. Further editing was apparently done even after then: for example, the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 almost certainly fixes the date of this story in the Persian or Hellenistic periods . The 6th century BC authors and editors responsible for the bulk of the history drew on many earlier sources, including (but not limited to) an ""ark narrative"" (1 Samuel 4:1–7:1 and perhaps part of 2 Samuel 6), a ""Saul cycle"" (parts of 1 Samuel 9–11 and 13–14), the ""history of David's rise"" (1 Samuel 16:14-2 Samuel 5:10), and the ""succession narrative"" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2). The oldest of these, the ""ark narrative,"" may even predate the Davidic era. Sources [ edit ] The sources used to construct 1 and 2 Samuel are believed to include the following: Call of Samuel or Youth of Samuel (1 Samuel 1–7): From Samuel's birth his career as Judge and prophet over Israel. This source includes the Eli narrative and part of the ark narrative. Ark narrative (1 Samuel 4:1b–7:1 and 2 Samuel 6:1–20): the ark's capture by the Philistines in the time of Eli and its transfer to Jerusalem by David – opinion is divided over whether this is actually an independent unit. Jerusalem source : a fairly brief source discussing David conquering Jerusalem from the Jebusites . Republican source : a source with an anti-monarchial bias . This source first describes Samuel as decisively ridding the people of the Philistines, and begrudgingly appointing an individual chosen by God to be king, namely Saul. David is described as someone renowned for his skill at playing the harp, and consequently summoned to Saul's court to calm his moods. Saul's son Jonathan becomes friends with David, which some commentators view as romantic , and later acts as his protector against Saul's more violent intentions. At a later point, having been deserted by God on the eve of battle, Saul consults a medium at Endor , only to be condemned for doing so by Samuel's ghost, and told he and his sons will be killed. David is heartbroken on discovering the death of Jonathan, tearing his clothes as a gesture of grief. Monarchial source : a source with a pro-monarchial bias and covering many of the same details as the republican source . This source begins with the divinely appointed birth of Samuel. It then describes Saul as leading a war against the Ammonites, being chosen by the people to be king, and leading them against the Philistines. David is described as a shepherd boy arriving at the battlefield to aid his brothers, and is overheard by Saul, leading to David challenging Goliath and defeating the Philistines. David's warrior credentials lead to women falling in love with him, including Michal , Saul's daughter, who later acts to protect David against Saul. David eventually gains two new wives as a result of threatening to raid a village, and Michal is redistributed to another husband. At a later point, David finds himself seeking sanctuary amongst the Philistine army and facing the Israelites as an enemy. David is incensed that anyone should have killed Saul, even as an act of mercy, since Saul was anointed by Samuel, and has the individual responsible, an Amalekite , killed. Court History of David or Succession narrative (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2): a "" historical novel "", in Alberto Soggin 's phrase, telling the story of David's reign from his affair with Bathsheba to his death. The theme is of retribution: David's sin against Uriah the Hittite is punished by God through the destruction of his own family, and its purpose is to serve as an apology for the coronation of Bathsheba's son Solomon instead of his older brother Adonijah . Some textual critics have posited that given the intimacy and precision of certain narrative details, the Court Historian may have been an eyewitness to some of the events he describes, or at the very least enjoyed access to the archives and battle reports of the royal house of David. Redactions : additions by the redactor to harmonize the sources together; many of the uncertain passages may be part of this editing. Various : several short sources, none of which have much connection to each other, and are fairly independent of the rest of the text. Many are poems or pure lists. Themes [ edit ] Hannah presenting Samuel to Eli , by Jan Victors , 1645. The Book of Samuel is a theological evaluation of kingship in general and of dynastic kingship and David in particular. The main themes of the book are introduced in the opening poem (the "" Song of Hannah ""): (1), the sovereignty of Yahweh , God of Israel; (2), the reversal of human fortunes; and (3), kingship. These themes are played out in the stories of the three main characters, Samuel , Saul and David . Samuel [ edit ] Main article: Samuel Samuel answers the description of the ""prophet like Moses"" predicted in Deuteronomy 18:15–22: like Moses, he has direct contact with Yahweh , acts as a judge, and is a perfect leader who never makes mistakes. Samuel's successful defence of the Israelites against their enemies demonstrates that they have no need for a king (who will, moreover, introduce inequality), yet despite this the people demand a king. But the king they are given is Yahweh's gift, and Samuel explains that kingship can be a blessing rather than a curse if they remain faithful to their God. On the other hand, total destruction of both king and people will result if they turn to wickedness. Saul [ edit ] Main article: Saul Saul is the chosen one, tall, handsome and ""goodly"", a king appointed by Yahweh, and anointed by Samuel, Yahweh's prophet, and yet he is ultimately rejected. Saul has two faults which make him unfit for the office of king: he carries out a sacrifice in place of Samuel (1 Samuel 13:8–14), and he fails to complete the genocide of the Amalekites as God has ordered (1 Samuel 15). David [ edit ] Main article: David One of the main units within Samuel is the ""History of David's Rise"", the purpose of which is to justify David as the legitimate successor to Saul. The narrative stresses that he gained the throne lawfully, always respecting ""the Lord's anointed"" (i.e. Saul) and never taking any of his numerous chances to seize the throne by violence. As God's chosen king over Israel, David is also the son of God (""I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me..."" – 2 Samuel 7:14). God enters into an eternal covenant (treaty) with David and his line, promising divine protection of the dynasty and of Jerusalem through all time. 2 Samuel 23 contains a prophetic statement described as the ""last words of David "" (verses 1-7) and details of the 37 "" mighty men "" who were David's chief warriors (verses 8-38). The Jerusalem Bible states that last words were attributed to David in the style of Jacob (see Jacob's Blessing , Genesis 49) and Moses (see Blessing of Moses , Deuteronomy 33). Its editors note that ""the text has suffered considerably and reconstructions are conjectural"". 1 Kings 2:1-9 contains David's final words to Solomon , his son and successor as king . See also [ edit ] Biblical judges Midrash Shmuel (aggadah) The Bible and history History of ancient Israel and Judah Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) Kingdom of Judah Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel [ edit ] Samuel 1 and 2 at Bible Gateway Commentaries on Samuel [ edit ] Shmuel I – Samuel I (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi 's commentary] at Chabad.org Shmuel II – Samuel II (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi 's commentary] at Chabad.org Auld, Graeme (2003). ""1 & 2 Samuel"". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110 . Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel . B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073 . Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary . Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229 . Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182 . Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). The First Book of Samuel . Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823595 . General [ edit ] Breytenbach, Andries (2000). ""Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?"". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets . Brill. ISBN 9789004118713 . Coogan, Michael D. (2009) A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: the Hebrew Bible in its Context Oxford University Press Dick, Michael B (2004). ""The History of ""David's Rise to Power"" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies"". In Bernard Frank Batto and Kathryn L. Roberts. David and Zion: biblical studies in honor of J.J.M. Roberts . Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060927 . Eynikel, Erik (2000). ""The Relation Between the Eli Narrative and the Ark Narratives"". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets . Brill. ISBN 9789004118713 . Halpern, Baruch (2001). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King . Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802827975 . Jones, Gwilym H (2001). ""1 and 2 Samuel"". In John Barton and John Muddiman. The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005 . Klein, R.W. (2003). ""Samuel, books of"". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844 . Knight, Douglas A (1995). ""Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists"". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards. Old Testament Interpretation . T&T Clark. p. 62. ISBN 9780567292896 . Knight, Douglas A (1991). ""Sources"". In Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737 . McCarter Jr., P. Kyle (1984). II Samuel: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary By . Anchor Bible. ISBN 9780385068086 . Schleffer, Eben (2000). ""Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist"". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets . Brill. ISBN 9789004118713 . Soggin, Alberto (1987). Introduction to the Old Testament . Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221560 . Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). ""The Deuteronomistic History"". In Leo G. Perdue. The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible . Blackwell. ISBN 9780631210719 . Van Seters, John (1997). In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History . Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060132 . Walton, John H (2009). ""The Deuteronomistic History"". In Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament . Zondervan. ISBN 9780631210719 . External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: 1 Samuel (Bible) Wikisource has original text related to this article: 2 Samuel (Bible) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Books of Samuel . Wikiquote has quotations related to: First Book of Samuel Masoretic Text Samuel A - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University (Hebrew) Samuel B - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University (Hebrew) שמואל א Shmuel Aleph – Samuel A ( Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org) שמואל ב Shmuel Bet – Samuel B ( Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org) Jewish translations 1 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation) 2 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation) Christian translations Bible: 1 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox Bible: 2 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox Related articles Introduction to the book of 1 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from Forward Movement Books of Samuel History books Preceded by Judges Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Kings Preceded by Ruth Christian Old Testament" 8962039552571733637,train,what part of the world is india in,"India (IAST : Bhārat), also known as the Republic of India (IAST : Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh - largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.","['206', '193']",apá wo nínú ayé ni íńdíà wà,Yes,"['Índíà wà nítosí Sri Lanka, àti Maldives tí wọ́n wà ní Òkun Índíà.', 'Ó ni ààlà láàrin Pakistan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn; Ṣáínà, Nepal, ati Bhutan si àríwà; ati Bangladẹ́shì ati Burma ní ìlà oòrùn.', 'Índíà, tàbí Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Índíà (ní èdè Híńdì: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya;), jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan ní Gúúsù Éṣíà.']","['Índíà wà nítosí Sri Lanka, àti Maldives tí wọ́n wà ní Òkun Índíà.', 'Àpapọ̀ wọn jẹ́ ẹ́fàlénígba', 'Índíà, tàbí Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Índíà jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan ní Gúúsù Éṣíà.']",['P1'],1,0,"Índíà Índíà, tàbí Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Índíà (ní èdè Hí?dì: Bh?rat Ga?ar?jya;), j?? oríl??-èdè kan ní Gúúsù É?íà. Ohun ni oríl??-èdè kejè títóbi júl?? g??g?? bí ìtóbí j????gráfì, oríl??-èdè kìn-ín-ni tó ní ìye àw?n ènìyàn júl?[12] p??lú bíi 1.43 bílí??nù ènìyàn,[13] àti ìj?ba-oníbò tó ni ìye àw?n ènìyàn júl?? lágbàyé. Ó ja m? Òkun Índíà ní gúúsù, Òkun Lárúbáwá ni ìw?? oòrùn, àti Ebado Benga ní ìlà oòrùn, India ní etíkun tó j?? 7,516.6 kilometres (4,700 mi)[14]. Ó ni ààlà láàrin Pakistan ní ìw?? oòrùn; ?áínà, Nepal, ati Bhutan si àríwà; ati Banglad??shì ati Burma ní ìlà oòrùn. Índíà wà nítosí Sri Lanka, àti Maldives tí w??n wà ní Òkun Índíà. G??g?? bíi il?? ??làjú Àfonífojì Indus j?? ibí tó ní ìdàgbàsókè púp??, ab??oríl?? Índíà j?? ibi àw?n ènìyàn m?? fún ?lá àti à?à r?? káàkiri ayé.[13] Esin nla merin, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism ati Sikhism ni won bere latibe, nigbati Zoroastrianism, Esin Ju, Esin Kristi ati Imale de sibe ni egberundun akoko IO (CE) won si kopa ninu bi orisirisi asa agbegbe na seri. Diedie o je fifamora latowo British East India Company lati ibere orundun ikejidinlogun, o si di ile amusin Ile-oba Isodokan lati arin orundun ikandinlogun, India di orile-ede alominira ni 1947 leyin akitiyan fun isominira to se pataki fun isatako alaise jagidijagan kakiri.[15] India je orile-ede olominira kan to ni ipinle 28 ati awon agbegbe isokan meje pelu sistemu onileasofin oseluaralu. Okowo India ni okowo ikokanla titobijulo gege bi olorujo GDP lagbaye ati ikerin titobijulo gege bi ibamu agbara iraja. Otun je omo egbe Ajoni awon Orile-ede, G-20, BRIC, SAFTA ati Agbajo Owo Agbaye. India je orile-ede toni ohun-ijagun bombu inuatomu, o si ni ile-ise ologun ikewa ton nawojulo pelu ile-ise ologun adigun keji titobijulo lagbaye. Atunse okowo to bere lati 1991 ti so India di ikan ninu awon okowo to n dagba kiakia julo lagbaye;[16] sibesibe, aini si tun ba ja,[17] aimookomooka, iwa-ibaje, arun, ati aijeunkanu. Gege bi awujo esin olopolopo, eledepupo ati eleya eniyan pupo, India tun je ibugbe fun opolopo awon eran-igbe ni opolopo ibi alaabo. Orísun ìtum?? ??r?? India (pípè /??ndi?/) gege bi oruko wa lati Indus, to wa lati oro Persia Atijo Hindu, lati Sanskrit Sindhu, oruko ibile fun Odo Indus.[12] Awon Griiki ayeijoun n pe awon ara India ni Indoi (?????), awon eniyan Indus.[18] Ilana Ibagbepo ile India ati lilo oro towopo ninu opo awon ede India bakanna tun seidamo Bharat (pipe [?b???r?t?] ( ? t??tí gb??)) gege bi oruko onibise iru kanna.[14] Bharat gege bi oruko wa lati oruko oba olokiki Bharata ninu awon Itan-Awaso Hindu. Hindustan ([h?nd???st??n] ( ? t??tí gb??)), ni berebere to je oro Persia fun “Ile Hindus” lati toka si apaariwa India, bakanna tun lilo gege bi oruko gbogbo India.[19] Ìtàn Awon ibugbe apata Igba Okuta pelu awon iyaworan ni Bhimbetka rock shelters ni Madhya Pradesh ni eri igbe eniyan pipejulo ni India. Awon ibudo akoko ti a mo bere ni odun to ju 9,000 seyin lo, diedie o si dagba soke si À?à Ìbílè? Tí Wó?n ? Kó? ní Àfonífojì Í?díà ,[20] ti ojo ori re to odun 3400 BCE ni apaiwoorun India. Eyi je titele pelu Àkókò Vedic, to se ipilese Esin Hindu ati awon asa miran igba ibere awujo India, o si pari ni awon odun 500 BCE. Lati bi 550 BCE, opolopo awon ile-oba alominira ati orile-ede olominira ti a mo bi Mahajanapadas je didasile kakiri ibe.[21] Ni orundun keta KIO (BCE), opo gbogbo Guusu Asia je piparapo di Ileobaluaye Maurya latowo Chandragupta Maurya o si lokunkun ni asiko Ashoka Olokiki.[22] Lati igba orundun keta IO (CE), ijoba iran Gupta samojuto igba ti a mo bi ancient ""Igba Oniwura India ayeijoun.""[23][24] Awon ileobaluaye ni Apaguusu India je kikopomo gbogbo awon ti Chalukya, ti Cholas ati ti Vijayanagara Empire. Sayensi, teknoloji, ise-ero, ise-ona, ogbon, ede, litireso, mathematiiki, itorawo, esin ati imo-oye di olokunkun labe itoju awon oba wonyi. Leyin awon iborile lati Arin Asia larin orundun 10th ati 12th, opo Ariwa India ni won bo si abe ijoba Delhi Sultanate ati leyin eyi sabe Ileobaluaye Mughal. Labe isejoba Akbar the Great, India gbadun idagbasoke asa ati okowo pupo ati irepo esin.[25][26] Awon obaluaye Mughal diedie fe ile won si pupo lati dori apa nla abeorile. Sibesibe, ni Ariwa-Apailaorun India, alagbara to joba ibe ni ileoba Ahom ti Assam, gege bi ikan ninu awon ileoba ti won lodi si ijobalenilori Mughal. Ihalemo ninla akoko si agbara ijoba Mughal wa latodo oba Hindu Rajput kan Maha Rana Pratap ti Mewar ni orundun 16th ati leyin eyi latodo orile-ede Hindu kan to n je adapapo Maratha, to joba lori opo India ni arin orundun 18th.[27] Lati orundun 16th, awon alagbara ara Europe bi Portugal, Hollandi, Fransi, ati Iparapo Ileoba se idasile ibudo owo (trading posts) be sini leyin eyi won lo anfani ti awon ija abele ibe fa wa lati sedasile awon ibiamusin nibe. Nigba to fi di 1856, opo India ti bo sabe idari British East India Company.[28] Odun kan leyin eyi, igbogundi kakiri awon eyo ologun olodi ijoba ati awon ileoba, ti a mo bi Ogun Ilominira Akoko India tabi Sepoy Mutiny, koju idari ile-ise yi gidigidi sugbon ko yori si rere. Nitori aidurorege, India bo si abe isejoba taara Oba Alade Britani. Mahatma Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru, 1937. Ni orundun 20th, akitiyan fun ilominira kakiri orile-ede bere latowo Indian National Congress ati awon agbajo oloselu miran.[29] Olori India Mahatma Gandhi lewaju awon egbegberun eniyan ni opolopo igbese torile-ede fun aigboran araalu aini-jagidijagan .[15] Ni ojo 15 osu kejo 1947, India gba ilominira kuro lowo isejoba Britani, sugbon nigba kanna awon agbegbe ogunlogo Musulum je pipinniya lati da orile-ede otooto Pakistan.[30] Ni ojo 26 osi kinni 1950, India di orile-ede olominira be sini ilana ibagbepo tuntun je gbigbe jade.[31] Lati igba ilominira, India ti ni awon isoro lati owojagidijagan esin, casteism, naxalism, isedaniloro ati latowo awon igbogunti oludase agbegbe, agaga ni Jammu ati Kashmir ati Ariwailaorun India. Lati igba awon odun 1990 awon idigbolu adaniloro ti nipa lori opolopo awon ilu India. India ni ariyanjiyan ile pelu orile-ede Olominira awon Eniyan ile Saina, to di ni odun 1962 Ogun Saina-India, ati pelu Pakistan, to fa awon ogun ni 1947, 1965, 1971 ati ni 1999. India je omo egbe adasile Iparapo awon Orile-ede (gege bi India Britani) ati Non-Aligned Movement. Ni odun 1974, India se nuclear test nipamo[32] ati idanwo marun ni 1998, eyi so India di orile-ede to ni bombu inuatomu.[32] Lati 1991, atundase okowo pataki[33] ti so India di ikan ninu awon okowo to n dagba kiakia julo lagbaye, eyi fun lagbara pupo laye.[16] Ijoba Ày?kà olórí: Ìj?ba India Ilana-Ibagbepo ile India, to je ilana-ibagbepo togunjulo ati to kunrerejulo ti orile-ede alominira lagbaye, je gbigba bi ofin ni 26 January 1950.[34] Akokoso ilana-ibagbepo yi setumo India gege bi orile-ede olominira toseluaralu sovereign, sosialisti, ti araaye.[35] India ni ileasofin oniyewumeji to n sise bi sistemu onileasofin iru Westminster. Iru ijoba re je jijuwe pe o je bi 'quasi-federal' pelu gbongan to lagbara ati awon ipinle ti won ko lagbara,[36] sugbon o ti di apapo diedie lati opin awon odun 1990 nitori awon iyipada oloselu, olokowo ati alawujo.[37] Aare ile India ni olori orile-ede[38] to je didiboyan latowo igbimo onidiboyan[39] fun igba odun marun kan.[40][41] Alakoso Agba ni olori ijoba, ohun lo si segbese opo agbara alase.[38] Gege bi yiyan latowo Aare,[42]Alakoso Agba je titileyin latowo egbe oloselu tabi ifowosowopo oloselu to ni ogunlogo awon ijoko ni ile kekere Ileasofin.[38] Apa ijoba apase ni Aare, Igbakeji Aare, ati Igbimo awon Alakoso (Kabinet ni igbimo apase re) ti olori re je Alakoso Agba. Alakoso yiowu to ni ipo gbodo je ikan ninu awon omo ile ileasofin. Ninu sistemu onileasofin ti India, apase wa labe asofin, nibi ti Alakoso Agba ati Igbimo re wa labe ile kekere.[43] Asofin ile India ni Ileasofin oniyewumeji, to ni ile oke ti o n je Rajya Sabha (Igbimo awon Ipinle) ati ile kekere to n je Lok Sabha (Ile awon Eniyan).[44] Rajya Sabha, agbarajo aiyese, ni 245 omo egbe ti won wa nibe fun odun marun.[45] Opo won je didiboyan taara latowo awon asofin ipinle ati agbegbe gege bi iye awon eniyan won.[45]", 6186655306337523051,train,where did the name of india come from,"The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, equivalent to the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ἰνδοί), which translates as `` The people of the Indus ''.",['nonfiction'],ibo ni orúkọ india ti wá,Yes,"['India (pípè /ˈɪndiə/) gege bi oruko wa lati Indus, to wa lati oro Persia Atijo Hindu, lati Sanskrit सिन्धु Sindhu, oruko ibile fun Odo Indus.']","['India gege bi oruko wa lati Indus, to wa lati oro Persia Atijo Hindu, lati Sanskrit Sindhu, oruko ibile fun Odo Indus.']",['P4'],0,0,"Índíà Índíà, tàbí Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Índíà (ní èdè Hí?dì: Bh?rat Ga?ar?jya;), j?? oríl??-èdè kan ní Gúúsù É?íà. Ohun ni oríl??-èdè kejè títóbi júl?? g??g?? bí ìtóbí j????gráfì, oríl??-èdè kìn-ín-ni tó ní ìye àw?n ènìyàn júl?[12] p??lú bíi 1.43 bílí??nù ènìyàn,[13] àti ìj?ba-oníbò tó ni ìye àw?n ènìyàn júl?? lágbàyé. Ó ja m? Òkun Índíà ní gúúsù, Òkun Lárúbáwá ni ìw?? oòrùn, àti Ebado Benga ní ìlà oòrùn, India ní etíkun tó j?? 7,516.6 kilometres (4,700 mi)[14]. Ó ni ààlà láàrin Pakistan ní ìw?? oòrùn; ?áínà, Nepal, ati Bhutan si àríwà; ati Banglad??shì ati Burma ní ìlà oòrùn. Índíà wà nítosí Sri Lanka, àti Maldives tí w??n wà ní Òkun Índíà. G??g?? bíi il?? ??làjú Àfonífojì Indus j?? ibí tó ní ìdàgbàsókè púp??, ab??oríl?? Índíà j?? ibi àw?n ènìyàn m?? fún ?lá àti à?à r?? káàkiri ayé.[13] Esin nla merin, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism ati Sikhism ni won bere latibe, nigbati Zoroastrianism, Esin Ju, Esin Kristi ati Imale de sibe ni egberundun akoko IO (CE) won si kopa ninu bi orisirisi asa agbegbe na seri. Diedie o je fifamora latowo British East India Company lati ibere orundun ikejidinlogun, o si di ile amusin Ile-oba Isodokan lati arin orundun ikandinlogun, India di orile-ede alominira ni 1947 leyin akitiyan fun isominira to se pataki fun isatako alaise jagidijagan kakiri.[15] India je orile-ede olominira kan to ni ipinle 28 ati awon agbegbe isokan meje pelu sistemu onileasofin oseluaralu. Okowo India ni okowo ikokanla titobijulo gege bi olorujo GDP lagbaye ati ikerin titobijulo gege bi ibamu agbara iraja. Otun je omo egbe Ajoni awon Orile-ede, G-20, BRIC, SAFTA ati Agbajo Owo Agbaye. India je orile-ede toni ohun-ijagun bombu inuatomu, o si ni ile-ise ologun ikewa ton nawojulo pelu ile-ise ologun adigun keji titobijulo lagbaye. Atunse okowo to bere lati 1991 ti so India di ikan ninu awon okowo to n dagba kiakia julo lagbaye;[16] sibesibe, aini si tun ba ja,[17] aimookomooka, iwa-ibaje, arun, ati aijeunkanu. Gege bi awujo esin olopolopo, eledepupo ati eleya eniyan pupo, India tun je ibugbe fun opolopo awon eran-igbe ni opolopo ibi alaabo. Orísun ìtum?? ??r?? India (pípè /??ndi?/) gege bi oruko wa lati Indus, to wa lati oro Persia Atijo Hindu, lati Sanskrit Sindhu, oruko ibile fun Odo Indus.[12] Awon Griiki ayeijoun n pe awon ara India ni Indoi (?????), awon eniyan Indus.[18] Ilana Ibagbepo ile India ati lilo oro towopo ninu opo awon ede India bakanna tun seidamo Bharat (pipe [?b???r?t?] ( ? t??tí gb??)) gege bi oruko onibise iru kanna.[14] Bharat gege bi oruko wa lati oruko oba olokiki Bharata ninu awon Itan-Awaso Hindu. Hindustan ([h?nd???st??n] ( ? t??tí gb??)), ni berebere to je oro Persia fun “Ile Hindus” lati toka si apaariwa India, bakanna tun lilo gege bi oruko gbogbo India.[19] Ìtàn Awon ibugbe apata Igba Okuta pelu awon iyaworan ni Bhimbetka rock shelters ni Madhya Pradesh ni eri igbe eniyan pipejulo ni India. Awon ibudo akoko ti a mo bere ni odun to ju 9,000 seyin lo, diedie o si dagba soke si À?à Ìbílè? Tí Wó?n ? Kó? ní Àfonífojì Í?díà ,[20] ti ojo ori re to odun 3400 BCE ni apaiwoorun India. Eyi je titele pelu Àkókò Vedic, to se ipilese Esin Hindu ati awon asa miran igba ibere awujo India, o si pari ni awon odun 500 BCE. Lati bi 550 BCE, opolopo awon ile-oba alominira ati orile-ede olominira ti a mo bi Mahajanapadas je didasile kakiri ibe.[21] Ni orundun keta KIO (BCE), opo gbogbo Guusu Asia je piparapo di Ileobaluaye Maurya latowo Chandragupta Maurya o si lokunkun ni asiko Ashoka Olokiki.[22] Lati igba orundun keta IO (CE), ijoba iran Gupta samojuto igba ti a mo bi ancient ""Igba Oniwura India ayeijoun.""[23][24] Awon ileobaluaye ni Apaguusu India je kikopomo gbogbo awon ti Chalukya, ti Cholas ati ti Vijayanagara Empire. Sayensi, teknoloji, ise-ero, ise-ona, ogbon, ede, litireso, mathematiiki, itorawo, esin ati imo-oye di olokunkun labe itoju awon oba wonyi. Leyin awon iborile lati Arin Asia larin orundun 10th ati 12th, opo Ariwa India ni won bo si abe ijoba Delhi Sultanate ati leyin eyi sabe Ileobaluaye Mughal. Labe isejoba Akbar the Great, India gbadun idagbasoke asa ati okowo pupo ati irepo esin.[25][26] Awon obaluaye Mughal diedie fe ile won si pupo lati dori apa nla abeorile. Sibesibe, ni Ariwa-Apailaorun India, alagbara to joba ibe ni ileoba Ahom ti Assam, gege bi ikan ninu awon ileoba ti won lodi si ijobalenilori Mughal. Ihalemo ninla akoko si agbara ijoba Mughal wa latodo oba Hindu Rajput kan Maha Rana Pratap ti Mewar ni orundun 16th ati leyin eyi latodo orile-ede Hindu kan to n je adapapo Maratha, to joba lori opo India ni arin orundun 18th.[27] Lati orundun 16th, awon alagbara ara Europe bi Portugal, Hollandi, Fransi, ati Iparapo Ileoba se idasile ibudo owo (trading posts) be sini leyin eyi won lo anfani ti awon ija abele ibe fa wa lati sedasile awon ibiamusin nibe. Nigba to fi di 1856, opo India ti bo sabe idari British East India Company.[28] Odun kan leyin eyi, igbogundi kakiri awon eyo ologun olodi ijoba ati awon ileoba, ti a mo bi Ogun Ilominira Akoko India tabi Sepoy Mutiny, koju idari ile-ise yi gidigidi sugbon ko yori si rere. Nitori aidurorege, India bo si abe isejoba taara Oba Alade Britani. Mahatma Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru, 1937. Ni orundun 20th, akitiyan fun ilominira kakiri orile-ede bere latowo Indian National Congress ati awon agbajo oloselu miran.[29] Olori India Mahatma Gandhi lewaju awon egbegberun eniyan ni opolopo igbese torile-ede fun aigboran araalu aini-jagidijagan .[15] Ni ojo 15 osu kejo 1947, India gba ilominira kuro lowo isejoba Britani, sugbon nigba kanna awon agbegbe ogunlogo Musulum je pipinniya lati da orile-ede otooto Pakistan.[30] Ni ojo 26 osi kinni 1950, India di orile-ede olominira be sini ilana ibagbepo tuntun je gbigbe jade.[31] Lati igba ilominira, India ti ni awon isoro lati owojagidijagan esin, casteism, naxalism, isedaniloro ati latowo awon igbogunti oludase agbegbe, agaga ni Jammu ati Kashmir ati Ariwailaorun India. Lati igba awon odun 1990 awon idigbolu adaniloro ti nipa lori opolopo awon ilu India. India ni ariyanjiyan ile pelu orile-ede Olominira awon Eniyan ile Saina, to di ni odun 1962 Ogun Saina-India, ati pelu Pakistan, to fa awon ogun ni 1947, 1965, 1971 ati ni 1999. India je omo egbe adasile Iparapo awon Orile-ede (gege bi India Britani) ati Non-Aligned Movement. Ni odun 1974, India se nuclear test nipamo[32] ati idanwo marun ni 1998, eyi so India di orile-ede to ni bombu inuatomu.[32] Lati 1991, atundase okowo pataki[33] ti so India di ikan ninu awon okowo to n dagba kiakia julo lagbaye, eyi fun lagbara pupo laye.[16] Ijoba Ày?kà olórí: Ìj?ba India Ilana-Ibagbepo ile India, to je ilana-ibagbepo togunjulo ati to kunrerejulo ti orile-ede alominira lagbaye, je gbigba bi ofin ni 26 January 1950.[34] Akokoso ilana-ibagbepo yi setumo India gege bi orile-ede olominira toseluaralu sovereign, sosialisti, ti araaye.[35] India ni ileasofin oniyewumeji to n sise bi sistemu onileasofin iru Westminster. Iru ijoba re je jijuwe pe o je bi 'quasi-federal' pelu gbongan to lagbara ati awon ipinle ti won ko lagbara,[36] sugbon o ti di apapo diedie lati opin awon odun 1990 nitori awon iyipada oloselu, olokowo ati alawujo.[37] Aare ile India ni olori orile-ede[38] to je didiboyan latowo igbimo onidiboyan[39] fun igba odun marun kan.[40][41] Alakoso Agba ni olori ijoba, ohun lo si segbese opo agbara alase.[38] Gege bi yiyan latowo Aare,[42]Alakoso Agba je titileyin latowo egbe oloselu tabi ifowosowopo oloselu to ni ogunlogo awon ijoko ni ile kekere Ileasofin.[38] Apa ijoba apase ni Aare, Igbakeji Aare, ati Igbimo awon Alakoso (Kabinet ni igbimo apase re) ti olori re je Alakoso Agba. Alakoso yiowu to ni ipo gbodo je ikan ninu awon omo ile ileasofin. Ninu sistemu onileasofin ti India, apase wa labe asofin, nibi ti Alakoso Agba ati Igbimo re wa labe ile kekere.[43] Asofin ile India ni Ileasofin oniyewumeji, to ni ile oke ti o n je Rajya Sabha (Igbimo awon Ipinle) ati ile kekere to n je Lok Sabha (Ile awon Eniyan).[44] Rajya Sabha, agbarajo aiyese, ni 245 omo egbe ti won wa nibe fun odun marun.[45] Opo won je didiboyan taara latowo awon asofin ipinle ati agbegbe gege bi iye awon eniyan won.[45]", -8135288146662086849,train,where is india located name its neighbouring countries,"India (IAST : Bhārat), also called the Republic of India (IAST : Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh - largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.",['moscow'],"ibo ni india wà, sorúkọ àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó yí i ká",Yes,"['Índíà wà nítosí Sri Lanka, àti Maldives tí wọ́n wà ní Òkun Índíà.', 'Ó ni ààlà láàrin Pakistan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn; Ṣáínà, Nepal, ati Bhutan si àríwà; ati Bangladẹ́shì ati Burma ní ìlà oòrùn.', 'Índíà, tàbí Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Índíà (ní èdè Híńdì: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya;), jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan ní Gúúsù Éṣíà.']","['Índíà wà nítosí Sri Lanka, àti Maldives tí wọ́n wà ní Òkun Índíà.', 'Índíà jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan ní Gúúsù Éṣíà.', 'Ó ni ààlà láàrin Pakistan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn; Ṣáínà, Nepal, ati Bhutan si àríwà; ati Bangladẹ́shì ati Burma ní ìlà oòrùn.']",['P1'],1,0,"Índíà Índíà, tàbí Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Índíà (ní èdè Hí?dì: Bh?rat Ga?ar?jya;), j?? oríl??-èdè kan ní Gúúsù É?íà. Ohun ni oríl??-èdè kejè títóbi júl?? g??g?? bí ìtóbí j????gráfì, oríl??-èdè kìn-ín-ni tó ní ìye àw?n ènìyàn júl?[12] p??lú bíi 1.43 bílí??nù ènìyàn,[13] àti ìj?ba-oníbò tó ni ìye àw?n ènìyàn júl?? lágbàyé. Ó ja m? Òkun Índíà ní gúúsù, Òkun Lárúbáwá ni ìw?? oòrùn, àti Ebado Benga ní ìlà oòrùn, India ní etíkun tó j?? 7,516.6 kilometres (4,700 mi)[14]. Ó ni ààlà láàrin Pakistan ní ìw?? oòrùn; ?áínà, Nepal, ati Bhutan si àríwà; ati Banglad??shì ati Burma ní ìlà oòrùn. Índíà wà nítosí Sri Lanka, àti Maldives tí w??n wà ní Òkun Índíà. G??g?? bíi il?? ??làjú Àfonífojì Indus j?? ibí tó ní ìdàgbàsókè púp??, ab??oríl?? Índíà j?? ibi àw?n ènìyàn m?? fún ?lá àti à?à r?? káàkiri ayé.[13] Esin nla merin, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism ati Sikhism ni won bere latibe, nigbati Zoroastrianism, Esin Ju, Esin Kristi ati Imale de sibe ni egberundun akoko IO (CE) won si kopa ninu bi orisirisi asa agbegbe na seri. Diedie o je fifamora latowo British East India Company lati ibere orundun ikejidinlogun, o si di ile amusin Ile-oba Isodokan lati arin orundun ikandinlogun, India di orile-ede alominira ni 1947 leyin akitiyan fun isominira to se pataki fun isatako alaise jagidijagan kakiri.[15] India je orile-ede olominira kan to ni ipinle 28 ati awon agbegbe isokan meje pelu sistemu onileasofin oseluaralu. Okowo India ni okowo ikokanla titobijulo gege bi olorujo GDP lagbaye ati ikerin titobijulo gege bi ibamu agbara iraja. Otun je omo egbe Ajoni awon Orile-ede, G-20, BRIC, SAFTA ati Agbajo Owo Agbaye. India je orile-ede toni ohun-ijagun bombu inuatomu, o si ni ile-ise ologun ikewa ton nawojulo pelu ile-ise ologun adigun keji titobijulo lagbaye. Atunse okowo to bere lati 1991 ti so India di ikan ninu awon okowo to n dagba kiakia julo lagbaye;[16] sibesibe, aini si tun ba ja,[17] aimookomooka, iwa-ibaje, arun, ati aijeunkanu. Gege bi awujo esin olopolopo, eledepupo ati eleya eniyan pupo, India tun je ibugbe fun opolopo awon eran-igbe ni opolopo ibi alaabo. Orísun ìtum?? ??r?? India (pípè /??ndi?/) gege bi oruko wa lati Indus, to wa lati oro Persia Atijo Hindu, lati Sanskrit Sindhu, oruko ibile fun Odo Indus.[12] Awon Griiki ayeijoun n pe awon ara India ni Indoi (?????), awon eniyan Indus.[18] Ilana Ibagbepo ile India ati lilo oro towopo ninu opo awon ede India bakanna tun seidamo Bharat (pipe [?b???r?t?] ( ? t??tí gb??)) gege bi oruko onibise iru kanna.[14] Bharat gege bi oruko wa lati oruko oba olokiki Bharata ninu awon Itan-Awaso Hindu. Hindustan ([h?nd???st??n] ( ? t??tí gb??)), ni berebere to je oro Persia fun “Ile Hindus” lati toka si apaariwa India, bakanna tun lilo gege bi oruko gbogbo India.[19] Ìtàn Awon ibugbe apata Igba Okuta pelu awon iyaworan ni Bhimbetka rock shelters ni Madhya Pradesh ni eri igbe eniyan pipejulo ni India. Awon ibudo akoko ti a mo bere ni odun to ju 9,000 seyin lo, diedie o si dagba soke si À?à Ìbílè? Tí Wó?n ? Kó? ní Àfonífojì Í?díà ,[20] ti ojo ori re to odun 3400 BCE ni apaiwoorun India. Eyi je titele pelu Àkókò Vedic, to se ipilese Esin Hindu ati awon asa miran igba ibere awujo India, o si pari ni awon odun 500 BCE. Lati bi 550 BCE, opolopo awon ile-oba alominira ati orile-ede olominira ti a mo bi Mahajanapadas je didasile kakiri ibe.[21] Ni orundun keta KIO (BCE), opo gbogbo Guusu Asia je piparapo di Ileobaluaye Maurya latowo Chandragupta Maurya o si lokunkun ni asiko Ashoka Olokiki.[22] Lati igba orundun keta IO (CE), ijoba iran Gupta samojuto igba ti a mo bi ancient ""Igba Oniwura India ayeijoun.""[23][24] Awon ileobaluaye ni Apaguusu India je kikopomo gbogbo awon ti Chalukya, ti Cholas ati ti Vijayanagara Empire. Sayensi, teknoloji, ise-ero, ise-ona, ogbon, ede, litireso, mathematiiki, itorawo, esin ati imo-oye di olokunkun labe itoju awon oba wonyi. Leyin awon iborile lati Arin Asia larin orundun 10th ati 12th, opo Ariwa India ni won bo si abe ijoba Delhi Sultanate ati leyin eyi sabe Ileobaluaye Mughal. Labe isejoba Akbar the Great, India gbadun idagbasoke asa ati okowo pupo ati irepo esin.[25][26] Awon obaluaye Mughal diedie fe ile won si pupo lati dori apa nla abeorile. Sibesibe, ni Ariwa-Apailaorun India, alagbara to joba ibe ni ileoba Ahom ti Assam, gege bi ikan ninu awon ileoba ti won lodi si ijobalenilori Mughal. Ihalemo ninla akoko si agbara ijoba Mughal wa latodo oba Hindu Rajput kan Maha Rana Pratap ti Mewar ni orundun 16th ati leyin eyi latodo orile-ede Hindu kan to n je adapapo Maratha, to joba lori opo India ni arin orundun 18th.[27] Lati orundun 16th, awon alagbara ara Europe bi Portugal, Hollandi, Fransi, ati Iparapo Ileoba se idasile ibudo owo (trading posts) be sini leyin eyi won lo anfani ti awon ija abele ibe fa wa lati sedasile awon ibiamusin nibe. Nigba to fi di 1856, opo India ti bo sabe idari British East India Company.[28] Odun kan leyin eyi, igbogundi kakiri awon eyo ologun olodi ijoba ati awon ileoba, ti a mo bi Ogun Ilominira Akoko India tabi Sepoy Mutiny, koju idari ile-ise yi gidigidi sugbon ko yori si rere. Nitori aidurorege, India bo si abe isejoba taara Oba Alade Britani. Mahatma Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru, 1937. Ni orundun 20th, akitiyan fun ilominira kakiri orile-ede bere latowo Indian National Congress ati awon agbajo oloselu miran.[29] Olori India Mahatma Gandhi lewaju awon egbegberun eniyan ni opolopo igbese torile-ede fun aigboran araalu aini-jagidijagan .[15] Ni ojo 15 osu kejo 1947, India gba ilominira kuro lowo isejoba Britani, sugbon nigba kanna awon agbegbe ogunlogo Musulum je pipinniya lati da orile-ede otooto Pakistan.[30] Ni ojo 26 osi kinni 1950, India di orile-ede olominira be sini ilana ibagbepo tuntun je gbigbe jade.[31] Lati igba ilominira, India ti ni awon isoro lati owojagidijagan esin, casteism, naxalism, isedaniloro ati latowo awon igbogunti oludase agbegbe, agaga ni Jammu ati Kashmir ati Ariwailaorun India. Lati igba awon odun 1990 awon idigbolu adaniloro ti nipa lori opolopo awon ilu India. India ni ariyanjiyan ile pelu orile-ede Olominira awon Eniyan ile Saina, to di ni odun 1962 Ogun Saina-India, ati pelu Pakistan, to fa awon ogun ni 1947, 1965, 1971 ati ni 1999. India je omo egbe adasile Iparapo awon Orile-ede (gege bi India Britani) ati Non-Aligned Movement. Ni odun 1974, India se nuclear test nipamo[32] ati idanwo marun ni 1998, eyi so India di orile-ede to ni bombu inuatomu.[32] Lati 1991, atundase okowo pataki[33] ti so India di ikan ninu awon okowo to n dagba kiakia julo lagbaye, eyi fun lagbara pupo laye.[16] Ijoba Ày?kà olórí: Ìj?ba India Ilana-Ibagbepo ile India, to je ilana-ibagbepo togunjulo ati to kunrerejulo ti orile-ede alominira lagbaye, je gbigba bi ofin ni 26 January 1950.[34] Akokoso ilana-ibagbepo yi setumo India gege bi orile-ede olominira toseluaralu sovereign, sosialisti, ti araaye.[35] India ni ileasofin oniyewumeji to n sise bi sistemu onileasofin iru Westminster. Iru ijoba re je jijuwe pe o je bi 'quasi-federal' pelu gbongan to lagbara ati awon ipinle ti won ko lagbara,[36] sugbon o ti di apapo diedie lati opin awon odun 1990 nitori awon iyipada oloselu, olokowo ati alawujo.[37] Aare ile India ni olori orile-ede[38] to je didiboyan latowo igbimo onidiboyan[39] fun igba odun marun kan.[40][41] Alakoso Agba ni olori ijoba, ohun lo si segbese opo agbara alase.[38] Gege bi yiyan latowo Aare,[42]Alakoso Agba je titileyin latowo egbe oloselu tabi ifowosowopo oloselu to ni ogunlogo awon ijoko ni ile kekere Ileasofin.[38] Apa ijoba apase ni Aare, Igbakeji Aare, ati Igbimo awon Alakoso (Kabinet ni igbimo apase re) ti olori re je Alakoso Agba. Alakoso yiowu to ni ipo gbodo je ikan ninu awon omo ile ileasofin. Ninu sistemu onileasofin ti India, apase wa labe asofin, nibi ti Alakoso Agba ati Igbimo re wa labe ile kekere.[43] Asofin ile India ni Ileasofin oniyewumeji, to ni ile oke ti o n je Rajya Sabha (Igbimo awon Ipinle) ati ile kekere to n je Lok Sabha (Ile awon Eniyan).[44] Rajya Sabha, agbarajo aiyese, ni 245 omo egbe ti won wa nibe fun odun marun.[45] Opo won je didiboyan taara latowo awon asofin ipinle ati agbegbe gege bi iye awon eniyan won.[45]", -6601127156966764910,train,is iceland part of europe or north america,"Iceland is closer to continental Europe than to mainland North America, although it is closest to Greenland (290 km, 180 mi), an island of North America. Iceland is generally included in Europe for historical, political, cultural, geographical, and practical reasons. Geologically, the island includes parts of both continental plates. The closest bodies of land in Europe are the Faroe Islands (420 km, 260 mi) ; Jan Mayen Island (570 km, 350 mi) ; Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, both about 740 km (460 mi) ; and the Scottish mainland and Orkney, both about 750 km (470 mi). The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about 970 km (600 mi) away, while mainland North America is 2,070 km (1,290 mi) away, at the northern tip of Labrador.",['first in the noble gas group in the periodic table'],ṣé Iceland jẹ́ apá kan ilẹ̀ Yúróòpù ni àbí ilẹ̀ Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà,Yes,['Íslándì[note 1] (Íslándíkì: [Ísland] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help); IPA: [ˈislant]) je is orile-ede erekusu Europe ni to budo si Okun Ariwa Atlantiki[6] lori Ebe Arin-Atlantiki.'],['Europe'],['P1'],0,0,"Íslándì Íslándì (Íslándíkì IPA: [?islant]) je is orile-ede erekusu Yuropu to budo si Okun Ariwa Atlantiki[6] lori Ebe Arin-Atlantiki. O ni olugbe bi 399,000 ati apapo iye aala 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi).[7] Oluilu re ati ilu totobijulo re ni Reykjavík, pelu ayika re to ni ida meji-inu meta olugbe orile-ede na. Íslándì je agbese lileru ati loro-ile.", -276011070699830088,train,where is iceland located on a world map,"Iceland is at the juncture of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The main island is entirely south of the Arctic Circle, which passes through the small Icelandic island of Grímsey off the main island 's northern coast. The country lies between latitudes 63 and 68 ° N, and longitudes 25 and 13 ° W.",['old land of my fathers'],ibo ni orílẹ̀-èdè iceland wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Íslándì[note 1] (Íslándíkì: [Ísland] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help); IPA: [ˈislant]) je is orile-ede erekusu Europe ni to budo si Okun Ariwa Atlantiki[6] lori Ebe Arin-Atlantiki.'],['erekusu Europe ni to budo si Okun Ariwa Atlantiki[6] lori Ebe Arin-Atlantiki.'],['P1'],0,0,"Íslándì Íslándì (Íslándíkì IPA: [?islant]) je is orile-ede erekusu Yuropu to budo si Okun Ariwa Atlantiki[6] lori Ebe Arin-Atlantiki. O ni olugbe bi 399,000 ati apapo iye aala 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi).[7] Oluilu re ati ilu totobijulo re ni Reykjavík, pelu ayika re to ni ida meji-inu meta olugbe orile-ede na. Íslándì je agbese lileru ati loro-ile.", 4267239631423117187,train,who said if you find yourself in a hole stop digging,"The adage has been attributed to a number of sources. It appeared in print on page six of The Washington Post dated October 25, 1911, in the form : `` Nor would a wise man, seeing that he was in a hole, go to work and blindly dig it deeper... '' In The Bankers Magazine, it was published in 1964 as : `` Let me tell you about the law of holes : If you find yourself in a hole, stop digging. ''",[],"ta ló sọ pé tó o bá rí i pé inú kòtò lo wà, má ṣe tú u mọ́?",Yes,"['Òfin kòtò àkọ́kọ́ tàbí Òfin kòtò jẹ́ òwe tí ó sọ wípé ""tí o bá ba ara rẹ nínú kòtò, kí o maa ṣe gbẹ́ ẹ síwájú síi"". Oríṣiríṣi ibi ni wọ́n rò wípé òwe yìí ti jẹyọ. Ó yọjú nínú àtẹ̀jáde ojú ewé kẹfà ti The Washington Post ti ọjọ́ karùndínlọ́gbọ̀n Oṣù kẹwá ọdún 1911, báyìí: ""Kò ṣeéṣe kí ọlọ́gbọ́n ènìyàn bá ara rẹ̀ nínú kòtò, kí ó lọ ibiṣẹ́ kí ó sì tún maa gbẹ́ẹ lọ...""', 'Ó yọjú nínú àtẹ̀jáde ojú ewé kẹfà ti The Washington Post ti ọjọ́ karùndínlọ́gbọ̀n Oṣù kẹwá ọdún 1911, báyìí: ""Kò ṣeéṣe kí ọlọ́gbọ́n ènìyàn bá ara rẹ̀ nínú kòtò, kí ó lọ ibiṣẹ́ kí ó sì tún maa gbẹ́ẹ lọ..."" Nínú The Bankers Magazine wọ́n ṣe àtèjáde rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1964 báyìí:""Jẹ́ kí n sọ fún ẹ nípa òfin kòtò:Tí o bá bá ara rẹ nínú kòtò, maa ṣe gbẹ́ẹ síwájú si."" Wọ́n sọ wípé Will Rogers, aláwàdà ará Amẹ́ríkà ni ó sọ ọ̀rọ̀ tí ó wà níwájú àmì ìṣafihan.']","['Òfin kòtò àkọ́kọ́ tàbí Òfin kòtò jẹ́ òwe tí ó sọ wípé ""tí o bá ba ara rẹ nínú kòtò, kí o maa ṣe gbẹ́ ẹ síwájú síi"". Oríṣiríṣi ibi ni wọ́n rò wípé òwe yìí ti jẹyọ. Ó yọjú nínú àtẹ̀jáde ojú ewé kẹfà ti The Washington Post ti ọjọ́ karùndínlọ́gbọ̀n Oṣù kẹwá ọdún 1911, báyìí: ""Kò ṣeéṣe kí ọlọ́gbọ́n ènìyàn bá ara rẹ̀ nínú kòtò, kí ó lọ ibiṣẹ́ kí ó sì tún maa gbẹ́ẹ lọ...""', 'Will Rogers, aláwàdà ará Amẹ́ríkà ni ó sọ ọ̀rọ̀ yìí']","['P1,P2', 'P2']",1,0,"Òfin kòtò àk??k?? Òfin kòtò àk??k?? tàbí Òfin kòtò j?? òwe tí ó s? wípé ""tí o bá ba ara r? nínú kòtò, kí o maa ?e gb?? ? síwájú síi"".[1][2] Ìtum?? r?? ni wípé tí o ba bá ara r? ní ipò tí kò dára, ki o dúró kí o sì ?e àtún?e oun tí ò ? ?e t??l?? kí o má s? t??síwájú. Ibi tí ó ti j?y? Orí?irí?i ibi ni w??n rò wípé òwe yìí ti j?y?. Ó y?jú nínú àt??jáde ojú ewé k?fà ti The Washington Post ti ?j?? karùndínl??gb??n O?ù k?wá ?dún 1911, báyìí: ""Kò ?eé?e kí ?l??gb??n ènìyàn bá ara r?? nínú kòtò, kí ó l? ibi??? kí ó sì tún maa gb??? l?...""[3] Nínú Ìwé ìròyìn The Bankers w??n ?e àtèjáde r?? ní ?dún 1964 báyìí:""J?? kí n s? fún ? nípa òfin kòtò:Tí o bá bá ara r? nínú kòtò, maa ?e gb??? síwájú si.""[4] W??n s? wípé Will Rogers, aláwàdà ará Am??ríkà ni ó s? ??r?? tí ó wà níwájú àmì ì?afihan.[5] Ní UK w??n pèé ní ""Òfin kòtò ti Healey àk??k??""[2] lórúk? oló?èlú Denis Healey, tí ó pòwe yìí ní ?dún 1980 àti l??yìn ìgbà náà.[1]","An excavator that is in a hole and has stopped digging The first law of holes , or the law of holes , is an adage which states that ""if you find yourself in a hole, stop digging"". Digging a hole makes it deeper and therefore harder to get back out, which is used as a metaphor that when in an untenable position, it is best to stop carrying on and exacerbating the situation. Contents [ hide ] 1 Attribution 2 Use 3 References 4 External links Attribution [ edit ] The adage has been attributed to a number of sources. It appeared in print on page six of The Washington Post dated October 25, 1911, in the form: ""Nor would a wise man, seeing that he was in a hole, go to work and blindly dig it deeper..."" In The Bankers Magazine , it was published in 1964 as: ""Let me tell you about the law of holes: If you find yourself in a hole, stop digging."" In the United Kingdom, it has been referred to as ""Healey's first law of holes"" after politician Denis Healey , who used the adage in the 1980s and later. Use [ edit ] It has been quoted by American humorist Will Rogers . References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Quotations related to Denis Healey at Wikiquote" 5208230622624589164,train,what part of the bible has the ten commandments,"Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 21 into ten `` commandments '' or `` sayings '' in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology.","['1968', 'securing legal rights for african americans', 'the mid-1950s']",apá wo nínú bíbélì ni òfin mẹ́wàá wà,No,['Àwọn ẹsẹ òfin mẹ́wàá bí wọn ṣe wà nínú ìwé Eksodu àti Deuteronomi.'],['Àwọn ẹsẹ òfin mẹ́wàá wà nínú ìwé Eksodu àti Deuteronomi.'],['P2'],1,0,"Òfin Mẹ́wàá Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí. Àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn ẹsẹ òfin mẹ́wàá bí wọn ṣe wà nínú ìwé Eksodu àti Deuteronomi . Òfin Mẹ́wàá Eksodu 20:2–17 Deuteronomi 5:6–21 2 Èmi ni Olúwa Ọlọ́run rẹ, tí ó mú ọ jáde láti ilẹ̀ Egipti, láti okoẹrú jáde wá; 3 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ní Ọlọ́run míràn pẹ̀lú mi. 4 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ya ère fún ara rẹ, tàbí àwòrán ohun kan tí nbẹ lókè ọ̀run, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ nínú omi ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and the fourth generation of those who reject me, 6 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 7 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 8 Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy. 9 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 10 But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your towns. 11 For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it. 12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 13 You shall not murder. 14 You shall not commit adultery. 15 You shall not steal. 16 You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. 17 You shall not covet your neighbour’s house; you shall not covet your neighbour’s wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour. 6 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; 7 you shall have no other gods before me. 8 You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and fourth generation of those who reject me, 10 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 11 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 12 Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy, as the Lord your God commanded you. 13 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 14 But the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, or your son or your daughter, or your male or female slave, or your ox or your donkey, or any of your livestock, or the resident alien in your towns, so that your male and female slave may rest as well as you. 15 Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God commanded you to keep the sabbath day. 16 Honor your father and your mother, as the Lord your God commanded you, so that your days may be long and that it may go well with you in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 17 You shall not murder. 18 Neither shall you commit adultery. 19 Neither shall you steal. 20 Neither shall you bear false witness against your neighbour. 21 Neither shall you covet your neighbour’s wife. Neither shall you desire your neighbour’s house, or field, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour.","For other uses, see Ten Commandments (disambiguation) . ""Decalogue"" redirects here. For other uses, see Decalogue (disambiguation) . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the L ORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the L ORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Finger of God Moses Ark of the Covenant Catholic theology v t e This 1768 parchment (612×502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Ten Commandments at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue . The Ten Commandments ( Hebrew : עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת ‬, Aseret ha'Dibrot ), also known as the Decalogue , are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship , which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity . The commandments include instructions to worship only God , to honour one's parents , and to keep the sabbath , as well as prohibitions against idolatry , blasphemy , murder , adultery , theft , dishonesty , and coveting . Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them. The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible , in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy . Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them. Contents 1 Terminology 2 The Ten Commandments 3 Religious interpretations 3.1 Judaism 3.1.1 Two tablets 3.1.2 Use in Jewish ritual 3.2 Samaritan 3.3 Christianity 3.3.1 References in the New Testament 3.3.2 Roman Catholicism 3.3.3 Orthodox 3.3.4 Protestantism 3.3.4.1 Lutheranism 3.3.4.2 Reformed 3.3.4.3 Methodist 3.3.5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 3.4 Main points of interpretative difference 3.4.1 Sabbath day 3.4.2 Killing or murder 3.4.3 Theft 3.4.4 Idolatry 3.4.5 Adultery 4 Critical historical analysis 4.1 Early theories 4.2 Hittite treaties 4.3 Dating 4.4 The Ritual Decalogue 5 United States debate over display on public property 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Terminology [ edit ] Part of the All Souls Deuteronomy , containing the oldest extant copy of the Decalogue It is dated to the early Herodian period, between 30 and 1 BC. In biblical Hebrew , the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים ‬ ( transliterated aseret ha-d'varîm ) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות ‬ (transliterated aseret ha-dibrot ), both translatable as ""the ten words"", ""the ten sayings"", or ""the ten matters"". The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used ""ten verses"". The Geneva Bible used ""tenne commandements"", which was followed by the Bishops' Bible and the Authorized Version (the ""King James"" version) as ""ten commandments"". Most major English versions use ""commandments."" The English name ""Decalogue"" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος , dekalogos , the latter meaning and referring to the Greek translation (in accusative ) δέκα λόγους , deka logous , ""ten words"", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28 and Deuteronomy 10:4. The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called לוחות הברית ‬, Lukhot HaBrit , meaning ""the tablets of the covenant "". The Ten Commandments [ edit ] Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20:1–17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5:4–21 into ten ""commandments"" or ""sayings"" in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology. The Ten Commandments LXX P S T A C L R Main article Exodus 20:1-17 Deuteronomy 5:4-21 — — — 1 — 1 — (1) I am the Lord thy God , which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 2 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Thou shalt have no other gods before me 3 7 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4–6 8–10 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 7 11 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 8–11 12–15 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 Honour thy father and thy mother 12 16 6 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 Thou shalt not kill 13 17 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 Thou shalt not commit adultery 14 18 8 8 7 8 7 7 7 8 Thou shalt not steal 15 19 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 9 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 20 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's house) 17a 21b 10 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's wife) 17b 21a 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's slaves, animals, or anything else) 17c 21c — — 10 — — — — — You shall set up these stones, which I command you today, on Mount Gerizim. 14c 18c All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version unless otherwise stated. Click on verses at top of columns for other versions. Traditions: LXX : Septuagint , generally followed by Orthodox Christians. P : Philo , same as the Septuagint, but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed. S : Samaritan Pentateuch , with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th. T : Jewish Talmud , makes the ""prologue"" the first ""saying"" or ""matter"" and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry. A : Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3–6, but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5:21 rather than Exodus 20:17. C : Catechism of the Catholic Church , largely follows Augustine. L : Lutherans follow Luther's Large Catechism , which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images and uses the word order of Exodus 20:17 rather than Deuteronomy 5:21 for the ninth and tenth commandments. R : Reformed Christians follow John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion , which follows the Septuagint; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (also called Horeb ). On the morning of the third day of their encampment, ""there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud"", and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After ""the L ORD came down upon mount Sinai"", Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 ""God spoke"" to all the people the words of the covenant, that is, the ""ten commandments"" as it is written. Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19-20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue, or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses. The people were afraid to hear more and moved ""afar off"", and Moses responded with ""Fear not."" Nevertheless, he drew near the ""thick darkness"" where ""the presence of the Lord"" was to hear the additional statutes and ""judgments"", all which he ""wrote"" in the "" book of the covenant "" which he read to the people the next morning, and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the L ORD had said. Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron , Nadab and Abihu , and ""seventy of the elders of Israel"" to a location on the mount where they worshipped ""afar off"" and they ""saw the God of Israel"" above a ""paved work"" like clear sapphire stone. And the L ORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tablets of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. 13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God. — First mention of the tablets in Exodus 24:12–13 Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659) by Rembrandt. ( Gemäldegalerie, Berlin ) The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was ""in the mount forty days and forty nights ."" And Moses said, ""the L ORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God ; and on them was written according to all the words, which the L ORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly."" Before the full forty days expired, the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses, and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf , and he ""built an altar before it"" and the people ""worshipped"" the calf. After the full forty days, Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone : ""And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount."" After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the L ORD told Moses, ""Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets, which thou brakest."" ""And he wrote on the tablets, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the L ORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the L ORD gave them unto me."" According to Jewish tradition, Exodus 20:1–17 constitutes God's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets, which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation, and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant ; and Deuteronomy 5:4–25 consists of God's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, totalling 14 or 15 in all. Religious interpretations [ edit ] The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism and Christianity: the greatest obligation (to worship only God), the greatest injury to a person (murder), the greatest injury to family bonds (adultery), the greatest injury to commerce and law (bearing false witness), the greatest inter-generational obligation (honour to parents), the greatest obligation to community (truthfulness), the greatest injury to moveable property (theft). The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation, reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles. They are not as explicit or detailed as rules or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation. Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation. The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways: They have a uniquely terse style. Of all the biblical laws and commandments, the Ten Commandments alone are said to have been ""written with the finger of God"" ( Exodus 31:18 ). The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant ( Exodus 25:21 , Deuteronomy 10:2,5 ). Judaism [ edit ] The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law, stating God's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong – unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah, which include, for example, various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws, and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple . Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments; a number of works, starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon , have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments. [ citation needed ] A conservative rabbi, Louis Ginzberg , stated in his book Legends of the Jews , that Ten Commandments are virtually entwined, that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another. Echoing an earlier rabbinic comment found in the commentary of Rashi to the Songs of Songs (4:5) Ginzberg explained - there is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five. The first commandment: ""I am the Lord, thy God,"" corresponds to the sixth: ""Thou shalt not kill,"" for the murderer slays the image of God. The second: ""Thou shalt have no strange gods before me,"" corresponds to the seventh: ""Thou shalt not commit adultery,"" for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry, which is faithlessness to God. The third commandment: ""Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain,"" corresponds to the eighth: ""Thou shalt not steal,"" for stealing result in false oath in God's name. The fourth: ""Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy,"" corresponds to the ninth: ""Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor,"" for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God, saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day (the holy Sabbath). The fifth commandment: ""Honor thy father and thy mother,"" corresponds to the tenth: ""Covet not thy neighbor's wife,"" for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father, but will consider a stranger their father. The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws , several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments. In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty , the exceptions being the First Commandment, honouring your father and mother, saying God's name in vain, and coveting, though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law . Two tablets [ edit ] Main article: Tablets of Stone The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, ""but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other"", that is, that the tablets were duplicates. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East, in which a copy was made for each party. According to the Talmud , the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, one interpretation of the biblical verse ""the tablets were written on both their sides"", is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets, yet was miraculously legible from both sides. Use in Jewish ritual [ edit ] The Ten Commandments on a glass plate The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple , the Ten Commandments were recited daily, before the reading of the Shema Yisrael (as preserved, for example, in the Nash Papyrus , a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150–100 BCE found in Egypt, containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema); but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law, or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah. In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath. Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot . The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January–February, and on the festival of Shavuot, and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August–September. In some traditions, worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance though many rabbis, including Maimonides , have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot . In printed Chumashim , as well as in those in manuscript form, the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks. The ta'am 'elyon (upper accentuation), which makes each Commandment into a separate verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the ta'am tachton (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton . In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20:2–14 and Deuteronomy 5:6–18 . Samaritan [ edit ] The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten. The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim . The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows: And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it, thou shalt erect unto thee large stones, and thou shalt cover them with lime, and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law, and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan, ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim , and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God, an altar of stones, and thou shalt not lift upon them iron, of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar, and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God, and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings, and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God. That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem. Christianity [ edit ] See also: Christian views on the Old Covenant Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid, though they have different interpretations and uses of them. The Apostolic Constitutions , which implore believers to ""always remember the ten commands of God,"" reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church . Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God's law and standard of behaviour, central to Christian life, piety, and worship. References in the New Testament [ edit ] See also: Matthew 5 § Antitheses Moses and Aaron with the Ten Commandments (painting circa 1675 by Aron de Chavez) During his Sermon on the Mount , Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery. In Matthew 19:16-19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments, followed by that commandment called ""the second"" ( Matthew 22:34-40 ) after the first and great commandment . And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is , God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. — Matthew 19:16-19 In his Epistle to the Romans , Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment. Romans 13:8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. 9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law. — Romans 13:8-10 KJV Roman Catholicism [ edit ] Main article: Ten Commandments in Catholic theology In Roman Catholicism, Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law , but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments. It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church —the official exposition of the Catholic Church 's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth, and serve as the basis for social justice . Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament, Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further, demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees . Summarized by Jesus into two "" great commandments "" that teach the love of God and love of neighbour, they instruct individuals on their relationships with both. Orthodox [ edit ] The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments. A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken. Protestantism [ edit ] See also: Law and Gospel After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology, giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel , early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life. Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic . A Christian school in India displays the Ten Commandments Lutheranism [ edit ] The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine , following the then current synagogue scribal division. The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans, the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people, and the last two govern private thoughts. See Luther's Small Catechism and Large Catechism. Reformed [ edit ] The Articles of the Church of England , Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines, at Westminster , in the year 1643 state that ""no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral. By the moral law, we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent."" The Westminster Confession , held by Presbyterian Churches , holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments ""does forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof"". Methodist [ edit ] The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley , was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people. As with the Reformed view, Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the Ten Commandments, stands today: Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other"" (Wesley's Sermons , Vol. I, Sermon 25). In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology , ""while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ, the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace, having Christ as its perfecting end."" As such, in Methodism, an ""important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following"" of the Ten Commandments. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [ edit ] According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) doctrine, Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law. The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation . They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12:34–36, 13:15–16, 13:21–24 and Doctrine and Covenants . According to the Book of Mosiah, a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness. Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates . In an October 2010 address, LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught ""The Ten Commandments are just that—commandments. They are not suggestions."" The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue . [ citation needed ] Main points of interpretative difference [ edit ] Sabbath day [ edit ] See also: Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy ; Shabbat ; and Judaizers All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest, often called the Sabbath, although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam, Saturday in Judaism (both reckoned from dusk to dusk), and Sunday, from midnight to midnight, in Christianity. Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work, often dedicated to religious observance, derived from the Biblical Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance. Most dictionaries provide both first-day and seventh-day definitions for ""sabbath"" and ""Sabbatarian"", among other related uses. Observing the Sabbath on Sunday, the day of resurrection, gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish-Roman wars onward. [ citation needed ] The Church's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th century AD) where Canons 37–38 state: ""It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them"" and ""It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety"". Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath: ""Christians must not judaize by resting on the [Jewish] Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ."" Killing or murder [ edit ] Main article: Thou shalt not kill The Sixth Commandment, as translated by the Book of Common Prayer (1549). The image is from the altar screen of the Temple Church near the Law Courts in London. Multiple translations exist of the fifth/sixth commandment; the Hebrew words לא תרצח ‬ (lo tirtzach) are variously translated as ""thou shalt not kill"" or ""thou shalt not murder"". The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt . The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing, but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare ( 1Kings 2:5–6 ), capital punishment ( Leviticus 20:9–16 ) and self-defence ( Exodus 22:2–3 ), which are considered justified. The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil, and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt. Theft [ edit ] Main article: Thou shalt not steal Some academic theologians, including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt : Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog (1953), suggest that the commandment translated as ""thou shalt not steal"" was originally intended against stealing people—against abductions and slavery, in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as ""thou shalt not kidnap"" (Sanhedrin 86a). Idolatry [ edit ] Main articles: Idolatry , Idolatry in Judaism , and Idolatry in Christianity Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions. In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God, but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions . Islam has a stronger prohibition, banning representations of God, and in some cases of Muhammad, humans and, in some interpretations, any living creature. In Gospel of Barnabas , Jesus stated that idolatry is the greatest sin as it divests a man fully of faith, and hence of God. In his time, Idolatry is not only worshipping statues of wood or stone; but also statues of flesh. All which a man loves, for which he leaves everything else but that, is his god, thus the glutton and drunkard has for his idol his own flesh, the fornicator has for his idol the harlot and the greedy has for his idol silver and gold, and so the same for every other sinner. In Christianity's earliest centuries, some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints, which others thought inappropriate. No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry. The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century, during the period of iconoclasm : the smashing of icons. In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images, citing the Second Commandment; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings, condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images; in 815 Leo V called yet another council, which reinstated iconoclasm; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons. This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation , when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council ""emanated from Satan"". Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues, pictures, stained glass, and artistic masterpieces. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent . Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God, the Father, remain prohibited, depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible. To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation, the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions, but prefers a two-dimensional depiction as a reminder of this theological aspect. Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal. In modern use (usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence), more naturalistic images and images of the Father, however, also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches, but statues, i.e. three-dimensional depictions, continue to be banned. Adultery [ edit ] Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves. Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man, married or not, and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery. This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife, whereas the wife, as the husband's possession, did not have an exclusive right to her husband. Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment ( Covet not thy neighbor's wife ) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments. Critical historical analysis [ edit ] Early theories [ edit ] Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts. Julius Wellhausen 's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20-23 and 34 ""might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel."" Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition. In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position, Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective, and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's polemic against Judaism, which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical . Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt. Sinai would have emphasized rituals, and that the ""ethical"" Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date, when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah, Jesus Christ. Levinson points out that there is no evidence, internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources, to support this conjecture. He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical. By the 1930s, historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion. Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance, while taking different form, at different times. This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20:2–17 and Exodus 34:10–28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history. For example, critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE, but believes that they express a theology that ""had already been normalized in the period of the Judges"" (i.e., of the tribal alliance). He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as ""a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people"" but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, along with other evidence, as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin. Hittite treaties [ edit ] According to John Bright, however, there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the ""book of the covenant"" (Exodus 21-23 and 34:10–24). The Decalogue, he argues, was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites (and other Mesopotamian Empires), that is, represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal, and enacts that bond. ""The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts.. (compare with Exodus 20:2 ""I am the L ORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery""). The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals, which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire, or enmity between those within."" (Exodus 20:3: ""You shall have no other gods before Me""). Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code, its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king's power. Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document, identifying it with king Asa's reforms in 899 BCE. Bright, however, believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance. The book of the covenant, he notes, bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes (e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele ). He argues that the function of this ""book"" is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law: ""The Book of the Covenant (Ex., chs. 21 to 23; cf. ch. 34), which is no official state law, but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges, is the best example of this process."" According to Bright, then, this body of law too predates the monarchy. Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu, evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic ""no-other-gods-before-me"" commandment. [ self-published source ] Dating [ edit ] If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms, it would date them to somewhere between the 14th-12th century BCE. Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that ""the astonishing composition came together … in the seventh century BCE"". Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann (1960) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah . An even later date (after 586 BCE) is suggested by David H. Aaron. The Ritual Decalogue [ edit ] Main article: Ritual Decalogue Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34:28 identifies a different list as the ten commandments, that of Exodus 34:11–27. Since this passage does not prohibit murder, adultery, theft, etc., but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh , some scholars call it the "" Ritual Decalogue "", and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the ""Ethical Decalogue"". According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events. On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor (Redactor) but otherwise left intact from the original, frequently side by side. Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20:1–17 ""does not appear to belong to any of the major sources. It is likely to be an independent document, which was inserted here by the Redactor."" In his view, the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative. In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor (or RJE), adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered. ""In the combined JE text, it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered."" He writes that Exodus 34:14–26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: ""The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). … The other seven commandments here are completely different."" He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood. The writer has Moses smash the tablets ""because this raised doubts about the Judah's central religious shrine"". According to Kaufmann, the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God's presence in Israel: the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant , while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people. Quranic reference to the ten commandments can be found in chapter 2 verses 83 and 84 ""And [recall] when We took the covenant from the Children of Israel, [enjoining upon them], ""Do not worship except Allah (1) ; and to parents do good (2) and to relatives (3), orphans (4), and the needy (5). And speak to people good words (6) and establish prayer (7) and give Zakat (8)."" Then you turned away, except a few of you, and you were refusing."" ""And [recall] when We took your covenant, [saying], ""Do not shed each other's blood (9) or evict one another from your homes (10)."" Then you acknowledged [this] while you were witnessing"" United States debate over display on public property [ edit ] Further information: Accommodationism See also: Roy Moore , Van Orden v. Perry , and Separation of church and state in the United States Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol in Austin . European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation. In England, such ""Decalogue boards"" also represented the English monarch's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches. The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue, along other religious figures including Solomon, Confucius, and Mohamed holding the Qur'an, are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington . Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law. In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms, including many stone monuments on courthouse property. Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered (see above), the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers, as on the monument at the Texas capitol (shown here). Hundreds of monuments were also placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments . Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion , along with adding the phrase ""under God"" to the Pledge of Allegiance . By the beginning of the twenty-first century in the U.S., however, Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives. Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings. The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups (such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) , and the American Jewish Congress ), both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious. Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society. In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society, other legal organizations, such as the Liberty Counsel , have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation. Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life. In response, they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings. Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States . In contrast, groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society, and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present-day legal codes. Also, some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment's guarantee of freedom of religion . The Ten Commandments by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the townhall of Wittenberg , (detail) U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property. They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo-Christian religions, to the exclusion of others: the statement ""Thou shalt have no other gods before me"" excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism , for example. Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not, there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine. Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety . The courts have been more accepting, however, of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law. One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical, rather than religious. Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands. For example, an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments. The cases were won on the grounds that Summum's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination . Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument, the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments. Cultural references [ edit ] Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille : a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956 , starring Charlton Heston as Moses. Both Dekalog , a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski , and The Ten , a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories. The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World Part I (1981), which shows Moses (played by Brooks, in a similar costume to Charlton Heston 's Moses in the 1956 film ), receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments, but before he can present them to his people, he stumbles and drops one of the tablets, shattering it. He then presents the remaining tablets, proclaiming Ten Commandments. In The Prince of Egypt , a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer ), the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai, accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us . The story of Moses and the Ten Commandments is discussed in the Danish stageplay Biblen (2008). See also [ edit ] Bible portal Book of Mormon portal Alternatives to the Ten Commandments – Secular and humanist alternatives to the biblical lists Code of Hammurabi (1772 BCE) Code of Ur-Nammu (2050 BCE) Five Precepts Five Precepts (Taoism) Maat , 42 confessions, ' The negative confession ' (1500 BCE) of Papyrus of Ani , also known as The declaration of innocence before the Gods of the tribunal from The book of going forth by day, also Book of the dead The Ten Commandments (2007 film) K10C: Kids' Ten Commandments Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics Ten Conditions of Bai'at Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ten Commandments . References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Aaron, David H (2006). Etched in Stone: The Emergence of the Decalogue . Continuum. ISBN 0-567-02791-0 . Abdrushin (2009). The Ten Commandments of God and the Lord's Prayer . Grail Foundation Press. ISBN 1-57461-004-X . https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082204/http://the10com.org/index.html Peter Barenboim, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow, 2005 , ISBN 5-94381-123-0 . Boltwood, Emily (2012). 10 Simple Rules of the House of Gloria . Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62024-840-9 . Freedman, David Noel (2000). The Nine Commandments. Uncovering a Hidden Pattern of Crime and Punishment in the Hebrew Bible . Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-49986-8 . Friedman, Richard Elliott (1987). Who Wrote the Bible? . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-671-63161-6 . Hazony, David (2010). The Ten Commandments: How Our Most Ancient Moral Text Can Renew Modern Life . New York: Scribner. ISBN 1-4165-6235-4 . Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1960). The Religion of Israel, From Its Beginnings To the Babylonian Exile . Translated by Moshe Greenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kuntz, Paul Grimley (2004). The Ten Commandments in History: Mosaic Paradigms for a Well-Ordered Society . Wm B Eerdmans Publishing, Emory University Studies in Law and Religion. ISBN 0-8028-2660-1 . Markl, Dominik (2012): ""The Decalogue in History: A Preliminary Survey of the Fields and Genres of its Reception"", in: Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte – vol. 18, nº., pp. 279–293. ( pdf ) Markl, Dominik (ed.) (2013). The Decalogue and its Cultural Influence . Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-909697-06-5 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Mendenhall, George E (1973). The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1267-4 . Mendenhall, George E (2001). Ancient Israel's Faith and History: An Introduction To the Bible In Context . Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22313-3 . Watts, James W. (2004). ""Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts"" (PDF) . Journal of Religion and Society . 6 . Retrieved 2014-08-27 . External links [ edit ] Ten Commandments: Ex. 20 version ( text , mp3 ), Deut. 5 version ( text , mp3 ) in The Hebrew Bible in English by Jewish Publication Society, 1917 ed." 2466482560039878983,train,where is the ten commandments located in the bible,"According to Jewish tradition, Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 constitutes God 's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets, which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation, and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant ; and Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 20 consists of God 's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, totalling 14 or 15 in all.",['central europe'],níbo nínú bíbélì ni òfin mẹ́wàá wà,No,['Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí.'],['Àwọn ẹsẹ òfin mẹ́wàá bí wọn ṣe wà nínú ìwé Eksodu àti Deuteronomi.'],['P1'],1,0,"Òfin Mẹ́wàá Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí. Àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn ẹsẹ òfin mẹ́wàá bí wọn ṣe wà nínú ìwé Eksodu àti Deuteronomi . Òfin Mẹ́wàá Eksodu 20:2–17 Deuteronomi 5:6–21 2 Èmi ni Olúwa Ọlọ́run rẹ, tí ó mú ọ jáde láti ilẹ̀ Egipti, láti okoẹrú jáde wá; 3 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ní Ọlọ́run míràn pẹ̀lú mi. 4 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ya ère fún ara rẹ, tàbí àwòrán ohun kan tí nbẹ lókè ọ̀run, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ nínú omi ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and the fourth generation of those who reject me, 6 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 7 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 8 Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy. 9 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 10 But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your towns. 11 For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it. 12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 13 You shall not murder. 14 You shall not commit adultery. 15 You shall not steal. 16 You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. 17 You shall not covet your neighbour’s house; you shall not covet your neighbour’s wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour. 6 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; 7 you shall have no other gods before me. 8 You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and fourth generation of those who reject me, 10 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 11 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 12 Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy, as the Lord your God commanded you. 13 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 14 But the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, or your son or your daughter, or your male or female slave, or your ox or your donkey, or any of your livestock, or the resident alien in your towns, so that your male and female slave may rest as well as you. 15 Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God commanded you to keep the sabbath day. 16 Honor your father and your mother, as the Lord your God commanded you, so that your days may be long and that it may go well with you in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 17 You shall not murder. 18 Neither shall you commit adultery. 19 Neither shall you steal. 20 Neither shall you bear false witness against your neighbour. 21 Neither shall you covet your neighbour’s wife. Neither shall you desire your neighbour’s house, or field, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour.","For other uses, see Ten Commandments (disambiguation) . ""Decalogue"" redirects here. For other uses, see Decalogue (disambiguation) . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the L ORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the L ORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Catholic theology v t e This 1768 parchment (612×502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Ten Commandments at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue . The Ten Commandments , also known as the Decalogue , are a set of biblical laws relating to ethics and worship , which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity . The commandments include instructions to worship only God , to honour one's parents , and to keep the sabbath , as well as prohibitions against idolatry , blasphemy , murder , adultery , theft , dishonesty , and coveting . Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them. The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible , in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy . Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them. Contents [ hide ] 1 Terminology 2 Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy 3 Traditions for numbering 4 Religious interpretations 4.1 Judaism 4.1.1 Two tablets 4.1.2 Use in Jewish ritual 4.2 Samaritan 4.3 Christianity 4.3.1 References in the New Testament 4.3.2 Roman Catholicism 4.3.3 Orthodox 4.3.4 Protestantism 4.3.4.1 Lutheranism 4.3.4.2 Reformed 4.3.4.3 Methodist 4.3.5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4.4 Main points of interpretative difference 4.4.1 Sabbath day 4.4.2 Killing or murder 4.4.3 Theft 4.4.4 Idolatry 4.4.5 Adultery 5 Critical historical analysis 5.1 Early theories 5.2 Hittite treaties 5.3 Dating 5.4 The Ritual Decalogue 6 United States debate over display on public property 7 Cultural references 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Terminology Part of the All Souls Deuteronomy , containing one of the oldest extant copies of the Decalogue In biblical Hebrew , the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים ‬ ( transliterated aseret ha-d'varîm ) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות ‬ (transliterated aseret ha-dibrot ), both translatable as ""the ten words"", ""the ten sayings"", or ""the ten matters"". The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used ""ten verses"". The Geneva Bible used ""tenne commandements"", which was followed by the Bishops' Bible and the Authorized Version (the ""King James"" version) as ""ten commandments"". Most major English versions use ""commandments."" The English name ""Decalogue"" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος , dekalogos , the latter meaning and referring to the Greek translation (in accusative ) δέκα λόγους , deka logous , ""ten words"", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28 and Deuteronomy 10:4. The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called לוחות הברית ‬, Lukhot HaBrit , meaning ""the tablets of the covenant "". Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (also called Horeb ). On the morning of the third day of their encampment, ""there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud"", and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After ""the L ORD came down upon mount Sinai"", Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 ""God spoke"" to all the people the words of the covenant, that is, the ""ten commandments"" as it is written. Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19-20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue, or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses. The people were afraid to hear more and moved ""afar off"", and Moses responded with ""Fear not."" Nevertheless, he drew near the ""thick darkness"" where ""the presence of the Lord"" was to hear the additional statutes and ""judgments"", all which he ""wrote"" in the "" book of the covenant "" which he read to the people the next morning, and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the L ORD had said. Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron , Nadab and Abihu , and ""seventy of the elders of Israel"" to a location on the mount where they worshipped ""afar off"" and they ""saw the God of Israel"" above a ""paved work"" like clear sapphire stone. And the L ORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tablets of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. 13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God. — First mention of the tablets in Exodus 24:12–13 Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659) by Rembrandt. ( Gemäldegalerie, Berlin ) The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was ""in the mount forty days and forty nights ."" And Moses said, ""the L ORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the L ORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly."" Before the full forty days expired, the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses, and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf , and he ""built an altar before it"" and the people ""worshipped"" the calf. After the full forty days, Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone : ""And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount."" After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the L ORD told Moses, ""Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets, which thou brakest."" ""And he wrote on the tablets, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the L ORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the L ORD gave them unto me."" According to Jewish tradition, Exodus 20:1–17 constitutes God's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets, which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation, and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant ; and Deuteronomy 5:4–20 consists of God's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, totalling 14 or 15 in all. Traditions for numbering Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20:1–17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5:4–21 into ten ""commandments"" or ""sayings"" in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology. Traditions: LXX : Septuagint , generally followed by Orthodox Christians. P : Philo , same as the Septuagint, but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed. S : Samaritan Pentateuch , with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th. T : Jewish Talmud , makes the ""prologue"" the first ""saying"" or ""matter"" and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry. A : Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3–6, but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5:21 rather than Exodus 20:17. C : Catechism of the Catholic Church , largely follows Augustine. L : Lutherans follow Luther's Large Catechism , which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images and uses the word order of Exodus 20:17 rather than Deuteronomy 5:21 for the ninth and tenth commandments. R : Reformed Christians follow John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion , which follows the Septuagint; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . The Ten Commandments LXX P S T A C L R Main article Exodus 20:1-17 Deuteronomy 5:4-21 — — — 1 — 1 — (1) I am the Lord thy God , which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 2 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Thou shalt have no other gods before me 3 7 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4–6 8–10 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 7 11 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 8–11 12–15 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 Honour thy father and thy mother 12 16 6 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 Thou shalt not kill 13 17 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 Thou shalt not commit adultery 14 18 8 8 7 8 7 7 7 8 Thou shalt not steal 15 19 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 9 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 20 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's house) 17a 21b 10 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's wife) 17b 21a 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's servants, animals, or anything else) 17c 21c — — 10 — — — — — Ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim [ citation needed ] [ citation needed ] All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version . Click on verses at top of columns for other versions. Religious interpretations The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism and Christianity: the greatest obligation (to worship only God), the greatest injury to a person (murder), the greatest injury to family bonds (adultery), the greatest injury to commerce and law (bearing false witness), the greatest inter-generational obligation (honour to parents), the greatest obligation to community (truthfulness), the greatest injury to moveable property (theft). The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation, reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles. They are not as explicit or detailed as rules or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation. Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation. The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways: They have a uniquely terse style. Of all the biblical laws and commandments, the Ten Commandments alone are said to have been ""written with the finger of God"" ( Exodus 31:18 ). The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant ( Exodus 25:21 , Deuteronomy 10:2,5 ). Judaism The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law, stating God's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong – unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah, which include, for example, various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws, and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple . Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments; a number of works, starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon , have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments. [ citation needed ] A conservative rabbi, Louis Ginzberg , stated in his book Legends of the Jews , that Ten Commandments are virtually entwined, that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another. There is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five. The first commandment: ""I am the Lord, thy God,"" corresponds to the sixth: ""Thou shalt not kill,"" for the murderer slays the image of God. The second: ""Thou shalt have no strange gods before me,"" corresponds to the seventh: ""Thou shalt not commit adultery,"" for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry, which is faithlessness to God. The third commandment: ""Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain,"" corresponds to the eighth: ""Thou shalt not steal,"" for stealing result in false oath in God's name. The fourth: ""Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy,"" corresponds to the ninth: ""Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor,"" for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God, saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day (the holy Sabbath). The fifth commandment: ""Honor thy father and thy mother,"" corresponds to the tenth: ""Covet not thy neighbor's wife,"" for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father, but will consider a stranger their father. The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws , several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments. In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty , the exceptions being the First Commandment, honouring your father and mother, saying God's name in vain, and coveting, though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law . Two tablets Main article: Tablets of Stone The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, ""but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other"", that is, that the tablets were duplicates. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East, in which a copy was made for each party. According to the Talmud , the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, one interpretation of the biblical verse ""the tablets were written on both their sides"", is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets, yet was miraculously legible from both sides. Use in Jewish ritual The Ten Commandments on a glass plate The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple , the Ten Commandments were recited daily, before the reading of the Shema Yisrael (as preserved, for example, in the Nash Papyrus , a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150–100 BCE found in Egypt, containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema); but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law, or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah. In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath. Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot . The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January–February, and on the festival of Shavuot, and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August–September. In some traditions, worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance though many rabbis, including Maimonides , have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot . In printed Chumashim , as well as in those in manuscript form, the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks. The ta'am 'elyon (upper accentuation), which makes each Commandment into a separate verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the ta'am tachton (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton . In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20:2–14 and Deuteronomy 5:6–18 . Samaritan The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten. The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim . The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows: And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it, thou shalt erect unto thee large stones, and thou shalt cover them with lime, and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law, and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan, ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim , and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God, an altar of stones, and thou shalt not lift upon them iron, of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar, and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God, and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings, and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God. That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem. Christianity See also: Christian views on the Old Covenant Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid, though they have different interpretations and uses of them. The Apostolic Constitutions , which implore believers to ""always remember the ten commands of God,"" reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church . Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God's law and standard of behaviour, central to Christian life, piety, and worship. References in the New Testament See also: Matthew 5 § Antitheses During his Sermon on the Mount , Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery. In Matthew 19:16-19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments, followed by that commandment called ""the second"" ( Matthew 22:34-40 ) after the first and great commandment . And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is , God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. — Matthew 19:16-19 In his Epistle to the Romans , Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment. Romans 13:8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. 9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law. — Romans 13:8-10 KJV Roman Catholicism Main article: Ten Commandments in Catholic theology In Roman Catholicism, Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law , but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments. It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church —the official exposition of the Catholic Church 's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth, and serve as the basis for social justice . Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament, Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further, demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees . Summarized by Jesus into two "" great commandments "" that teach the love of God and love of neighbour, they instruct individuals on their relationships with both. Orthodox The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments. A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken. Protestantism See also: Law and Gospel After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology, giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel , early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life. Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic . A Christian school in India displays the Ten Commandments Lutheranism The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine , following the then current synagogue scribal division. The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans, the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people, and the last two govern private thoughts. See Luther's Small Catechism and Large Catechism. Reformed The Articles of the Church of England , Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines, at Westminster , in the year 1643 state that ""no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral. By the moral law, we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent."" The Westminster Confession , held by Presbyterian Churches , holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments ""does forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof"". Methodist The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley , was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people. As with the Reformed view, Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the Ten Commandments, stands today: Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other"" (Wesley's Sermons , Vol. I, Sermon 25). In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology , ""while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ, the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace, having Christ as its perfecting end."" As such, in Methodism, an ""important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following"" of the Ten Commandments. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) doctrine, Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law. The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation . They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12:34–36, 13:15–16, 13:21–24 and Doctrine and Covenants . According to the Book of Mosiah, a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness. Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates . In an October 2010 address, LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught ""The Ten Commandments are just that—commandments. They are not suggestions."" The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue . [ citation needed ] Main points of interpretative difference Sabbath day See also: Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy ; Shabbat ; and Judaizers All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest, often called the Sabbath, although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam, Saturday in Judaism (both reckoned from dusk to dusk), and Sunday, from midnight to midnight, in Christianity. Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work, often dedicated to religious observance, derived from the Biblical Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance. Most dictionaries provide both first-day and seventh-day definitions for ""sabbath"" and ""Sabbatarian"", among other related uses. Observing the Sabbath on Sunday, the day of resurrection, gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish-Roman wars onward. [ citation needed ] The Church's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th century AD) where Canons 37–38 state: ""It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them"" and ""It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety"". Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath: ""Christians must not judaize by resting on the [Jewish] Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ."" Killing or murder Main article: Thou shalt not kill The Sixth Commandment, as translated by the Book of Common Prayer (1549). The image is from the altar screen of the Temple Church near the Law Courts in London. Multiple translations exist of the fifth/sixth commandment; the Hebrew words לא תרצח ‬ (lo tirtzach) are variously translated as ""thou shalt not kill"" or ""thou shalt not murder"". The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt . The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing, but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare ( 1Kings 2:5–6 ), capital punishment ( Leviticus 20:9–16 ) and self-defence ( Exodus 22:2–3 ), which are considered justified. The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil, and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt. Theft Main article: Thou shalt not steal Some academic theologians, including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt : Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog (1953), suggest that the commandment translated as ""thou shalt not steal"" was originally intended against stealing people—against abductions and slavery, in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as ""thou shalt not kidnap"" (Sanhedrin 86a). Idolatry Main articles: Idolatry , Idolatry in Judaism , and Idolatry in Christianity Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions. In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God, but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions . Islam has a stronger prohibition, banning representations of God, and in some cases of Muhammad, humans and, in some interpretations, any living creature. In Gospel of Barnabas , Jesus stated that idolatry is the greatest sin as it divests a man fully of faith, and hence of God. In his time, Idolatry is not only worshipping statues of wood or stone; but also statues of flesh. All which a man loves, for which he leaves everything else but that, is his god, thus the glutton and drunkard has for his idol his own flesh, the fornicator has for his idol the harlot and the greedy has for his idol silver and gold, and so the same for every other sinner. In Christianity's earliest centuries, some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints, which others thought inappropriate. No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry. The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century, during the period of iconoclasm : the smashing of icons. In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images, citing the Second Commandment; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings, condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images; in 815 Leo V called yet another council, which reinstated iconoclasm; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons. This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation , when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council ""emanated from Satan"". Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues, pictures, stained glass, and artistic masterpieces. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent . Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God, the Father, remain prohibited, depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible. To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation, the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions, but prefers a two-dimensional depiction as a reminder of this theological aspect. Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal. In modern use (usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence), more naturalistic images and images of the Father, however, also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches, but statues, i.e. three-dimensional depictions, continue to be banned. The Roman Catholic Church holds that one may build and use ""likenesses"", as long as the object is not worshipped. Many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images; some feature statues. For Roman Catholics, this practice is understood as fulfilling the Second Commandment, as they understand that these images are not being worshipped. [ citation needed ] Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form, while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven. [ citation needed ] Strict Amish people forbid any sort of image, such as photographs. [ citation needed ] Adultery Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves. Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man, married or not, and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery. This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife, whereas the wife, as the husband's possession, did not have an exclusive right to her husband. Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment ( Covet not thy neighbor's wife ) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments. Critical historical analysis Early theories Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts. Julius Wellhausen 's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20-23 and 34 ""might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel."" Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition. In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position, Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective, and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's polemic against Judaism, which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical . Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt. Sinai would have emphasized rituals, and that the ""ethical"" Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date, when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah, Jesus Christ. Levinson points out that there is no evidence, internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources, to support this conjecture. He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical. By the 1930s, historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion. Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance, while taking different form, at different times. This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20:2–17 and Exodus 34:10–28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history. For example, critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE, but believes that they express a theology that ""had already been normalized in the period of the Judges"" (i.e., of the tribal alliance). He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as ""a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people"" but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, along with other evidence, as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin. Hittite treaties According to John Bright, however, there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the ""book of the covenant"" (Exodus 21-23 and 34:10–24). The Decalogue, he argues, was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites (and other Mesopotamian Empires), that is, represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal, and enacts that bond. ""The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts.. (compare with Exodus 20:2 ""I am the L ORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery""). The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals, which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire, or enmity between those within."" (Exodus 20:3: ""You shall have no other gods before Me""). Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code, its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king's power. Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document, identifying it with king Asa's reforms in 899 BCE. Bright, however, believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance. The book of the covenant, he notes, bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes (e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele ). He argues that the function of this ""book"" is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law: ""The Book of the Covenant (Ex., chs. 21 to 23; cf. ch. 34), which is no official state law, but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges, is the best example of this process."" According to Bright, then, this body of law too predates the monarchy. Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu, evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic ""no-other-gods-before-me"" commandment. [ self-published source ] Dating If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms, it would date them to somewhere between the 14th-12th century BCE. Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that ""the astonishing composition came together … in the seventh century BCE"". Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann (1960) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah . An even later date (after 586 BCE) is suggested by David H. Aaron. The Ritual Decalogue Main article: Ritual Decalogue Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34:28 identifies a different list as the ten commandments, that of Exodus 34:11–27. Since this passage does not prohibit murder, adultery, theft, etc., but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh , some scholars call it the "" Ritual Decalogue "", and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the ""Ethical Decalogue"". According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events. On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor (Redactor) but otherwise left intact from the original, frequently side by side. Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20:1–17 ""does not appear to belong to any of the major sources. It is likely to be an independent document, which was inserted here by the Redactor."" In his view, the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative. In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor (or RJE), adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered. ""In the combined JE text, it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered."" He writes that Exodus 34:14–26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: ""The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). … The other seven commandments here are completely different."" He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood. The writer has Moses smash the tablets ""because this raised doubts about the Judah's central religious shrine"". According to Kaufmann, the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God's presence in Israel: the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant , while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people. United States debate over display on public property Further information: Accommodationism See also: Roy Moore , Van Orden v. Perry , and Separation of church and state in the United States Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol in Austin . European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation. In England, such ""Decalogue boards"" also represented the English monarch's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches. The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue, along other religious figures including Solomon, Confucius, and Mohamed holding the Qur'an, are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington . Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law. In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms, including many stone monuments on courthouse property. Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered (see above), the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers, as on the monument at the Texas capitol (shown here). Hundreds of monuments were also placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments . Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion , along with adding the phrase ""under God"" to the Pledge of Allegiance . By the beginning of the twenty-first century in the U.S., however, Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives. Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings. The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups (such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) , and the American Jewish Congress ), both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious. Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society. In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society, other legal organizations, such as the Liberty Counsel , have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation. Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life. In response, they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings. Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States . In contrast, groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society, and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present-day legal codes. Also, some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment's guarantee of freedom of religion . The Ten Commandments by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the townhall of Wittenberg , (detail) U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property. They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo-Christian religions, to the exclusion of others: the statement ""Thou shalt have no other gods before me"" excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism , for example. Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not, there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine. Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety . The courts have been more accepting, however, of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law. One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical, rather than religious. Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands. For example, an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments. The cases were won on the grounds that Summum's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination . Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument, the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments. Cultural references Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille : a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956 , starring Charlton Heston as Moses. Both Dekalog , a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski , and The Ten , a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories. The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World Part I (1981), which shows Moses (played by Brooks, in a similar costume to Charlton Heston 's Moses in the 1956 film ), receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments, but before he can present them to his people, he stumbles and drops one of the tablets, shattering it. He then presents the remaining tablets, proclaiming Ten Commandments. In The Prince of Egypt , a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer ), the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai, accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us . See also Bible portal Book of Mormon portal Alternatives to the Ten Commandments – Secular and humanist alternatives to the biblical lists Code of Hammurabi (1772 BCE) Code of Ur-Nammu (2050 BCE) Five Precepts Five Precepts (Taoism) Maat , 42 confessions, ' The negative confession ' (1500 BCE) of Papyrus of Ani , also known as The declaration of innocence before the Gods of the tribunal from The book of going forth by day, also Book of the dead The Ten Commandments (2007 film) K10C: Kids' Ten Commandments Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics Ten Conditions of Bai'at Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ten Commandments . References Further reading Aaron, David H (2006). Etched in Stone: The Emergence of the Decalogue . Continuum. ISBN 0-567-02791-0 . Abdrushin (2009). The Ten Commandments of God and the Lord's Prayer . Grail Foundation Press. ISBN 1-57461-004-X . https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082204/http://the10com.org/index.html Peter Barenboim, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow, 2005 , ISBN 5-94381-123-0 . Boltwood, Emily (2012). 10 Simple Rules of the House of Gloria . Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62024-840-9 . Freedman, David Noel (2000). The Nine Commandments. Uncovering a Hidden Pattern of Crime and Punishment in the Hebrew Bible . Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-49986-8 . Friedman, Richard Elliott (1987). Who Wrote the Bible? . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-671-63161-6 . Hazony, David (2010). The Ten Commandments: How Our Most Ancient Moral Text Can Renew Modern Life . New York: Scribner. ISBN 1-4165-6235-4 . Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1960). The Religion of Israel, From Its Beginnings To the Babylonian Exile . Translated by Moshe Greenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kuntz, Paul Grimley (2004). The Ten Commandments in History: Mosaic Paradigms for a Well-Ordered Society . Wm B Eerdmans Publishing, Emory University Studies in Law and Religion. ISBN 0-8028-2660-1 . Markl, Dominik (2012): ""The Decalogue in History: A Preliminary Survey of the Fields and Genres of its Reception"", in: Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte – vol. 18, nº., pp. 279–293. ( pdf ) Markl, Dominik (ed.) (2013). The Decalogue and its Cultural Influence . Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-909697-06-5 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Mendenhall, George E (1973). The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1267-4 . Mendenhall, George E (2001). Ancient Israel's Faith and History: An Introduction To the Bible In Context . Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22313-3 . Watts, James W. (2004). ""Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts"" (PDF) . Journal of Religion and Society . 6 . Retrieved 2014-08-27 . External links Ten Commandments: Ex. 20 version ( text , mp3 ), Deut. 5 version ( text , mp3 ) in The Hebrew Bible in English by Jewish Publication Society, 1917 ed." -2106269260340291518,train,who did god tell the 10 commandments to,"The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (also called Horeb). On the morning of the third day of their encampment, `` there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud '', and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After `` the LORD came down upon mount Sinai '', Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 `` God spoke '' to all the people the words of the covenant, that is, the `` ten commandments '' as it is written. Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19 - 20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue, or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses.",['troian avery bellisario'],ta ni ọlọ́run sọ òfin mẹ́wàá fún,No,['Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí.'],['Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí.'],['P1'],1,0,"Òfin Mẹ́wàá Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí. Àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn ẹsẹ òfin mẹ́wàá bí wọn ṣe wà nínú ìwé Eksodu àti Deuteronomi . Òfin Mẹ́wàá Eksodu 20:2–17 Deuteronomi 5:6–21 2 Èmi ni Olúwa Ọlọ́run rẹ, tí ó mú ọ jáde láti ilẹ̀ Egipti, láti okoẹrú jáde wá; 3 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ní Ọlọ́run míràn pẹ̀lú mi. 4 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ya ère fún ara rẹ, tàbí àwòrán ohun kan tí nbẹ lókè ọ̀run, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ nínú omi ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and the fourth generation of those who reject me, 6 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 7 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 8 Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy. 9 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 10 But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your towns. 11 For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it. 12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 13 You shall not murder. 14 You shall not commit adultery. 15 You shall not steal. 16 You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. 17 You shall not covet your neighbour’s house; you shall not covet your neighbour’s wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour. 6 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; 7 you shall have no other gods before me. 8 You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and fourth generation of those who reject me, 10 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 11 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 12 Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy, as the Lord your God commanded you. 13 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 14 But the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, or your son or your daughter, or your male or female slave, or your ox or your donkey, or any of your livestock, or the resident alien in your towns, so that your male and female slave may rest as well as you. 15 Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God commanded you to keep the sabbath day. 16 Honor your father and your mother, as the Lord your God commanded you, so that your days may be long and that it may go well with you in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 17 You shall not murder. 18 Neither shall you commit adultery. 19 Neither shall you steal. 20 Neither shall you bear false witness against your neighbour. 21 Neither shall you covet your neighbour’s wife. Neither shall you desire your neighbour’s house, or field, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour.","For other uses, see Ten Commandments (disambiguation) . ""Decalogue"" redirects here. For other uses, see Decalogue (disambiguation) . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the L ORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the L ORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Catholic theology v t e This 1768 parchment (612×502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Ten Commandments at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue . The Ten Commandments ( Hebrew : עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת ‬, Aseret ha'Dibrot ), also known as the Decalogue , are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship , which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity . The commandments include instructions to worship only God , to honour one's parents , and to keep the sabbath , as well as prohibitions against idolatry , blasphemy , murder , adultery , theft , dishonesty , and coveting . Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them. The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible , in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy . Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them. Contents [ hide ] 1 Terminology 2 Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy 3 Traditions for numbering 4 The Ten Commandments 5 Religious interpretations 5.1 Judaism 5.1.1 Two tablets 5.1.2 Use in Jewish ritual 5.2 Samaritan 5.3 Christianity 5.3.1 References in the New Testament 5.3.2 Roman Catholicism 5.3.3 Orthodox 5.3.4 Protestantism 5.3.4.1 Lutheranism 5.3.4.2 Reformed 5.3.4.3 Methodist 5.3.5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 5.4 Main points of interpretative difference 5.4.1 Sabbath day 5.4.2 Killing or murder 5.4.3 Theft 5.4.4 Idolatry 5.4.5 Adultery 6 Critical historical analysis 6.1 Early theories 6.2 Hittite treaties 6.3 Dating 6.4 The Ritual Decalogue 7 United States debate over display on public property 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Terminology Part of the All Souls Deuteronomy , containing one of the oldest extant copies of the Decalogue In biblical Hebrew , the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים ‬ ( transliterated aseret ha-d'varîm ) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות ‬ (transliterated aseret ha-dibrot ), both translatable as ""the ten words"", ""the ten sayings"", or ""the ten matters"". The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used ""ten verses"". The Geneva Bible used ""tenne commandements"", which was followed by the Bishops' Bible and the Authorized Version (the ""King James"" version) as ""ten commandments"". Most major English versions use ""commandments."" The English name ""Decalogue"" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος , dekalogos , the latter meaning and referring to the Greek translation (in accusative ) δέκα λόγους , deka logous , ""ten words"", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28 and Deuteronomy 10:4. The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called לוחות הברית ‬, Lukhot HaBrit , meaning ""the tablets of the covenant "". Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (also called Horeb ). On the morning of the third day of their encampment, ""there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud"", and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After ""the L ORD came down upon mount Sinai"", Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 ""God spoke"" to all the people the words of the covenant, that is, the ""ten commandments"" as it is written. Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19-20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue, or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses. The people were afraid to hear more and moved ""afar off"", and Moses responded with ""Fear not."" Nevertheless, he drew near the ""thick darkness"" where ""the presence of the Lord"" was to hear the additional statutes and ""judgments"", all which he ""wrote"" in the "" book of the covenant "" which he read to the people the next morning, and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the L ORD had said. Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron , Nadab and Abihu , and ""seventy of the elders of Israel"" to a location on the mount where they worshipped ""afar off"" and they ""saw the God of Israel"" above a ""paved work"" like clear sapphire stone. And the L ORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tablets of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. 13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God. — First mention of the tablets in Exodus 24:12–13 Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659) by Rembrandt. ( Gemäldegalerie, Berlin ) The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was ""in the mount forty days and forty nights ."" And Moses said, ""the L ORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the L ORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly."" Before the full forty days expired, the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses, and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf , and he ""built an altar before it"" and the people ""worshipped"" the calf. After the full forty days, Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone : ""And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount."" After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the L ORD told Moses, ""Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets, which thou brakest."" ""And he wrote on the tablets, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the L ORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the L ORD gave them unto me."" According to Jewish tradition, Exodus 20:1–17 constitutes God's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets, which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation, and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant ; and Deuteronomy 5:4–25 consists of God's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, totalling 14 or 15 in all. Traditions for numbering Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20:1–17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5:4–21 into ten ""commandments"" or ""sayings"" in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology. Traditions: LXX : Septuagint , generally followed by Orthodox Christians. P : Philo , same as the Septuagint, but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed. S : Samaritan Pentateuch , with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th. T : Jewish Talmud , makes the ""prologue"" the first ""saying"" or ""matter"" and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry. A : Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3–6, but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5:21 rather than Exodus 20:17. C : Catechism of the Catholic Church , largely follows Augustine. L : Lutherans follow Luther's Large Catechism , which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images and uses the word order of Exodus 20:17 rather than Deuteronomy 5:21 for the ninth and tenth commandments. R : Reformed Christians follow John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion , which follows the Septuagint; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . The Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments LXX P S T A C L R Main article Exodus 20:1-17 Deuteronomy 5:4-21 — — — 1 — 1 — (1) I am the Lord thy God , which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 2 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Thou shalt have no other gods before me 3 7 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4–6 8–10 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 7 11 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 8–11 12–15 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 Honour thy father and thy mother 12 16 6 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 Thou shalt not kill 13 17 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 Thou shalt not commit adultery 14 18 8 8 7 8 7 7 7 8 Thou shalt not steal 15 19 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 9 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 20 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's house) 17a 21b 10 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's wife) 17b 21a 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's servants, animals, or anything else) 17c 21c — — 10 — — — — — Ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim [ citation needed ] [ citation needed ] All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version . Click on verses at top of columns for other versions. Religious interpretations The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism and Christianity: the greatest obligation (to worship only God), the greatest injury to a person (murder), the greatest injury to family bonds (adultery), the greatest injury to commerce and law (bearing false witness), the greatest inter-generational obligation (honour to parents), the greatest obligation to community (truthfulness), the greatest injury to moveable property (theft). The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation, reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles. They are not as explicit or detailed as rules or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation. Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation. The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways: They have a uniquely terse style. Of all the biblical laws and commandments, the Ten Commandments alone are said to have been ""written with the finger of God"" ( Exodus 31:18 ). The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant ( Exodus 25:21 , Deuteronomy 10:2,5 ). Judaism The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law, stating God's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong – unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah, which include, for example, various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws, and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple . Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments; a number of works, starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon , have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments. [ citation needed ] A conservative rabbi, Louis Ginzberg , stated in his book Legends of the Jews , that Ten Commandments are virtually entwined, that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another. There is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five. The first commandment: ""I am the Lord, thy God,"" corresponds to the sixth: ""Thou shalt not kill,"" for the murderer slays the image of God. The second: ""Thou shalt have no strange gods before me,"" corresponds to the seventh: ""Thou shalt not commit adultery,"" for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry, which is faithlessness to God. The third commandment: ""Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain,"" corresponds to the eighth: ""Thou shalt not steal,"" for stealing result in false oath in God's name. The fourth: ""Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy,"" corresponds to the ninth: ""Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor,"" for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God, saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day (the holy Sabbath). The fifth commandment: ""Honor thy father and thy mother,"" corresponds to the tenth: ""Covet not thy neighbor's wife,"" for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father, but will consider a stranger their father. The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws , several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments. In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty , the exceptions being the First Commandment, honouring your father and mother, saying God's name in vain, and coveting, though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law . Two tablets Main article: Tablets of Stone The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, ""but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other"", that is, that the tablets were duplicates. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East, in which a copy was made for each party. According to the Talmud , the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, one interpretation of the biblical verse ""the tablets were written on both their sides"", is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets, yet was miraculously legible from both sides. Use in Jewish ritual The Ten Commandments on a glass plate The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple , the Ten Commandments were recited daily, before the reading of the Shema Yisrael (as preserved, for example, in the Nash Papyrus , a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150–100 BCE found in Egypt, containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema); but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law, or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah. In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath. Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot . The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January–February, and on the festival of Shavuot, and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August–September. In some traditions, worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance though many rabbis, including Maimonides , have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot . In printed Chumashim , as well as in those in manuscript form, the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks. The ta'am 'elyon (upper accentuation), which makes each Commandment into a separate verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the ta'am tachton (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton . In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20:2–14 and Deuteronomy 5:6–18 . Samaritan The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten. The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim . The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows: And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it, thou shalt erect unto thee large stones, and thou shalt cover them with lime, and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law, and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan, ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim , and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God, an altar of stones, and thou shalt not lift upon them iron, of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar, and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God, and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings, and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God. That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem. Christianity See also: Christian views on the Old Covenant Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid, though they have different interpretations and uses of them. The Apostolic Constitutions , which implore believers to ""always remember the ten commands of God,"" reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church . Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God's law and standard of behaviour, central to Christian life, piety, and worship. References in the New Testament See also: Matthew 5 § Antitheses During his Sermon on the Mount , Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery. In Matthew 19:16-19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments, followed by that commandment called ""the second"" ( Matthew 22:34-40 ) after the first and great commandment . And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is , God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. — Matthew 19:16-19 In his Epistle to the Romans , Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment. Romans 13:8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. 9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law. — Romans 13:8-10 KJV Roman Catholicism Main article: Ten Commandments in Catholic theology In Roman Catholicism, Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law , but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments. It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church —the official exposition of the Catholic Church 's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth, and serve as the basis for social justice . Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament, Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further, demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees . Summarized by Jesus into two "" great commandments "" that teach the love of God and love of neighbour, they instruct individuals on their relationships with both. Orthodox The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments. A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken. Protestantism See also: Law and Gospel After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology, giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel , early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life. Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic . A Christian school in India displays the Ten Commandments Lutheranism The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine , following the then current synagogue scribal division. The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans, the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people, and the last two govern private thoughts. See Luther's Small Catechism and Large Catechism. Reformed The Articles of the Church of England , Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines, at Westminster , in the year 1643 state that ""no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral. By the moral law, we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent."" The Westminster Confession , held by Presbyterian Churches , holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments ""does forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof"". Methodist The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley , was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people. As with the Reformed view, Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the Ten Commandments, stands today: Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other"" (Wesley's Sermons , Vol. I, Sermon 25). In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology , ""while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ, the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace, having Christ as its perfecting end."" As such, in Methodism, an ""important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following"" of the Ten Commandments. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) doctrine, Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law. The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation . They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12:34–36, 13:15–16, 13:21–24 and Doctrine and Covenants . According to the Book of Mosiah, a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness. Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates . In an October 2010 address, LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught ""The Ten Commandments are just that—commandments. They are not suggestions."" The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue . [ citation needed ] Main points of interpretative difference Sabbath day See also: Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy ; Shabbat ; and Judaizers All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest, often called the Sabbath, although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam, Saturday in Judaism (both reckoned from dusk to dusk), and Sunday, from midnight to midnight, in Christianity. Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work, often dedicated to religious observance, derived from the Biblical Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance. Most dictionaries provide both first-day and seventh-day definitions for ""sabbath"" and ""Sabbatarian"", among other related uses. Observing the Sabbath on Sunday, the day of resurrection, gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish-Roman wars onward. [ citation needed ] The Church's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th century AD) where Canons 37–38 state: ""It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them"" and ""It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety"". Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath: ""Christians must not judaize by resting on the [Jewish] Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ."" Killing or murder Main article: Thou shalt not kill The Sixth Commandment, as translated by the Book of Common Prayer (1549). The image is from the altar screen of the Temple Church near the Law Courts in London. Multiple translations exist of the fifth/sixth commandment; the Hebrew words לא תרצח ‬ (lo tirtzach) are variously translated as ""thou shalt not kill"" or ""thou shalt not murder"". The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt . The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing, but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare ( 1Kings 2:5–6 ), capital punishment ( Leviticus 20:9–16 ) and self-defence ( Exodus 22:2–3 ), which are considered justified. The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil, and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt. Theft Main article: Thou shalt not steal Some academic theologians, including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt : Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog (1953), suggest that the commandment translated as ""thou shalt not steal"" was originally intended against stealing people—against abductions and slavery, in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as ""thou shalt not kidnap"" (Sanhedrin 86a). Idolatry Main articles: Idolatry , Idolatry in Judaism , and Idolatry in Christianity Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions. In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God, but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions . Islam has a stronger prohibition, banning representations of God, and in some cases of Muhammad, humans and, in some interpretations, any living creature. In Gospel of Barnabas , Jesus stated that idolatry is the greatest sin as it divests a man fully of faith, and hence of God. In his time, Idolatry is not only worshipping statues of wood or stone; but also statues of flesh. All which a man loves, for which he leaves everything else but that, is his god, thus the glutton and drunkard has for his idol his own flesh, the fornicator has for his idol the harlot and the greedy has for his idol silver and gold, and so the same for every other sinner. In Christianity's earliest centuries, some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints, which others thought inappropriate. No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry. The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century, during the period of iconoclasm : the smashing of icons. In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images, citing the Second Commandment; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings, condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images; in 815 Leo V called yet another council, which reinstated iconoclasm; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons. This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation , when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council ""emanated from Satan"". Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues, pictures, stained glass, and artistic masterpieces. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent . Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God, the Father, remain prohibited, depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible. To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation, the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions, but prefers a two-dimensional depiction as a reminder of this theological aspect. Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal. In modern use (usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence), more naturalistic images and images of the Father, however, also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches, but statues, i.e. three-dimensional depictions, continue to be banned. The Roman Catholic Church holds that one may build and use ""likenesses"", as long as the object is not worshipped. Many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images; some feature statues. For Roman Catholics, this practice is understood as fulfilling the Second Commandment, as they understand that these images are not being worshipped. [ citation needed ] Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form, while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven. [ citation needed ] Strict Amish people forbid any sort of image, such as photographs. [ citation needed ] Adultery Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves. Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man, married or not, and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery. This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife, whereas the wife, as the husband's possession, did not have an exclusive right to her husband. Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment ( Covet not thy neighbor's wife ) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments. Critical historical analysis Early theories Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts. Julius Wellhausen 's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20-23 and 34 ""might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel."" Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition. In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position, Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective, and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's polemic against Judaism, which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical . Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt. Sinai would have emphasized rituals, and that the ""ethical"" Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date, when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah, Jesus Christ. Levinson points out that there is no evidence, internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources, to support this conjecture. He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical. By the 1930s, historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion. Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance, while taking different form, at different times. This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20:2–17 and Exodus 34:10–28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history. For example, critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE, but believes that they express a theology that ""had already been normalized in the period of the Judges"" (i.e., of the tribal alliance). He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as ""a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people"" but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, along with other evidence, as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin. Hittite treaties According to John Bright, however, there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the ""book of the covenant"" (Exodus 21-23 and 34:10–24). The Decalogue, he argues, was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites (and other Mesopotamian Empires), that is, represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal, and enacts that bond. ""The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts.. (compare with Exodus 20:2 ""I am the L ORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery""). The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals, which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire, or enmity between those within."" (Exodus 20:3: ""You shall have no other gods before Me""). Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code, its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king's power. Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document, identifying it with king Asa's reforms in 899 BCE. Bright, however, believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance. The book of the covenant, he notes, bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes (e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele ). He argues that the function of this ""book"" is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law: ""The Book of the Covenant (Ex., chs. 21 to 23; cf. ch. 34), which is no official state law, but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges, is the best example of this process."" According to Bright, then, this body of law too predates the monarchy. Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu, evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic ""no-other-gods-before-me"" commandment. [ self-published source ] Dating If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms, it would date them to somewhere between the 14th-12th century BCE. Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that ""the astonishing composition came together … in the seventh century BCE"". Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann (1960) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah . An even later date (after 586 BCE) is suggested by David H. Aaron. The Ritual Decalogue Main article: Ritual Decalogue Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34:28 identifies a different list as the ten commandments, that of Exodus 34:11–27. Since this passage does not prohibit murder, adultery, theft, etc., but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh , some scholars call it the "" Ritual Decalogue "", and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the ""Ethical Decalogue"". According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events. On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor (Redactor) but otherwise left intact from the original, frequently side by side. Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20:1–17 ""does not appear to belong to any of the major sources. It is likely to be an independent document, which was inserted here by the Redactor."" In his view, the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative. In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor (or RJE), adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered. ""In the combined JE text, it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered."" He writes that Exodus 34:14–26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: ""The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). … The other seven commandments here are completely different."" He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood. The writer has Moses smash the tablets ""because this raised doubts about the Judah's central religious shrine"". According to Kaufmann, the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God's presence in Israel: the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant , while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people. United States debate over display on public property Further information: Accommodationism See also: Roy Moore , Van Orden v. Perry , and Separation of church and state in the United States Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol in Austin . European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation. In England, such ""Decalogue boards"" also represented the English monarch's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches. The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue, along other religious figures including Solomon, Confucius, and Mohamed holding the Qur'an, are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington . Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law. In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms, including many stone monuments on courthouse property. Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered (see above), the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers, as on the monument at the Texas capitol (shown here). Hundreds of monuments were also placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments . Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion , along with adding the phrase ""under God"" to the Pledge of Allegiance . By the beginning of the twenty-first century in the U.S., however, Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives. Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings. The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups (such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) , and the American Jewish Congress ), both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious. Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society. In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society, other legal organizations, such as the Liberty Counsel , have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation. Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life. In response, they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings. Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States . In contrast, groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society, and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present-day legal codes. Also, some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment's guarantee of freedom of religion . The Ten Commandments by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the townhall of Wittenberg , (detail) U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property. They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo-Christian religions, to the exclusion of others: the statement ""Thou shalt have no other gods before me"" excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism , for example. Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not, there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine. Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety . The courts have been more accepting, however, of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law. One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical, rather than religious. Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands. For example, an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments. The cases were won on the grounds that Summum's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination . Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument, the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments. Cultural references Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille : a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956 , starring Charlton Heston as Moses. Both Dekalog , a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski , and The Ten , a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories. The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World Part I (1981), which shows Moses (played by Brooks, in a similar costume to Charlton Heston 's Moses in the 1956 film ), receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments, but before he can present them to his people, he stumbles and drops one of the tablets, shattering it. He then presents the remaining tablets, proclaiming Ten Commandments. In The Prince of Egypt , a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer ), the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai, accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us . See also Bible portal Book of Mormon portal Alternatives to the Ten Commandments – Secular and humanist alternatives to the biblical lists Code of Hammurabi (1772 BCE) Code of Ur-Nammu (2050 BCE) Five Precepts Five Precepts (Taoism) Maat , 42 confessions, ' The negative confession ' (1500 BCE) of Papyrus of Ani , also known as The declaration of innocence before the Gods of the tribunal from The book of going forth by day, also Book of the dead The Ten Commandments (2007 film) K10C: Kids' Ten Commandments Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics Ten Conditions of Bai'at Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ten Commandments . References Further reading Aaron, David H (2006). Etched in Stone: The Emergence of the Decalogue . Continuum. ISBN 0-567-02791-0 . Abdrushin (2009). The Ten Commandments of God and the Lord's Prayer . Grail Foundation Press. ISBN 1-57461-004-X . https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082204/http://the10com.org/index.html Peter Barenboim, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow, 2005 , ISBN 5-94381-123-0 . Boltwood, Emily (2012). 10 Simple Rules of the House of Gloria . Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62024-840-9 . Freedman, David Noel (2000). The Nine Commandments. Uncovering a Hidden Pattern of Crime and Punishment in the Hebrew Bible . Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-49986-8 . Friedman, Richard Elliott (1987). Who Wrote the Bible? . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-671-63161-6 . Hazony, David (2010). The Ten Commandments: How Our Most Ancient Moral Text Can Renew Modern Life . New York: Scribner. ISBN 1-4165-6235-4 . Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1960). The Religion of Israel, From Its Beginnings To the Babylonian Exile . Translated by Moshe Greenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kuntz, Paul Grimley (2004). The Ten Commandments in History: Mosaic Paradigms for a Well-Ordered Society . Wm B Eerdmans Publishing, Emory University Studies in Law and Religion. ISBN 0-8028-2660-1 . Markl, Dominik (2012): ""The Decalogue in History: A Preliminary Survey of the Fields and Genres of its Reception"", in: Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte – vol. 18, nº., pp. 279–293. ( pdf ) Markl, Dominik (ed.) (2013). The Decalogue and its Cultural Influence . Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-909697-06-5 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Mendenhall, George E (1973). The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1267-4 . Mendenhall, George E (2001). Ancient Israel's Faith and History: An Introduction To the Bible In Context . Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22313-3 . Watts, James W. (2004). ""Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts"" (PDF) . Journal of Religion and Society . 6 . Retrieved 2014-08-27 . External links Ten Commandments: Ex. 20 version ( text , mp3 ), Deut. 5 version ( text , mp3 ) in The Hebrew Bible in English by Jewish Publication Society, 1917 ed." -6880001543394712514,train,who wrote the ten commandments the first time,"The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them.","['pyeongchang, south korea']",Taló kọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá nígbà àkọ́kọ́,No,['Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí.'],['Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí.'],['P1'],0,0,"Òfin Mẹ́wàá Àwọn Ọ̀fin Mẹ́wàá jẹ́ àkòjọ àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá ìwùwà tí Bíbélì sọ pé Ọlọ́run fún Mose lórí Òkè Sinai nínú pátákó òkúta méjí. Àwọn òfin mẹ́wàá [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn ẹsẹ òfin mẹ́wàá bí wọn ṣe wà nínú ìwé Eksodu àti Deuteronomi . Òfin Mẹ́wàá Eksodu 20:2–17 Deuteronomi 5:6–21 2 Èmi ni Olúwa Ọlọ́run rẹ, tí ó mú ọ jáde láti ilẹ̀ Egipti, láti okoẹrú jáde wá; 3 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ní Ọlọ́run míràn pẹ̀lú mi. 4 Ìwọ kò gbọdọ̀ ya ère fún ara rẹ, tàbí àwòrán ohun kan tí nbẹ lókè ọ̀run, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀, tàbí ti ohun kan tí nbẹ nínú omi ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and the fourth generation of those who reject me, 6 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 7 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 8 Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy. 9 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 10 But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your towns. 11 For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it. 12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 13 You shall not murder. 14 You shall not commit adultery. 15 You shall not steal. 16 You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. 17 You shall not covet your neighbour’s house; you shall not covet your neighbour’s wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour. 6 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; 7 you shall have no other gods before me. 8 You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and fourth generation of those who reject me, 10 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 11 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 12 Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy, as the Lord your God commanded you. 13 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 14 But the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, or your son or your daughter, or your male or female slave, or your ox or your donkey, or any of your livestock, or the resident alien in your towns, so that your male and female slave may rest as well as you. 15 Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God commanded you to keep the sabbath day. 16 Honor your father and your mother, as the Lord your God commanded you, so that your days may be long and that it may go well with you in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 17 You shall not murder. 18 Neither shall you commit adultery. 19 Neither shall you steal. 20 Neither shall you bear false witness against your neighbour. 21 Neither shall you covet your neighbour’s wife. Neither shall you desire your neighbour’s house, or field, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour.", 4204590845633350987,train,what is the average depth of the red sea,"The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km (169,100 mi), is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft) in the central Suakin Trough, and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world 's northernmost tropical sea.",['vaal river'],báwo ni òkun pupa ṣe jìn tó,Yes,"['O ni ijinle ti o ga julọ ti 3,040 m (9,970 ft) ni Central Suakin Trough, ati iwọn ijinle 490 m (1,608 ft).']","['O ni ijinle ti o ga julọ ti 3,040 m (9,970 ft) ni Central Suakin Trough, ati iwọn ijinle 490 m (1,608 ft).']",['P1'],1,0,"Òkun Pupa Òkun Pupa (tun Okun Erythraean) j? orisun omi omi ti Okun India, ti o dubul? laarin Afirika ati Asia. Isop? si okun j? ni guusu nipas? Babeli Mandeb ati aw?n Òkun Adén. Ni ariwa ni Okun Sinai, Òkun Aqaba, ati Gulf ti Suez (eyiti o yori si Odò Suez) ni ariwa. Òkun Okun Pupa j? i?iro ti Agbaye ti o ni agbaye. Okun ti wa ni ab? nipas? okun Rift Sea ti o j? apakan ti Agbegbe Nla Rift. Òkun Okun pupa ni agbegbe ti o ni iw?n 438,000 km2 (169,100 mi2), [1] [2] j? nipa 2250 km (1398 mi) gun ati, ni aaye ti o tobi jul?, 355 km (220.6 mi) ni ibiti o tobi. O ni ijinle ti o ga jul? ti 3,040 m (9,970 ft) ni Central Suakin Trough, [3] ati iw?n ijinle 490 m (1,608 ft). Sib?sib?, tun wa aw?n ab? ijinl? ti o jinna, ti o ?e akiyesi fun igbesi-aye okun w?n ati aw?n aw?. Okun j? ibugbe ti o ju 1,000 aw?n eya invertebrate, ati aw?n aw? okuta adura 200 ati lile. O j? okun ti okun Tropical North.","This article is about the body of water between Arabia and Africa. For other uses, see Red Sea (disambiguation) . Red Sea Coordinates 22°N 38°E  /  22°N 38°E  / 22; 38 Coordinates : 22°N 38°E  /  22°N 38°E  / 22; 38 Primary inflows Barka River , Haddas River , Anseba River , Wadi Gasus Primary outflows Bab el Mandeb Max. length 2,250 km (1,400 mi) Max. width 355 km (221 mi) Surface area 438,000 km 2 (169,000 sq mi) Average depth 490 m (1,610 ft) Max. depth 3,040 m (9,970 ft) Water volume 233,000 km 3 (56,000 cu mi) Play media This video over the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean , lying between Africa and Asia . The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden . To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula , the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal ). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion . The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley . The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km 2 (169,100 mi 2 ), is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft) in the central Suakin Trough , and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals . The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea. Contents 1 Extent 2 Names 3 History 3.1 Ancient era 3.2 Middle Ages and modern era 4 Oceanography 4.1 Salinity 4.2 Tidal range 4.3 Current 4.4 Wind regime 5 Geology 5.1 Mineral resources 6 Ecosystem 7 Desalination plants 8 Security 9 Facts and figures 10 Tourism 11 Bordering countries 12 Towns and cities 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Extent [ edit ] The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows: On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa ] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ( 27°57′N 34°36′E  /  27.950°N 34.600°E  / 27.950; 34.600 ) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinai Peninsula ]. On the South. A line joining Husn Murad ( 12°40′N 43°30′E  /  12.667°N 43.500°E  / 12.667; 43.500 ) and Ras Siyyan ( 12°29′N 43°20′E  /  12.483°N 43.333°E  / 12.483; 43.333 ). Names [ edit ] Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa ( Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα ), Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus , literally ""Arabian Gulf""), Arabic : البحر الأحمر ‎, translit. Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (alternatively بحر القلزم Baḥr Al-Qulzum , literally ""the Sea of Clysma ""), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface. A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name red is referring to the direction south, just as the Black Sea 's name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions . Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably. Historically, it was also known to western geographers as Mare Mecca (Sea of Mecca), and Sinus Arabicus (Gulf of Arabia). Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf or Gulf of Arabia. The association of the Red Sea with the biblical account of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Yam Suph ( Hebrew : ים סוף ‎, lit. 'Sea of Reeds') is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean , and also to a region on Mars . History [ edit ] Ancient era [ edit ] Ancient Egyptian expedition to the Land of Punt on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians , as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt . One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea. Historically, scholars argued whether these trips were possible. The biblical Book of Exodus tells the tale of the Israelites ' crossing of a body of water , which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph ( Hebrew : יַם סוּף ‬). Yam Suph was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi Saadia Gaon (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as Baḥar al-Qulzum , meaning the Gulf of Suez . Settlements and commercial centers in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the spice trade , as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez . In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (""Periplus of the Red Sea""), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes. The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India. The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus , when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt , and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD. Middle Ages and modern era [ edit ] During the Middle Ages , the Red Sea was an important part of the spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab , as the first European fleet to have sailed these waters. In 1798, France ordered General Napoleon to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère , who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs . Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal , but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts but these were gradually dismantled following the First World War . After the Second World War , the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six-Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy. Oceanography [ edit ] Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm The Red Sea is between arid land, desert and semi-desert . Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea , Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden . These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south. The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F ) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents. The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms . The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching , with only 9% infected by Thalassomonas loyana , the 'white plague' agent. Favia favus coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills T. loyana . Plans are afoot to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere. Salinity [ edit ] The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part because of the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and 41 ‰ in the northern part, owing mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts.) The salinity of the Red Sea is greater than the world average, by approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors: High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation. Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea. Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity. Tidal range [ edit ] In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi), whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. Current [ edit ] Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s). Wind regime [ edit ] The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west winds , with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph). The rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward. Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds. Geology [ edit ] Dust storm over the Red Sea The Red Sea was formed by the Arabian peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa by movement of the Red Sea Rift . This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene . The sea is still widening, and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson ). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift . The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms. Sometime during the Tertiary period, the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been: A ""race"" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava . The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages because of much water being locked up in the ice caps . A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, Jabal al-Tair island in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the Zubair Archipelago , a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013. Mineral resources [ edit ] Red Sea coast in Taba , Egypt In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows: Biogenic constituents: Nanofossils, foraminifera , pteropods , siliceous fossils Volcanogenic constituents: Tuffites , volcanic ash , montmorillonite , cristobalite , zeolites Terrigenous constituents: Quartz , feldspars , rock fragments, mica , heavy minerals, clay minerals Authigenic minerals: Sulfide minerals , aragonite , Mg- calcite , protodolomite, dolomite , quartz, chalcedony . Evaporite minerals: Magnesite , gypsum , anhydrite , halite , polyhalite Brine precipitate: Fe-montmorillonite, goethite , hematite , siderite , rhodochrosite , pyrite , sphalerite , anhydrite. Ecosystem [ edit ] See also: Persian Gulf § Wildlife Hawksbill sea turtle in the Elphinstone Reef The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem . More than 1200 species of fish have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else. This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish . Red Sea coral and marine fish The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline ; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab ). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of Red Sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark . The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts. Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans . Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans , mangroves and salt marshes . Desalination plants [ edit ] There is extensive demand for desalinated water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea. There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals ( chlorine and anti-scalants ) that bleach and kill corals and cause diseases to the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry. The water from the Red Sea is also used by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may harm the nearshore environment of the Red Sea. Security [ edit ] The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe , the Persian Gulf and East Asia , and as such has heavy shipping traffic . Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority , Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt , Jordan Maritime Authority , Israel Port Authority , Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan . Facts and figures [ edit ] Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea) Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen) Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi) Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft) Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft) Surface Area: 438-450 x 10 2 km 2 (16,900–17,400 sq mi) Volume: 215–251 x 10 3 km 3 (51,600–60,200 cu mi) Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep. About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough. Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m or 1,640 ft) Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough ( Suakin Trough ) (~ 1,000 m or 3,281 ft; with maximum depth 3,040 m or 9,974 ft) Tourism [ edit ] Hotels in Eilat , Israel The sea is known for its recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed , SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone Reef , The Brothers , Daedalus Reef , St.John's Reef , Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb , Abington , Angarosh and Shaab Rumi . The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau . Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna , Hurghada , Safaga , Marsa Alam , on the west shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-el-Sheikh , Dahab , and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï , as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera . The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks , including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. See also: 2016 Hurghada attack , 2017 Hurghada attack , 2006 Dahab bombings , 2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings , 2004 Sinai bombings , and Metrojet Flight 9268 Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards. Bordering countries [ edit ] The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are: Eastern shore: Saudi Arabia Yemen Western shore: Egypt Sudan Eritrea Djibouti The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel , Jordan and Saudi Arabia. In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas. Towns and cities [ edit ] Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include: Al Hudaydah (الحديدة) Al Lith (الليِّث) Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة) Al-Qusair (القصير) Al Wajh (الوجه) Aqaba (العقبة) Asseb (ዓሳብ) Dahab (دهب) Duba (ضباء) Eilat (אילת ، ايلات) El Gouna (الجونة) El Suweis (السويس) / Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed) Haql (حقل) Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ) Hurghada (الغردقة) Jeddah (جدة) Jazan (جازان) Marsa Alam (مرسى علم) Massawa (ምጽዋ) Moulhoule (مول هولة ) Nuweiba (نويبع) Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا) Port Sudan (بورت سودان) Rabigh (رابغ) Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ) Soma Bay (سوما باي) Suakin (سواكن) Taba (طابا) Thuwal (ثول) Yanbu (ينبع) See also [ edit ] Benjamin Kahn MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98 ferry disaster Red Sea Dam Robert Moresby References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Hamblin, W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). Earth's Dynamic Systems (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-745373-6 . Miran, Jonathan. (2018). ""The Red Sea,"" in David Armitage, Alison Bashford and Sujit Sivasundaram (eds.), Oceanic Histories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 156-181. External links [ edit ] Red Sea Coral Reefs Red Sea Photography Potts, D., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. ""Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)"" . Pleiades . Retrieved March 8, 2012 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link )" 7786037101706552304,train,where is red sea located in the world,"The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.","['slav’sya, otechestvo nashe svobodnoye!']",ibo ni òkun pupa wà lágbàáyé,Yes,"['Òkun Pupa (tun Okun Erythraean) jẹ orisun omi omi ti Okun India, ti o dubulẹ laarin Afirika ati Asia.']","['Òkun Pupa jẹ orisun omi ti Okun India, ti o dubulẹ laarin Afirika ati Asia.']",['P1'],1,0,"Òkun Pupa Òkun Pupa (tun Okun Erythraean) j? orisun omi omi ti Okun India, ti o dubul? laarin Afirika ati Asia. Isop? si okun j? ni guusu nipas? Babeli Mandeb ati aw?n Òkun Adén. Ni ariwa ni Okun Sinai, Òkun Aqaba, ati Gulf ti Suez (eyiti o yori si Odò Suez) ni ariwa. Òkun Okun Pupa j? i?iro ti Agbaye ti o ni agbaye. Okun ti wa ni ab? nipas? okun Rift Sea ti o j? apakan ti Agbegbe Nla Rift. Òkun Okun pupa ni agbegbe ti o ni iw?n 438,000 km2 (169,100 mi2), [1] [2] j? nipa 2250 km (1398 mi) gun ati, ni aaye ti o tobi jul?, 355 km (220.6 mi) ni ibiti o tobi. O ni ijinle ti o ga jul? ti 3,040 m (9,970 ft) ni Central Suakin Trough, [3] ati iw?n ijinle 490 m (1,608 ft). Sib?sib?, tun wa aw?n ab? ijinl? ti o jinna, ti o ?e akiyesi fun igbesi-aye okun w?n ati aw?n aw?. Okun j? ibugbe ti o ju 1,000 aw?n eya invertebrate, ati aw?n aw? okuta adura 200 ati lile. O j? okun ti okun Tropical North.","This article is about the body of water between Arabia and Africa. For other uses, see Red Sea (disambiguation) . Red Sea Coordinates 22°N 38°E  /  22°N 38°E  / 22; 38 Coordinates : 22°N 38°E  /  22°N 38°E  / 22; 38 Primary inflows Barka River , Haddas River , Anseba River , Wadi Gasus Primary outflows Bab el Mandeb Max. length 2,250 km (1,400 mi) Max. width 355 km (221 mi) Surface area 438,000 km 2 (169,000 sq mi) Average depth 490 m (1,610 ft) Max. depth 3,040 m (9,970 ft) Water volume 233,000 km 3 (56,000 cu mi) Play media This video over the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean , lying between Africa and Asia . The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden . To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula , the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal ). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion . The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley . The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km 2 (169,100 mi 2 ), is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft) in the central Suakin Trough , and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals . The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea. Contents [ hide ] 1 Extent 2 Names 3 History 3.1 Ancient era 3.2 Middle Ages and modern era 4 Oceanography 4.1 Salinity 4.2 Tidal range 4.3 Current 4.4 Wind regime 5 Geology 5.1 Mineral resources 6 Ecosystem 7 Desalination plants 8 Security 9 Facts and figures 10 Tourism 11 Bordering countries 12 Towns and cities 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows: On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa ] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ( 27°57′N 34°36′E  /  27.950°N 34.600°E  / 27.950; 34.600 ) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula ]. On the South. A line joining Husn Murad ( 12°40′N 43°30′E  /  12.667°N 43.500°E  / 12.667; 43.500 ) and Ras Siyyan ( 12°29′N 43°20′E  /  12.483°N 43.333°E  / 12.483; 43.333 ). Names Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa ( Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα ), Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus , literally ""Arabian Gulf""), Arabic : البحر الأحمر ‎, translit. Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar ‎ (alternatively بحر القلزم Baḥr Al-Qulzum , literally ""the Sea of Clysma ""), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface. A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name red is referring to the direction south, just as the Black Sea 's name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions . Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably. Historically, it was also known to western geographers as Mare Mecca (Sea of Mecca), and Sinus Arabicus (Gulf of Arabia). Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf or Gulf of Arabia. The association of the Red Sea with the biblical account of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Yam Suph ( Hebrew : ים סוף ‎, lit. 'Sea of Reeds'‎) is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean , and also to a region on Mars . History Ancient era Ancient Egyptian expedition to the Land of Punt on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians , as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt . One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea. Historically, scholars argued whether these trips were possible. The biblical Book of Exodus tells the tale of the Israelites ' crossing of a body of water , which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph ( Hebrew : יַם סוּף ‎). Yam Suph was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi Saadia Gaon (882‒942 CE), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as Baḥar al-Qulzum , meaning the Gulf of Suez . (The story is part of the larger biblical lore about an Exodus of Israelites under Moses ). Yam Suph can also been translated as Sea of Reeds . [ citation needed ] Settlements and commercial centers in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the spice trade , as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez . In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (""Periplus of the Red Sea""), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes. The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India. The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus , when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt , and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD. Middle Ages and modern era During the Middle Ages , the Red Sea was an important part of the spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab , as the first European fleet to have sailed these waters. In 1798, France ordered General Napoleon to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère , who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs . Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal , but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War . After the Second World War , the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable. Oceanography Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm The Red Sea is between arid land, desert and semi-desert . Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea , Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden . These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south. The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F ) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents. The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms . The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching , with only 9% infected by Thalassomonas loyana , the 'white plague' agent. Favia favus coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills T. loyana. Plans are afoot to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere. Salinity The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part because of the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and reaches 41 ‰ in the northern part, owing mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PPS; that translates to 3.5% actual dissolved salts.) The salinity of the Red Sea is greater than the world average, approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors: High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation. Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea. Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity. Tidal range In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi), whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. Current In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s). Wind regime The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west winds , with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph). The rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward. Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds. Geology Dust storm over the Red Sea The Red Sea was formed by the Arabian peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa by movement of the Red Sea Rift . This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene . The sea is still widening, and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson ). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift . The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms. Sometime during the Tertiary period, the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been: A ""race"" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava . The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages because of much water being locked up in the ice caps . A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, Jabal al-Tair island in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the Zubair Archipelago , a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013. Mineral resources Red Sea coast in Taba , Egypt In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows: Biogenic constituents: Nanofossils, foraminifera , pteropods , siliceous fossils Volcanogenic constituents: Tuffites , volcanic ash , montmorillonite , cristobalite , zeolites Terrigenous constituents: Quartz , feldspars , rock fragments, mica , heavy minerals, clay minerals Authigenic minerals: Sulfide minerals , aragonite , Mg- calcite , protodolomite, dolomite , quartz, chalcedony . Evaporite minerals: Magnesite , gypsum , anhydrite , halite , polyhalite Brine precipitate: Fe-montmorillonite, goethite , hematite , siderite , rhodochrosite , pyrite , sphalerite , anhydrite. Ecosystem See also: Persian Gulf § Wildlife Ain Sukhna beach, Suez - Mollusca collection The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem . More than 1200 species of fish have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else. This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish . Red Sea coral and marine fish The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline ; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab ). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of Red Sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark . The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts. Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans . Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans , mangroves and salt marshes . Desalination plants There is extensive demand for desalinated water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea. There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals ( chlorine and anti-scalants ) that bleach and kill corals and cause diseases to the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry. The water from the Red Sea is also used by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may harm the nearshore environment of the Red Sea. Security The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe , the Persian Gulf and East Asia , and as such has heavy shipping traffic . Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority , Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt , Jordan Maritime Authority , Israel Port Authority , Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan . Facts and figures Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea) Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen) Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi) Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft) Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft) Surface Area: 438-450 x 10 2 km 2 (16,900–17,400 sq mi) Volume: 215–251 x 10 3 km 3 (51,600–60,200 cu mi) Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep. About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough. Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m or 1,640 ft) Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough ( Suakin Trough ) (~ 1,000 m or 3,281 ft; with maximum depth 3,040 m or 9,974 ft) Tourism Hotels in Eilat , Israel The sea is known for its spectacular recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed , SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone Reef , The Brothers , Daedalus Reef , St.John's Reef , Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb , Abington , Angarosh and Shaab Rumi . The Red Sea became a sought-after diving destination after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau . Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna , Hurghada , Safaga , Marsa Alam , on the west shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-el-Sheikh , Dahab , and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï , as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera . The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks , including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. Bordering countries The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are: Eastern shore: Saudi Arabia Yemen Western shore: Egypt Sudan Eritrea Djibouti The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel , Jordan and Saudi Arabia. In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas. Towns and cities Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include: Al Hudaydah (الحديدة) Al Lith (الليِّث) Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة) Al-Qusair (القصير) Al Wajh (الوجه) Aqaba (العقبة) Asseb (ዓሳብ) Dahab (دهب) Duba (ضباء) Eilat (אילת ، ايلات) El Gouna (الجونة) El Suweis (السويس) / Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed) Haql (حقل) Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ) Hurghada (الغردقة) Jeddah (جدة) Jazan (جازان) Marsa Alam (مرسى علم) Massawa (ምጽዋ) Moulhoule (مول هولة ) Nuweiba (نويبع) Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا) Port Sudan (بورت سودان) Rabigh (رابغ) Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ) Soma Bay (سوما باي) Suakin (سواكن) Taba (طابا) Thuwal (ثول) Yanbu (ينبع) See also Benjamin Kahn MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98 ferry disaster Red Sea Dam Robert Moresby References Further reading Hamblin, W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). Earth's Dynamic Systems (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-745373-6 . External links Red Sea Coral Reefs Red Sea Photography Potts, D., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. ""Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)"" . Pleiades . Retrieved March 8, 2012 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link )" -433155051651898672,train,where did the nobel peace prize come from,"The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian : Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have `` done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses ''.",[],níbo ni ẹ̀bùn nobel fún àlàáfíà ti wá,Yes,['Ẹ̀bùn Àláfíà Nobel (ede Scandinavia: Nobels fredspris) je ikan ninu awon Ebun Nobel marun ti Alfred Nobel fi lole ki oto ku.'],[],['P1'],1,0,"??bùn Àláfíà Nobel ??bùn Àláfíà Nobel (ede Scandinavia: Nobels fredspris) je ikan ninu awon Ebun Nobel marun ti Alfred Nobel fi lole ki oto ku.","Nobel Peace Prize 2017 Nobel Peace Prize Awarded for Outstanding contributions in peace Location Oslo , Norway Presented by Norwegian Nobel Committee on behalf of the estate of Alfred Nobel Reward(s) 9 million SEK (2017) First awarded 10 December 1901 ; 116 years ago ( 1901-12-10 ) Currently held by International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (2017) Most awards International Committee of the Red Cross (3) Website Nobelprize.org The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish , Norwegian : Nobels fredspris ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have ""done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses "". As per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–1989), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), and the Parliament (1901–1904). Due to its political ideology and interferences, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the subject of controversies . Contents 1 Background 2 Nomination and selection 2.1 Nomination 2.2 Selection 3 Awarding the prize 4 Criticism 4.1 Criticism of individual conferments 4.2 Notable omissions 5 List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background [ edit ] Alfred Nobel According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year ""shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses"". Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner , a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category. Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite , both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood , an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company. It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden . It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union 's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration. Nomination and selection [ edit ] The Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee , which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate . Nomination [ edit ] Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. These nominators are: Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague Members of Institut de Droit International University professors of history, social sciences , philosophy, law, and theology, university presidents, and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes Former recipients , including board members of organizations that have previously received the prize Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute The 14th Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu , Nobel Peace Prize laureates Nominations must usually be submitted to the Committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded. Over time, many individuals have become known as ""Nobel Peace Prize Nominees"", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration. Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of Neville Chamberlain . Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have been released in a database. Selection [ edit ] Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created. This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October. Awarding the prize [ edit ] Obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize Medal presented to Sir Ralph Norman Angell in 1933; the Imperial War Museum , London The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm . The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount. As of 2013 [update] , the prize was worth 10 million SEK (about US$1.5 million). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall . From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law , a few hundred metres from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute . From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament). Criticism [ edit ] It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements, or with the intention of encouraging future achievements. Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers. In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests. In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will. Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has criticized the management of the Peace Prize. Criticism of individual conferments [ edit ] Main article: Nobel Prize controversies Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony From left-to-right, Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin receiving the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords Nobel Peace Prize 2001 United Nations - diploma in the lobby of the United Nations Headquarters in New York City The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev , Yitzhak Rabin , Shimon Peres , Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat , Lê Đức Thọ , Henry Kissinger , Jimmy Carter , Al Gore , IPCC , Liu Xiaobo , Aung San Suu Kyi Barack Obama , and the European Union have all been the subject of controversy. The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign. Thọ refused to accept the prize, on the grounds that such ""bourgeois sentimentalities"" were not for him and that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam. Kissinger donated his prize money to charity, did not attend the award ceremony and would later offer to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later. Notable omissions [ edit ] Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi , Eleanor Roosevelt , U Thant , Václav Havel , Ken Saro-Wiwa , Fazle Hasan Abed and Corazon Aquino as people who ""never won the prize, but should have"". Many believe that the prize should have gone to Pope John Paul II , Hélder Câmara , , Zilda Arns and Dorothy Day . Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award . The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee. The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee. Geir Lundestad , Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, ""The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question"". In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that ""there was no suitable living candidate"" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was ""in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi"". List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates [ edit ] Main article: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates As of 2016 [update] , the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize. See also [ edit ] List of peace prizes List of Nobel laureates Nobel Foundation Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Nobel Peace Prize Concert Nobel Prize effect Nobel Women's Initiative World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates List of peace activists Ramon Magsaysay Award Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Confucius Peace Prize References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize . ""The Nobel Peace Prize"" – Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ""The Nobel Peace Prize"" at the official site of the Nobel Prize ""All Nobel Laureates in Peace"" ""The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"" World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates , official site with information on annual summits beginning in 1999 ""National Peace Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 by citizenship (or home of organization) at the time of the award."" – From J. Schmidhuber (2010): Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1 "" South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world "", article published in Global Education Magazine , by Mr. Frederik Willem de Klerk, Nobel Peace Prize 1993, in the special edition of International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (17 October 2012) Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Peace Prize , Civil Rights Digital Library The Nobel Peace Prize Watch , the main project of The Lay Down your Arms Association" 3634113380427992747,train,who invented nobel peace prize and for which reasons,"The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish : Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have `` done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses ''.",['nickel'],taló dá ẹ̀bùn nobel fún àlàáfíà sílẹ̀ àti kíni ìdí tó fi dá sílẹ̀,Yes,['Ẹ̀bùn Àláfíà Nobel (ede Scandinavia: Nobels fredspris) je ikan ninu awon Ebun Nobel marun ti Alfred Nobel fi lole ki oto ku.'],['Ẹ̀bùn Àláfíà Nobel (ede Scandinavia: Nobels fredspris) je ikan ninu awon Ebun Nobel marun ti Alfred Nobel fi lole ki oto ku.'],['P1'],1,0,"??bùn Àláfíà Nobel ??bùn Àláfíà Nobel (ede Scandinavia: Nobels fredspris) je ikan ninu awon Ebun Nobel marun ti Alfred Nobel fi lole ki oto ku.","Nobel Peace Prize Awarded for Outstanding contributions in peace Location Oslo , Norway Presented by Norwegian Nobel Committee on behalf of the estate of Alfred Nobel Reward(s) 9 million SEK (2017) First awarded 10 December 1901 ; 116 years ago ( 1901-12-10 ) Currently held by International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (2017) Most awards International Committee of the Red Cross (3) Website Nobelprize.org The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish : Nobels fredspris ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have ""done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses "". As per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46), and the Parliament (1901–04). Due to its political ideology and interferences, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the subject of controversies . Contents [ hide ] 1 Background 2 Nomination and selection 2.1 Nomination 2.2 Selection 3 Awarding the prize 4 Criticism 4.1 Criticism of individual conferments 4.2 Notable omissions 5 List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background [ edit ] Alfred Nobel According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year ""shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses"". Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner , a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category. Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite , both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood , an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company. It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden . It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union 's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration. Nomination and selection [ edit ] The Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee , which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate . Nomination [ edit ] Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. These nominators are: Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague Members of Institut de Droit International University professors of history, social sciences , philosophy, law, and theology, university presidents, and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes Former recipients , including board members of organizations that have previously received the prize Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute The 14th Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu , Nobel Peace Prize laureates Nominations must usually be submitted to the Committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded. Over time, many individuals have become known as ""Nobel Peace Prize Nominees"", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration. Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of Neville Chamberlain .Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have been released in a database. Selection [ edit ] Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created. This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October. Awarding the prize [ edit ] Obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize Medal presented to Sir Ralph Norman Angell in 1933; the Imperial War Museum , London The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm . The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount. As of 2013 [update] , the prize was worth 10 million SEK (about US$1.5 million). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall . From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law , a few hundred metres from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute . From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament). Criticism [ edit ] It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements, or with the intention of encouraging future achievements. Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers. In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests. In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will. Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has criticized the management of the Peace Prize. Criticism of individual conferments [ edit ] Main article: Nobel Prize controversies Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony From left-to-right, Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin receiving the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords Nobel Peace Prize 2001 United Nations - diploma in the lobby of the United Nations Headquarters in New York City The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev , Yitzhak Rabin , Shimon Peres , Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat , Lê Đức Thọ , Henry Kissinger , Jimmy Carter , Al Gore , IPCC , Liu Xiaobo , Aung San Suu Kyi Barack Obama , and the European Union have all been the subject of controversy. The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign. Thọ refused to accept the prize, on the grounds that such ""bourgeois sentimentalities"" were not for him and that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam. Kissinger donated his prize money to charity, did not attend the award ceremony and would later offer to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later. Notable omissions [ edit ] Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi , Eleanor Roosevelt , U Thant , Václav Havel , Ken Saro-Wiwa , Fazle Hasan Abed , Sari Nusseibeh , and Corazon Aquino as people who ""never won the prize, but should have"". Other notable omissions that have drawn criticism include Pope John Paul II , Hélder Câmara , and Dorothy Day . Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award . The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee. The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee. Geir Lundestad , Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, ""The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question"". In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that ""there was no suitable living candidate"" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was ""in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi"". List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates [ edit ] Main article: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates As of 2016 [update] , the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize. See also [ edit ] List of peace prizes List of Nobel laureates Nobel Foundation Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Nobel Peace Prize Concert Nobel Women's Initiative World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates List of peace activists Ramon Magsaysay Award Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Confucius Peace Prize References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize . ""The Nobel Peace Prize"" – Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ""The Nobel Peace Prize"" at the official site of the Nobel Prize ""All Nobel Laureates in Peace"" ""The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"" World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates , official site with information on annual summits beginning in 1999 ""National Peace Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 by citizenship (or home of organization) at the time of the award."" – From J. Schmidhuber (2010): Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1 "" South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world "", article published in Global Education Magazine , by Mr. Frederik Willem de Klerk, Nobel Peace Prize 1993, in the special edition of International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (17 October 2012) Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Peace Prize , Civil Rights Digital Library The Nobel Peace Prize Watch , the main project of The Lay Down your Arms Association" 9011771954358948904,train,when is the nobel prize for literature awarded,The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during `` Nobel Week '' in Stockholm ; the highlight is the prize - giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December. It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin.,['progress'],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n máa ń fúnni ní ẹ̀bùn nobel fún ìwé kíkọ,Yes,"['Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Lítíréṣọ̀ (Àdàkọ:Lang-sv) jẹ́ ẹ̀bùn ọlọ́dọọdún, láti 1901, tí wọ́n máa ń fun àwọn oǹkọ̀wé láti orílẹ̀-èdè yìówù tí wá, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ogun Alfred Nobel ṣe sọ, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa"" (ni ede Sweden: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning). Akademi Swidin lo n pinnu tani, ti onitoun ba wa, yio gba ebun na ninu odun kan, won si n sekede oruko onitoun ninu osu kewa odun.']","['Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Lítíréṣọ̀ (Àdàkọ:Lang-sv) jẹ́ ẹ̀bùn ọlọ́dọọdún, láti 1901, won si n sekede oruko onitoun ninu osu kewa odun.']",['P1'],1,0,"??bùn Nobel nínú Lítíré??? ??bùn Nobel nínú Lítíré??? j?? ??bùn ?l??d??dún, láti o?du?n 1901, tí w??n máa ? fun àw?n o?k??wé láti oríl??-èdè yìówù tí wá, g??g?? bí ogun Alfred Nobel ?e s?, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa"".[1][2] Akademi Swidin lo n pinnu tani, ti onitoun ba wa, yio gba ebun na ninu odun kan, won si n sekede oruko onitoun ninu osu kewa odun.[3]","Nobel Prize in Literature Announcement of the Nobel Prize laureate in literature, 2008 Awarded for Outstanding contributions in literature Country Sweden Presented by Swedish Academy Reward(s) 9 million SEK (2017) First awarded 1901 Currently held by Kazuo Ishiguro (2017) Website nobelprize.org ← 2016 The Nobel Prize in Literature ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i litteratur ) has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel , produced ""in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction"" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning ). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here ""work"" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Physics , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world's most prestigious literature prize, the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award. Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has ""become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise"", whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them. Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for ""Swedish professors ... [to] compar[e] a poet from Indonesia, perhaps translated into English with a novelist from Cameroon, perhaps available only in French, and another who writes in Afrikaans but is published in German and Dutch..."". As of 2016, 16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, and in particular Swedish, authors. Some, such as Indian academic Sabaree Mitra, have noted that, though the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant and tends to overshadow other awards, it is ""not the only benchmark of literary excellence."" Nobel's ""vague"" wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word idealisk translates as either ""idealistic"" or ""ideal"". The Nobel Committee 's interpretation has varied over the years. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Contents [ hide ] 1 Background 2 Nomination procedure 3 Prizes 3.1 Nobel Prize Medals 3.2 Nobel Prize Diplomas 4 Laureates 4.1 Potential candidates 5 Criticism 5.1 Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections 5.2 Nationality-based criticism 5.3 Overlooked literary achievements 6 Similar international prizes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background [ edit ] In 1901, French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, ""in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect."" Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the ""greatest benefit on mankind"" in physics , chemistry , peace , physiology or medicine , and literature . Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor ( US $198 million, € 176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II . According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Nomination procedure [ edit ] Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 [update] about 220 proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates. By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice, thus many of the same authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years. The academy is master of thirteen languages, but when a candidate is shortlisted from an unknown language, they call on translators and oath-sworn experts to provide samples of that writer. Other elements of the process are similar to that of other Nobel Prizes. Prizes [ edit ] A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal , a diploma bearing a citation , and a sum of money. The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters. If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them. The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012 [update] it stood at kr 8,000,000 (about US$ 1,100,000), previously it was kr 10,000,000. This was not the first time the prize-amount was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 (2,370,660 in 2011 SEK) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SEK-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001. The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during ""Nobel Week"" in Stockholm ; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December. It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin. Nobel Prize Medals [ edit ] The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design. The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg . Nobel Prize Diplomas [ edit ] Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. Laureates [ edit ] Main article: List of Nobel laureates in Literature Potential candidates [ edit ] Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing. This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate. What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? - Well, either it's just a rumour, or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information. Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until then to find out. — www.nobelprize.org , in Nomination FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Nomination and Selection of Nobel Laureates According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy , Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year. Criticism [ edit ] Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections [ edit ] Selma Lagerlöf , the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature, faced major controversies. Illustration from Svenska Dagbladet , 11 December 1909 From 1901 to 1912, the committee, headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén , weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity's struggle 'toward the ideal'. Tolstoy , Ibsen , Zola , and Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today. Also, many believe Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia is the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov were awarded the prize. [ citation needed ] During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries. August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting . James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels – Ulysses and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man – but Joyce never won; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, ""That prize was just out of Joyce's reach."" The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek 's War With the Newts too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating ""Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation"". He was thus denied the prize. The choice of Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden 1858–1940) as Nobel Laureate in 1909 (for the 'lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterizes her writings' ) followed fierce debate because of her writing style and subject matter, which broke literary decorums of the time. According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, ""so long as he does not come back to novel"". Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957. Some attribute W. H. Auden 's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld 's Vägmärken (Markings) and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual . In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The selection was heavily criticized, and described as ""one of the Academy's biggest mistakes"" in one Swedish newspaper. The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose ""limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising"", adding, ""we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age"". Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: ""Frankly, no."" In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a ""compromise choice"" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell , French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen . The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot: ""There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation,"" wrote committee member Henry Olsson. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he declined it, stating that ""It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize laureate. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."" Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , the 1970 prize laureate, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat —clandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were ""an insult to the Nobel Prize itself."" Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union. In 1974, Graham Greene , Vladimir Nabokov , and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson , both members of the Swedish Academy at the time, and unknown outside their home country. Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded it. Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Augusto Pinochet , which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life , had complex social and personal contexts. Borges' failure to receive the Nobel Prize for his support of these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin , in the cases of Sartre and Pablo Neruda , Also, controversially, Gabriel García Márquez supported the Cuban Revolutionary and President Fidel Castro . The award to Italian performance artist Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered ""rather lightweight"" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer, and Catholic organizations saw the award to Fo as controversial as he had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church . The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed surprise at Fo's selection for the prize commenting that ""Giving the prize to someone who is also the author of questionable works is beyond all imagination."" Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been ""too predictable, too popular."" Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informer for Franco 's regime and had moved voluntarily from Madrid to Galicia during the Spanish Civil War in order to join the rebel forces there; an article by Miguel Angel Villena, Between Fear and Impunity which compiled commentaries by Spanish novelists on the noteworthy silence of the older generation of Spanish novelists on the Francoist pasts of public intellectuals, appeared below a photograph of Cela during the Nobel ceremony in Stockholm in 1989. The choice of the 2004 laureate, Elfriede Jelinek , was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund , who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused ""irreparable damage"" to the reputation of the award. The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a ""political element"" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize. Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy , in Stockholm . His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate. The issue of their ""political stance"" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song-writer won the Nobel for Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan’s work are not equal to those of some of his peers. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that ""Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars."" The French Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline described the decision ""contemptuous of writers"". In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian , Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that ""I’m very divided. I love that the novel committee opens up for other kinds of literature – lyrics and so on. I think that’s brilliant. But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon , Philip Roth , Cormac McCarthy , makes it very difficult for me to accept it."" Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh said ""I'm a Dylan fan, but this is an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies."" Dylan's songwriting peer and friend Leonard Cohen said that no prizes were necessary to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like Highway 61 Revisited . ""To me,"" Cohen said, ""[the Nobel] is like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain."" Writer and commentator Will Self wrote that the award ""cheapened"" Dylan whilst hoping the laureate would ""follow Sartre in rejecting the award"". Nationality-based criticism [ edit ] French author Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award. The prize's focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism, even from Swedish newspapers. The majority of laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes (8) than all of Asia (7, if Orhan Pamuk is included), as well as all of Latin America (7, if Derek Walcott is included). In 2009, Horace Engdahl , then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that ""Europe still is the center of the literary world"" and that ""the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature."" In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, Peter Englund , rejected this sentiment (""In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well"") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, ""I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition."" American critics are known to object that those from their own country, like Philip Roth , Thomas Pynchon , and Cormac McCarthy , have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges , Julio Cortázar , and Carlos Fuentes , while in their place Europeans lesser-known to that continent have triumphed. The 2009 award to Herta Müller , previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize, re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric . However, the 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa , a native of Peru in South America . When the 2011 prize was awarded to the eminent Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer , permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics, describing such a notion as ""literature for dummies"". The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans, Chinese author Mo Yan and Canadian short story writer Alice Munro . French writer Patrick Modiano 's win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism; when asked by The Wall Street Journal ""So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?"", Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year's winner, the Academy's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize. Overlooked literary achievements [ edit ] In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many literary achievements were overlooked. The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that ""as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. Tolstoy , Ibsen , and Henry James should have been rewarded instead of, for instance, Sully Prudhomme , Eucken , and Heyse "". There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with Marcel Proust , Italo Calvino , and Roberto Bolaño . According to Kjell Espmark ""the main works of Kafka , Cavafy , and Pessoa were not published until after their deaths and the true dimensions of Mandelstam's poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile"". British novelist Tim Parks ascribed the never-ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the ""essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously"" and noted that ""eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature, but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions. And why should we ask them to do that?"" Similar international prizes [ edit ] The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature , the Franz Kafka Prize , the Man Booker International Prize , and the recently reinstated Formentor Prize . In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize ""is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel"". The Man Booker International Prize ""highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage"" and ""has literary excellence as its sole focus"". Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. However, some winners of the Man Booker International Prize, such as Ismail Kadare (2005) and Philip Roth (2011) are considered contenders for the Nobel Prize in Literature. [ citation needed ] The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José Cela , Günter Grass , Doris Lessing , and Mario Vargas Llosa . The America Award in Literature , which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature. There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date. The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as ""the Little Nobel."" The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognizes the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works ( children's literature ). See also [ edit ] List of literary awards List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates in Literature Nobel Library Swedish Academy Nordic Prize World literature References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original works on the topic: Nobel Prize in Literature Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Prize in Literature . The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. Graphics: National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901-2009 by citizenship at the time of the award and by country of birth . From J. Schmidhuber (2010), Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1 What the Nobel Laureates Receive – Featured link in ""The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. ""The rise of the Prize"" - Article by Nilanjana S. Roy dealing with the history of the award by decade, from the 1900s to the 2000s." 8393748694549014336,train,why is the nobel prize for literature awarded,"The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish : Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced `` in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction '' (original Swedish : den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here `` work '' refers to an author 's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 ; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.",[],kíni ìdí tí wọ́n fi ń fúnni ní ẹ̀bùn nobel fún ìwé kíkọ,Yes,"['Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Lítíréṣọ̀ (Àdàkọ:Lang-sv) jẹ́ ẹ̀bùn ọlọ́dọọdún, láti 1901, tí wọ́n máa ń fun àwọn oǹkọ̀wé láti orílẹ̀-èdè yìówù tí wá, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ogun Alfred Nobel ṣe sọ, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa"" (ni ede Sweden: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning). Akademi Swidin lo n pinnu tani, ti onitoun ba wa, yio gba ebun na ninu odun kan, won si n sekede oruko onitoun ninu osu kewa odun.']","['Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Lítíréṣọ̀ (Àdàkọ:Lang-sv) jẹ́ ẹ̀bùn ọlọ́dọọdún, láti 1901, tí wọ́n máa ń fun àwọn oǹkọ̀wé láti orílẹ̀-èdè yìówù tí wá, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ogun Alfred Nobel ṣe sọ, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa"" ', 'Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Lítíréṣọ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀bùn ọlọ́dọọdún, láti 1901, tí wọ́n máa ń fun àwọn oǹkọ̀wé láti orílẹ̀-èdè yìówù tí wá, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ogun Alfred Nobel ṣe sọ, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa""']",['P1'],1,0,"??bùn Nobel nínú Lítíré??? ??bùn Nobel nínú Lítíré??? j?? ??bùn ?l??d??dún, láti o?du?n 1901, tí w??n máa ? fun àw?n o?k??wé láti oríl??-èdè yìówù tí wá, g??g?? bí ogun Alfred Nobel ?e s?, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa"".[1][2] Akademi Swidin lo n pinnu tani, ti onitoun ba wa, yio gba ebun na ninu odun kan, won si n sekede oruko onitoun ninu osu kewa odun.[3]","Nobel Prize in Literature Announcement of the Nobel Prize laureate in literature, 2008 Awarded for Outstanding contributions in literature Country Sweden Presented by Swedish Academy Reward(s) 9 million SEK (2017) First awarded 1901 Currently held by Kazuo Ishiguro (2017) Website nobelprize.org ← 2016 The Nobel Prize in Literature ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i litteratur ) has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel , produced ""in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction"" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning ). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here ""work"" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Physics , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world's most prestigious literature prize, the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award. Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has ""become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise"", whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them. Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for ""Swedish professors ... [to] compar[e] a poet from Indonesia, perhaps translated into English with a novelist from Cameroon, perhaps available only in French, and another who writes in Afrikaans but is published in German and Dutch..."". As of 2016, 16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, and in particular Swedish, authors. Some, such as Indian academic Sabaree Mitra, have noted that, though the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant and tends to overshadow other awards, it is ""not the only benchmark of literary excellence."" Nobel's ""vague"" wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word idealisk translates as either ""idealistic"" or ""ideal"". The Nobel Committee 's interpretation has varied over the years. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Contents [ hide ] 1 Background 2 Nomination procedure 3 Prizes 3.1 Nobel Prize Medals 3.2 Nobel Prize Diplomas 4 Laureates 4.1 Potential candidates 5 Criticism 5.1 Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections 5.2 Nationality-based criticism 5.3 Overlooked literary achievements 6 Similar international prizes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background [ edit ] In 1901, French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, ""in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect."" Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the ""greatest benefit on mankind"" in physics , chemistry , peace , physiology or medicine , and literature . Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor ( US $198 million, € 176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II . According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Nomination procedure [ edit ] Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 [update] about 220 proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates. By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice, thus many of the same authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years. The academy is master of thirteen languages, but when a candidate is shortlisted from an unknown language, they call on translators and oath-sworn experts to provide samples of that writer. Other elements of the process are similar to that of other Nobel Prizes. Prizes [ edit ] A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal , a diploma bearing a citation , and a sum of money. The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters. If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them. The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012 [update] it stood at kr 8,000,000 (about US$ 1,100,000), previously it was kr 10,000,000. This was not the first time the prize-amount was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 (2,370,660 in 2011 SEK) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SEK-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001. The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during ""Nobel Week"" in Stockholm ; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December. It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin. Nobel Prize Medals [ edit ] The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design. The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg . Nobel Prize Diplomas [ edit ] Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. Laureates [ edit ] Main article: List of Nobel laureates in Literature Potential candidates [ edit ] Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing. This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate. What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? - Well, either it's just a rumour, or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information. Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until then to find out. — www.nobelprize.org , in Nomination FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Nomination and Selection of Nobel Laureates According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy , Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year. Criticism [ edit ] Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections [ edit ] Selma Lagerlöf , the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature, faced major controversies. Illustration from Svenska Dagbladet , 11 December 1909 From 1901 to 1912, the committee, headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén , weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity's struggle 'toward the ideal'. Tolstoy , Ibsen , Zola , and Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today. Also, many believe Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia is the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov were awarded the prize. [ citation needed ] During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries. August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting . James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels – Ulysses and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man – but Joyce never won; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, ""That prize was just out of Joyce's reach."" The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek 's War With the Newts too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating ""Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation"". He was thus denied the prize. The choice of Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden 1858–1940) as Nobel Laureate in 1909 (for the 'lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterizes her writings' ) followed fierce debate because of her writing style and subject matter, which broke literary decorums of the time. According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, ""so long as he does not come back to novel"". Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957. Some attribute W. H. Auden 's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld 's Vägmärken (Markings) and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual . In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The selection was heavily criticized, and described as ""one of the Academy's biggest mistakes"" in one Swedish newspaper. The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose ""limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising"", adding, ""we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age"". Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: ""Frankly, no."" In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a ""compromise choice"" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell , French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen . The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot: ""There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation,"" wrote committee member Henry Olsson. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he declined it, stating that ""It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize laureate. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."" Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , the 1970 prize laureate, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat —clandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were ""an insult to the Nobel Prize itself."" Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union. In 1974, Graham Greene , Vladimir Nabokov , and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson , both members of the Swedish Academy at the time, and unknown outside their home country. Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded it. Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Augusto Pinochet , which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life , had complex social and personal contexts. Borges' failure to receive the Nobel Prize for his support of these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin , in the cases of Sartre and Pablo Neruda , Also, controversially, Gabriel García Márquez supported the Cuban Revolutionary and President Fidel Castro . The award to Italian performance artist Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered ""rather lightweight"" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer, and Catholic organizations saw the award to Fo as controversial as he had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church . The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed surprise at Fo's selection for the prize commenting that ""Giving the prize to someone who is also the author of questionable works is beyond all imagination."" Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been ""too predictable, too popular."" Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informer for Franco 's regime and had moved voluntarily from Madrid to Galicia during the Spanish Civil War in order to join the rebel forces there; an article by Miguel Angel Villena, Between Fear and Impunity which compiled commentaries by Spanish novelists on the noteworthy silence of the older generation of Spanish novelists on the Francoist pasts of public intellectuals, appeared below a photograph of Cela during the Nobel ceremony in Stockholm in 1989. The choice of the 2004 laureate, Elfriede Jelinek , was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund , who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused ""irreparable damage"" to the reputation of the award. The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a ""political element"" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize. Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy , in Stockholm . His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate. The issue of their ""political stance"" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song-writer won the Nobel for Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan’s work are not equal to those of some of his peers. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that ""Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars."" The French Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline described the decision ""contemptuous of writers"". In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian , Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that ""I’m very divided. I love that the novel committee opens up for other kinds of literature – lyrics and so on. I think that’s brilliant. But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon , Philip Roth , Cormac McCarthy , makes it very difficult for me to accept it."" Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh said ""I'm a Dylan fan, but this is an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies."" Dylan's songwriting peer and friend Leonard Cohen said that no prizes were necessary to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like Highway 61 Revisited . ""To me,"" Cohen said, ""[the Nobel] is like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain."" Writer and commentator Will Self wrote that the award ""cheapened"" Dylan whilst hoping the laureate would ""follow Sartre in rejecting the award"". Nationality-based criticism [ edit ] French author Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award. The prize's focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism, even from Swedish newspapers. The majority of laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes (8) than all of Asia (7, if Orhan Pamuk is included), as well as all of Latin America (7, if Derek Walcott is included). In 2009, Horace Engdahl , then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that ""Europe still is the center of the literary world"" and that ""the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature."" In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, Peter Englund , rejected this sentiment (""In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well"") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, ""I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition."" American critics are known to object that those from their own country, like Philip Roth , Thomas Pynchon , and Cormac McCarthy , have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges , Julio Cortázar , and Carlos Fuentes , while in their place Europeans lesser-known to that continent have triumphed. The 2009 award to Herta Müller , previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize, re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric . However, the 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa , a native of Peru in South America . When the 2011 prize was awarded to the eminent Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer , permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics, describing such a notion as ""literature for dummies"". The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans, Chinese author Mo Yan and Canadian short story writer Alice Munro . French writer Patrick Modiano 's win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism; when asked by The Wall Street Journal ""So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?"", Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year's winner, the Academy's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize. Overlooked literary achievements [ edit ] In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many literary achievements were overlooked. The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that ""as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. Tolstoy , Ibsen , and Henry James should have been rewarded instead of, for instance, Sully Prudhomme , Eucken , and Heyse "". There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with Marcel Proust , Italo Calvino , and Roberto Bolaño . According to Kjell Espmark ""the main works of Kafka , Cavafy , and Pessoa were not published until after their deaths and the true dimensions of Mandelstam's poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile"". British novelist Tim Parks ascribed the never-ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the ""essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously"" and noted that ""eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature, but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions. And why should we ask them to do that?"" Similar international prizes [ edit ] The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature , the Franz Kafka Prize , the Man Booker International Prize , and the recently reinstated Formentor Prize . In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize ""is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel"". The Man Booker International Prize ""highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage"" and ""has literary excellence as its sole focus"". Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. However, some winners of the Man Booker International Prize, such as Ismail Kadare (2005) and Philip Roth (2011) are considered contenders for the Nobel Prize in Literature. [ citation needed ] The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José Cela , Günter Grass , Doris Lessing , and Mario Vargas Llosa . The America Award in Literature , which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature. There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date. The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as ""the Little Nobel."" The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognizes the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works ( children's literature ). See also [ edit ] List of literary awards List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates in Literature Nobel Library Swedish Academy Nordic Prize World literature References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original works on the topic: Nobel Prize in Literature Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Prize in Literature . The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. Graphics: National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901-2009 by citizenship at the time of the award and by country of birth . From J. Schmidhuber (2010), Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1 What the Nobel Laureates Receive – Featured link in ""The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. ""The rise of the Prize"" - Article by Nilanjana S. Roy dealing with the history of the award by decade, from the 1900s to the 2000s." 4498859822735171754,validation,when was the nobel prize for literature first awarded,"The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish : Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced `` in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction '' (original Swedish : den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here `` work '' refers to an author 's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 ; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.",['1901'],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n kọ́kọ́ fúnni ní ẹ̀bùn nobel fún ìwé kíkọ,Yes,"['Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Lítíréṣọ̀ (Àdàkọ:Lang-sv) jẹ́ ẹ̀bùn ọlọ́dọọdún, láti 1901, tí wọ́n máa ń fun àwọn oǹkọ̀wé láti orílẹ̀-èdè yìówù tí wá, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ogun Alfred Nobel ṣe sọ, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa"" (ni ede Sweden: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning). Akademi Swidin lo n pinnu tani, ti onitoun ba wa, yio gba ebun na ninu odun kan, won si n sekede oruko onitoun ninu osu kewa odun.']","['Ẹ̀bùn Nobel nínú Lítíréṣọ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀bùn ọlọ́dọọdún, láti 1901.']",['P1'],1,0,"??bùn Nobel nínú Lítíré??? ??bùn Nobel nínú Lítíré??? j?? ??bùn ?l??d??dún, láti o?du?n 1901, tí w??n máa ? fun àw?n o?k??wé láti oríl??-èdè yìówù tí wá, g??g?? bí ogun Alfred Nobel ?e s?, o se ""ninu papa litireso ise pataki lona to daa"".[1][2] Akademi Swidin lo n pinnu tani, ti onitoun ba wa, yio gba ebun na ninu odun kan, won si n sekede oruko onitoun ninu osu kewa odun.[3]","Nobel Prize in Literature Announcement of the Nobel Prize laureate in literature, 2008 Awarded for Outstanding contributions in literature Country Sweden Presented by Swedish Academy Reward(s) 9 million SEK (2017) First awarded 1901 Currently held by Kazuo Ishiguro (2017) Website nobelprize.org ← 2016 The Nobel Prize in Literature ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i litteratur ) has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel , produced ""in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction"" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning ). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here ""work"" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Physics , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world's most prestigious literature prize, the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award. Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has ""become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise"", whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them. Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for ""Swedish professors ... [to] compar[e] a poet from Indonesia, perhaps translated into English with a novelist from Cameroon, perhaps available only in French, and another who writes in Afrikaans but is published in German and Dutch..."". As of 2016, 16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, and in particular Swedish, authors. Some, such as Indian academic Sabaree Mitra, have noted that, though the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant and tends to overshadow other awards, it is ""not the only benchmark of literary excellence."" Nobel's ""vague"" wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word idealisk translates as either ""idealistic"" or ""ideal"". The Nobel Committee 's interpretation has varied over the years. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Contents [ hide ] 1 Background 2 Nomination procedure 3 Prizes 3.1 Nobel Prize Medals 3.2 Nobel Prize Diplomas 4 Laureates 4.1 Potential candidates 5 Criticism 5.1 Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections 5.2 Nationality-based criticism 5.3 Overlooked literary achievements 6 Similar international prizes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background [ edit ] In 1901, French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, ""in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect."" Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the ""greatest benefit on mankind"" in physics , chemistry , peace , physiology or medicine , and literature . Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor ( US $198 million, € 176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II . According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Nomination procedure [ edit ] Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 [update] about 220 proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates. By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice, thus many of the same authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years. The academy is master of thirteen languages, but when a candidate is shortlisted from an unknown language, they call on translators and oath-sworn experts to provide samples of that writer. Other elements of the process are similar to that of other Nobel Prizes. Prizes [ edit ] A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal , a diploma bearing a citation , and a sum of money. The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters. If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them. The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012 [update] it stood at kr 8,000,000 (about US$ 1,100,000), previously it was kr 10,000,000. This was not the first time the prize-amount was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 (2,370,660 in 2011 SEK) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SEK-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001. The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during ""Nobel Week"" in Stockholm ; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December. It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin. Nobel Prize Medals [ edit ] The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design. The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg . Nobel Prize Diplomas [ edit ] Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. Laureates [ edit ] Main article: List of Nobel laureates in Literature Potential candidates [ edit ] Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing. This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate. What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? - Well, either it's just a rumour, or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information. Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until then to find out. — www.nobelprize.org , in Nomination FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Nomination and Selection of Nobel Laureates According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy , Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year. Criticism [ edit ] Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections [ edit ] Selma Lagerlöf , the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature, faced major controversies. Illustration from Svenska Dagbladet , 11 December 1909 From 1901 to 1912, the committee, headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén , weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity's struggle 'toward the ideal'. Tolstoy , Ibsen , Zola , and Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today. Also, many believe Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia is the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov were awarded the prize. [ citation needed ] During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries. August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting . James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels – Ulysses and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man – but Joyce never won; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, ""That prize was just out of Joyce's reach."" The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek 's War With the Newts too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating ""Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation"". He was thus denied the prize. The choice of Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden 1858–1940) as Nobel Laureate in 1909 (for the 'lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterizes her writings' ) followed fierce debate because of her writing style and subject matter, which broke literary decorums of the time. According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, ""so long as he does not come back to novel"". Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957. Some attribute W. H. Auden 's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld 's Vägmärken (Markings) and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual . In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The selection was heavily criticized, and described as ""one of the Academy's biggest mistakes"" in one Swedish newspaper. The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose ""limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising"", adding, ""we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age"". Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: ""Frankly, no."" In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a ""compromise choice"" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell , French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen . The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot: ""There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation,"" wrote committee member Henry Olsson. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he declined it, stating that ""It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize laureate. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."" Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , the 1970 prize laureate, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat —clandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were ""an insult to the Nobel Prize itself."" Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union. In 1974, Graham Greene , Vladimir Nabokov , and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson , both members of the Swedish Academy at the time, and unknown outside their home country. Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded it. Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Augusto Pinochet , which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life , had complex social and personal contexts. Borges' failure to receive the Nobel Prize for his support of these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin , in the cases of Sartre and Pablo Neruda , Also, controversially, Gabriel García Márquez supported the Cuban Revolutionary and President Fidel Castro . The award to Italian performance artist Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered ""rather lightweight"" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer, and Catholic organizations saw the award to Fo as controversial as he had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church . The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed surprise at Fo's selection for the prize commenting that ""Giving the prize to someone who is also the author of questionable works is beyond all imagination."" Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been ""too predictable, too popular."" Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informer for Franco 's regime and had moved voluntarily from Madrid to Galicia during the Spanish Civil War in order to join the rebel forces there; an article by Miguel Angel Villena, Between Fear and Impunity which compiled commentaries by Spanish novelists on the noteworthy silence of the older generation of Spanish novelists on the Francoist pasts of public intellectuals, appeared below a photograph of Cela during the Nobel ceremony in Stockholm in 1989. The choice of the 2004 laureate, Elfriede Jelinek , was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund , who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused ""irreparable damage"" to the reputation of the award. The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a ""political element"" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize. Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy , in Stockholm . His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate. The issue of their ""political stance"" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song-writer won the Nobel for Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan’s work are not equal to those of some of his peers. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that ""Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars."" The French Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline described the decision ""contemptuous of writers"". In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian , Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that ""I’m very divided. I love that the novel committee opens up for other kinds of literature – lyrics and so on. I think that’s brilliant. But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon , Philip Roth , Cormac McCarthy , makes it very difficult for me to accept it."" Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh said ""I'm a Dylan fan, but this is an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies."" Dylan's songwriting peer and friend Leonard Cohen said that no prizes were necessary to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like Highway 61 Revisited . ""To me,"" Cohen said, ""[the Nobel] is like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain."" Writer and commentator Will Self wrote that the award ""cheapened"" Dylan whilst hoping the laureate would ""follow Sartre in rejecting the award"". Nationality-based criticism [ edit ] French author Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award. The prize's focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism, even from Swedish newspapers. The majority of laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes (8) than all of Asia (7, if Orhan Pamuk is included), as well as all of Latin America (7, if Derek Walcott is included). In 2009, Horace Engdahl , then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that ""Europe still is the center of the literary world"" and that ""the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature."" In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, Peter Englund , rejected this sentiment (""In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well"") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, ""I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition."" American critics are known to object that those from their own country, like Philip Roth , Thomas Pynchon , and Cormac McCarthy , have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges , Julio Cortázar , and Carlos Fuentes , while in their place Europeans lesser-known to that continent have triumphed. The 2009 award to Herta Müller , previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize, re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric . However, the 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa , a native of Peru in South America . When the 2011 prize was awarded to the eminent Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer , permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics, describing such a notion as ""literature for dummies"". The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans, Chinese author Mo Yan and Canadian short story writer Alice Munro . French writer Patrick Modiano 's win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism; when asked by The Wall Street Journal ""So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?"", Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year's winner, the Academy's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize. Overlooked literary achievements [ edit ] In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many literary achievements were overlooked. The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that ""as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. Tolstoy , Ibsen , and Henry James should have been rewarded instead of, for instance, Sully Prudhomme , Eucken , and Heyse "". There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with Marcel Proust , Italo Calvino , and Roberto Bolaño . According to Kjell Espmark ""the main works of Kafka , Cavafy , and Pessoa were not published until after their deaths and the true dimensions of Mandelstam's poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile"". British novelist Tim Parks ascribed the never-ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the ""essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously"" and noted that ""eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature, but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions. And why should we ask them to do that?"" Similar international prizes [ edit ] The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature , the Franz Kafka Prize , the Man Booker International Prize , and the recently reinstated Formentor Prize . In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize ""is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel"". The Man Booker International Prize ""highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage"" and ""has literary excellence as its sole focus"". Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. However, some winners of the Man Booker International Prize, such as Ismail Kadare (2005) and Philip Roth (2011) are considered contenders for the Nobel Prize in Literature. [ citation needed ] The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José Cela , Günter Grass , Doris Lessing , and Mario Vargas Llosa . The America Award in Literature , which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature. There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date. The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as ""the Little Nobel."" The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognizes the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works ( children's literature ). See also [ edit ] List of literary awards List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates in Literature Nobel Library Swedish Academy Nordic Prize World literature References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original works on the topic: Nobel Prize in Literature Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Prize in Literature . The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. Graphics: National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901-2009 by citizenship at the time of the award and by country of birth . From J. Schmidhuber (2010), Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1 What the Nobel Laureates Receive – Featured link in ""The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. ""The rise of the Prize"" - Article by Nilanjana S. Roy dealing with the history of the award by decade, from the 1900s to the 2000s." 8791070333423340406,train,1. the word islam is arabic for,"Islam (Arabic : الإسلام ‎, IPA : (alʔɪsˈlaːm) (listen)) is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root S-L-M which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness, and peace. In a religious context it means `` voluntary submission to God ''. Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means `` submission '' or `` surrender ''. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb form, and means `` submitter '' or `` one who surrenders ''. The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal spiritual state : `` Whomsoever God desires to guide, He opens his heart to Islam. '' Other verses connect Islām and religion (dīn) together : `` Today, I have perfected your religion (dīn) for you ; I have completed My blessing upon you ; I have approved Islam for your religion. '' Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God -- more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān (faith), and ihsān (excellence).","['trade', 'cuneiform']",Islam jẹ́ èdè Arabì fún,Yes,"['Ẹ̀sìn Ìmàle tabi Ẹ̀sìn Islàm (Lárúbáwá: الإسلام\u200e al-’islām, pronounced\xa0[ʔislæːm]\xa0 ( listen)[note 1]) jẹ́ ẹ̀sìn àlááfíà,ìrọ̀rùn àti ìjupá-jusẹ̀ sílẹ̀ fún Ọlọ́run aṣẹ̀dá gbogbo ayé nípa ṣ́iṣe ìfẹ́ àti títèlé àṣẹ rẹ̀ yálà o tẹ́ ọ lọ́rùn tàbí kò tẹ́ ọ lọ́rùn.']",['Lárúbáwá'],['P1'],1,0,"??sìn Ìmàle ??sìn Ìmàle tabi ??sìn Islàm [1] j?? ??sìn àlááfíà,ìr??rùn àti ìjupá-jus?? síl?? fún ?l??run a???dá gbogbo ayé nípa ??i?e ìf?? àti títèlé à?? r?? yálà o t?? ? l??rùn tàbí kò t?? ? l??rùn. Ó tún j?? ??sin tí ?l??run tún fi rán??? sí gbogbo ayé lát?w?? àw?n òjí???e r?? tó ti rán wá ?áájú àn??bì Muhammad ?m? Abdullah (kí ìk?? àti ?là ?l??hun ó ma bá a). Òun sì ni ??sìn òtít? tí ??sìn mìíràn kò lè j?? ìt??w??gb?a ní ??d?? ?l??hun (Allah) yàtò sí òun nìkan. ?l??hun (Allah) sì ti ?e é ní ??sìn ìr??rùn tí kò sí ì?òro kankan tàbí wàhálà níb??. Kò si ohun tí ó k?já agbára w?n, b???? sì ni kò sí ìj?ni nípá fún àw?n tí w??n gba èsìn náà. B??è sì tún ni ??sìn náà kò la ohun tí ó k?já agbára w?n b?? w??n l??rùn. Ìsìlámù ni ??sìn tí ó ?e pé ìm??-?l??hun ni (al- Taoheed) ní ìpìl?? rè, òdodo ni òpó r??, ó dá lórí déédé,otito. Òhun sì ni ??sìn tí ó gbóp?n tí ó j?? pé ó ? darí gbogbo ??dá sí ibi gbogbo ohun tí yó?o j?? ànfààní fún w?n ní ??run àti ayé w?n. B???? náà ni ó sì tún ? kì w??n níl?? nípa gbogbo ohun tí yó?o ?aburú fún w?n yálà láyé ni tàbí ??run. Òhun ni ??sìn tí ?l??hun (Allah) fi ?e àtún?e àw?n àdì-??kàn àti àw?n ìwà àìdáa kan. Òhun náà ni Ó fi ?e àtún?e ìs??mí ayé àti ti ??run. Òun ni ?l??hun (Allah) fi ?e ìr??p?? láàrin àw?n ?kàn tí ó k??yìn sí ara w?n àti àw?n ojúkòkòrò tí ó f??nká. Nípas?? èyí ni Ó fi y? àw?n ohun tí a kà sí iwájú yìí nínú òkùnkùn biribiri ìró, tí Ó sì ?e ìfinim??nà r?? l? sí ibi òtít??, tí Ó sì t?? ? sí ??nà l? sí ibi ??nà tí ó yè kooro[2]. ??sìn Islam j?? orúk? i??? ayélujára gbajúgbajà tí Sheikh Dr. Abdul-Fattah Adelabu ?ni tí í ?e olórí àti olùdásíl??, Awqaf Africa àti Asíwájú ??sìn fún àw?n aláw?? dúdú ní il?? Geesi dá síl?? láti ipa??? EsinIslam.com fún ??k?? nípa ??sìn Islam p??lú Awqaf Africa Muslim Open College ní ìlú London. ??sìn Islam Ní ?ókí ISLAM ni esin ti o duro to, eyi ti a gbe kale ni ona ti o dara de opin ninu gbogbo awon iro ti o muwa ati ninu gbogbo awon idajo re pata.Ko si iroyin kankan ninu re ayafi otito ati ododo be e si ni ko si idajo kankan ninu re ayafi rere ati deede. Ninu re ni a o ti ri awon adisokan ti o ni alaafia, awon ise ti o duro to ,awon iwa ti o dara pari pelu awon eko ti o ye kooro.[3]. Ni soki, ise ISLAM wa lati se aseyori awon ohun ti o n bo wonyii[4]: Sise alaye Olohun ti I se oluda awon eniyan fun won pelu (ifosiwewe alaye) awon oruko Re ti o dara julo ati awon oriki Re ti o ga pari pelu awon ise Re ti o pe perepere ati awon ohun ti o to si I lohun nikan soso. Pipe awon eru Olohun (awon eda) lo si ibi jijosin fun Olohun (Allah) ni kan soso laiko mu orogun kankan mo o. Eyi yo o je be e nipa sise ohun ti O se ni oranyan le won lori ninu awon ase ati (jijinna si) awon ohun ti O ko fun ni lati se. Eyi ti o se pe daradara won ni igbesi aye won ati ti orun won wa ni ibi titele awon ase Re yii. Riran awon eda leti iwasi won ati ibuseri-padabosi won leyin iku won ati ohun ti won yo o pade ninu saaree won ati nigba igbehinde won ati isiro ise won ati ibumorile won leyin eleyii; eyi ti ise ogba idera alujonna tabi ina ti o n jo geregere. Ni akotan, a lee rokirika awon ohun ti esin islam pe ni lo si ibe ninu awon koko ti o n bo wonyii: IKINNI: Adisokan (akiidah) Eleyin da lori igbagbo pelu awon origun igbagbo mefeefa[5]: (1) Gbigba Olohun (Allah) gbo Eyi le e je be e pelu awon nikan ti o n bo wonyii: (i) Nini igbagbo pe Olohun (Allah) nikan ni Oba Eleto. Eyi tumo si pe Oun ni Oba,Oluda, Oluni ati Olusakoso gbogbo awon eto (aye ati ti orun ). (ii) Nini igbagbo pelu pe Olohun (Allah) nikan ni Atoosin. Eyi tumo si pe Oun nikan ni O ni eto lati maa gba ijosin ati pe elomiran ti a ba dari ijosin si yato si Oun jasi igbese-ikuna ti ko to. (iii) Nini igbagbo ninu awon oruko Re ati awon oriki Re. Eyi tumo si pe Oun ni o ni awon oruko ti o dara julo ati awon oriki ti o pe perepere ti o si ga julo gege bi o ti wa ninu tira Re (Al -quran) ati sunah (Ilana) ojise Re (ki ike ati ola Olohun ki o ma a baa). (2) Nini igbagbo ninu awon molaaika Awon molaaika ni awon eru Olohun kan ti won je eni aponle gegebi won ti je eda Olohun (Allah). Bakannaa, won je oluse ibaada (ijosin) fun Olohun de oju ami won si tun je atele ase re ni perepere. Olohun (Allah) fi awon ise (ojuse) orisirisii fun okookan won. Ninu won ni Jibiriilu eni ti a se afiti ise mimo ti o ba n waye lati odo Olohun (Allah) si odo eni ti O ba fe ninu awon anabi Re ati awon ojise Re ti si. Ara won si tun ni Miikailu eni ti o wa fun alaamori riro ojo ati awon koriko ti n hu. Bee naa ni ara won ni Isiraafiilu eni ti o wa fun fifon fere ni asiko ti Olohun (Allah) ba fe ki gbogbo eda o sun oorun asun- fonfon- n-tefon ti yoo kase ile aye nile ati nigba ti o ba tun fe ki won dide (lati jabo nipa igbesi aye won). Ara won si tun ni molaaika iku eni ti ojuse re je gbigba awon emi ni asiko ti Olohun (Allah) ba ti ni asiko re to. (3) Nini igbagbo si awon iwe mimo Olohun (tira) Olohun (Allah), Oba ti o tobi ti o si gbon-un -gbon julo so awon iwe kale fun awon ojise Re eyi ti ona mimo, rere ati daradara wa ninu re. Awon ti gbedeke re waye ninu awon tira yii ni wonyii: (i) Taoreeta eyi ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun anabi Muusa eni ti awon kan mo si Moose -(ki ike ati ola Olohun o ma a baa). Tira yi ni iwe ti o tobi julo ti o so kale fun awon omo isireeli. (ii) Injiila (bibeli) ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun anabi Isa eni ti awon kan mo si Jeesu- (ki ike ati ola Olohun o ma a baa). (iii) Sabuura ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun anabi Dauda -eni ti awon kan mo si Dafiidi - (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa) (iv) Awon takaada (ewe 'tira) ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun ekeni -keji anabi Iburaimo - eni ti awon kan mo si Aburahaamu - ati anabi Musa. (Ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa ba awon mejeeji). (V) Alukuraani alaponle eyi ti Olohun (Allah) ti ola Re ga julo so kale fun anabi Re ti n je Muhammad eni ti i se olupinnu awon anabi .Tira alaponle yii ni Olohun (Allah) fi fagile gbogbo awon iwe mimo ti o ti so kale siwaju re. Idi abajo eyi ni o mu ki Olohun funraare mojuto siso tira naa (kuro nibii afikun tabi ayokuro omo adarihunrun tabi sisonu) nitoripe oun ni yoo seku gegebi awijare ti o fese mule gbon- in -gbon-in fun gbogbo eda titi di ojo igbehinde (alikiyaamo). (4) Nini igbagbo si awon ojise Olohun pata laiko da enikan si Olohun (Allah) ti ran awon ojise kan si awon eda Re. Eni akoko ninu awon ojise naa ni anabi Nuhu nigbati anabi Muhmmad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o ma a baa ati gbogbo awon ojise ti o siwaju re)si je olupinnu won. Gbogbo awon ojise Olohun pata -ti o fi mo anabi Isa- je eda abara ti ko si nkankan ninu jije Olohun ni ara won. Awon paapaa je eru Olohun (Allah) gegebi awon eda yoku naa ti je eru Olohun sugbon ti Adeda won se aponle fun won pelu riran won ni ise mimo si awon eda abara yoku. Ni akotan, Olohun (Allah) ti pari gbogbo ise ti o fe ran si aye pelu ise-imona ti o fi ran anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa).O si ti ran an si gbogbo eniyan laiko da enikan si. Nitori naa, ko si anabi kankan mo leyin anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa). (5) Nini igbagbo nipa ojo ikehin Ojo agbehinde ni ojo ikehin ti ko ni si ojo kankan leyin ojo naa mo. Ojo naa ni Olohun (Allah) yoo gbe gbogbo eniyan dide ni aaye pada lati seku titi ayeraye ninu ile onidera (alujonna)tabi ninu ile iya (ina) atanijoni. Ninu igbagbo si ojo ikehin jasi nini igbagbo si gbogbo ohun ti yoo sele leyin iku ni eyi ti o ko ibeere (fitino) saaree ati idera pelu ijiya re sinu. Ati ohun ti yoo tun sele leyin eleyii gegebi agbehinde, iseripadabo si odo Olohun ati isiro ise ti eda gbe aye se. Leyinwa-igba-naa, ni imorile ile ibugbe ayeraye eyi ti i se alujonna tabi ina. (6) Nini igbagbo si kadara(akoole) Ohun ti oun n je kadara ni nini igbagbo pe Olohun (Allah) ni O pebubu gbogbo ohun ti n be, Ohun ni O si da gbogbo eda ni ona ti mimo Re ti siwaju re ti ariwoye Re si fe bee. Gbogbo awon alaamori ni o ti je mimo ni o si ti wa ni akoole ni odo Re. Olohun (Allah) fe gbogbo ohun ti n sele ni o je ki o maa sele bee, Oun paapaa ni o si daa. IKEJI: Awon òpó ?sin Imale[6] Kaaba, ni Mekka Saudi Arabia, ni ibujoko esin Islam. Awon musulumi kakiri agbaye unpade nibe lati gbadura ni isokan. Esin ISLAM je ohun ti a mo lori awon origun marun kan to je pe eniyan ko lee je musulumi tooto ayafi ti o ba ni igbagbo ninu awon origun naa ti o si n se okookan ninu re. Awon origun naa ni wonyi : Ijeri Ijeri (igba-tokantokan) pe Olohun (Allah) nikan ni Oba (ti a a josin fun) ati pe ojise Olohun ni anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa) i se. Ijeri yii ni kokoro ISLAM ati ipilese re ti gbogbo eka yoku duro le lori. Itumo a i si oba miran leyin Olohun (Allah) ni pe ko si eni ti o leto pe ki a ma a se ijosin fun ju oun nikan lo.Oun nikan ni apesin tooto. Gbogbo elomiran ti a ba n dari ijosin si odo re yato si Oun je iwa ibaje ti ko si lese nile bi o ti wu ki o mo. Ohun ti o n je Olohun Oba ninu agboye awa musulumi ni eni ti a a josin fun. Itumo ijeri (ifaramo) pe anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa) je ojise Olohun ni gbigba a ni ododo ninu gbogbo ohun ti o fun ni ni labare re, titele e ninu gbogbo oun ti o pa lase ati jijinna si gbogbo ohun ti o ko fun ni lati se ti o si jagbe mo a i fe be e. Irun kiki Eyi ni awon irun ti a ma a n paara kiki re ni eemarun lojumo. Olohun (Allah) se e ni ofin lati lee je ifun Olohun ni iwo o Re lori awon eru Re, idupe fu Un lori ideraa Re ati okun idapo laarin musulumi ati Olohun Adeda re. Eyi ti yoo ma a ba A ni gbolohun ninu re ti yoo si ma a gbadura si I ninu re. Ti awon irun yii yo o si je akininlo fun un nipa sise ibaje ati sise aburu. Olohun (Allah) si ti se imudaniloju daradara esin, igunrege igbagbo ati laada aye ati ti orun fun eni ti o ba n ki irun wakati maraarun daadaa. Ni ipase awon irun yii ni ibale-okan ati ibale-ara ti yoo je okunfa orire aye ati ti orun yoo fi sele fun eni ti o ba n kii deede. Itore aanu (Saka) Eyi ni ore atinuwa kan ti eni ti o ba ni owo ti o ti wo gbedeke ti ilana ISLAM se afilele re yoo ma a san ni odoodun fun awon eni ti o leto si gbigba re ninu awon alaini ati awon miran. A ni lati mo daju gbangba pe itore aanu yi i ko je dandan fun alaini ti ko si gbedeke owo yii ni owo re. Eni ti o je dandan fun ni awon oloro ti yoo je pipe fun esin won ati ifaramo ISLAM won .Ti yoo si tun mu ilosiwaju ba iwasi won ati ihuwasi won pelu. Eyi si tun je ona kan pataki lati mu iyonusi ati iyojuran aye kuro lara won ati lara dukia won. Ati lati se afomo fun won kuro nibi aburu pelu lati se ikunlowo fun awon talaka ati awon alaini lawujo ati lati se igbeduro ohun ti yoo mu nkan tubatuse fun awon gan an alara paapaa. Paripari gbogbo re, oore aanu yii ko koja ebubu kan kinkinni ninu ohun ti Olohun (Allah) se fun won ninu owo ati ije- imu. Aawe gbigba Eleyi yoo ma a je ohun ti yoo ma a sele ninu osu kan soso lodoodun. Osu yen si ni osu Ramadan alaponle, eyi ti se osu kesan an ninu osu odun hijira (odun ti a n fi osupa mu ka). Ninu osu yii ni gbogbo awon musulumi yoo se ara won ni osusu-owo ti won yoo si kora duro nibii kosee-mase-kosee-mato won gegebi i jije, mimu ati wiwole to aya eni ni asiko osan. Iyen ni pe kikoraduro yo o wa lati asiko idaji hai (yiyo alufajari) titi di irole pata (asiko wiwo oorun). Olohun (Allah) yoo wa a fi pipe esin won ati igbagbo ati amojukuro nibi laifi won jiro ikoraduro yii fun won. Bee si ni pipe won yoo si lekun gegebi nkan daradara miran yoo ti je tiwon ninu awon oore lantilanti ti o ti pa lese sile fun eleyii ni ile aye nihaayin ati ni orun. Irinajo si ile mimo (haji) Ohun naa ni imura giri lo si ile Olohun (Allah) Olowo lati lo josin fun Un ni asiko kan pato gegebi o tise wa ninu ilana Islam. Olohun (Allah) ti see ni oranyan fun eni ti o ba ni ikapa bee ni igba isemi ni eekan soso. Ninu asiko haji yii ni gbogbo musulumi jakejado aye yoo kojo si aaye ti o loore julo lori ile, ti gbogbo won yoo maa se ijosin fun Olohun kan soso nibe ,ti won yoo si gbe ewu orisikan - naa wo. Ko ni i si iyato laarin olori ati ara ilu, olowo aye ati mekunnu pelu funfun ati dudu ninu won. Gbogbo won yo o ma a se awon ise ijosin mimo kan ti o ti ni akosile. Eyi ti o se koko julo ninu re je kikaraduro ni aaye ti a mo si Arafa ati rirokirika ile Oluwa (Kaaba) abiyi ti o je adojuko gbogbo Musulumi ni asiko ijosin won pelu ilosoke-losodo laarin oke Safa ati Moriwa. Awon anfaani aye ati orun olokan -o - jokan ti ko se e ka tan ni o wa ninu re. IKETA : IHSAN[7] Eleyi tumo si pe ki Musulumi maa sin Olohun re pelu igbagbo ati esin ododo gegebi eni-wipe o n wo Olohun Adedaa lojukoroju, bi o tile je pe ire kori I dajudaju Oun n ri o. Bakanaa, ki o rii daju wipe oun se ohun kohun ni ibamu pelu ilana (Sunnah) ojise e Re; annabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun ki o baa). Bakan- naa ni ISLAM tun feto si igbesi aye awon eni ti o gba a lesin yala ni iwasi won ni eyo kookan ni o tabi nigbati won ba wa nijonijo ni ona ti oriire aye ati torun yo o fi je tiwon. Nitori idi eyi ni o fi se fife iyawo ni eto fun awon atele re ti o si se won lojukokoro lo sibe. O si se sina sise ati iwa pansaga ni eewo fun won ati awon isesi-i-laabi miran. Bee ni o si se dida ibi po ati sisaanu awon alaini ati talika ni oranyan pelu amojuto won. Gegebi o ti senilojukokoro lo si ibi gbogbo iwa to dara ti o si se e ni oranyan, bee gege ti o si kininilo nipa gbogbo iwa buruku ti o si se e ni eewo. Siwaju sii, o se kiko oro jo lona mimo gegebii owo sise tabi yiyafunnilo ati ohun ti o fara pe eleyii ni eto. Ni idakeji ewe, o se owo ele (riba) ati gbogbo owokowo ati ohun ti o ba ti ni modaru ati awuruju ninu ni eewo. Alaiye Ipari Nipa Esin Islam Ni Soki Yato si ohun ti a ka siwaju yii, ISLAM se akiyesi aidogba awon eniyan ninu diduroto si oju ona ilana re ati siso eto awon eniyan miran[8]. Nitori-idi-eyi ni o fi gbe awon ijiya amunisakuro-nibi-ese kale fun awon itayo -aala ti o ba waye ninu awon iwo Olohun (Allah ) Mimo; gegebii kikoomo (pipada sinu keferi leyin igba ti a ti gba ISLAM), sise sina, mimu oti ati bee bee lo.Gege bee naa ni o gbe awon ijiya adanilekun kale fun titase agere lori awon eto awon eniyan gegebii pipaayan, ole jija, piparo agbere mo elomiran, titayo aala nipa lilu elomiran tabi si see ni suta ati bee bee lo. O se pataki lati fi rinle pe awon ijiya kookan ti o fi lele yii se weku irunfin kookan la i si aseju tabi aseeto nibe. ISLAM tun seto, o si tun fi ala si ibasepo ti o wa laarin awon ara ilu ati awon adari won. O si se titele awon adari ni dandan fun awon ara ilu ninu gbogbo ohun ti ko ba si sise Olohun (Allah) ninu re. O si se yiyapa si ase won ati aigbo- aigba fun won ni eewo nitori ohun ti o le tara eyi jade ninu aapon ati rukerudo fun terutomo. Ni akotan , a le e fowogbaya re pe ISLAM ti kakoja mimo asepo ti o yanran-un-tan ati ise ti o ye kooro laarin eru Olohun (eda) ati Adeda re ni abala kan, ati laarin omo eda eniyan ati awujo ti o n gbe nibe ninu gbogbo alaamori re ni abala miran. Ko si rere kan ninu awon iwa ati awon ibalo ayafi ki o je pe o ti se ifinimona awon atele re sibe ti o si se won lojukokoro nipa diduro tii gboin -gboin. Bee si ni ko aburu kan ninu awon iwa ati awon ibalo ayafi ki o je pe o ti ki won nilo gidigidi nipa atimasunmo o ti o si ko o fun won. Eyi ni o fi wa n han wa gedegbe pe esin ti ko labujeku kankan ni ISLAM je, esin ti o si dara ni pelu ti a ba gbe yiri wo ni gbogbo ona[9].", -7980611370276428115,train,how many acts of worship we have in islam,"There are five basic religious acts in Islam, collectively known as ' The Pillars of Islam ' (arkan al - Islam ; also arkan ad - din, `` pillars of religion ''), which are considered obligatory for all believers. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the creed (Shahada), (2) daily prayers (Salah), (3) almsgiving (Zakat), (4) fasting during Ramadan (Sawm) and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) at least once in a lifetime. Both Shia and Sunni sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts. Apart from these, Muslims also perform other religious acts. Notable among them are charity (Sadaqah) and recitation of the Quran.","['three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of germany: black, red, and gold', 'flag of germany', 'german unity and freedom', 'the black-red-gold colours were the colours of the democratic, centrist, and republican political parties']",iye iṣẹ́ ìjọsìn wo la ní nínú ẹ̀sìn islám,Yes,['Esin ISLAM je ohun ti a mo lori awon origun marun kan to je pe eniyan ko lee je musulumi tooto ayafi ti o ba ni igbagbo ninu awon origun naa ti o si n se okookan ninu re.'],['Esin ISLAM je ohun ti a mo lori awon origun marun'],['P12'],0,0,"??sìn Ìmàle ??sìn Ìmàle tabi ??sìn Islàm [1] j?? ??sìn àlááfíà,ìr??rùn àti ìjupá-jus?? síl?? fún ?l??run a???dá gbogbo ayé nípa ??i?e ìf?? àti títèlé à?? r?? yálà o t?? ? l??rùn tàbí kò t?? ? l??rùn. Ó tún j?? ??sin tí ?l??run tún fi rán??? sí gbogbo ayé lát?w?? àw?n òjí???e r?? tó ti rán wá ?áájú àn??bì Muhammad ?m? Abdullah (kí ìk?? àti ?là ?l??hun ó ma bá a). Òun sì ni ??sìn òtít? tí ??sìn mìíràn kò lè j?? ìt??w??gb?a ní ??d?? ?l??hun (Allah) yàtò sí òun nìkan. ?l??hun (Allah) sì ti ?e é ní ??sìn ìr??rùn tí kò sí ì?òro kankan tàbí wàhálà níb??. Kò si ohun tí ó k?já agbára w?n, b???? sì ni kò sí ìj?ni nípá fún àw?n tí w??n gba èsìn náà. B??è sì tún ni ??sìn náà kò la ohun tí ó k?já agbára w?n b?? w??n l??rùn. Ìsìlámù ni ??sìn tí ó ?e pé ìm??-?l??hun ni (al- Taoheed) ní ìpìl?? rè, òdodo ni òpó r??, ó dá lórí déédé,otito. Òhun sì ni ??sìn tí ó gbóp?n tí ó j?? pé ó ? darí gbogbo ??dá sí ibi gbogbo ohun tí yó?o j?? ànfààní fún w?n ní ??run àti ayé w?n. B???? náà ni ó sì tún ? kì w??n níl?? nípa gbogbo ohun tí yó?o ?aburú fún w?n yálà láyé ni tàbí ??run. Òhun ni ??sìn tí ?l??hun (Allah) fi ?e àtún?e àw?n àdì-??kàn àti àw?n ìwà àìdáa kan. Òhun náà ni Ó fi ?e àtún?e ìs??mí ayé àti ti ??run. Òun ni ?l??hun (Allah) fi ?e ìr??p?? láàrin àw?n ?kàn tí ó k??yìn sí ara w?n àti àw?n ojúkòkòrò tí ó f??nká. Nípas?? èyí ni Ó fi y? àw?n ohun tí a kà sí iwájú yìí nínú òkùnkùn biribiri ìró, tí Ó sì ?e ìfinim??nà r?? l? sí ibi òtít??, tí Ó sì t?? ? sí ??nà l? sí ibi ??nà tí ó yè kooro[2]. ??sìn Islam j?? orúk? i??? ayélujára gbajúgbajà tí Sheikh Dr. Abdul-Fattah Adelabu ?ni tí í ?e olórí àti olùdásíl??, Awqaf Africa àti Asíwájú ??sìn fún àw?n aláw?? dúdú ní il?? Geesi dá síl?? láti ipa??? EsinIslam.com fún ??k?? nípa ??sìn Islam p??lú Awqaf Africa Muslim Open College ní ìlú London. ??sìn Islam Ní ?ókí ISLAM ni esin ti o duro to, eyi ti a gbe kale ni ona ti o dara de opin ninu gbogbo awon iro ti o muwa ati ninu gbogbo awon idajo re pata.Ko si iroyin kankan ninu re ayafi otito ati ododo be e si ni ko si idajo kankan ninu re ayafi rere ati deede. Ninu re ni a o ti ri awon adisokan ti o ni alaafia, awon ise ti o duro to ,awon iwa ti o dara pari pelu awon eko ti o ye kooro.[3]. Ni soki, ise ISLAM wa lati se aseyori awon ohun ti o n bo wonyii[4]: Sise alaye Olohun ti I se oluda awon eniyan fun won pelu (ifosiwewe alaye) awon oruko Re ti o dara julo ati awon oriki Re ti o ga pari pelu awon ise Re ti o pe perepere ati awon ohun ti o to si I lohun nikan soso. Pipe awon eru Olohun (awon eda) lo si ibi jijosin fun Olohun (Allah) ni kan soso laiko mu orogun kankan mo o. Eyi yo o je be e nipa sise ohun ti O se ni oranyan le won lori ninu awon ase ati (jijinna si) awon ohun ti O ko fun ni lati se. Eyi ti o se pe daradara won ni igbesi aye won ati ti orun won wa ni ibi titele awon ase Re yii. Riran awon eda leti iwasi won ati ibuseri-padabosi won leyin iku won ati ohun ti won yo o pade ninu saaree won ati nigba igbehinde won ati isiro ise won ati ibumorile won leyin eleyii; eyi ti ise ogba idera alujonna tabi ina ti o n jo geregere. Ni akotan, a lee rokirika awon ohun ti esin islam pe ni lo si ibe ninu awon koko ti o n bo wonyii: IKINNI: Adisokan (akiidah) Eleyin da lori igbagbo pelu awon origun igbagbo mefeefa[5]: (1) Gbigba Olohun (Allah) gbo Eyi le e je be e pelu awon nikan ti o n bo wonyii: (i) Nini igbagbo pe Olohun (Allah) nikan ni Oba Eleto. Eyi tumo si pe Oun ni Oba,Oluda, Oluni ati Olusakoso gbogbo awon eto (aye ati ti orun ). (ii) Nini igbagbo pelu pe Olohun (Allah) nikan ni Atoosin. Eyi tumo si pe Oun nikan ni O ni eto lati maa gba ijosin ati pe elomiran ti a ba dari ijosin si yato si Oun jasi igbese-ikuna ti ko to. (iii) Nini igbagbo ninu awon oruko Re ati awon oriki Re. Eyi tumo si pe Oun ni o ni awon oruko ti o dara julo ati awon oriki ti o pe perepere ti o si ga julo gege bi o ti wa ninu tira Re (Al -quran) ati sunah (Ilana) ojise Re (ki ike ati ola Olohun ki o ma a baa). (2) Nini igbagbo ninu awon molaaika Awon molaaika ni awon eru Olohun kan ti won je eni aponle gegebi won ti je eda Olohun (Allah). Bakannaa, won je oluse ibaada (ijosin) fun Olohun de oju ami won si tun je atele ase re ni perepere. Olohun (Allah) fi awon ise (ojuse) orisirisii fun okookan won. Ninu won ni Jibiriilu eni ti a se afiti ise mimo ti o ba n waye lati odo Olohun (Allah) si odo eni ti O ba fe ninu awon anabi Re ati awon ojise Re ti si. Ara won si tun ni Miikailu eni ti o wa fun alaamori riro ojo ati awon koriko ti n hu. Bee naa ni ara won ni Isiraafiilu eni ti o wa fun fifon fere ni asiko ti Olohun (Allah) ba fe ki gbogbo eda o sun oorun asun- fonfon- n-tefon ti yoo kase ile aye nile ati nigba ti o ba tun fe ki won dide (lati jabo nipa igbesi aye won). Ara won si tun ni molaaika iku eni ti ojuse re je gbigba awon emi ni asiko ti Olohun (Allah) ba ti ni asiko re to. (3) Nini igbagbo si awon iwe mimo Olohun (tira) Olohun (Allah), Oba ti o tobi ti o si gbon-un -gbon julo so awon iwe kale fun awon ojise Re eyi ti ona mimo, rere ati daradara wa ninu re. Awon ti gbedeke re waye ninu awon tira yii ni wonyii: (i) Taoreeta eyi ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun anabi Muusa eni ti awon kan mo si Moose -(ki ike ati ola Olohun o ma a baa). Tira yi ni iwe ti o tobi julo ti o so kale fun awon omo isireeli. (ii) Injiila (bibeli) ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun anabi Isa eni ti awon kan mo si Jeesu- (ki ike ati ola Olohun o ma a baa). (iii) Sabuura ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun anabi Dauda -eni ti awon kan mo si Dafiidi - (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa) (iv) Awon takaada (ewe 'tira) ti Olohun (Allah) so kale fun ekeni -keji anabi Iburaimo - eni ti awon kan mo si Aburahaamu - ati anabi Musa. (Ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa ba awon mejeeji). (V) Alukuraani alaponle eyi ti Olohun (Allah) ti ola Re ga julo so kale fun anabi Re ti n je Muhammad eni ti i se olupinnu awon anabi .Tira alaponle yii ni Olohun (Allah) fi fagile gbogbo awon iwe mimo ti o ti so kale siwaju re. Idi abajo eyi ni o mu ki Olohun funraare mojuto siso tira naa (kuro nibii afikun tabi ayokuro omo adarihunrun tabi sisonu) nitoripe oun ni yoo seku gegebi awijare ti o fese mule gbon- in -gbon-in fun gbogbo eda titi di ojo igbehinde (alikiyaamo). (4) Nini igbagbo si awon ojise Olohun pata laiko da enikan si Olohun (Allah) ti ran awon ojise kan si awon eda Re. Eni akoko ninu awon ojise naa ni anabi Nuhu nigbati anabi Muhmmad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o ma a baa ati gbogbo awon ojise ti o siwaju re)si je olupinnu won. Gbogbo awon ojise Olohun pata -ti o fi mo anabi Isa- je eda abara ti ko si nkankan ninu jije Olohun ni ara won. Awon paapaa je eru Olohun (Allah) gegebi awon eda yoku naa ti je eru Olohun sugbon ti Adeda won se aponle fun won pelu riran won ni ise mimo si awon eda abara yoku. Ni akotan, Olohun (Allah) ti pari gbogbo ise ti o fe ran si aye pelu ise-imona ti o fi ran anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa).O si ti ran an si gbogbo eniyan laiko da enikan si. Nitori naa, ko si anabi kankan mo leyin anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa). (5) Nini igbagbo nipa ojo ikehin Ojo agbehinde ni ojo ikehin ti ko ni si ojo kankan leyin ojo naa mo. Ojo naa ni Olohun (Allah) yoo gbe gbogbo eniyan dide ni aaye pada lati seku titi ayeraye ninu ile onidera (alujonna)tabi ninu ile iya (ina) atanijoni. Ninu igbagbo si ojo ikehin jasi nini igbagbo si gbogbo ohun ti yoo sele leyin iku ni eyi ti o ko ibeere (fitino) saaree ati idera pelu ijiya re sinu. Ati ohun ti yoo tun sele leyin eleyii gegebi agbehinde, iseripadabo si odo Olohun ati isiro ise ti eda gbe aye se. Leyinwa-igba-naa, ni imorile ile ibugbe ayeraye eyi ti i se alujonna tabi ina. (6) Nini igbagbo si kadara(akoole) Ohun ti oun n je kadara ni nini igbagbo pe Olohun (Allah) ni O pebubu gbogbo ohun ti n be, Ohun ni O si da gbogbo eda ni ona ti mimo Re ti siwaju re ti ariwoye Re si fe bee. Gbogbo awon alaamori ni o ti je mimo ni o si ti wa ni akoole ni odo Re. Olohun (Allah) fe gbogbo ohun ti n sele ni o je ki o maa sele bee, Oun paapaa ni o si daa. IKEJI: Awon òpó ?sin Imale[6] Kaaba, ni Mekka Saudi Arabia, ni ibujoko esin Islam. Awon musulumi kakiri agbaye unpade nibe lati gbadura ni isokan. Esin ISLAM je ohun ti a mo lori awon origun marun kan to je pe eniyan ko lee je musulumi tooto ayafi ti o ba ni igbagbo ninu awon origun naa ti o si n se okookan ninu re. Awon origun naa ni wonyi : Ijeri Ijeri (igba-tokantokan) pe Olohun (Allah) nikan ni Oba (ti a a josin fun) ati pe ojise Olohun ni anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa) i se. Ijeri yii ni kokoro ISLAM ati ipilese re ti gbogbo eka yoku duro le lori. Itumo a i si oba miran leyin Olohun (Allah) ni pe ko si eni ti o leto pe ki a ma a se ijosin fun ju oun nikan lo.Oun nikan ni apesin tooto. Gbogbo elomiran ti a ba n dari ijosin si odo re yato si Oun je iwa ibaje ti ko si lese nile bi o ti wu ki o mo. Ohun ti o n je Olohun Oba ninu agboye awa musulumi ni eni ti a a josin fun. Itumo ijeri (ifaramo) pe anabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun o maa baa) je ojise Olohun ni gbigba a ni ododo ninu gbogbo ohun ti o fun ni ni labare re, titele e ninu gbogbo oun ti o pa lase ati jijinna si gbogbo ohun ti o ko fun ni lati se ti o si jagbe mo a i fe be e. Irun kiki Eyi ni awon irun ti a ma a n paara kiki re ni eemarun lojumo. Olohun (Allah) se e ni ofin lati lee je ifun Olohun ni iwo o Re lori awon eru Re, idupe fu Un lori ideraa Re ati okun idapo laarin musulumi ati Olohun Adeda re. Eyi ti yoo ma a ba A ni gbolohun ninu re ti yoo si ma a gbadura si I ninu re. Ti awon irun yii yo o si je akininlo fun un nipa sise ibaje ati sise aburu. Olohun (Allah) si ti se imudaniloju daradara esin, igunrege igbagbo ati laada aye ati ti orun fun eni ti o ba n ki irun wakati maraarun daadaa. Ni ipase awon irun yii ni ibale-okan ati ibale-ara ti yoo je okunfa orire aye ati ti orun yoo fi sele fun eni ti o ba n kii deede. Itore aanu (Saka) Eyi ni ore atinuwa kan ti eni ti o ba ni owo ti o ti wo gbedeke ti ilana ISLAM se afilele re yoo ma a san ni odoodun fun awon eni ti o leto si gbigba re ninu awon alaini ati awon miran. A ni lati mo daju gbangba pe itore aanu yi i ko je dandan fun alaini ti ko si gbedeke owo yii ni owo re. Eni ti o je dandan fun ni awon oloro ti yoo je pipe fun esin won ati ifaramo ISLAM won .Ti yoo si tun mu ilosiwaju ba iwasi won ati ihuwasi won pelu. Eyi si tun je ona kan pataki lati mu iyonusi ati iyojuran aye kuro lara won ati lara dukia won. Ati lati se afomo fun won kuro nibi aburu pelu lati se ikunlowo fun awon talaka ati awon alaini lawujo ati lati se igbeduro ohun ti yoo mu nkan tubatuse fun awon gan an alara paapaa. Paripari gbogbo re, oore aanu yii ko koja ebubu kan kinkinni ninu ohun ti Olohun (Allah) se fun won ninu owo ati ije- imu. Aawe gbigba Eleyi yoo ma a je ohun ti yoo ma a sele ninu osu kan soso lodoodun. Osu yen si ni osu Ramadan alaponle, eyi ti se osu kesan an ninu osu odun hijira (odun ti a n fi osupa mu ka). Ninu osu yii ni gbogbo awon musulumi yoo se ara won ni osusu-owo ti won yoo si kora duro nibii kosee-mase-kosee-mato won gegebi i jije, mimu ati wiwole to aya eni ni asiko osan. Iyen ni pe kikoraduro yo o wa lati asiko idaji hai (yiyo alufajari) titi di irole pata (asiko wiwo oorun). Olohun (Allah) yoo wa a fi pipe esin won ati igbagbo ati amojukuro nibi laifi won jiro ikoraduro yii fun won. Bee si ni pipe won yoo si lekun gegebi nkan daradara miran yoo ti je tiwon ninu awon oore lantilanti ti o ti pa lese sile fun eleyii ni ile aye nihaayin ati ni orun. Irinajo si ile mimo (haji) Ohun naa ni imura giri lo si ile Olohun (Allah) Olowo lati lo josin fun Un ni asiko kan pato gegebi o tise wa ninu ilana Islam. Olohun (Allah) ti see ni oranyan fun eni ti o ba ni ikapa bee ni igba isemi ni eekan soso. Ninu asiko haji yii ni gbogbo musulumi jakejado aye yoo kojo si aaye ti o loore julo lori ile, ti gbogbo won yoo maa se ijosin fun Olohun kan soso nibe ,ti won yoo si gbe ewu orisikan - naa wo. Ko ni i si iyato laarin olori ati ara ilu, olowo aye ati mekunnu pelu funfun ati dudu ninu won. Gbogbo won yo o ma a se awon ise ijosin mimo kan ti o ti ni akosile. Eyi ti o se koko julo ninu re je kikaraduro ni aaye ti a mo si Arafa ati rirokirika ile Oluwa (Kaaba) abiyi ti o je adojuko gbogbo Musulumi ni asiko ijosin won pelu ilosoke-losodo laarin oke Safa ati Moriwa. Awon anfaani aye ati orun olokan -o - jokan ti ko se e ka tan ni o wa ninu re. IKETA : IHSAN[7] Eleyi tumo si pe ki Musulumi maa sin Olohun re pelu igbagbo ati esin ododo gegebi eni-wipe o n wo Olohun Adedaa lojukoroju, bi o tile je pe ire kori I dajudaju Oun n ri o. Bakanaa, ki o rii daju wipe oun se ohun kohun ni ibamu pelu ilana (Sunnah) ojise e Re; annabi Muhammad (ki ike ati ola Olohun ki o baa). Bakan- naa ni ISLAM tun feto si igbesi aye awon eni ti o gba a lesin yala ni iwasi won ni eyo kookan ni o tabi nigbati won ba wa nijonijo ni ona ti oriire aye ati torun yo o fi je tiwon. Nitori idi eyi ni o fi se fife iyawo ni eto fun awon atele re ti o si se won lojukokoro lo sibe. O si se sina sise ati iwa pansaga ni eewo fun won ati awon isesi-i-laabi miran. Bee ni o si se dida ibi po ati sisaanu awon alaini ati talika ni oranyan pelu amojuto won. Gegebi o ti senilojukokoro lo si ibi gbogbo iwa to dara ti o si se e ni oranyan, bee gege ti o si kininilo nipa gbogbo iwa buruku ti o si se e ni eewo. Siwaju sii, o se kiko oro jo lona mimo gegebii owo sise tabi yiyafunnilo ati ohun ti o fara pe eleyii ni eto. Ni idakeji ewe, o se owo ele (riba) ati gbogbo owokowo ati ohun ti o ba ti ni modaru ati awuruju ninu ni eewo. Alaiye Ipari Nipa Esin Islam Ni Soki Yato si ohun ti a ka siwaju yii, ISLAM se akiyesi aidogba awon eniyan ninu diduroto si oju ona ilana re ati siso eto awon eniyan miran[8]. Nitori-idi-eyi ni o fi gbe awon ijiya amunisakuro-nibi-ese kale fun awon itayo -aala ti o ba waye ninu awon iwo Olohun (Allah ) Mimo; gegebii kikoomo (pipada sinu keferi leyin igba ti a ti gba ISLAM), sise sina, mimu oti ati bee bee lo.Gege bee naa ni o gbe awon ijiya adanilekun kale fun titase agere lori awon eto awon eniyan gegebii pipaayan, ole jija, piparo agbere mo elomiran, titayo aala nipa lilu elomiran tabi si see ni suta ati bee bee lo. O se pataki lati fi rinle pe awon ijiya kookan ti o fi lele yii se weku irunfin kookan la i si aseju tabi aseeto nibe. ISLAM tun seto, o si tun fi ala si ibasepo ti o wa laarin awon ara ilu ati awon adari won. O si se titele awon adari ni dandan fun awon ara ilu ninu gbogbo ohun ti ko ba si sise Olohun (Allah) ninu re. O si se yiyapa si ase won ati aigbo- aigba fun won ni eewo nitori ohun ti o le tara eyi jade ninu aapon ati rukerudo fun terutomo. Ni akotan , a le e fowogbaya re pe ISLAM ti kakoja mimo asepo ti o yanran-un-tan ati ise ti o ye kooro laarin eru Olohun (eda) ati Adeda re ni abala kan, ati laarin omo eda eniyan ati awujo ti o n gbe nibe ninu gbogbo alaamori re ni abala miran. Ko si rere kan ninu awon iwa ati awon ibalo ayafi ki o je pe o ti se ifinimona awon atele re sibe ti o si se won lojukokoro nipa diduro tii gboin -gboin. Bee si ni ko aburu kan ninu awon iwa ati awon ibalo ayafi ki o je pe o ti ki won nilo gidigidi nipa atimasunmo o ti o si ko o fun won. Eyi ni o fi wa n han wa gedegbe pe esin ti ko labujeku kankan ni ISLAM je, esin ti o si dara ni pelu ti a ba gbe yiri wo ni gbogbo ona[9].", -2633023729052088782,train,when was the last reported case of leprosy,"Leprosy is curable with a treatment known as multidrug therapy. Treatment for paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications dapsone and rifampicin for six months. Treatment for multibacillary leprosy consists of rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine for 12 months. A number of other antibiotics may also be used. These treatments are provided free of charge by the World Health Organization. Globally in 2012, the number of chronic cases of leprosy was 189,000, down from some 5.2 million in the 1980s. The number of new cases was 230,000. Most new cases occur in 16 countries, with India accounting for more than half. In the past 20 years, 16 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. About 200 cases are reported per year in the United States.",['english'],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n kọ àkọsílẹ̀ àìsàn ẹ̀tẹ̀ tó kẹ́yìn,Yes,"['A maa ń wo ẹ̀tẹ̀ sàn nípa ìtọjú.\xa0Ìtọjú fún ẹ̀tẹ̀ paucibacillary ní àwọn egbògi\xa0dapsone\xa0àti\xa0rifampicin\xa0fún osù 6.\xa0Ìtọjú fún ẹ̀tẹ̀ multibacillary ni\xa0rifampicin,\xa0dapsone, àti\xa0clofazimine\xa0fún osù méjìlá.\xa0Àwọn ìtọjú yíì jẹ́ ọ̀fẹ́ láti ọwọ́\xa0Àjọ Ìlera Àgbayé.\xa0Ọ̀pọ̀ egbògi aṣòdìsí ni a tún lè lò.\xa0Lágbayé ní 2012, iye ìṣẹlẹ̀ lílé ti ẹ̀tẹ̀ jẹ́ 189,000 àti iye ìṣẹlẹ̀ titun jẹ́ 230,000.\xa0Iye ìṣẹlẹ̀ líle ti dínkù láti 5.2 mílíọ́nù ní àwọn ọdún 1980.\xa0Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ìsẹlẹ̀ titun wáyé ní orílẹ̀-èdè 16, tí Índíánì sí jẹ̀ bíi ìdajì.\xa0Ní àwọn 20 ọdún sẹ́yìn, 16 mílíọ́nù àwọn ènìyàn lágbayé ni o ti rí ìwosàn lọ́wọ ẹ̀tẹ̀.']","['Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ìsẹlẹ̀ titun wáyé ní orílẹ̀-èdè 16, tí Índíánì sí jẹ̀ bíi ìdajì.']",['P3'],1,0,"??t?? ??t??, tí a tún m??sí Àrùn Hansen (HD), j??? bárakú àkóràn ti kòkòrò àrùn Mycobacterium leprae[1] àti Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Lák?k??, àw?n àkóràn kòní àw?n aamì w??n sì wà báyì fún ?dún 5 l?sí 20 ?dún.[1] Àw?n aamì tí o ? farahàn ni granuloma ti àw?n isan im??, ibi at??gùn ìmí ?gbà, àw?? ara, àti àw?n ojú.[1] Èyí lè fa ìrora àti ìpàdánù àw?n ??yà ìkángun nítorí ìfarapa léraléra.[2] Àìlera àti àìríran dáradára lè wáyé.[2] Orísi àw?n arùn dálé iye irúf?? kòkòrò tí ó wà níb??: paucibacillary àti multibacillary.[2] Àw?n irúf?? méjì yíì yàt?? nípa iye àw?n ohun ayí àw?? padà tí kò dára, àw?n bálabála àw?n ara, p??lú tí o ní márùn tàbí dí?? àti multibacillary tí o ní ju márùn.[2] A sàwarí ìwádìí àìsàn yíì nípa wíwá acid-fast bacilli ní ày??wò ìsú-ara ti aw?? ara tàbí nípa ?ísàwarí DNA nípa polymerase àbájáde ì???l?? t??lét??lé.[2] Ó sábà maa ? ?s?l?? láàrin àw?n tí o ? gbé nínu òsì a sì gbàgb?? pé o maa ? ràn nípa àw?n mímí tí o ? wáyé.[2] O ní àrànm?? tí ó ga.[2] A maa ? wo ??t?? sàn nípa ìt?jú.[1] Ìt?jú fún ??t?? paucibacillary ní àw?n egbògi dapsone àti rifampicin fún osù 6.[2] Ìt?jú fún ??t?? multibacillary ni rifampicin, dapsone, àti clofazimine fún osù méjìlá.[2] Àw?n ìt?jú yíì j?? ??f?? láti ?w?? Àj? Ìlera Àgbayé.[1] ??p?? egbògi a?òdìsí ni a tún lè lò.[2] Lágbayé ní 2012, iye ì??l?? lílé ti ??t?? j?? 189,000 àti iye ì??l?? titun j?? 230,000.[1] Iye ì??l?? líle ti dínkù láti 5.2 mílí??nù ní àw?n ?dún 1980.[1][3][4] ??p?? àw?n ìs?l?? titun wáyé ní oríl??-èdè 16, tí Índíánì sí j?? bíi ìdajì.[1][2] Ní àw?n 20 ?dún s??yìn, 16 mílí??nù àw?n ènìyàn lágbayé ni o ti rí ìwosàn l??w? ??t??.[1] ??t?? ti ? ran àw?n ènìyàn fún àw?n ?gb??rún ?dún s??yìn.[2] Àrùn yí gba orúk? r? láti Látínì ??r?? lepra, tí ó túnm?? sí ""scaly"", nígbà tí ??r?? ""Àrùn Hansen"" wá láti orúk? oní?ègùn Gerhard Armauer Hansen.[2] Yíya àw?n èniyàn s??t?? ní aw?n ìletò ad??t?? ?sì ? wáyé ní àw?n oríl??-èdè bíi Índíánì, p??lú iye ju ?gb??gb??rún l?;[5] ?áínà, p??lú iye ní ?g?g??rùn;[6] àti ní Áfíríkà.[7] Síb??síb??, ??p?? àw?n ìletò kòsí m??.[7] ??t?? ni ó r??m?? àbùkù ìbálóp?? fún ??p?? ìtàn,[1] tí ó j?? ìdènà fún ìfi-ara-?ni sùn àti ìt?jú l??gán. ?j?? ??t?? Àgbayé b??r?? ní 1954 láti mú mím?? nípa wá fún àw?n tí o ní ??t??.[8] Awon ami ati ifarahan Awon ami ti o wopo ti a maa n ri fun eyikeyi arun ete ni bi imu to n se omi, ara gbigbe; arun oju; egbo ara, irewesi si isan; ara pipon; aini imolara ni ika owo ati ese.[9] Siwajusi, epon maa n kere si, ati pe, oko okunri le ma dide daradara.[10] Okunfa M. leprae and M. lepromatosis M. leprae ati M. lepromatosis je mycobacteria ti o n se okunfa ete.[11] M. lepromatosis je mycobacteria ti a sese mo ti a si yo jade lati ara eni ti o ni àrùn ??t?? tó ? tàn kálè? ni odun 2008.[12][13]","For the Biblical term and its varied meanings, see Tzaraath . For other uses, see Leprosy (disambiguation) . ""Leper"" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Ieper , a Belgian city. Leprosy Synonyms Hansen's disease (HD) A 24-year-old man with leprosy (1886) Pronunciation / ˈ l ɛ p r ə s i / Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Decreased ability to feel pain Causes Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis Risk factors Close contact with a case of leprosy, living in poverty Treatment Multidrug therapy Medication Rifampicin , dapsone , clofazimine Frequency 514,000 (2015) [ edit on Wikidata ] Leprosy , also known as Hansen's disease ( HD ), is a long-term infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis . Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves , respiratory tract , skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, thus loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present. Leprosy is spread between people. This is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of an infected person. Leprosy occurs more commonly among those living in poverty. Contrary to popular belief, it is not highly contagious. The two main types of disease are based on the number of bacteria present: paucibacillary and multibacillary. The two types are differentiated by the number of poorly pigmented , numb skin patches present, with paucibacillary having five or fewer and multibacillary having more than five. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding acid-fast bacilli in a biopsy of the skin or by detecting the DNA using polymerase chain reaction . Leprosy is curable with a treatment known as multidrug therapy. Treatment for paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications dapsone and rifampicin for six months. Treatment for multibacillary leprosy consists of rifampicin , dapsone , and clofazimine for 12 months. A number of other antibiotics may also be used. These treatments are provided free of charge by the World Health Organization . Globally in 2012, the number of chronic cases of leprosy was 189,000, down from some 5.2 million in the 1980s. The number of new cases was 230,000. Most new cases occur in 16 countries, with India accounting for more than half. In the past 20 years, 16 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. About 200 cases are reported per year in the United States. Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the Latin word lepra , while the term ""Hansen's disease"" is named after the physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen . Separating people by placing them in leper colonies still occurs in places such as India, China, and Africa. However, most colonies have closed, since leprosy is not very contagious. Social stigma has been associated with leprosy for much of history, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment. Some consider the word ""leper"" offensive, preferring the phrase ""person affected with leprosy"". It is classified as a neglected tropical disease . World Leprosy Day was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy. Contents [ hide ] 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 M. leprae and M. lepromatosis 2.2 Risk factors 2.3 Transmission 2.4 Genetics 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Disease burden 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 India 9.2 Treatment cost 9.3 Historical texts 9.4 Middle Ages 9.5 19th century 9.5.1 Norway 9.5.2 Colonialism and imperialism 9.6 Stigma 9.7 Programs and treatment 9.8 Notable cases 10 Other animals 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Leprosy is mostly a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract ; skin lesions (light or dark patches) are the primary external sign. If untreated, leprosy can progress and cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. Secondary infections, in turn, can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body. Hands deformed by leprosy Leprosy in Tahiti, circa 1895 A 26-year-old woman with leprous lesions A 13-year-old boy with severe leprosy Cause [ edit ] M. leprae and M. lepromatosis [ edit ] M. leprae , one of the causative agents of leprosy: As an acid-fast bacterium, M. leprae appears red when a Ziehl-Neelsen stain is used. Main articles: Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are the causative agents of leprosy. M. lepromatosis is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy in 2008. An intracellular, acid-fast bacterium , M. leprae is aerobic and rod-shaped, and is surrounded by the waxy cell membrane coating characteristic of the Mycobacterium genus. Due to extensive loss of genes necessary for independent growth, M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are obligate intracellular pathogens , and unculturable in the laboratory, a factor that leads to difficulty in definitively identifying the organism under a strict interpretation of Koch's postulates . The use of nonculture-based techniques such as molecular genetics has allowed for alternative establishment of causation. While the causative organisms have to date been impossible to culture in vitro , it has been possible to grow them in animals such as mice and armadillos. Naturally occurring infection also has been reported in nonhuman primates, including the African chimpanzee , sooty mangabey , and cynomolgus macaque, as well as in armadillos and red squirrels . Red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) - a threatened species - in England were found to have leprosy in November 2016. However, no squirrel cases have spread to a human for hundreds of years. Risk factors [ edit ] The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another case of leprosy. Contacts of people with leprosy are five to eight times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population. Leprosy also occurs more commonly among those living in poverty. Other risk factors are poorly understood. However, conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or host genetic differences, may increase the risk of developing leprosy. Despite this, infection with HIV does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy. Transmission [ edit ] Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected. Transmission is proposed to be by nasal droplets, but many questions remain about its mode of transmission and epidemiology. Leprosy is not known to be either sexually transmitted or highly infectious. People are generally no longer infectious after the first month of standard multidrug therapy. Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by armadillos. Two exit routes of M. leprae from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the dermis , but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful. The skin and the upper respiratory tract are most likely entry route. While older research dealt with the skin route, recent research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Experimental transmission of leprosy through aerosols containing M. leprae in immunosuppressed mice was accomplished, suggesting a similar possibility in humans. Genetics [ edit ] Name Locus OMIM Gene LPRS1 10p13 609888 LPRS2 6q25 607572 PARK2 , PACRG LPRS3 4q32 246300 TLR2 LPRS4 6p21.3 610988 LTA LPRS5 4p14 613223 TLR1 LPRS6 13q14.11 613407 Several genes have been associated with a susceptibility to leprosy. Often, the immune system is able to eliminate leprosy during the early infection stage before severe symptoms develop. A defect in cell-mediated immunity may cause susceptibility to leprosy. The region of DNA responsible for this variability is also involved in Parkinson's disease , giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the biochemical level. Some evidence indicates not all people who are infected with M. leprae develop leprosy, and genetic factors have long been thought to play a role, due to the observation of clustering of leprosy around certain families, and the failure to understand why certain individuals develop lepromatous leprosy while others develop other types of leprosy. Pathophysiology [ edit ] How the infection produces the symptoms of the disease is not known. Diagnosis [ edit ] According to the World Health Organization, diagnosis in areas where people are frequently infected is based on one of these main signs: Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss Positive skin smears Skin lesions can be single or multiple, and usually hypopigmented, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored. The lesions may be macules (flat), papules (raised), or nodular. The sensory loss at the skin lesion is important because this feature can help differentiate it from other causes of skin lesions such as tinea versicolor . Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness. However, without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss, muscle weakness is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy. In some cases, acid-fast leprosy bacilli in skin smears are considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is clinical. Diagnosis in areas where the disease is uncommon, such as the United States, is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes. Many kinds of leprosy are known, but some symptoms are common to them, including runny nose, dry scalp, eye problems, skin lesions, muscle weakness, reddish skin, smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand, loss of sensation in fingers and toes, thickening of peripheral nerves, and flat nose due to destruction of nasal cartilage. Also, phonation and resonation of sound occur during speech. Often, atrophy of the testes with resulting impotence occurs. Classification [ edit ] Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist, but parallels exist. The World Health Organization system distinguishes ""paucibacillary"" and ""multibacillary"" based upon the proliferation of bacteria. ("" pauci -"" refers to a low quantity.) The SHAY scale provides five gradations. The ICD-10 , though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate (""I"") entry. In MeSH , three groupings are used. WHO Ridley-Jopling ICD-10 MeSH Description Lepromin test Paucibacillary tuberculoid (""TT""), borderline tuberculoid (""BT"") A30.1, A30.2 Tuberculoid It is characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells. Positive Multibacillary midborderline or borderline (""BB"") A30.3 Borderline Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form. Multibacillary borderline lepromatous (""BL""), and lepromatous (""LL"") A30.4, A30.5 Lepromatous It is associated with symmetric skin lesions , nodules , plaques , thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and nose bleeds , but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late. Negative A difference in immune response to the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms is seen. Leprosy may also be divided into: Early and indeterminate leprosy Tuberculoid leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline lepromatous leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Histoid leprosy Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí This disease may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions. Prevention [ edit ] Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people with leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. However, concerns are known of resistance, cost, and disclosure of a person's infection status when doing follow-up of contacts. Therefore, the WHO recommends that people who live in the same household be examined for leprosy and be treated only if symptoms are present. The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its target of tuberculosis . It appears to be 26 to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one. Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing. Treatment [ edit ] MDT antileprosy drugs: standard regimens A number of leprostatic agents are available for treatment. For paucibacillary (PB or tuberculoid) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and monthly rifampicin for six months is recommended. While for multibacillary (MB or lepromatous) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and clofazimine along with monthly rifampicin for 12 months is recommended. Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose. It is safe and easy to use under field conditions due to its presentation in calendar blister packs. Relapse rates remain low, and no resistance to the combined drugs is seen. Epidemiology [ edit ] Main article: Epidemiology of leprosy World distribution of leprosy, 2003 Disability-adjusted life year for leprosy per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 no data <1.5 1.5–3 3–4.5 4.5–6 6–7.5 7.5–9 9–10.5 10.5–12 12–13.5 13.5–15 15–20 >20 In 2015, the number of cases of leprosy was about 175,000 and the number of new cases was 210,000. As of 2013, 14 countries contain 95% of the globally reported leprosy cases. Of these, India has the greatest number of cases (59%), followed by Brazil (14%) and Indonesia (8%). Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, pockets of high prevalence remain in certain areas such as Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific. The number of cases of leprosy was in the tens of millions in the 1960s; a series of national (the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) and international (the WHO's ""Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy"") initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease. In 1995, two to three million people were estimated to be permanently disabled because of leprosy. Disease burden [ edit ] Although the number of new leprosy cases occurring each year is important as a measure of transmission, it is difficult to measure due to leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and the lack of laboratory tools to detect it in the very early stages. Instead, the registered prevalence is used. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time. New case detection is another indicator of the disease that is usually reported by countries on an annual basis. It includes cases diagnosed with the onset of disease in the year in question (true incidence) and a large proportion of cases with onset in previous years (termed a backlog prevalence of undetected cases). Endemic countries also report the number of new cases with established disabilities at the time of detection, as an indicator of the backlog prevalence. Determination of the time of onset of the disease is, in general, unreliable, is very labor-intensive, and is seldom done in recording these statistics. History [ edit ] Main article: History of leprosy G. H. A. Hansen , discoverer of M. leprae Using comparative genomics, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of M. leprae with specific regional locations. Strain 1 occurs predominantly in Asia, the Pacific region, and East Africa; strain 4, in West Africa and the Caribbean; strain 3 in Europe, North Africa, and the Americas; and strain 2 only in Ethiopia, Malawi , Nepal/north India, and New Caledonia . On the basis of this, they offer a map of the dissemination of leprosy in the world. This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa. The oldest skeletal evidence for the disease date from 2000 BCE, as found in human remains from the archaeological sites of Balathal in India and Harappa in Pakistan. Although retrospectively identifying descriptions of leprosy-like symptoms is difficult, what appears to be leprosy was discussed by Hippocrates in 460 BC. In 1846, Francis Adams produced The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs. Interpretations of the presence of leprosy have been made on the basis of descriptions in ancient Indian (Atharva Veda and Kausika Sutra), Greek, and Middle Eastern documentary sources that describe skin afflictions. Skeletal remains from the second millennium BC, discovered in 2009, represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy. Located at Balathal, in Rajasthan, northwest India, the discoverers suggest that if the disease did migrate from Africa to India, during the third millennium BC ""at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa so as to confirm the African origin of the disease."" A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered in a tomb next to the Old City of Jerusalem dated by radiocarbon methods to 1–50 AD. The causative agent of leprosy, M. leprae , was discovered by G. H. Armauer Hansen in Norway in 1873, making it the first bacterium to be identified as causing disease in humans. The first effective treatment ( promin ) became available in the 1940s. In the 1950s, dapsone was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of clofazimine and rifampicin in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance. MDT combining all three drugs was first recommended by the WHO in 1981. These three antileprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens. Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with mercury —as was syphilis , which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis. Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community. Japan still has sanatoriums (although Japan's sanatoriums no longer have active leprosy cases, nor are survivors held in them by law). The importance of the nasal mucosa in the transmission of M leprae was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa. Society and culture [ edit ] Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century India [ edit ] British India enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898 which institutionalized those affected and segregated them by gender to prevent reproduction. The Act was difficult to enforce but was repealed in 1983 only after MDT therapy had become widely available. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease burden. Treatment cost [ edit ] Between 1995 and 1999, the WHO, with the aid of the Nippon Foundation , supplied all endemic countries with free MDT in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health. This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with donations by the MDT manufacturer Novartis through the WHO. In the latest agreement signed between the company and the WHO in October 2015, the provision of free MDT by the WHO to all endemic countries will run until the end of 2020. At the national level, nongovernment organizations affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of this WHO-supplied MDT by the government. Historical texts [ edit ] Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the Atharava Veda , as early as 2000 BC. Another Indian text, the Laws of Manu (1500 BC),  prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. Biblically speaking, the Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע, --tsaw-rah' -- to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός - lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc.…) as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, and/or discoloration on walls surfaces throughout homes all came under the ""law of leprosy"" (Leviticus 14:54-57). Ancient sources also such as the Talmud (Sifra 63) make clear that tzaraath refers to various types of lesions or stains associated with ritual impurity and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. It may sometimes be a symptom of the disease described in this article but has many other causes, as well. The New Testament describes instances of Jesus healing people with leprosy ( Luke 5 :10), although the precise relationship between this, tzaraath , and Hansen's disease is not established. The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean may be connected to a passage from Leviticus 13: 44-46, among others. Judeo-Christian belief, for some, held that leprosy was of moral consequence, and, as in many societies, early Christians believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. Pope Gregory the Great (540-604) and Isidor of Seville (560-636) considered people with the disease to be heretics. Middle Ages [ edit ] Medieval leper bell It is believed that a rise in leprosy in Europe occurred in the Middle Ages based on the increased number of hospitals created to treat leprosy patients in the 12th and 13th centuries. France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosariums during this period. The social perception in medieval communities was generally one of fear, and those people infected with the disease were thought to be unclean, untrustworthy, and morally corrupt. People with leprosy were also often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence. Segregation from mainstream society was common. The third Lateran Council of 1179 and a 1346 edict by King Edward expelled lepers from city limits. Because of the moral stigma of the disease, methods of treatment were both physical and spiritual, and leprosariums were established under the purview of the church. 19th century [ edit ] Norway [ edit ] Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and for tracking of the rate of infection. Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists Daniel Cornelius Danielssen and Carl Wilhelm Boeck . Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by gender to prevent reproduction. Colonialism and imperialism [ edit ] Father Damien on his deathbed in 1889 Though leprosy in Europe was again on the decline by the 1860s, Western countries embraced isolation treatment out of fear of the spread of disease from developing countries, minimal understanding of bacteriology, lack of diagnostic ability or knowledge of how contagious the disease was, and missionary activity. Growing imperialism and pressures of the industrial revolution resulted in a Western presence in countries where leprosy was endemic, namely the British presence in India. Isolation treatment methods were observed by Surgeon-Mayor Henry Vandyke Carter of the British Colony in India while visiting Norway, and these methods were applied in India with the financial and logistical assistance of religious missionaries. Colonial and religious influence and associated stigma continued to be a major factor in the treatment and public perception of leprosy in endemic developing countries until the mid-twentieth century. Stigma [ edit ] See also: Leprosy stigma Despite effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in endemic developing countries. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished or marginalized populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by other social inequities. Fears of ostracism, loss of employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment. Folk models of belief, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those afflicted in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is transmitted by dogs, it is a disease associated with sexual promiscuity, and is sometimes thought to be punishment for sins or moral transgressions. Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions. In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an ""untouchable"" status that ""often persists long after (individuals with leprosy) have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks."" Programs and treatment [ edit ] The WHO states that diagnosis and treatment with MDT are easy and effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since MDT has become more widely available. The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information. In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and NGOs alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful. Notable cases [ edit ] Saint Damien DeVeuster , a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium, himself eventually contracting leprosy, ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on the island of Molokaʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi . Baldwin IV of Jerusalem was a Christian king of Latin Jerusalem afflicted with leprosy. King Henry IV of England (reigned 1399 to 1413) possibly had leprosy. Vietnamese poet Hàn Mặc Tử Ōtani Yoshitsugu , a Japanese daimyō Forough Farrokhzad made a 22-minute documentary about a leprosy colony in Iran in 1962 called The House Is Black . The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that ""there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it."" Other animals [ edit ] Wild nine-banded armadillos ( Dayspus novemcinctus ) in south central United States often carry Mycobacterium leprae . This is believed to be because armadillos have such a low body temperature. Leprosy lesions appear mainly in cooler body regions such as the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract . Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are hard to see. Abrasions around the eyes, nose and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of M. leprae and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions did not persist at the site of entry in animals, M. leprae multiplied in macrophages at the site of inoculation and lymph nodes. See also [ edit ] Noma (disease) References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Classification V · T · D ICD - 10 : A30 ICD - 9-CM : 030 OMIM : 246300 MeSH : D007918 DiseasesDB : 8478 External resources MedlinePlus : 001347 eMedicine : med/1281 derm/223 neuro/187 Patient UK : Leprosy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leprosy . Leprosy at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Links and resources Links to information about leprosy selected by the World Health Organization" 5911493209701662317,train,where does the bacteria that causes leprosy come from,"Leprosy is spread between people and possibly from armadillos. This is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of an infected person. Leprosy occurs more commonly among those living in poverty. Contrary to popular belief, it is not highly contagious. The two main types of disease are based on the number of bacteria present : paucibacillary and multibacillary. The two types are differentiated by the number of poorly pigmented, numb skin patches present, with paucibacillary having five or fewer and multibacillary having more than five. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding acid - fast bacilli in a biopsy of the skin or by detecting the DNA using polymerase chain reaction.","['in south south nigeria,[2]:222 bordering cameroon to the east.']",ibo ni kòkòrò tó ń fa àrùn ẹ̀tẹ̀ ti wá?,Yes,"['Orísi àwọn arùn dálé iye irúfẹ́ kòkòrò tí ó wà níbẹ̀: paucibacillary àti multibacillary.\xa0Àwọn irúfẹ́ méjì yíì yàtọ̀ nípa iye àwọn\xa0ohun ayí àwọ̀ padà tí kò dára, àwọn bálabála àwọn ara, pẹ̀lú tí o ní márùn tàbí díẹ̀ àti multibacillary tí o ní ju márùn.\xa0A sàwarí ìwádìí àìsàn yíì nípa wíwá\xa0acid-fast bacilli\xa0ní àyẹ̀wò ìsú-ara ti awọ̀ ara tàbí nípa ṣísàwarí DNA nípa\xa0polymerase àbájáde ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tẹ̀létẹ̀lé.\xa0Ó sábà maa ń ṣsẹlẹ̀ láàrin àwọn tí o ń gbé nínu òsì a sì gbàgbọ́ pé o maa ń ràn nípa àwọn mímí tí o ń wáyé.\xa0O ní àrànmọ́ tí ó ga.']",['Ó sábà maa ń ṣsẹlẹ̀ láàrin àwọn tí o ń gbé nínu òsì a sì gbàgbọ́ pé o maa ń ràn nípa àwọn mímí tí o ń wáyé.'],['P2'],1,0,"??t?? ??t??, tí a tún m??sí Àrùn Hansen (HD), j??? bárakú àkóràn ti kòkòrò àrùn Mycobacterium leprae[1] àti Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Lák?k??, àw?n àkóràn kòní àw?n aamì w??n sì wà báyì fún ?dún 5 l?sí 20 ?dún.[1] Àw?n aamì tí o ? farahàn ni granuloma ti àw?n isan im??, ibi at??gùn ìmí ?gbà, àw?? ara, àti àw?n ojú.[1] Èyí lè fa ìrora àti ìpàdánù àw?n ??yà ìkángun nítorí ìfarapa léraléra.[2] Àìlera àti àìríran dáradára lè wáyé.[2] Orísi àw?n arùn dálé iye irúf?? kòkòrò tí ó wà níb??: paucibacillary àti multibacillary.[2] Àw?n irúf?? méjì yíì yàt?? nípa iye àw?n ohun ayí àw?? padà tí kò dára, àw?n bálabála àw?n ara, p??lú tí o ní márùn tàbí dí?? àti multibacillary tí o ní ju márùn.[2] A sàwarí ìwádìí àìsàn yíì nípa wíwá acid-fast bacilli ní ày??wò ìsú-ara ti aw?? ara tàbí nípa ?ísàwarí DNA nípa polymerase àbájáde ì???l?? t??lét??lé.[2] Ó sábà maa ? ?s?l?? láàrin àw?n tí o ? gbé nínu òsì a sì gbàgb?? pé o maa ? ràn nípa àw?n mímí tí o ? wáyé.[2] O ní àrànm?? tí ó ga.[2] A maa ? wo ??t?? sàn nípa ìt?jú.[1] Ìt?jú fún ??t?? paucibacillary ní àw?n egbògi dapsone àti rifampicin fún osù 6.[2] Ìt?jú fún ??t?? multibacillary ni rifampicin, dapsone, àti clofazimine fún osù méjìlá.[2] Àw?n ìt?jú yíì j?? ??f?? láti ?w?? Àj? Ìlera Àgbayé.[1] ??p?? egbògi a?òdìsí ni a tún lè lò.[2] Lágbayé ní 2012, iye ì??l?? lílé ti ??t?? j?? 189,000 àti iye ì??l?? titun j?? 230,000.[1] Iye ì??l?? líle ti dínkù láti 5.2 mílí??nù ní àw?n ?dún 1980.[1][3][4] ??p?? àw?n ìs?l?? titun wáyé ní oríl??-èdè 16, tí Índíánì sí j?? bíi ìdajì.[1][2] Ní àw?n 20 ?dún s??yìn, 16 mílí??nù àw?n ènìyàn lágbayé ni o ti rí ìwosàn l??w? ??t??.[1] ??t?? ti ? ran àw?n ènìyàn fún àw?n ?gb??rún ?dún s??yìn.[2] Àrùn yí gba orúk? r? láti Látínì ??r?? lepra, tí ó túnm?? sí ""scaly"", nígbà tí ??r?? ""Àrùn Hansen"" wá láti orúk? oní?ègùn Gerhard Armauer Hansen.[2] Yíya àw?n èniyàn s??t?? ní aw?n ìletò ad??t?? ?sì ? wáyé ní àw?n oríl??-èdè bíi Índíánì, p??lú iye ju ?gb??gb??rún l?;[5] ?áínà, p??lú iye ní ?g?g??rùn;[6] àti ní Áfíríkà.[7] Síb??síb??, ??p?? àw?n ìletò kòsí m??.[7] ??t?? ni ó r??m?? àbùkù ìbálóp?? fún ??p?? ìtàn,[1] tí ó j?? ìdènà fún ìfi-ara-?ni sùn àti ìt?jú l??gán. ?j?? ??t?? Àgbayé b??r?? ní 1954 láti mú mím?? nípa wá fún àw?n tí o ní ??t??.[8] Awon ami ati ifarahan Awon ami ti o wopo ti a maa n ri fun eyikeyi arun ete ni bi imu to n se omi, ara gbigbe; arun oju; egbo ara, irewesi si isan; ara pipon; aini imolara ni ika owo ati ese.[9] Siwajusi, epon maa n kere si, ati pe, oko okunri le ma dide daradara.[10] Okunfa M. leprae and M. lepromatosis M. leprae ati M. lepromatosis je mycobacteria ti o n se okunfa ete.[11] M. lepromatosis je mycobacteria ti a sese mo ti a si yo jade lati ara eni ti o ni àrùn ??t?? tó ? tàn kálè? ni odun 2008.[12][13]","For other uses, see Leprosy (disambiguation) . Leprosy Synonyms Hansen's disease (HD) A 24-year-old man with leprosy (1886) Pronunciation / ˈ l ɛ p r ə s i / Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Decreased ability to feel pain Causes Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis Risk factors Close contact with a case of leprosy, living in poverty Treatment Multidrug therapy Medication Rifampicin , dapsone , clofazimine Frequency 514,000 (2015) Leprosy , also known as Hansen's disease ( HD ), is a long-term infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis . Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves , respiratory tract , skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present. Leprosy is spread between people and possibly from armadillos . This is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of an infected person. Leprosy occurs more commonly among those living in poverty. Contrary to popular belief, it is not highly contagious. The two main types of disease are based on the number of bacteria present: paucibacillary and multibacillary. The two types are differentiated by the number of poorly pigmented , numb skin patches present, with paucibacillary having five or fewer and multibacillary having more than five. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding acid-fast bacilli in a biopsy of the skin or by detecting the DNA using polymerase chain reaction . Leprosy is curable with a treatment known as multidrug therapy. Treatment for paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications dapsone and rifampicin for six months. Treatment for multibacillary leprosy consists of rifampicin , dapsone , and clofazimine for 12 months. A number of other antibiotics may also be used. These treatments are provided free of charge by the World Health Organization . Globally in 2012, the number of chronic cases of leprosy was 189,000, down from some 5.2 million in the 1980s. The number of new cases was 230,000. Most new cases occur in 16 countries, with India accounting for more than half. In the past 20 years, 16 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. About 200 cases are reported per year in the United States. Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the Greek word λέπρᾱ ( léprā ), from λεπῐ́ς ( lepís ; ""scale""), while the term ""Hansen's disease"" is named after the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen . Separating people by placing them in leper colonies still occurs in places such as India, China, and Africa. However, most colonies have closed, since leprosy is not very contagious. Social stigma has been associated with leprosy for much of history, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment. Some consider the word ""leper"" offensive, preferring the phrase ""person affected with leprosy"". It is classified as a neglected tropical disease . World Leprosy Day was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 M. leprae and M. lepromatosis 2.2 Risk factors 2.3 Transmission 2.4 Genetics 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 Anti-leprosy medication 6.2 Skin changes 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Disease burden 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 India 9.2 Treatment cost 9.3 Historical texts 9.4 Middle Ages 9.5 19th century 9.5.1 Norway 9.5.2 Colonialism and imperialism 9.6 Stigma 9.7 Programs and treatment 9.8 Notable cases 10 Other animals 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Skin lesions on the thigh of a person with leprosy. Hands deformed by leprosy The first noticeable sign of leprosy is often the development of pale or pinkish patches of skin that may be insensitive to temperature or pain. This is sometimes accompanied or preceded by nerve problems including numbness or tenderness in the hands or feet. Secondary infections, in turn, can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body. Approximately 30% of people experience nerve damage, and the nerve damage sustained is irreversible, even with treatment of the infection. Damage to nerves may cause sensation abnormalities, which may lead to infection, ulceration, and joint deformity. Cause [ edit ] M. leprae and M. lepromatosis [ edit ] M. leprae , one of the causative agents of leprosy: As an acid-fast bacterium, M. leprae appears red when a Ziehl-Neelsen stain is used. Main articles: Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are the causative agents of leprosy. M. lepromatosis is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy in 2008. An intracellular, acid-fast bacterium , M. leprae is aerobic and rod-shaped, and is surrounded by the waxy cell membrane coating characteristic of the genus Mycobacterium . Due to extensive loss of genes necessary for independent growth, M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are obligate intracellular pathogens , and unculturable in the laboratory, a factor that leads to difficulty in definitively identifying the organism under a strict interpretation of Koch's postulates . The use of nonculture-based techniques such as molecular genetics has allowed for alternative establishment of causation. While the causative organisms have to date been impossible to culture in vitro , it has been possible to grow them in animals such as mice and armadillos. Naturally occurring infection also has been reported in nonhuman primates, including the African chimpanzee , sooty mangabey , and cynomolgus macaque, as well as in armadillos and red squirrels . Red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) - a threatened species - in England were found to have leprosy in November 2016. However, no squirrel cases have spread to a human for hundreds of years. [ medical citation needed ] Risk factors [ edit ] The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another case of leprosy. Contacts of people with leprosy are five to eight times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population. Leprosy also occurs more commonly among those living in poverty. Other risk factors are poorly understood. However, conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or host genetic differences, may increase the risk of developing leprosy. Despite this, infection with HIV does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy. Transmission [ edit ] Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected. Transmission is proposed to be by nasal droplets, but many questions remain about its mode of transmission and epidemiology. Leprosy is not known to be either sexually transmitted or highly infectious. People are generally no longer infectious after the first month of standard multidrug therapy. Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by armadillos . Two exit routes of M. leprae from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the dermis , but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful. The skin and the upper respiratory tract are most likely entry route. While older research dealt with the skin route, recent research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Experimental transmission of leprosy through aerosols containing M. leprae in immunosuppressed mice was accomplished, suggesting a similar possibility in humans. Genetics [ edit ] Name Locus OMIM Gene LPRS1 10p13 609888 LPRS2 6q25 607572 PARK2 , PACRG LPRS3 4q32 246300 TLR2 LPRS4 6p21.3 610988 LTA LPRS5 4p14 613223 TLR1 LPRS6 13q14.11 613407 Several genes have been associated with a susceptibility to leprosy. Often, the immune system is able to eliminate leprosy during the early infection stage before severe symptoms develop. A defect in cell-mediated immunity may cause susceptibility to leprosy. The region of DNA responsible for this variability is also involved in Parkinson's disease , giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the biochemical level. Some evidence indicates not all people who are infected with M. leprae develop leprosy, and genetic factors have long been thought to play a role, due to the observation of clustering of leprosy around certain families, and the failure to understand why certain individuals develop lepromatous leprosy while others develop other types of leprosy. Pathophysiology [ edit ] How the infection produces the symptoms of the disease is not known. Diagnosis [ edit ] According to the World Health Organization, diagnosis in areas where people are frequently infected is based on one of these main signs: Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss Positive skin smears Skin lesions can be single or multiple, and usually hypopigmented, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored. The lesions may be macules (flat), papules (raised), or nodular. The sensory loss at the skin lesion is important because this feature can help differentiate it from other causes of skin lesions such as tinea versicolor . Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness. However, without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss, muscle weakness is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy. In some cases, acid-fast leprosy bacilli in skin smears are considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is clinical. Diagnosis in areas where the disease is uncommon, such as the United States, is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes. Many kinds of leprosy are known, but some symptoms are common to them, including runny nose, dry scalp, eye problems, skin lesions, muscle weakness, reddish skin, smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand, loss of sensation in fingers and toes, thickening of peripheral nerves, and flat nose due to destruction of nasal cartilage. Also, phonation and resonation of sound occur during speech. Often, atrophy of the testes with resulting impotence occurs. Classification [ edit ] Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist, but parallels exist. The World Health Organization system distinguishes ""paucibacillary"" and ""multibacillary"" based upon the proliferation of bacteria. ("" pauci -"" refers to a low quantity.) The Ridley-Jopling scale provides five gradations. The ICD-10 , though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate (""I"") entry. In MeSH , three groupings are used. WHO Ridley-Jopling ICD-10 MeSH Description Lepromin test Paucibacillary tuberculoid (""TT""), borderline tuberculoid (""BT"") A30.1, A30.2 Tuberculoid It is characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells. Positive Multibacillary midborderline or borderline (""BB"") A30.3 Borderline Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form. Multibacillary borderline lepromatous (""BL""), and lepromatous (""LL"") A30.4, A30.5 Lepromatous It is associated with symmetric skin lesions , nodules , plaques , thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and nose bleeds , but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late. Negative A difference in immune response to the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms is seen. Leprosy may also be divided into: Early and indeterminate leprosy Tuberculoid leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline lepromatous leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Histoid leprosy Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí This disease may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions. Prevention [ edit ] Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people with leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. However, concerns are known of resistance, cost, and disclosure of a person's infection status when doing follow-up of contacts. Therefore, the WHO recommends that people who live in the same household be examined for leprosy and be treated only if symptoms are present. The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its target of tuberculosis . It appears to be 26 to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one. Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing. Treatment [ edit ] MDT antileprosy drugs: standard regimens Anti-leprosy medication [ edit ] A number of leprostatic agents are available for treatment. For paucibacillary (PB or tuberculoid) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and monthly rifampicin for six months is recommended, while for multibacillary (MB or lepromatous) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and clofazimine along with monthly rifampicin for 12 months is recommended. Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose. It is safe and easy to use under field conditions due to its presentation in calendar blister packs. Relapse rates remain low, and no resistance to the combined drugs is seen. Skin changes [ edit ] In those with nerve damage, protective footwear can prevent ulcers and secondary infection. Canvas shoes have been shown to be slightly more efficacious than PVC-boots, but not significantly, in promoting healing. There seems to be no difference between double rocker shoes and below-knee plaster. Topical ketanserin seems to have a better effect on ulcer healing than clioquinol cream or zinc paste, but the evidence for this is weak. Likewise, topical phenytoin has shown more efficacy than saline dressings. More research in ulcer prevention and treatment in leprosy is needed to better guide management of skin changes caused by leprosy-induced nerve damage. Epidemiology [ edit ] Main article: Epidemiology of leprosy World distribution of leprosy, 2003 Disability-adjusted life year for leprosy per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 no data <1.5 1.5–3 3–4.5 4.5–6 6–7.5 7.5–9 9–10.5 10.5–12 12–13.5 13.5–15 15–20 >20 In 2015, the number of cases of leprosy was about 175,000 and the number of new cases was 210,000. As of 2013, 14 countries contain 95% of the globally reported leprosy cases. Of these, India has the greatest number of cases (59%), followed by Brazil (14%) and Indonesia (8%). Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, pockets of high prevalence remain in certain areas such as Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific. The number of cases of leprosy was in the tens of millions in the 1960s; a series of national (the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) and international (the WHO's ""Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy"") initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease. In 1995, two to three million people were estimated to be permanently disabled because of leprosy. Disease burden [ edit ] Although the number of new leprosy cases occurring each year is important as a measure of transmission, it is difficult to measure due to leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and the lack of laboratory tools to detect it in the very early stages. Instead, the registered prevalence is used. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time. New case detection is another indicator of the disease that is usually reported by countries on an annual basis. It includes cases diagnosed with the onset of disease in the year in question (true incidence) and a large proportion of cases with onset in previous years (termed a backlog prevalence of undetected cases). Endemic countries also report the number of new cases with established disabilities at the time of detection, as an indicator of the backlog prevalence. Determination of the time of onset of the disease is, in general, unreliable, is very labor-intensive, and is seldom done in recording these statistics. History [ edit ] Main article: History of leprosy See also: Tzaraath G. H. A. Hansen , discoverer of M. leprae Using comparative genomics, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of M. leprae with specific regional locations. Strain 1 occurs predominantly in Asia, the Pacific region, and East Africa; strain 4, in West Africa and the Caribbean; strain 3 in Europe, North Africa, and the Americas; and strain 2 only in Ethiopia, Malawi , Nepal/north India, and New Caledonia . On the basis of this, they offer a map of the dissemination of leprosy in the world. This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa. The oldest skeletal evidence for the disease date from 2000 BCE, as found in human remains from the archaeological sites of Balathal in India and Harappa in Pakistan. Although retrospectively identifying descriptions of leprosy-like symptoms is difficult, what appears to be leprosy was discussed by Hippocrates in 460 BC. In 1846, Francis Adams produced The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs. Interpretations of the presence of leprosy have been made on the basis of descriptions in ancient Indian (Atharva Veda and Kausika Sutra), Greek, and Middle Eastern documentary sources that describe skin afflictions. Leprosy probably did not exist in Greece or Israel before Common Era. It did not exist in the Americas before colonization by modern Europeans. Skeletal remains from the second millennium BC, discovered in 2009, represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy. Located at Balathal, in Rajasthan, northwest India, the discoverers suggest that if the disease did migrate from Africa to India, during the third millennium BC ""at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa so as to confirm the African origin of the disease."" A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered in a tomb next to the Old City of Jerusalem dated by radiocarbon methods to 1–50 AD. However, a study published in 2018 found the oldest strains of leprosy in remains from Europe, the oldest strain being from Great Chesterford and dating back to 415 to 545 AD. These findings suggest a different path for the spread of leprosy where it may have originated in Western Eurasia. This study also indicates that there were more strains in Europe at the time than previously determined. The causative agent of leprosy, M. leprae , was discovered by G. H. Armauer Hansen in Norway in 1873, making it the first bacterium to be identified as causing disease in humans. The first effective treatment ( promin ) became available in the 1940s. In the 1950s, dapsone was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of clofazimine and rifampicin in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance. MDT combining all three drugs was first recommended by the WHO in 1981. These three antileprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens. Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with mercury —as was syphilis , which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis. Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community. Japan still has sanatoriums (although Japan's sanatoriums no longer have active leprosy cases, nor are survivors held in them by law). The importance of the nasal mucosa in the transmission of M leprae was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa. Society and culture [ edit ] Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century India [ edit ] British India enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898 which institutionalized those affected and segregated them by sex to prevent reproduction. The Act was difficult to enforce but was repealed in 1983 only after MDT therapy had become widely available. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease burden. Treatment cost [ edit ] Between 1995 and 1999, the WHO, with the aid of the Nippon Foundation , supplied all endemic countries with free MDT in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health. This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with donations by the MDT manufacturer Novartis through the WHO. In the latest agreement signed between the company and the WHO in October 2015, the provision of free MDT by the WHO to all endemic countries will run until the end of 2020. At the national level, nongovernment organizations affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of this WHO-supplied MDT by the government. Historical texts [ edit ] Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the Atharava Veda , as early as 2000 BC. Another Indian text, the Manusmriti (1500 BC),  prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. Biblically speaking, the Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע, --tsaw-rah' -- to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός - lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc.…) as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, and/or discoloration on walls surfaces throughout homes all came under the ""law of leprosy"" (Leviticus 14:54-57). Ancient sources also such as the Talmud (Sifra 63) make clear that tzaraath refers to various types of lesions or stains associated with ritual impurity and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. It may sometimes be a symptom of the disease described in this article but has many other causes, as well. The New Testament describes instances of Jesus healing people with leprosy Luke 17:11, although the precise relationship between this, tzaraath , and Hansen's disease is not established. The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean may be connected to a passage from Leviticus 13: 44-46, among others. Judeo-Christian belief, for some, held that leprosy was of moral consequence, and, as in many societies, early Christians believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. Pope Gregory the Great (540-604) and Isidor of Seville (560-636) considered people with the disease to be heretics. Middle Ages [ edit ] Medieval leper bell It is believed that a rise in leprosy in Europe occurred in the Middle Ages based on the increased number of hospitals created to treat leprosy patients in the 12th and 13th centuries. France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosariums during this period. The social perception in medieval communities was generally one of fear, and those people infected with the disease were thought to be unclean, untrustworthy, and morally corrupt. People with leprosy were also often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence. Segregation from mainstream society was common. The third Lateran Council of 1179 and a 1346 edict by King Edward expelled lepers from city limits. Because of the moral stigma of the disease, methods of treatment were both physical and spiritual, and leprosariums were established under the purview of the church. 19th century [ edit ] Norway [ edit ] Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and for tracking of the rate of infection. Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists Daniel Cornelius Danielssen and Carl Wilhelm Boeck . Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by sex to prevent reproduction. Colonialism and imperialism [ edit ] Father Damien on his deathbed in 1889 Though leprosy in Europe was again on the decline by the 1860s, Western countries embraced isolation treatment out of fear of the spread of disease from developing countries, minimal understanding of bacteriology, lack of diagnostic ability or knowledge of how contagious the disease was, and missionary activity. Growing imperialism and pressures of the industrial revolution resulted in a Western presence in countries where leprosy was endemic, namely the British presence in India. Isolation treatment methods were observed by Surgeon-Mayor Henry Vandyke Carter of the British Colony in India while visiting Norway, and these methods were applied in India with the financial and logistical assistance of religious missionaries. Colonial and religious influence and associated stigma continued to be a major factor in the treatment and public perception of leprosy in endemic developing countries until the mid-twentieth century. Stigma [ edit ] See also: Leprosy stigma Despite effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in developing countries where the disease is common. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished or marginalized populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by other social inequities. Fears of ostracism, loss of employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment. Folk beliefs, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those afflicted in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is transmitted by dogs, it is a disease associated with sexual promiscuity, and is sometimes thought to be punishment for sins or moral transgressions. Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions. In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an ""untouchable"" status that ""often persists long after (individuals with leprosy) have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks."" Leprosy in Tahiti, circa 1895 A 26-year-old woman with leprous lesions A 13-year-old boy with severe leprosy Programs and treatment [ edit ] The WHO states that diagnosis and treatment with MDT are easy and effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since MDT has become more widely available. The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information. In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and NGOs alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful. Notable cases [ edit ] Saint Damien DeVeuster , a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium, himself eventually contracting leprosy, ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on the island of Molokaʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi . Baldwin IV of Jerusalem was a Christian king of Latin Jerusalem afflicted with leprosy. King Henry IV of England (reigned 1399 to 1413) possibly had leprosy. Vietnamese poet Hàn Mặc Tử Ōtani Yoshitsugu , a Japanese daimyō Forough Farrokhzad made a 22-minute documentary about a leprosy colony in Iran in 1962 called The House Is Black . The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that ""there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it."" Other animals [ edit ] Wild nine-banded armadillos ( Dayspus novemcinctus ) in south central United States often carry Mycobacterium leprae . This is believed to be because armadillos have such a low body temperature. Leprosy lesions appear mainly in cooler body regions such as the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract . Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are hard to see. Abrasions around the eyes, nose and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of M. leprae and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions did not persist at the site of entry in animals, M. leprae multiplied in macrophages at the site of inoculation and lymph nodes. See also [ edit ] Noma (disease) References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : A30 ICD - 9-CM : 030 OMIM : 246300 MeSH : D007918 DiseasesDB : 8478 External resources MedlinePlus : 001347 eMedicine : med/1281 derm/223 neuro/187 Patient UK : Leprosy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leprosy . Leprosy at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Links and resources Links to information about leprosy selected by the World Health Organization" -1254288842643476635,train,where is leprosy most commonly found in the world,"British India enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898 which institutionalized those affected and segregated them by gender to prevent reproduction. The Act was difficult to enforce but was repealed in 1983 only after MDT therapy had become widely available. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease burden.","[""24 october 1945', 'to promote international cooperation', 'to create and maintain international order"", ""24 october 1945', 'maintaining international peace and security', 'promoting human rights', 'fostering social and economic development', 'protecting the environment', 'providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict"", '24 october 1945', 'the un trusteeship council', 'general assembly']",ibo ni àrùn ẹ̀tẹ̀ ti wọ́pọ̀ jù lọ láyé,Yes,"['Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ìsẹlẹ̀ titun wáyé ní orílẹ̀-èdè 16, tí Índíánì sí jẹ̀ bíi ìdajì.']",['Índíánì'],['P3'],0,0,"??t?? ??t??, tí a tún m??sí Àrùn Hansen (HD), j??? bárakú àkóràn ti kòkòrò àrùn Mycobacterium leprae[1] àti Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Lák?k??, àw?n àkóràn kòní àw?n aamì w??n sì wà báyì fún ?dún 5 l?sí 20 ?dún.[1] Àw?n aamì tí o ? farahàn ni granuloma ti àw?n isan im??, ibi at??gùn ìmí ?gbà, àw?? ara, àti àw?n ojú.[1] Èyí lè fa ìrora àti ìpàdánù àw?n ??yà ìkángun nítorí ìfarapa léraléra.[2] Àìlera àti àìríran dáradára lè wáyé.[2] Orísi àw?n arùn dálé iye irúf?? kòkòrò tí ó wà níb??: paucibacillary àti multibacillary.[2] Àw?n irúf?? méjì yíì yàt?? nípa iye àw?n ohun ayí àw?? padà tí kò dára, àw?n bálabála àw?n ara, p??lú tí o ní márùn tàbí dí?? àti multibacillary tí o ní ju márùn.[2] A sàwarí ìwádìí àìsàn yíì nípa wíwá acid-fast bacilli ní ày??wò ìsú-ara ti aw?? ara tàbí nípa ?ísàwarí DNA nípa polymerase àbájáde ì???l?? t??lét??lé.[2] Ó sábà maa ? ?s?l?? láàrin àw?n tí o ? gbé nínu òsì a sì gbàgb?? pé o maa ? ràn nípa àw?n mímí tí o ? wáyé.[2] O ní àrànm?? tí ó ga.[2] A maa ? wo ??t?? sàn nípa ìt?jú.[1] Ìt?jú fún ??t?? paucibacillary ní àw?n egbògi dapsone àti rifampicin fún osù 6.[2] Ìt?jú fún ??t?? multibacillary ni rifampicin, dapsone, àti clofazimine fún osù méjìlá.[2] Àw?n ìt?jú yíì j?? ??f?? láti ?w?? Àj? Ìlera Àgbayé.[1] ??p?? egbògi a?òdìsí ni a tún lè lò.[2] Lágbayé ní 2012, iye ì??l?? lílé ti ??t?? j?? 189,000 àti iye ì??l?? titun j?? 230,000.[1] Iye ì??l?? líle ti dínkù láti 5.2 mílí??nù ní àw?n ?dún 1980.[1][3][4] ??p?? àw?n ìs?l?? titun wáyé ní oríl??-èdè 16, tí Índíánì sí j?? bíi ìdajì.[1][2] Ní àw?n 20 ?dún s??yìn, 16 mílí??nù àw?n ènìyàn lágbayé ni o ti rí ìwosàn l??w? ??t??.[1] ??t?? ti ? ran àw?n ènìyàn fún àw?n ?gb??rún ?dún s??yìn.[2] Àrùn yí gba orúk? r? láti Látínì ??r?? lepra, tí ó túnm?? sí ""scaly"", nígbà tí ??r?? ""Àrùn Hansen"" wá láti orúk? oní?ègùn Gerhard Armauer Hansen.[2] Yíya àw?n èniyàn s??t?? ní aw?n ìletò ad??t?? ?sì ? wáyé ní àw?n oríl??-èdè bíi Índíánì, p??lú iye ju ?gb??gb??rún l?;[5] ?áínà, p??lú iye ní ?g?g??rùn;[6] àti ní Áfíríkà.[7] Síb??síb??, ??p?? àw?n ìletò kòsí m??.[7] ??t?? ni ó r??m?? àbùkù ìbálóp?? fún ??p?? ìtàn,[1] tí ó j?? ìdènà fún ìfi-ara-?ni sùn àti ìt?jú l??gán. ?j?? ??t?? Àgbayé b??r?? ní 1954 láti mú mím?? nípa wá fún àw?n tí o ní ??t??.[8] Awon ami ati ifarahan Awon ami ti o wopo ti a maa n ri fun eyikeyi arun ete ni bi imu to n se omi, ara gbigbe; arun oju; egbo ara, irewesi si isan; ara pipon; aini imolara ni ika owo ati ese.[9] Siwajusi, epon maa n kere si, ati pe, oko okunri le ma dide daradara.[10] Okunfa M. leprae and M. lepromatosis M. leprae ati M. lepromatosis je mycobacteria ti o n se okunfa ete.[11] M. lepromatosis je mycobacteria ti a sese mo ti a si yo jade lati ara eni ti o ni àrùn ??t?? tó ? tàn kálè? ni odun 2008.[12][13]","For the Biblical term and its varied meanings, see Tzaraath . For other uses, see Leprosy (disambiguation) . ""Leper"" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Ieper , a Belgian city. Leprosy Synonyms Hansen's disease (HD) A 24-year-old man with leprosy (1886) Pronunciation / ˈ l ɛ p r ə s i / Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Decreased ability to feel pain Causes Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis Risk factors Close contact with a case of leprosy, living in poverty Treatment Multidrug therapy Medication Rifampicin , dapsone , clofazimine Frequency 514,000 (2015) Leprosy , also known as Hansen's disease ( HD ), is a long-term infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis . Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves , respiratory tract , skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, thus loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present. Leprosy is spread between people. This is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of an infected person. Leprosy occurs more commonly among those living in poverty. Contrary to popular belief, it is not highly contagious. The two main types of disease are based on the number of bacteria present: paucibacillary and multibacillary. The two types are differentiated by the number of poorly pigmented , numb skin patches present, with paucibacillary having five or fewer and multibacillary having more than five. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding acid-fast bacilli in a biopsy of the skin or by detecting the DNA using polymerase chain reaction . Leprosy is curable with a treatment known as multidrug therapy. Treatment for paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications dapsone and rifampicin for six months. Treatment for multibacillary leprosy consists of rifampicin , dapsone , and clofazimine for 12 months. A number of other antibiotics may also be used. These treatments are provided free of charge by the World Health Organization . Globally in 2012, the number of chronic cases of leprosy was 189,000, down from some 5.2 million in the 1980s. The number of new cases was 230,000. Most new cases occur in 16 countries, with India accounting for more than half. In the past 20 years, 16 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. About 200 cases are reported per year in the United States. Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the Greek word lepra , while the term ""Hansen's disease"" is named after the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen . Separating people by placing them in leper colonies still occurs in places such as India, China, and Africa. However, most colonies have closed, since leprosy is not very contagious. Social stigma has been associated with leprosy for much of history, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease . World Leprosy Day was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy. Contents [ hide ] 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 M. leprae and M. lepromatosis 2.2 Risk factors 2.3 Transmission 2.4 Genetics 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Disease burden 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 India 9.2 Treatment cost 9.3 Historical texts 9.4 Middle Ages 9.5 19th century 9.5.1 Norway 9.5.2 Colonialism and imperialism 9.6 Stigma 9.7 Programs and treatment 9.8 Notable cases 10 Other animals 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Leprosy is mostly a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract ; skin lesions (light or dark patches) are the primary external sign. If untreated, leprosy can progress and cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. Secondary infections, in turn, can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body. Hands deformed by leprosy Leprosy in Tahiti, circa 1895 A 26-year-old woman with leprous lesions A 13-year-old boy with severe leprosy Cause [ edit ] M. leprae and M. lepromatosis [ edit ] M. leprae , one of the causative agents of leprosy: As an acid-fast bacterium, M. leprae appears red when a Ziehl-Neelsen stain is used. Main articles: Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are the causative agents of leprosy. M. lepromatosis is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy in 2008. An intracellular, acid-fast bacterium , M. leprae is aerobic and rod-shaped, and is surrounded by the waxy cell membrane coating characteristic of the Mycobacterium genus. Due to extensive loss of genes necessary for independent growth, M. leprae and M. lepromatosis are obligate intracellular pathogens , and unculturable in the laboratory, a factor that leads to difficulty in definitively identifying the organism under a strict interpretation of Koch's postulates . The use of nonculture-based techniques such as molecular genetics has allowed for alternative establishment of causation. While the causative organisms have to date been impossible to culture in vitro , it has been possible to grow them in animals such as mice and armadillos. Naturally occurring infection also has been reported in nonhuman primates, including the African chimpanzee , sooty mangabey , and cynomolgus macaque, as well as in armadillos and red squirrels . Red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) - a threatened species - in England were found to have leprosy in November 2016. However, no squirrel cases have spread to a human for hundreds of years. Risk factors [ edit ] The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another case of leprosy. Contacts of people with leprosy are five to eight times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population. Leprosy also occurs more commonly among those living in poverty. Other risk factors are poorly understood. However, conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or host genetic differences, may increase the risk of developing leprosy. Despite this, infection with HIV does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy. Transmission [ edit ] Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected. Transmission is proposed to be by nasal droplets, but many questions remain about its mode of transmission and epidemiology. Leprosy is not known to be either sexually transmitted or highly infectious. People are generally no longer infectious after the first month of standard multidrug therapy. Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by armadillos. Two exit routes of M. leprae from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the dermis , but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful. The skin and the upper respiratory tract are most likely entry route. While older research dealt with the skin route, recent research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Experimental transmission of leprosy through aerosols containing M. leprae in immunosuppressed mice was accomplished, suggesting a similar possibility in humans. Genetics [ edit ] Name Locus OMIM Gene LPRS1 10p13 609888 LPRS2 6q25 607572 PARK2 , PACRG LPRS3 4q32 246300 TLR2 LPRS4 6p21.3 610988 LTA LPRS5 4p14 613223 TLR1 LPRS6 13q14.11 613407 Several genes have been associated with a susceptibility to leprosy. Often, the immune system is able to eliminate leprosy during the early infection stage before severe symptoms develop. A defect in cell-mediated immunity may cause susceptibility to leprosy. The region of DNA responsible for this variability is also involved in Parkinson's disease , giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the biochemical level. Some evidence indicates not all people who are infected with M. leprae develop leprosy, and genetic factors have long been thought to play a role, due to the observation of clustering of leprosy around certain families, and the failure to understand why certain individuals develop lepromatous leprosy while others develop other types of leprosy. Pathophysiology [ edit ] How the infection produces the symptoms of the disease is not known. Diagnosis [ edit ] According to the World Health Organization, diagnosis in areas where people are frequently infected is based on one of these main signs: Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss Positive skin smears Skin lesions can be single or multiple, and usually hypopigmented, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored. The lesions may be macules (flat), papules (raised), or nodular. The sensory loss at the skin lesion is important because this feature can help differentiate it from other causes of skin lesions such as tinea versicolor . Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness. However, without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss, muscle weakness is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy. In some cases, acid-fast leprosy bacilli in skin smears are considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is clinical. Diagnosis in areas where the disease is uncommon, such as the United States, is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes. Many kinds of leprosy are known, but some symptoms are common to them, including runny nose, dry scalp, eye problems, skin lesions, muscle weakness, reddish skin, smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand, loss of sensation in fingers and toes, thickening of peripheral nerves, and flat nose due to destruction of nasal cartilage. Also, phonation and resonation of sound occur during speech. Often, atrophy of the testes with resulting impotence occurs. Classification [ edit ] Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist, but parallels exist. The World Health Organization system distinguishes ""paucibacillary"" and ""multibacillary"" based upon the proliferation of bacteria. ("" pauci -"" refers to a low quantity.) The Ridley-Jopling scale provides five gradations. The ICD-10 , though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate (""I"") entry. In MeSH , three groupings are used. WHO Ridley-Jopling ICD-10 MeSH Description Lepromin test Paucibacillary tuberculoid (""TT""), borderline tuberculoid (""BT"") A30.1, A30.2 Tuberculoid It is characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells. Positive Multibacillary midborderline or borderline (""BB"") A30.3 Borderline Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form. Multibacillary borderline lepromatous (""BL""), and lepromatous (""LL"") A30.4, A30.5 Lepromatous It is associated with symmetric skin lesions , nodules , plaques , thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and nose bleeds , but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late. Negative A difference in immune response to the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms is seen. Leprosy may also be divided into: Early and indeterminate leprosy Tuberculoid leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline lepromatous leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Histoid leprosy Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí This disease may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions. Prevention [ edit ] Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people with leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. However, concerns are known of resistance, cost, and disclosure of a person's infection status when doing follow-up of contacts. Therefore, the WHO recommends that people who live in the same household be examined for leprosy and be treated only if symptoms are present. The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its target of tuberculosis . It appears to be 26 to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one. Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing. Treatment [ edit ] MDT antileprosy drugs: standard regimens A number of leprostatic agents are available for treatment. For paucibacillary (PB or tuberculoid) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and monthly rifampicin for six months is recommended, while for multibacillary (MB or lepromatous) cases, treatment with daily dapsone and clofazimine along with monthly rifampicin for 12 months is recommended. Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose. It is safe and easy to use under field conditions due to its presentation in calendar blister packs. Relapse rates remain low, and no resistance to the combined drugs is seen. Epidemiology [ edit ] Main article: Epidemiology of leprosy World distribution of leprosy, 2003 Disability-adjusted life year for leprosy per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 no data <1.5 1.5–3 3–4.5 4.5–6 6–7.5 7.5–9 9–10.5 10.5–12 12–13.5 13.5–15 15–20 >20 In 2015, the number of cases of leprosy was about 175,000 and the number of new cases was 210,000. As of 2013, 14 countries contain 95% of the globally reported leprosy cases. Of these, India has the greatest number of cases (59%), followed by Brazil (14%) and Indonesia (8%). Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, pockets of high prevalence remain in certain areas such as Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific. The number of cases of leprosy was in the tens of millions in the 1960s; a series of national (the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) and international (the WHO's ""Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy"") initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease. In 1995, two to three million people were estimated to be permanently disabled because of leprosy. Disease burden [ edit ] Although the number of new leprosy cases occurring each year is important as a measure of transmission, it is difficult to measure due to leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and the lack of laboratory tools to detect it in the very early stages. Instead, the registered prevalence is used. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time. New case detection is another indicator of the disease that is usually reported by countries on an annual basis. It includes cases diagnosed with the onset of disease in the year in question (true incidence) and a large proportion of cases with onset in previous years (termed a backlog prevalence of undetected cases). Endemic countries also report the number of new cases with established disabilities at the time of detection, as an indicator of the backlog prevalence. Determination of the time of onset of the disease is, in general, unreliable, is very labor-intensive, and is seldom done in recording these statistics. History [ edit ] Main article: History of leprosy G. H. A. Hansen , discoverer of M. leprae Using comparative genomics, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of M. leprae with specific regional locations. Strain 1 occurs predominantly in Asia, the Pacific region, and East Africa; strain 4, in West Africa and the Caribbean; strain 3 in Europe, North Africa, and the Americas; and strain 2 only in Ethiopia, Malawi , Nepal/north India, and New Caledonia . On the basis of this, they offer a map of the dissemination of leprosy in the world. This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa. The oldest skeletal evidence for the disease date from 2000 BCE, as found in human remains from the archaeological sites of Balathal in India and Harappa in Pakistan. Although retrospectively identifying descriptions of leprosy-like symptoms is difficult, what appears to be leprosy was discussed by Hippocrates in 460 BC. In 1846, Francis Adams produced The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs. Interpretations of the presence of leprosy have been made on the basis of descriptions in ancient Indian (Atharva Veda and Kausika Sutra), Greek, and Middle Eastern documentary sources that describe skin afflictions. Skeletal remains from the second millennium BC, discovered in 2009, represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy. Located at Balathal, in Rajasthan, northwest India, the discoverers suggest that if the disease did migrate from Africa to India, during the third millennium BC ""at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa so as to confirm the African origin of the disease."" A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered in a tomb next to the Old City of Jerusalem dated by radiocarbon methods to 1–50 AD. The causative agent of leprosy, M. leprae , was discovered by G. H. Armauer Hansen in Norway in 1873, making it the first bacterium to be identified as causing disease in humans. The first effective treatment ( promin ) became available in the 1940s. In the 1950s, dapsone was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of clofazimine and rifampicin in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance. MDT combining all three drugs was first recommended by the WHO in 1981. These three antileprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens. Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with mercury —as was syphilis , which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis. Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community. Japan still has sanatoriums (although Japan's sanatoriums no longer have active leprosy cases, nor are survivors held in them by law). The importance of the nasal mucosa in the transmission of M leprae was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa. Society and culture [ edit ] Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century India [ edit ] British India enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898 which institutionalized those affected and segregated them by gender to prevent reproduction. The Act was difficult to enforce but was repealed in 1983 only after MDT therapy had become widely available. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease burden. Treatment cost [ edit ] Between 1995 and 1999, the WHO, with the aid of the Nippon Foundation , supplied all endemic countries with free MDT in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health. This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with donations by the MDT manufacturer Novartis through the WHO. In the latest agreement signed between the company and the WHO in October 2015, the provision of free MDT by the WHO to all endemic countries will run until the end of 2020. At the national level, nongovernment organizations affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of this WHO-supplied MDT by the government. Historical texts [ edit ] Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the Atharava Veda , as early as 2000 BC. Another Indian text, the Laws of Manu (1500 BC),  prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. Biblically speaking, the Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע, --tsaw-rah' -- to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός - lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc.…) as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, and/or discoloration on walls surfaces throughout homes all came under the ""law of leprosy"" (Leviticus 14:54-57). Ancient sources also such as the Talmud (Sifra 63) make clear that tzaraath refers to various types of lesions or stains associated with ritual impurity and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. It may sometimes be a symptom of the disease described in this article but has many other causes, as well. The New Testament describes instances of Jesus healing people with leprosy ( Luke 5 :10), although the precise relationship between this, tzaraath , and Hansen's disease is not established. The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean may be connected to a passage from Leviticus 13: 44-46, among others. Judeo-Christian belief, for some, held that leprosy was of moral consequence, and, as in many societies, early Christians believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. Pope Gregory the Great (540-604) and Isidor of Seville (560-636) considered people with the disease to be heretics. Middle Ages [ edit ] Medieval leper bell It is believed that a rise in leprosy in Europe occurred in the Middle Ages based on the increased number of hospitals created to treat leprosy patients in the 12th and 13th centuries. France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosariums during this period. The social perception in medieval communities was generally one of fear, and those people infected with the disease were thought to be unclean, untrustworthy, and morally corrupt. People with leprosy were also often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence. Segregation from mainstream society was common. The third Lateran Council of 1179 and a 1346 edict by King Edward expelled lepers from city limits. Because of the moral stigma of the disease, methods of treatment were both physical and spiritual, and leprosariums were established under the purview of the church. 19th century [ edit ] Norway [ edit ] Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and for tracking of the rate of infection. Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists Daniel Cornelius Danielssen and Carl Wilhelm Boeck . Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by gender to prevent reproduction. Colonialism and imperialism [ edit ] Father Damien on his deathbed in 1889 Though leprosy in Europe was again on the decline by the 1860s, Western countries embraced isolation treatment out of fear of the spread of disease from developing countries, minimal understanding of bacteriology, lack of diagnostic ability or knowledge of how contagious the disease was, and missionary activity. Growing imperialism and pressures of the industrial revolution resulted in a Western presence in countries where leprosy was endemic, namely the British presence in India. Isolation treatment methods were observed by Surgeon-Mayor Henry Vandyke Carter of the British Colony in India while visiting Norway, and these methods were applied in India with the financial and logistical assistance of religious missionaries. Colonial and religious influence and associated stigma continued to be a major factor in the treatment and public perception of leprosy in endemic developing countries until the mid-twentieth century. Stigma [ edit ] See also: Leprosy stigma Despite effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in developing countries where the disease is common. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished or marginalized populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by other social inequities. Fears of ostracism, loss of employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment. Folk beliefs, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those afflicted in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is transmitted by dogs, it is a disease associated with sexual promiscuity, and is sometimes thought to be punishment for sins or moral transgressions. Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions. In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an ""untouchable"" status that ""often persists long after (individuals with leprosy) have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks."" Programs and treatment [ edit ] The WHO states that diagnosis and treatment with MDT are easy and effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since MDT has become more widely available. The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information. In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and NGOs alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful. Notable cases [ edit ] Saint Damien DeVeuster , a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium, himself eventually contracting leprosy, ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on the island of Molokaʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi . Baldwin IV of Jerusalem was a Christian king of Latin Jerusalem afflicted with leprosy. King Henry IV of England (reigned 1399 to 1413) possibly had leprosy. Vietnamese poet Hàn Mặc Tử Ōtani Yoshitsugu , a Japanese daimyō Forough Farrokhzad made a 22-minute documentary about a leprosy colony in Iran in 1962 called The House Is Black . The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that ""there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it."" Other animals [ edit ] Wild nine-banded armadillos ( Dayspus novemcinctus ) in south central United States often carry Mycobacterium leprae . This is believed to be because armadillos have such a low body temperature. Leprosy lesions appear mainly in cooler body regions such as the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract . Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are hard to see. Abrasions around the eyes, nose and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of M. leprae and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions did not persist at the site of entry in animals, M. leprae multiplied in macrophages at the site of inoculation and lymph nodes. See also [ edit ] Noma (disease) References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Classification V · T · D ICD - 10 : A30 ICD - 9-CM : 030 OMIM : 246300 MeSH : D007918 DiseasesDB : 8478 External resources MedlinePlus : 001347 eMedicine : med/1281 derm/223 neuro/187 Patient UK : Leprosy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leprosy . Leprosy at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Links and resources Links to information about leprosy selected by the World Health Organization" -8155565764696823489,train,who are the ibibio by edit a. udo,"The Ibibio people are from southern Nigeria. They are related to the Anaang and Efik peoples. During the colonial period in Nigeria, the Ibibio Union asked for recognition by the British as a sovereign nation (Noah, 1988). The Annang, Efik, Ekid, Oron and Ibeno share personal names, culture, and traditions with the Ibibio, and speak closely related varieties of Ibibio - Efik which are more or less mutually intelligible.","['melvin jerome ""mel"" blanc', 'south america']",àwọn wo ni ibibíò lati ọwọ edit a. udo,Yes,"['Àwọn Ibibio tabi Àwọn ọmọ Ibiobio jẹ́ àwọn ẹ̀yà kan tí ó wà ní apá Gúúsù Nàìjíríà. Wọ́n wọ́pọ̀ ní ìpínlẹ̀ Akwa Ibom, Ìpinlẹ̀ Cross River àti ní ìlà oòrùn Ìpínlẹ̀ Abia. Wọ́n tan mọ́ àwọn ẹ̀yà Efik. Nígbà ìṣàkóso àwọn gẹ̀ẹ́sì ìjọba amúnisìn ní Nàìjíríà, àwọn Ibibio bèrè òmìnira lọ́wọ́ ìjọba Brítènì.', 'Àwọn Annang, Efik, Ekid, Oron àti Ibeno pín orúkọ, àṣà àti ìṣe kan pẹ̀lú àwọn ènìyàn Ibibio, èdè wọn sí jọra. Àwọn ènìyàn Ekpo àti Ekpe wà lára ìṣèlú Ibibio.']","['Àwọn Ibibio tabi Àwọn ọmọ Ibiobio jẹ́ àwọn ẹ̀yà kan tí ó wà ní apá Gúúsù Nàìjíríà.', 'Àwọn Annang, Efik, Ekid, Oron àti Ibeno pín orúkọ, àṣà àti ìṣe kan pẹ̀lú àwọn ènìyàn Ibibio, èdè wọn sí jọra. ']",['P1'],1,0,"??yà Ibibio Àw?n Ibibio tabi Àw?n ?m? Ibiobio j?? àw?n ??yà kan tí ó wà ní apá Gúúsù Nàìjíríà.[6] W??n w??p?? ní ìpínl?? Akwa Ibom, Ìpinl?? Cross River àti ní ìlà oòrùn Ìpínl?? Abia.[7] W??n tan m?? àw?n ??yà ??fíìkì.[8] Nígbà ì?àkóso àw?n g????sì ìj?ba amúnisìn ní Nàìjíríà, àw?n Ibibio bèrè òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba Brítènì. Àw?n Annang, Efik, Ekid, Oron àti Ibeno pín orúk?, à?à àti ì?e kan p??lú àw?n ènìyàn Ibibio, èdè w?n sí j?ra.[9] Àw?n ènìyàn Ekpo àti Ekpe wà lára ì?èlú Ibibio.[10]","Ibibio people Nsibidi symbols which are used by Igbo , Ibibio, Efik , Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. Total population Over 5 million Regions with significant populations Nigeria 4,482,000 Ghana 46,000 Cameroon 39,000 Equatorial Guinea 2,700 Trinidad and Tobago ( Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian ) 371 (1813) Languages Ibibio , English Religion Christianity , traditional , Related ethnic groups Efik , Anaang , Ejagham , Oron , Igbo , Ijaw The Ibibio people are from southern Nigeria . They are related to the Anaang and Efik peoples. During the colonial period in Nigeria, the Ibibio Union asked for recognition by the British as a sovereign nation (Noah, 1988). The Annang, Efik, Ekid, Oron and Ibeno share personal names, culture, and traditions with the Ibibio, and speak closely related varieties of Ibibio-Efik which are more or less mutually intelligible . Contents [ hide ] 1 Origin 2 Geography 2.1 Location of Ibibioland 3 Political system 4 Religion 4.1 Pre-Colonial Era 4.2 Colonial and Post-Colonial Era 5 Art 5.1 Ibibio tribes and ethnic groups 6 Demographics 7 Ndi Ibibio 7.1 Nnyin Ido Ibibio 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 11 Further reading Origin [ edit ] The Ibibio people are reputed to be the earliest inhabitants of the south eastern Nigeria. It is estimated that they arrived at their present abode from very earliest times, about 7000 B.C. In spite of the historical account, it is not clear when the people known as Ibibio arrived the state. According to some scholars, they might have come from the central Benue valley, particularly, the Jukun influence in the old Calabar at some historical time period. Another pointer is the wide-spread use of the manila, a popular currency used by the Jukuns. [ citation needed ] Coupled with this is the Jukun southern drive to the coast which appears to have been recently compared with the formation of Akwa Ibom settlements in their present location. Another version had it that the Cameroon will offer a more concise explanation of the Ibibio migration story. This was corroborated by oral testimonies by field workers who say that the core Ibibio people were of the Afaha lineage whose original home was Usak Edet in the Cameroon. This was premised on the fact that among the Ibibio people, Usak Edet is popularly known as Edit Afaha (Afaha’s Creek) which reflects the fact that Ibibio people originated from Usak Edet. After the first bulk of the people arrived in what later became Nigeria, they settled first at Ibom then in Arochukwu. The Ibibio must have lived in Ibom for quite sometime, but as a result of clashes with the Igbo people culminating into the famous ‘Ibibio War’ which took place about 1300 and 1400 A.D. [ citation needed ] , they left Ibom and moved to the present day Ibibio land. Geography [ edit ] The Ibibio people are found predominantly in Akwa Ibom state and is made up of the related Anaang community, the Ibibio community and the Eket and Oron communities, although other groups usually understand the Ibibio language . Because of the larger population of the Ibibio people, they hold political control over Akwa-Ibom State , but government is shared with the Anaangs, Eket and Oron. The political system follows the traditional method of consensus. Even though elections are held, practically, the political leaders are pre-discussed in a manner that is benefiting to all. Location of Ibibioland [ edit ] The Ibibio people are located in Southeastern Nigeria also known as Coastal Southeastern Nigeria . Prior to the existence of Nigeria as a nation, the Ibibio people were self-governed. The Ibibio people became a part of the Eastern Nigeria of Nigeria under British colonial rule. During the Nigerian Civil War, the Eastern region was split into three states. Southeastern State of Nigeria was where the Ibibio were located, one of the original twelve states of Nigeria) after Nigerian independence. The Efik, Anaang, Oron, Eket and their brothers and sisters of the Ogoja District, were also in the Southeastern State. The state ( Southeastern State ) was later renamed Cross Rivers State . On 23 September 1987, by Military Decree No.24, Akwa Ibom State was carved out of the then Cross Rivers State as a separate state. Cross Rivers State remains as one of neighbouring states. Southwestern Cameroon was a part of present Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. During the then Eastern Region of Nigeria it got partitioned into Cameroon in a 1961 plebiscite. This resulted in the Ibibio, Efik, and Annang being divided between Nigeria and Cameroon. However, the leadership of the Northern Region of Nigeria was able to keep ""Northwestern section"" during the plebiscite that is now today's Nigerian Adamawa and Taraba states. Political system [ edit ] Traditionally Ibibio society consists of communities that are made up of Large Families with blood affinity each ruled by their Constitutional and Religious Head known as the Ikpaisong' . The Obong Ikpaisong ruled with the Mbong Ekpuk (Head of the Families)which together with the Heads of the Cults and Societies constitute the 'Afe or Asan or Esop Ikpaisong' (Traditional Council or Traditional Shrine or Traditional Court'). The decisions or orders of the Traditional Council or the Obong Ikpaisong were enforced by members of the Ekpo or Obon society who act as messengers of the spirits and the military and police of the Community. Ekpo members are always masked when performing their policing duties, and although their identities are almost always known, fear of retribution from the ancestors prevents most people from accusing those members who overstep their social boundaries, effectively committing police brutality. Membership is open to all Ibibio males, but one must have access to wealth to move into the politically influential grades. The Obon society with its strong enticing traditional musical prowess, with popular acceptability, openly executes its mandates with musical procession and popular participation by members which comprises children, youth, adults and very brave elderly women. Religion [ edit ] Pre-Colonial Era [ edit ] Ibibio religion was of two dimensions, which centered on the pouring of libation, worship, consultation, communication and invocation of the God of Heaven (Abasi Enyong) and God of the Earth (Abasi Isong) by the Constitutional and Religious King/Head of a particular Ibibio Community who was known from the ancient times as the Obong-Ikpaisong (the word 'Obong Ikpaisong' directly interpreted means King of the Principalities of the Earth' or 'King of the Earth and the Principalities' or Traditional Ruler ). The second dimension of Ibibio Religion centered on the worship, consultation, invocation, sacrifice, appeasement, etc. of the God of the Heaven (Abasi Enyong) and the God of the Earth (Abasi Isong)through various invisible or spiritual entities (Ndem) of the various Ibibio Division such as Etefia Ikono, Awa Itam, etc. The Priests of these spiritual entities (Ndem) were the Temple Chief Priests of the various Ibibio Divisions. A particular Ibibio Division could consist of many inter-related autonomous communities or Kingdoms ruled by an autonomous Priest-King called Obong-Ikpaisong, assisted by Heads of the various Large Families (Mbong Ekpuk) which make up the Community. These have been the ancient political and religious system of Ibibio people from time immemorial. Tradition, interpreted in Ibibio Language, is 'Ikpaisong'. Tradition (Ikpaisong) in Ibibio Custom embodies the Religious and Political System. The word 'Obong' in Ibibio language means 'Ruler, King, Lord, Chief, Head' and is applied depending on the Office concern. In reference to the Obong-Ikpaisong, the word 'Obong' means 'King' In reference to the Village Head, the word means 'Chief'. In reference to the Head of the Families (Obong Ekpuk), the word means 'Head' In reference to God, the word means 'Lord'. In reference to the Head of the various societies - e.g. 'Obong Obon', the word means 'Head or Leader'. Colonial and Post-Colonial Era [ edit ] The Ibibios were introduced to Christianity through the work of early missionaries in the nineteenth century. Samuel Bill started his work at Ibeno. He established the Qua Iboe Church which later spread places in the middle belt of Nigeria. The Methodist Church , the Roman Catholic church , and Presbyterian Church rode into the Ibibio hinterland. Later, day churches were also introduced, for e.g. The Apostolic church, independent churches, like Deeper Life Bible Church, came into the area in the second part of the twentieth century. Today Ibibio people are predominantly Christian area. The Ibibio practiced the killing of twins before it was abolished during the colonial era, with help of missionary Mary Slessor . It was common practice for twin babies to be taken to their community's local evil forest and left to die as it was a taboo for twins to be born. Art [ edit ] The masks and accoutrements of the Ekpo society make up the greatest works of art in Ibibio society. Drumming and music are also important elements in Ekpe ceremonies. The wooden sculpture from this area is also very detailed, and artists are just as likely to capture beauty as they are the hideous forms of evil spirits. Ibibio tribes and ethnic groups [ edit ] See also: Ibibio-Efik languages The Ibibio are divided into six subcultural groups: Eastern Ibibio, or Ibibio Proper; Western Ibibio, or Annang; Northern Ibibio, or Enyong; Southern Ibibio, or Eket; Delta Ibibio, or Andomi-Ibeno; and Riverine Ibibio, or Efik. Demographics [ edit ] Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria Cross River State of Nigeria Nigeria Equatorial Guinea (Formerly Fernando Po) Cuba West Indies Cameroon Ghana Benue (Efik-Ibibio people were fourth largest ethnic group of original settlers of Benue of Nigeria) Ndi Ibibio [ edit ] Nnyin Ido Ibibio [ edit ] We are Ibibio people. ""Ndi"" is an Efik word that means ""I am"". While Ndo is Ibibio, just like Nde is Annang. it is mostly used by the Efik and Ibibio See also [ edit ] Ibibio language Annang Efik people Oron people Eket Ikom Akamkpa Bakassi Ekoi people Ejagham Ekpe Garifuna people Medefidrin Nsibidi Southeastern Nigeria Niger Delta Aro Confederacy Ikot Udo Abia Abakua Mami Wata mbakara see also buckra Bight of Biafra References [ edit ] Monday Efiong Noah, Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928-1937 . Modern Business Press Ltd, Uyo. Council of Traditional Rulers, Mbiabong Etim, briefing to Mbiabong Etim Graduates Forum on origin and migration of Mbiabong Etim people of Ini LGA, Akwa Ibom State, 2009. Ikpe, Emmanuel Dominic, “Ibibio Nation"" 2018. University of Uyo student's Union Government. External links [ edit ] NIGERIAN ARTS AND CULTURE DIRECTORY Ibibio people [ permanent dead link ] Mboho Mkparawa Ibibio (USA), Inc. Mboho Mkparawa Ibibio International Online Ibibio Dictionary Further reading [ edit ] Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People (published 1915) by D. Amaury Talbot, focuses on the life of women in that culture. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ibibio people ." 1202446179211419693,train,what are some major achievements of ancient egypt,"The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks ; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty, made with the Hittites. Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. A new - found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.","[""morocco', 'egypt', 'south africa"", 'the historical local appellation for the indus river', 'south africa']",àwọn nǹkan pàtàkì wo làwọn ará íjíbítì ìgbàanì ṣe,Yes,"['Ninu awon opo oriire awon ara Egipti ayeijoun ni okuta fifo, ile wiwon ati awon ona ikole to fa kiko awon piramidi gbangba, tempili, ati obeliski; sistemu mathimatiki, sistemu iwosan to sise ati to se e mulo, awon sistemu ibomirin ati ona ida iseagbe, awon oko-ojuomi akoko, amo fiyansi Egypti ati iseoroiseona digi (gilasi), iru isemookomooka tuntun, ati adehun alafia atetejulo ti a mo. Egypt left a lasting legacy.']","['Ninu awon opo oriire awon ara Egipti ayeijoun ni okuta fifo, ile wiwon ati awon ona ikole to fa kiko awon piramidi gbangba, tempili, ati obeliski; sistemu mathimatiki, sistemu iwosan to sise ati to se e mulo, awon sistemu ibomirin ati ona ida iseagbe, awon oko-ojuomi akoko, amo fiyansi Egypti ati iseoroiseona digi (gilasi), iru isemookomooka tuntun, ati adehun alafia atetejulo ti a mo. Egypt left a lasting legacy.']",['P3'],1,0,"??gíptì Ayéij??un ??gíptì Ayéij??un ni asailaju ayeijoun ti apailaorun Ariwa Afrika, to wo jo si isale Odo Nile nibi ti orile-ede ayeodeoni ??gíptì wa. Asailaju ti ara ??gíptì gbajo ni bi odun 3150 SK (gegebi Iseoroasiko apejose ti ara ??gíptì)[1] pelu isodokan oselu Apa Oke ati Apa Isale ??gíptì labe farao akoko.[2] Itan ??gíptì ayeijoun sele bi eseese awon Ileoba, ti won je pinpinniya pelu awon igba aitoro ti won unje Igba Apinniya. Ileoba Atijo ti Igba Ibere Amobaba, Ileoba Arin ti Igba Arin Amobaba ati Ileoba Tuntun ti Igba Opin Amobaba. ??gíptì de ogo agbara re nigba Ileoba Tuntun, ni igba Ramesi, leyin eyi ni obere si ni bo si igba irele diedie. ??gíptì je sisegun latowo awon alagbara okere ni titelentele. Leyin iku Aleksanda Eninla, ikan ninu awon ogagun re to unje Ptolemy Soter, so ara re di ajoba tuntun ??gíptì. Iran-oba Ptolemi yi joba lori ??gíptì titi de odun 30 SK, nigba to bo sowo Ile Romu to si di igberiko Romu.[3] Ijasirere asailaju ??gíptì ayeijoun je be nitori agbara re lati le gbe pelu awon isele Ifonofoji Odo Nilo. Agbara asotele ati ikojanu ibomirin ile olora inu afonifoji fa opo eso ogbin wa, eyi lo si mu idagbasoke awujo ati asa wa. Pelu opo ohun amulo o se ese fun ijoba lati segbowo imulo awon alumoni to wa ni afonifoji Nilo ati awon agbegbe ashale to yika, atetebere idagbasoke sistemu ikoole fun ra ara won, igbajo ikole akojopo ati awon iseowo iseagbe, idunadura pelu awon agbegbe ayika, ati ise ologun to fe segun awon ota okere to si le fi agbara ??gíptì han. Lati sakoso awon agbese wonyi ni awon akowe, olori esin, ati awo aseamojuto labe ijanu Farao, eni to ridaju pe awon eniyan ara ??gíptì wa lokan labe sistemu awon igbagbo esin.[4][5] Ninu awon opo oriire awon ara ??gíptì ayeijoun ni okuta fifo, ile wiwon ati awon ona ikole to fa kiko awon piramidi gbangba, tempili, ati obeliski; sistemu mathimatiki, sistemu iwosan to sise ati to se e mulo, awon sistemu ibomirin ati ona ida iseagbe, awon oko-ojuomi akoko, amo fiyansi Egypti ati iseoroiseona digi (gilasi), iru isemookomooka tuntun, ati adehun alafia atetejulo ti a mo.[6] Orílè?-èdè Íjíbítì fi ohun tó ?e pàtàkì gan-an sílè?. Ò?pò? èèyàn ló fara wé i?é? ?nà àti i?é? ìkó?lé tó wà níbè?, àw?n ohun ì?è??báyé tó wà níbè? sì l? sáw?n ibi tó jìnnà réré láyé. ?gó?rò?ò?rún ?dún ni àw?n àwókù ìlú náà ti ? mú káw?n arìnrìn-àjò àtàw?n ò?kò?wé máa ronú nípa rè?. ?lá tuntun ti a rii fun aw?n ohun atij? ati aw?n iwakusa ni akoko igbalode tete mu ki iwadii im?-jinl? ti ?laju ara Egipti ati riri nla ti ogún a?a r?. [ 7] Ìtàn Ìgbà a?íwájú ìran-?ba ?aaju ki Oba (?dun 3150–2686) Ij?ba atij? (2686–2181) Akoko (2181–2055) Laarin (2134–1690) Keji (1674–1549) Ij?ba Tuntun (1549–1069) K?ta (1069–653) Nigbamii (653–332) Il???balúayé Rómù Apáìw??orùn (30 – 641)", 2493014610637616212,train,when did egypt began to develop into a kingdom,"The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian - Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third - century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of pharaohs from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He chose to begin his official history with the king named `` Meni '' (or Menes in Greek) who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt (around 3100 BC).","['the city of tarsus', 'acts of the apostles']",ìgbà wo ni éjíbítì bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí di ìjọba,Yes,"['Asailaju ti ara Egypti gbajo ni bi odun 3150\xa0SK (gegebi Iseoroasiko apejose ti ara Egypti ) pelu isodokan oselu Apa Oke ati Apa Isale Egypti labe farao akoko. Itan Egypti ayeijoun sele bi eseese awon Ileoba, ti won je pinpinniya pelu awon igba aitoro ti won unje Igba Apinniya.']",[],['P1'],1,0,"??gíptì Ayéij??un ??gíptì Ayéij??un ni asailaju ayeijoun ti apailaorun Ariwa Afrika, to wo jo si isale Odo Nile nibi ti orile-ede ayeodeoni ??gíptì wa. Asailaju ti ara ??gíptì gbajo ni bi odun 3150 SK (gegebi Iseoroasiko apejose ti ara ??gíptì)[1] pelu isodokan oselu Apa Oke ati Apa Isale ??gíptì labe farao akoko.[2] Itan ??gíptì ayeijoun sele bi eseese awon Ileoba, ti won je pinpinniya pelu awon igba aitoro ti won unje Igba Apinniya. Ileoba Atijo ti Igba Ibere Amobaba, Ileoba Arin ti Igba Arin Amobaba ati Ileoba Tuntun ti Igba Opin Amobaba. ??gíptì de ogo agbara re nigba Ileoba Tuntun, ni igba Ramesi, leyin eyi ni obere si ni bo si igba irele diedie. ??gíptì je sisegun latowo awon alagbara okere ni titelentele. Leyin iku Aleksanda Eninla, ikan ninu awon ogagun re to unje Ptolemy Soter, so ara re di ajoba tuntun ??gíptì. Iran-oba Ptolemi yi joba lori ??gíptì titi de odun 30 SK, nigba to bo sowo Ile Romu to si di igberiko Romu.[3] Ijasirere asailaju ??gíptì ayeijoun je be nitori agbara re lati le gbe pelu awon isele Ifonofoji Odo Nilo. Agbara asotele ati ikojanu ibomirin ile olora inu afonifoji fa opo eso ogbin wa, eyi lo si mu idagbasoke awujo ati asa wa. Pelu opo ohun amulo o se ese fun ijoba lati segbowo imulo awon alumoni to wa ni afonifoji Nilo ati awon agbegbe ashale to yika, atetebere idagbasoke sistemu ikoole fun ra ara won, igbajo ikole akojopo ati awon iseowo iseagbe, idunadura pelu awon agbegbe ayika, ati ise ologun to fe segun awon ota okere to si le fi agbara ??gíptì han. Lati sakoso awon agbese wonyi ni awon akowe, olori esin, ati awo aseamojuto labe ijanu Farao, eni to ridaju pe awon eniyan ara ??gíptì wa lokan labe sistemu awon igbagbo esin.[4][5] Ninu awon opo oriire awon ara ??gíptì ayeijoun ni okuta fifo, ile wiwon ati awon ona ikole to fa kiko awon piramidi gbangba, tempili, ati obeliski; sistemu mathimatiki, sistemu iwosan to sise ati to se e mulo, awon sistemu ibomirin ati ona ida iseagbe, awon oko-ojuomi akoko, amo fiyansi Egypti ati iseoroiseona digi (gilasi), iru isemookomooka tuntun, ati adehun alafia atetejulo ti a mo.[6] Orílè?-èdè Íjíbítì fi ohun tó ?e pàtàkì gan-an sílè?. Ò?pò? èèyàn ló fara wé i?é? ?nà àti i?é? ìkó?lé tó wà níbè?, àw?n ohun ì?è??báyé tó wà níbè? sì l? sáw?n ibi tó jìnnà réré láyé. ?gó?rò?ò?rún ?dún ni àw?n àwókù ìlú náà ti ? mú káw?n arìnrìn-àjò àtàw?n ò?kò?wé máa ronú nípa rè?. ?lá tuntun ti a rii fun aw?n ohun atij? ati aw?n iwakusa ni akoko igbalode tete mu ki iwadii im?-jinl? ti ?laju ara Egipti ati riri nla ti ogún a?a r?. [ 7] Ìtàn Ìgbà a?íwájú ìran-?ba ?aaju ki Oba (?dun 3150–2686) Ij?ba atij? (2686–2181) Akoko (2181–2055) Laarin (2134–1690) Keji (1674–1549) Ij?ba Tuntun (1549–1069) K?ta (1069–653) Nigbamii (653–332) Il???balúayé Rómù Apáìw??orùn (30 – 641)", 4009778224466432578,train,when did the civilization of ancient egypt begin,"Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the place that is now the country Egypt. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods : the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.",[],ìgbà wo ni àṣà ìbílẹ̀ íjíbítì ìgbàanì bẹ̀rẹ̀,Yes,"['Asailaju ti ara Egypti gbajo ni bi odun 3150\xa0SK (gegebi Iseoroasiko apejose ti ara Egypti ) pelu isodokan oselu Apa Oke ati Apa Isale Egypti labe farao akoko. Itan Egypti ayeijoun sele bi eseese awon Ileoba, ti won je pinpinniya pelu awon igba aitoro ti won unje Igba Apinniya.']",[],['P1'],1,0,"??gíptì Ayéij??un ??gíptì Ayéij??un ni asailaju ayeijoun ti apailaorun Ariwa Afrika, to wo jo si isale Odo Nile nibi ti orile-ede ayeodeoni ??gíptì wa. Asailaju ti ara ??gíptì gbajo ni bi odun 3150 SK (gegebi Iseoroasiko apejose ti ara ??gíptì)[1] pelu isodokan oselu Apa Oke ati Apa Isale ??gíptì labe farao akoko.[2] Itan ??gíptì ayeijoun sele bi eseese awon Ileoba, ti won je pinpinniya pelu awon igba aitoro ti won unje Igba Apinniya. Ileoba Atijo ti Igba Ibere Amobaba, Ileoba Arin ti Igba Arin Amobaba ati Ileoba Tuntun ti Igba Opin Amobaba. ??gíptì de ogo agbara re nigba Ileoba Tuntun, ni igba Ramesi, leyin eyi ni obere si ni bo si igba irele diedie. ??gíptì je sisegun latowo awon alagbara okere ni titelentele. Leyin iku Aleksanda Eninla, ikan ninu awon ogagun re to unje Ptolemy Soter, so ara re di ajoba tuntun ??gíptì. Iran-oba Ptolemi yi joba lori ??gíptì titi de odun 30 SK, nigba to bo sowo Ile Romu to si di igberiko Romu.[3] Ijasirere asailaju ??gíptì ayeijoun je be nitori agbara re lati le gbe pelu awon isele Ifonofoji Odo Nilo. Agbara asotele ati ikojanu ibomirin ile olora inu afonifoji fa opo eso ogbin wa, eyi lo si mu idagbasoke awujo ati asa wa. Pelu opo ohun amulo o se ese fun ijoba lati segbowo imulo awon alumoni to wa ni afonifoji Nilo ati awon agbegbe ashale to yika, atetebere idagbasoke sistemu ikoole fun ra ara won, igbajo ikole akojopo ati awon iseowo iseagbe, idunadura pelu awon agbegbe ayika, ati ise ologun to fe segun awon ota okere to si le fi agbara ??gíptì han. Lati sakoso awon agbese wonyi ni awon akowe, olori esin, ati awo aseamojuto labe ijanu Farao, eni to ridaju pe awon eniyan ara ??gíptì wa lokan labe sistemu awon igbagbo esin.[4][5] Ninu awon opo oriire awon ara ??gíptì ayeijoun ni okuta fifo, ile wiwon ati awon ona ikole to fa kiko awon piramidi gbangba, tempili, ati obeliski; sistemu mathimatiki, sistemu iwosan to sise ati to se e mulo, awon sistemu ibomirin ati ona ida iseagbe, awon oko-ojuomi akoko, amo fiyansi Egypti ati iseoroiseona digi (gilasi), iru isemookomooka tuntun, ati adehun alafia atetejulo ti a mo.[6] Orílè?-èdè Íjíbítì fi ohun tó ?e pàtàkì gan-an sílè?. Ò?pò? èèyàn ló fara wé i?é? ?nà àti i?é? ìkó?lé tó wà níbè?, àw?n ohun ì?è??báyé tó wà níbè? sì l? sáw?n ibi tó jìnnà réré láyé. ?gó?rò?ò?rún ?dún ni àw?n àwókù ìlú náà ti ? mú káw?n arìnrìn-àjò àtàw?n ò?kò?wé máa ronú nípa rè?. ?lá tuntun ti a rii fun aw?n ohun atij? ati aw?n iwakusa ni akoko igbalode tete mu ki iwadii im?-jinl? ti ?laju ara Egipti ati riri nla ti ogún a?a r?. [ 7] Ìtàn Ìgbà a?íwájú ìran-?ba ?aaju ki Oba (?dun 3150–2686) Ij?ba atij? (2686–2181) Akoko (2181–2055) Laarin (2134–1690) Keji (1674–1549) Ij?ba Tuntun (1549–1069) K?ta (1069–653) Nigbamii (653–332) Il???balúayé Rómù Apáìw??orùn (30 – 641)", 7232420988040778847,train,where was ancient egypt located on a map,"Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the place that is now the country Egypt. It is one of six historic civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods : the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.",['barney & friends'],níbo ni ilẹ̀ íjíbítì ìgbàanì wà lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀,Yes,"['Ẹ́gíptì Ayéijọ́un ni asailaju ayeijoun ti apailaorun Ariwa Afrika, to wo jo si isale Odo Nile nibi ti orile-ede ayeodeoni Egypt wa.']","['O wa ni apailaorun Ariwa Afrika, to wo jo si isale Odo Nile nibi ti orile-ede ayeodeoni Egypt wa.', 'O waye ni Guusu Afrika lati ojo 11 Osu Kefa de ojo 11 Osu Keje 2010.']",['P1'],0,0,"??gíptì Ayéij??un ??gíptì Ayéij??un ni asailaju ayeijoun ti apailaorun Ariwa Afrika, to wo jo si isale Odo Nile nibi ti orile-ede ayeodeoni ??gíptì wa. Asailaju ti ara ??gíptì gbajo ni bi odun 3150 SK (gegebi Iseoroasiko apejose ti ara ??gíptì)[1] pelu isodokan oselu Apa Oke ati Apa Isale ??gíptì labe farao akoko.[2] Itan ??gíptì ayeijoun sele bi eseese awon Ileoba, ti won je pinpinniya pelu awon igba aitoro ti won unje Igba Apinniya. Ileoba Atijo ti Igba Ibere Amobaba, Ileoba Arin ti Igba Arin Amobaba ati Ileoba Tuntun ti Igba Opin Amobaba. ??gíptì de ogo agbara re nigba Ileoba Tuntun, ni igba Ramesi, leyin eyi ni obere si ni bo si igba irele diedie. ??gíptì je sisegun latowo awon alagbara okere ni titelentele. Leyin iku Aleksanda Eninla, ikan ninu awon ogagun re to unje Ptolemy Soter, so ara re di ajoba tuntun ??gíptì. Iran-oba Ptolemi yi joba lori ??gíptì titi de odun 30 SK, nigba to bo sowo Ile Romu to si di igberiko Romu.[3] Ijasirere asailaju ??gíptì ayeijoun je be nitori agbara re lati le gbe pelu awon isele Ifonofoji Odo Nilo. Agbara asotele ati ikojanu ibomirin ile olora inu afonifoji fa opo eso ogbin wa, eyi lo si mu idagbasoke awujo ati asa wa. Pelu opo ohun amulo o se ese fun ijoba lati segbowo imulo awon alumoni to wa ni afonifoji Nilo ati awon agbegbe ashale to yika, atetebere idagbasoke sistemu ikoole fun ra ara won, igbajo ikole akojopo ati awon iseowo iseagbe, idunadura pelu awon agbegbe ayika, ati ise ologun to fe segun awon ota okere to si le fi agbara ??gíptì han. Lati sakoso awon agbese wonyi ni awon akowe, olori esin, ati awo aseamojuto labe ijanu Farao, eni to ridaju pe awon eniyan ara ??gíptì wa lokan labe sistemu awon igbagbo esin.[4][5] Ninu awon opo oriire awon ara ??gíptì ayeijoun ni okuta fifo, ile wiwon ati awon ona ikole to fa kiko awon piramidi gbangba, tempili, ati obeliski; sistemu mathimatiki, sistemu iwosan to sise ati to se e mulo, awon sistemu ibomirin ati ona ida iseagbe, awon oko-ojuomi akoko, amo fiyansi Egypti ati iseoroiseona digi (gilasi), iru isemookomooka tuntun, ati adehun alafia atetejulo ti a mo.[6] Orílè?-èdè Íjíbítì fi ohun tó ?e pàtàkì gan-an sílè?. Ò?pò? èèyàn ló fara wé i?é? ?nà àti i?é? ìkó?lé tó wà níbè?, àw?n ohun ì?è??báyé tó wà níbè? sì l? sáw?n ibi tó jìnnà réré láyé. ?gó?rò?ò?rún ?dún ni àw?n àwókù ìlú náà ti ? mú káw?n arìnrìn-àjò àtàw?n ò?kò?wé máa ronú nípa rè?. ?lá tuntun ti a rii fun aw?n ohun atij? ati aw?n iwakusa ni akoko igbalode tete mu ki iwadii im?-jinl? ti ?laju ara Egipti ati riri nla ti ogún a?a r?. [ 7] Ìtàn Ìgbà a?íwájú ìran-?ba ?aaju ki Oba (?dun 3150–2686) Ij?ba atij? (2686–2181) Akoko (2181–2055) Laarin (2134–1690) Keji (1674–1549) Ij?ba Tuntun (1549–1069) K?ta (1069–653) Nigbamii (653–332) Il???balúayé Rómù Apáìw??orùn (30 – 641)", 1226764714413157858,train,is a bannana a fruit or a herb,"The banana is an edible fruit -- botanically a berry -- produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called plantains, in contrast to dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind, which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic (seedless) bananas come from two wild species -- Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. The old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used.","['egypt', '1982']",ṣé ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jé̩ èso tàbí ewéko,Yes,"['Ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ èso gígùn tó ṣe é jẹ, èyí tí àwọn igi eléso mìíràn ní genus Musa máa ń jẹ jáde. Ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè mìíràn, wọ́n máa ń dín ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀, wọ́n sì máa ń yà wọ́n sọ́tọ̀ sí èyí tó wà fún jíjẹ.']",['Ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ èso gígùn tó ṣe é jẹ'],['P1'],1,0,"??g??d?? ??g??d?? j?? èso gígùn tó ?e é j?,[1][2] èyí tí àw?n igi eléso mìíràn ní genus Musa máa ? j? jáde.[3] Ní àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn, w??n máa ? dín ??g??d??, w??n sì máa ? yà w??n s??t?? sí èyí tó wà fún jíj?. Èso náà máa ? wà ní orí?irí?i ìw??n, àw?? àti ìrísí, àm??, ó máa ? gùn tó sì máa ? rí ??n??, p??lú ara tó r??. Àpèjúwe Igi ??g??d?? j?? igi eléwé tó tóbi jù l?.[4] Ìsàl?? igi ??g??d?? j?? èyí tí w??n máa ? pè ní ""corm"".[5] Igi náà máa ? ga, tó sì máa ? dúró níl?? dáadáa. Kò sí orí il?? tí ??g??d?? ò ti lè hù, ní bí i 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) sínú il??, ó sì f?? dáadáa.[6] Igi ??g??d?? j?? èyí tó máa ? tètè hù nínú gbogbo àw?n igi eléso yòókù. Ìw??n ìdàgbàsókè ojoojúm?? r?? j??1.4 ilopomeji mita (15 sq ft) to 1.6 ilopomeji mita (17 sq ft).[7][8]", 6769479311637898445,train,where do bananas come from in the world,"Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. They are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine and banana beer and as ornamental plants.","[""the tiv language', 'idoma""]",ibo ni ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ ti ń wá láyé,Yes,"['Ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ èso gígùn tó ṣe é jẹ, èyí tí àwọn igi eléso mìíràn ní genus Musa máa ń jẹ jáde. Ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè mìíràn, wọ́n máa ń dín ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀, wọ́n sì máa ń yà wọ́n sọ́tọ̀ sí èyí tó wà fún jíjẹ.']","['Ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ èso gígùn tó ṣe é jẹ, èyí tí àwọn igi eléso mìíràn ní genus Musa máa ń jẹ jáde. ', 'Ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ èso gígùn tó ṣe é jẹ, èyí tí àwọn igi eléso mìíràn ní genus Musa máa ń jẹ jáde.']",['P1'],1,0,"??g??d?? ??g??d?? j?? èso gígùn tó ?e é j?,[1][2] èyí tí àw?n igi eléso mìíràn ní genus Musa máa ? j? jáde.[3] Ní àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn, w??n máa ? dín ??g??d??, w??n sì máa ? yà w??n s??t?? sí èyí tó wà fún jíj?. Èso náà máa ? wà ní orí?irí?i ìw??n, àw?? àti ìrísí, àm??, ó máa ? gùn tó sì máa ? rí ??n??, p??lú ara tó r??. Àpèjúwe Igi ??g??d?? j?? igi eléwé tó tóbi jù l?.[4] Ìsàl?? igi ??g??d?? j?? èyí tí w??n máa ? pè ní ""corm"".[5] Igi náà máa ? ga, tó sì máa ? dúró níl?? dáadáa. Kò sí orí il?? tí ??g??d?? ò ti lè hù, ní bí i 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) sínú il??, ó sì f?? dáadáa.[6] Igi ??g??d?? j?? èyí tó máa ? tètè hù nínú gbogbo àw?n igi eléso yòókù. Ìw??n ìdàgbàsókè ojoojúm?? r?? j??1.4 ilopomeji mita (15 sq ft) to 1.6 ilopomeji mita (17 sq ft).[7][8]", 3990125321044577606,train,where do bananas come from trees or plants,"The banana plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant. All the above - ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure usually called a `` corm ''. Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy, and are often mistaken for trees, but what appears to be a trunk is actually a `` false stem '' or pseudostem. Bananas grow in a wide variety of soils, as long as the soil is at least 60 cm deep, has good drainage and is not compacted. The leaves of banana plants are composed of a `` stalk '' (petiole) and a blade (lamina). The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath ; the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem, which is all that supports the plant. The edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced, making it tubular. As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem the edges are forced apart. Cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions. Most are around 5 m (16 ft) tall, with a range from ' Dwarf Cavendish ' plants at around 3 m (10 ft) to ' Gros Michel ' at 7 m (23 ft) or more. Leaves are spirally arranged and may grow 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) long and 60 cm (2.0 ft) wide. They are easily torn by the wind, resulting in the familiar frond look.","['31', 'muhammadu buhari', 'nnamdi azikiwe', ""the tiv language', 'idoma""]",ibo ni ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ ti ń wá láti inú igi tàbí ewéko,Yes,"['Igi ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ igi eléwé tó tóbi jù lọ. Ìsàlẹ̀ igi ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ èyí tí wọ́n máa ń pè ní ""corm"". Igi náà máa ń ga, tó sì máa ń dúró nílẹ̀ dáadáa.']",['Igi ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ jẹ́ igi eléwé tó tóbi jù lọ.'],['P1'],1,0,"??g??d?? ??g??d?? j?? èso gígùn tó ?e é j?,[1][2] èyí tí àw?n igi eléso mìíràn ní genus Musa máa ? j? jáde.[3] Ní àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn, w??n máa ? dín ??g??d??, w??n sì máa ? yà w??n s??t?? sí èyí tó wà fún jíj?. Èso náà máa ? wà ní orí?irí?i ìw??n, àw?? àti ìrísí, àm??, ó máa ? gùn tó sì máa ? rí ??n??, p??lú ara tó r??. Àpèjúwe Igi ??g??d?? j?? igi eléwé tó tóbi jù l?.[4] Ìsàl?? igi ??g??d?? j?? èyí tí w??n máa ? pè ní ""corm"".[5] Igi náà máa ? ga, tó sì máa ? dúró níl?? dáadáa. Kò sí orí il?? tí ??g??d?? ò ti lè hù, ní bí i 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) sínú il??, ó sì f?? dáadáa.[6] Igi ??g??d?? j?? èyí tó máa ? tètè hù nínú gbogbo àw?n igi eléso yòókù. Ìw??n ìdàgbàsókè ojoojúm?? r?? j??1.4 ilopomeji mita (15 sq ft) to 1.6 ilopomeji mita (17 sq ft).[7][8]", 5821736110551927141,train,how many years is equal to 1 century,"A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred ; abbreviated c.) is a period of 100 years. Centuries are numbered ordinally in English and many other languages. For example, `` the 17th century '' strictly refers to the years from 1601 to 1700, but popularly refers to be the years 1600 to 1699.","['the pelvic region', 'within the pelvic region immediately behind and almost overlying the bladder, and in front of the sigmoid colon']",ọdún mélòó ló dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ọ̀rúndún kan,No,['Ọ̀rúndún kan je ogorun odun.'],['Ọ̀rúndún kan je ogorun odun.'],['P1'],1,0,Ọ̀rúndún kan je ogorun odun. Ọ̀rúndún 1k • Ọ̀rúndún 2k • Ọ̀rúndún 3k • Ọ̀rúndún 4k • Ọ̀rúndún 5k • Ọ̀rúndún 6k • Ọ̀rúndún 7k • Ọ̀rúndún 8k • Ọ̀rúndún 9k • Ọ̀rúndún 10k • Ọ̀rúndún 11k • Ọ̀rúndún 12k • Ọ̀rúndún 13k • Ọ̀rúndún 14k • Ọ̀rúndún 15k • Ọ̀rúndún 16k • Ọ̀rúndún 17k • Ọ̀rúndún 18k • Ọ̀rúndún 19k • Ọ̀rúndún 20k • Ọ̀rúndún 21k • Ọ̀rúndún 22k • Ọ̀rúndún 23k • Ọ̀rúndún 24k • Ọ̀rúndún 25k • Ọ̀rúndún 26k • Ọ̀rúndún 27k • Ọ̀rúndún 28k • Ọ̀rúndún 29k • Ọ̀rúndún 30k • Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ],"""Centuries"" and ""Centenary"" redirect here. For other uses, see Century (disambiguation) , Centuries (disambiguation) , and Centenary (disambiguation) . A century (from the Latin centum , meaning one hundred ; abbreviated c. ) is a period of 100 years . Centuries are numbered ordinally in English and many other languages. For example, ""the 17th century"" strictly refers to the years from 1601 to 1700, but popularly refers to be the years 1600 to 1699. A centenary is a hundredth anniversary or a celebration of this, typically the remembrance of an event which took place a hundred years earlier. Contents [ hide ] 1 Start and end in the Gregorian calendar 2 Debate over century celebration 2.1 Viewpoint 1: Strict Usage 2.2 Viewpoint 2: Common Usage and popular culture 3 1st century BC and AD 4 Dating units in other calendar systems 5 Centuries in astronomical year numbering 6 Alternative naming systems 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Start and end in the Gregorian calendar [ edit ] According to the Gregorian calendar , the 1st century AD/CE started on January 1, 1, and ended on December 31, 100. The 2nd century started at year 101, the 3rd at 201, etc. The n -th century started/will start on the year (100 × n) − 99 and ends in 100 × n . A century will only include one year, the centennial year, that starts with the century's number (e.g. 19 00 is the final year of the 19th century). Debate over century celebration [ edit ] Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor introduced the anno Domini system in AD 525, counting the years since the birth of Christ. This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception of Jesus of Nazareth , with AD counting years from the start of this epoch , and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525, but was not widely used until after 800. Strictly speaking, centuries begin with years ending with ""01"" as its last two digits and end with ""00"". In common usage and popular culture, however, a new century begins with years ending in ""00"" and end with years ending in ""99"". For example, strictly speaking, the 20th century runs from 1901-2000, but in common usage the 20th century runs from years 1900-1999. Neither terms however, are incorrect. There is, however, a year 0 in the astronomical year numbering and in the ISO 8601:2004 . In this model the 20th century would span 1900-1999. Viewpoint 1: Strict Usage [ edit ] 2 BC 1 BC 1 2 3 4 5 ... 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 ... 198 199 200 ... 1901 1902 ... 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ... 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 ... 2198 2199 2200 1st century 2nd century ... 20th century 21st century 22nd century Viewpoint 2: Common Usage and popular culture [ edit ] 2 BC 1 BC 1 2 3 4 5 ... 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 ... 198 199 ... 1900 1901 1902 ... 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ... 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 ... 2198 2199 1st century (99 years only) 2nd century ... 20th century 21st century 22nd century 1st century BC and AD [ edit ] There is no ""zeroth century"" in between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. Also, there is no year 0 AD . The Julian calendar ""jumps"" from 1 BC to 1 AD. The first century BC includes the years 100 BC to 1 BC. Other centuries BC follow the same pattern. Dating units in other calendar systems [ edit ] Besides the Gregorian calendar , the Julian calendar , the Aztec calendar , and the Hindu calendar have cycles of years that are used to delineate whole time periods; the Hindu calendar, in particular, summarizes its years into groups of 60, while the Aztec calendar considers groups of 52. Centuries in astronomical year numbering [ edit ] Astronomical year numbering , used by astronomers , includes a year zero (0). Consequently, the 1st century in these calendars may designate the years 0 to 99 as the 1st century, years 100 to 199 as the second, etc. Therefore, in order to regard 2000 as the first year of the 21st century according to the astronomical year numbering, the astronomical year 0 has to correspond to the Gregorian year 1 BC. Alternative naming systems [ edit ] In Swedish , Danish , Norwegian , Icelandic and Finnish , besides the ordinal naming of centuries another system is often used based on the hundreds part of the year, and consequently centuries start at even multiples of 100. For example, Swedish nittonhundratalet (or 1900-talet ), Danish nittenhundredetallet (or 1900-tallet ), Norwegian nittenhundretallet (or 1900-tallet ) and Finnish tuhatyhdeksänsataaluku (or 1900-luku ) refer unambiguously to the years 1900–1999. The same system is used informally in English. For example, the years 1900–1999 are sometimes referred to as the nineteen hundreds ( 1900s ). This is similar to the English decade names ( 1980s , meaning the years 1980–1989). See also [ edit ] Look up century in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centuries and Centennials . Age of Discovery Ancient history Before Christ Common Era Decade List of centuries Lustrum Middle Ages Millennium Modern era Saeculum Year References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] The Battle of the Centuries , Ruth Freitag, U.S. Government Printing Office . Available from the Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250- 7954. Cite stock no. 030-001-00153-9." 4055044187485347421,train,where does most of the oxygen come from on earth,"Dioxygen is used in cellular respiration and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth 's atmosphere by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O), strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation and the high - altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation. However, ozone present at the surface is a byproduct of smog and thus a pollutant.",[],ibo ni èyí tó pọ̀ jù lọ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ọ́síjìn tó wà láyé ti wá?,Yes,"[""Gegebi isupo re, oksijin ni apilese jantirerejulo keta ni agbalaye leyin haidrojin ati heliom ati apilese tojantirere julo gegebi isupo ninu Earth's crust, o je bi idaji isupo crust. Oksijin adawa je adarapo ni kemika julo lati han ni Aye laisi igbese afimoledapo awon iseelemin alaaye, ti won unlo okun imole orun lati se oksijin alapilese lati inu omi."", 'Nitori pe ohun ni opo isupo omi, oksijin na tun ni opo isupo awon iseelemin alaaye (fun apere, bi meji ninu idameta isupo ara omo eniyan).']","['Oksijin adawa je adarapo ni kemika julo lati han ni Aye laisi igbese afimoledapo awon iseelemin alaaye, ti won unlo okun imole orun lati se oksijin alapilese lati inu omi.', 'Nitori pe ohun ni opo isupo omi, oksijin na tun ni opo isupo awon iseelemin alaaye (fun apere, bi meji ninu idameta isupo ara omo eniyan).']","['P4', 'P3']",1,0,"??ksíjìn ??ksíjìn ( /??ks?d??n/ OK-si-jin) je elimenti kemika to ni nomba atomu 8 ati ti ami-idamo re je O. Oruko re wa lati gbongbo oro ede Griiki ???? (oksis) (ikan, to je ""shamu shamu"", tountoka si ikan lenu awon ikan) ati -????? (-jenis) (olupese, olumuwa), nitoripe nigba isoloruko re won ro pe gbogbo ikan gbodo ni oksijin ninu. Ni igbonasi ati itemo opagun, atomu meji apilese na undipo lati da oksijinmeji kan (dioxygen), efuufu oniatomumeji alailawo, alailoorun, alainitowo to ni afida O2. Oksijin je ikan ninu adipo kalkojin lori tabili alakoko, be sini o je apilese alaiseonide highly adarapo gidigidi to unda that readily forms adapo kiakia (agaga awon oloksijin) pelu gbogbo awon apilese yioku. Gegebi isupo re, oksijin ni apilese jantirerejulo keta ni agbalaye leyin haidrojin ati heliom[1] ati apilese tojantirere julo gegebi isupo ninu Earth's crust, o je bi idaji isupo.[2] Oksijin adawa je adarapo ni kemika julo lati han ni Aye laisi igbese afimoledapo awon iseelemin alaaye, ti won unlo okun imole orun lati se oksijin alapilese lati inu omi. O2 alapilese sese bere si pejo ninu afefeojuorun leyin ihanjade iyiarada awon iseelemin wonyi, ni bi odun 2.5 bilionu seyin.[3] Efuufu oksijin oniatomumeji lo je 20.8% itobiaye afefe.[4] Nitori pe ohun ni opo isupo omi, oksijin na tun ni opo isupo awon iseelemin alaaye (fun apere, bi meji ninu idameta isupo ara omo eniyan). Gbogbo akosoto ninla awon igbonwo onilepo ninu awon iseelemin alaaye, bi proteins, karboniolomi, ati ora, ni oksijin ninu, bo se je bakanna fun awon adapo alailemin ninla ti won je ike, eyin ati egun awon eranko. Oksijin alapilese unje sise latowo cyanobacteria, algae ati awon ogbin, o si unje lilo ninu imin alahamo fun gbogbo emin tosoro. Oksijin se ipalara si awon iseelemin alailoafefe dandanundandan, ti won je iruida emin atetekose to gbale ni Aye ko to o dipe O2 bere sini pejo ninu afefeojuorun. Iruida miran (allotrope) oksijin, osoni (O3), seranlowo lati da abo bo igbeojuorun lowo (biosphere) iranka onipupagan pelu ipele osoni ojuibiloke giga, sugbon o je idoti nitosi ojuode nibi ti o ti je eso abe smog[5] Ìhùwà Ìdìmú Ní ìgb??násí àti ìfúnpá ??págún, ??ksíjìn j?? ??fúùfù aláìláw??, aláìlóòórùn p??lú àfidá oníhóró O2, níbi tí àw?n át??mù ??ksíjìn méjéjì j?? dídìp?? lólóògùn m?? ara w?n p??lú ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì oníb?ta ayípo. Ìdìp?? yìí ní ìtòrò ìdìp?? méjì, b??sìni ìjúwe r?? ?e é pè bíi ìdìp?? ??mejì[6] tàbí bíi ìsop?? ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì ìkan-méjì àti two ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì méjì-m??ta.[7] ??ksíjìn ìb?ta (ó yàt?? sí òsónì, O3) ni ipò oríil?? hóró O2.[8] Ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì hóró r?? ní ?l??ktrónì méjì alánìníkejì tí w??n jókòó ona-àyípo oníhóró adíbàj?? méjì.[9]", 5523673917116649522,train,where does oxygen in earth atmosphere come from,"Dioxygen is used in cellular respiration and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Conversely, oxygen is continuously replenished by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O 3), strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation and the high - altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation. But ozone is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by - product of smog.",['ekiti'],ibo ni afẹ́fẹ́ ọ́síjìn tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé ti wá,Yes,"['Iruida miran (allotrope) oksijin, osoni (O3), seranlowo lati da abo bo igbeojuorun lowo (biosphere) iranka onipupagan pelu ipele osoni ojuibiloke giga, sugbon o je idoti nitosi ojuode nibi ti o ti je eso abe smog.']","['Iruida miran oksijin, osoni, seranlowo lati da abo bo igbeojuorun lowo iranka onipupagan pelu ipele osoni ojuibiloke giga.']",['P3'],1,0,"??ksíjìn ??ksíjìn ( /??ks?d??n/ OK-si-jin) je elimenti kemika to ni nomba atomu 8 ati ti ami-idamo re je O. Oruko re wa lati gbongbo oro ede Griiki ???? (oksis) (ikan, to je ""shamu shamu"", tountoka si ikan lenu awon ikan) ati -????? (-jenis) (olupese, olumuwa), nitoripe nigba isoloruko re won ro pe gbogbo ikan gbodo ni oksijin ninu. Ni igbonasi ati itemo opagun, atomu meji apilese na undipo lati da oksijinmeji kan (dioxygen), efuufu oniatomumeji alailawo, alailoorun, alainitowo to ni afida O2. Oksijin je ikan ninu adipo kalkojin lori tabili alakoko, be sini o je apilese alaiseonide highly adarapo gidigidi to unda that readily forms adapo kiakia (agaga awon oloksijin) pelu gbogbo awon apilese yioku. Gegebi isupo re, oksijin ni apilese jantirerejulo keta ni agbalaye leyin haidrojin ati heliom[1] ati apilese tojantirere julo gegebi isupo ninu Earth's crust, o je bi idaji isupo.[2] Oksijin adawa je adarapo ni kemika julo lati han ni Aye laisi igbese afimoledapo awon iseelemin alaaye, ti won unlo okun imole orun lati se oksijin alapilese lati inu omi. O2 alapilese sese bere si pejo ninu afefeojuorun leyin ihanjade iyiarada awon iseelemin wonyi, ni bi odun 2.5 bilionu seyin.[3] Efuufu oksijin oniatomumeji lo je 20.8% itobiaye afefe.[4] Nitori pe ohun ni opo isupo omi, oksijin na tun ni opo isupo awon iseelemin alaaye (fun apere, bi meji ninu idameta isupo ara omo eniyan). Gbogbo akosoto ninla awon igbonwo onilepo ninu awon iseelemin alaaye, bi proteins, karboniolomi, ati ora, ni oksijin ninu, bo se je bakanna fun awon adapo alailemin ninla ti won je ike, eyin ati egun awon eranko. Oksijin alapilese unje sise latowo cyanobacteria, algae ati awon ogbin, o si unje lilo ninu imin alahamo fun gbogbo emin tosoro. Oksijin se ipalara si awon iseelemin alailoafefe dandanundandan, ti won je iruida emin atetekose to gbale ni Aye ko to o dipe O2 bere sini pejo ninu afefeojuorun. Iruida miran (allotrope) oksijin, osoni (O3), seranlowo lati da abo bo igbeojuorun lowo (biosphere) iranka onipupagan pelu ipele osoni ojuibiloke giga, sugbon o je idoti nitosi ojuode nibi ti o ti je eso abe smog[5] Ìhùwà Ìdìmú Ní ìgb??násí àti ìfúnpá ??págún, ??ksíjìn j?? ??fúùfù aláìláw??, aláìlóòórùn p??lú àfidá oníhóró O2, níbi tí àw?n át??mù ??ksíjìn méjéjì j?? dídìp?? lólóògùn m?? ara w?n p??lú ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì oníb?ta ayípo. Ìdìp?? yìí ní ìtòrò ìdìp?? méjì, b??sìni ìjúwe r?? ?e é pè bíi ìdìp?? ??mejì[6] tàbí bíi ìsop?? ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì ìkan-méjì àti two ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì méjì-m??ta.[7] ??ksíjìn ìb?ta (ó yàt?? sí òsónì, O3) ni ipò oríil?? hóró O2.[8] Ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì hóró r?? ní ?l??ktrónì méjì alánìníkejì tí w??n jókòó ona-àyípo oníhóró adíbàj?? méjì.[9]", -585576194738042886,train,where was the element oxygen formed and by what process,"In nature, free oxygen is produced by the light - driven splitting of water during oxygenic photosynthesis. According to some estimates, green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70 % of the free oxygen produced on Earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Other estimates of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric oxygen are higher, while some estimates are lower, suggesting oceans produce ~ 45 % of Earth 's atmospheric oxygen each year.",['one hundred years of solitude'],"ibo ni èròjà oxygen ti wá, báwo ló sì ṣe wáyé?",Yes,"['O2 alapilese sese bere si pejo ninu afefeojuorun leyin ihanjade iyiarada awon iseelemin wonyi, ni bi odun 2.5\xa0billion seyin. Efuufu oksijin oniatomumeji lo je 20.8% itobiaye afefe.', ""Gegebi isupo re, oksijin ni apilese jantirerejulo keta ni agbalaye leyin haidrojin ati heliom ati apilese tojantirere julo gegebi isupo ninu Earth's crust, o je bi idaji isupo crust. Oksijin adawa je adarapo ni kemika julo lati han ni Aye laisi igbese afimoledapo awon iseelemin alaaye, ti won unlo okun imole orun lati se oksijin alapilese lati inu omi."", 'Ní ìgbọ́násí àti ìfúnpá ọ̀págún, ọ́ksíjìn jẹ́ ẹ̀fúùfù aláìláwọ̀, aláìlóòórùn pẹ̀lú àfidá oníhóró O2, níbi tí àwọn átọ́mù ọ́ksíjìn méjéjì jẹ́ dídìpọ̀ lólóògùn mọ́ ara wọn pẹ̀lú ìtòpọ̀ ẹlẹ́ktrónì oníbẹta ayípo.']","[""Gegebi isupo re, oksijin ni apilese jantirerejulo keta ni agbalaye leyin haidrojin ati heliom ati apilese tojantirere julo gegebi isupo ninu Earth's crust, o je bi idaji isupo crust. "", 'O2 alapilese sese bere si pejo ninu afefeojuorun leyin ihanjade iyiarada awon iseelemin wonyi, ni bi odun 2.5\xa0billion seyin.', 'Ní ìgbọ́násí àti ìfúnpá ọ̀págún, ọ́ksíjìn jẹ́ ẹ̀fúùfù aláìláwọ̀, aláìlóòórùn pẹ̀lú àfidá oníhóró O2, níbi tí àwọn átọ́mù ọ́ksíjìn méjéjì jẹ́ dídìpọ̀ lólóògùn mọ́ ara wọn pẹ̀lú ìtòpọ̀ ẹlẹ́ktrónì oníbẹta ayípo.']","['P5', 'P3']",1,0,"??ksíjìn ??ksíjìn ( /??ks?d??n/ OK-si-jin) je elimenti kemika to ni nomba atomu 8 ati ti ami-idamo re je O. Oruko re wa lati gbongbo oro ede Griiki ???? (oksis) (ikan, to je ""shamu shamu"", tountoka si ikan lenu awon ikan) ati -????? (-jenis) (olupese, olumuwa), nitoripe nigba isoloruko re won ro pe gbogbo ikan gbodo ni oksijin ninu. Ni igbonasi ati itemo opagun, atomu meji apilese na undipo lati da oksijinmeji kan (dioxygen), efuufu oniatomumeji alailawo, alailoorun, alainitowo to ni afida O2. Oksijin je ikan ninu adipo kalkojin lori tabili alakoko, be sini o je apilese alaiseonide highly adarapo gidigidi to unda that readily forms adapo kiakia (agaga awon oloksijin) pelu gbogbo awon apilese yioku. Gegebi isupo re, oksijin ni apilese jantirerejulo keta ni agbalaye leyin haidrojin ati heliom[1] ati apilese tojantirere julo gegebi isupo ninu Earth's crust, o je bi idaji isupo.[2] Oksijin adawa je adarapo ni kemika julo lati han ni Aye laisi igbese afimoledapo awon iseelemin alaaye, ti won unlo okun imole orun lati se oksijin alapilese lati inu omi. O2 alapilese sese bere si pejo ninu afefeojuorun leyin ihanjade iyiarada awon iseelemin wonyi, ni bi odun 2.5 bilionu seyin.[3] Efuufu oksijin oniatomumeji lo je 20.8% itobiaye afefe.[4] Nitori pe ohun ni opo isupo omi, oksijin na tun ni opo isupo awon iseelemin alaaye (fun apere, bi meji ninu idameta isupo ara omo eniyan). Gbogbo akosoto ninla awon igbonwo onilepo ninu awon iseelemin alaaye, bi proteins, karboniolomi, ati ora, ni oksijin ninu, bo se je bakanna fun awon adapo alailemin ninla ti won je ike, eyin ati egun awon eranko. Oksijin alapilese unje sise latowo cyanobacteria, algae ati awon ogbin, o si unje lilo ninu imin alahamo fun gbogbo emin tosoro. Oksijin se ipalara si awon iseelemin alailoafefe dandanundandan, ti won je iruida emin atetekose to gbale ni Aye ko to o dipe O2 bere sini pejo ninu afefeojuorun. Iruida miran (allotrope) oksijin, osoni (O3), seranlowo lati da abo bo igbeojuorun lowo (biosphere) iranka onipupagan pelu ipele osoni ojuibiloke giga, sugbon o je idoti nitosi ojuode nibi ti o ti je eso abe smog[5] Ìhùwà Ìdìmú Ní ìgb??násí àti ìfúnpá ??págún, ??ksíjìn j?? ??fúùfù aláìláw??, aláìlóòórùn p??lú àfidá oníhóró O2, níbi tí àw?n át??mù ??ksíjìn méjéjì j?? dídìp?? lólóògùn m?? ara w?n p??lú ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì oníb?ta ayípo. Ìdìp?? yìí ní ìtòrò ìdìp?? méjì, b??sìni ìjúwe r?? ?e é pè bíi ìdìp?? ??mejì[6] tàbí bíi ìsop?? ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì ìkan-méjì àti two ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì méjì-m??ta.[7] ??ksíjìn ìb?ta (ó yàt?? sí òsónì, O3) ni ipò oríil?? hóró O2.[8] Ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì hóró r?? ní ?l??ktrónì méjì alánìníkejì tí w??n jókòó ona-àyípo oníhóró adíbàj?? méjì.[9]", -2584302107455920806,validation,where can oxygen be found in the world,"Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the Earth 's atmosphere. As compounds including oxides, the element makes up almost half of the Earth 's crust.",[],níbo ni a ti lè rí ẹ̀mí físíìsì nínú ayé,Yes,"['O2 alapilese sese bere si pejo ninu afefeojuorun leyin ihanjade iyiarada awon iseelemin wonyi, ni bi odun 2.5 billion seyin.']",['ninu afefeojuorun'],['P3'],0,0,"??ksíjìn ??ksíjìn ( /??ks?d??n/ OK-si-jin) je elimenti kemika to ni nomba atomu 8 ati ti ami-idamo re je O. Oruko re wa lati gbongbo oro ede Griiki ???? (oksis) (ikan, to je ""shamu shamu"", tountoka si ikan lenu awon ikan) ati -????? (-jenis) (olupese, olumuwa), nitoripe nigba isoloruko re won ro pe gbogbo ikan gbodo ni oksijin ninu. Ni igbonasi ati itemo opagun, atomu meji apilese na undipo lati da oksijinmeji kan (dioxygen), efuufu oniatomumeji alailawo, alailoorun, alainitowo to ni afida O2. Oksijin je ikan ninu adipo kalkojin lori tabili alakoko, be sini o je apilese alaiseonide highly adarapo gidigidi to unda that readily forms adapo kiakia (agaga awon oloksijin) pelu gbogbo awon apilese yioku. Gegebi isupo re, oksijin ni apilese jantirerejulo keta ni agbalaye leyin haidrojin ati heliom[1] ati apilese tojantirere julo gegebi isupo ninu Earth's crust, o je bi idaji isupo.[2] Oksijin adawa je adarapo ni kemika julo lati han ni Aye laisi igbese afimoledapo awon iseelemin alaaye, ti won unlo okun imole orun lati se oksijin alapilese lati inu omi. O2 alapilese sese bere si pejo ninu afefeojuorun leyin ihanjade iyiarada awon iseelemin wonyi, ni bi odun 2.5 bilionu seyin.[3] Efuufu oksijin oniatomumeji lo je 20.8% itobiaye afefe.[4] Nitori pe ohun ni opo isupo omi, oksijin na tun ni opo isupo awon iseelemin alaaye (fun apere, bi meji ninu idameta isupo ara omo eniyan). Gbogbo akosoto ninla awon igbonwo onilepo ninu awon iseelemin alaaye, bi proteins, karboniolomi, ati ora, ni oksijin ninu, bo se je bakanna fun awon adapo alailemin ninla ti won je ike, eyin ati egun awon eranko. Oksijin alapilese unje sise latowo cyanobacteria, algae ati awon ogbin, o si unje lilo ninu imin alahamo fun gbogbo emin tosoro. Oksijin se ipalara si awon iseelemin alailoafefe dandanundandan, ti won je iruida emin atetekose to gbale ni Aye ko to o dipe O2 bere sini pejo ninu afefeojuorun. Iruida miran (allotrope) oksijin, osoni (O3), seranlowo lati da abo bo igbeojuorun lowo (biosphere) iranka onipupagan pelu ipele osoni ojuibiloke giga, sugbon o je idoti nitosi ojuode nibi ti o ti je eso abe smog[5] Ìhùwà Ìdìmú Ní ìgb??násí àti ìfúnpá ??págún, ??ksíjìn j?? ??fúùfù aláìláw??, aláìlóòórùn p??lú àfidá oníhóró O2, níbi tí àw?n át??mù ??ksíjìn méjéjì j?? dídìp?? lólóògùn m?? ara w?n p??lú ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì oníb?ta ayípo. Ìdìp?? yìí ní ìtòrò ìdìp?? méjì, b??sìni ìjúwe r?? ?e é pè bíi ìdìp?? ??mejì[6] tàbí bíi ìsop?? ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì ìkan-méjì àti two ìdìp?? ?l??ktrónì méjì-m??ta.[7] ??ksíjìn ìb?ta (ó yàt?? sí òsónì, O3) ni ipò oríil?? hóró O2.[8] Ìtòp?? ?l??ktrónì hóró r?? ní ?l??ktrónì méjì alánìníkejì tí w??n jókòó ona-àyípo oníhóró adíbàj?? méjì.[9]", -8575645126450111771,train,what is the meaning of eid in arabic,"Eid al - Adha (Arabic : عيد الأضحى ‎, translit. ʿīd al - aḍḥā, lit. ' Feast of the Sacrifice ' ‎, (ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdʕħæː)), also called the `` Sacrifice Feast '', is the second of two Muslim holidays celebrated worldwide each year, and considered the holier of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, as an act of obedience to God 's command. Before Abraham sacrificed his son, God provided a male goat to sacrifice instead. In commemoration of this, an animal is sacrificed and divided into three parts : one third of the share is given to the poor and needy ; another third is given to relatives, friends and neighbors ; and the remaining third is retained by the family.","['frenulum', 'apex']",kí ni ìtumọ̀ eid ní èdè àrábíìkì,Yes,"['Ọdún Iléyá (Lárúbáwá: عيد الأضحى\u200e ‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā tabi Aïd el-Kabir) ""Ọdún Ìdúpẹ́-Ọòrẹ"" jẹ́ ọjọ́ ìsinmi pàtàkì nínú ẹsìn Ìsìlàámù ti àwọn Mùsùlùmí ṣe àjọyọ̀ káàkiri àgbáyé láti ṣerántí àmì kàn tí wọ́n ní ìfẹ sí tí ó ń jẹ́ Ànọ́bì Ìbùrọ̀hìmù (Abraham) (Ibrahim).']",['Ọdún Iléyá jẹ́ ọjọ́ ìsinmi pàtàkì nínú ẹsìn Ìsìlàámù ti àwọn Mùsùlùmí ṣe àjọyọ̀ káàkiri àgbáyé láti ṣerántí àmì kàn tí wọ́n ní ìfẹ sí tí ó ń jẹ́ Ànọ́bì Ìbùrọ̀hìmù.'],['P1'],1,0,"?dún Iléyá ?dún Iléyá (Lárúbáwá: ‘?du l-’A??? tabi Aïd el-Kabir) ""?dún Ìdúp??-?òr?"" j?? ?j?? ìsinmi pàtàkì nínú ?sìn Ìsìlàámù ti àw?n Mùsùlùmí ?e àj?y?? káàkiri àgbáyé láti ?erántí àmì kàn tí w??n ní ìf? sí tí ó ? j?? Àn??bì Ìbùr??hìmù (Abrahamu) (Ibrahim).[1] Orí?irí?i àlàyé ló wà fún ?dún yìi, lára àw?n àlàyé náà ni: Ní ?dún 1991, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adélabú ?e àlàyé nípa ?dún Iléyá ní orí ??r?-s??r??s??r?? R??díò Abùjá wí pé ?dún Iléyá j?? àj??dún ìfi-??mí-ìm?orè-hàn, ?l??hun ní kí Ibrahim ó ?e láti fi ??mí-ìm??orè hàn èyí tí ó sí fí ?m? r?? Ishmael sílè fún ìfi ??mí-ìm??orè hàn sí ?l??run tí ó ?e àdéhùn fún pé bí oun Ibrahim bá bím? nínú ogbó pé òun yóò fí ?m? náà j??sín fún ?l??run. Nínú wàásí Sheikh náà tí í ?e ?m?-bibi oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gbo lórí ètò àj??dún ?dún tí ò?ì??? àgbà Mùsùlùmí Àlàájíaji Gúrúrángà ?e olóòtú àti olú-gbàl?j?? lórí ??r?-s??r??s??r?? náà wípé, fífi ?m? bíbí Ibrahim sílè kì ì ?e rírú ?b?. Sheikh Adélabú tí àw?n ?m? l??hìn r?? ? ?e ìgbéjáde ???ín isilaamu.Com láti pà?? ilé-èkó Ìsìlàámù Awqaf Africa ní Ìlú London ?é àlàyé ní èdè Yorùbá lórí ??r? Rédíò Abùjá wípé ìdánwò ní ?l??hun ?e fún Àn??bì ibrahim láti ?e Ìfi- rinl?? jíj? olúsìn-rere, olótìit??, olódodo àti olum??- oore. Onímím?? Yorùbá yíì ?e ìtumò àw?n ?s?- ??r?? nínú kúránì báyìí wípé [2]: ""Òun (Ibrahim) sí s? wípé: ""?l??hun mí ó! Fún mí ní ?m? rere"" B???? náà síní Àwa (?l??hun ?ba-Áaso) sí fún ní ìròyìn ay?? wípé òun (Ibrahim) yì ó rí ?m?kùnrin (Ishmael) bí. Nítorí ìdí èyí, nígbà tí òun (?m? ?kunrin kékeré náà, Ishmael) dàgbà dé bí tí ó lè rìn káàkiri (fún ìjíhìn-rere) p??lú Ibrahim, òun (Ibrahim) sí wí fún wípé: Ìw? ?m? mí (Ishmael) ó! A ti fi hàn mí l'ójú rán wípé mo fí ? ?e ìdúp?? oore (ní ti fíf?ni síl?? fún ìdúp?? l'??w? ?l??hun), àbí ìw? kò rí bí nkán ti rí bí - kíni èrò tìre?! Òun (Ishmael) sí da (bàba r?? Ibrahim) lóhùn wípé: ""Ìw? bàba mi ó! ?e g??g?? bí A ti ?e pa ìw? l'ás? láti ?e, Inshâ' Allâh (Ní ti Ògo-?l??hun) ìw? yì ó sí mo bí mo ti j?? nínú àw?n As-Sabirin (Àw?n Olufàradà nínú sùúrù àti òun tí ó j?m?? b???? gbogbo). L??hìn èyí, tí àw?n méjèèjì sí ti gbà fún ?l??hun w?n Allah tí w??n sì ?e ijúw??-jus?? sílè fún Ìf? ?l??hun), tí òun (Ibrahim) sí tí t?? orí ??e (Ishamel) l? síl?? (ní ààyè itébà sí iwájú); ""Báyìí náà ní Àwa sí pé òun: ""Ìw? Ibrahim o!"" ""Ìw?? (Ibrahin) tí ?e g??g?? bí A ti fi hàn ó (ní ojúran) ní òtít? àti ní òdodo! Báyìí náà sì ní Àwa ?e má ? san ??san fún (gbogbo àw?n) Múhsínùn (olù?e rere lótit? àti l'ódodo) - Sheikh Adélabú ?e ìt?ka sí ?s? ?r? ?l??hun nínú kúránì Orí 2:112)."" Láì k?? ?e àníàní, ìdánwò nlá tí ó fi ojú hàn gbángba ní eléyìí j??. Nítorí ìdí èyí ní À wa fi ?e ìrópò (g??g?? bí ìràpadà) ?m? (Ishamael) tí òun (Ibrahim) náà p??lú àgùntàn kàn b??l??j?? (láti fi dípò ní ?í?e ìdúp?? òòrè láti ??d?? ?l??hun) ""Báyìí náà sì ní À wa j?? kí ó wá nílé fún un (Ibrahin) ìrántí rere tí ó sì di mánìgbàgbé fun àti láàrín àw?n àr??m?d??m? tí òun b?? l??hìn Títí Láíláí. ""Sàlámùn 'alaa Ibrâhim (Abrahamu) i.e. Ìk?? àti ìg?? (?l??hun) ní fún Ibrahim (Abrahamu)}[3]. ","عيد الأضحى Eid al-Adha ""Feast of the Sacrifice"" Blessings for Eid al-Adha Observed by Muslims and Druze Type Muslim holidays Significance Commemoration of Ibrahim (Abraham) 's willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience of a command from God Marks the end of the annual Hajj to Mecca Observances Eid prayers Dhabihah , sacrifice of a sheep,cow, goat, buffalo or camel Donating one-third or more of the sacrifice meat to friends and neighbors Donating one-third or more of the sacrifice meat to the poor and needy Gatherings of family and friends Meals, especially lunches and late breakfasts (brunches) Wearing best clean clothes Gift-giving Giving money/gifts to kids and homeless as a token of love Helping the poor by giving foods, money, meat and clothes in the name of zakath Begins 10 Dhu al-Hijjah Ends 10 Dhu al-Hijjah Date 10 Dhu al-Hijjah 2017 date 1 September,2 September ( Umm al-Qura ) 2018 date 21 August 2019 date 11 August Related to Hajj Eid al-Fitr Part of a series on Islamic culture Architecture Azerbaijani Indo-Islamic Moorish Moroccan Mughal Ottoman Pakistani Tatar Persian Somali Sudano-Sahelian Art Calligraphy Miniature Oriental rug Persian carpet Turkish carpet Dress Abaya Agal Boubou Burqa Chador Jellabiya Niqāb Salwar kameez Songkok (Peci) Taqiya Keffiyeh (Kufiya) Thawb Jilbab Hijab Holidays Ashura Arba'een al-Ghadeer Chaand Raat al-Fitr al-Adha Imamat Day New Year Isra and Mi'raj al-Qadr Mawlid Ramadan Mid-Sha'ban Literature Arabic Azerbaijani Bengali Indonesian Javanese Kashmiri Kurdish Malay Pashto Persian Punjabi Sindhi Somali South Asian Turkish Urdu Music Dastgah Ghazal Madih nabawi Maqam Mugam Nasheed Qawwali Theatre Bangsawan Jem Karagöz and Hacivat Sama Ta'zieh Islam portal v t e Eid al-Adha ( Arabic : عيد الأضحى ‎, translit. ʿīd al-aḍḥā , lit. 'Feast of the Sacrifice'‎, [ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdˤħæː] ), also called the "" Sacrifice Feast "", is the second of two Muslim holidays celebrated worldwide each year, and considered the holier of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, as an act of obedience to God 's command. Before Abraham sacrificed his son, God provided a male goat to sacrifice instead. In commemoration of this, an animal is sacrificed and divided into three parts: one third of the share is given to the poor and needy; another third is given to relatives, friends and neighbors; and the remaining third is retained by the family. In the Islamic lunar calendar , Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah . In the international (Gregorian) calendar , the dates vary from year to year drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year. Eid al-Adha is the latter of the two Eid holidays, the former being Eid al-Fitr . The word ""Eid"" appears once in Al-Ma'ida , the fifth sura of the Quran, with the meaning ""solemn festival"". Like Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha begins with a prayer of two rakats followed by a sermon ( khutbah ). Eid al-Adha celebrations start after the descent of the Hujjaj , the pilgrims performing the Hajj , from Mount Arafat , a hill east of Mecca . Eid sacrifice may take place until sunset on the 13th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. The days of Eid have been singled out in the Hadith as ""days of remembrance"" and considered the holiest days in the Islamic Calendar . The takbir (days) of Tashriq are from the Maghrib prayer of the 29th of Dhul-Qadah up to the Maghrib prayer of the 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah (thirteen days and nights). Contents [ hide ] 1 Other names 2 Origin 3 Eid prayers 3.1 Who must attend 3.2 When is it performed 3.3 The Sunnah of preparation 3.4 Rites of the Eid prayers 3.5 The l-hamdu (praise with lip) and other rites 4 Traditions and practices 5 Eid al-Adha in the Gregorian calendar 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Other names [ edit ] Eid al-Adha celebrations start at the same time as the annual Hajj in Mecca . The Arabic term ""sacrifice feast "", ʿīd al-aḍḥā / ʿīd ul-aḍḥā is borrowed into Indo-Aryan languages such as Urdu , Hindi , Assamese, Bengali , Gujarati , and Austronesian languages such as Malay and Indonesian (the last often spelling it as Aidil Adha or Idul Adha ). Another Arabic word for ""sacrifice"" is Qurbani ( Arabic : قربان ‎‎.) The Semitic root Q-R-B (Hebrew: ק-ר-ב ‎) means ""to be close to someone/something""; other words from the root include qarov, ""close"", and qerovim, ""relatives."" The senses of root meaning ""to offer"" suggest that the act of offering brings one closer to the receiver of the offering (here, God). The same stem is found in Hebrew and for example in the Akkadian language noun aqribtu ""act of offering."" Eid al-Kabir , an Arabic term meaning ""the Greater Eid"" (the ""Lesser Eid"" being Eid al-Fitr), is used in Yemen, Syria, and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt). The term was borrowed directly into French as Aïd el-Kebir . Translations of ""Big Eid"" or ""Greater Eid"" are used in Pashto (لوی اختر Loy Axtar ), Kashmiri ( Baed Eid ), Urdu and Hindi ( Baṛī Īd ), Bengali ( বড় ঈদ Boro Id ), Tamil ( Peru Nāl , ""Great Day"") and Malayalam ( Bali Perunnal , ""Great Day of Sacrifice""). Albanian , however, uses Bajram(i) i vogël or ""the Lesser Eid"" (as opposed to Bajram i Madh , the ""Greater Eid"", for Eid al-Fitr) as an alternative reference to Eid al-Adha. [ citation needed ] The festival is also called ""Bakr-Eid"" in Urdu and Hindi language ( بقر عید ‎ , baqr `īd ), stemming from the Arabic word al-Baqara meaning ""The Cow"", although some have attributed it to the Urdu and Hindi word bakrī , meaning ""goat"", because of the tradition of sacrificing a goat in South Asia on this festival. This term is also borrowed into other Indian languages, such as Tamil Bakr `Īd Peru Nāl . [ citation needed ] In Uzbekistan it is called Qurbon Hayiti (Kurban Eid). In Bangladesh this Eid is called ঈদুল আজহা(idul azha) & কুরবানির ঈদ(kurbanir id) in Bengali . Literary meaning of Kurbanir Id is the festival of Sacrifice . Idul Azha is loan word from Arabic . বকরিদ(bokrid) is sometimes called in Old Dhaka which means the festival of Goat . This word is come from Hindustani . It is called ꠛꠇꠞꠣ ꠁꠖ(boxra id) in Sylheti , which means the festival of goat too. Some names refer to the fact that the holiday occurs after the culmination of the annual Hajj . Such names are used in Malaysian and Indonesian ( Hari Raya Haji ""Hajj celebration day"", Lebaran Haji , Lebaran Kaji . When this was not yet an official feast in the Philippines , this was how it was called in Mindanao and other predominantly Muslim areas. When it became a legal holiday in 2009, it became officially known as Eid al-Adha. Some also reference it with local language names like Kapistahan ng Pagsasakripisyo in Tagalog . In Tamil it is called ( Hajji Peru Nāl ). [ citation needed ] It is also known as Id ul Baqarah in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East, as Eid è Qurbon in Iran, Kurban Bayramı (""the Holiday of Sacrifice"") in Turkey, Baqarah Eid in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Trinidad, Eid el-Kebir in Morocco, Tfaska Tamoqqart in the Berber language of Jerba , Iduladha or Qurban in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, Qurbani Eid in Bangladesh, Bakri Idh (""Goat Eid"") in parts of Pakistan and India and Tabaski or Tobaski in Senegal and West Africa (most probably borrowed from the Serer language — an ancient Serer religious festival ), Babbar Sallah in Hausa language and ciida gawraca in Somali . [ citation needed ] Eid al-Adha has had other names outside the Muslim world. The name is often simply translated into the local language, such as English Feast of the Sacrifice , German Opferfest , Dutch Offerfeest , Romanian Sărbătoarea Sacrificiului , and Hungarian Áldozati ünnep . In Spanish it is known as Fiesta del Cordero or Fiesta del Borrego (both meaning ""festival of the lamb""). Origin [ edit ] Abraham, about to sacrifice his son According to Islamic tradition , the valley of Mecca (in present-day Saudi Arabia ) was a dry, rocky, and uninhabited place. God instructed Abraham to bring Hagar ( Hājar ), his Arabian (Adnan) wife, and Ishmael to Arabia from the land of Canaan . As Abraham was preparing for his return journey back to Canaan, Hagar asked him, ""Did God order you to leave us here? Or are you leaving us here to die?"" Abraham did not even look back. He just nodded, afraid that he would be too sad and that he would disobey God. Hagar said, ""Then God will not waste us; you can go"". Though Abraham had left a large quantity of food and water with Hagar and Ishmael, the supplies quickly ran out, and within a few days the two began to feel the pangs of hunger and dehydration. Hagar ran up and down between two hills, Safa and Marwa , seven times, in her desperate quest for water. Exhausted, she finally collapsed beside her baby Ishmael and prayed to God for deliverance. Miraculously, a spring of water gushed forth from the earth at the feet of baby Ishmael. Other accounts have the angel Jibra'il, striking the earth and causing the spring to flow in abundance. With this secure water supply, known as the Zamzam Well , they were not only able to provide for their own needs, but were also able to trade water with passing nomads for food and supplies. Years later, Abraham was instructed by God to return from Canaan to build a place of worship adjacent to Hagar's well (the Zamzam Well). Abraham and Ishmael constructed a stone and mortar structure – known as the Kaaba – which was to be the gathering place for all who wished to strengthen their faith in God. As the years passed, Ishmael was blessed with nubuwwah (prophethood) and gave the nomads of the desert his message of submission to God. After many centuries, Mecca became a thriving desert city and a major center for trade, thanks to its reliable water source, the Zamzam Well. One of the main trials of Abraham's life was to face the command of God to sacrifice his dearest possession, his son. The son is not named in the Quran, but Muslims believe it to be Ishmael , though it is mentioned as Isaac in the Bible . Upon hearing this command, Abraham prepared to submit to will of God . During this preparation, Shaitan (the Devil) tempted Abraham and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out God's commandment, and Abraham drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Satan, stones are thrown at symbolic pillars during the Stoning of the Devil during Hajj rites. When Abraham attempted to cut his throat, he was astonished to see that his son was unharmed and instead, he found a ram which was slaughtered. Abraham had passed the test by his willingness to carry out God's command. This story is known as the Akedah in Judaism (Binding of Isaac) and originates in the Tora , the first book of Moses ( Genesis , Ch. 22). The Quran refers to the Akedah as follows: 100 ""O my Lord! Grant me a righteous (son)!"" 101 So We gave him the good news of a boy ready to suffer and forbear. 102 Then, when (the son) reached (the age of) (serious) work with him, he said: ""O my son! I see in vision that I offer thee in sacrifice: Now see what is thy view!"" (The son) said: ""O my father! Do as thou art commanded: thou will find me, if Allah so wills one practising Patience and Constancy!"" 103 So when they had both submitted their wills (to Allah), and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead (for sacrifice), 104 We called out to him ""O Abraham! 105 ""Thou hast already fulfilled the vision!"" – thus indeed do We reward those who do right. 106 For this was obviously a trial– 107 And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice: 108 And We left (this blessing) for him among generations (to come) in later times: 109 ""Peace and salutation to Abraham!"" 110 Thus indeed do We reward those who do right. 111 For he was one of our believing Servants. 112 And We gave him the good news of Isaac – a prophet – one of the Righteous. — Quran, sura 37 ( As-Saaffat ), ayat 100–112 Abraham had shown that his love for God superseded all others: that he would lay down his own life or the lives of those dearest to him in submission to God 's command. Muslims commemorate this ultimate act of sacrifice every year during Eid al-Adha. While Abraham was prepared to make an ultimate sacrifice, God ultimately prevents the sacrifice, additionally signifying that one should never sacrifice a human life, especially not in the name of God. Eid prayers [ edit ] Main article: Eid prayers Eid prayer in Badshahi Mosque Devotees offer the Eid al-Adha prayers at the mosque. Who must attend [ edit ] According to some fiqh (traditional Islamic law) (although there is some disagreement). Men should go to mosque—or an Eidgah (a field where eid prayer held)—to perform eid prayer; Salat al-Eid is Wajib according to Hanafi . Sunnah al-Mu'kkadah according to Maliki and Shafi'i jurisprudence. Women are also highly encouraged to attend, although it is not compulsory. Menstruating women do not participate in the formal prayer, but should be present to witness the goodness and the gathering of the Muslims. Residents, which excludes travellers. Those in good health. Shiite version: Eid prayers are Mustahab (recommended) according to Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani . However, they are wajib (obligatory) only in the time when the Mahdi and Jesus return. When is it performed [ edit ] The Eid al-Adha prayer is performed any time after the sun completely rises up to just before the entering of Zuhr time, on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah. In the event of a force majeure (e.g. natural disaster), the prayer may be delayed to the 11th of Dhu al-Hijjah and then to the 12th of Dhu al-Hijjah. The Sunnah of preparation [ edit ] In keeping with the sunnah of Muhammad , Muslims are encouraged to prepare themselves for the occasion of Eid. Below is a list of things Muslims are recommended to do in preparation for the Eid al-Adha festival: Make wudu (ablution) and offer Salat al-Fajr (the pre-sunrise prayer). Prepare for personal cleanliness—take care of details of clothing, etc. Dress up, putting on new or best clothes available. Rites of the Eid prayers [ edit ] The scholars differed concerning the ruling on Eid prayers . There are three scholarly points of view: That Eid prayer is Fard Kifaya (communal obligation). This is the view of Abu Hanifa . That it is Sunna Mu’akkada (recommended). This is the view of Malik ibn Anas and Al-Shafi‘i . That it is Wajib on all Muslim men (a duty for each Muslim and is obligatory for men); those who do not do it without an excuse are considered sinners. This is the view of Ahmad ibn Hanbal , and was also narrated from Abu Hanifa. Eid prayers must be offered in congregation. Participation of women in the prayer congregation varies from community to community. It consists of two rakats (units) with seven takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah. For Sunni Muslims , Salat al-Eid differs from the five daily canonical prayers in that no adhan (call to prayer) or iqama (call) is pronounced for the two Eid prayers. The salat (prayer) is then followed by the khutbah, or sermon, by the Imam . At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange greetings with one other ( Eid Mubarak ), give gifts and visit one another. Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their non-Muslim friends, neighbours, co-workers and classmates to their Eid festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture. The l-hamdu (praise with lip) and other rites [ edit ] The l-hamdu is recited from the dawn of the ninth of Dhu al-Hijjah to the thirteenth, and consists of: Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar الله أكبر الله أكبر lā ilāha illā-Allāh لا إله إلا الله Wallāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar والله أكبر الله أكبر walillāhi l-ḥamdu ولله الحمد Allah is the greatest, Allah is the greatest, There is no god but Allah Allah is greatest, Allah is greatest and to Allah goes all praise. Multiple variations of this recitation exist across the Muslim world. Traditions and practices [ edit ] See also: Eid cuisine and Eidi (gift) Cookies of Eid Men, women, and children are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open waqf (""stopping"") field called Eidgah or mosque. Affluent Muslims who can afford it sacrifice their best halal domestic animals (usually a cow, but can also be a camel, goat, sheep, or ram depending on the region) as a symbol of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son. The sacrificed animals, called aḍḥiya ( Arabic : أضحية ‎‎), known also by the Perso-Arabic term qurbāni , have to meet certain age and quality standards or else the animal is considered an unacceptable sacrifice. In Pakistan alone nearly ten million animals are slaughtered on Eid days costing over US$2.0 billion. The meat from the sacrificed animal is preferred to be divided into three parts. The family retains one third of the share; another third is given to relatives, friends, and neighbors; and the remaining third is given to the poor and needy. Though the division is purely optional wherein either all the meat may be kept with oneself or may be given away to poor or needy, the preferred method as per sunnah of Muhammad is dividing it in three parts. The regular charitable practices of the Muslim community are demonstrated during Eid al-Adha by concerted efforts to see that no impoverished person is left without an opportunity to partake in the sacrificial meal during these days. Hajj is also performed in Saudi Arabia before Eid ul Adha and millions of Muslims perform Hajj. On the event of Hajj lots of Muslims slaughter animals and divide a major part of the meat for poor people. During Eid al-Adha, distributing meat amongst the people, chanting the takbir out loud before the Eid prayers on the first day and after prayers throughout the four days of Eid, are considered essential parts of this important Islamic festival. In some countries, families that do not own livestock can make a contribution to a charity that will provide meat to those who are in need. Eid al-Adha in the Gregorian calendar [ edit ] See also: Islamic calendar While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar. Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four different Gregorian dates in different parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line . The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council . Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia. However, it should be noted that the Umm al-Qura is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al-Hijjah to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit the Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day. In many countries, the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality. Islamic year Gregorian date 1436 24 September 2015 1437 12 September 2016 1438 1 September 2017 1439 23 August 2018 (calculated) 1440 12 August 2019 (calculated) See also [ edit ] Islam portal Holidays portal Binding of Isaac Phrixus Korban Notes [ edit ] ^a The son is not named in the Quran, but most modern Muslims adhere to the view that it was Ismail (Ishmael). Sayings attributed to Muhammad and Islamic commentaries differ on whether Abraham's older son Ishmael , or his younger son, Ishaq , was asked to be sacrificed in the vision. A chain of narration from Yunnus b. Abd al-Ala attributed to Abdallah b. Abbas: ""The Prophet in a conversation in which he said, 'Then we ransomed him with a tremendous victim.' And he also said, 'He is Isaac.'"" The Sunni commentary Tafsir Ibn Kathir: ""Ibn Jarir narrated that Ibn 'Abbas said, 'The one who was ransomed was Ismail, peace be upon him. The Jews claimed that it was Ishaq.'"" References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eid ul-adha . Muttaqi, Shahid ‘Ali. ""The Sacrifice of ""Eid al-Adha "" "" . Animals in Islam ." 3962038665514029855,train,what's the meaning of eid al adha,"Eid al - Adha (Arabic : عيد الأضحى ‎, translit. ʿīd al - aḍḥā, lit. ' Feast of the Sacrifice ', (ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdʕħæː)), also called the `` Sacrifice Feast '', is the second of two Muslim holidays celebrated worldwide each year, and considered the holier of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, as an act of obedience to God 's command. Before Abraham sacrificed his son, God provided a male goat to sacrifice instead. In commemoration of this, an animal is sacrificed and divided into three parts : one third of the share is given to the poor and needy ; another third is given to relatives, friends and neighbors ; and the remaining third is retained by the family.",['sodium'],kí ni ìtumọ̀ àjọ̀dún eid al adha,Yes,"['Ọdún Iléyá (Lárúbáwá: عيد الأضحى\u200e ‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā tabi Aïd el-Kabir) ""Ọdún Ìdúpẹ́-Ọòrẹ"" jẹ́ ọjọ́ ìsinmi pàtàkì nínú ẹsìn Ìsìlàámù ti àwọn Mùsùlùmí ṣe àjọyọ̀ káàkiri àgbáyé láti ṣerántí àmì kàn tí wọ́n ní ìfẹ sí tí ó ń jẹ́ Ànọ́bì Ìbùrọ̀hìmù (Abraham) (Ibrahim).']",['Ọdún Iléyá jẹ́ ọjọ́ ìsinmi pàtàkì nínú ẹsìn Ìsìlàámù ti àwọn Mùsùlùmí ṣe àjọyọ̀ káàkiri àgbáyé láti ṣerántí àmì kàn tí wọ́n ní ìfẹ sí tí ó ń jẹ́ Ànọ́bì Ìbùrọ̀hìmù.'],['P1'],1,0,"?dún Iléyá ?dún Iléyá (Lárúbáwá: ‘?du l-’A??? tabi Aïd el-Kabir) ""?dún Ìdúp??-?òr?"" j?? ?j?? ìsinmi pàtàkì nínú ?sìn Ìsìlàámù ti àw?n Mùsùlùmí ?e àj?y?? káàkiri àgbáyé láti ?erántí àmì kàn tí w??n ní ìf? sí tí ó ? j?? Àn??bì Ìbùr??hìmù (Abrahamu) (Ibrahim).[1] Orí?irí?i àlàyé ló wà fún ?dún yìi, lára àw?n àlàyé náà ni: Ní ?dún 1991, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adélabú ?e àlàyé nípa ?dún Iléyá ní orí ??r?-s??r??s??r?? R??díò Abùjá wí pé ?dún Iléyá j?? àj??dún ìfi-??mí-ìm?orè-hàn, ?l??hun ní kí Ibrahim ó ?e láti fi ??mí-ìm??orè hàn èyí tí ó sí fí ?m? r?? Ishmael sílè fún ìfi ??mí-ìm??orè hàn sí ?l??run tí ó ?e àdéhùn fún pé bí oun Ibrahim bá bím? nínú ogbó pé òun yóò fí ?m? náà j??sín fún ?l??run. Nínú wàásí Sheikh náà tí í ?e ?m?-bibi oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gbo lórí ètò àj??dún ?dún tí ò?ì??? àgbà Mùsùlùmí Àlàájíaji Gúrúrángà ?e olóòtú àti olú-gbàl?j?? lórí ??r?-s??r??s??r?? náà wípé, fífi ?m? bíbí Ibrahim sílè kì ì ?e rírú ?b?. Sheikh Adélabú tí àw?n ?m? l??hìn r?? ? ?e ìgbéjáde ???ín isilaamu.Com láti pà?? ilé-èkó Ìsìlàámù Awqaf Africa ní Ìlú London ?é àlàyé ní èdè Yorùbá lórí ??r? Rédíò Abùjá wípé ìdánwò ní ?l??hun ?e fún Àn??bì ibrahim láti ?e Ìfi- rinl?? jíj? olúsìn-rere, olótìit??, olódodo àti olum??- oore. Onímím?? Yorùbá yíì ?e ìtumò àw?n ?s?- ??r?? nínú kúránì báyìí wípé [2]: ""Òun (Ibrahim) sí s? wípé: ""?l??hun mí ó! Fún mí ní ?m? rere"" B???? náà síní Àwa (?l??hun ?ba-Áaso) sí fún ní ìròyìn ay?? wípé òun (Ibrahim) yì ó rí ?m?kùnrin (Ishmael) bí. Nítorí ìdí èyí, nígbà tí òun (?m? ?kunrin kékeré náà, Ishmael) dàgbà dé bí tí ó lè rìn káàkiri (fún ìjíhìn-rere) p??lú Ibrahim, òun (Ibrahim) sí wí fún wípé: Ìw? ?m? mí (Ishmael) ó! A ti fi hàn mí l'ójú rán wípé mo fí ? ?e ìdúp?? oore (ní ti fíf?ni síl?? fún ìdúp?? l'??w? ?l??hun), àbí ìw? kò rí bí nkán ti rí bí - kíni èrò tìre?! Òun (Ishmael) sí da (bàba r?? Ibrahim) lóhùn wípé: ""Ìw? bàba mi ó! ?e g??g?? bí A ti ?e pa ìw? l'ás? láti ?e, Inshâ' Allâh (Ní ti Ògo-?l??hun) ìw? yì ó sí mo bí mo ti j?? nínú àw?n As-Sabirin (Àw?n Olufàradà nínú sùúrù àti òun tí ó j?m?? b???? gbogbo). L??hìn èyí, tí àw?n méjèèjì sí ti gbà fún ?l??hun w?n Allah tí w??n sì ?e ijúw??-jus?? sílè fún Ìf? ?l??hun), tí òun (Ibrahim) sí tí t?? orí ??e (Ishamel) l? síl?? (ní ààyè itébà sí iwájú); ""Báyìí náà ní Àwa sí pé òun: ""Ìw? Ibrahim o!"" ""Ìw?? (Ibrahin) tí ?e g??g?? bí A ti fi hàn ó (ní ojúran) ní òtít? àti ní òdodo! Báyìí náà sì ní Àwa ?e má ? san ??san fún (gbogbo àw?n) Múhsínùn (olù?e rere lótit? àti l'ódodo) - Sheikh Adélabú ?e ìt?ka sí ?s? ?r? ?l??hun nínú kúránì Orí 2:112)."" Láì k?? ?e àníàní, ìdánwò nlá tí ó fi ojú hàn gbángba ní eléyìí j??. Nítorí ìdí èyí ní À wa fi ?e ìrópò (g??g?? bí ìràpadà) ?m? (Ishamael) tí òun (Ibrahim) náà p??lú àgùntàn kàn b??l??j?? (láti fi dípò ní ?í?e ìdúp?? òòrè láti ??d?? ?l??hun) ""Báyìí náà sì ní À wa j?? kí ó wá nílé fún un (Ibrahin) ìrántí rere tí ó sì di mánìgbàgbé fun àti láàrín àw?n àr??m?d??m? tí òun b?? l??hìn Títí Láíláí. ""Sàlámùn 'alaa Ibrâhim (Abrahamu) i.e. Ìk?? àti ìg?? (?l??hun) ní fún Ibrahim (Abrahamu)}[3]. ","عيد الأضحى Eid al-Adha ""Feast of the Sacrifice"" Blessings for Eid al-Adha Observed by Muslims and Druze Type Muslim holidays Significance Commemoration of Ibrahim (Abraham) 's willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience of a command from God Marks the end of the annual Hajj to Mecca Observances Eid prayers Dhabihah , sacrifice of a sheep,cow, goat, buffalo or camel Donating one-third or more of the sacrifice meat to friends and neighbors Donating one-third or more of the sacrifice meat to the poor and needy Gatherings of family and friends Meals, especially lunches and late breakfasts (brunches) Wearing best clean clothes Gift-giving Giving money/gifts to kids and homeless as a token of love Helping the poor by giving foods, money, meat and clothes in the name of zakath Begins 10 Dhu al-Hijjah Ends 12 Dhu al-Hijjah Date 10 Dhu al-Hijjah 2017 date 1 September,2 September ( Umm al-Qura ) 2018 date 21 August 2019 date 11 August Related to Hajj Eid al-Fitr Part of a series on Islamic culture Architecture Azerbaijani Indo-Islamic Moorish Moroccan Mughal Ottoman Pakistani Tatar Persian Somali Sudano-Sahelian Art Calligraphy Miniature Oriental rug Arab carpet Persian carpet Turkish carpet Dress Abaya Agal Boubou Burqa Chador Jellabiya Niqāb Salwar kameez Songkok (Peci) Taqiya Keffiyeh (Kufiya) Thawb Jilbab Hijab Holidays Ashura Arba'een al-Ghadeer Chaand Raat al-Fitr al-Adha Imamat Day New Year Isra and Mi'raj al-Qadr Mawlid Ramadan Mid-Sha'ban Literature Arabic Azerbaijani Bengali Indonesian Javanese Kashmiri Kurdish Malay Pashto Persian Punjabi Sindhi Somali South Asian Turkish Urdu Music Dastgah Ghazal Madih nabawi Maqam Mugam Nasheed Qawwali Theatre Bangsawan Jem Karagöz and Hacivat Sama Ta'zieh Islam portal v t e Eid al-Adha ( Arabic : عيد الأضحى ‎, translit. ʿīd al-aḍḥā , lit. 'Feast of the Sacrifice', [ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdˤħæː] ), also called the "" Sacrifice Feast "", is the second of two Muslim holidays celebrated worldwide each year, and considered the holier of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, as an act of obedience to God 's command. Before Abraham sacrificed his son, God provided a male goat to sacrifice instead. In commemoration of this, an animal is sacrificed and divided into three parts: one third of the share is given to the poor and needy; another third is given to relatives, friends and neighbors; and the remaining third is retained by the family. In the Islamic lunar calendar , Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah . In the international (Gregorian) calendar , the dates vary from year to year drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year. Eid al-Adha is the latter of the two Eid holidays, the former being Eid al-Fitr . The word ""Eid"" appears once in Al-Ma'ida , the fifth sura of the Quran, with the meaning ""solemn festival"". Like Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha begins with a prayer of two rakats followed by a sermon ( khutbah ). Eid al-Adha celebrations start after the descent of the Hujjaj , the pilgrims performing the Hajj , from Mount Arafat , a hill east of Mecca . Eid sacrifice may take place until sunset on the 13th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. The days of Eid have been singled out in the Hadith as ""days of remembrance"" and considered the holiest days in the Islamic Calendar . The takbir (days) of Tashriq are from the Maghrib prayer of the 29th of Dhul-Qadah up to the Maghrib prayer of the 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah (thirteen days and nights). Contents [ hide ] 1 Other names 2 Origin 3 Eid prayers 3.1 Who must attend 3.2 When is it performed 3.3 The Sunnah of preparation 3.4 Rites of the Eid prayers 3.5 The l-hamdu (praise with lip) and other rites 4 Traditions and practices 5 Eid al-Adha in the Gregorian calendar 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Other names [ edit ] Eid al-Adha celebrations start at the same time as the annual Hajj in Mecca . The Arabic term ""sacrifice feast "", ʿīd al-aḍḥā / ʿīd ul-aḍḥā is borrowed into Indo-Aryan languages such as Urdu , Hindi , Assamese, Bengali , Gujarati , and Austronesian languages such as Malay and Indonesian (the last often spelling it as Aidil Adha or Idul Adha ). Another Arabic word for ""sacrifice"" is Qurbani ( Arabic : قربان ‎.) The Semitic root Q-R-B (Hebrew: ק-ר-ב ‬) means ""to be close to someone/something""; other words from the root include qarov, ""close"", and qerovim, ""relatives."" The senses of root meaning ""to offer"" suggest that the act of offering brings one closer to the receiver of the offering (here, God). The same stem is found in Hebrew and for example in the Akkadian language noun aqribtu ""act of offering."" Eid al-Kabir , an Arabic term meaning ""the Greater Eid"" (the ""Lesser Eid"" being Eid al-Fitr), is used in Yemen, Syria, and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt). The term was borrowed directly into French as Aïd el-Kebir . Translations of ""Big Eid"" or ""Greater Eid"" are used in Pashto (لوی اختر Loy Axtar ), Kashmiri ( Baed Eid ), Urdu and Hindi ( Baṛī Īd ), Bengali ( বড় ঈদ Boro Id ), Tamil ( Peru Nāl , ""Great Day"") and Malayalam ( Bali Perunnal , ""Great Day of Sacrifice""). Albanian , however, uses Bajram(i) i vogël or ""the Lesser Eid"" (as opposed to Bajram i Madh , the ""Greater Eid"", for Eid al-Fitr) as an alternative reference to Eid al-Adha. [ citation needed ] The festival is also called ""Bakr-Eid"" in Urdu and Hindi language ( بقر عید ‬ , baqr `īd ), stemming from the Arabic word al-Baqara meaning ""The Cow"", although some have attributed it to the Urdu and Hindi word bakrī , meaning ""goat"", because of the tradition of sacrificing a goat in South Asia on this festival. This term is also borrowed into other Indian languages, such as Tamil Bakr `Īd Peru Nāl . [ citation needed ] In Uzbekistan it is called Qurbon Hayiti (Kurban Eid). In Bangladesh this Eid is called ঈদুল আজহা(idul azha) & কুরবানির ঈদ(kurbanir id) in Bengali . Literary meaning of Kurbanir Id is the festival of Sacrifice . Idul Azha is loan word from Arabic . বকরিদ(bokrid) is sometimes called in Old Dhaka which means the festival of Goat . This word is come from Hindustani . It is called ꠛꠇꠞꠣ ꠁꠖ(boxra id) in Sylheti , which means the festival of goat too. Some names refer to the fact that the holiday occurs after the culmination of the annual Hajj . Such names are used in Malaysian and Indonesian ( Hari Raya Haji ""Hajj celebration day"", Lebaran Haji , Lebaran Kaji . When this was not yet an official feast in the Philippines , this was how it was called in Mindanao and other predominantly Muslim areas. When it became a legal holiday in 2009, it became officially known as Eid al-Adha. Some also reference it with local language names like Kapistahan ng Pagsasakripisyo in Tagalog . In Tamil it is called ( Hajji Peru Nāl ). [ citation needed ] It is also known as Id ul Baqarah in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East, as Eid è Qurbon in Iran, Kurban Bayramı (""the Holiday of Sacrifice"") in Turkey, Baqarah Eid in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Trinidad, Eid el-Kebir in Morocco, Tfaska Tamoqqart in the Berber language of Jerba , Iduladha or Qurban in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, Qurbani Eid in Bangladesh, Bakri Idh (""Goat Eid"") in parts of Pakistan and India and Tabaski or Tobaski in Senegal and West Africa (most probably borrowed from the Serer language — an ancient Serer religious festival ), Babbar Sallah in Hausa language and ciida gawraca in Somali . [ citation needed ] Eid al-Adha has had other names outside the Muslim world. The name is often simply translated into the local language, such as English Feast of the Sacrifice , German Opferfest , Dutch Offerfeest , Romanian Sărbătoarea Sacrificiului , and Hungarian Áldozati ünnep . In Spanish it is known as Fiesta del Cordero or Fiesta del Borrego (both meaning ""festival of the lamb""). Origin [ edit ] Abraham, about to sacrifice his son According to Islamic tradition , the valley of Mecca (in present-day Saudi Arabia ) was a dry, rocky, and uninhabited place. God instructed Abraham to bring Hagar ( Hājar ), his Arabian (Adnan) wife, and Ishmael to Arabia from the land of Canaan . As Abraham was preparing for his return journey back to Canaan, Hagar asked him, ""Did God order you to leave us here? Or are you leaving us here to die?"" Abraham did not even look back. He just nodded, afraid that he would be too sad and that he would disobey God. Hagar said, ""Then God will not waste us; you can go"". Though Abraham had left a large quantity of food and water with Hagar and Ishmael, the supplies quickly ran out, and within a few days the two began to feel the pangs of hunger and dehydration. Hagar ran up and down between two hills, Safa and Marwa , seven times, in her desperate quest for water. Exhausted, she finally collapsed beside her baby Ishmael and prayed to God for deliverance. Miraculously, a spring of water gushed forth from the earth at the feet of baby Ishmael. Other accounts have the angel Jibra'il, striking the earth and causing the spring to flow in abundance. With this secure water supply, known as the Zamzam Well , they were not only able to provide for their own needs, but were also able to trade water with passing nomads for food and supplies. Years later, Abraham was instructed by God to return from Canaan to build a place of worship adjacent to Hagar's well (the Zamzam Well). Abraham and Ishmael constructed a stone and mortar structure – known as the Kaaba – which was to be the gathering place for all who wished to strengthen their faith in God. As the years passed, Ishmael was blessed with nubuwwah (prophethood) and gave the nomads of the desert his message of submission to God. After many centuries, Mecca became a thriving desert city and a major center for trade, thanks to its reliable water source, the Zamzam Well. One of the main trials of Abraham's life was to face the command of God to sacrifice his dearest possession, his son. The son is not named in the Quran, but Muslims believe it to be Ishmael , though it is mentioned as Isaac in the Bible . Upon hearing this command, Abraham prepared to submit to will of God . During this preparation, Shaitan (the Devil) tempted Abraham and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out God's commandment, and Abraham drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Satan, stones are thrown at symbolic pillars during the Stoning of the Devil during Hajj rites. When Abraham attempted to cut his throat, he was astonished to see that his son was unharmed and instead, he found a ram which was slaughtered. Abraham had passed the test by his willingness to carry out God's command. This story is known as the Akedah in Judaism (Binding of Isaac) and originates in the Tora , the first book of Moses ( Genesis , Ch. 22). The Quran refers to the Akedah as follows: 100 ""O my Lord! Grant me a righteous (son)!"" 101 So We gave him the good news of a boy ready to suffer and forbear. 102 Then, when (the son) reached (the age of) (serious) work with him, he said: ""O my son! I see in vision that I offer thee in sacrifice: Now see what is thy view!"" (The son) said: ""O my father! Do as thou art commanded: thou will find me, if Allah so wills one practising Patience and Constancy!"" 103 So when they had both submitted their wills (to Allah), and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead (for sacrifice), 104 We called out to him ""O Abraham! 105 ""Thou hast already fulfilled the vision!"" – thus indeed do We reward those who do right. 106 For this was obviously a trial– 107 And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice: 108 And We left (this blessing) for him among generations (to come) in later times: 109 ""Peace and salutation to Abraham!"" 110 Thus indeed do We reward those who do right. 111 For he was one of our believing Servants. 112 And We gave him the good news of Isaac – a prophet – one of the Righteous. — Quran, sura 37 ( As-Saaffat ), ayat 100–112 Abraham had shown that his love for God superseded all others: that he would lay down his own life or the lives of those dearest to him in submission to God 's command. Muslims commemorate this ultimate act of sacrifice every year during Eid al-Adha. While Abraham was prepared to make an ultimate sacrifice, God ultimately prevents the sacrifice, additionally signifying that one should never sacrifice a human life, especially not in the name of God. Eid prayers [ edit ] Main article: Eid prayers Eid prayer in Badshahi Mosque Devotees offer the Eid al-Adha prayers at the mosque. Who must attend [ edit ] According to some fiqh (traditional Islamic law) (although there is some disagreement). Men should go to mosque—or an Eidgah (a field where eid prayer held)—to perform eid prayer; Salat al-Eid is Wajib according to Hanafi . Sunnah al-Mu'kkadah according to Maliki and Shafi'i jurisprudence. Women are also highly encouraged to attend, although it is not compulsory. Menstruating women do not participate in the formal prayer, but should be present to witness the goodness and the gathering of the Muslims. Residents, which excludes travellers. Those in good health. Shiite version: Eid prayers are Mustahab (recommended) according to Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani . However, they are wajib (obligatory) only in the time when the Mahdi and Jesus return. When is it performed [ edit ] The Eid al-Adha prayer is performed any time after the sun completely rises up to just before the entering of Zuhr time, on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah. In the event of a force majeure (e.g. natural disaster), the prayer may be delayed to the 11th of Dhu al-Hijjah and then to the 12th of Dhu al-Hijjah. The Sunnah of preparation [ edit ] In keeping with the sunnah of Muhammad , Muslims are encouraged to prepare themselves for the occasion of Eid. Below is a list of things Muslims are recommended to do in preparation for the Eid al-Adha festival: Make wudu (ablution) and offer Salat al-Fajr (the pre-sunrise prayer). Prepare for personal cleanliness—take care of details of clothing, etc. Dress up, putting on new or best clothes available. Rites of the Eid prayers [ edit ] The scholars differed concerning the ruling on Eid prayers . There are three scholarly points of view: That Eid prayer is Fard Kifaya (communal obligation). This is the view of Abu Hanifa . That it is Sunna Mu’akkada (recommended). This is the view of Malik ibn Anas and Al-Shafi‘i . That it is Wajib on all Muslim men (a duty for each Muslim and is obligatory for men); those who do not do it without an excuse are considered sinners. This is the view of Ahmad ibn Hanbal , and was also narrated from Abu Hanifa. Eid prayers must be offered in congregation. Participation of women in the prayer congregation varies from community to community. It consists of two rakats (units) with seven takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah. For Sunni Muslims , Salat al-Eid differs from the five daily canonical prayers in that no adhan (call to prayer) or iqama (call) is pronounced for the two Eid prayers. The salat (prayer) is then followed by the khutbah, or sermon, by the Imam . At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange greetings with one other ( Eid Mubarak ), give gifts and visit one another. Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their non-Muslim friends, neighbours, co-workers and classmates to their Eid festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture. The l-hamdu (praise with lip) and other rites [ edit ] The l-hamdu is recited from the dawn of the ninth of Dhu al-Hijjah to the thirteenth, and consists of: Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar الله أكبر الله أكبر lā ilāha illā-Allāh لا إله إلا الله Wallāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar والله أكبر الله أكبر walillāhi l-ḥamdu ولله الحمد Allah is the greatest, Allah is the greatest, There is no god but Allah Allah is greatest, Allah is greatest and to Allah goes all praise. Multiple variations of this recitation exist across the Muslim world. Traditions and practices [ edit ] See also: Eid cuisine and Eidi (gift) Cookies of Eid Men, women, and children are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open waqf (""stopping"") field called Eidgah or mosque. Affluent Muslims who can afford it sacrifice their best halal domestic animals (usually a cow, but can also be a camel, goat, sheep, or ram depending on the region) as a symbol of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son. The sacrificed animals, called aḍḥiya ( Arabic : أضحية ‎), known also by the Perso-Arabic term qurbāni , have to meet certain age and quality standards or else the animal is considered an unacceptable sacrifice. In Pakistan alone nearly ten million animals are slaughtered on Eid days costing over US$2.0 billion. The meat from the sacrificed animal is preferred to be divided into three parts. The family retains one third of the share; another third is given to relatives, friends, and neighbors; and the remaining third is given to the poor and needy. Though the division is purely optional wherein either all the meat may be kept with oneself or may be given away to poor or needy, the preferred method as per sunnah of Muhammad is dividing it in three parts. The regular charitable practices of the Muslim community are demonstrated during Eid al-Adha by concerted efforts to see that no impoverished person is left without an opportunity to partake in the sacrificial meal during these days. Hajj is also performed in Saudi Arabia before Eid ul Adha and millions of Muslims perform Hajj. On the event of Hajj lots of Muslims slaughter animals and divide a major part of the meat for poor people. During Eid al-Adha, distributing meat amongst the people, chanting the takbir out loud before the Eid prayers on the first day and after prayers throughout the four days of Eid, are considered essential parts of this important Islamic festival. In some countries, families that do not own livestock can make a contribution to a charity that will provide meat to those who are in need. Eid al-Adha in the Gregorian calendar [ edit ] See also: Islamic calendar While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar. Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four different Gregorian dates in different parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line . The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council . Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia. However, it should be noted that the Umm al-Qura is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al-Hijjah to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit the Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day. In many countries, the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality. Islamic year Gregorian date 1436 24 September 2015 1437 12 September 2016 1438 1 September 2017 1439 23 August 2018 (calculated) 1440 12 August 2019 (calculated) See also [ edit ] Islam portal Holidays portal Binding of Isaac Phrixus Korban Notes [ edit ] ^a The son is not named in the Quran, but most modern Muslims adhere to the view that it was Ismail (Ishmael). Sayings attributed to Muhammad and Islamic commentaries differ on whether Abraham's older son Ishmael , or his younger son, Ishaq , was asked to be sacrificed in the vision. A chain of narration from Yunnus b. Abd al-Ala attributed to Abdallah b. Abbas: ""The Prophet in a conversation in which he said, 'Then we ransomed him with a tremendous victim.' And he also said, 'He is Isaac.'"" The Sunni commentary Tafsir Ibn Kathir: ""Ibn Jarir narrated that Ibn 'Abbas said, 'The one who was ransomed was Ismail, peace be upon him. The Jews claimed that it was Ishaq.'"" References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eid ul-adha . Muttaqi, Shahid ‘Ali. ""The Sacrifice of ""Eid al-Adha "" "" . Animals in Islam ." 5622948642358888770,train,map of where afghanistan is in the world,"Afghanistan (/ æfˈɡænɪstæn, - ɡɑːnɪstɑːn / (listen) ; Pashto / Dari : افغانستان ‬, Pashto : Afġānistān (avɣɒnisˈtɒn, ab -), Dari : Afġānestān (avɣɒnesˈtɒn)), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north ; and in the far northeast, China. Its territory covers 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi) and much of it is covered by the Hindu Kush mountain range, which experience very cold winters. The north consists of fertile plains, whilst the south - west consists of deserts where temperatures can get very hot in summers. Kabul serves as the capital and its largest city.","[""spain', 'portugal""]",àwòrán ayé ibi ti Afganisitani wà ní àgbáyé,Yes,"['Gbogbo ilẹ̀ ibẹ̀ fẹ̀ tó 652,000 square kilometers (252,000\xa0sq\xa0mi), orílẹ̀-èdè olókè ní tó ní ilẹ̀ pẹpẹ ní apá àríwá àti gúúsù-ilàòrùn.']","['Gbogbo ilẹ̀ ibẹ̀ fẹ̀ tó 652,000 ìlópoméjì kìlómítà, orílẹ̀-èdè olókè ní tó ní ilẹ̀ pẹpẹ ní apá àríwá àti gúúsù-ilàòrùn.']",['P1'],1,0,"Afghanístàn Afghanístàn ( /æf??æn?stæn,_æf????n?st??n/), àlò?i??? bíi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Onímàle il?? Afghanístàn, ni oríl??-èdè oníl??bodè ní Gúúsù àti Àrin Ásíà. Afghanístàn ní bodè m?? Pakistan ní ìlà-òrùn àti ní gúúsù; m?? Iran ní ìw??-òrùn; m?? Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, àti Tajikistan ní àríwá; àti m?? ?áínà ní àríwá-ìlàòrùn. Gbogbo il?? ib?? f?? tó 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), oríl??-èdè olókè ní tó ní il?? p?p? ní apá àríwá àti gúúsù-ilàòrùn. Kabul ni olúìlú àti ilú tótóbijùl? níb??. Iye aráàlú ib?? f?? ?? p?? tó 32 mílí??nù, tí w??n j?? ??yà àw?n Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara àti Uzbek. Nínú ètò ìkànìyàn 1995, àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n s? pé ó wà ní ìlú yìí lé dí?? ní mílíònù m??kànlélógún (21,017.000). Èdè tí w??n ? s? ní ìlú yìí tó àád??ta ?ùgb??n ìlàjì nínú àw?n tí ó wà ní ìlú náà ni ó ? s? pá?ít?? tí òun àti Dárì j? j? èdè ìj?ba. Dárì yìí nì orúk? tí w??n ? pe Persian (Pásíà) ní Afuganísítàànù. Dárí yìí ?e pàtàkì gan-an ni g??g?? bí èdè tí ìj?ba ? lò. Fún ti òwò tí ó j? m? gbogbo àgbáyé, èdè G????sì ti ? gbil?? sí i. Àw?n èdè mìíràn tí w??n ? s? ní ìlú yìí ni Tadzhik, Uzbek, Turkmen, baluchi, Brachic àti pashayi", 4414582506968862618,train,where is afghanistan located on the world map,"Afghanistan (/ æfˈɡænɪstæn / (listen) ; Pashto / Dari : افغانستان ‎, Pashto : Afġānistān (avɣɒnisˈtɒn, abɣɒnisˈtɒn), Dari : Afġānestān (avɣɒnesˈtɒn)), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. The country has a population of 35 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north ; and China in the far northeast - it also borders Gilgit - Baltistan in this region which is claimed by India. Its territory covers 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), making it the 41st largest country in the world.","['the atlantic ocean', 'ekiti']",ibo ni afghanistan wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Afghanístàn ( /æfˈɡænᵻstæn,_æfˈɡɑːnᵻstɑːn/; Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, ab-],[lower-alpha 1] Dari: Afġānestān Àdàkọ:IPA-fa), àlòṣiṣẹ́ bíi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Onímàle ilẹ̀ Afghanístàn, ni is a orílẹ̀-èdè onílẹ̀bodè ní Gúúsù àti Àrin Ásíà.']",['Afghanístàn wa ni orílẹ̀-èdè onílẹ̀bodè ní Gúúsù àti Àrin Ásíà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Afghanístàn Afghanístàn ( /æf??æn?stæn,_æf????n?st??n/), àlò?i??? bíi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Onímàle il?? Afghanístàn, ni oríl??-èdè oníl??bodè ní Gúúsù àti Àrin Ásíà. Afghanístàn ní bodè m?? Pakistan ní ìlà-òrùn àti ní gúúsù; m?? Iran ní ìw??-òrùn; m?? Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, àti Tajikistan ní àríwá; àti m?? ?áínà ní àríwá-ìlàòrùn. Gbogbo il?? ib?? f?? tó 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), oríl??-èdè olókè ní tó ní il?? p?p? ní apá àríwá àti gúúsù-ilàòrùn. Kabul ni olúìlú àti ilú tótóbijùl? níb??. Iye aráàlú ib?? f?? ?? p?? tó 32 mílí??nù, tí w??n j?? ??yà àw?n Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara àti Uzbek. Nínú ètò ìkànìyàn 1995, àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n s? pé ó wà ní ìlú yìí lé dí?? ní mílíònù m??kànlélógún (21,017.000). Èdè tí w??n ? s? ní ìlú yìí tó àád??ta ?ùgb??n ìlàjì nínú àw?n tí ó wà ní ìlú náà ni ó ? s? pá?ít?? tí òun àti Dárì j? j? èdè ìj?ba. Dárì yìí nì orúk? tí w??n ? pe Persian (Pásíà) ní Afuganísítàànù. Dárí yìí ?e pàtàkì gan-an ni g??g?? bí èdè tí ìj?ba ? lò. Fún ti òwò tí ó j? m? gbogbo àgbáyé, èdè G????sì ti ? gbil?? sí i. Àw?n èdè mìíràn tí w??n ? s? ní ìlú yìí ni Tadzhik, Uzbek, Turkmen, baluchi, Brachic àti pashayi", -2207819138263899937,train,where is malaria found in the human body,"The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito 's saliva into a person 's blood. The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum because P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria. The species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans. Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen - based rapid diagnostic tests. Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasite 's DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to their cost and complexity.","[""24 october 1945', 'to promote international cooperation', 'to create and maintain international order"", ""24 october 1945', 'maintaining international peace and security', 'promoting human rights', 'fostering social and economic development', 'protecting the environment', 'providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict"", '24 october 1945', 'assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states', 'the united nations (un)']",ibo ni àrùn ibà wà nínú ara ènìyàn,Yes,['Ìgéjẹ yii maa ń mú àwọn kòkòrò àkóràn láti itọ́ ẹ̀fọn sínu ẹ̀jẹ̀ènìyàn. Kòkòrò àkóràn yíì yóò rìn kiri lọ inú ẹ̀dọ̀ níbi tí wọn a ti dàgbà láti pọ̀si.'],['Kòkòrò àkóràn yíì yóò rìn kiri lọ inú ẹ̀dọ̀ níbi tí wọn a ti dàgbà láti pọ̀si.'],['P2'],1,0,"Ak? ibà Ak? ibà j? aarun àkoràn lati ara ??f?n tí àw?n ènìyàn àti àw?n ?ranko míìràn tí kòkòrò ?fà protozoans (irúf?? oní s????lì kan kòkòrò kékèèké) ti irúf?? kòkòrò à?òkunfà.[1] Ak? ibà maa ? fa àw?n ààmì èyí tí ó wà lára ak? ibà, ìgara, bíbì àti ??f??rí. Ní àw?n ìpò líle ó lè fa ara píp??n, ìmú lójìjì, dákú tàbí ikú.[2] Àw?n ààmì w??nyíi maa ? sábà b??r?? ní ?j?? m??wà tàbí m???dógún l??hìn ìgéj?. Ní àw?n tí a kò t??jú dáradára ààrùn tún lè j?y? ní àw?n o?ù mélòó bóyá.[1] Lára àw?n tí ó ?????? b?? l??w?? àkóràn, àtún-kóràn maa ? mú àw?n ààmì tí kò le jáde. Ti dí?? ìk??jùjàsí pòorá ní àw?n o?ù sí ?dún bí kò básí pé ibà k?luni.[2] Níw??p??, ààrùn yii maa ? múni nípa ìgéj? l??w?? aabo ??f?n tí ó ní àkóràn An?f??lísì. Ìgéj? yii maa ? mú àw?n kòkòrò àkóràn láti it?? ??f?n sínu ??j??ènìyàn.[1] Kòkòrò àkóràn yíì yóò rìn kiri l? inú ??d?? níbi tí w?n a ti dàgbà láti p??si. ??yà máàrùn Kòkòrò à?òkunfà lè ranni kí ènìyàn tán kiri.[2] ??p?? ikú ni o ? wáyé nípa P. falciparum p??lú P. vivax, P. ovale, àti P. malariae maa ? sábà fa ibà tí kò lera.[1][2] Àw?n ??yà P. knowlesi kìí sábà fa ààrùn lára àw?n ènìyàn.[1] A sábà maa ? ?àwarí ibà nípa ày??wò ??j?? nípa lílo ohun elò awo kòkòrò fíìmù ??j??, tàbí p??lú ìdálórí ántígínì- ày??wò ì?awarí kíákíá.[2] Àw?n ìlànà lílo polymerase ìtàgìjí à?okunfà láti ?àwarí kòkòrò náà DNA ti di àgbékal??, ?ùgb??n a kí sábà lò ní àw?n agbègbè tí ibà ti w??p?? nítorí ??w??n àti ipá gbòòrò líle w?n.[3] Ìjàmbá tí ààrùn ni a lè dínkù nípa díd??kun ìgéj? ??f?n nípa lílo àw??n ap??f?n àti òògùn alé kòkòrò, tàbí ìlànà ì?àkóso ??f?n bíi ìfúnka òògùn kòkòrò àti ìlànà fún adágún omi.[2] ??p?? àw?n oogùn ni ó wà ìd??kun ibà lára àw?n arinrin-àjò sí ibi tí ààrùn w??p??. Lílo oogùn l??k????kan sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine ni a gbà ním??ràn ?m?w?? ati ?aaju ìb??r?? o?ù m??ta oyún ti oyún ní àw?n àgbègbè tí ìbà w??p?? sí. Bí ìlò bá tìl?? wà, kòsí ojúlówó òògùn, bí-o-tìl??-j??pé èròngbà wà àti ?e ??kan ?l? l??w??.[1] ìgbàníyànjú ìt?jú ibà ni apàp?? òògùn a?òdì sí ibà tí ó ní artemisinin.[1][2] òògùn ìkejì léj?? bóyá mefloquine, lumefantrine, tàbí sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[4] Quinine p??lú doxycycline alèló bí kòbásí artemisinin.[4] A gbàníyànjú pé ní agbègbè tí ààrùn náà ti w??p??, a gb??d?? ?àwarí ibà kí a tó b??r?? ìt?jú nítorí ìp?si ìlòdìsí òògùn. Ìlòdìsi ti gboorò sí ??p?? oogùn a?òdìsí ibà; fún àp??r?, -a?odisi chloroquineP. falciparum titàn káákìri agbègbè ibà, àti a?òdìsí artemisinin ti di ì?òro ní àw?n apá ibìkan ní Gúúsù-ilà-oorùn A?ia.[1] Ààrùn náà titàn kiri ní agbègbè orùn àti agbègbè orùn dí?? àw?n ?kùn tí ó wà ní àyiká ti arín ilà aayé.[2] Èyí p??lú ??p?? ti Gúúsù Áfíríkà, ásíà , àti Latin Am??ríkà. Àj? Ìlera Àgbayé lápap?? pé ní 2012, àw?n ì??l?? 207 mílíónù ibà ni ó wáyé. Ní ?dún yì, ààrùn yí ti pa ó kééré láàrin 473,000 àti 789,000 ènìyàn, ??p?? tí ó j?? àw?n ?m?dé ní Áfíríkà.[1] Ìbà ? wáyé níbití o?ì wà ó sì ní ipa odì lórí ìdàgbà ??r?? ajé.[5][6] Ní Áfíríkà a ti wò lápap?? pé ó fa ìpàdánù $12 bílí??nù owó Am??ríkà ní ?dún kan èyí tí ó wáyé lára ìgbówó lórí ìt?jú-ìlera, àíníf?? sí i??? ?í?e àti ìpalára arìn-ajò.[7]", 1901536110703481146,train,which form of malaria is both the most common and the most severe,"Malaria parasites belong to the genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa). In humans, malaria is caused by P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and P. knowlesi. Among those infected, P. falciparum is the most common species identified (~ 75 %) followed by P. vivax (~ 20 %). Although P. falciparum traditionally accounts for the majority of deaths, recent evidence suggests that P. vivax malaria is associated with potentially life - threatening conditions about as often as with a diagnosis of P. falciparum infection. P. vivax proportionally is more common outside Africa. There have been documented human infections with several species of Plasmodium from higher apes ; however, except for P. knowlesi -- a zoonotic species that causes malaria in macaques -- these are mostly of limited public health importance.","['kingdom of kush', 'james joseph gandolfini jr.', 'june 19, 2013', 'australopithecines']",irú àrùn ibà wo ló wọ́pọ̀ jù lọ tó sì burú jù lọ?,Yes,"['Ẹ̀yà máàrùn Kòkòrò àṣòkunfà lè ranni kí ènìyàn tán kiri. Ọ̀pọ̀ ikú ni o ń wáyé nípa P.\xa0falciparum pẹ̀lú P.\xa0vivax, P.\xa0ovale, àti P.\xa0malariae maa ń sábà fa ibà tí kò lera. Àwọn ẹ̀yà P.\xa0knowlesi kìí sábà fa ààrùn lára àwọn ènìyàn. A sábà maa ń ṣàwarí ibà nípa àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ nípa lílo ohun elò awo kòkòrò fíìmù ẹ̀jẹ̀, tàbí pẹ̀lú ìdálórí ántígínì- àyẹ̀wò ìṣawarí kíákíá. Àwọn ìlànà lílo polymerase ìtàgìjí àṣokunfà láti ṣàwarí kòkòrò náà DNA ti di àgbékalẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n a kí sábà lò ní àwọn agbègbè tí ibà ti wọ́pọ̀ nítorí ọ̀wọ́n àti ipá gbòòrò líle wọn.']","['Ẹ̀yà máàrùn Kòkòrò àṣòkunfà lè ranni kí ènìyàn tán kiri. Ọ̀pọ̀ ikú ni o ń wáyé nípa P.\xa0falciparum pẹ̀lú P.\xa0vivax, P.\xa0ovale, àti P.\xa0malariae maa ń sábà fa ibà tí kò lera. ']",['P2'],1,0,"Ak? ibà Ak? ibà j? aarun àkoràn lati ara ??f?n tí àw?n ènìyàn àti àw?n ?ranko míìràn tí kòkòrò ?fà protozoans (irúf?? oní s????lì kan kòkòrò kékèèké) ti irúf?? kòkòrò à?òkunfà.[1] Ak? ibà maa ? fa àw?n ààmì èyí tí ó wà lára ak? ibà, ìgara, bíbì àti ??f??rí. Ní àw?n ìpò líle ó lè fa ara píp??n, ìmú lójìjì, dákú tàbí ikú.[2] Àw?n ààmì w??nyíi maa ? sábà b??r?? ní ?j?? m??wà tàbí m???dógún l??hìn ìgéj?. Ní àw?n tí a kò t??jú dáradára ààrùn tún lè j?y? ní àw?n o?ù mélòó bóyá.[1] Lára àw?n tí ó ?????? b?? l??w?? àkóràn, àtún-kóràn maa ? mú àw?n ààmì tí kò le jáde. Ti dí?? ìk??jùjàsí pòorá ní àw?n o?ù sí ?dún bí kò básí pé ibà k?luni.[2] Níw??p??, ààrùn yii maa ? múni nípa ìgéj? l??w?? aabo ??f?n tí ó ní àkóràn An?f??lísì. Ìgéj? yii maa ? mú àw?n kòkòrò àkóràn láti it?? ??f?n sínu ??j??ènìyàn.[1] Kòkòrò àkóràn yíì yóò rìn kiri l? inú ??d?? níbi tí w?n a ti dàgbà láti p??si. ??yà máàrùn Kòkòrò à?òkunfà lè ranni kí ènìyàn tán kiri.[2] ??p?? ikú ni o ? wáyé nípa P. falciparum p??lú P. vivax, P. ovale, àti P. malariae maa ? sábà fa ibà tí kò lera.[1][2] Àw?n ??yà P. knowlesi kìí sábà fa ààrùn lára àw?n ènìyàn.[1] A sábà maa ? ?àwarí ibà nípa ày??wò ??j?? nípa lílo ohun elò awo kòkòrò fíìmù ??j??, tàbí p??lú ìdálórí ántígínì- ày??wò ì?awarí kíákíá.[2] Àw?n ìlànà lílo polymerase ìtàgìjí à?okunfà láti ?àwarí kòkòrò náà DNA ti di àgbékal??, ?ùgb??n a kí sábà lò ní àw?n agbègbè tí ibà ti w??p?? nítorí ??w??n àti ipá gbòòrò líle w?n.[3] Ìjàmbá tí ààrùn ni a lè dínkù nípa díd??kun ìgéj? ??f?n nípa lílo àw??n ap??f?n àti òògùn alé kòkòrò, tàbí ìlànà ì?àkóso ??f?n bíi ìfúnka òògùn kòkòrò àti ìlànà fún adágún omi.[2] ??p?? àw?n oogùn ni ó wà ìd??kun ibà lára àw?n arinrin-àjò sí ibi tí ààrùn w??p??. Lílo oogùn l??k????kan sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine ni a gbà ním??ràn ?m?w?? ati ?aaju ìb??r?? o?ù m??ta oyún ti oyún ní àw?n àgbègbè tí ìbà w??p?? sí. Bí ìlò bá tìl?? wà, kòsí ojúlówó òògùn, bí-o-tìl??-j??pé èròngbà wà àti ?e ??kan ?l? l??w??.[1] ìgbàníyànjú ìt?jú ibà ni apàp?? òògùn a?òdì sí ibà tí ó ní artemisinin.[1][2] òògùn ìkejì léj?? bóyá mefloquine, lumefantrine, tàbí sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[4] Quinine p??lú doxycycline alèló bí kòbásí artemisinin.[4] A gbàníyànjú pé ní agbègbè tí ààrùn náà ti w??p??, a gb??d?? ?àwarí ibà kí a tó b??r?? ìt?jú nítorí ìp?si ìlòdìsí òògùn. Ìlòdìsi ti gboorò sí ??p?? oogùn a?òdìsí ibà; fún àp??r?, -a?odisi chloroquineP. falciparum titàn káákìri agbègbè ibà, àti a?òdìsí artemisinin ti di ì?òro ní àw?n apá ibìkan ní Gúúsù-ilà-oorùn A?ia.[1] Ààrùn náà titàn kiri ní agbègbè orùn àti agbègbè orùn dí?? àw?n ?kùn tí ó wà ní àyiká ti arín ilà aayé.[2] Èyí p??lú ??p?? ti Gúúsù Áfíríkà, ásíà , àti Latin Am??ríkà. Àj? Ìlera Àgbayé lápap?? pé ní 2012, àw?n ì??l?? 207 mílíónù ibà ni ó wáyé. Ní ?dún yì, ààrùn yí ti pa ó kééré láàrin 473,000 àti 789,000 ènìyàn, ??p?? tí ó j?? àw?n ?m?dé ní Áfíríkà.[1] Ìbà ? wáyé níbití o?ì wà ó sì ní ipa odì lórí ìdàgbà ??r?? ajé.[5][6] Ní Áfíríkà a ti wò lápap?? pé ó fa ìpàdánù $12 bílí??nù owó Am??ríkà ní ?dún kan èyí tí ó wáyé lára ìgbówó lórí ìt?jú-ìlera, àíníf?? sí i??? ?í?e àti ìpalára arìn-ajò.[7]", 7205286387107413471,train,infections that originate in hospitals are known as,"A hospital - acquired infection (HAI), also known as a nosocomial infection, is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a health care -- associated infection (HAI or HCAI). Such an infection can be acquired in hospital, nursing home, rehabilitation facility, outpatient clinic, or other clinical settings. Infection is spread to the susceptible patient in the clinical setting by various means. Health care staff can spread infection, in addition to contaminated equipment, bed linens, or air droplets. The infection can originate from the outside environment, another infected patient, staff that may be infected, or in some cases, the source of the infection can not be determined. In some cases the microorganism originates from the patient 's own skin microbiota, becoming opportunistic after surgery or other procedures that compromise the protective skin barrier. Though the patient may have contracted the infection from their own skin, the infection is still considered nosocomial since it develops in the health care setting.","['a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen', ""an itchy rash', 'throat or tongue swelling', 'shortness of breath', 'vomiting', 'lightheadedness', 'low blood pressure""]",àwọn àrùn tó ti ilé ìwòsàn wá ni a mọ̀ sí,Yes,"['Àkóràn tí a kó láti ilé ìwòsàn, tí a tún mò sí àkóràn nosocmial jẹ́ àkóràn tí a kó láti ilé ìwòsàn tàbí ibi ti a ti ń wo àwọn aláìsàn.']",['àkóràn nosocmial jẹ́ àkóràn tí a kó láti ilé ìwòsàn tàbí ibi ti a ti ń wo àwọn aláìsàn.'],['P1'],1,0,"Àkóràn tí a kó láti ilé ìwòsàn Àkóràn tí a kó láti ilé ìwòsàn, tí a tún mò sí àkóràn ilé ìwòsàn j?? àkóràn tí a kó láti ilé ìwòsàn tàbí ibi ti a ti ? wo àw?n aláìsàn. [1] ??p??l?p?? ??nà ni ènìyàn ti le k?? ààrùn ní ilé Ìwòsàn, ó lè j?? nípa àìkíyèsí ara nígbà tí ènìyàn bá ? lo àw?n nkan èlò ilé ìwòsàn tí ààrùn ti wà lára r?? bi abéré, àw?n ??be tí wón ? fi se isé ab?? àti àw?n ohun èlò míràn. Àìsàn tí ènìyàn bá kó ní ilé ìwòsàn má ? léwu gan nítorí pé bí ènìyàn bá l? ògùn láti pa kòkòrò tí ó ? fà àìsàn, tí ogùn náà ò bá pa kòkòrò náà, kòkòrò yìí ó l? tún agbára mú, èyí mú kí ògùn má le ran àw?n kòkòrò àti ilé ìwòsàn míràn nítorí wón ti gbìyànjú àti fi ??gùn pá, ?ùgb??n kò kú, dípò ó l? tún agbára mú ní.[2]","Nosocomial infection Contaminated surfaces increase cross-transmission Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease ICD - 10 Y95 eMedicine article/967022 [ edit on Wikidata ] A hospital-acquired infection ( HAI ), also known as a nosocomial infection , is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a health care–associated infection ( HAI or HCAI ). Such an infection can be acquired in hospital, nursing home , rehabilitation facility , outpatient clinic, or other clinical settings. Infection is spread to the susceptible patient in the clinical setting by various means. Health care staff can spread infection, in addition to contaminated equipment, bed linens, or air droplets. The infection can originate from the outside environment, another infected patient, staff that may be infected, or in some cases, the source of the infection cannot be determined. In some cases the microorganism originates from the patient's own skin microbiota, becoming opportunistic after surgery or other procedures that compromise the protective skin barrier. Though the patient may have contracted the infection from their own skin, the infection is still considered nosocomial since it develops in the health care setting. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of microorganisms , including bacteria and fungi combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. In Europe , where hospital surveys have been conducted, the category of gram-negative infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Nosocomial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract , bloodstream and other parts of the body. Many types are difficult to treat with antibiotics . In addition, antibiotic resistance can complicate treatment . Contents [ hide ] 1 Types 1.1 Organisms 2 Cause 2.1 Transmission 3 Prevention 3.1 Sterilization 3.2 Isolation 3.3 Handwashing 3.4 Gloves 3.5 Surface sanitation 3.6 Antimicrobial surfaces 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 5.1 United States 5.2 France 5.3 Italy 5.4 United Kingdom 5.5 Switzerland 5.6 Finland 5.7 Belgium 6 History 7 See also 8 References Types [ edit ] Hospital-acquired pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia Urinary tract infection Gastroenteritis Puerperal fever Organisms [ edit ] Staphylococcus aureus ' Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Candida albicans Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumannii ' Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Clostridium difficile Escherichia coli Tuberculosis Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus Legionnaires' disease Cause [ edit ] Transmission [ edit ] Indwelling catheters have recently been identified with hospital acquired infections. Procedures using Intravascular Antimicrobial Lock Therapy can reduce infections that are unexposed to blood-borne antibiotics. Introducing antibiotics, including ethanol, into the catheter (without flushing it into the bloodstream) reduces the formation of biofilms. Main routes of transmission Route Description Contact transmission The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact. Droplet transmission Transmission occurs when droplets containing microbes from the infected person are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the patient's body; droplets are generated from the source person mainly by coughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the performance of certain procedures, such as bronchoscopy. Airborne transmission Dissemination can be either airborne droplet nuclei (small-particle residue {5 µm or smaller in size} of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time) or dust particles containing the infectious agent. Microorganisms carried in this manner can be dispersed widely by air currents and may become inhaled by a susceptible host within the same room or over a longer distance from the source patient, depending on environmental factors; therefore, special air-handling and ventilation are required to prevent airborne transmission. Microorganisms transmitted by airborne transmission include Legionella , Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the rubeola and varicella viruses. Common vehicle transmission This applies to microorganisms transmitted to the host by contaminated items, such as food, water, medications, devices, and equipment. Vector borne transmission This occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other vermin transmit microorganisms. Contact transmission is divided into two subgroups: direct-contact transmission and indirect-contact transmission. Routes of contact transmission Route Description Direct-contact transmission This involves a direct body surface-to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms between a susceptible host and an infected or colonized person, such as when a person turns a patient, gives a patient a bath, or performs other patient-care activities that require direct personal contact. Direct-contact transmission also can occur between two patients, with one serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a susceptible host. Indirect-contact transmission This involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object, usually inanimate, such as contaminated instruments, needles , or dressings, or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients. In addition, the improper use of saline flush syringes, vials, and bags has been implicated in disease transmission in the US, even when healthcare workers had access to gloves, disposable needles, intravenous devices, and flushes. Prevention [ edit ] Controlling nosocomial infection is to implement QA / QC measures to the health care sectors, and evidence-based management can be a feasible approach. For those with ventilator-associated or hospital-acquired pneumonia, controlling and monitoring hospital indoor air quality needs to be on agenda in management, whereas for nosocomial rotavirus infection, a hand hygiene protocol has to be enforced. To reduce HAIs, the state of Maryland implemented the Maryland Hospital-Acquired Conditions Program that provides financial rewards and penalties for individual hospitals based on their ability to avoid HAIs. An adaptation of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services payment policy causes poor-performing hospitals to lose up to 3% of their inpatient revenues, whereas hospitals that are able to avoid HAIs can earn up to 3% in rewards. During the program’s first 2 years, complication rates fell by 15.26 percent across all hospital-acquired conditions tracked by the state (including those not covered by the program), from a risk-adjusted complication rate of 2.38 per 1,000 people in 2009 to a rate of 2.02 in 2011. The 15.26-percent decline translates into more than $100 million in cost savings for the health care system in Maryland, with the largest savings coming from avoidance of urinary tract infections, septicemia and other severe infections, and pneumonia and other lung infections. If similar results could be achieved nationwide, the Medicare program would save an estimated $1.3 billion over 2 years, while the health care system as a whole would save $5.3 billion. Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding uniforms , equipment sterilization , washing, and other preventive measures. Thorough hand washing and/or use of alcohol rubs by all medical personnel before and after each patient contact is one of the most effective ways to combat nosocomial infections. More careful use of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics , is also considered vital. Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents. Furthermore, patients are often prescribed antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs to help treat illness; this may increase the selection pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. [ citation needed ] Sterilization [ edit ] Sterilization goes further than just sanitizing. It kills all microorganisms on equipment and surfaces through exposure to chemicals, ionizing radiation, dry heat, or steam under pressure. [ citation needed ] Isolation [ edit ] Main article: Isolation (health care) Isolation is the implementation of isolating precautions designed to prevent transmission of microorganisms by common routes in hospitals. (See Universal precautions and Transmission-based precautions .) Because agent and host factors are more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microorganisms is directed primarily at transmission for example isolation of infectious cases in special hospitals and isolation of patient with infected wounds in special rooms also isolation of joint transplantation patients on specific rooms. Handwashing [ edit ] Handwashing frequently is called the single most important measure to reduce the risks of transmitting skin microorganisms from one person to another or from one site to another on the same patient. Washing hands as promptly and thoroughly as possible between patient contacts and after contact with blood , body fluids , secretions , excretions , and equipment or articles contaminated by them is an important component of infection control and isolation precautions. The spread of nosocomial infections, among immunocompromised patients is connected with health care workers' hand contamination in almost 40% of cases, and is a challenging problem in the modern hospitals. The best way for workers to overcome this problem is conducting correct hand-hygiene procedures; this is why the WHO launched in 2005 the GLOBAL Patient Safety Challenge. Two categories of micro-organisms can be present on health care workers' hands: transient flora and resident flora. The first is represented by the micro-organisms taken by workers from the environment, and the bacteria in it are capable of surviving on the human skin and sometimes to grow. The second group is represented by the permanent micro-organisms living on the skin surface (on the stratum corneum or immediately under it). They are capable of surviving on the human skin and to grow freely on it. They have low pathogenicity and infection rate, and they create a kind of protection from the colonization from other more pathogenic bacteria. The skin of workers is colonized by 3.9 x 10 4 – 4.6 x 10 6 cfu/cm 2 . The microbes comprising the resident flora are: Staphylococcus epidermidis , S. hominis , and Microccocus , Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, Dermobacterium , and Pitosporum spp., while transient organisms are S. aureus , and Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Acinetobacter, Enterobacter and Candida spp. The goal of hand hygiene is to eliminate the transient flora with a careful and proper performance of hand washing, using different kinds of soap, (normal and antiseptic), and alcohol-based gels. The main problems found in the practice of hand hygiene is connected with the lack of available sinks and time-consuming performance of hand washing. An easy way to resolve this problem could be the use of alcohol-based hand rubs, because of faster application compared to correct hand-washing. All visitors must follow the same procedures as hospital staff to adequately control the spread of infections. Moreover, multidrug-resistant infections can leave the hospital and become part of the community flora if steps are not taken to stop this transmission. It is unclear whether or not nail polish or rings affected surgical wound infection rates. Gloves [ edit ] In addition to hand washing, gloves play an important role in reducing the risks of transmission of microorganisms. Gloves are worn for three important reasons in hospitals. First, they are worn to provide a protective barrier for personnel, preventing large scale contamination of the hands when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has mandated wearing gloves to reduce the risk of bloodborne pathogen infections. Second, gloves are worn to reduce the likelihood that microorganisms present on the hands of personnel will be transmitted to patients during invasive or other patient-care procedures that involve touching a patient's mucous membranes and nonintact skin. Third, they are worn to reduce the likelihood that the hands of personnel contaminated with micro-organisms from a patient or a fomite can transmit those micro-organisms to another patient. In this situation, gloves must be changed between patient contacts, and hands should be washed after gloves are removed. Wearing gloves does not replace the need for handwashing, because gloves may have small, undtectable defects or may be torn during use, and hands can become contaminated during removal of gloves. Failure to change gloves between patient contacts is an infection control hazard. [ citation needed ] Surface sanitation [ edit ] Sanitizing surfaces is part of nosocomial infection in health care environments. Modern sanitizing methods such as Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems have been effective against gastroenteritis, MRSA, and influenza agents. Use of hydrogen peroxide vapor has been clinically proven to reduce infection rates and risk of acquisition. Hydrogen peroxide is effective against endospore-forming bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile , where alcohol has been shown to be ineffective. [ non-primary source needed ] Ultraviolet cleaning devices may also be used to disinfect the rooms of patients infected with Clostridium difficile after discharge. [ non-primary source needed ] Antimicrobial surfaces [ edit ] Micro-organisms are known to survive on inanimate ‘touch’ surfaces for extended periods of time. This can be especially troublesome in hospital environments where patients with immunodeficiencies are at enhanced risk for contracting nosocomial infections. Touch surfaces commonly found in hospital rooms, such as bed rails, call buttons, touch plates, chairs, door handles, light switches, grab rails, intravenous poles, dispensers (alcohol gel, paper towel, soap), dressing trolleys, and counter and table tops are known to be contaminated with Staphylococcus , MRSA (one of the most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Objects in closest proximity to patients have the highest levels of MRSA and VRE. This is why touch surfaces in hospital rooms can serve as sources, or reservoirs, for the spread of bacteria from the hands of healthcare workers and visitors to patients. A number of compounds can decrease the risk of bacteria growing on surfaces including: copper , silver , and germicides . Treatment [ edit ] Among the categories of bacteria most known to infect patients are the category MRSA (resistant strain of S. aureus ), member of gram-positive bacteria and Acinetobacter ( A. baumannii ), which is gram-negative . While antibiotic drugs to treat diseases caused by gram-positive MRSA are available, few effective drugs are available for Acinetobacter . Acinetobacter bacteria are evolving and becoming immune to existing antibiotics, so in many cases, polymyxin -type antibacterials need to be used. ""In many respects it’s far worse than MRSA,"" said a specialist at Case Western Reserve University . Another growing disease, especially prevalent in New York City hospitals, is the drug-resistant, gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae . An estimated more than 20% of the Klebsiella infections in Brooklyn hospitals ""are now resistant to virtually all modern antibiotics, and those supergerms are now spreading worldwide."" The bacteria, classified as gram-negative because of their reaction to the Gram stain test, can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract , bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Their cell structures make them more difficult to attack with antibiotics than gram-positive organisms like MRSA. In some cases, antibiotic resistance is spreading to gram-negative bacteria that can infect people outside the hospital. ""For gram-positives we need better drugs; for gram-negatives we need any drugs,"" said Dr. Brad Spellberg, an infectious-disease specialist at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , and the author of Rising Plague , a book about drug-resistant pathogens. One-third of nosocomial infections are considered preventable. The CDC estimates 2 million people in the United States are infected annually by hospital-acquired infections, resulting in 20,000 deaths. The most common nosocomial infections are of the urinary tract , surgical site and various pneumonias . Epidemiology [ edit ] The methods used differ from country to country (definitions used, type of nosocomial infections covered, health units surveyed, inclusion or exclusion of imported infections, etc.), so the international comparisons of nosocomial infection rates should be made with the utmost care. United States [ edit ] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of bacteria combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. Other estimates indicate 10%, or 2 million, patients a year become infected, with the annual cost ranging from $4.5 billion to $11 billion. In the USA, the most frequent type of infection hospitalwide is urinary tract infection (36%), followed by surgical site infection (20%), and bloodstream infection and pneumonia (both 11%). [ needs update ] France [ edit ] Estimates ranged from 6.7% in 1990 to 7.4% (patients may have several infections). At national level, prevalence among patients in health care facilities was 6.7% in 1996, 5.9% in 2001 and 5.0% in 2006. The rates for nosocomial infections were 7.6% in 1996, 6.4% in 2001 and 5.4% in 2006. In 2006, the most common infection sites were urinary tract infections (30,3%), pneumopathy (14,7%), infections of surgery site (14,2%). Infections of the skin and mucous membrane (10,2%), other respiratory infections (6,8%) and bacterial infections / blood poisoning (6,4%). The rates among adult patients in intensive care were 13,5% in 2004, 14,6% in 2005, 14,1% in 2006 and 14.4% in 2007. Nosocomial infections are estimated to make patients stay in the hospital four to five additional days. Around 2004-2005, about 9,000 people died each year with a nosocomial infection, of which about 4,200 would have survived without this infection. Italy [ edit ] Since 2000, estimates show about a 6.7% infection rate, i.e. between 450,000 and 700,000 patients, which caused between 4,500 and 7,000 deaths. A survey in Lombardy gave a rate of 4.9% of patients in 2000. United Kingdom [ edit ] In 2012 the Health Protection Agency reported the prevalence rate of HAIs in England was 6.4% in 2011, against a rate of 8.2% in 2006. With respiratory tract , urinary tract and surgical site infections the most common types of HAI reported. Switzerland [ edit ] Estimates range between 2 and 14%. A national survey gave a rate of 7.2% in 2004. Finland [ edit ] Rate were estimated at 8.5% of patients in 2005. Belgium [ edit ] In Belgium the prevalence of nosocomial infections is about 6.2%. Annually about 125 500 patients become infected by a nosocomial infection, resulting in almost 3000 deaths. The extra costs for the health insurance are estimated to be approximately €400 million/year. History [ edit ] mortality rates 1841-1846 in two clinics documented by Semmelweis In 1841, Ignaz Semmelweis , a Hungarian obstetrician was working at a Vienna maternity hospital. He was ""shocked"" by the death rate of women who developed puerperal fever . He documented that the infection was 20 times higher in the ward where the medical students were delivering babies than in the next ward that was staffed by midwifery students . The medical students were also routinely working with cadavers . He compared the rates of infection with a similar hospital in Dublin, Ireland and hypothesized that it was the medical students who somehow were infecting the women after labor. He instituted mandatory hand-washing in May, 1847 and infection rates dropped dramatically. Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease and began his work on cholera in 1865 by identifying that it was microorganisms that were associated with disease . See also [ edit ] Cubicle curtain Infection control Iatrogenesis NAV-CO2 Phototherapy Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures References [ edit ] Look up nosocomial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary." 2086368087340057281,train,who is a lawyer and what does a lawyer do,"A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister - at - law, bar - at - law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services.",[],tani ẹni tó jẹ́ agbẹjọ́rò àti kíni iṣẹ́ tí agbẹjọ́rò ń ṣe,Yes,['Èyíkéyí tí kò báà jẹ́ nínú iṣẹ́ wọn ni ó ní ojúṣe tìrẹ àti ànfaní rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú.Ṣíṣe iṣẹ́ amòfin ni ó ní kíkọ́ ati mímọ̀ nípa àpadé-àludé bí ofin ìlú tabi orílẹ̀-èdè bá ṣe rí àti ìmọ̀ nípa bí a ṣe lè lo òfin náà láti fi yanjú ìṣòro.'],['Èyíkéyí tí kò báà jẹ́ nínú iṣẹ́ wọn ni ó ní ojúṣe tìrẹ àti ànfaní rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú.Ṣíṣe iṣẹ́ amòfin ni ó ní kíkọ́ ati mímọ̀ nípa àpadé-àludé bí ofin ìlú tabi orílẹ̀-èdè bá ṣe rí àti ìmọ̀ nípa bí a ṣe lè lo òfin náà láti fi yanjú ìṣòro.'],['P1'],1,0,"Amòfin Amòfin ni a lè pè ní ?ni tí ó ? ?ís?? òfin tàbí tí ó ? fi òfin ?i??? ?e. Ipa tí amòfin ? kò kò kéré láàrín ìlú sí ìlú ati oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Amòfin lè j?? agbèfúni (amòfin), ó lè j?? amòfin níwájú adáj??, ó lè j?? amòfin ajàf??t???ni àti b????b???? l?. Èyíkéyí tí kò báà j?? nínú i??? w?n ni ó ní ojú?e tìr? àti ànfaní r?? p??lú.[1]?í?e i??? amòfin ni ó ní kík?? ati mím?? nípa àpadé-àludé bí ofin ìlú tabi oríl??-èdè bá ?e rí àti ìm?? nípa bí a ?e lè lo òfin náà láti fi yanjú ì?òro.[2][3] [4][5] Èdè ìperí w?n Onírúurú nkan ni orí?irí?i ìlú tàbí oríl??-èdè ma ? wo ?àkun r?? kí w??n tó lè pe enìkan ni amòfin, fúndí èyí, orúk? tí w?n a máa pe amòfin ní ibìkan sí òmíràn a máa yàt?? síraw?n. Àw?n ìlú mìíràn ní osí?i i??? amòfin méjì tí w??n sì pè w??n ní agb?j??rò ati amòfin, nígbà tí àw?n kan jan orúk? méjèèjì p??. Bí w??n bá pe ènìyàn ní Agb?j??rò, ó túm?? sí wípé irúf?? ?ni b???? j?? ak?ni níwájú adáj??, nígbà tí amòfin àgbà túm?? sí ?ni tí k?? nípa bí w??n ?e ? gbé ?j?? kan tàbí òmíràn l? síwájú adáj?? nílé-?j??. Agbègbè tàbí ìlú ni ó lè s? bí amòfin bá lè ?ègbè fúnni nílé ?j?? bí ó til?? j?? wípé w?n kò fi b???? ní ??t?? láti dúró ?ègbè tàbí tako ?j?? níwájú adáj??. Lóòt?? ni Agb?j??rò àti amòfin k?? ??k?? nípa ìm?? òfin síb??, i??? w?n yàt?? síraw?n. Ìyàt?? láàrín Agb?j??rò àti amòfin ni ó j?y? nínú ìm??òfin aw?n g????sì, tí ó sì j?? wípé púp?? nínú àw?n oríl??-èdè tí Won gba òmìnira kúrò l??w?? ìmúnisìn àw?n g????sì ni w??n ? lo ìlànà òfin g??èsì, síb?? w??n s? orúk? méjèèjì di ??kan. Àw?n oríl??-èdè bíi: New Zealand, Kánádà, India Pakistan, àti US ni w??n s? Agb?j??rò àti amòfin (agb?j??rò) di ??kan ?o?o. [6] Àw?n mìíràn náà tún pa i??? àw?n agb?j??ró méjèèjì náà p?? di ?y?kan tí w??n sì s?ni??? w?n fi ?y?kan p??lú. Ní USA, w?n a máa pe Agb?j??rò àti amòfin ní àw?n agb?j??rò"", tí ó túm?? sí agb?j??rò tí ó lè jà fúnni tàbí takoni níwájú adáj??. [5] Am?? ní oríl??-èdè India àti Pakistan, w?n a máa pe amòfin agb?j??rò ní alágbàwí. Nígbà tí àw?n mìíràn jan àw?n orúk? amòfin agb?j??rò bíi :""agb?j??rò àti amòfin"" tàbí ""agb?j??rò àti oni?m??ra?n"" láti fi júwe oní??? òfin tí a m?? sí agb?j??rò lápap??.","For other uses, see Lawyer (disambiguation) . Lawyer Two lawyers in their office, early 1900s Occupation Names Attorney, advocate, barrister, counsel, judge, justice, solicitor, legal executive Activity sectors Law , business Description Competencies Analytical skills Critical thinking Law Legal research Legal writing Legal ethics Education required Professional requirements Fields of employment Courts , government , private sector , NGOs , legal aid Related jobs Barrister , Solicitor , Judge , Advocate , Attorney , Legal executive , Prosecutor , Law clerk , Law professor , Civil law notary , Magistrate , Politician A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law , as an advocate , attorney , attorney at law , barrister , barrister-at-law , bar-at-law , counsel , counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor , but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary . Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, and so it can be treated here in only the most general terms. Contents 1 Terminology 2 Responsibilities 2.1 Oral argument in the courts 2.2 Research and drafting of court papers 2.3 Advocacy (written and oral) in administrative hearings 2.4 Client intake and counseling (with regard to pending litigation) 2.5 Legal advice 2.6 Protecting intellectual property 2.7 Negotiating and drafting contracts 2.8 Conveyancing 2.9 Carrying out the intent of the deceased 2.10 Prosecution and defense of criminal suspects 3 Education 3.1 Earning the right to practice law 4 Career structure 4.1 Common law/civil law 4.2 Specialization 4.3 Organization 5 Professional associations and regulation 5.1 Mandatory licensing and membership in professional organizations 5.2 Who regulates lawyers 5.3 Voluntary associations 6 Cultural perception 7 Compensation 8 History 8.1 Ancient Greece 8.2 Ancient Rome 8.3 Middle Ages 9 Titles 10 See also 11 Notes Terminology [ edit ] In practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the term ""lawyer"" may vary from place to place. Some jurisdictions have two types of lawyers, barristers and solicitors. Whilst others fuse the two. A barrister is a lawyer who specialises in higher court appearances. A solicitor is a lawyer who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts. Both barristers and solicitors have gone through law school and have been admitted as members of the bar. In Australia, the word ""lawyer"" can be used to refer to both barristers and solicitors (whether in private practice or practicing as corporate in-house counsel), and whoever is admitted as a lawyer of the Supreme Court of a state or territory. In Canada, the word ""lawyer"" only refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or, in Quebec , have qualified as civil law notaries. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called ""barristers and solicitors"", but should not be referred to as ""attorneys"", since that term has a different meaning in Canadian usage, being a person appointed under a power of attorney. However, in Quebec, civil law advocates (or avocats in French ) often call themselves ""attorney"" and sometimes ""barrister and solicitor"" in English, and all lawyers in Quebec, or lawyers in the rest of Canada when practicing in French, are addressed with the honorific title, ""Me."" or "" Maître "". In England and Wales, ""lawyer"" is used to refer to persons who provide reserved and unreserved legal activities and includes practitioners such as barristers , attorneys , solicitors , registered foreign lawyers, patent attorneys, trade mark attorneys, licensed conveyancers, public notaries, commissioners for oaths, immigration advisers and claims management services. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the ""legal activities"" that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. 'Lawyer' is not a protected title. In India , the term ""lawyer"" is often colloquially used, but the official term is "" advocate "" as prescribed under the Advocates Act, 1961. In Scotland, the word ""lawyer"" refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors . In a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term generally refers to attorneys who may practice law . It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals . In fact, there are statutory and/or regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have comparable terms for the analogous concept. Responsibilities [ edit ] In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries , clerks, and scriveners. These countries do not have ""lawyers"" in the American sense, insofar as that term refers to a single type of general-purpose legal services provider; rather, their legal professions consist of a large number of different kinds of law-trained persons, known as jurists , some of whom are advocates who are licensed to practice in the courts. It is difficult to formulate accurate generalizations that cover all the countries with multiple legal professions, because each country has traditionally had its own peculiar method of dividing up legal work among all its different types of legal professionals. Notably, England, the mother of the common law jurisdictions, emerged from the Dark Ages with similar complexity in its legal professions, but then evolved by the 19th century to a single dichotomy between barristers and solicitors . An equivalent dichotomy developed between advocates and procurators in some civil law countries; these two types did not always monopolize the practice of law, in that they coexisted with civil law notaries. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a single type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, a civil law country, merged its jurists in 1990 and 1991 in response to Anglo-American competition. In countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Oral argument in the courts [ edit ] Leondra Kruger , who has made over a dozen oral arguments before the United States Supreme Court. Arguing a client's case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the traditional province of the barrister in England, and of advocates in some civil law jurisdictions. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved. In England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts. In countries like the United States, that have fused legal professions, there are trial lawyers who specialize in trying cases in court, but trial lawyers do not have a de jure monopoly like barristers. In some countries, litigants have the option of arguing pro se , or on their own behalf. It is common for litigants to appear unrepresented before certain courts like small claims courts ; indeed, many such courts do not allow lawyers to speak for their clients, in an effort to save money for all participants in a small case. In other countries, like Venezuela, no one may appear before a judge unless represented by a lawyer. The advantage of the latter regime is that lawyers are familiar with the court's customs and procedures, and make the legal system more efficient for all involved. Unrepresented parties often damage their own credibility or slow the court down as a result of their inexperience. Research and drafting of court papers [ edit ] Often, lawyers brief a court in writing on the issues in a case before the issues can be orally argued. They may have to perform extensive research into relevant facts and law while drafting legal papers and preparing for oral argument. In England, the usual division of labor is that a solicitor will obtain the facts of the case from the client and then brief a barrister (usually in writing). The barrister then researches and drafts the necessary court pleadings (which will be filed and served by the solicitor) and orally argues the case. In Spain, the procurator merely signs and presents the papers to the court, but it is the advocate who drafts the papers and argues the case. In some countries, like Japan, a scrivener or clerk may fill out court forms and draft simple papers for lay persons who cannot afford or do not need attorneys, and advise them on how to manage and argue their own cases. Advocacy (written and oral) in administrative hearings [ edit ] In most developed countries, the legislature has granted original jurisdiction over highly technical matters to executive branch administrative agencies which oversee such things. As a result, some lawyers have become specialists in administrative law . In a few countries, there is a special category of jurists with a monopoly over this form of advocacy; for example, France formerly had conseils juridiques (who were merged into the main legal profession in 1991). In other countries, like the United States, lawyers have been effectively barred by statute from certain types of administrative hearings in order to preserve their informality. Client intake and counseling (with regard to pending litigation) [ edit ] An important aspect of a lawyer's job is developing and managing relationships with clients (or the client's employees, if the lawyer works in-house for a government or corporation). The client-lawyer relationship often begins with an intake interview where the lawyer gets to know the client personally, discovers the facts of the client's case, clarifies what the client wants to accomplish, shapes the client's expectations as to what actually can be accomplished, begins to develop various claims or defenses, and explains her or his fees to the client. In England, only solicitors were traditionally in direct contact with the client. The solicitor retained a barrister if one was necessary and acted as an intermediary between the barrister and the client. In most cases barristers were obliged, under what is known as the ""cab rank rule"", to accept instructions for a case in an area in which they held themselves out as practicing, at a court at which they normally appeared and at their usual rates. Legal advice [ edit ] Main article: Legal advice Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to the concrete facts of the client's case in order to advise the client about what they should do next. In many countries, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good consideration , even if no lawsuit is contemplated or is in progress. Therefore, even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsel must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court. Failure to obey such a rule is the crime of unauthorized practice of law . In other countries, jurists who hold law degrees are allowed to provide legal advice to individuals or to corporations, and it is irrelevant if they lack a license and cannot appear in court. Some countries go further; in England and Wales, there is no general prohibition on the giving of legal advice. Sometimes civil law notaries are allowed to give legal advice, as in Belgium. In many countries, non-jurist accountants may provide what is technically legal advice in tax and accounting matters. Protecting intellectual property [ edit ] In virtually all countries, patents , trademarks , industrial designs and other forms of intellectual property must be formally registered with a government agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law. The division of such work among lawyers, licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners varies greatly from one country to the next. Negotiating and drafting contracts [ edit ] In some countries, the negotiating and drafting of contracts is considered to be similar to the provision of legal advice, so that it is subject to the licensing requirement explained above. In others, jurists or notaries may negotiate or draft contracts. Lawyers in some civil law countries traditionally deprecated ""transactional law"" or ""business law"" as beneath them. French law firms developed transactional departments only in the 1990s when they started to lose business to international firms based in the United States and the United Kingdom (where solicitors have always done transactional work). Conveyancing [ edit ] Conveyancing is the drafting of the documents necessary for the transfer of real property , such as deeds and mortgages . In some jurisdictions, all real estate transactions must be carried out by a lawyer (or a solicitor where that distinction still exists). Such a monopoly is quite valuable from the lawyer's point of view; historically, conveyancing accounted for about half of English solicitors' income (though this has since changed), and a 1978 study showed that conveyancing ""accounts for as much as 80 percent of solicitor-client contact in New South Wales ."" In most common law jurisdictions outside of the United States, this monopoly arose from an 1804 law that was introduced by William Pitt the Younger as a quid pro quo for the raising of fees on the certification of legal professionals such as barristers, solicitors, attorneys and notaries. In others, the use of a lawyer is optional and banks, title companies, or realtors may be used instead. In some civil law jurisdictions, real estate transactions are handled by civil law notaries. In England and Wales a special class of legal professional–the licensed conveyancer –is also allowed to carry out conveyancing services for reward. Carrying out the intent of the deceased [ edit ] In many countries, only lawyers have the legal authority to draft wills , trusts , and any other documents that ensure the efficient disposition of a person's property after death. In some civil law countries this responsibility is handled by civil law notaries. In the United States, the estates of the deceased must generally be administered by a court through probate . American lawyers have a profitable monopoly on dispensing advice about probate law (which has been heavily criticized). Prosecution and defense of criminal suspects [ edit ] In many civil law countries, prosecutors are trained and employed as part of the judiciary; they are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world. In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who simply happen to work for the government office that files criminal charges against suspects. Criminal defense lawyers specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes. Education [ edit ] Main article: Legal education Law Faculty of Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovakia). The educational prerequisites for becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law , which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Master or Bachelor of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Nor is the LL.B the sole obstacle; it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the UK and U.S.A. , law is primarily taught at law schools . In America, the American Bar Association decides which law schools to approve and thereby which ones are deemed most respectable. In England and Wales, the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) must be taken to have the right to work and be named as a barrister . Students who decide to pursue a non-law subject at degree level can instead study the Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL) after their degrees, before beginning the Legal Practise Course (LPC) or BPTC. In the United States and countries following the American model, (such as Canada with the exception of the province of Quebec) law schools are graduate/professional schools where a bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for admission. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States and Canada (with the exception of McGill University ) award graduating students a J.D. ( Juris Doctor /Doctor of Jurisprudence) (as opposed to the Bachelor of Laws ) as the practitioner's law degree. Many schools also offer post-doctoral law degrees such as the LL.M (Legum Magister/Master of Laws), or the S.J.D. (Scientiae Juridicae Doctor/Doctor of Juridical Science) for students interested in advancing their research knowledge and credentials in a specific area of law. The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Others, like Venezuela, do not. A few countries prefer to teach through assigned readings of judicial opinions (the casebook method ) followed by intense in-class cross-examination by the professor (the Socratic method ). Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which forces young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job). Depending upon the country, a typical class size could range from five students in a seminar to five hundred in a giant lecture room. In the United States, law schools maintain small class sizes, and as such, grant admissions on a more limited and competitive basis. Some countries, particularly industrialized ones, have a traditional preference for full-time law programs, while in developing countries, students often work full- or part-time to pay the tuition and fees of their part-time law programs. Law schools in developing countries share several common problems, such as an over reliance on practicing judges and lawyers who treat teaching as a part-time hobby (and a concomitant scarcity of full-time law professors); incompetent faculty with questionable credentials; and textbooks that lag behind the current state of the law by two or three decades. Earning the right to practice law [ edit ] Main article: Admission to practice law Clara Shortridge Foltz , admitted to the California Bar by examination before attending law school. Some jurisdictions grant a "" diploma privilege "" to certain institutions, so that merely earning a degree or credential from those institutions is the primary qualification for practicing law. Mexico allows anyone with a law degree to practice law. However, in a large number of countries, a law student must pass a bar examination (or a series of such examinations) before receiving a license to practice. In a handful of U.S. states , one may become an attorney (a so-called country lawyer ) by simply "" reading law "" and passing the bar examination, without having to attend law school first (although very few people actually become lawyers that way). Some countries require a formal apprenticeship with an experienced practitioner, while others do not. For example, a few jurisdictions still allow an apprenticeship in place of any kind of formal legal education (though the number of persons who actually become lawyers that way is increasingly rare). Career structure [ edit ] U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is a famous example of a lawyer who became a politician. The career structure of lawyers varies widely from one country to the next. Common law/civil law [ edit ] In most common law countries, especially those with fused professions, lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can become a prosecutor , government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, administrative law judge , judge , arbitrator , or law professor . There are also many non-legal jobs for which legal training is good preparation, such as politician , corporate executive , government administrator, investment banker , entrepreneur , or journalist . In developing countries like India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply use their law degree as a foundation for careers in other fields. In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained. For example, unlike their American counterparts, it is difficult for German judges to leave the bench and become advocates in private practice. Another interesting example is France, where for much of the 20th century, all judiciary officials were graduates of an elite professional school for judges. Although the French judiciary has begun experimenting with the Anglo-American model of appointing judges from accomplished advocates, the few advocates who have actually joined the bench this way are looked down upon by their colleagues who have taken the traditional route to judicial office. In a few civil law countries, such as Sweden, the legal profession is not rigorously bifurcated and everyone within it can easily change roles and arenas. Specialization [ edit ] In many countries, lawyers are general practitioners who represent clients in a broad field of legal matters. In others, there has been a tendency since the start of the 20th century for lawyers to specialize early in their careers. In countries where specialization is prevalent, many lawyers specialize in representing one side in one particular area of the law; thus, it is common in the United States to hear of plaintiffs' personal injury attorneys. Texas offers attorneys the opportunity to receive a board certification through the state's Texas Board of Legal Specialization . To be board certified, attorney applicants undergo a rigorous examination in one of 24 areas of practice offered by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization. Only those attorneys who are ""board certified"" are permitted to use the word ""specialize"" in any publicly accessible materials such as a website or television commercial. See Texas Rule 7.02(a)(6). Organization [ edit ] Main article: Law firm Lawyers in private practice generally work in specialized businesses known as law firms , with the exception of English barristers. The vast majority of law firms worldwide are small businesses that range in size from 1 to 10 lawyers. The United States, with its large number of firms with more than 50 lawyers, is an exception. The United Kingdom and Australia are also exceptions, as the UK, Australia and the U.S. are now home to several firms with more than 1,000 lawyers after a wave of mergers in the late 1990s. Notably, barristers in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some states in Australia do not work in ""law firms"". Those who offer their services to members of the general public—as opposed to those working ""in-house"" — are required to be self-employed. Most work in groupings known as ""sets"" or ""chambers"", where some administrative and marketing costs are shared. An important effect of this different organizational structure is that there is no conflict of interest where barristers in the same chambers work for opposing sides in a case, and in some specialized chambers this is commonplace. Professional associations and regulation [ edit ] Stamp issued to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the American Bar Association . Mandatory licensing and membership in professional organizations [ edit ] In some jurisdictions, either the judiciary or the Ministry of Justice directly supervises the admission, licensing, and regulation of lawyers. Other jurisdictions, by statute, tradition, or court order, have granted such powers to a professional association which all lawyers must belong to. In the U.S., such associations are known as mandatory, integrated, or unified bar associations . In the Commonwealth of Nations, similar organizations are known as Inns of Court , bar councils or law societies . In civil law countries, comparable organizations are known as Orders of Advocates, Chambers of Advocates, Colleges of Advocates, Faculties of Advocates, or similar names. Generally, a nonmember caught practicing law may be liable for the crime of unauthorized practice of law . In common law countries with divided legal professions, barristers traditionally belong to the bar council (or an Inn of Court) and solicitors belong to the law society. In the English-speaking world, the largest mandatory professional association of lawyers is the State Bar of California , with 230,000 members. Some countries admit and regulate lawyers at the national level, so that a lawyer, once licensed, can argue cases in any court in the land. This is common in small countries like New Zealand, Japan, and Belgium. Others, especially those with federal governments, tend to regulate lawyers at the state or provincial level; this is the case in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland, to name a few. Brazil is the most well-known federal government that regulates lawyers at the national level. Some countries, like Italy, regulate lawyers at the regional level, and a few, like Belgium, even regulate them at the local level (that is, they are licensed and regulated by the local equivalent of bar associations but can advocate in courts nationwide). In Germany, lawyers are admitted to regional bars and may appear for clients before all courts nationwide with the exception of the Federal Court of Justice of Germany ( Bundesgerichtshof or BGH); oddly, securing admission to the BGH's bar limits a lawyer's practice solely to the supreme federal courts and the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . Generally, geographic limitations can be troublesome for a lawyer who discovers that his client's cause requires him to litigate in a court beyond the normal geographic scope of his license. Although most courts have special pro hac vice rules for such occasions, the lawyer will still have to deal with a different set of professional responsibility rules, as well as the possibility of other differences in substantive and procedural law. Some countries grant licenses to non-resident lawyers, who may then appear regularly on behalf of foreign clients. Others require all lawyers to live in the jurisdiction or to even hold national citizenship as a prerequisite for receiving a license to practice. But the trend in industrialized countries since the 1970s has been to abolish citizenship and residency restrictions. For example, the Supreme Court of Canada struck down a citizenship requirement on equality rights grounds in 1989, and similarly, American citizenship and residency requirements were struck down as unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1973 and 1985, respectively. The European Court of Justice made similar decisions in 1974 and 1977 striking down citizenship restrictions in Belgium and France. Who regulates lawyers [ edit ] A key difference among countries is whether lawyers should be regulated solely by an independent judiciary and its subordinate institutions (a self-regulating legal profession), or whether lawyers should be subject to supervision by the Ministry of Justice in the executive branch . In most civil law countries, the government has traditionally exercised tight control over the legal profession in order to ensure a steady supply of loyal judges and bureaucrats. That is, lawyers were expected first and foremost to serve the state, and the availability of counsel for private litigants was an afterthought. Even in civil law countries like Norway which have partially self-regulating professions, the Ministry of Justice is the sole issuer of licenses, and makes its own independent re-evaluation of a lawyer's fitness to practice after a lawyer has been expelled from the Advocates' Association. Brazil is an unusual exception in that its national Order of Advocates has become a fully self-regulating institution (with direct control over licensing) and has successfully resisted government attempts to place it under the control of the Ministry of Labor. Of all the civil law countries, Communist countries historically went the farthest towards total state control, with all Communist lawyers forced to practice in collectives by the mid-1950s. China is a prime example: technically, the People's Republic of China did not have lawyers, and instead had only poorly trained, state-employed ""legal workers,"" prior to the enactment of a comprehensive reform package in 1996 by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress . In contrast, common law lawyers have traditionally regulated themselves through institutions where the influence of non-lawyers, if any, was weak and indirect (despite nominal state control). Such institutions have been traditionally dominated by private practitioners who opposed strong state control of the profession on the grounds that it would endanger the ability of lawyers to zealously and competently advocate their clients' causes in the adversarial system of justice. However, the concept of the self-regulating profession has been criticized as a sham which serves to legitimize the professional monopoly while protecting the profession from public scrutiny. Disciplinary mechanisms have been astonishingly ineffective, and penalties have been light or nonexistent. Voluntary associations [ edit ] Lawyers are always free to form voluntary associations of their own, apart from any licensing or mandatory membership that may be required by the laws of their jurisdiction. Like their mandatory counterparts, such organizations may exist at all geographic levels. In American English, such associations are known as voluntary bar associations. The largest voluntary professional association of lawyers in the English-speaking world is the American Bar Association . In some countries, like France and Italy , lawyers have also formed trade unions . Cultural perception [ edit ] A British political cartoon showing a barrister and another man throwing black paint at a woman sitting at the feet of a statue representing Justice. Hostility towards the legal profession is a widespread phenomenon. The legal profession was abolished in Prussia in 1780 and in France in 1789, though both countries eventually realized that their judicial systems could not function efficiently without lawyers. Complaints about too many lawyers were common in both England and the United States in the 1840s, Germany in the 1910s, and in Australia, Canada, the United States, and Scotland in the 1980s. Public distrust of lawyers reached record heights in the United States after the Watergate scandal . In the aftermath of Watergate, legal self-help books became popular among those who wished to solve their legal problems without having to deal with lawyers. Lawyer jokes (already a perennial favorite) also soared in popularity in English -speaking North America as a result of Watergate. In 1989, American legal self-help publisher Nolo Press published a 171-page compilation of negative anecdotes about lawyers from throughout human history. In Adventures in Law and Justice (2003), legal researcher Bryan Horrigan dedicated a chapter to ""Myths, Fictions, and Realities"" about law and illustrated the perennial criticism of lawyers as ""amoral [...] guns for hire"" with a quote from Ambrose Bierce 's satirical The Devil's Dictionary (1911) that summarized the noun as: ""LAWYER, n. One skilled in circumvention of the law."" More generally, in Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study (2004), law professor Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. with Angelo Dondi briefly examined the ""regulations attempting to suppress lawyer misconduct"" and noted that their similarity around the world was paralleled by a ""remarkable consistency"" in certain ""persistent grievances"" about lawyers that transcends both time and locale, from the Bible to medieval England to dynastic China. The authors then generalized these common complaints about lawyers as being classified into five ""general categories"" as follows: abuse of litigation in various ways, including using dilatory tactics and false evidence and making frivolous arguments to the courts preparation of false documentation , such as false deeds, contracts, or wills deceiving clients and other persons and misappropriating property procrastination in dealings with clients charging excessive fees Some studies have shown that suicide rates among lawyers may be as much as six times higher than the average population, and commentators suggest that the low opinion the public has of lawyers, combined with their own high ideals of justice, which in practice they may see denied, increase the depression rates of those in this profession. Additionally, lawyers are twice as likely to suffer from addiction to alcohol and other drugs. Compensation [ edit ] Main article: Attorney's fee Peasants paying for legal services with produce in The Village Lawyer , c. 1621, by Pieter Brueghel the Younger In the United States, lawyers typically earn between $45,000 and $160,000 per year, although earnings vary by age and experience, practice setting, sex, and race. Solo practitioners typically earn less than lawyers in corporate law firms but more than those working for state or local government. Lawyers are paid for their work in a variety of ways. In private practice, they may work for an hourly fee according to a billable hour structure, a contingency fee (usually in cases involving personal injury ), or a lump sum payment if the matter is straightforward. Normally, most lawyers negotiate a written fee agreement up front and may require a non-refundable retainer in advance. Recent studies suggest that when lawyers charge a fixed-fee rather than billing by the hour, they work less hard on behalf of clients and client get worse outcomes. In many countries there are fee-shifting arrangements by which the loser must pay the winner's fees and costs; the United States is the major exception, although in turn, its legislators have carved out many exceptions to the so-called ""American Rule"" of no fee shifting. Lawyers working directly on the payroll of governments, nonprofits, and corporations usually earn a regular annual salary. In many countries, with the notable exception of Germany, lawyers can also volunteer their labor in the service of worthy causes through an arrangement called pro bono (short for pro bono publico , ""for the common good""). Traditionally such work was performed on behalf of the poor, but in some countries it has now expanded to many other causes such as the environment . In some countries, there are legal aid lawyers who specialize in providing legal services to the indigent. France and Spain even have formal fee structures by which lawyers are compensated by the government for legal aid cases on a per-case basis. A similar system, though not as extensive or generous, operates in Australia, Canada, and South Africa . In other countries, legal aid specialists are practically nonexistent. This may be because non-lawyers are allowed to provide such services; in both Italy and Belgium , trade unions and political parties provide what can be characterized as legal aid services. Some legal aid in Belgium is also provided by young lawyer apprentices subsidized by local bar associations (known as the pro deo system), as well as consumer protection nonprofit organizations and Public Assistance Agencies subsidized by local governments. In Germany, mandatory fee structures have enabled widespread implementation of affordable legal expense insurance . History [ edit ] Main article: History of the legal profession 16th-century painting of a civil law notary , by Flemish painter Quentin Massys . A civil law notary is roughly analogous to a common law solicitor , except that, unlike solicitors, civil law notaries do not practice litigation to any degree. Ancient Greece [ edit ] The earliest people who could be described as ""lawyers"" were probably the orators of ancient Athens (see History of Athens ). However, Athenian orators faced serious structural obstacles. First, there was a rule that individuals were supposed to plead their own cases, which was soon bypassed by the increasing tendency of individuals to ask a ""friend"" for assistance. However, around the middle of the fourth century, the Athenians disposed of the perfunctory request for a friend. Second, a more serious obstacle, which the Athenian orators never completely overcame, was the rule that no one could take a fee to plead the cause of another. This law was widely disregarded in practice, but was never abolished, which meant that orators could never present themselves as legal professionals or experts. They had to uphold the legal fiction that they were merely an ordinary citizen generously helping out a friend for free, and thus they could never organize into a real profession—with professional associations and titles and all the other pomp and circumstance—like their modern counterparts. Therefore, if one narrows the definition to those men who could practice the legal profession openly and legally, then the first lawyers would have to be the orators of ancient Rome . Ancient Rome [ edit ] A law enacted in 204 BC barred Roman advocates from taking fees, but the law was widely ignored. The ban on fees was abolished by Emperor Claudius , who legalized advocacy as a profession and allowed the Roman advocates to become the first lawyers who could practice openly—but he also imposed a fee ceiling of 10,000 sesterces . This was apparently not much money; the Satires of Juvenal complained that there was no money in working as an advocate. Like their Greek contemporaries, early Roman advocates were trained in rhetoric , not law, and the judges before whom they argued were also not law-trained. But very early on, unlike Athens, Rome developed a class of specialists who were learned in the law, known as jurisconsults ( iuris consulti ). Jurisconsults were wealthy amateurs who dabbled in law as an intellectual hobby; they did not make their primary living from it. They gave legal opinions ( responsa ) on legal issues to all comers (a practice known as publice respondere ). Roman judges and governors would routinely consult with an advisory panel of jurisconsults before rendering a decision, and advocates and ordinary people also went to jurisconsults for legal opinions. Thus, the Romans were the first to have a class of people who spent their days thinking about legal problems, and this is why their law became so ""precise, detailed, and technical."" Detail from the sarcophagus of Roman lawyer Valerius Petronianus 315–320 AD. Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto . During the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire , jurisconsults and advocates were unregulated, since the former were amateurs and the latter were technically illegal. Any citizen could call himself an advocate or a legal expert, though whether people believed him would depend upon his personal reputation. This changed once Claudius legalized the legal profession. By the start of the Byzantine Empire , the legal profession had become well-established, heavily regulated, and highly stratified. The centralization and bureaucratization of the profession was apparently gradual at first, but accelerated during the reign of Emperor Hadrian . At the same time, the jurisconsults went into decline during the imperial period. In the words of Fritz Schulz , ""by the fourth century things had changed in the eastern Empire: advocates now were really lawyers."" For example, by the fourth century, advocates had to be enrolled on the bar of a court to argue before it, they could only be attached to one court at a time, and there were restrictions (which came and went depending upon who was emperor) on how many advocates could be enrolled at a particular court. By the 380s, advocates were studying law in addition to rhetoric (thus reducing the need for a separate class of jurisconsults); in 460, Emperor Leo imposed a requirement that new advocates seeking admission had to produce testimonials from their teachers; and by the sixth century, a regular course of legal study lasting about four years was required for admission. Claudius's fee ceiling lasted all the way into the Byzantine period, though by then it was measured at 100 solidi . It was widely evaded, either through demands for maintenance and expenses or a sub rosa barter transaction. The latter was cause for disbarment. The notaries ( tabelliones ) appeared in the late Roman Empire. Like their modern-day descendants, the civil law notaries, they were responsible for drafting wills, conveyances, and contracts. They were ubiquitous and most villages had one. In Roman times, notaries were widely considered to be inferior to advocates and jury consults. Middle Ages [ edit ] King James I overseeing a medieval court, from an illustrated manuscript of a legal code. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Early Middle Ages, the legal profession of Western Europe collapsed. As James Brundage has explained: ""[by 1140], no one in Western Europe could properly be described as a professional lawyer or a professional canonist in anything like the modern sense of the term 'professional.' "" However, from 1150 onward, a small but increasing number of men became experts in canon law but only in furtherance of other occupational goals, such as serving the Roman Catholic Church as priests. From 1190 to 1230, however, there was a crucial shift in which some men began to practice canon law as a lifelong profession in itself. The legal profession's return was marked by the renewed efforts of church and state to regulate it. In 1231 two French councils mandated that lawyers had to swear an oath of admission before practicing before the bishop's courts in their regions, and a similar oath was promulgated by the papal legate in London in 1237. During the same decade, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick II , the king of the Kingdom of Sicily , imposed a similar oath in his civil courts. By 1250 the nucleus of a new legal profession had clearly formed. The new trend towards professionalization culminated in a controversial proposal at the Second Council of Lyon in 1275 that all ecclesiastical courts should require an oath of admission. Although not adopted by the council, it was highly influential in many such courts throughout Europe . The civil courts in England also joined the trend towards professionalization; in 1275 a statute was enacted that prescribed punishment for professional lawyers guilty of deceit , and in 1280 the mayor's court of the city of London promulgated regulations concerning admission procedures, including the administering of an oath. And in 1345, the French crown promulgated a royal ordinance which set forth 24 rules governing advocates, of which 12 were integrated into the oath to be taken by them. The French medieval oaths were widely influential and of enduring importance; for example, they directly influenced the structure of the advocates' oath adopted by the Canton of Geneva in 1816. In turn, the 1816 Geneva oath served as the inspiration for the attorney's oath drafted by David Dudley Field as Section 511 of the proposed New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1848, which was the first attempt in the United States at a comprehensive statement of a lawyer's professional duties. Titles [ edit ] Example of a diploma from Suffolk University Law School conferring the Juris Doctor degree. Generally speaking, the modern practice is for lawyers to avoid use of any title , although formal practice varies across the world. Historically lawyers in most European countries were addressed with the title of doctor, and countries outside of Europe have generally followed the practice of the European country which had policy influence through colonization. The first university degrees , starting with the law school of the University of Bologna (or glossators) in the 11th century, were all law degrees and doctorates. Degrees in other fields did not start until the 13th century, but the doctor continued to be the only degree offered at many of the old universities until the 20th century. Therefore, in many of the southern European countries, including Portugal and Italy, lawyers have traditionally been addressed as “doctor,” a practice, which was transferred to many countries in South America and Macau . The term ""doctor"" has since fallen into disuse, although it is still a legal title in Italy and in use in many countries outside of Europe. In French - ( France , Quebec , Belgium , Luxembourg ) and Dutch -speaking countries ( Netherlands , Belgium ), legal professionals are addressed as Maître ... , abbreviated to M e ... (in French) or Meester ... , abbreviated to mr. ... (in Dutch). The title of doctor has never been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a law degree who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title ""Advocate"", abbreviated to ""Adv"" in written correspondence. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title ""Avvocato"", abbreviated in ""Avv."" Even though most lawyers in the United States do not use any titles, the law degree in that country is the Juris Doctor , a professional doctorate degree, and some J.D. holders in the United States use the title of ""Doctor"" in professional and academic situations. In countries where holders of the first law degree traditionally use the title of doctor (e.g. Peru, Brazil, Macau, Portugal, Argentina), J.D. holders who are attorneys will often use the title of doctor as well. It is common for English-language male lawyers to use the honorific suffix ""Esq."" (for "" Esquire ""). In the United States the style is also used by female lawyers. In many Asian countries, holders of the Juris Doctor degree are also called ""博士"" (doctor). In the Philippines and Filipino communities overseas , lawyers who are either Filipino or naturalized-citizen expatriates at work there, especially those who also profess other jobs at the same time, are addressed and introduced as either Attorney or Counselor (especially in courts), rather than Sir/Madam in speech or Mr./Mrs./Ms. ( G./Gng./Bb. in Filipino) before surnames. That word is used either in itself or before the given name or surname. See also [ edit ] Ambulance chasing Association of Pension Lawyers Avocats Sans Frontières Cause lawyer Corporate lawyer Court dress Fiduciary Law broker Lawyer supported mediation Legalese List of jurists Notary public Privilege of the predecessors Public defender Rules lawyer Shyster Sole Practitioner (lawyer) St. Ivo of Kermartin (patron saint of lawyers) Trainee solicitor Notes [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lawyer Look up lawyer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lawyer ( category )" 563747915226440318,train,what is the main goal of amnesty international,"The stated objective of the organization is `` to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. ''",['srinivasa ramanujan'],kí ni olórí ète àjọ amnesty international,No,['Amnesty International je agbajo kariaye fun awon eto omoniyan.'],['Amnesty International je agbajo kariaye fun awon eto omoniyan.'],['P1'],1,0,Àwòrán fìtílà amnesty Amnesty International je agbajo kariaye fun awon eto omoniyan . Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ], -7208142648878351350,train,who played huggy bear in the original starsky and hutch,"Antonio Juan Fargas (born August 14, 1946) is an American actor known for his roles in 1970s blaxploitation movies, as well as his portrayal of Huggy Bear in the 1970s TV series Starsky & Hutch.",['cows'],tani ẹni tó ṣe bí huggy bear nínú fíìmù original starsky and hutch,Yes,"['Antonio Juan Fargas (ọjọ́ìbí August 14, 1946) ni òṣeré ará Amẹ́ríkà tó gbajúmọ̀ fún àwọn ìṣeré rẹ̀ nínú àwọn fílmu blaxploitation ní ìgbà 1970, àti fún ìṣeré rẹ̀ bíi Huggy Bear nínú eré tẹlifísàn ìgbà 1970 Starsky & Hutch.']","['Antonio Juan Fargas ni òṣeré ará Amẹ́ríkà tó gbajúmọ̀ fún àwọn ìṣeré rẹ̀ nínú àwọn fílmu blaxploitation ní ìgbà 1970, àti fún ìṣeré rẹ̀ bíi Huggy Bear nínú eré tẹlifísàn ìgbà 1970 Starsky & Hutch.']",['P1'],1,0,"Antonio Fargas Antonio Juan Fargas (?j??ìbí os?u? ke?jo?, o?jo?? 14, o?du?n 1946) ni ò?eré ará Am??ríkà tó gbajúm?? fún àw?n ì?eré r?? nínú àw?n fílmu blaxploitation ní ìgbà 1970, àti fún ì?eré r?? bíi Huggy Bear nínú eré t?lifísàn ìgbà 1970 Starsky & Hutch. Ìgbà èwe W??n bí Fargas ní Ìlú New York sí Mildred (orúk? ìdílé Bailey) àti Manuel Fargas; ó j?? ìkan nínú àw?n ?m? 11.[1][2] Bàbá r?? wá láti Puerto Rico sí Ìlú New York fún i???. Ìyá r?? wá láti Trinidad àti Tobago.[2] Ó dàgbà ní àdúgbò Spanish Harlem, New York, Fargas parí ní ilé ??k?? girama Fashion Industries ní 1965.[3] I??? eré Ì?eré Fargas b??r?? nínú fílmù k??m??dì Putney Swope (1969). L??yìn náà ló kópa nínú àw?n fílmù blaxploitation ìgbà 1970s, bíi Across 110th Street (1972) àti Foxy Brown (1974). Ìgbésíayé ?m? ?kùnrin Fargas Justin Fargas, tó parí ní ilé-??k?? gíga ti Southern California j?? agbáb????lù NFL t??l?? fún ?gb?? agbáb????lù Oakland Raiders.[4]","Antonio Fargas Fargas in 2005 Born Antonio Juan Fargas ( 1946-08-14 ) August 14, 1946 (age 71) New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1963–present Children Justin Fargas Website www.AntonioFargas.net Antonio Juan Fargas (born August 14, 1946) is an American actor known for his roles in 1970s blaxploitation movies, as well as his portrayal of Huggy Bear in the 1970s TV series Starsky & Hutch . Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Acting career 3 Personal life 4 In popular culture 5 Selected filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Fargas was born in New York City to Mildred ( née Bailey) and Manuel Fargas; he was one of eleven children. His father was a Puerto Rican who worked for the City of New York. His mother was from Trinidad and Tobago . Acting career [ edit ] His breakout role began in the late 1960s comedy, Putney Swope , today a cult film. After starring in a string of blaxploitation movies in the early 1970s, such as his role as Link Brown in the movie Foxy Brown and in Across 110th Street , he gained recognition as streetwise informant ""Huggy Bear"" in the mid-1970s television series Starsky & Hutch . He appeared in ABC 's All My Children in the mid-1980s as the father of Angie Hubbard . As a nod to his early roles, he had a part in the 1988 blaxploitation spoof I'm Gonna Git You Sucka , as well as another Wayans brothers ""hood"" parody, Don't Be a Menace , in 1996. He guest starred in the mid-1990s sitcoms Living Single , Martin , The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air , and The Steve Harvey Show . Fargas played the driver in the 1998 music video of Backstreet Boys hit "" Everybody (Backstreet's Back) "". Some notable appearances on British television shows include participating in series 4 of the reality series I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2004 and an appearance on Frank Sidebottom 's Proper Telly Show in early 2006. He played the part of Toledo in a revival of August Wilson 's Ma Rainey's Black Bottom at the Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester in 2006. He had a regular role as ""Doc"" on the 2005-2009 television series Everybody Hates Chris . In 2008 Fargas acted in the British boxing film Sucker Punch . Fargas appeared on an episode of Fox's Lie to Me as the father of a murdered firefighter. Personal life [ edit ] Fargas's son Justin Fargas , a University of Southern California alumnus, was the starting running back for the NFL team the Oakland Raiders . Fargas's daughter-in-law is LSU women's basketball coach Nikki Caldwell . In popular culture [ edit ] The 1998 song ""Antonio Fargas"" by Argentine band Babasónicos , from their 1998 B-sides album Vórtice Marxista , repeats the phrase ""Antonio Fargas is Huggy Bear"" in Spanish. Selected filmography [ edit ] Putney Swope (1969) Pound (1970) Shaft (1971) Cisco Pike (1972) Across 110th Street (1972) Cleopatra Jones (1973) Busting (1974) Conrack (1974) Foxy Brown (1974) The Gambler (1974) Cornbread, Earl and Me (1975) Next Stop, Greenwich Village (1976) Car Wash (1976) Pretty Baby (1978) Up the Academy (1980) Firestarter (1984) Crimewave (1985) Night of the Sharks (1988) Shakedown (1988) I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988) The Borrower (1991) Howling VI: The Freaks (1991) Whore (1991) Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996) The Suburbans (1999) 3 Strikes (2000) Driver 2 (2000, video game) Starsky & Hutch (2003, video game) Fist of the Warrior (2007) Sucker Punch (2008) Vegas Cinefest (2011) - Himself Silver Bells (2013) Beyond Skyline (2017) Cherif (2018) serial French 'Quand Cherif rencontre Huggy' References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Official Website Antonio Fargas on IMDb" -6497406383926828740,train,factors that contribute to the spread of hiv in nigeria,"As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 -- 49 was 3.17 percent. Nigeria has the second - largest number of people living with HIV. The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high - risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population. Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men. There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high - risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high - risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.",['nelson rolihlahla mandela'],àwọn ohun tó ń mú kí àrùn éèdì tàn kálẹ̀ ní nàìjíríà,Yes,"['Làwọn ìpínlẹ̀ kan, ti tàn kálẹ̀ arun, ni o da lori iwa ati isemi ti o le koko, nigba ti awon itankale re ni awon ipinle miiran da lori ibalopo pelu opo eniyan.[citation needed]\xa0Àwọn ọ̀dọ́ langba àti àwọn àgbàlagbà ni wọ́n sì kó sí páńpẹ́ HIV., táwọn ọ̀dọ́mọbìnrin ̀àti àwọn abilékọ ló wọ́pọ̀ jù àwọn ọkùnrin lọ.\xa0 Ọ̀pọ̀ ìwà ló lè ṣokùnfà ìtànkálẹ̀ àrùn náà, lára àwọn ìwà bẹ́ẹ̀ ni: Iṣẹ́ aṣẹ́wó (prostitution), èyí tí ó wọ́pọ̀ láàrín olówò ìbálòpọ̀ (itinerant workers), tí ó sì ti ṣokùnfa ìtànká àrùn \xa0 tí à ń kó níbi ìbálòpò\xa0(STI), ìwà ìbálòpọ̀ Akọ sí Akọ (homosexaual) àti ìwà ìbálòpọ̀ ọlọ́pọ̀ èrò (heterosexual) , àti ìwà fífi àwọn ọmọbìnrin sòwò ẹrú lọ sílẹ̀ òkèrè, ìwà àìṣàmójútó àyèwò ẹ̀jẹ̀ kí a tó gbàá tàbí fúni.']","['o da lori iwa ati isemi ti o le koko, nigba ti awon itankale re ni awon ipinle miiran da lori ibalopo pelu opo eniyan.']",['P1'],1,0,"Arun HIV/AIDS ni Naijiria Lásìkò 2014 ní Nàìjíríà, HIV w??p?? láàrín àw?n ??d?? tó ti bàlágà tó ti tó ?m? ?dún m????dógún sí ??kand??nláàd??ta[1] j?? ìdá 3.17%.[2] Il?? Nàìjíríà ni ó gbé ipò kejì nínú àw?n tí ó n semi p??lú àrùn HIV.[3] Àrùn HIV  di àjàkál?? tí ó sì p?? ju ara w?n l? ní agbègbè sí agbègbè. Làw?n ìpínl?? kan, ti tàn kál?? arun, ni o da lori iwa ati isemi ti o le koko, nigba ti awon itankale re ni awon ipinle miiran da lori ibalopo pelu opo eniyan. [citation needed] Àw?n ??d?? langba àti àw?n àgbàlagbà ni w??n sì kó sí pá?p?? HIV., táw?n ??d??m?bìnrin ?àti àw?n abilék? ló w??p?? jù àw?n ?kùnrin l?.[4]  ??p?? ìwà ló lè ?okùnfà ìtànkál?? àrùn náà, lára àw?n ìwà b???? ni: I??? a???wó, èyí tí ó w??p?? láàrín olówò ìbálòp??, tí ó sì ti ?okùnfa ìtànká àrùn tí à ? kó níbi ìbálòpò, ìwà ìbálòp?? Ak? sí Ak? àti ìwà ìbálòp?? ?l??p?? èrò, àti ìwà fífi àw?n ?m?bìnrin sòwò ?rú l? síl?? òkèrè, ìwà àì?àmójútó àyèwò ??j?? kí a tó gbàá tàbí fúni.[5] Il?? Nàìjíríà láti àsìkò ì?èj?ba ológun (Ì?èlú il?? Nàìjíríà) tí ó gba oríl?? èdè náà kan fún odidi ?dún méjì-dínlógún lára ?dún m??tàdín-l??g??fà tí orílè èdè Nàìjíríà ti gba òmìnira (Ìgba Ò?èlú Àk??k?? Nàìjíríà) ní ?dún 1960. Òfin tí ó de ìbàj?? àwùj? kò f?s?? múl?? tó. Àwùj? àwa ara wa kò f?s?? múl?? lásìkò ìsèj?ba àw?n ológun ní oríl?? èdè Nàìjíríà. Ò?kà ?m? il?? Nàìjíríà nígbà náà nira láti m?? pàá pàá nígbà akitiyan àti ?e ìj?ba àwa arawa láti lè fesè i?é ìj?ba il?? Nàìjíríà múl?? (Ì?èlú il?? Nàìjíríà) kó ìpalára bá ì?e déédé nípa ètò ìléra káàkiri àw?n agbègbè oríl? èdè náà. Ì?akóso àw?n alàkal?? ètò l??s??s? láti orí ìj?ba àpap??, ìj?ba ìpínl?? sí ìpínl?? àti ìj?ba ìbíl?? mú ìsoro wa l??p??l?p??. Àw?n iléesé ètò ìlera tí ó j?? ti aládani ni kò rí àmójútó dára dára, pàápàá jùl? ni kò ní ìbá?ep? p??lú iléesé ètò ìléra tí ìj?ba níbi ti ??k?? nípa àrùn HIV àti ìmójútó àw?n ènìyàn ti kéré j?j?. Ìt??jú àti ìrànl??w?? kò tó ?kan láti ?w?? àw?n D??kítà àti N????sì, nítorí i??? ti p?? jù w??n l? àti wípé w?n kò ní ìm?? àti ??k?? tó péye láti pèsè ètò ìléra tó yanrantí fún àw?n aláìsàn náà.[5] [citation needed] E tun le wo A?ja?ka?le?? a?ru?n AIDS E?tò ìléra ni Naijiria HIV/AIDS ni Afrika","Prevalence of AIDS in Nigeria from 1991–2010. Includes predictions up to 2016. As of 2014 in Nigeria , the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49 was 3.17 percent. Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV. The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population. [ citation needed ] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men. There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution , high-risk practices among itinerant workers , high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening. Nigeria is emerging from a period of military rule that accounted for almost 28 of the 57 years since independence in 1960 . Consequently, the policy environment is not fully democratized. Civil society was weak during the military era, and its role in advocacy and lobbying remains weak. [ citation needed ] The size of the population and the nation pose logistical and political challenges particularly due to the political determination of the Nigerian government to achieve health care equity across geopolitical zones. The necessity to coordinate programs simultaneously at the federal, state and local levels introduces complexity into planning. The large private sector is largely unregulated and, more importantly, has no formal connection to the public health system where most HIV interventions are delivered. [ citation needed ] Training and human resource development is severely limited in all sectors and will hamper program implementation at all levels. [ citation needed ] Care and support is limited because existing staff are overstretched and most have insufficient training in key technical areas to provide complete HIV services. See also [ edit ] AIDS pandemic Health care in Nigeria HIV/AIDS in Africa References [ edit ]" -433720230155251550,train,when was asean established and how many members were there at the beginning,"The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN / ˈɑːsi. ɑː n / AH - see - ahn, / ˈɑːzi. ɑː n / AH - zee - ahn) is a regional intergovernmental organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian countries which promotes Pan-Asianism and intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational and socio - cultural integration amongst its members and other Asian countries, and globally. Since its formation on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, the organisation 's membership has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. Its principal aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, and sociocultural evolution among its members, alongside the protection of regional stability and the provision of a mechanism for member countries to resolve differences peacefully. ASEAN is an official United Nations observer, as well as an active global partner. It also maintains a global network of alliances, and is involved in numerous international affairs. Communication by member states takes place in English.","['1970', 'belmopan', 'isaiah washington iv']",ìgbà wo ni wọ́n dá àjọ asean sílẹ̀ àti kíni iye àwọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ tó wà níbẹ̀rẹ̀,Yes,"['The Ajose awon Orile-ede Guusuilaorun Asia (Geesi: Association of Southeast Asian Nations),[1] to je ke kuru si ASEAN (pípè /ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ AH-see-ahn,[2] occasionally /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn[3] ni Geesi, to je ede isise won),[4] je agbajo oloselu jeografi ati tekonomi awon orile-ede 10 ti won budo si Guusuilaorun Asia, to je didasile ni 8 August 1967 latowo Indonesia, Malaysia, awon Philippines, Singapore ati Thailand.[5]']","['Ajose awon Orile-ede Guusuilaorun Asia to je ke kuru si ASEAN je agbajo oloselu jeografi ati tekonomi awon orile-ede 10 ti won budo si Guusuilaorun Asia, to je didasile ni 8 August 1967 latowo Indonesia, Malaysia, awon Philippines, Singapore ati Thailand.']",['P1'],0,0,"ASEAN The Ajose awon Orile-ede Guusuilaorun Asia (Geesi: Association of Southeast Asian Nations),[1] to je ke kuru si ASEAN (to je ede isise won),[4] je agbajo oloselu jeografi ati tekonomi awon orile-ede 10 ti won budo si Guusuilaorun Asia, to je didasile ni o?jo?? 8 os?u? ke?jo? o?du?n 1967 latowo Indonesia, Malaysia, awon Philippines, Singapore ati Thailand.[5] ke?ta keje ko?ka?nla? keji? ke?jo? kaa?ru?n ", -7883020138951039893,train,assyria is the ancient name of which country,"Centered on the Tigris in Upper Mesopotamia (modern northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and the northwestern fringes of Iran), the Assyrians came to rule powerful empires at several times. Making up a substantial part of the greater Mesopotamian `` cradle of civilization '', which included Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, and Babylonia, Assyria was at the height of technological, scientific and cultural achievements for its time. At its peak, the Assyrian empire stretched from Cyprus and the East Mediterranean to Iran, and from what is now Armenia and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus, to the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt and eastern Libya.","[""skeletal or striated muscle', 'smooth or non-striated muscle', 'cardiac muscle, which is sometimes known as semi-striated"", 'skeletal or striated muscle; smooth or non-striated muscle; and cardiac muscle, which is sometimes known as semi-striated']",orílẹ̀ - èdè wo ni wọ́n ń pè ní ásíríà láyé àtijọ́?,Yes,"['Assyria ni ile-oba to gbale si Oke odo Tigris, ni Mesopotamia (Iraq), to joba lori awon opo ile obaluaye lopo igba.']",['Iraq'],['P1'],0,0,"Ásíríà Ásíríà ni ile-oba to gbale si Oke odo Tigris, ni Mesopotamia (Iraq), to joba lori awon opo ile obaluaye lopo igba. Oruko re wa lati oruko oluilu re akoko eyun ilu ayeijoun Asur. Bakanna Ásíríà tun le je agbegbe jeografi tabi inu ibi ti awon ile obaluaye wonyi wa. Nigba Ásíríà Atijo (awon orundun 20th de 15th BCE), Asur joba lori opo Mesopotamia Loke ati awon apa É?ia Kekere. Nigba Asiko Arin Ásíríà (awon orundun 15th de 10th BCE), ipa re resile gidigidi sugbon o fi ija gba won pada. Ile Obaluaye Ásíríà Tuntun ti Igba Ibere Irin (911 – 612 BCE) fe si gidigidi, be sini labe Ashurbanipal (r. 668 – 627 BCE) fun awon odun ewa o joba lori Ayipo Olora, ati ??gíptì, ko to bo sowo Babiloni Tuntun ati Medes ki awon eleyi na o to bo sowo Ile Obaluaye Pá?íà. ", -7283188668261960597,train,explain the meaning of hdi. mention three components of measuring hdi,"The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq which was further used to measure the country 's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).",[],ṣàlàyé ìtumọ̀ hdi. dárúkọ àwọn ohun mẹ́ta tó máa ń wà nínú íwọ̀n hdi,Yes,"['Atọ́ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn (AIE tabi HDI; Human Development Index) je statitiki àkópọ̀jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere).']","['Atọ́ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn je statitiki àkópọ̀jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere).']",['P1'],1,0,"At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn je statitiki àkóp??jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere). Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan to si je sise pelu formula yi: at??ka- nibi ti  ati   je iye kikerejulo ati gigajulo ti ayipada  le ni, ni telentele. ","For the index multiplied by the probability that a random individual will attain the average HDI, see List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI . World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). 0.900–0.949 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0.400–0.449 0.350–0.399 Data unavailable World map of the Human Development Index by country, grouped by quartiles (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). Highest 25% Above median Below median Lowest 25% Data unavailable The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy , education , and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq which was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program( UNDP ). The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that ""the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality )"", and ""the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)"". The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to ""be"" and ""do"" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. It must also be noted that the freedom of choice is central—someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. during a religious fast) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food. Contents [ hide ] 1 Origins 2 Dimensions and calculation 2.1 New method (2010 Index onwards) 2.2 Old method (before 2010 Index) 3 2016 Human Development Index 3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 4 2015 Human Development Index 4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 5 2014 Human Development Index 5.1 Countries not included 5.2 Inequality-adjusted HDI 6 Past top countries 6.1 In each original HDI 7 Geographical coverage 8 Country/region specific HDI lists 9 Criticism 9.1 Sources of data error 10 See also 10.1 Indices 10.2 Other 11 References 12 External links Origins [ edit ] Mahbub ul Haq The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose ""to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies"". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten , Frances Stewart , Gustav Ranis , Keith Griffin , Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai . Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities. Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being . The underlying principle behind the Human Development Index. Dimensions and calculation [ edit ] New method (2010 Index onwards) [ edit ] Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions: A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth Education index : Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling A decent standard of living: GNI per capita ( PPP US$) In its 2010 Human Development Report , the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}} LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20. 2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} 2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = MYS 15 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {MYS}}{15}}} Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025. 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = EYS 18 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {EYS}}{18}}} Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries. 3. Income Index (II) = ln ⁡ ( GNIpc ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) ln ⁡ ( 75 , 000 ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}} II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100. Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II 3 . {\displaystyle {\textrm {HDI}}={\sqrt[{3}]{{\textrm {LEI}}\cdot {\textrm {EI}}\cdot {\textrm {II}}}}.} LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education) EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita Old method (before 2010 Index) [ edit ] The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report: Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting). Standard of living , as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . HDI trends between 1975 and 2004 OECD Europe not in the OECD and CIS Latin America and the Caribbean East Asia Arab League South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ). In general, to transform a raw variable , say x {\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: x index = x − a b − a {\displaystyle x{\text{ index}}={\frac {x-a}{b-a}}} where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are the lowest and highest values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ​ 1 ⁄ 3 contributed by each of the following factor indices: Life Expectancy Index = L E − 25 85 − 25 {\displaystyle {\frac {LE-25}{85-25}}} Education Index = 2 3 × A L I + 1 3 × G E I {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{3}}\times ALI+{\frac {1}{3}}\times GEI} Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = A L R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {ALR-0}{100-0}}} Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = C G E R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {CGER-0}{100-0}}} GDP = log ⁡ ( G D P p c ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) log ⁡ ( 40000 ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\log \left(GDPpc\right)-\log \left(100\right)}{\log \left(40000\right)-\log \left(100\right)}}} Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI. 2016 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 21 March 2017, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2015. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in parentheses represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2015 report. Rank Country or Region Score 2016 estimates for 2015 Change in rank from previous year 2016 estimates for 2015 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.949 0.001 2 Australia 0.939 0.002 2 Switzerland 0.939 0.001 4 (2) Germany 0.926 0.002 5 (1) Denmark 0.925 0.002 5 (6) Singapore 0.925 0.013 7 (1) Netherlands 0.924 0.001 8 Ireland 0.923 0.003 9 (7) Iceland 0.921 0.002 10 (1) Canada 0.920 0.001 10 (2) United States 0.920 0.002 12 Hong Kong 0.917 0.001 13 (4) New Zealand 0.915 0.002 14 (1) Sweden 0.913 0.004 15 (1) Liechtenstein 0.912 0.001 16 (4) United Kingdom 0.909 0.003 17 (3) Japan 0.903 0.001 18 South Korea 0.901 0.002 19 Israel 0.899 0.001 20 Luxembourg 0.898 0.002 21 (1) France 0.897 0.003 22 (1) Belgium 0.896 0.001 23 Finland 0.895 0.002 24 Austria 0.893 0.001 25 (2) Spain 0.892 0.005 26 Slovenia 0.890 0.002 27 (1) Italy 0.887 0.006 28 Czech Republic 0.878 0.003 29 Greece 0.866 0.001 30 Brunei 0.865 0.001 30 (1) Estonia 0.865 0.002 32 Andorra 0.858 0.001 33 (1) Cyprus 0.856 0.002 33 (2) Malta 0.856 0.003 33 Qatar 0.856 0.001 36 Poland 0.855 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.848 0.002 38 (4) Chile 0.847 0.002 38 Saudi Arabia 0.847 0.002 40 (5) Slovakia 0.845 0.003 41 Portugal 0.843 0.002 42 United Arab Emirates 0.840 0.004 43 Hungary 0.836 0.002 44 Latvia 0.830 0.002 45 (5) Argentina 0.827 0.001 45 (1) Croatia 0.827 0.004 47 (1) Bahrain 0.824 0.001 48 (1) Montenegro 0.807 0.003 49 (1) Russia 0.804 0.001 50 (1) Romania 0.802 0.004 51 (1) Kuwait 0.800 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 206). Norway 0.898 Iceland 0.868 Netherlands 0.861 Australia 0.861 Germany 0.859 Switzerland 0.859 Denmark 0.858 Sweden 0.851 Ireland 0.850 Finland 0.843 Canada 0.839 Slovenia 0.838 United Kingdom 0.836 Czech Republic 0.830 Luxembourg 0.827 Belgium 0.821 Austria 0.815 France 0.813 United States 0.796 Slovakia 0.793 Japan 0.791 Spain 0.791 Estonia 0.788 Malta 0.786 Italy 0.784 Israel 0.778 Poland 0.774 Hungary 0.771 Cyprus 0.762 Lithuania 0.759 Greece 0.758 Portugal 0.755 South Korea 0.753 Croatia 0.752 Latvia 0.742 Montenegro 0.736 Russia 0.725 Romania 0.714 Argentina 0.698 Chile 0.691 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , and Kuwait . 2015 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2014 report. Rank Country Score 2015 estimates for 2014 Change in rank from previous year 2015 estimates for 2014 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.944 0.002 2 Australia 0.935 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.930 0.002 4 Denmark 0.923 5 Netherlands 0.922 0.002 6 Germany 0.916 0.001 6 (2) Ireland 0.916 0.004 8 (1) United States 0.915 0.002 9 (1) Canada 0.913 0.001 9 (1) New Zealand 0.913 0.002 11 (2) Singapore 0.912 0.003 12 Hong Kong 0.910 0.002 13 Liechtenstein 0.908 0.001 14 Sweden 0.907 0.002 14 (1) United Kingdom 0.907 0.005 16 Iceland 0.899 17 South Korea 0.898 0.003 18 Israel 0.894 0.001 18 Macau 0.894 19 Luxembourg 0.892 0.002 20 (1) Japan 0.891 0.001 21 Belgium 0.890 0.002 22 France 0.888 0.001 23 Austria 0.885 0.001 24 Finland 0.883 0.001 25 Taiwan 0.882 26 Slovenia 0.880 0.001 27 Spain 0.876 0.002 28 Italy 0.873 29 Czech Republic 0.870 0.002 30 Greece 0.865 0.002 31 Estonia 0.861 0.002 32 Brunei 0.856 0.004 33 Cyprus 0.850 33 (1) Qatar 0.850 0.001 34 Andorra 0.845 0.001 35 (1) Slovakia 0.844 0.005 36 (1) Poland 0.843 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.839 0.002 37 Malta 0.839 0.002 39 Saudi Arabia 0.837 0.001 40 Argentina 0.836 0.003 41 (1) United Arab Emirates 0.835 0.002 42 Chile 0.832 0.002 43 Portugal 0.830 0.002 44 Hungary 0.828 0.003 45 Bahrain 0.824 0.003 46 (1) Latvia 0.819 0.003 47 (1) Croatia 0.818 0.001 48 (1) Kuwait 0.816 49 Montenegro 0.802 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 216). Norway 0.893 ( ) Netherlands 0.861 ( 1) Switzerland 0.861 ( 1) Australia 0.858 ( 2) Denmark 0.856 ( 3) Germany 0.853 ( 1) Iceland 0.846 ( 1) Sweden 0.846 ( 1) Ireland 0.836 ( 1) Finland 0.834 ( 1) Canada 0.832 ( 2) Slovenia 0.829 ( ) United Kingdom 0.829 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.823 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.822 ( 1) Belgium 0.820 ( 1) Austria 0.816 ( 4) France 0.811 ( ) Slovakia 0.791 ( 2) Estonia 0.782 ( 4) Japan 0.780 ( 1) Israel 0.775 ( 3) Spain 0.775 ( 1) Italy 0.773 ( 1) Hungary 0.769 ( 2) Malta 0.767 ( ) Poland 0.760 ( 2) United States 0.760 ( ) Cyprus 0.758 ( 1) Greece 0.758 ( 5) Lithuania 0.754 ( ) South Korea 0.751 ( 1) Portugal 0.744 ( 1) Croatia 0.743 ( 1) Belarus 0.741 Latvia 0.730 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . 2014 Human Development Index [ edit ] The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries or regions: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country or region has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2013 report. Rank Country or Region HDI New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report 1 Norway 0.944 0.011 2 Australia 0.933 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.917 0.001 4 Netherlands 0.915 5 United States 0.914 0.002 6 Germany 0.911 7 New Zealand 0.910 0.002 8 Canada 0.902 0.001 9 (3) Singapore 0.901 0.002 10 Denmark 0.900 11 (3) Ireland 0.899 0.017 12 (1) Sweden 0.898 0.001 13 Iceland 0.895 0.002 14 United Kingdom 0.892 0.002 14 Macau 0.892 15 Hong Kong 0.891 0.002 15 (1) South Korea 0.891 0.003 17 (1) Japan 0.890 0.002 18 (2) Liechtenstein 0.889 0.001 19 Israel 0.888 0.002 20 France 0.884 21 Taiwan 0.882 22 Austria 0.881 0.001 22 Belgium 0.881 0.001 22 Luxembourg 0.881 0.001 23 Finland 0.879 24 Slovenia 0.874 25 Italy 0.872 26 Spain 0.869 27 Czech Republic 0.861 28 Greece 0.853 0.001 29 Brunei 0.852 30 Qatar 0.851 0.001 31 Cyprus 0.845 0.003 32 Estonia 0.840 0.001 33 Saudi Arabia 0.836 0.003 34 (1) Lithuania 0.834 0.003 34 (1) Poland 0.834 0.001 35 Andorra 0.830 35 (1) Slovakia 0.830 0.001 36 Malta 0.829 0.002 37 United Arab Emirates 0.827 0.002 38 (1) Chile 0.822 0.003 38 Portugal 0.822 39 Hungary 0.818 0.001 40 Bahrain 0.815 0.002 40 Cuba 0.815 0.002 41 (2) Kuwait 0.814 0.001 42 Croatia 0.812 43 Latvia 0.810 0.002 44 Argentina 0.808 0.002 Countries not included [ edit ] Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea , Marshall Islands , Monaco , Nauru , San Marino , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan , and Tuvalu . Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 168). Norway 0.891 ( ) Australia 0.860 ( ) Netherlands 0.854 ( 1) Switzerland 0.847 ( 3) Germany 0.846 ( ) Iceland 0.843 ( 2) Sweden 0.840 ( 4) Denmark 0.838 ( 1) Canada 0.833 ( 4) Ireland 0.832 ( 4) Finland 0.830 ( ) Slovenia 0.824 ( 2) Austria 0.818 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.814 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.813 ( 1) United Kingdom 0.812 ( 3) Belgium 0.806 ( 2) France 0.804 ( ) Israel 0.793 ( 1) Japan 0.779 (New) Slovakia 0.778 ( 1) Spain 0.775 ( 2) Italy 0.768 ( 1) Estonia 0.767 ( 1) Greece 0.762 ( 2) Malta 0.760 ( 3) Hungary 0.757 ( 1) United States 0.755 ( 12) Poland 0.751 ( 1) Cyprus 0.752 ( 1) Lithuania 0.746 ( 2) Portugal 0.739 ( ) South Korea 0.736 ( 5) Latvia 0.725 ( 1) Croatia 0.721 ( 4) Argentina 0.680 ( 7) Chile 0.661 ( 4) Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . Past top countries [ edit ] The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest thirteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. In each original HDI [ edit ] The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated. 2016 (2015): Norway 2015 (2014): Norway 2014 (2013): Norway 2013 (2012): Norway 2011 (2011): Norway 2010 (2010): Norway 2009 (2007): Norway 2008 (2006): Iceland 2007 (2005): Iceland 2006 (2004): Norway 2005 (2003): Norway 2004 (2002): Norway 2003 (2001): Norway 2002 (2000): Norway 2001 (1999): Norway 2000 (1998): Canada 1999 (1997): Canada 1998 (1995): Canada 1997 (1994): Canada 1996 (1993): Canada 1995 (1992): Canada 1994 (????): Canada 1993 (????): Japan 1992 (1990): Canada 1991 (1990): Japan 1990 (????): Japan Geographical coverage [ edit ] The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. Country/region specific HDI lists [ edit ] African countries Argentine provinces Brazilian states Canadian provinces and territories Chilean regions Chinese administrative divisions European countries Indian states Indonesian provinces Japanese prefectures Latin American countries Mexican states Pakistani districts Philippine provinces Russian federal subjects South African provinces U.S. states ( American Human Development Report (AHDR)) Venezuelan states World, regional (Sub-national HDI by GDL) Criticism [ edit ] HDI vs. ecological footprint The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries. Sources of data error [ edit ] Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a 6 January 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place. In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population. See also [ edit ] Sustainable development portal Indices [ edit ] Bhutan GNH Index Broad measures of economic progress Green national product Green gross domestic product (Green GDP) Gender Inequality Index Gender-related Development Index Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) Global Peace Index (GPI) Gross National Well-being (GNW) Happy Planet Index (HPI) Human Poverty Index Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) Legatum Prosperity Index List of countries by Human Development Index Living planet index Multidimensional Poverty Index Rule of Law Index OECD Better Life Index (BLI) Social Progress Index Where-to-be-born Index World Happiness Report Other [ edit ] Economic development Ethics of care Happiness economics Human Development and Capability Association International development Least developed country Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Right to an adequate standard of living Subjective life satisfaction Sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human Development Index . Human Development Index Human Development Tools and Rankings ""Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI"" (PDF) . (5.54 MB) New demographic datasets by 'Human Development Index (HDI)’ An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach." 8988800521691943708,train,what is hdi explain the terms of it,"The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen which was further used to measure the country 's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).",['the earth'],kí ni hdi ṣàlàyé àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ inú rẹ̀,Yes,"['Atọ́ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn (AIE tabi HDI; Human Development Index) je statitiki àkópọ̀jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere).']","['Atọ́ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn je statitiki àkópọ̀jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere).']",['P1'],1,0,"At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn je statitiki àkóp??jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere). Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan to si je sise pelu formula yi: at??ka- nibi ti  ati   je iye kikerejulo ati gigajulo ti ayipada  le ni, ni telentele. ","For the index multiplied by the probability that a random individual will attain the average HDI, see List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI . World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). 0.900–0.949 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0.400–0.449 0.350–0.399 Data unavailable World map of the Human Development Index by country, grouped by quartiles (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). Highest 25% Above median Below median Lowest 25% Data unavailable The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a statistic (composite index) of life expectancy , education , and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen which was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program( UNDP ). The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that ""the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality )"", and ""the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)"". The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to ""be"" and ""do"" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. It must also be noted that the freedom of choice is central—someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. during a religious fast) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food. Contents 1 Origins 2 Dimensions and calculation 2.1 New method (2010 Index onwards) 2.2 Old method (before 2010 Index) 3 2016 Human Development Index 3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 4 2015 Human Development Index 4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 5 2014 Human Development Index 5.1 Countries not included 5.2 Inequality-adjusted HDI 6 Past top countries 6.1 In each original HDI 7 Geographical coverage 8 Country/region specific HDI lists 9 Criticism 9.1 Sources of data error 10 See also 10.1 Indices 10.2 Other 11 References 12 External links Origins [ edit ] Mahbub ul Haq The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose ""to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies"". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten , Frances Stewart , Gustav Ranis , Keith Griffin , Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai . Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities. Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being . The underlying principle behind the Human Development Index. Dimensions and calculation [ edit ] New method (2010 Index onwards) [ edit ] Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions: A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth Education index : Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling A decent standard of living: GNI per capita ( PPP US$) In its 2010 Human Development Report , the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}} LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20. 2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} 2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = MYS 15 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {MYS}}{15}}} Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025. 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = EYS 18 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {EYS}}{18}}} Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries. 3. Income Index (II) = ln ⁡ ( GNIpc ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) ln ⁡ ( 75 , 000 ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}} II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100. Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II 3 . {\displaystyle {\textrm {HDI}}={\sqrt[{3}]{{\textrm {LEI}}\cdot {\textrm {EI}}\cdot {\textrm {II}}}}.} LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education) EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita Old method (before 2010 Index) [ edit ] The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report: Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting). Standard of living , as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . HDI trends between 1975 and 2004 OECD Europe not in the OECD and CIS Latin America and the Caribbean East Asia Arab League South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ). In general, to transform a raw variable , say x {\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: x index = x − a b − a {\displaystyle x{\text{ index}}={\frac {x-a}{b-a}}} where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are the lowest and highest values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ​ 1 ⁄ 3 contributed by each of the following factor indices: Life Expectancy Index = L E − 25 85 − 25 {\displaystyle {\frac {LE-25}{85-25}}} Education Index = 2 3 × A L I + 1 3 × G E I {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{3}}\times ALI+{\frac {1}{3}}\times GEI} Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = A L R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {ALR-0}{100-0}}} Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = C G E R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {CGER-0}{100-0}}} GDP = log ⁡ ( G D P p c ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) log ⁡ ( 40000 ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\log \left(GDPpc\right)-\log \left(100\right)}{\log \left(40000\right)-\log \left(100\right)}}} Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI. 2016 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 21 March 2017, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2015. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in parentheses represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2015 report. Rank Country or region Score 2016 estimates for 2015 Change in rank from previous year 2016 estimates for 2015 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.949 0.001 2 Australia 0.939 0.002 2 Switzerland 0.939 0.001 4 (2) Germany 0.926 0.002 5 (1) Denmark 0.925 0.002 5 (6) Singapore 0.925 0.013 7 (1) Netherlands 0.924 0.001 8 Ireland 0.923 0.003 9 (7) Iceland 0.921 0.002 10 (1) Canada 0.920 0.001 10 (2) United States 0.920 0.002 12 Hong Kong 0.917 0.001 13 (4) New Zealand 0.915 0.002 14 (1) Sweden 0.913 0.004 15 (1) Liechtenstein 0.912 0.001 16 (4) United Kingdom 0.909 0.003 17 (3) Japan 0.903 0.001 18 South Korea 0.901 0.002 19 Israel 0.899 0.001 20 Luxembourg 0.898 0.002 21 (1) France 0.897 0.003 22 (1) Belgium 0.896 0.001 23 Finland 0.895 0.002 24 Austria 0.893 0.001 25 (2) Spain 0.892 0.005 26 Slovenia 0.890 0.002 27 (1) Italy 0.887 0.006 28 Czech Republic 0.878 0.003 29 Greece 0.866 0.001 30 (10) Slovakia 0.865 0.020 31 (1) Estonia 0.865 0.002 32 Andorra 0.858 0.001 33 (1) Cyprus 0.856 0.002 33 (2) Malta 0.856 0.003 33 Qatar 0.856 0.001 36 Poland 0.855 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.848 0.002 38 (4) Chile 0.847 0.002 38 Saudi Arabia 0.847 0.002 41 Portugal 0.843 0.002 42 United Arab Emirates 0.840 0.004 43 Hungary 0.836 0.002 44 Latvia 0.830 0.002 45 (5) Argentina 0.827 0.001 45 (1) Croatia 0.827 0.004 47 (1) Bahrain 0.824 0.001 48 (1) Montenegro 0.807 0.003 49 (1) Russia 0.804 0.001 50 (1) Romania 0.802 0.004 51 (1) Kuwait 0.800 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 206). Norway 0.898 Iceland 0.868 Netherlands 0.861 Australia 0.861 Germany 0.859 Switzerland 0.859 Denmark 0.858 Sweden 0.851 Ireland 0.850 Finland 0.843 Canada 0.839 Slovenia 0.838 United Kingdom 0.836 Czech Republic 0.830 Luxembourg 0.827 Belgium 0.821 Austria 0.815 France 0.813 United States 0.796 Slovakia 0.793 Japan 0.791 Spain 0.791 Estonia 0.788 Malta 0.786 Italy 0.784 Israel 0.778 Poland 0.774 Hungary 0.771 Cyprus 0.762 Lithuania 0.759 Greece 0.758 Portugal 0.755 South Korea 0.753 Croatia 0.752 Latvia 0.742 Montenegro 0.736 Russia 0.725 Romania 0.714 Argentina 0.698 Chile 0.691 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , and Kuwait . 2015 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2014 report. Rank Country Score 2015 estimates for 2014 Change in rank from previous year 2015 estimates for 2014 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.944 0.002 2 Australia 0.935 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.930 0.002 4 Denmark 0.923 5 Netherlands 0.922 0.002 6 Germany 0.916 0.001 6 (2) Ireland 0.916 0.004 8 (1) United States 0.915 0.002 9 (1) Canada 0.913 0.001 9 (1) New Zealand 0.913 0.002 11 (2) Singapore 0.912 0.003 12 Hong Kong 0.910 0.002 13 Liechtenstein 0.908 0.001 14 Sweden 0.907 0.002 14 (1) United Kingdom 0.907 0.005 16 Iceland 0.899 17 South Korea 0.898 0.003 18 Israel 0.894 0.001 18 Macau 0.894 19 Luxembourg 0.892 0.002 20 (1) Japan 0.891 0.001 21 Belgium 0.890 0.002 22 France 0.888 0.001 23 Austria 0.885 0.001 24 Finland 0.883 0.001 25 Taiwan 0.882 26 Slovenia 0.880 0.001 27 Spain 0.876 0.002 28 Italy 0.873 29 Czech Republic 0.870 0.002 30 Greece 0.865 0.002 31 Estonia 0.861 0.002 32 Brunei 0.856 0.004 33 Cyprus 0.850 33 (1) Qatar 0.850 0.001 34 Andorra 0.845 0.001 35 (1) Slovakia 0.844 0.005 36 (1) Poland 0.843 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.839 0.002 37 Malta 0.839 0.002 39 Saudi Arabia 0.837 0.001 40 Argentina 0.836 0.003 41 (1) United Arab Emirates 0.835 0.002 42 Chile 0.832 0.002 43 Portugal 0.830 0.002 44 Hungary 0.828 0.003 45 Bahrain 0.824 0.003 46 (1) Latvia 0.819 0.003 47 (1) Croatia 0.818 0.001 48 (1) Kuwait 0.816 49 Montenegro 0.802 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 216). Norway 0.893 ( ) Netherlands 0.861 ( 1) Switzerland 0.861 ( 1) Australia 0.858 ( 2) Denmark 0.856 ( 3) Germany 0.853 ( 1) Iceland 0.846 ( 1) Sweden 0.846 ( 1) Ireland 0.836 ( 1) Finland 0.834 ( 1) Canada 0.832 ( 2) Slovenia 0.829 ( ) United Kingdom 0.829 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.823 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.822 ( 1) Belgium 0.820 ( 1) Austria 0.816 ( 4) France 0.811 ( ) Slovakia 0.791 ( 2) Estonia 0.782 ( 4) Japan 0.780 ( 1) Israel 0.775 ( 3) Spain 0.775 ( 1) Italy 0.773 ( 1) Hungary 0.769 ( 2) Malta 0.767 ( ) Poland 0.760 ( 2) United States 0.760 ( ) Cyprus 0.758 ( 1) Greece 0.758 ( 5) Lithuania 0.754 ( ) South Korea 0.751 ( 1) Portugal 0.744 ( 1) Croatia 0.743 ( 1) Belarus 0.741 Latvia 0.730 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . 2014 Human Development Index [ edit ] The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries or regions: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country or region has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2013 report. Rank Country or Region HDI New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report 1 Norway 0.944 0.011 2 Australia 0.933 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.917 0.001 4 Netherlands 0.915 5 United States 0.914 0.002 6 Germany 0.911 7 New Zealand 0.910 0.002 8 Canada 0.902 0.001 9 (3) Singapore 0.901 0.002 10 Denmark 0.900 11 (3) Ireland 0.899 0.017 12 (1) Sweden 0.898 0.001 13 Iceland 0.895 0.002 14 United Kingdom 0.892 0.002 14 Macau 0.892 15 Hong Kong 0.891 0.002 15 (1) South Korea 0.891 0.003 17 (1) Japan 0.890 0.002 18 (2) Liechtenstein 0.889 0.001 19 Israel 0.888 0.002 20 France 0.884 21 Taiwan 0.882 22 Austria 0.881 0.001 22 Belgium 0.881 0.001 22 Luxembourg 0.881 0.001 23 Finland 0.879 24 Slovenia 0.874 25 Italy 0.872 26 Spain 0.869 27 Czech Republic 0.861 28 Greece 0.853 0.001 29 Brunei 0.852 30 Qatar 0.851 0.001 31 Cyprus 0.845 0.003 32 Estonia 0.840 0.001 33 Saudi Arabia 0.836 0.003 34 (1) Lithuania 0.834 0.003 34 (1) Poland 0.834 0.001 35 Andorra 0.830 35 (1) Slovakia 0.830 0.001 36 Malta 0.829 0.002 37 United Arab Emirates 0.827 0.002 38 (1) Chile 0.822 0.003 38 Portugal 0.822 39 Hungary 0.818 0.001 40 Bahrain 0.815 0.002 40 Cuba 0.815 0.002 41 (2) Kuwait 0.814 0.001 42 Croatia 0.812 43 Latvia 0.810 0.002 44 Argentina 0.808 0.002 Countries not included [ edit ] Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea , Marshall Islands , Monaco , Nauru , San Marino , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan , and Tuvalu . Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 168). Norway 0.891 ( ) Australia 0.860 ( ) Netherlands 0.854 ( 1) Switzerland 0.847 ( 3) Germany 0.846 ( ) Iceland 0.843 ( 2) Sweden 0.840 ( 4) Denmark 0.838 ( 1) Canada 0.833 ( 4) Ireland 0.832 ( 4) Finland 0.830 ( ) Slovenia 0.824 ( 2) Austria 0.818 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.814 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.813 ( 1) United Kingdom 0.812 ( 3) Belgium 0.806 ( 2) France 0.804 ( ) Israel 0.793 ( 1) Japan 0.779 (New) Slovakia 0.778 ( 1) Spain 0.775 ( 2) Italy 0.768 ( 1) Estonia 0.767 ( 1) Greece 0.762 ( 2) Malta 0.760 ( 3) Hungary 0.757 ( 1) United States 0.755 ( 12) Poland 0.751 ( 1) Cyprus 0.752 ( 1) Lithuania 0.746 ( 2) Portugal 0.739 ( ) South Korea 0.736 ( 5) Latvia 0.725 ( 1) Croatia 0.721 ( 4) Argentina 0.680 ( 7) Chile 0.661 ( 4) Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . Past top countries [ edit ] The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest thirteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. In each original HDI [ edit ] The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated. 2016 (2015): Norway 2015 (2014): Norway 2014 (2013): Norway 2013 (2012): Norway 2011 (2011): Norway 2010 (2010): Norway 2009 (2007): Norway 2008 (2006): Iceland 2007 (2005): Iceland 2006 (2004): Norway 2005 (2003): Norway 2004 (2002): Norway 2003 (2001): Norway 2002 (2000): Norway 2001 (1999): Norway 2000 (1998): Canada 1999 (1997): Canada 1998 (1995): Canada 1997 (1994): Canada 1996 (1993): Canada 1995 (1992): Canada 1994 (????): Canada 1993 (????): Japan 1992 (1990): Canada 1991 (1990): Japan 1990 (????): Japan Geographical coverage [ edit ] The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. Country/region specific HDI lists [ edit ] African countries Argentine provinces Brazilian states Canadian provinces and territories Chilean regions Chinese administrative divisions European countries Indian states Indonesian provinces Japanese prefectures Latin American countries Mexican states Pakistani districts Philippine provinces Russian federal subjects South African provinces U.S. states ( American Human Development Report (AHDR)) Venezuelan states World, regional (Sub-national HDI by GDL) Criticism [ edit ] HDI vs. ecological footprint The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries. Sources of data error [ edit ] Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a 6 January 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place. In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population. See also [ edit ] Sustainable development portal Indices [ edit ] Bhutan GNH Index Broad measures of economic progress Green national product Green gross domestic product (Green GDP) Gender Inequality Index Gender-related Development Index Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) Global Peace Index (GPI) Gross National Well-being (GNW) Happy Planet Index (HPI) Human Poverty Index Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) Legatum Prosperity Index List of countries by Human Development Index Living planet index Multidimensional Poverty Index Rule of Law Index OECD Better Life Index (BLI) Social Progress Index Where-to-be-born Index World Happiness Report Other [ edit ] Economic development Ethics of care Happiness economics Human Development and Capability Association International development Least developed country Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Right to an adequate standard of living Subjective life satisfaction Sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human Development Index . Human Development Index Human Development Tools and Rankings ""Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI"" (PDF) . (5.54 MB) New demographic datasets by 'Human Development Index (HDI)’ An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach." -3648204134294388316,train,which indicators are taken into consideration for measuring hdi,"The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by UNDP based on the concept of human development developed by eminent economists like Indian Economist Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq.",[],àwọn àmì wo la máa ń gbé yẹ̀ wò nígbà tá a bá ń díwọ̀n hdi,Yes,"['Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan to si je sise pelu formula yi:']","['Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan']","['P1, P2']",0,0,"At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn je statitiki àkóp??jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere). Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan to si je sise pelu formula yi: at??ka- nibi ti  ati   je iye kikerejulo ati gigajulo ti ayipada  le ni, ni telentele. ","World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). 0.900 and over 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0.400–0.449 0.350–0.399 and under Data unavailable World map indicating the categories of Human Development Index by country (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). Very high High Medium Low Data unavailable The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy , education , and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by UNDP based on the concept of human development developed by eminent economists like Indian Economist Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq . The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that ""the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality ),"" and ""the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."" The index is based on the human development approach, developed by the economist Mahbub Ul Haq, is anchored in Amartya Sen’s work on human capabilities, often framed in terms of whether people are able to ""be"" and ""do"" desirable things in life. Examples include - Beings: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. It must also be noted that the freedom of choice is central - someone choosing to be hungry (during a religious fast say) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food. The underlying principle behind HDI Contents [ hide ] 1 Origins 2 Dimensions and calculation 2.1 New method (2010 Index onwards) 2.2 Old method (before 2010 Index) 3 2016 Human Development Index 3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 4 2015 Human Development Index 4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 5 2014 Human Development Index 5.1 Countries not included 5.2 Inequality-adjusted HDI 6 Past top countries 6.1 In each original HDI 7 Geographical coverage 8 Country/region specific HDI lists 9 Criticism 9.1 Sources of data error 10 See also 10.1 Indices 10.2 Other 11 References 12 External links Origins [ edit ] Mahbub ul Haq Amartya Sen The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose ""to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies."" To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten , Frances Stewart , Gustav Ranis , Keith Griffin , Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai . Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities. Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being . Dimensions and calculation [ edit ] New method (2010 Index onwards) [ edit ] Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions: A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth Education index : Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling A decent standard of living: GNI per capita ( PPP US$) In its 2010 Human Development Report , the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}} LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20. 2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} 2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = MYS 15 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {MYS}}{15}}} Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025. 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = EYS 18 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {EYS}}{18}}} Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries. 3. Income Index (II) = ln ⁡ ( GNIpc ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) ln ⁡ ( 75 , 000 ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}} II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100. Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II 3 . {\displaystyle {\textrm {HDI}}={\sqrt[{3}]{{\textrm {LEI}}\cdot {\textrm {EI}}\cdot {\textrm {II}}}}.} LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education) EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita Old method (before 2010 Index) [ edit ] The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report: Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting). Standard of living , as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . HDI trends between 1975 and 2004 OECD Europe not in the OECD and CIS Latin America and the Caribbean East Asia Arab League South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ). In general, to transform a raw variable , say x {\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: x index = x − a b − a {\displaystyle x{\text{ index}}={\frac {x-a}{b-a}}} where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are the lowest and highest values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with 1 ⁄ 3 contributed by each of the following factor indices: Life Expectancy Index = L E − 25 85 − 25 {\displaystyle {\frac {LE-25}{85-25}}} Education Index = 2 3 × A L I + 1 3 × G E I {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{3}}\times ALI+{\frac {1}{3}}\times GEI} Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = A L R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {ALR-0}{100-0}}} Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = C G E R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {CGER-0}{100-0}}} GDP = log ⁡ ( G D P p c ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) log ⁡ ( 40000 ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\log \left(GDPpc\right)-\log \left(100\right)}{\log \left(40000\right)-\log \left(100\right)}}} Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI. 2016 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 21 March 2017, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2015. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2015 report. Rank Country Score 2016 estimates for 2015 Change in rank from previous year 2016 estimates for 2015 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.949 0.001 2 Australia 0.939 0.002 2 Switzerland 0.939 0.001 4 (2) Germany 0.926 0.002 5 (1) Denmark 0.925 0.002 5 (6) Singapore 0.925 0.013 7 (1) Netherlands 0.924 0.001 8 Ireland 0.923 0.003 9 (7) Iceland 0.921 0.002 10 (1) Canada 0.920 0.001 10 (2) United States 0.920 0.002 12 Hong Kong 0.917 0.001 13 (4) New Zealand 0.915 0.002 14 (1) Sweden 0.913 0.004 15 (1) Liechtenstein 0.912 0.001 16 (2) United Kingdom 0.909 0.001 17 (3) Japan 0.903 0.001 18 South Korea 0.901 0.002 19 Israel 0.899 0.001 20 Luxembourg 0.898 0.002 21 (1) France 0.897 0.003 22 (1) Belgium 0.896 0.001 23 Finland 0.895 0.002 24 Austria 0.893 0.001 25 Slovenia 0.890 0.002 26 (1) Italy 0.887 0.006 27 (1) Spain 0.884 0.002 28 Czech Republic 0.878 0.003 29 Greece 0.866 0.001 30 Brunei 0.865 0.001 30 (1) Estonia 0.865 0.002 32 Andorra 0.858 0.001 33 (1) Cyprus 0.856 0.002 33 (2) Malta 0.856 0.003 33 Qatar 0.856 0.001 36 Poland 0.855 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.848 0.002 38 (4) Chile 0.847 0.002 38 Saudi Arabia 0.847 0.002 40 (5) Slovakia 0.845 0.003 41 Portugal 0.843 0.002 42 United Arab Emirates 0.840 0.004 43 Hungary 0.836 0.002 44 Latvia 0.830 0.002 45 (5) Argentina 0.827 0.001 45 (1) Croatia 0.827 0.004 47 (1) Bahrain 0.824 0.001 48 (1) Montenegro 0.807 0.003 49 (1) Russia 0.804 0.001 50 (1) Romania 0.802 0.004 51 (1) Kuwait 0.800 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."" The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 206). Norway 0.898 Iceland 0.868 Netherlands 0.861 Australia 0.861 Germany 0.859 Switzerland 0.859 Denmark 0.858 Sweden 0.851 Ireland 0.850 Finland 0.843 Canada 0.839 Slovenia 0.838 United Kingdom 0.836 Czech Republic 0.830 Luxembourg 0.827 Belgium 0.821 Austria 0.815 France 0.813 United States 0.796 Slovakia 0.793 Japan 0.791 Spain 0.791 Estonia 0.788 Malta 0.786 Italy 0.784 Israel 0.778 Poland 0.774 Hungary 0.771 Cyprus 0.762 Lithuania 0.759 Greece 0.758 Portugal 0.755 South Korea 0.753 Croatia 0.752 Latvia 0.742 Montenegro 0.736 Russia 0.725 Romania 0.714 Argentina 0.698 Chile 0.692 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , and Kuwait . 2015 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2014 report. Rank Country Score 2015 estimates for 2014 Change in rank from previous year 2015 estimates for 2014 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.944 0.002 2 Australia 0.935 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.930 0.002 4 Denmark 0.923 5 Netherlands 0.922 0.002 6 Germany 0.916 0.001 6 (2) Ireland 0.916 0.004 8 (1) United States 0.915 0.002 9 (1) Canada 0.913 0.001 9 (1) New Zealand 0.913 0.002 11 (2) Singapore 0.912 0.003 12 Hong Kong 0.910 0.002 13 Liechtenstein 0.908 0.001 14 Sweden 0.907 0.002 14 (1) United Kingdom 0.907 0.005 16 Iceland 0.899 17 South Korea 0.898 0.003 18 Israel 0.894 0.001 18 Macau 0.894 19 Luxembourg 0.892 0.002 20 (1) Japan 0.891 0.001 21 Belgium 0.890 0.002 22 France 0.888 0.001 23 Austria 0.885 0.001 24 Finland 0.883 0.001 25 Taiwan 0.882 26 Slovenia 0.880 0.001 27 Spain 0.876 0.002 28 Italy 0.873 29 Czech Republic 0.870 0.002 30 Greece 0.865 0.002 31 Estonia 0.861 0.002 32 Brunei 0.856 0.004 33 Cyprus 0.850 33 (1) Qatar 0.850 0.001 34 Andorra 0.845 0.001 35 (1) Slovakia 0.844 0.005 36 (1) Poland 0.843 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.839 0.002 37 Malta 0.839 0.002 39 Saudi Arabia 0.837 0.001 40 Argentina 0.836 0.003 41 (1) United Arab Emirates 0.835 0.002 42 Chile 0.832 0.002 43 Portugal 0.830 0.002 44 Hungary 0.828 0.003 45 Bahrain 0.824 0.003 46 (1) Latvia 0.819 0.003 47 (1) Croatia 0.818 0.001 48 (1) Kuwait 0.816 49 Montenegro 0.802 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."" Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 216). Norway 0.893 ( ) Netherlands 0.861 ( 1) Switzerland 0.861 ( 1) Australia 0.858 ( 2) Denmark 0.856 ( 3) Germany 0.853 ( 1) Iceland 0.846 ( 1) Sweden 0.846 ( 1) Ireland 0.836 ( 1) Finland 0.834 ( 1) Canada 0.832 ( 2) Slovenia 0.829 ( ) United Kingdom 0.829 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.823 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.822 ( 1) Belgium 0.820 ( 1) Austria 0.816 ( 4) France 0.811 ( ) Slovakia 0.791 ( 2) Estonia 0.782 ( 4) Japan 0.780 ( 1) Israel 0.775 ( 3) Spain 0.775 ( 1) Italy 0.773 ( 1) Hungary 0.769 ( 2) Malta 0.767 ( ) Poland 0.760 ( 2) United States 0.760 ( ) Cyprus 0.758 ( 1) Greece 0.758 ( 5) Lithuania 0.754 ( ) South Korea 0.751 ( 1) Portugal 0.744 ( 1) Croatia 0.743 ( 1) Belarus 0.741 Latvia 0.730 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . 2014 Human Development Index [ edit ] The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2013 report. Rank Country HDI New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report 1 Norway 0.944 0.011 2 Australia 0.933 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.917 0.001 4 Netherlands 0.915 5 United States 0.914 0.002 6 Germany 0.911 7 New Zealand 0.910 0.002 8 Canada 0.902 0.001 9 (3) Singapore 0.901 0.002 10 Denmark 0.900 11 (3) Ireland 0.899 0.017 12 (1) Sweden 0.898 0.001 13 Iceland 0.895 0.002 14 United Kingdom 0.892 0.002 14 Macau 0.892 15 Hong Kong 0.891 0.002 15 (1) South Korea 0.891 0.003 17 (1) Japan 0.890 0.002 18 (2) Liechtenstein 0.889 0.001 19 Israel 0.888 0.002 20 France 0.884 21 Taiwan 0.882 22 Austria 0.881 0.001 22 Belgium 0.881 0.001 22 Luxembourg 0.881 0.001 23 Finland 0.879 24 Slovenia 0.874 25 Italy 0.872 26 Spain 0.869 27 Czech Republic 0.861 28 Greece 0.853 0.001 29 Brunei 0.852 30 Qatar 0.851 0.001 31 Cyprus 0.845 0.003 32 Estonia 0.840 0.001 33 Saudi Arabia 0.836 0.003 34 (1) Lithuania 0.834 0.003 34 (1) Poland 0.834 0.001 35 Andorra 0.830 35 (1) Slovakia 0.830 0.001 36 Malta 0.829 0.002 37 United Arab Emirates 0.827 0.002 38 (1) Chile 0.822 0.003 38 Portugal 0.822 39 Hungary 0.818 0.001 40 Bahrain 0.815 0.002 40 Cuba 0.815 0.002 41 (2) Kuwait 0.814 0.001 42 Croatia 0.812 43 Latvia 0.810 0.002 44 Argentina 0.808 0.002 Countries not included [ edit ] Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea , Marshall Islands , Monaco , Nauru , San Marino , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan , and Tuvalu . Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."" Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 168). Norway 0.891 ( ) Australia 0.860 ( ) Netherlands 0.854 ( 1) Switzerland 0.847 ( 3) Germany 0.846 ( ) Iceland 0.843 ( 2) Sweden 0.840 ( 4) Denmark 0.838 ( 1) Canada 0.833 ( 4) Ireland 0.832 ( 4) Finland 0.830 ( ) Slovenia 0.824 ( 2) Austria 0.818 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.814 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.813 ( 1) United Kingdom 0.812 ( 3) Belgium 0.806 ( 2) France 0.804 ( ) Israel 0.793 ( 1) Japan 0.779 (New) Slovakia 0.778 ( 1) Spain 0.775 ( 2) Italy 0.768 ( 1) Estonia 0.767 ( 1) Greece 0.762 ( 2) Malta 0.760 ( 3) Hungary 0.757 ( 1) United States 0.755 ( 12) Poland 0.751 ( 1) Cyprus 0.752 ( 1) Lithuania 0.746 ( 2) Portugal 0.739 ( ) South Korea 0.736 ( 5) Latvia 0.725 ( 1) Croatia 0.721 ( 4) Argentina 0.680 ( 7) Chile 0.661 ( 4) Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . Past top countries [ edit ] The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest thirteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. In each original HDI [ edit ] The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated. 2017 (2015): Norway 2015 (2014): Norway 2014 (2013): Norway 2013 (2012): Norway 2011 (2011): Norway 2010 (2010): Norway 2009 (2007): Norway 2008 (2006): Iceland 2007 (2005): Iceland 2006 (2004): Norway 2005 (2003): Norway 2004 (2002): Norway 2003 (2001): Norway 2002 (2000): Norway 2001 (1999): Norway 2000 (1998): Canada 1999 (1997): Canada 1998 (1995): Canada 1997 (1994): Canada 1996 (1993): Canada 1995 (1992): Canada 1994 (????): Canada 1993 (????): Japan 1992 (1990): Canada 1991 (1990): Japan 1990 (????): Japan Geographical coverage [ edit ] The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. Country/region specific HDI lists [ edit ] African countries Argentine provinces Brazilian states Chilean regions Chinese administrative divisions European countries Indian states Indonesian provinces Latin American countries Mexican states Pakistani districts Philippine provinces Russian federal subjects South African provinces U.S. states ( American Human Development Report (AHDR)) Venezuelan states Criticism [ edit ] HDI vs. ecological footprint The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries. Sources of data error [ edit ] Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a 6 January 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place. In 2013, Monni and Spaventa underline that in the debate between GDP and HDI, it is forgotten that these are both external indicators that purport to privilege different goals as reflective of human welfare. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population. See also [ edit ] Sustainable development portal Indices [ edit ] Bhutan GNH Index Broad measures of economic progress Green national product Green gross domestic product (Green GDP) Gender Inequality Index Gender-related Development Index Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) Global Peace Index (GPI) Gross National Well-being (GNW) Happy Planet Index (HPI) Human Poverty Index Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) Legatum Prosperity Index List of countries by Human Development Index Living planet index Multidimensional Poverty Index Rule of Law Index OECD Better Life Index (BLI) Social Progress Index Where-to-be-born Index World Happiness Report Other [ edit ] Economic development Ethics of care Happiness economics Human Development and Capability Association International development Least developed country Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Right to an adequate standard of living Subjective life satisfaction Sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human Development Index . Human Development Index Human Development Tools and Rankings ""Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI"" (PDF) . (5.54 MB) New demographic datasets by 'Human Development Index (HDI)’ An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach." -4649677129009082332,train,which parameters are included in the calculation of the hdi,"The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq for the UNDP.",['two'],àwọn ìlànà wo ni a fi kún ìsọfúnni nípa hdi,Yes,"['Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan to si je sise pelu formula yi:']","['Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan']","['P1, P2']",0,0,"At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn At??ka Ìdàgbàsókè Ènìyàn je statitiki àkóp??jáde tounje lilo lati toipo awon orile-ede bii ipele ""idagbasoke eniyan"" ati lati pinya awon orile-ede adagbasoke (idagbasoke giga), toundagbasoke (idagbasoke arin), ati aitodagbasoke (idagbasoke kekere). Statistiki na je kikopojade lati inu data lori igbe àdúródè, eko ati per-capita GIO tenikookan (gege bi olutoka iru igbesiaye) to je gbigbajo latowo awon orile-ede kookan to si je sise pelu formula yi: at??ka- nibi ti  ati   je iye kikerejulo ati gigajulo ti ayipada  le ni, ni telentele. ","For the index multiplied by the probability that a random individual will attain the average HDI, see List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI . World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). 0.900–0.949 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0.400–0.449 0.350–0.399 Data unavailable World map of the Human Development Index by country, grouped by quartiles (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017). Highest 25% Above median Below median Lowest 25% Data unavailable The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy , education , and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq for the UNDP . The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that ""the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality )"", and ""the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)"". The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to ""be"" and ""do"" desirable things in life. Examples include—Beings: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. It must also be noted that the freedom of choice is central—someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. during a religious fast) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food. Contents [ hide ] 1 Origins 2 Dimensions and calculation 2.1 New method (2010 Index onwards) 2.2 Old method (before 2010 Index) 3 2016 Human Development Index 3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 4 2015 Human Development Index 4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 5 2014 Human Development Index 5.1 Countries not included 5.2 Inequality-adjusted HDI 6 Past top countries 6.1 In each original HDI 7 Geographical coverage 8 Country/region specific HDI lists 9 Criticism 9.1 Sources of data error 10 See also 10.1 Indices 10.2 Other 11 References 12 External links Origins [ edit ] Mahbub ul Haq The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose ""to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies"". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten , Frances Stewart , Gustav Ranis , Keith Griffin , Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai . Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities. Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being . The underlying principle behind the Human Development Index. Dimensions and calculation [ edit ] New method (2010 Index onwards) [ edit ] Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions: A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth Education index : Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling A decent standard of living: GNI per capita ( PPP US$) In its 2010 Human Development Report , the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}} LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20. 2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} 2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = MYS 15 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {MYS}}{15}}} Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025. 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = EYS 18 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {EYS}}{18}}} Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries. 3. Income Index (II) = ln ⁡ ( GNIpc ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) ln ⁡ ( 75 , 000 ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}} II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100. Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II 3 . {\displaystyle {\textrm {HDI}}={\sqrt[{3}]{{\textrm {LEI}}\cdot {\textrm {EI}}\cdot {\textrm {II}}}}.} LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education) EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita Old method (before 2010 Index) [ edit ] The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report: Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting). Standard of living , as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . HDI trends between 1975 and 2004 OECD Europe not in the OECD and CIS Latin America and the Caribbean East Asia Arab League South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ). In general, to transform a raw variable , say x {\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: x index = x − a b − a {\displaystyle x{\text{ index}}={\frac {x-a}{b-a}}} where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are the lowest and highest values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ​ 1 ⁄ 3 contributed by each of the following factor indices: Life Expectancy Index = L E − 25 85 − 25 {\displaystyle {\frac {LE-25}{85-25}}} Education Index = 2 3 × A L I + 1 3 × G E I {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{3}}\times ALI+{\frac {1}{3}}\times GEI} Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = A L R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {ALR-0}{100-0}}} Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = C G E R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {CGER-0}{100-0}}} GDP = log ⁡ ( G D P p c ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) log ⁡ ( 40000 ) − log ⁡ ( 100 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\log \left(GDPpc\right)-\log \left(100\right)}{\log \left(40000\right)-\log \left(100\right)}}} Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI. 2016 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 21 March 2017, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2015. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in parentheses represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2015 report. Rank Country or Region Score 2016 estimates for 2015 Change in rank from previous year 2016 estimates for 2015 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.949 0.001 2 Australia 0.939 0.002 2 Switzerland 0.939 0.001 4 (2) Germany 0.926 0.002 5 (1) Denmark 0.925 0.002 5 (6) Singapore 0.925 0.013 7 (1) Netherlands 0.924 0.001 8 Ireland 0.923 0.003 9 (7) Iceland 0.921 0.002 10 (1) Canada 0.920 0.001 10 (2) United States 0.920 0.002 12 Hong Kong 0.917 0.001 13 (4) New Zealand 0.915 0.002 14 (1) Sweden 0.913 0.004 15 (1) Liechtenstein 0.912 0.001 16 (4) United Kingdom 0.909 0.003 17 (3) Japan 0.903 0.001 18 South Korea 0.901 0.002 19 Israel 0.899 0.001 20 Luxembourg 0.898 0.002 21 (1) France 0.897 0.003 22 (1) Belgium 0.896 0.001 23 Finland 0.895 0.002 24 Austria 0.893 0.001 25 (2) Spain 0.892 0.005 26 Slovenia 0.890 0.002 27 (1) Italy 0.887 0.006 28 Czech Republic 0.878 0.003 29 Greece 0.866 0.001 30 Brunei 0.865 0.001 30 (1) Estonia 0.865 0.002 32 Andorra 0.858 0.001 33 (1) Cyprus 0.856 0.002 33 (2) Malta 0.856 0.003 33 Qatar 0.856 0.001 36 Poland 0.855 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.848 0.002 38 (4) Chile 0.847 0.002 38 Saudi Arabia 0.847 0.002 40 (5) Slovakia 0.845 0.003 41 Portugal 0.843 0.002 42 United Arab Emirates 0.840 0.004 43 Hungary 0.836 0.002 44 Latvia 0.830 0.002 45 (5) Argentina 0.827 0.001 45 (1) Croatia 0.827 0.004 47 (1) Bahrain 0.824 0.001 48 (1) Montenegro 0.807 0.003 49 (1) Russia 0.804 0.001 50 (1) Romania 0.802 0.004 51 (1) Kuwait 0.800 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 206). Norway 0.898 Iceland 0.868 Netherlands 0.861 Australia 0.861 Germany 0.859 Switzerland 0.859 Denmark 0.858 Sweden 0.851 Ireland 0.850 Finland 0.843 Canada 0.839 Slovenia 0.838 United Kingdom 0.836 Czech Republic 0.830 Luxembourg 0.827 Belgium 0.821 Austria 0.815 France 0.813 United States 0.796 Slovakia 0.793 Japan 0.791 Spain 0.791 Estonia 0.788 Malta 0.786 Italy 0.784 Israel 0.778 Poland 0.774 Hungary 0.771 Cyprus 0.762 Lithuania 0.759 Greece 0.758 Portugal 0.755 South Korea 0.753 Croatia 0.752 Latvia 0.742 Montenegro 0.736 Russia 0.725 Romania 0.714 Argentina 0.698 Chile 0.691 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , and Kuwait . 2015 Human Development Index [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2014 report. Rank Country Score 2015 estimates for 2014 Change in rank from previous year 2015 estimates for 2014 Change from previous year 1 Norway 0.944 0.002 2 Australia 0.935 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.930 0.002 4 Denmark 0.923 5 Netherlands 0.922 0.002 6 Germany 0.916 0.001 6 (2) Ireland 0.916 0.004 8 (1) United States 0.915 0.002 9 (1) Canada 0.913 0.001 9 (1) New Zealand 0.913 0.002 11 (2) Singapore 0.912 0.003 12 Hong Kong 0.910 0.002 13 Liechtenstein 0.908 0.001 14 Sweden 0.907 0.002 14 (1) United Kingdom 0.907 0.005 16 Iceland 0.899 17 South Korea 0.898 0.003 18 Israel 0.894 0.001 18 Macau 0.894 19 Luxembourg 0.892 0.002 20 (1) Japan 0.891 0.001 21 Belgium 0.890 0.002 22 France 0.888 0.001 23 Austria 0.885 0.001 24 Finland 0.883 0.001 25 Taiwan 0.882 26 Slovenia 0.880 0.001 27 Spain 0.876 0.002 28 Italy 0.873 29 Czech Republic 0.870 0.002 30 Greece 0.865 0.002 31 Estonia 0.861 0.002 32 Brunei 0.856 0.004 33 Cyprus 0.850 33 (1) Qatar 0.850 0.001 34 Andorra 0.845 0.001 35 (1) Slovakia 0.844 0.005 36 (1) Poland 0.843 0.003 37 Lithuania 0.839 0.002 37 Malta 0.839 0.002 39 Saudi Arabia 0.837 0.001 40 Argentina 0.836 0.003 41 (1) United Arab Emirates 0.835 0.002 42 Chile 0.832 0.002 43 Portugal 0.830 0.002 44 Hungary 0.828 0.003 45 Bahrain 0.824 0.003 46 (1) Latvia 0.819 0.003 47 (1) Croatia 0.818 0.001 48 (1) Kuwait 0.816 49 Montenegro 0.802 0.001 Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 216). Norway 0.893 ( ) Netherlands 0.861 ( 1) Switzerland 0.861 ( 1) Australia 0.858 ( 2) Denmark 0.856 ( 3) Germany 0.853 ( 1) Iceland 0.846 ( 1) Sweden 0.846 ( 1) Ireland 0.836 ( 1) Finland 0.834 ( 1) Canada 0.832 ( 2) Slovenia 0.829 ( ) United Kingdom 0.829 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.823 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.822 ( 1) Belgium 0.820 ( 1) Austria 0.816 ( 4) France 0.811 ( ) Slovakia 0.791 ( 2) Estonia 0.782 ( 4) Japan 0.780 ( 1) Israel 0.775 ( 3) Spain 0.775 ( 1) Italy 0.773 ( 1) Hungary 0.769 ( 2) Malta 0.767 ( ) Poland 0.760 ( 2) United States 0.760 ( ) Cyprus 0.758 ( 1) Greece 0.758 ( 5) Lithuania 0.754 ( ) South Korea 0.751 ( 1) Portugal 0.744 ( 1) Croatia 0.743 ( 1) Belarus 0.741 Latvia 0.730 Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . 2014 Human Development Index [ edit ] The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the ""very high human development"" countries or regions: = increase. = steady. = decrease. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country or region has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2013 report. Rank Country or Region HDI New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report New 2014 estimates for 2013 Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report 1 Norway 0.944 0.011 2 Australia 0.933 0.002 3 Switzerland 0.917 0.001 4 Netherlands 0.915 5 United States 0.914 0.002 6 Germany 0.911 7 New Zealand 0.910 0.002 8 Canada 0.902 0.001 9 (3) Singapore 0.901 0.002 10 Denmark 0.900 11 (3) Ireland 0.899 0.017 12 (1) Sweden 0.898 0.001 13 Iceland 0.895 0.002 14 United Kingdom 0.892 0.002 14 Macau 0.892 15 Hong Kong 0.891 0.002 15 (1) South Korea 0.891 0.003 17 (1) Japan 0.890 0.002 18 (2) Liechtenstein 0.889 0.001 19 Israel 0.888 0.002 20 France 0.884 21 Taiwan 0.882 22 Austria 0.881 0.001 22 Belgium 0.881 0.001 22 Luxembourg 0.881 0.001 23 Finland 0.879 24 Slovenia 0.874 25 Italy 0.872 26 Spain 0.869 27 Czech Republic 0.861 28 Greece 0.853 0.001 29 Brunei 0.852 30 Qatar 0.851 0.001 31 Cyprus 0.845 0.003 32 Estonia 0.840 0.001 33 Saudi Arabia 0.836 0.003 34 (1) Lithuania 0.834 0.003 34 (1) Poland 0.834 0.001 35 Andorra 0.830 35 (1) Slovakia 0.830 0.001 36 Malta 0.829 0.002 37 United Arab Emirates 0.827 0.002 38 (1) Chile 0.822 0.003 38 Portugal 0.822 39 Hungary 0.818 0.001 40 Bahrain 0.815 0.002 40 Cuba 0.815 0.002 41 (2) Kuwait 0.814 0.001 42 Croatia 0.812 43 Latvia 0.810 0.002 44 Argentina 0.808 0.002 Countries not included [ edit ] Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea , Marshall Islands , Monaco , Nauru , San Marino , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan , and Tuvalu . Inequality-adjusted HDI [ edit ] Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a ""measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account"". Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 168). Norway 0.891 ( ) Australia 0.860 ( ) Netherlands 0.854 ( 1) Switzerland 0.847 ( 3) Germany 0.846 ( ) Iceland 0.843 ( 2) Sweden 0.840 ( 4) Denmark 0.838 ( 1) Canada 0.833 ( 4) Ireland 0.832 ( 4) Finland 0.830 ( ) Slovenia 0.824 ( 2) Austria 0.818 ( 1) Luxembourg 0.814 ( 3) Czech Republic 0.813 ( 1) United Kingdom 0.812 ( 3) Belgium 0.806 ( 2) France 0.804 ( ) Israel 0.793 ( 1) Japan 0.779 (New) Slovakia 0.778 ( 1) Spain 0.775 ( 2) Italy 0.768 ( 1) Estonia 0.767 ( 1) Greece 0.762 ( 2) Malta 0.760 ( 3) Hungary 0.757 ( 1) United States 0.755 ( 12) Poland 0.751 ( 1) Cyprus 0.752 ( 1) Lithuania 0.746 ( 2) Portugal 0.739 ( ) South Korea 0.736 ( 5) Latvia 0.725 ( 1) Croatia 0.721 ( 4) Argentina 0.680 ( 7) Chile 0.661 ( 4) Countries in the top quartile of HDI (""very high human development"" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan , New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait . Past top countries [ edit ] The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest thirteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. In each original HDI [ edit ] The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated. 2016 (2015): Norway 2015 (2014): Norway 2014 (2013): Norway 2013 (2012): Norway 2011 (2011): Norway 2010 (2010): Norway 2009 (2007): Norway 2008 (2006): Iceland 2007 (2005): Iceland 2006 (2004): Norway 2005 (2003): Norway 2004 (2002): Norway 2003 (2001): Norway 2002 (2000): Norway 2001 (1999): Norway 2000 (1998): Canada 1999 (1997): Canada 1998 (1995): Canada 1997 (1994): Canada 1996 (1993): Canada 1995 (1992): Canada 1994 (????): Canada 1993 (????): Japan 1992 (1990): Canada 1991 (1990): Japan 1990 (????): Japan Geographical coverage [ edit ] The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. Country/region specific HDI lists [ edit ] African countries Argentine provinces Brazilian states Canadian provinces and territories Chilean regions Chinese administrative divisions European countries Indian states Indonesian provinces Japanese prefectures Latin American countries Mexican states Pakistani districts Philippine provinces Russian federal subjects South African provinces U.S. states ( American Human Development Report (AHDR)) Venezuelan states Criticism [ edit ] HDI vs. ecological footprint The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries. Sources of data error [ edit ] Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a 6 January 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place. In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population. See also [ edit ] Sustainable development portal Indices [ edit ] Bhutan GNH Index Broad measures of economic progress Green national product Green gross domestic product (Green GDP) Gender Inequality Index Gender-related Development Index Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) Global Peace Index (GPI) Gross National Well-being (GNW) Happy Planet Index (HPI) Human Poverty Index Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) Legatum Prosperity Index List of countries by Human Development Index Living planet index Multidimensional Poverty Index Rule of Law Index OECD Better Life Index (BLI) Social Progress Index Where-to-be-born Index World Happiness Report Other [ edit ] Economic development Ethics of care Happiness economics Human Development and Capability Association International development Least developed country Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Right to an adequate standard of living Subjective life satisfaction Sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human Development Index . Human Development Index Human Development Tools and Rankings ""Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI"" (PDF) . (5.54 MB) New demographic datasets by 'Human Development Index (HDI)’ An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach." -7038242205377753951,train,atoms or molecules which carry a charge are called,"The electron is by far the least massive of these particles at 6969911000000000000 ♠ 9.11 × 10 kg, with a negative electrical charge and a size that is too small to be measured using available techniques. It was the lightest particle with a positive rest mass measured, until the discovery of neutrino mass. Under ordinary conditions, electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number, then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole ; a charged atom is called an ion. Electrons have been known since the late 19th century, mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson ; see history of subatomic physics for details.",[],àwọn átómù tàbí àwọn mólékù tó ń gbé ẹ̀mí lọ́wọ́ ni a máa ń pè ní,Yes,"['Bo tile je pe atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe, imo atomu nisinyi ni pe awon ohun abeatomu miran tun wa:', 'Atomu ti atanna won ku die kato tabi to po ju bose ye lo ni an pe ni ioni.']","['atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe', 'Atomu ti atanna won ku die kato tabi to po ju bose ye lo ni an pe ni ioni.']","['P1', 'P3']",0,0,"Át??mù Át??mù je eyo kan ipile èlò ni a mo si ohun to kere julo fun awon apilese. Bo tile je pe atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe, imo atomu nisinyi ni pe awon ohun abeatomu miran tun wa: atanná, eyi ni agbara ina alapaosi, ??p?? re si kere ju awon yio ku lo. àk??wá, eyi ni agbara ina alapaotun, opo re si je ni ona 1836 ju atanna lo. alaigbara, eyi ko ni agbara ina kankan, opo re si to bi ti akowa. Akowa ati alaigbara ni won po ti won kun inu inuikun atomu a si n pe won ni abikun. Nigbati atanna si parapo da ìsú atanna to yipo inuikun. O se se ki atomu o yato nipa iye awon ohun abeatomu ti won ni. Atomu ti won ni apilese kanna ni iye akowa kanna (ti a mo si nomba atomu). Fun apilese kan pato, iye alaigbara yato, eyi si ni n so bi olojukanna apilese na yio se ri. Atomu ko ni agbara ina kankan ti iye akowa ati atanna won ba dogba. Atanna ti won jinna julo si inuikun atomu se gbe lo si odo atomu miran to wa ni tosi won tabi ki won o je pin larin awon atomu o hun. Bayi ni awon atomu se n sopo lati di ?y?. Fun apere eyo kan omi je akopapo atomu meji hydrogen ati atomu kan oxygen. Atomu ti atanna won ku die kato tabi to po ju bose ye lo ni an pe ni ioni. Ona miran ti iye akowa ati alaigbara fi le yipada ninu inuikun atomu ni yiyo inuikun tabi fíf?? inuikun. Atomu je ipilese ti ??k?? egbò duro le lori, be ni won si kopamo ninu adapo elegbo. Atomu ati eyo Fun awon elefufu ati onisisan ati onilile eleyo (fun apere omi ati suga), eyo je ipin to kere julo ohun ti o ni idamo elegbo.", -1741398322747258358,train,what does the greek word for atoms mean,"The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea, appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India. The word `` atom '' (Greek : ἄτομος ; atomos), meaning `` uncuttable '', was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus (c. 460 -- c. 370 BC). Democritus taught that atoms were infinite in number, uncreated, and eternal, and that the qualities of an object result from the kind of atoms that compose it. Democritus 's atomism was refined and elaborated by the later philosopher Epicurus (341 -- 270 BC). During the Early Middle Ages, atomism was mostly forgotten in western Europe, but survived among some groups of Islamic philosophers. During the twelfth century, atomism became known again in western Europe through references to it in the newly - rediscovered writings of Aristotle.",['february 2003'],kí ni ọ̀rọ̀ gíríìkì tó túmọ̀ sí átọ́mù túmọ̀ sí,Yes,"['Bo tile je pe atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe, imo atomu nisinyi ni pe awon ohun abeatomu miran tun wa:']",['atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe'],['P1'],1,0,"Át??mù Át??mù je eyo kan ipile èlò ni a mo si ohun to kere julo fun awon apilese. Bo tile je pe atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe, imo atomu nisinyi ni pe awon ohun abeatomu miran tun wa: atanná, eyi ni agbara ina alapaosi, ??p?? re si kere ju awon yio ku lo. àk??wá, eyi ni agbara ina alapaotun, opo re si je ni ona 1836 ju atanna lo. alaigbara, eyi ko ni agbara ina kankan, opo re si to bi ti akowa. Akowa ati alaigbara ni won po ti won kun inu inuikun atomu a si n pe won ni abikun. Nigbati atanna si parapo da ìsú atanna to yipo inuikun. O se se ki atomu o yato nipa iye awon ohun abeatomu ti won ni. Atomu ti won ni apilese kanna ni iye akowa kanna (ti a mo si nomba atomu). Fun apilese kan pato, iye alaigbara yato, eyi si ni n so bi olojukanna apilese na yio se ri. Atomu ko ni agbara ina kankan ti iye akowa ati atanna won ba dogba. Atanna ti won jinna julo si inuikun atomu se gbe lo si odo atomu miran to wa ni tosi won tabi ki won o je pin larin awon atomu o hun. Bayi ni awon atomu se n sopo lati di ?y?. Fun apere eyo kan omi je akopapo atomu meji hydrogen ati atomu kan oxygen. Atomu ti atanna won ku die kato tabi to po ju bose ye lo ni an pe ni ioni. Ona miran ti iye akowa ati alaigbara fi le yipada ninu inuikun atomu ni yiyo inuikun tabi fíf?? inuikun. Atomu je ipilese ti ??k?? egbò duro le lori, be ni won si kopamo ninu adapo elegbo. Atomu ati eyo Fun awon elefufu ati onisisan ati onilile eleyo (fun apere omi ati suga), eyo je ipin to kere julo ohun ti o ni idamo elegbo.", 466121687429321471,train,what is the meaning of atom in science,"An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers (a ten - billionth of a meter, in the short scale).",[],kí ni ìtumọ̀ átómù nínú sáyẹ́ǹsì,Yes,['Átọ̀mù je eyo kan ipile èlò ni a mo si ohun to kere julo fun awon apilese (element).'],['Átọ̀mù je eyo kan ipile èlò ni a mo si ohun to kere julo fun awon apilese.'],['P1'],1,0,"Át??mù Át??mù je eyo kan ipile èlò ni a mo si ohun to kere julo fun awon apilese. Bo tile je pe atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe, imo atomu nisinyi ni pe awon ohun abeatomu miran tun wa: atanná, eyi ni agbara ina alapaosi, ??p?? re si kere ju awon yio ku lo. àk??wá, eyi ni agbara ina alapaotun, opo re si je ni ona 1836 ju atanna lo. alaigbara, eyi ko ni agbara ina kankan, opo re si to bi ti akowa. Akowa ati alaigbara ni won po ti won kun inu inuikun atomu a si n pe won ni abikun. Nigbati atanna si parapo da ìsú atanna to yipo inuikun. O se se ki atomu o yato nipa iye awon ohun abeatomu ti won ni. Atomu ti won ni apilese kanna ni iye akowa kanna (ti a mo si nomba atomu). Fun apilese kan pato, iye alaigbara yato, eyi si ni n so bi olojukanna apilese na yio se ri. Atomu ko ni agbara ina kankan ti iye akowa ati atanna won ba dogba. Atanna ti won jinna julo si inuikun atomu se gbe lo si odo atomu miran to wa ni tosi won tabi ki won o je pin larin awon atomu o hun. Bayi ni awon atomu se n sopo lati di ?y?. Fun apere eyo kan omi je akopapo atomu meji hydrogen ati atomu kan oxygen. Atomu ti atanna won ku die kato tabi to po ju bose ye lo ni an pe ni ioni. Ona miran ti iye akowa ati alaigbara fi le yipada ninu inuikun atomu ni yiyo inuikun tabi fíf?? inuikun. Atomu je ipilese ti ??k?? egbò duro le lori, be ni won si kopamo ninu adapo elegbo. Atomu ati eyo Fun awon elefufu ati onisisan ati onilile eleyo (fun apere omi ati suga), eyo je ipin to kere julo ohun ti o ni idamo elegbo.", 5043978510522547291,train,what state of matter has the electrons separated from the nuclei of the atoms,"Ubiquitousness and stability of atoms relies on their binding energy, which means that an atom has a lower energy than an unbound system of the nucleus and electrons. Where the temperature is much higher than ionization potential, the matter exists in the form of plasma -- a gas of positively charged ions (possibly, bare nuclei) and electrons. When the temperature drops below the ionization potential, atoms become statistically favorable. Atoms (complete with bound electrons) became to dominate over charged particles 380,000 years after the Big Bang -- an epoch called recombination, when the expanding Universe cooled enough to allow electrons to become attached to nuclei.","['the national flag of cameroon', 'nepal']",ipò wo ní matter wà nígbàtí àwọn Ẹ̀lẹ́ktròn wà lọ́tọ̀ àwọn èròjà inú átọ́ọ̀mù,Yes,['Akowa ati alaigbara ni won po ti won kun inu inuikun atomu (atomic nucleus) a si n pe won ni abikun (nucleons).'],['Akowa ati alaigbara ni won po ti won kun inu inuikun atomu a si n pe won ni abikun.'],['P2'],1,0,"Át??mù Át??mù je eyo kan ipile èlò ni a mo si ohun to kere julo fun awon apilese. Bo tile je pe atomu ni ede Griki tumosi eyi ti ko se fo si wewe, imo atomu nisinyi ni pe awon ohun abeatomu miran tun wa: atanná, eyi ni agbara ina alapaosi, ??p?? re si kere ju awon yio ku lo. àk??wá, eyi ni agbara ina alapaotun, opo re si je ni ona 1836 ju atanna lo. alaigbara, eyi ko ni agbara ina kankan, opo re si to bi ti akowa. Akowa ati alaigbara ni won po ti won kun inu inuikun atomu a si n pe won ni abikun. Nigbati atanna si parapo da ìsú atanna to yipo inuikun. O se se ki atomu o yato nipa iye awon ohun abeatomu ti won ni. Atomu ti won ni apilese kanna ni iye akowa kanna (ti a mo si nomba atomu). Fun apilese kan pato, iye alaigbara yato, eyi si ni n so bi olojukanna apilese na yio se ri. Atomu ko ni agbara ina kankan ti iye akowa ati atanna won ba dogba. Atanna ti won jinna julo si inuikun atomu se gbe lo si odo atomu miran to wa ni tosi won tabi ki won o je pin larin awon atomu o hun. Bayi ni awon atomu se n sopo lati di ?y?. Fun apere eyo kan omi je akopapo atomu meji hydrogen ati atomu kan oxygen. Atomu ti atanna won ku die kato tabi to po ju bose ye lo ni an pe ni ioni. Ona miran ti iye akowa ati alaigbara fi le yipada ninu inuikun atomu ni yiyo inuikun tabi fíf?? inuikun. Atomu je ipilese ti ??k?? egbò duro le lori, be ni won si kopamo ninu adapo elegbo. Atomu ati eyo Fun awon elefufu ati onisisan ati onilile eleyo (fun apere omi ati suga), eyo je ipin to kere julo ohun ti o ni idamo elegbo.", -3769049684953469834,train,where is austria located in the world map,"Austria (/ ˈɒstriə, ˈɔː - / (listen) ; German : Österreich (ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç) (listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German : Republik Österreich, listen (help info)), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,879 km (32,386 sq mi). The terrain is highly mountainous, lying within the Alps ; only 32 % of the country is below 500 m (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 m (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country 's official language. Other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene.",[],níbo ni austria wà nínú àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['O ni bode mo Orileominira Tseki ati Jemani ni ariawa, Slofakia ati Hungari ni ilaorun, Slofenia ati Italia ni gusu, ati Switsalandi ati Likstenstein ni iwoorun.']",['No'],['P1'],0,0,"Austríà Austríà (i /??ustri?/ tabi /???stri?/;    [?ø?st???a?ç]  ( listen)), lonibise bi Orileominira ile Austria (German: Republik Österreich), je orile-ede atimo ile to ni awon eniyan bi egbegberun 8.8[1] to wa ni Aringbongan Yuropu. O ni bode mo Orileominira Tseki ati Jemani ni ariawa, Slofakia ati Hungari ni ilaorun, Slofenia ati Italia ni gusu, ati Switsalandi ati Likstenstein ni iwoorun. Gbogbo agbegbe ile Austríà je 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) be sini ojuojo ibe je onitutu ati alpini. Ori ile Austríà je oloke gan nitori pe awon Alpi po nibe; 32% ibe nikan ni won wa ni abe 500 metres (1,640 ft), be sin oke re togajulo je 3,798 metres (12,461 feet).[2] Opo awon iyeolubugbe unso ede Jemani,[3] to tun je ede onibise orile-ede ohun.[4] Awon ede ibile onibise miran tun ni ede Kroatia, Hungari ati Slofenia.[2] Austríà loni ni ibere re lati igba iran-oba Habsburg gegebi ara Obaluaye Romu Mimoy ti Orile-ede awon Ara Jemani; Austria di ikan ninu awon alagbara ninla ile Yuropu. Ni 1867, Ileobaluaye Austria je sisodi Austria-Hungary. Obaluaye awon iran Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) daru ni 1918 leyin opin Ogun Agbaye 1k, nigba Austria lo Austria Ara Jemani bi oruko („Deutschösterreich”, todi „Österreich”) lati ba se isokan po mo Jemani sugbon Adehun Saint Germain lodi si eyi. Igba Oselu Austria Akoko je didasile ni 1919. Ni igba Anschluss 1938, Austríà je bibolori latowo Jemani awon Nasi.[5] Eyi je be titi di opin Ogun Agbaye 2k ni 1945, leyin ti Jemani awon Nasi je bibori ogun latowo awon Ore eyi lo da oselu pada si Austríà. Ni 1955, Adehun Orile-ede Ara Austria satun-dasile Austria gegebi orile-ede alaselorile, lati fopin si ibolori. Ni odun yi kanna, Ileasofin Austria da Ifilole Aisojusaju to filole pe Igba Oselu Austria Keji yio di alaisojusaju titi lailai. Loni, Austríà je oseluarailu asoju onileasofin to ni awon ipinle mesan.[2][6] Oluilu ati ilu re totobijulo, pelu iyeolubugbe to ju egbegberun 1.6, ni Vienna.[2][7] Austríà je ikan ninu awon orile-ede to lolajulo lagbaye, pelu IO oloruko ti enikookan to je $43,723 (idiye 2010). Orile-ede ohun ti sedagbasoke ona igbe giga, be sini ni 2010 o je onipo 25k lagbaye fun Atoka Idagbasoke Omoniyan re. Austríà ti je omo egbe Awon Orile-ede Asokan lati 1955,[8] o sora po mo Isokan Ara Yuropu ni 1995,[2] be sini o je ikan larin awon ti won da OECD sile.[9] Austríà tun fowobowe Ifenuko Schengen ni 1995,[10] o si gba owonina Yuropu, euro, ni 1999.", 7529229211743554229,train,where is austria located on a world map,"Austria (/ ˈɒstriə / (listen), / ˈɔːs - / ; German : Österreich (ˈøːstɐraɪç) (listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German : Republik Österreich, listen (help info)), is a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,879 km (32,386 sq mi). The terrain is highly mountainous, lying within the Alps ; only 32 % of the country is below 500 m (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 m (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country 's official language. Other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene.","['a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development', ""lifespan', 'education level', 'gdp per capita"", ""life expectancy', 'education', 'per capita income""]",níbo ni austria wà nínú àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['O ni bode mo Orileominira Tseki ati Jemani ni ariawa, Slofakia ati Hungari ni ilaorun, Slofenia ati Italia ni gusu, ati Switsalandi ati Likstenstein ni iwoorun.']",['no'],['P1'],0,0,"Austríà Austríà (i /??ustri?/ tabi /???stri?/;    [?ø?st???a?ç]  ( listen)), lonibise bi Orileominira ile Austria (German: Republik Österreich), je orile-ede atimo ile to ni awon eniyan bi egbegberun 8.8[1] to wa ni Aringbongan Yuropu. O ni bode mo Orileominira Tseki ati Jemani ni ariawa, Slofakia ati Hungari ni ilaorun, Slofenia ati Italia ni gusu, ati Switsalandi ati Likstenstein ni iwoorun. Gbogbo agbegbe ile Austríà je 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) be sini ojuojo ibe je onitutu ati alpini. Ori ile Austríà je oloke gan nitori pe awon Alpi po nibe; 32% ibe nikan ni won wa ni abe 500 metres (1,640 ft), be sin oke re togajulo je 3,798 metres (12,461 feet).[2] Opo awon iyeolubugbe unso ede Jemani,[3] to tun je ede onibise orile-ede ohun.[4] Awon ede ibile onibise miran tun ni ede Kroatia, Hungari ati Slofenia.[2] Austríà loni ni ibere re lati igba iran-oba Habsburg gegebi ara Obaluaye Romu Mimoy ti Orile-ede awon Ara Jemani; Austria di ikan ninu awon alagbara ninla ile Yuropu. Ni 1867, Ileobaluaye Austria je sisodi Austria-Hungary. Obaluaye awon iran Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) daru ni 1918 leyin opin Ogun Agbaye 1k, nigba Austria lo Austria Ara Jemani bi oruko („Deutschösterreich”, todi „Österreich”) lati ba se isokan po mo Jemani sugbon Adehun Saint Germain lodi si eyi. Igba Oselu Austria Akoko je didasile ni 1919. Ni igba Anschluss 1938, Austríà je bibolori latowo Jemani awon Nasi.[5] Eyi je be titi di opin Ogun Agbaye 2k ni 1945, leyin ti Jemani awon Nasi je bibori ogun latowo awon Ore eyi lo da oselu pada si Austríà. Ni 1955, Adehun Orile-ede Ara Austria satun-dasile Austria gegebi orile-ede alaselorile, lati fopin si ibolori. Ni odun yi kanna, Ileasofin Austria da Ifilole Aisojusaju to filole pe Igba Oselu Austria Keji yio di alaisojusaju titi lailai. Loni, Austríà je oseluarailu asoju onileasofin to ni awon ipinle mesan.[2][6] Oluilu ati ilu re totobijulo, pelu iyeolubugbe to ju egbegberun 1.6, ni Vienna.[2][7] Austríà je ikan ninu awon orile-ede to lolajulo lagbaye, pelu IO oloruko ti enikookan to je $43,723 (idiye 2010). Orile-ede ohun ti sedagbasoke ona igbe giga, be sini ni 2010 o je onipo 25k lagbaye fun Atoka Idagbasoke Omoniyan re. Austríà ti je omo egbe Awon Orile-ede Asokan lati 1955,[8] o sora po mo Isokan Ara Yuropu ni 1995,[2] be sini o je ikan larin awon ti won da OECD sile.[9] Austríà tun fowobowe Ifenuko Schengen ni 1995,[10] o si gba owonina Yuropu, euro, ni 1999.", 8709417985815085541,train,where is bosnia located in the world map,"Bosnia and Herzegovina (/ ˈbɒzniə... ˌhɛərtsəɡoʊˈviːnə, - ˌhɜːrt -, - ɡə - / (listen) or / ˌhɜːrtsəˈɡɒvɪnə / ; abbreviated B&H ; Bosnian and Serbian : Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH) / Боснa и Херцеговина (БиХ), Croatian : Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH) pronounced (bôsna i xěrtseɡoʋina)), sometimes called Bosnia -- Herzegovina, and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located in the Balkan Peninsula. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city. Bosnia and Herzegovina is an almost landlocked country -- it has a narrow coast at the Adriatic Sea, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) long surrounding the town of Neum. It is bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast. In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland, Bosnia, is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, with hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip, Herzegovina, has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography. Bosnia and Herzegovina traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age, during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. Culturally, politically, and socially, the country has a rich history, having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries. In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established, which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century, after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire, under whose rule it remained from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries. The Ottomans brought Islam to the region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro - Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic proclaimed independence in 1992, which was followed by the Bosnian War, lasting until late 1995.","['politiká', 'three', ""direct contact with body fluids', 'contact with items recently contaminated with bodily fluids"", 'the law-making body in nigeria, called the national assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government', 'a federal republic', 'narendra damodardas modi']",ibo ni bosnia wà nínú àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['O ni bode mo Kroatia ni ariwa, iwoorun ati guusu, Serbia ni ilaorun, ati Montenegro si guusuilaorun, Bosnia ati Herzegovina (bakanna: Bosnia-Herzegovina/Bosnia ati Hercegovina) je ku di ko je ayikanule, ayafi fun 26 kilometres (16 miles) ebado Omi-okun Adriatiki, ni ilu Neum. Abenu orile-ede na je kiki okegiga ni arin ati si guusu, ilegiga ni ariwaiwoorun, ati ile pelebe ni ariwa ilaorun.', 'Bósníà àti Hẹrjẹgòfínà (pípè /ˈbɒzni.ə (ænd) hɜrtsɨˈɡoʊvɨnə/\xa0( listen) or /ˌhɜrtsɨɡoʊˈviːnə/; Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Bosnian and Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) je orile-ede ni Guu-Apailaorun Europe, ni Peninsula Balkani.']","['Bósníà àti Hẹrjẹgòfínà je orile-ede ni Guu-Apailaorun Europe, ni Peninsula Balkani.', 'O ni bode mo Kroatia ni ariwa, iwoorun ati guusu, Serbia ni ilaorun, ati Montenegro si guusuilaorun']",['P1'],1,0,"Bósníà àti H?rj?gòfínà Bósníà àti H?rj?gòfínà (pípè /?b?zni.? (ænd) h?rts???o?v?n?) je orile-ede ni Guusu Apailaorun Yuropu, ni agbegbe Balkani. O ni bode mo Kroatia ni ariwa, iwoorun ati guusu, Serbia ni ilaorun, ati Montenegro si guusuilaorun, Bosnia ati Herzegovina (bakanna: Bosnia-Herzegovina/Bosnia ati Hercegovina) je ku di ko je ayikanule, ayafi fun kìlómità me??ri?ndi?nlo??gbo??n (máìlì me??ri?ndi?nlo?gu?n) ebado Omi-okun Adriatiki, ni ilu Neum.[7][8] Abenu orile-ede na je kiki okegiga ni arin ati si guusu, ilegiga ni ariwaiwoorun, ati ile pelebe ni ariwa ilaorun. Ninu na tu ni ibi jeografi totobiju to ni ojuojo orile iloworo, to ni igba orun gbigbona ati igba otutu to ni yinyin. Eti apaguusu re ni ojuojo Mediteraneani ati ojuile pelebe. ", 64420489770883022,train,what is the capital of bulgaria on a map,"Bulgaria (/ bʌlˈɡɛəriə, bʊl - / (listen) ; Bulgarian : България, tr. Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian : Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgariya, IPA : (rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ)), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th - largest country.","['st. kitts (1624), barbados (1627) and nevis (1628)', 'the washington post', 'srinivasa ramanujan']",kí ni olú ìlú bulgaria lórí àwòrán-àwòrán ilẹ̀,Yes,"['Bulgaria (pípè /bʌlˈɡɛəriə/\xa0( listen); Bùlgáríà: България, Bălgariya, IPA: [bəlˈɡarija]), tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Bulgaria (Република България, [Republika Bălgariya] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help), IPA: [rɛˈpublika bəlˈɡarija]), je orile-ede ni guusu-apailaorun Europe.']",['Bulgaria je orile-ede ni guusu-apailaorun Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Bùlgáríà Bùlgáríà (pípè /b?l????ri?/; Bùlgáríà, IPA: [b?l??arija]), tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Bulgaria [r??publika b?l??arija]), je orile-ede ni guusu-apailaorun Yuropu.", 3101351674578496220,train,bermuda is an island in the caribbean sea,"This is a socio - economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.","[""sugar', 'jaggery', 'alcoholic beverages"", ""florida', 'louisiana', 'south texas"", 'florida, louisiana, and south texas.', 'ethanol']",ṣé bermuda jé̩ erékùṣù kan ní òkun caribbean,Yes,"['O budo si ilaorun etiokun awon Ipinle Aparapo, isupoile to sunmo julo ni Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, bi 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) si iwoorun-ariwaiwoorun. ']","['O budo si ilaorun etiokun awon Ipinle Aparapo, isupoile to sunmo julo ni Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, bi 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) si iwoorun-ariwaiwoorun. ']",['P1'],0,0,"B??rmúdà Bermuda (pípè /b?r?mju?d?/; lonibise bi, àw?n B??rmúdà tabi Àw?n Erékù?ù Somers) je ile-agbegbe okere Britani ni Ariwa Okun Atlantiki. O budo si ilaorun etiokun awon Ipinle Aparapo, isupoile to sunmo julo ni Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, bi 1,030 kìlómítà (640 mi) si iwoorun-ariwaiwoorun. O wa bi 1,373 kìlómítà (853 mi) guusu Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada, ati 1,770 kìlómítà (1,100 mi) ariwailaorun Miami, Florida. Oluilu re ni Hamilton sugbon ibile titobijulo ni ilu Saint George's. Bermuda ni ile-agbegbe okere Britani toseku topejulo to si ni olugbe julo, o je bibudo si latowo Ilegeesi ni ogorun odun ki ofin Isoka 1707 to da Ileoba Britani Olokiki aparapo sile. Oluilu Bermuda akoko, St George's, je bibudo sori ni 1612 o si je ilu Ilegeesi ni Amerika topejulo ti awon eniyan ungbe nibe.[3] Okowo Bermuda dara daada, pelu inawo bi eka okowo re totobijulo, leyin re ni isebewo,[3][4] awon wonyi fun ni GIO tenikookan to gajulo lagbaye ni 2005. O ni ojuojoabeonileoloru .[5]", 2103017976187261693,train,how far is bermuda from the coast of the united states,"Bermuda (/ bərˈmjuːdə /) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 1,070 km (665 mi) east - southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ; 1,236 km (768 mi) south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia ; and 1,759 km (1,093 mi) north of Cuba. The capital city is Hamilton. Bermuda is self - governing, with its own constitution and its own government, which enacts local laws, while the United Kingdom retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations.",[],báwo ni bermuda ṣe jìnnà tó sí etíkun amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['O budo si ilaorun etiokun awon Ipinle Aparapo, isupoile to sunmo julo ni Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, bi 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) si iwoorun-ariwaiwoorun. ']","['O budo si ilaorun etiokun awon Ipinle Aparapo, isupoile to sunmo julo ni Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, bi 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) si iwoorun-ariwaiwoorun. ']",['P1'],0,1,"B??rmúdà Bermuda (pípè /b?r?mju?d?/; lonibise bi, àw?n B??rmúdà tabi Àw?n Erékù?ù Somers) je ile-agbegbe okere Britani ni Ariwa Okun Atlantiki. O budo si ilaorun etiokun awon Ipinle Aparapo, isupoile to sunmo julo ni Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, bi 1,030 kìlómítà (640 mi) si iwoorun-ariwaiwoorun. O wa bi 1,373 kìlómítà (853 mi) guusu Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada, ati 1,770 kìlómítà (1,100 mi) ariwailaorun Miami, Florida. Oluilu re ni Hamilton sugbon ibile titobijulo ni ilu Saint George's. Bermuda ni ile-agbegbe okere Britani toseku topejulo to si ni olugbe julo, o je bibudo si latowo Ilegeesi ni ogorun odun ki ofin Isoka 1707 to da Ileoba Britani Olokiki aparapo sile. Oluilu Bermuda akoko, St George's, je bibudo sori ni 1612 o si je ilu Ilegeesi ni Amerika topejulo ti awon eniyan ungbe nibe.[3] Okowo Bermuda dara daada, pelu inawo bi eka okowo re totobijulo, leyin re ni isebewo,[3][4] awon wonyi fun ni GIO tenikookan to gajulo lagbaye ni 2005. O ni ojuojoabeonileoloru .[5]", -8441095830658707859,train,is bermuda an island in the caribbean sea,"Bermuda (/ bərˈmjuːdə /) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 1,070 km (665 mi) east - southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ; 1,236 km (768 mi) south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia ; and 1,578 km (981 mi) north of Puerto Rico. The capital city is Hamilton. Bermuda is an associate member of Caribbean Community (CARICOM).","['ethanol', 'in 2006', '2006']",ṣé bermuda jé̩ erékùṣù kan ní òkun caribbean,Yes,"['Bermuda (pípè /bɜrˈmjuːdə/; lonibise bi, àwọn Bẹ̀rmúdà tabi Àwọn Erékùṣù Somers) je ile-agbegbe okere Britani ni Ariwa Okun Atlantiki.']",['Bermuda je ile-agbegbe okere Britani ni Ariwa Okun Atlantiki.'],['P1'],1,0,"B??rmúdà Bermuda (pípè /b?r?mju?d?/; lonibise bi, àw?n B??rmúdà tabi Àw?n Erékù?ù Somers) je ile-agbegbe okere Britani ni Ariwa Okun Atlantiki. O budo si ilaorun etiokun awon Ipinle Aparapo, isupoile to sunmo julo ni Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, bi 1,030 kìlómítà (640 mi) si iwoorun-ariwaiwoorun. O wa bi 1,373 kìlómítà (853 mi) guusu Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada, ati 1,770 kìlómítà (1,100 mi) ariwailaorun Miami, Florida. Oluilu re ni Hamilton sugbon ibile titobijulo ni ilu Saint George's. Bermuda ni ile-agbegbe okere Britani toseku topejulo to si ni olugbe julo, o je bibudo si latowo Ilegeesi ni ogorun odun ki ofin Isoka 1707 to da Ileoba Britani Olokiki aparapo sile. Oluilu Bermuda akoko, St George's, je bibudo sori ni 1612 o si je ilu Ilegeesi ni Amerika topejulo ti awon eniyan ungbe nibe.[3] Okowo Bermuda dara daada, pelu inawo bi eka okowo re totobijulo, leyin re ni isebewo,[3][4] awon wonyi fun ni GIO tenikookan to gajulo lagbaye ni 2005. O ni ojuojoabeonileoloru .[5]", 4299797610707423032,train,who is a mayor what are its functions,"Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated. Depending on the system chosen, a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government, may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power, or may play a solely ceremonial role. Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public, or selection by an elected governing council or board.","['from moone (around 1380), which developed from mone (1135), which is derived from old english mōna (dating from before 725), which ultimately stems from proto-germanic *mǣnōn', 'the moon', ""terrae', 'highlands""]",ta ni alákòóso ìlú kí ni àwọn iṣẹ́ rẹ̀,Yes,['Bakanna Baálẹ̀ (mayor) ni olórí ìjoba ìlú tàbí ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ kan.'],['Bakanna Baálẹ̀ ni olórí ìjoba ìlú tàbí ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ kan.'],['P1'],1,0,"Baál? Baál?? ni orúko oyè tí Yorùbá n pè olórí abúlé tàbí agbègbè kan. Bakanna Baál?? ni olórí ìjoba ìlú tàbí ìj?ba ìbíl?? kan. Àw?n ?m?-ìlú ni wón máa n j? oyè Baál??. Àw?n báál?? máa n j?? a?ojú ?ba aládé ní àw?n ìlú kéréjekéréje tí ó bá wà lábé àkóso irú ?ba b????. Oba alade ni won maa n fi Baale joye nile Yorùbá[1] A ní ipele m??ta nínu ìj?ba ilé Yorùbá. Èyí ni ipò ?ba, àw?n ìjòyè gíga r?? àti àw?n Báál??.[2]","In many countries, a mayor ( / ˈ m ɛər / or / ˈ m eɪ ər / , from the Latin maior [majˈjɔr] , meaning ""bigger"") is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town . Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated. Depending on the system chosen, a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government, may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power, or may play a solely ceremonial role. Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public, or selection by an elected governing council or board. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 British Isles 1.2 Continental Europe 1.2.1 Scandinavia 2 Mayors by country 2.1 Australia 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Canada 2.4 Dominican Republic 2.5 France 2.6 Germany 2.7 Greece 2.8 India 2.9 Indonesia 2.10 Iran 2.11 Ireland 2.12 Italy 2.13 Japan 2.14 Moldova 2.15 Netherlands 2.16 New Zealand 2.17 Pakistan 2.18 Philippines 2.19 Poland 2.20 Portugal 2.21 Romania 2.22 Russia 2.23 Serbia 2.24 Spain and Hispanic America 2.25 Sweden 2.26 Switzerland 2.27 Taiwan 2.28 Turkey 2.29 Ukraine 2.30 United States 3 Multi-tier local government 4 Acting mayor 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History [ edit ] British Isles [ edit ] See also: Mayors in England and Mayors in Wales In modern England and Wales , the position of mayor descends from the feudal lord's bailiff or reeve ( see borough ). The chief magistrate of London bore the title of portreeve for considerably more than a century after the Norman Conquest . This official was elected by popular choice, a privilege secured from King John . By the beginning of the 12th century, the title of portreeve gave way to that of mayor as the designation of the chief officer of London, followed around 1190 by that of Winchester . Other boroughs adopted the title later. In the 19th century, in the United Kingdom , the Municipal Corporations Act 1882 , Section 15, regulated the election of mayors. The mayor was to be a fit person elected annually on 9 November by the council of the borough from among the aldermen or councillors or persons qualified to be such. His term of office was one year, but he was eligible for re-election. He might appoint a deputy to act during illness or absence, and such deputy must be either an alderman or councillor. A mayor who was absent from the borough for more than two months became disqualified and had to vacate his office. A mayor was ex officio a justice of the peace for the borough during his year of office and the following year. He received such remuneration as the council thought reasonable. These provisions have now been repealed. In medieval Wales, the Laws of Hywel Dda codified the mayor ( Latin : maior ; Welsh : maer ) as a position at the royal courts charged with administering the serfs of the king's lands . To maintain its dependence on and loyalty to the Crown, the position was forbidden to the leaders of the clan groups. A separate mayor, known as the ""cow dung mayor"" ( maer biswail ), was charged with overseeing the royal cattle. There were similar offices at the Scottish and Irish courts. [ citation needed ] The office of mayor in most modern English and Welsh boroughs and towns did not in the 20th century entail any important administrative duties, and was generally regarded as an honour conferred for local distinction, long service on the Council, or for past services. The mayor was expected to devote much of his (or her) time to civic, ceremonial, and representational functions, and to preside over meetings for the advancement of the public welfare. His or her administrative duties were to act as returning officer at parliamentary elections, and as chairman of the meetings of the council. However, since reforms introduced in 2000, 14 English local authorities have directly elected mayors who combine the 'civic' mayor role with that of Leader of the Council and have significantly greater powers than either. The mayor of a town council is officially known as ""town mayor"" (although in popular parlance, the word ""town"" is often dropped). Women mayors are also known as ""mayor""; the wife of a mayor is sometimes known as the ""mayoress"". Mayors are not appointed to District Councils which do not have borough status . Their place is taken by the Chairman of Council, who undertakes exactly the same functions and is, like a mayor, the civic head of the district concerned. In Scotland the post holders are known as Convenors, Provosts, or Lord Provosts depending on the local authority. Continental Europe [ edit ] Main articles: Mayor of the Palace and podestà The original Frankish mayors or majordomos were – like the Welsh meiri – lords commanding the king's lands around the Merovingian courts in Austrasia , Burgundy , and Neustria . The mayorship of Paris eventually became hereditary in the Pippinids , who later established the Carolingian dynasty . In modern France , since the Revolution , a mayor ( maire ) and a number of mayoral adjuncts ( adjoints au maire ) are selected by the municipal council from among their number. Most of the administrative work is left in their hands, with the full council meeting comparatively infrequently. The model was copied throughout Europe in Britain's mayors, Italy's sindacos , most of the German states' burgomasters , and Portugal's presidents of the municipal chambers . In Medieval Italy , the city-states who did not consider themselves independent principalities or dukedoms – particularly those of the Imperial Ghibelline faction – were led by podestàs . The Greek equivalent of a mayor is the demarch (Greek: δήμαρχος , lit. "" archon of the deme ""). Scandinavia [ edit ] In Denmark all municipalities are led by a political official called borgmester , ""mayor"". The mayor of Copenhagen is however called overborgmester ""superior mayor"". In that city other mayors, borgmestre (plural), are subordinate to him with different undertakings, like ministers to a prime minister. In other municipalities in Denmark there is only a single mayor. In Norway and Sweden the mayoral title borgermester/borgmästare has now been abolished. Norway abolished it in 1937 as a title of the non-political top manager of (city) municipalities and replaced it with the title rådmann ("" alderman "" or "" magistrate ""), which is still in use when referring to the top managers of the municipalities of Norway . The top elected official of the municipalities of Norway, on the other hand, has the title ordfører , which actually means ""word-bearer"", i.e. ""chairman"" or ""president"", an equivalent to the Swedish word ordförande . In Sweden borgmästare was a title of the senior judge of the courts of the cities, courts which were called rådhusrätt , literally ""town hall court"", somewhat of an equivalent to an English magistrates' court . These courts were abolished in 1971. Until 1965 these mayor judges on historical grounds also performed administrative functions in the ""board of magistrates"", in Swedish known collegially [ clarification needed ] as magistrat . Until 1965 there were also municipal mayors ( kommunalborgmästare ), who had these non-political administrative roles in smaller cities without a magistrates' court or magistrat . This office was an invention of the 20th century as the smaller cities in Sweden during the first half of the 20th century subsequently lost their own courts and magistrates. In the 16th century in Sweden, king Gustav Vasa considerably centralised government and appointed the mayors directly. In 1693 king Charles XI accepted a compromise after repeated petitions from the Estate of the Burgesses over decades against the royal mayor appointments. The compromise was that the burgesses in a city could normally nominate a mayor under the supervision of the local governor. The nominee was then to be presented to and appointed by the king, but the king could appoint mayors directly in exceptional cases. This was codified in the Instrument of Government of 1720 and on 8 July the same year Riksrådet (""the Council of the Realm"") decided, after a petition from the said Estate, that only the city could present nominees, not the king or anyone else. Thus the supervision of the local governor and directly appointed mayors by the king ceased after 1720 (the so-called Age of Liberty ). On 16 October 1723, it was decided after a petition that the city should present three nominees, of whom the king (or the Council of the Realm) appointed one. This was kept as a rule from then on in all later regulations and was also kept as a tradition in the 1809 Instrument of Government ( § 31 ) until 1965. In Finland , there are two mayors, in Tampere and Pirkkala . Usually in Finland the highest executive official is not democratically elected, but is appointed to a public office by the city council, and is called simply kaupunginjohtaja ""city manager"" or kunnanjohtaja ""municipal manager"", depending on whether the municipality defines itself as a city. The term pormestari ""mayor"", from Swedish borgmästare confusingly on historical grounds has referred to the highest official in the registry office and in the city courts (abolished in 1993) as in Sweden, not the city manager. In addition, pormestari is also an honorary title, which may be given for distinguished service in the post of the city manager. The city manager of Helsinki is called ylipormestari , which translates to ""Chief Mayor"", for historical reasons. Furthermore, the term ""city manager"" may be seen translated as ""mayor"". Mayors by country [ edit ] Australia [ edit ] On Australian councils, the mayor is generally the member of the council who acts as ceremonial figurehead at official functions, as well as carrying the authority of council between meetings. Mayoral decisions made between meetings are subject to Council and may be confirmed or repealed if necessary. Mayors in Australia may be elected either directly through a ballot for the position of mayor at a local-government election, or alternatively may be elected from within the council at a meeting. The civic regalia and insignia of local government have basically remained unaltered for centuries. The robes, the mayoral chain and the mace are not intended to glorify the individual, but rather they are a uniform of office and are used to respect and honour the people whom the users serve. The mayoral robe may be crimson with lapels and sleeves trimmed in ermine. The mayor may also wear a lace fall (neck piece) and cuffs. The deputy-mayoral robe may be crimson with lapels and sleeves trimmed with black velvet and bordered with lapin. Mayors have the title of ' His/Her Worship ' whilst holding the position. In councils where Councillors are elected representing political parties, the mayor is normally the leader of the party receiving the most seats on council. In Queensland the Lord Mayor and Mayors are elected by popular vote at the general council election. Brazil [ edit ] Every municipality in Brazil elects a mayor (Portuguese: prefeito / prefeita ), for a four-year term, acting as an executive officer with the city council (Portuguese: Câmara Municipal ) functioning with legislative powers. The mayor can be re-elected and manage the city for two consecutive terms. The Brazilian system works similarly to the mayor-council government in the United States. Canada [ edit ] The chief executives of boroughs ( arrondissements ) in Quebec are termed mayors ( maires/mairesses in French). A borough mayor simultaneously serves as head of the borough council and as a regular councillor on the main city council. As is the practice in most Commonwealth countries, in Canada a mayor is addressed as His/Her Worship while holding office. In some small townships in Ontario , the title reeve was historically used instead of mayor. In some other municipalities, ""mayor"" and ""reeve"" were two separate offices, with the mayor retaining leadership powers while the reeve was equivalent to what other municipalities called an "" at-large councillor"". While most municipalities in the province now designate their elected municipal government heads as mayors, in certain areas of the province, the elected head of the municipality continues to be refereed to as reeve, and the second-in-command is referred to as the deputy reeve. For example, this continues to be the case in the municipalities of Algonquin Highlands , Dysart et al , Highlands East , and Minden Hills , all located within the Haliburton County . Many municipalities in Alberta continue to use the title reeve to denote the office of mayor or chief elected official in accordance with the Municipal Government Act. In rural municipalities (RM) in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan , the elected head of the RM is still referred to as a ""reeve"", as are the heads of most counties and district municipalities (DMs) in Alberta. The scheduling of municipal elections in Canada varies by jurisdiction, as each province and territory has its own laws regarding municipal governance. See also municipal elections in Canada . Dominican Republic [ edit ] The mayor of a municipality in the Dominican Republic is called indistinctly alcalde or síndico . The latter name is preferred as to avoid confusing the title with the similarly sounding alcaide ( lit. prison warden ). Such person is the governor of the municipality whose township elected him (or her) by direct vote for a term of four years. The mayor's office daily duties are restricted to the local governance, and as such, it is responsible for the coordination of waste collection , upkeep of public spaces (parks, undeveloped urban parcels, streets, city ornate, traffic light control, sewage and most public utilities). In practice most of it duties are centered in light street repairing (new or big road projects, like overpasses, bridges, pedestrian crossings, etc. are handled by the Public Works Ministry ( Ministerio de Obras Públicas in Spanish) office), under the direct control of the Central Government. Subcontracting garbage collection and management, overseeing the use of public spaces and arbitring neighborhood land use disputes which is managed by the National Property office ( Oficina de Bienes Nacionales in Spanish) is also controlled by the mayor's office. Water, electrical supply and public transportation coordination are handled by several Central Government's offices, and as such, are not under control of the mayor. France [ edit ] For more details on this topic, see Mayor (France) . Mayors ( maires ) in France are elected every six years in local elections . Germany [ edit ] In Germany local government is regulated by state statutes. Nowadays only the mayors of the three city-states (Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen ) are still elected by the respective city-state parliaments. In all the other states the mayors are now elected directly by the EU citizens living in that area. The post of mayor may be said to be a professional one, the mayor being the head of the local government, and requiring, in order to be eligible, a training in administration. In big cities (details are regulated by state statutes) the official title is Oberbürgermeister ( Lord Mayor ). In these cities a ""simple"" mayor is just a deputy responsible for a distinct task (e.g., welfare or construction works). Big cities are usually kreisfrei (""free of district"") . That means that the city council also has the powers and duties of a rural district council. The leader of a rural district council is called Landrat (""land counsellor""). In that case the chief mayor has also the duties and powers of a Landrat. The term Oberbürgermeister is not used in the three city-states, where the mayors are simultaneously head of state governments , but Regierender Bürgermeister ( Governing Mayor of Berlin ), Erster Bürgermeister ( First Mayor of the city-state of Hamburg ) and Präsident des Senats und Bürgermeister ( President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen ) are used. Greece [ edit ] Mayors in Greece were elected every four years in local elections and are the head of various municipal governments in which the state is divided. Starting from 2014, mayors are elected for a 5-year term. Local administration elections for the new, consolidated municipalities and peripheries will henceforth be held together with the elections for the European Parliament . Local administration in Greece recently underwent extensive reform in two phases: the first phase, implemented in 1997 and commonly called the "" Kapodistrias Project"", consolidated the country's numerous municipalities and communities down to approximately 1000. The second phase, initially called ""Kapodistrias II"" but eventually called the "" Callicrates Project"", was implemented in 2010, further consolidated municipalities down to 370, and merged the country's 54 prefectures into 13 peripheries. The Callicratean municipalities were designed according to several guidelines; for example each island (except Crete ) was incorporated into a single municipality, while the majority of small towns were consolidated so as to have an average municipal population of 25,000. India [ edit ] In India , the mayor is leader of the council and has a number of roles, both legislative and functional. The legislative requirements are outlined in Section 73 and 73AA of Local Government Act 1989. Mayors are elected indirectly by the public. Indonesia [ edit ] In Indonesia , the mayor is the regional head of the city area. A mayor has the same level as the head of the regional district for the area. Basically, the mayor has the duty and authority to lead the implementation of the policies established by the region with the city council. The mayor is elected in a pair with a deputy mayor, through elections. The mayor is a political role, and not a civil-service career position. Iran [ edit ] In Iran , the mayor is the executive manager of city and elected by the Islamic City Council. The mayor is elected for a four-year term. Ireland [ edit ] In the Republic of Ireland, the head of a borough corporation was called ""mayor"" from the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 until boroughs were abolished by the Local Government Reform Act 2014 . The Local Government Act 2001 allowed county councils to style their chairperson as ""mayor"" and most do so. City council chairs are ""mayor"" (or ""lord mayor"" in the cases of Dublin and of Cork ). Since 2000 there have been proposals for a directly elected mayor of the Dublin Metropolitan Area . Italy [ edit ] In Italy the mayor is called sindaco , or informally primo cittadino (""first citizen""). Every municipality ( Italian : Comune ) has its mayor who represents the local government. The mayor is elected every five years by the inhabitants of the municipality, but he cannot be re-elected after two terms (except in small towns). Japan [ edit ] Japan's Local-Autonomy Law of 1947 defines the structure of Japanese local governments, which were strengthened after World War II. It gives strong executive power to the mayor in the local politics like strong mayors in large cities in the United States of America. The titles that are translated as ""mayor"" by the governments are those of the heads of cities shichō ( 市長 ) , towns chōchō ( 町長 ) , villages sonchō ( 村長 ) , and Tokyo's special wards kuchō ( 区長 ) . (The head of the Tokyo prefecture is the Governor ( 知事 , Chiji ) .) A mayor is elected every four years by direct popular votes held separately from the assembly. A mayor can be recalled by a popular initiative but the prefectural and the national governments cannot remove a mayor from office. Towards the assembly the mayor prepares budgets, proposes local acts and has vetoes on local acts just approved by the assembly which can be overridden by two-thirds assembly support. A mayor can resolve the assembly if the assembly passes a motion of no confidence or if the mayor thinks the assembly has no confidence in fact. Moldova [ edit ] The Mayor of the municipality in Moldova is elected for four years. In Chişinău , the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation. Netherlands [ edit ] Main article: Burgemeester In the Netherlands , the mayor (in Dutch : burgemeester ) is the leader of the municipal executives (' College van Burgemeester en Wethouders '). In the Netherlands, burgermeesters are de facto appointed by the national cabinet , de jure by the monarch . They preside both the municipal executive and the legislative (' gemeenteraad '). The title is sometimes translated as burgomaster , to emphasize the appointed, rather than elected, nature of the office. The appointment procedure was brought for discussion in the early 2000s (decade), as some of the political parties represented in parliament regarded the procedure as undemocratic. Generally, mayors in the Netherlands are selected from the established political parties. Alternatives proposed were direct election of the mayor by the people or appointment by the city council ( gemeenteraad ). A constitutional change to allow for this failed to pass the Senate in March 2005. New Zealand [ edit ] Main article: Mayors in New Zealand Mayors in New Zealand are elected every three years in the local body elections . Pakistan [ edit ] In Pakistan , a city is headed by the District Nazim (the word means ""supervisor"" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as Mayor) and assisted by Naib Nazim who is also speaker of District Council. District Nazim is elected by the nazims of union councils , union councillors and by tehsil nazims, who themselves are elected directly by the votes of the local public. Council elections are held every four years. Philippines [ edit ] In the Philippines , mayors ( Tagalog : Punong Bayan / Punong Lungsod ) are the head of a municipality or a city , with the vice mayor as the second highest position in the city. They are elected every three years during the midterm and national elections, and they can serve until three terms of office. As of - September 2012, there are 1,635 mayors in the Philippines. Poland [ edit ] Mayors in Poland are directly elected by inhabitants of their respective municipality . The mayor is the sole chief of the executive branch of the municipality and he cannot serve on the municipal council ( city council ) or in the parliament . The mayor may appoint a deputy mayor if needed. In Poland, a mayor is called a burmistrz or, in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants or other municipalities that traditionally use the title, prezydent (""president"", for example ""President of Warsaw "", instead of ""Mayor of Warsaw""). The equivalent title in a rural community ("" gmina "") is "" wójt "". The mayor is elected for a four-year term concurrently with the four-year term of the municipal council, and his/her service is terminated at the end of the municipal council's term. Mayors cannot be dismissed by the municipal council, but they can be removed from the office by the citizens of their municipality in a referendum . A mayor can also be dismissed by the Prime Minister in case of persistent transgression of the law. Citizens having a criminal record cannot run for mayor, but only if sentenced for intentional offense ex officio . The mayor manages the municipal estate, issues minor regulations, and incurs liabilities within limits set by the municipal council. The mayor presents a budget to the municipal council, that may then be amended by the council. After the municipal council passes the budget in a form of resolution, the mayor is responsible for its realization. The mayor is the head of the town hall and the register office (he/she may appoint deputies for these specific tasks). Mayors legally act as employers for all of the officials of the town hall. Mayors in Poland have wide administrative authority: the only official that he/she cannot appoint or dismiss is a city treasurer , who is appointed by a city council. Although mayors in Poland do not have veto power over city council resolutions, their position is relatively strong and should be classified as a mayor-council government . Portugal [ edit ] In Portugal and many other Portuguese-speaking countries the mayor of a municipality is called the Presidente da Câmara Municipal ( President of the Municipal Chamber ). Romania [ edit ] In Romania the mayor of a commune, town or city is called primar . He is elected for a period of four years. In carrying out his responsibilities he is assisted by an elected local council ( consiliu local ). Bucharest has a general mayor ( primar general ) and six sector mayors ( primar de sector ), one for each sector . The responsibilities of the mayor and of the local council are defined by Law 215/2001 of the Romanian Parliament. Russia [ edit ] In Russia, the mayor is one of possible titles of the head of the administration of a city (municipality). (Sometimes a mayor acts as the head of a municipality.) This title is equivalent to that of the head of a Russian rural district. Exceptionally, the mayors of Moscow , Saint-Petersburg and Sevastopol are equivalent to governors in Russia, since these three federal cities are equivalent to Russian federations. Except for those just-named three large cities, the governance system of a Russian municipality (city, county, district or town) is subordinate to the representative council of the federation in which it is located. The mayor, is either directly elected in municipal elections (citywide referendum) or is elected by the members of the municipality's representative council. Election by council members is now more widespread because it better integrates with the Russian federal three-level vertical governance structure: National government: President (executive) Federal Assembly Federation governments: Heads of federation (commonly governors) Regional representative councils Local governments: Heads of administration (who have the official title of 'mayor', whether or not local law defines it as such) Local representative councils The typical term of office of a mayor in Russia is four years. The mayor's office administers all municipal services, public property, police and fire protection, and most public agencies, and enforces all local and state laws within a city or town. According to Medialogy, the mayor of Novosibirsk , Edward Lokot', is mentioned in the media more than any other Russian mayor. The mayor of Kazan , Il'sur Metshin, is the most popular in Russia, scoring 76 out of 100, according to the Russian People's Rating of Mayors. Serbia [ edit ] In Serbia , the mayor is the head of the city or a town. He acts on behalf of the city, and performs an executive function. The position of the mayor of Belgrade is important as the capital city is the most important hub of economics, culture and science in Serbia . Furthermore, the post of the mayor of Belgrade is the third most important position in the government after the Prime Minister and President . Spain and Hispanic America [ edit ] Alcalde is the most common Spanish term for the mayor of a town or city. It is derived from the Arabic al-qaḍi ( قاضي ), i.e., ""the ( Sharia ) judge,"" who often had administrative, as well as judicial, functions. Although the Castilian alcalde and the Andalusian qaḍi had slightly different attributes (the qaḍi oversaw an entire province, the alcalde only a municipality; the former was appointed by the ruler of the state but the latter was elected by the municipal council ), the adoption of this term reflects how much Muslim society in the Iberian Peninsula influenced the Christian one in the early phases of the Reconquista . As Spanish Christians took over an increasing part of the Peninsula, they adapted the Muslim systems and terminology for their own use. Today, it refers to the executive head of a municipal or local government, who usually does not have judicial functions. The word intendente is used in Argentina and Paraguay for the office that is analogous to a mayor. In larger cities in Mexico , the chief executive is known as a ""municipal president"" or presidente municipal. Sweden [ edit ] The Swedish title borgmästare ( burgomaster ) was abolished in the court reform of 1971 when also the towns of Sweden were officially abolished. Since the middle of the 20th century, the municipal commissioner – the highest-ranking politician in each municipality – is informally titled ""mayor"" [ citation needed ] in English. Switzerland [ edit ] The function and title for mayor vary from one canton to another. Generally, the mayor presides an executive council of several members governing a municipality . The title is: in Italian: Sindaco ( Ticino ), Podestà ( Grigioni ) in French: Maire ( Geneva , Jura , Bern ), Syndic ( Vaud , Fribourg ), Président du Conseil municipal ( Valais ), Président du Conseil communal ( Neuchâtel ) in German: e.g. Stadtpräsident , Stadtammann , Gemeindepräsident , Gemeindeammann Taiwan [ edit ] In the Republic of China in Taiwan the mayor is the head of city's government and its city's council, which is in charge of legislative affairs. The mayor and city council are elected separately by the city's residents. Turkey [ edit ] Mayors ( Turkish : Belediye Başkanı ) in Turkey are elected by the municipal councill. As a rule, there are municipalities in all province centers and district centers as well as towns ( Turkish : belde ) which are actually villages with a population in excess of 2000. However beginning by 1983, a new level of municipality is introduced in Turkish administrative system. In big cities Metropolitan municipalities ( Turkish : Büyükşehir belediyesi ) are established. (See Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey ) In a Metropolitan municipality there may be several district municipalities (hence mayors). Ukraine [ edit ] In Ukraine the title Mer was introduced for the position of the head of the municipal state administration in the federal cities of Kiev and Sevastopol . In the rest of the urban and rural settlements the position is unofficial and simply refers to the head of a local council who at the moment of such assignment cannot be affiliated with any party of the council. United States [ edit ] Main article: Mayoralty in the United States The mayor is the leader in most United States municipalities (such as cities, townships, etc.). In the United States , there are several distinct types of mayors, depending on the system of local government. Under council-manager government , the mayor is a first among equals on the city council , which acts as a legislative body while executive functions are performed by the appointed manager. The mayor may chair the city council, but lacks any special legislative powers. The mayor and city council serve part-time, with day-to-day administration in the hands of a professional city manager. The system is most common among medium-sized cities from around 25,000 to several hundred thousand, usually rural and suburban municipalities. In the second form, known as mayor-council government , the mayoralty and city council are separate offices. Under a strong mayor system, the mayor acts as an elected executive with the city council exercising legislative powers. They may select a chief administrative officer to oversee the different departments. This is the system used in most of the United States' large cities, primarily because mayors serve full-time and have a wide range of services that they oversee. In a weak mayor or ceremonial mayor system, the mayor has appointing power for department heads but is subject to checks by the city council, sharing both executive and legislative duties with the council. This is common for smaller cities, especially in New England . Charlotte, North Carolina and Minneapolis , Minnesota are two notable large cities with a ceremonial mayor. Many American mayors are styled ""His/Her Honor"" while in office. Joseph P. Riley, Jr. of Charleston, South Carolina , has been in office longer than any other sitting city mayor in the United States. Multi-tier local government [ edit ] In several countries, where there is not local autonomy , mayors are often appointed by some branch of the federal or regional government. In some cities, subdivisions such as boroughs may have their own mayors; this is the case, for example, with the arrondissements of Paris, Montreal , and Mexico City . In Belgium, the capital, Brussels , is administratively one of the federation's three regions, and is the only city subdivided, without the other regions' provincial level, into 19 rather small municipalities, which each have an elected—formally appointed—Burgomaster (i.e., Mayor, responsible to his / her elected council); while Antwerp , the other major metropolitan area, has one large city (where the boroughs, former municipalities merged into it, elect a lower level, albeit with very limited competence) and several smaller surrounding municipalities, each under a normal Burgomaster as in Brussels. In the People's Republic of China, the Mayor (市長) may be the administrative head of any municipality, provincial, prefecture-level, or county-level. The Mayor is usually the most recognized official in cities, although the position is the second-highest-ranking official in charge after the local Communist Party Secretary. In principle, the Mayor (who also serves as the Deputy Communist Party Secretary of the city) is responsible for managing the city administration while the Communist Party Secretary is responsible for general policy and managing the party bureaucracy, but in practice the roles blur, frequently causing conflict. Acting mayor [ edit ] Acting mayor is a temporary office created by the charter of some municipal governments. In many cities and towns, the charter or some similar fundamental document provides that in the event of the death, illness, resignation, or removal from office of the incumbent mayor, another official will lead the municipality for a temporary period, which, depending on the jurisdiction, may be for a stated period of days or months until a special election can be held, or until the original end of the term to which the vacating mayor was elected. Some cities may also provide for a deputy mayor to be temporarily designated as ""acting mayor"" in the event that the incumbent mayor is temporarily unavailable, such as for health reasons or out-of-town travel, but still continues to hold the position and is expected to return to the duties of the office. In this latter capacity, the acting mayor's role is to ensure that city government business can continue in the regular mayor's absence, and the acting mayor is not deemed to have actually held the office of mayor. The position of acting mayor is usually of considerably more importance in a mayor-council form of municipal government, where the mayor performs functions of day-to-day leadership, than it is in a council-manager form of government, where the city manager provides day-to-day leadership and the position of mayor is either a largely or entirely ceremonial one. In some jurisdictions, the mayor's successor is not considered to be an acting mayor but rather fully mayor in his or her own right, much in the manner that the Vice President of the United States is not styled or considered to be Acting President following the death or resignation of the President , but rather President in every sense. See also [ edit ] Lists of mayors by country Deputy mayor Governor Concepts: Acting (law) Burgomaster Sarpanch World Mayor Local government: Seat of local government Council-manager government Mayor-council government Historical Schultheiß Urban prefect References [ edit ] Notes Bibliography A. Shaw, Municipal Government in Continental Europe J – A. Fairlie, Municipal Administration S. and B. Webb, English Local Government Redlich and Hirst, Local Government in England A. L. Lowell, The Government of England . External links [ edit ] Look up mayor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayors . Comparative database of European mayors" -167355695440874502,train,where is banana island located in lagos nigeria,"Banana Island, is an area of Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria, 8.6 kilometres east of Tafawa Balewa Square. Part of the Lagos Local Government Area of Eti - Osa in Central Lagos, it is known for its wealthy, multi-cultural community and has some of the most expensive real estate in Nigeria. Banana Island has one of the highest density of millionaires within its boundaries.","['16,400']",níbo ni banana island wà ní ìlú lagos ní nàìjíríà,Yes,"['Banana Island jẹ erekuṣu atọwọda ti o wa nitosi Ikoyi, ìpínlè Eko, Naijiria.']",[],['P1'],1,0,"Banana Island, Lagos Banana Island j? ereku?u at?w?da ti o wa nitosi Ikoyi, ìpínlè Eko, Naijiria. A fun ní oruko náà nitori boserí. A dá erukusu náà fún igbé àti láti jé ojà fun títà ríràrira, o ni àwon ilé igbé, ilé itaja àti ilé idaraya. Itan kíkó rè Ologbe Adebayo Adeleke ni ó ya àwòrán Erukusu Banana Island tí a pè ní Lagoon city nígbà kíkó rè. Adebayo ni Alakoso ilé-isé City Property Development Ltd. Iwo Banana Highland tí a yà láti afara Lekki-Ikoyi . Banana Island j? erekusu atowoda ni Ipinle Eko, Naijiria ti ìrísí rè dabi ti Ogede O wa ni orí Adagun Èkó o si ní afara to so pò mó Erukusi Ikoyi. Ilé-isé Lebanon-Nigeria Chagoury Group ni o k? ereku?u naa pèlú aj??ep? Ìpínl?? Ìj?ba Àpap?? fún I??? àti Ilé. [1] Itobi erukusu náà to aw?n 1,630,000 square meter asì pin pin si aw?n ploti 536 A pese aw?n olugbe p?lu aw?n ohun elo bi omi àti iná àti n?tiw?ki sat?laiti ibara?nis?r?.[2] Àwon ilé-isé nla nla ni oril?-ede Naijiria bi- Etisalat Nigeria, Airtel Nigeria, [3] Ford Foundation Nigeria ati Olaniwun Ajayi & CO[4] kalè sí Banana Island.","Not to be confused with Banana Islands , Banaba or Banana Island in Qatar . This article is about the geographic location. For diet, see Banana island (diet) . Lagoon City-Twin Towers - Adeleke/Yamasaki Lagoon City - Aerial Shots Lagoon City - Project Participants - Adeleke/Yamasaki Lagoon City - Acceptance Letter Page_1 Lagoon City - Acceptance Letter Page_2 Lagoon City - Architectural Plans Lagoon City - Ambience View Lagoon City - Lagoon Side View Banana Island , is an artificial island off the foreshore of Ikoyi , Lagos , Nigeria . Contents [ hide ] 1 Architectural history 2 Design 3 Composition 4 Notable residents 5 References Architectural history [ edit ] The original Banana Island construction project entitled Lagoon City was the brainchild of the Late Chief Adebayo Adeleke, a University of London trained Civil Engineer (MICE), and CEO of City Property Development Ltd. Adeleke had originally commissioned a new urban development in Maroko, Victoria Island , but that project had been acquired by the Lagos State government. Following a lengthy 10 year court case, Lagos State government offered other parcels of land as consideration for the Maroko development. Adeleke then engaged the Westminster Dredging Company to dredge the foreshore, and create six interlinked and symmetrical islands. He wanted to create a development that would ""Make Nigeria Proud"", and engaged Minoru Yamasaki the architect of Manhattan's Twin Towers, to design replica twin towers as the flagship iconic buildings on the main island. To complete the Lagoon City concept, Adeleke planned an aesthetic design including a city airport, which was a vision conceived long before the London Docklands Development, London City Airport , Dubai's Palm Islands or Hong Kong's Chek Lap Kok Airport . Soon thereafter, the project was acquired again with no consideration being paid to City Property Development Limited. The acquisition is currently being challenged in various courts, and there are Caveat Emptor warnings in place to warn prospective buyers that their investment could be at risk in future. There is also litigation pending in the UK and European courts regarding this matter. The subsequent developers were principally interested in maximising the yield of the land. Consequently, the land was filled in to create a banana shaped island, which is now a residential scheme rather than the commercial development originally envisaged. Banana Island, is an area of Ikoyi , Lagos , Nigeria , 8.6 kilometres east of Tafawa Balewa Square. Part of the Lagos Local Government Area of Eti-Osa in Central Lagos, it is known for its wealthy, multi-cultural community and has some of the most expensive real estate in Nigeria. Banana Island has one of the highest density of millionaires within its boundaries. Design [ edit ] Panoramic view of Banana Island taken from the Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge . Banana Island is a man-made island in Lagos State , Nigeria that is slightly curved in shape – like a banana. It is located in the Lagos Lagoon and is connected to Ikoyi Island by a dedicated road which is linked to the existing road network near Parkview Estate. The island was constructed by the Lebanese-Nigerian Chagoury Group in partnership with the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing and is considered to be on par with the Seventh Arrondissement in Paris, La Jolla in San Diego, and Tokyo’s Shibuya and Roppongi neighbourhoods. It occupies a sand-filled area of approximately 1,630,000 square metres and is divided into 536 plots (of between 1000 and 4000 square metres in size) mainly arranged along cul-de-sacs , so designed to enhance the historically residential nature of Ikoyi. Residents are provided with world class utilities including underground electrical systems (versus the overhead cabling common throughout Lagos), an underground water supply network, a central sewage system and treatment plant, and street lighting and satellite telecommunications networks. The Island is a planned, mixed development with dedicated areas for residential, commercial and recreational activities. On the residential side of the Island, planning permission is not granted for dwellings over 3 storeys high. The developers also intend to develop a main piazza , a club-house, a primary and secondary school , a fire and police station and a medical clinic. They are also negotiating to build a 5-star hotel on the island, along with an array of smaller Guest Houses. Composition [ edit ] Banana Island hosts several high end residential developments such as Ocean Parade Towers - a series of 14 luxury tower blocks strategically situated at one end of the island to take advantage of 180 degree panoramic views overlooking the lagoon. Similar to many of the developments on the island, it has dedicated leisure facilities such as a private health club - with tennis courts, squash courts and a swimming pool surrounded by extensive gardens. At launch flats in Ocean Parade sold for over US$400,000. Several leading Nigerian and International corporates such as - Etisalat Nigeria, Airtel Nigeria, Ford Foundation Nigeria and Olaniwun Ajayi & Co - are also based on Banana Island. Notable residents [ edit ] Mike Adenuga - Billionaire owner of Globacom - Nigeria’s second-largest telecom operator and oil exploration firm Conoil. Iyabo Obasanjo - Daughter of former President Olusegun Obasanjo and Oluremi Obasanjo, Elected to the Nigerian Senate representing Ogun Central Senatorial District of Ogun State, Senior Fellow at Harvard's Advanced Leadership Initiative. Sayyu Dantata - Son of Alhassan Dantata - the wealthiest man in West Africa at the time of his death in 1955. Kola Abiola - son of MKO Abiola - prominent businessman, publisher and politician. References [ edit ] Lagos portal Island portal Nigeria portal website: www.bananaislandlagos.com" 850762834321017777,train,what is the capital and major population center of northern ireland,"Belfast (/ ˈbɛlfɑːst / or / - fæst / ; from Irish : Béal Feirste, meaning `` rivermouth of the sandbanks '') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, and the second largest on the island of Ireland. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 333,871 in 2015. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.","['27 april 1994', 'april', 'frederick brownell']",ìlú wo ni olú ìlú àti ibùdó àwọn èèyàn tó pọ̀ jù lọ ní northern ireland,Yes,"['Belfast (Àdàkọ:Derive) ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Apaariwa Irelandi, orile-ede kan ninu awon apa Sisokan Ile-oba.']",['Belfast ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Apaariwa Irelandi'],['P1'],1,0,"Belfast Belfast ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Apaariwa Irelandi, orile-ede kan ninu awon apa Sisokan Ile-oba.", 5419016942126415357,train,county in europe the capital of which is belgrade,"Belgrade (/ ˈbɛlɡreɪd / BEL - grayd ; Serbian : Beograd / Београд, meaning `` white city '', Serbian pronunciation : (beǒɡrad) (listen) ; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. The urban area of the City of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million, while nearly 1.7 million people live within its administrative limits.","['more than 600', 'five']",àgbègbè kan ní ilẹ̀ yúróòpù tí olú ìlú rẹ̀ jẹ́ belgrade,Yes,['Belgrade ni oluilu orile-ede Serbia.'],['Belgrade ni oluilu orile-ede Serbia.'],['P1'],1,0,"Belgrade Belgrade ni oluilu orile-ede Serbia. ", -2951084596378848197,train,who was the doctor that led the research on cte and was criticized by the nfl,"Together with colleagues in the Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh, Omalu published his findings in the journal Neurosurgery in 2005 in a paper titled `` Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player. '' In it, Omalu called for further study of the disease : `` We herein report the first documented case of long - term neurodegenerative changes in a retired professional NFL player consistent with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This case draws attention to a disease that remains inadequately studied in the cohort of professional football players, with unknown true prevalence rates. '' Omalu believed the National Football League (NFL) doctors would be `` pleased '' to read it and that his research could be used to `` fix the problem. '' The paper received little attention initially, but members of the NFL 's Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) Committee later called for its retraction in May 2006. Their letter requesting the retraction characterized Omalu 's description of CTE as `` completely wrong '' and called the paper `` a failure. ''",['southern cross'],ta ni dókítà tó darí ìwádìí lórí cte tí àjọ nfl sì lámèyítọ́ wọn?,Yes,"['Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu (ọjọ́ìbí September 30, 1968[1]) ni oníṣègùn, onímọ̀ ìwadí àìsàn ikú-aláìsí, àti onímọ̀ àìsàn iṣan-ìkanra ọmọ Nàìjíríà Amẹ́ríkà tó kọ́kọ́ já ọgbọ́n àti ẹni tó kọ́kọ́ kọ ìwé ìwádìí lórí àìsàn inú-opọlọ ìforígbá léraléra (CTE) ní àrin àwọn agbábọ́ọ̀lù Amẹ́ríkàn futúbọ̀lù nígbà tó ún siṣẹ́ ní Ilé-iṣẹ́ Iwádìí Ikú-aláìsí fún ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ Allegheny County ní Pittsburgh.']",['Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu'],['P1'],0,0,"Bennet Omalu Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu (?j??ìbí September 30, 1968[1]) ni oní?ègùn, oním?? ìwadí àìsàn ikú-aláìsí, àti oním?? àìsàn i?an-ìkanra ?m? Nàìjíríà Am??ríkà tó k??k?? já ?gb??n àti ?ni tó k??k?? k? ìwé ìwádìí lórí àìsàn inú-op?l? ìforígbá léraléra (CTE) ní àrin àw?n agbáb????lù Am??ríkàn futúb??lù nígbà tó ún si??? ní Ilé-i??? Iwádìí Ikú-aláìsí fún ìj?ba ìbíl?? Allegheny County ní Pittsburgh.[2] Omalu níbi tí ó ti ? s??r?? ní ?gb?? ?m? ogun tó fara pa L??yìn náà ó ?i??? bíi oníwadìí àgbà àìsàn ikú-aláìsí fún ìj?ba ìbíl?? San Joaquin County, California, ó sì tún j?? ??j??gb??n ní University of California, Davis, ??ka-??k?? áìsàn ikú-aláìsí àti ògùn i??? yàrá-ìdánwò.[3] Ìb??r?? ayé W??n bí Omalu ní ìlú Nnokwa, ní ìj?ba ìbíl?? Idemili South, Ìpínl?? Anambra ní Nàìjíríà ní ?j?? 30 O?ù K?san ?dún 1968,[1] ìk?fà nínú àw?n ?m? méje. W??n bíi nígbà Ogun Ab??lé Nàìjíríà, èyí j?? kí àw?n ?bí r?? ó sá kúrò ní ilé w?n ní abà Enugu-Ukwu. W??n padà sí ilé w?n ní ?dún kejì l??yìn ìgbà tí w??n bí Omalu.[4] Aráns? ni ìyá r??, b?? ?? sì ni bábá r?? si??? i???-??r? ìwá àlùm??nì, ó sì tún j?? olórí àwùj? ní Enugu-Ukwu. Orúk? ìdílè w?n, Omalu, ni orúk? sókí fún Onyemalukwube, tó túm?? sí ""?ni tó m?? ló ún s??r??.""[4] ??k?? àti i??? Omalu b??r?? ilé-??k?? alák????b??r?? nígbà tó di ?m? ?dún m??ta, ó sì w?lé ìdánwò sí Ilé ??k?? ìj?ba àpap?? ní Enugu fún ilé-??k?? àgbà r??. Ó b?? sí ilé-??k?? ìwòsàn nígbà tó dí ?m? ?dún 16 ní Yunifásítì il?? Nàìjíríà, Nsukka. Nígbà tó parí níb?? p??lú ìwé-??rì ìwòsàn àti ìwé-??rí i???-ab? (MBBS) ní June ?dún 1990, ó ?e ìparí ak??k???? ilé-ìwòsàn, àti ì??? ìránw?? bíi dókítà fún ?dún m??ta ní ìlú Jos. Nítorí rògbòdìyàn tó ??l?? ní Nàìjíríà l??yìn tí ìj?ba ológun Ibrahim Babangida fagilé ìdìbòyan ààr? tí Moshood Abiola w?lé ní 1993,[4] Omalu b??r?? síní wá ànfàní fún i??? ?m?wé ní Am??ríkà. Omalu kó l? sí ilú Seattle, ní Ipinle Washington ní 1994 láti ??k?? lórí ìm?? àjákál??-àrùn ní University of Washington. Ní ?dún 1995, ó kúrò ní Seattle, ó sì kó l? sí Ìlú New York, ib?? ló ti dara m?? Harlem Hospital Center ti Columbia University fún ètò ??k?? ì?i??? ìwòsàn lórí ìm?? àìsàn inú-ara àti àìsàn ilé-ìwòsàn. Kó tó ?e ??k?? ì?í??? ìwòsàn, ó gba ??k?? g??g?? bíi oním?? ìwádìí àìsàn ikú-aláìsí láb?? Cyril Wecht tó j?? alám??ràn ìwádìí ikú-aláìsí pàtàkì ní Allegheny County ní Pittsburgh. Ní b?? ni Omalu tí b??r?? sí ní f??ràn ìm?? àìsàn isàn-ìkanra. Omalu gba ìwé-??rí ??k?? gíga àti ìwé-??rí à?? méje [5], ó tún gba ìwé-??rí ìk??gb?? nínú ìm?? àìsàn àti ìm?? àìsàn isan-ìkanra p??lú Yunifásítì Pittsburgh ní ?dún 2000 àti 2002, ìwé-??rí gíga nínú ìlera árá ìgboro (??gá àgbà ètò ìlera aráàlú, MPH) nínú ìm?? àjàkál??-àrùn ní ?dún 2004 láti Yunifásítì ti Pittsburgh Ilé ??k?? Gíga Jù L? fún Ìlera ??p?? ènìyàn, àti ??m??wé àgbà nínú ètò ì?òwò (MBA) láti Tepper School of Business ní Yunifásítì Carnegie Mellon ní ?dún 2008.[6][7] Omalu di ??gá olùgbèy??wò òkú fún San Joaquin County, California láti ?dún 2007 títí di ìgbà tó j??w??i??? ní ?dún 2017 l??yìn ìgbà tó f??sùn kan ???rífì agbègbè náà, tó tún j?? olùgbèy??wò òkú ib??, pé oún k? w?? b? ìwádìí àw?n ikú tó ??l?? láti ba à dá àbò bo àw?n ?l??pàá tí w??n pa àw?n ènìyàn.[8] Omalu ni ??j??gb??n ní ??ka-??k?? Ìm?? Àìsàn àti Ìwòsàn Ilé-àdánwò ní University of California, Davis.[7] Ìwadìí CTE Ìy??wò òkú Mike Webster, tó j?? agbáb????lù Am??ríkan Fuútb??l t??l??, tí Omalu ?e ní ?dún 2002 ló fa ìtún gbéjáde àkíyèsí ì?òro isan-ìkanra tó wá p??lú ìpalára orí léraléra tí w??n ún pè ní àìsàn inú-op?l? ìforígbá léraléra, tàbí CTE, tí w??n ti ?e ìjúwe r?? t??l?? láàrin àw?n aj?????[9] àti àw?n oní??? eré-ìdárayá míràn. Webster ti ?e aláìsí lójijì l??yìn iye ?dún tó ti ìyà ti j?? nítorí ìfàs??yìn òye àti làákàyè, ìbòsí, ìdàrú ìwàinú, ìr??w??sí ?kàn, ìlòkulò ògùn olóró, àti ìgbìyànjú láti pa ara ?ni. Bótil??j??pé ?p?l? Webster dà bíi pé kò ní ìsòro nígbà tí w??n y? òkú r?? wò, Omalu pinu láti fi owó ara r?? dá ?e ìgbéy??wò ìsàn-?ran ?p?l? Webster.[10] Ó fura pé àisàn ?p?l? bá Webster jà, nítorípé ó fi agbárí gbá léraléra, bí ó ti ún ??l?? sí àw?n aj??s??. Nípa lílo aró àkàn?e, Omalu rí protéìnì tau gbàngbà tó dì j? nínú ?p?l? Webster, tó ún kópa lórí ìwàinú, ìtara, àti àkóso làákàyè l??nà kannáà tí ìdìp?? protéìnì beta-amyloid ?e ún fa àrùn Alzheimer.[10] P??lú àw?n alábàási??? r?? ní ??ka-??k?? ìm?? áisàn ní University of Pittsburgh, Omalu k? ìwé ìwadìí r?? jáde nínú ìwe ìwadìí sáy??nsì Neurosurgery ní ?dún 2005 nínú áy?kà tí àk?lé r?? j??, ""Àrùn ?p?l? Tó ? Fa Ìpalára Tó Jíjù L? Níbi ?s? Bó?ò?lù Orílè?-Èdè"". Nínú ày?kà yìí, Omalu t?r? fún ìgbékà pí p?? si lórí àrún náà: ""A ?e ??sùn àk??k?? tí à m?? ?í nú ìwé yìí nípa àw?n ì???l?? ìbàj?? isan-ìkanra ìgbà píp?? nínú agbáb????lù NFL tó ti f??yìntì, tó ní ìbámu m?? àìsàn inú-agbárí ìfarapa léraléra (CTE). ??sùn yìí pe àkíyèsí sí àìsàn yìí tí kò tíì j?? gbígbé kà dáadáa láàrin àw?n oní??? agbáb????lù, tí a kò sì m?? iye méèló nínú w?n ni ó ni."" (A fi àk?síl?? àk??k?? tó wà ní àk?síl?? hàn nípa àw?n àyípadà tó wà fún ìgbà píp?? nínú ?p?l? lára ò?èré NFL kan tó ti f??yìn tì, èyí tó bá àrùn ?p?l? tí ? roni lára mu (CTE). ??ràn yìí ? pe àfiyèsí sí àìsàn kan tí w?n kò tíì ?e ìwádìí r?? dáadáa nínú ?gb?? àw?n agbáb????lù aláf?s??gbá, tí w?n kò sì m? iye àw?n tó ? ?àìsàn náà.""[11] Omalu gbàgb?? pé àw?n dókítà ?gb?? agbáb????lù il?? Nàìjíríà (NFL) yíò ""dunnú"" láti káá, à ti pé ìwádìí r?? yíò j?? kí w?n ó wá ""ojúùtú sí ìsòro náà.""[10]","Dr. Bennet Omalu Bennet Omalu in 2015 Born September 1968 (age 49) Nnokwa, Idemili South , Anambara State, Nigeria Residence Lodi, California Nationality Nigerian and naturalized US citizen Alma mater University of Nigeria, Nsukka ( MBBS , 1990) University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (MPH, Epidemiology, 2004) Carnegie Mellon University (MBA, 2008) Occupation Medical Doctor, Forensic Pathologist, Professor, Medical Examiner Known for The first to discover and publish findings of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American football players while working at the Allegheny County Coroner's Office in Pittsburgh. Notable work Truth Doesn't Have a Side: My Alarming Discovery about the Danger of Contact Sports Spouse(s) Prema Mutiso Children 2 Website www .bennetomalu .com Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu (born September 1968 ) is a Nigerian-American physician, forensic pathologist , and neuropathologist who was the first to discover and publish findings of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in American football players while working at the Allegheny County Coroner's Office in Pittsburgh . He later became the chief medical examiner for San Joaquin County, California , and is a professor at the University of California, Davis , Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Education and career 3 Research on CTE 4 In popular media 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life [ edit ] Omalu was born in Nnokwa, Idemili South , Anambra in southeastern Nigeria on September 30, 1968, the sixth of seven siblings. He was born during the Nigerian Civil War , which caused his family to flee from their home in the predominantly Igbo village of Enugu-Ukwu in southeastern Nigeria. They returned two years after Omalu's birth. Omalu's mother was a seamstress and his father a civil mining engineer and community leader in Enugu-Ukwu. The family name, Omalu, is a shortened form of the surname, Onyemalukwube, which translates to ""he who knows, speak."" Education and career [ edit ] Omalu began primary school at age three and earned entrance into the Federal Government College Enugu for secondary school. He attended medical school starting at age 16 at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka . After graduating with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in June 1990, he completed a clinical internship, followed by three years of service work doctoring in the highland city of Jos . He became disillusioned with Nigeria after presidential candidate Moshood Abiola failed to win the Nigerian presidency during an inconclusive election in 1993 and began to search for scholarship opportunities in the United States. Omalu first came to Seattle , Washington in 1994 to complete an epidemiology fellowship at the University of Washington . In 1995, he left Seattle for New York City , where he joined Columbia University 's Harlem Hospital Center for a residency training program in anatomic and clinical pathology . After residency, he trained as a forensic pathologist under noted forensic consultant Cyril Wecht at the Allegheny County Coroner's Office in Pittsburgh. Omalu became particularly interested in neuropathology . Omalu holds eight advanced degrees and board certifications , later receiving fellowships in pathology and neuropathology through the University of Pittsburgh in 2000 and 2002 respectively, a Master of Public Health (MPH) in epidemiology in 2004 from University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health , and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University in 2008. Omalu served as chief medical examiner of San Joaquin County, California from 2007 until he resigned in 2017 after accusing the county's Sheriff, who doubles as Coroner, of repeatedly interfering with death investigations to protect law enforcement officers who killed people. An assistant forensic pathologist who joined the office for the opportunity to work with Omalu resigned a few days earlier citing similar allegations. Omalu is a professor in the UC Davis Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. Research on CTE [ edit ] Main articles: Concussions in American football , Concussions in sport , and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) Omalu's autopsy of former Pittsburgh Steelers player Mike Webster in 2002 led to the re-emergence of awareness of a neurologic condition associated with chronic head trauma called chronic traumatic encephalopathy , or CTE, which had been previously described in boxers and other professional athletes. Webster had died suddenly and unexpectedly following years of struggling with cognitive and intellectual impairment, destitution, mood disorders, depression, drug abuse, and suicide attempts. Although Webster's brain looked normal at autopsy, Omalu conducted independent and self-financed tissue analyses. He suspected that Webster suffered from dementia pugilistica , which is a form of dementia that is induced by repeated blows to the head, a condition found previously in boxers. Using specialized staining, Omalu found large accumulations of tau protein in Webster's brain, which affect mood, emotions, and executive functions similar to the way that clumps of beta-amyloid protein contribute to Alzheimer's disease . Together with colleagues in the Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh , Omalu published his findings in the journal Neurosurgery in 2005 in a paper titled ""Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player."" In it, Omalu called for further study of the disease: ""We herein report the first documented case of long-term neurodegenerative changes in a retired professional NFL player consistent with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This case draws attention to a disease that remains inadequately studied in the cohort of professional football players, with unknown true prevalence rates."" Omalu believed the National Football League (NFL) doctors would be ""pleased"" to read it and that his research could be used to ""fix the problem."" The paper received little attention initially, but members of the NFL's Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) Committee later called for its retraction in May 2006. Their letter requesting the retraction characterized Omalu's description of CTE as ""completely wrong"" and called the paper ""a failure."" Omalu later partnered with Julian Bailes, a neurosurgeon, concussion researcher, and then chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at West Virginia University School of Medicine , and West Virginia attorney Robert P. Fitzsimmons to found the Brain Injury Research Institute which established a brain and tissue bank. In November 2006, Omalu published a second Neurosurgery paper based on his findings in the brain of former NFL player Terry Long , who suffered from depression and committed suicide in 2005. Though Long died at 45, Omalu found tau protein concentrations more consistent with ""a 90-year-old brain with advanced Alzheimer's."" As with Mike Webster, Omalu asserted that Long's football career had caused later brain damage and depression. Omalu also found evidence of CTE in the brains of retired NFL players Justin Strzelczyk (d. 2004 at 36 years old), Andre Waters (d. 2006 at 44), and Tom McHale (d. 2008 at 45). In summer 2007, Bailes presented his and Omalu's findings to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell at a league-wide concussion summit. Bailes later said that the research was ""dismissed"". The NFL's MTBI committee chair, Dr. Ira Casson , told the press: ""In my opinion, the only scientifically valid evidence of a chronic encephalopathy in athletes is in boxers and in some Steeplechase jockeys."" The NFL did not publicly acknowledge the link between concussions sustained in football and long-term neurological effects until December 2009, seven years after Omalu's discovery. However, as late as 2013, the annual meeting of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) included a debate between two sports concussion experts regarding the validity (or existence) of CTE. Finally, in March 2016, the NFL's senior vice president for health and safety policy, Jeff Miller, testified before congress that the NFL now believed that there was a link between football and CTE. Omalu has also discovered CTE in the brains of military veterans, publishing the first documented case in a November 2011 article. Omalu found evidence of CTE in a 27-year-old Iraq War veteran who suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later committed suicide. Omalu's paper links PTSD to the CTE spectrum of diseases and calls for further study. Omalu is lead author in a study published in November 2017 that for the first time confirmed CTE in a living person. A chemical tracer , FDDNP, binds to tau proteins, detectable by positron emission tomography , and associated with the distinctive topographical distributions characteristic of CTE. Tested on at least a dozen former NFL players, it was confirmed postmortem in former linebacker Fred McNeill . In popular media [ edit ] Omalu's efforts to study and publicize CTE in the face of NFL opposition were reported in a GQ magazine article in 2009 by journalist Jeanne Marie Laskas . The article was later expanded by Laskas into a book, Concussion (Penguin Random House, 2015), and adapted into a film of the same name where Omalu, portrayed by Will Smith , is the central character. The film has been criticized for not being truthful to the actual events. Nevertheless, the movie's production led to the creation of a foundation named after Omalu to advance CTE and concussion research. In September 2016, Omalu attracted media attention when he suggested on Twitter that Hillary Clinton was possibly poisoned and advised members of her presidential campaign to ""perform toxicologic analysis of Ms. Clinton's blood."" He further tweeted, ""I do not trust Mr. Putin and Mr. Trump . With those two, all things are possible."" Omalu's book Truth Doesn't Have a Side: My Alarming Discovery about the Danger of Contact Sports was published in August 2017 by HarperCollins . He previously wrote Play Hard, Die Young: Football Dementia, Depression, and Death , published in 2008. Personal life [ edit ] Omalu is married to Prema Mutiso, originally from Kenya . They live in Lodi, California and have two children, Ashly and Mark. He is a practicing Catholic and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in February 2015. See also [ edit ] List of whistleblowers References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Official site Twitter Bennet Omalu on IMDb" 7199160244839823974,train,where is bhutan located in the world map,"Bhutan (/ buːˈtɑːn / ; འབྲུག ་ ཡུལ ་ Druk Yul), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan (འབྲུག ་ རྒྱལ ་ ཁབ ་ Druk Gyal Khap), is a landlocked country in South Asia. Located in the Eastern Himalayas, it is bordered by Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north, the Sikkim state of India and the Chumbi Valley of Tibet in the west, the Arunachal Pradesh state of India in the east, and the West Bengal and Assam states of India in the south. Bhutan is geopolitically in South Asia and is the region 's second least populous nation after the Maldives. Thimphu is its capital and largest city, while Phuntsholing is its financial center.",[],níbo ni bhutan wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Ileoba ile Bhutan (pípè /buːˈtɑːn/) je orile-ede tileyika ni Guusu Asia, to budo si apailaorun eti awon Oke Himalaya o si ni bode ni guusu, ilaorun ati iwoorun pelu orile-ede Olominira ile India ati ni ariwa pelu Tibet.']",[],['P1'],1,0,"Bhùtán Ileoba ile Bhutan je orile-ede tileyika ni Guusu Asia, to budo si apailaorun eti awon Oke Himalaya o si ni bode ni guusu, ilaorun ati iwoorun pelu orile-ede Olominira ile India ati ni ariwa pelu Tibet. Awon ara Bhutan n pe orile-ede won ni Druk Yul to tumo si ""Ile Dragon"" ni ede Tibet.[7] Awon ara Bhutan je eya eniyan Tibet. Bakanna wo tun ni esin ati asa pelu awon ara Tibet.", 4354937618649825530,train,who is called the father of indian constitution,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 -- 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination towards Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour. He was Independent India 's first law minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India.",['van gogh'],taní wọ́n ń pè ní baba òfin ilẹ̀ íńdíà,No,"['Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 – December 6, 1956), je oloye ara India, adajo, onimo eto-aje, oloselu, onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo.']","['Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar je oloye ara India, adajo, onimo eto-aje, oloselu, onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo.']",['P1'],1,0,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Ambedkar in the 1950s Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha for Bombay State In office 3 April 1952 – 6 December 1956 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – 6 October 1951 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Governor General Louis Mountbatten C. Rajagopalachari Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru Asíwájú Position established Arọ́pò Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Member of the Constituent Assembly of India In office 9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950 Constituency • Bengal Province (1946–47) • Bombay Province (1947–50) Minister of Labour in Viceroy's Executive Council In office 22 July 1942 – 20 October 1946 Governor General The Marquess of Linlithgow The Viscount Wavell Asíwájú Feroz Khan Noon Leader of the Opposition in the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Constituency Bombay City ( Byculla and Parel ) General Urban Member of the Bombay Legislative Council In office 1926–1937 Àwọn àlàyé onítòhún Pípè Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar Ọjọ́ìbí Bhiva Ramji Sakpal ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 Oṣù Kẹrin 1891 Mhow , Central India Agency , British India (now Madhya Pradesh , India ) Aláìsí 6 December 1956 (1956-12-06) (ọmọ ọdún 65) New Delhi , India Resting place Chaitya Bhoomi , Mumbai , India 19°01′30″N 72°50′02″E  /  19.02500°N 72.83389°E  / 19.02500; 72.83389 Ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú • Independent Labour Party • Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations • Republican Party of India (Àwọn) olólùfẹ́ Ramabai Ambedkar ( m. 1906; died 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948) Àwọn ọmọ Yashwant Ambedkar Relatives See Ambedkar family Residence • Rajgruha , Mumbai , Maharashtra • 26 Alipur Road , New Delhi Alma mater University of Mumbai ( B.A. , M.A. ) Columbia University ( M.A. , PhD ) London School of Economics ( M.Sc. , D.Sc. ) Gray's Inn ( Barrister-at-Law ) Profession Jurist economist academic politician social reformer anthropologist writer Known for Dalit rights movement Heading committee drafting Constitution of India Dalit Buddhist movement Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Nickname(s) Babasaheb Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 – December 6, 1956), je oloye ara India , adajo , onimo eto-aje, oloselu , onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo. O jẹ aṣáájú-ọnà ni ija fun awọn ẹtọ ti ẹhin ati imudogba awujọ ni India. O ṣe atilẹyin ẹgbẹ Dalit Buddhist o si ṣe ipolongo lodi si iyasoto ti awujọ lodi si awọn aibikita (Dalits). Ni akoko kanna, o tun jẹ ohun ti ẹtọ awọn oṣiṣẹ, awọn agbe ati awọn obinrin. Ambedkar jẹ alaga ti igbimọ ikọsilẹ ti Apejọ Agbegbe Ilu Índíà . O di Ofin akọkọ ati Minisita Idajọ ti ominira India. O jẹ baba ti ofin orileede India ati ọkan ninu awọn oludasilẹ ti Orilẹ-ede India. Ambedkar jẹ ọmọ ile-iwe ti talenti nla. O gba oye oye oye ni eto-ọrọ lati Ile-ẹkọ giga Columbia mejeeji ati Ile-iwe Iṣowo ti Ilu Lọndọnu. O tun ṣe iṣẹ iwadi ni ofin, eto-ọrọ aje ati imọ-ọrọ oloselu. Ni ọdun 1956, ti o jẹ pẹlu awọn iṣe ti kurutis ati aibikita ti o gbilẹ ni Hinduism , o gba Buddhism . Ni ọdun 1990, o ti fun ni ẹbun ni “ Bharat Ratna ” lẹhin ikú, ọla ara ilu India ti o ga julọ. Ajogunba Ambedkar gẹgẹbi oluṣatunṣe awujọ ati iṣelu ti ni ipa nla lori India ode oni. Dokita Ambedkar ni a ti yan gẹgẹbi “Indian Julọ Julọ” ninu ibo ibo kan ti iwe irohin Outlook India ṣe ni ọdun 2012. O fẹrẹ to awọn ibo miliọnu 20 ni ibo ibo yii, lẹhin eyi o jẹ apejuwe bi “Eniyan India Gbajumo Julọ”. Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bhim Rao Ambedkar"" redirects here. For the 21st-century politician, see Bhim Rao Ambedkar (politician) . Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – September 1951 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Labour Member, Viceroy's Executive Council In office 1942–1946 Preceded by Feroz Khan Noon Personal details Born ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 April 1891 Mhow , Central Provinces , British India (now in Madhya Pradesh , India ) Died 6 December 1956 (1956-12-06) (aged 65) Delhi , India Political party Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations Independent Labour Party , Republican Party of India Spouse(s) Ramabai ( m. 1906; d. 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948 ) Alma mater University of Mumbai Columbia University London School of Economics Profession Jurist, economist, politician, social reformer Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb , was an Indian jurist, economist , politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination towards Untouchables ( Dalits ), while also supporting the rights of women and labour . He was Independent India's first law minister , the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India . Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning doctorates in economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics , and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science . In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for India's independence, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism , initiating mass conversions of Dalits. In 1990, the Bharat Ratna , India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon Ambedkar. Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Education 2.1 Post-secondary education 2.2 Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay 2.3 Postgraduate studies at Columbia University 2.4 Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics 3 Opposition to Aryan invasion theory 4 Opposition to untouchability 5 Poona Pact 6 Political career 7 Drafting India's Constitution 7.1 Opposition to Article 370 7.2 Support to Uniform Civil Code 8 Economic planning 8.1 Reserve Bank of India 9 Second marriage 10 Conversion to Buddhism 11 Death 12 Legacy 13 In popular culture 14 Films 15 Works 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading Early life Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh ). He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal , an army officer who held the rank of Subedar , and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar. His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambadawe ( Mandangad taluka ) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra . Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar ( dalit ) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for the army of the British East India Company , and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment. Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon , and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; he described the situation later in his writings as ""No peon, No Water"" . He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him. Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his name as Ambadawekar in school, meaning he comes from his native village ' Ambadawe ' in Ratnagiri district. His Devrukhe Brahmin teacher, Krishna Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records. Education Post-secondary education In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School . In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, his marriage to a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai, was arranged . Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay Ambedkar as a student In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College , which was affiliated to the University of Bombay , becoming the first untouchable to do so. This success evoked much celebration among untouchables and after a public ceremony, he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend. By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife had just moved his young family and started work when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913. Postgraduate studies at Columbia University In 1913, Ambedkar moved to the United States at the age of 22. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III ( Gaekwad of Baroda ) that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in New York City . Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce . Ambedkar was influenced by John Dewey and his work on democracy. In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India — A Historic and Analytical Study , for another M.A., and finally he received his PhD in Economics in 1927 for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser . Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics Ambedkar (In center line, first from right) with his professors and friends from the London School of Economics (1916-17) In October 1916, he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn , and at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started working on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India because his scholarship from Baroda ended. His book collection was dispatched on different ship from the one he was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. He got permission to return to London to submit his thesis within four years. He returned at the first opportunity, and completed a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on ""The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution"". In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third and fourth Doctorates (LL.D, Columbia, 1952 and D.Litt., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa . Opposition to Aryan invasion theory Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory , describing it as ""so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago"" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras? . Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally being ""part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society"", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins . According to Arvind Sharma , Ambedkar noticed certain flaws in the Aryan invasion theory that were later acknowledged by western scholarship. For example, scholars now acknowledge anās in Rig Veda 5.29.10 refers to speech rather than the shape of the nose . Ambedkar anticipated this modern view by stating: The term Anasa occurs in Rig Veda V.29.10. What does the word mean? There are two interpretations. One is by Prof. Max Muller. The other is by Sayanacharya. According to Prof. Max Muller, it means 'one without nose' or 'one with a flat nose' and has as such been relied upon as a piece of evidence in support of the view that the Aryans were a separate race from the Dasyus. Sayanacharya says that it means 'mouthless,' i.e., devoid of good speech. This difference of meaning is due to difference in the correct reading of the word Anasa . Sayanacharya reads it as an-asa while Prof. Max Muller reads it as a-nasa . As read by Prof. Max Muller, it means 'without nose.' Question is : which of the two readings is the correct one? There is no reason to hold that Sayana's reading is wrong. On the other hand there is everything to suggest that it is right. In the first place, it does not make non-sense of the word. Secondly, as there is no other place where the Dasyus are described as noseless, there is no reason why the word should be read in such a manner as to give it an altogether new sense. It is only fair to read it as a synonym of Mridhravak . There is therefore no evidence in support of the conclusion that the Dasyus belonged to a different race. Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being outside India , and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not different peoples. Opposition to untouchability Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922 As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa . Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable. In 1918, he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them. Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee , which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919 . At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities. In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak ( Leader of the Silent ) in Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur i.e. Shahu IV (1874–1922). Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that ""The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor."" Samarth While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha , intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "" outcastes "", at the time referred to as depressed classes. For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak , Bahishkrit Bharat , and Equality Janta . He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925. This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India. By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against untouchability . He began with public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town. In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and ""untouchability"", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmrti . Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits . In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik . The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. Poona Pact M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed In 1932, British announced the formation of a separate electorate for ""Depressed Classes"" in the Communal Award . Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community. Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona . Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate. Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald . The text uses the term ""Depressed Classes"" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950. In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose their own candidates. Political career Ambedkar with his family members at Rajgraha in February 1934. From left – Yashwant (son), Ambedkar, Ramabai (wife), Laxmibai (wife of his elder brother, Balaram), Mukund (nephew) and Ambedkar’s favourite dog, Tobby In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Bombay , a position he held for two years. He also served as the chairman of Governing body of Ramjas College , University of Delhi, after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath. Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books. His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur , but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism . He would repeat his message at many public meetings across India. In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party , which contested the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively. Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936. It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general, and included ""a rebuke of Gandhi"" on the subject. Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Gandhi of writing in opposition of the caste system in English language papers while writing in support of it in Gujarati language papers. Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister for labour. After the Lahore resolution (1940) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400 page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan , which analysed the concept of ""Pakistan"" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite ""understand the nature of their own demand"". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan ""rocked Indian politics for a decade"". It determined the course of dialogue between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, paving the way for the Partition of India . In his work Who Were the Shudras? , Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system , as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation , although it performed poorly in the 1946 elections for Constituent Assembly of India . Later he was elected into the constituent assembly of Bengal where Muslim League was in power. Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former assistant and Congress Party candidate Narayan Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the time of the second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died. Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of India , he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment of women in Muslim society. No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained. Drafting India's Constitution Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949. Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was appointed by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution. Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'. 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.' The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class , a system akin to affirmative action . India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures. The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly. Opposition to Article 370 Ambedkar opposed Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which granted a special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and which was included against his wishes. Balraj Madhok reportedly said, Ambedkar had clearly told the Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Abdullah : ""You wish India should protect your borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it."" Then Sk. Abdullah approached Nehru, who directed him to Gopal Swami Ayyangar, who in turn approached Sardar Patel, saying Nehru had promised Sk. Abdullah the special status. Patel got the Article passed while Nehru was on a foreign tour. On the day the article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it but did participate on other articles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar. Support to Uniform Civil Code I personally do not understand why religion should be given this vast, expansive jurisdiction, so as to cover the whole of life and to prevent the legislature from encroaching upon that field. After all, what are we having this liberty for? We are having this liberty in order to reform our social system, which is so full of inequities, discriminations and other things, which conflict with our fundamental rights. “ ” During the debates in the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar demonstrated his will to reform Indian society by recommending the adoption of a Uniform Civil Code . Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951, when parliament stalled his draft of the Hindu Code Bill , which sought to enshrine gender equality in the laws of inheritance and marriage. Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha , but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) constituency by a little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 123,576. He was appointed to the upper house , of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as member till death. Economic planning B.R. Ambedkar in 1950 Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad. He argued that industrialisation and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy. He stressed investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India. According to Sharad Pawar , Ambedkar’s vision helped the government to achieve its food security goal. Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities. He calculated the loss of development caused by British rule. Reserve Bank of India Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics: Administration and Finance of the East India Company The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission. Second marriage Ambedkar with wife Savita in 1948 Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late 1940s, he suffered from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and there met Dr. Sharada Kabir, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended a companion who was a good cook and had medical knowledge to care for him. She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life. Savita Ambedkar, who was called 'Mai' or 'Maisaheb', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 at Mehrauli, New Delhi. Conversion to Buddhism Ambedkar delivering speech during mass conversion Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism , which encouraged opposition to oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he might get ""second-rate"" Sikh status, as described by scholar Stephen P. Cohen . Instead, he studied Buddhism all his life. Around 1950, he devoted his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists . While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune , Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism. He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon . In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India. He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma , in 1956 which was published posthumously. After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa , Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him. He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu , Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference. His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and ""Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India"" remained incomplete. Death Mahaparinirvana of B. R. Ambedkar Since 1948, Ambedkar suffered from diabetes . He was bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 due to medication side-effects and poor eyesight. He had been increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma , Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi. A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December, attended by half a million grieving people. A conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956, so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the same place. Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003, and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb). Ambedkar's grandson, Prakash Ambedkar , is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India, leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament . A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa , which probably dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto , which refers to the census of 1951. A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti . He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna , in 1990. On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai. Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was ""educate, organise, agitate"". Legacy People paying tribute at the central statue of Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad . See also: List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India. In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus. His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad. Ambedkar is also called Babasaheb, a Marathi phrase which roughly translates as ""Father-Lord"" (baba: father; and saheb: lord) because millions of Indians consider him a ""great liberator"". Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar , Ambedkar University Delhi is also named in his honour. A large official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the 1920s. The house is expected to be converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar. Ambedkar was voted "" the Greatest Indian "" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN . Nearly 20 million votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the initiative. Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav , a notable Indian economist, has said that Ambedkar was ""the highest educated Indian economist of all times."" Amartya Sen , said that Ambedkar is ""father of my economics"", and ""he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."" Osho , a spiritual teacher, remarked ""I have seen people who are born in the lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the untouchables, so intelligent: when India became independent, the man who made the constitution of India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is concerned – he was a world-famous authority."" President Obama addressed the Indian parliament in 2010, and referred to Dalit leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the great and revered Human Rights champion and main author of India’s constitution. Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra . His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956. Most Indian Buddhists specially Navayana followers regard him as a Bodhisattva , the Maitreya , although he never claimed it himself. Outside India, during the late 1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism. In popular culture Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar. Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 2000 with Mammootty in the lead role. This biopic was sponsored by the National Film Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment . The film was released after a long and controversial gestation. David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer, has established Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge about the social conditions in India and the life of Ambedkar. In Samvidhaan , a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal , the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar . The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi , directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title. Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic biography of Ambedkar created by Pardhan-Gond artists Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam, and writers Srividya Natarajan and S. Anand . The book depicts the experiences of untouchability faced by Ambedkar from childhood to adulthood. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books. The Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory. The chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography. Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow Google commemorated Ambedkar's 124th birthday through a homepage doodle on 14 April 2015. The doodle was featured in India, Argentina, Chile, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Films Balak Ambedkar , a 1991 Kannada film directed by Basavaraj Kesthur. Bole India Jai Bhim , 2016 Marathi film directed by Subodh Nagdeve. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film) , 2000 English film directed by Jabbar Patel. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (film) , a 2005 Kannada film directed by Sharan Kumar Kabbur. Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , 1993 Marathi film directed by Shashikant Nalavade. Bhim Garjana , a 1990 Marathi film directed by Vijay Pawar. Ramabai (film) , a 2016 Kannada film directed by M. Ranganath. Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (film) , a 2011 Marathi film directed by Prakash Jadhav. A Journey of Samyak Buddha , a 2013 Hindi film based on Dr. Ambedkar’s book, The Buddha and His Dhamma and Navayana Buddhism . Works The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Mumbai) published the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes. Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 Other Essays Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round Table Conferences , 1927–1939 Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the Pre-requisites of Communism; Revolution and Counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx Riddles in Hinduism Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Untouchables: Who Were They? And Why They Became Untouchables (New Delhi: Amrit Book Co, [1948]) The Annihilation of Caste (1936) Pakistan or the Partition of India What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the Untouchables Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46 The Buddha and his Dhamma Unpublished Writings; Ancient Indian Commerce; Notes on laws; Waiting for a Visa ; Miscellaneous notes, etc. Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill Ambedkar as Free India's First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956) The Pali Grammar Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. (Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order.) Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in Marathi Ambedkar’s Photo Album and Correspondence See also Biography portal India portal Indian religions portal Ambedkarism Chaitya Bhoomi Dalit Buddhist movement Deekshabhoomi The Greatest Indian List of civil rights leaders Social reformers of India Statue of Equality List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar References Further reading Ahir, D. C. The Legacy of Dr. Ambedkar . Delhi: B. R. Publishing. ISBN 81-7018-603-X . Ajnat, Surendra (1986). Ambedkar on Islam . Jalandhar: Buddhist Publ. Beltz, Johannes; Jondhale, S. (eds.). Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India . New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Bholay, Bhaskar Laxman (2001). Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav Ani Athavani . Nagpur: Sahitya Akademi. Fernando, W. J. Basil (2000). Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy—A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881–1956) India . Hong Kong: AHRC Publication. ISBN 962-8314-08-4 . Chakrabarty, Bidyut. ""B.R. Ambedkar"" Indian Historical Review (Dec 2016) 43#2 pp 289–315. doi : 10.1177/0376983616663417 . Gautam, C. (2000). Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar (Second ed.). London: Ambedkar Memorial Trust. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). Ambedkar and Untouchability. Analysing and Fighting Caste . New York: Columbia University Press. Kasare, M. L. Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar . New Delhi: B. I. Publications. Kuber, W. N. Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study . New Delhi: People's Publishing House. Kumar, Aishwary. Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy (2015). Kumar, Ravinder. ""Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 8.1-2 (1985): 87-101. Michael, S.M. (1999). Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India . Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5 . Nugent, Helen M. (1979) ""The communal award: The process of decision-making."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2#1-2 (1979): 112-129. Omvedt, Gail . Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India . ISBN 0-670-04991-3 . Sangharakshita, Urgyen . Ambedkar and Buddhism . ISBN 0-904766-28-4 . PDF Primary sources Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Annihilation of caste: The annotated critical edition (Verso Books, 2014)." 6158156687534962598,train,who is considered as the father of indian constitution,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 -- 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour. He was Independent India 's first law minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India.",['van gogh'],taní wọ́n kà sí bàbá òfin ilẹ̀ íńdíà,No,"['Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 – December 6, 1956), je oloye ara India, adajo, onimo eto-aje, oloselu, onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo.']","['Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar je oloye ara India, adajo, onimo eto-aje, oloselu, onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo.']",['P1'],1,0,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Ambedkar in the 1950s Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha for Bombay State In office 3 April 1952 – 6 December 1956 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – 6 October 1951 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Governor General Louis Mountbatten C. Rajagopalachari Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru Asíwájú Position established Arọ́pò Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Member of the Constituent Assembly of India In office 9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950 Constituency • Bengal Province (1946–47) • Bombay Province (1947–50) Minister of Labour in Viceroy's Executive Council In office 22 July 1942 – 20 October 1946 Governor General The Marquess of Linlithgow The Viscount Wavell Asíwájú Feroz Khan Noon Leader of the Opposition in the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Constituency Bombay City ( Byculla and Parel ) General Urban Member of the Bombay Legislative Council In office 1926–1937 Àwọn àlàyé onítòhún Pípè Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar Ọjọ́ìbí Bhiva Ramji Sakpal ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 Oṣù Kẹrin 1891 Mhow , Central India Agency , British India (now Madhya Pradesh , India ) Aláìsí 6 December 1956 (1956-12-06) (ọmọ ọdún 65) New Delhi , India Resting place Chaitya Bhoomi , Mumbai , India 19°01′30″N 72°50′02″E  /  19.02500°N 72.83389°E  / 19.02500; 72.83389 Ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú • Independent Labour Party • Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations • Republican Party of India (Àwọn) olólùfẹ́ Ramabai Ambedkar ( m. 1906; died 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948) Àwọn ọmọ Yashwant Ambedkar Relatives See Ambedkar family Residence • Rajgruha , Mumbai , Maharashtra • 26 Alipur Road , New Delhi Alma mater University of Mumbai ( B.A. , M.A. ) Columbia University ( M.A. , PhD ) London School of Economics ( M.Sc. , D.Sc. ) Gray's Inn ( Barrister-at-Law ) Profession Jurist economist academic politician social reformer anthropologist writer Known for Dalit rights movement Heading committee drafting Constitution of India Dalit Buddhist movement Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Nickname(s) Babasaheb Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 – December 6, 1956), je oloye ara India , adajo , onimo eto-aje, oloselu , onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo. O jẹ aṣáájú-ọnà ni ija fun awọn ẹtọ ti ẹhin ati imudogba awujọ ni India. O ṣe atilẹyin ẹgbẹ Dalit Buddhist o si ṣe ipolongo lodi si iyasoto ti awujọ lodi si awọn aibikita (Dalits). Ni akoko kanna, o tun jẹ ohun ti ẹtọ awọn oṣiṣẹ, awọn agbe ati awọn obinrin. Ambedkar jẹ alaga ti igbimọ ikọsilẹ ti Apejọ Agbegbe Ilu Índíà . O di Ofin akọkọ ati Minisita Idajọ ti ominira India. O jẹ baba ti ofin orileede India ati ọkan ninu awọn oludasilẹ ti Orilẹ-ede India. Ambedkar jẹ ọmọ ile-iwe ti talenti nla. O gba oye oye oye ni eto-ọrọ lati Ile-ẹkọ giga Columbia mejeeji ati Ile-iwe Iṣowo ti Ilu Lọndọnu. O tun ṣe iṣẹ iwadi ni ofin, eto-ọrọ aje ati imọ-ọrọ oloselu. Ni ọdun 1956, ti o jẹ pẹlu awọn iṣe ti kurutis ati aibikita ti o gbilẹ ni Hinduism , o gba Buddhism . Ni ọdun 1990, o ti fun ni ẹbun ni “ Bharat Ratna ” lẹhin ikú, ọla ara ilu India ti o ga julọ. Ajogunba Ambedkar gẹgẹbi oluṣatunṣe awujọ ati iṣelu ti ni ipa nla lori India ode oni. Dokita Ambedkar ni a ti yan gẹgẹbi “Indian Julọ Julọ” ninu ibo ibo kan ti iwe irohin Outlook India ṣe ni ọdun 2012. O fẹrẹ to awọn ibo miliọnu 20 ni ibo ibo yii, lẹhin eyi o jẹ apejuwe bi “Eniyan India Gbajumo Julọ”. Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","""Bhim Rao Ambedkar"" redirects here. For the 21st-century politician, see Bhim Rao Ambedkar (politician) . Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – September 1951 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Labour Member, Viceroy's Executive Council In office 1942–1946 Preceded by Feroz Khan Noon Personal details Born ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 April 1891 Mhow , Central Provinces , British India (now in Madhya Pradesh , India ) Died 6 December 1956 (1956-12-06) (aged 65) Delhi , India Political party Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations Independent Labour Party , Republican Party of India Spouse(s) Ramabai ( m. 1906; d. 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948 ) Alma mater University of Mumbai Columbia University London School of Economics Profession Jurist, economist, politician, social reformer Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb , was an Indian jurist, economist , politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables ( Dalits ), while also supporting the rights of women and labour . He was Independent India's first law minister , the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India . Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning doctorates in economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics , and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science . In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for India's independence, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism , initiating mass conversions of Dalits. In 1990, the Bharat Ratna , India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon Ambedkar. Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Education 2.1 Post-secondary education 2.2 Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay 2.3 Postgraduate studies at Columbia University 2.4 Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics 3 Opposition to Aryan invasion theory 4 Opposition to untouchability 5 Poona Pact 6 Political career 7 Drafting India's Constitution 7.1 Opposition to Article 370 7.2 Support to Uniform Civil Code 8 Economic planning 8.1 Reserve Bank of India 9 Second marriage 10 Conversion to Buddhism 11 Death 12 Legacy 13 In popular culture 14 Films 15 Works 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading Early life Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh ). He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal , an army officer who held the rank of Subedar , and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar. His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambadawe ( Mandangad taluka ) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra . Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar ( dalit ) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for the army of the British East India Company , and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment. Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon , and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; he described the situation later in his writings as ""No peon, No Water"" . He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him. Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his name as Ambadawekar in school, meaning he comes from his native village ' Ambadawe ' in Ratnagiri district. His Devrukhe Brahmin teacher, Krishna Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records. Education Post-secondary education In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School . In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, his marriage to a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai, was arranged . Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay Ambedkar as a student In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College , which was affiliated to the University of Bombay , becoming the first untouchable to do so. This success evoked much celebration among untouchables and after a public ceremony, he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend. By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife had just moved his young family and started work when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913. Postgraduate studies at Columbia University In 1913, Ambedkar moved to the United States at the age of 22. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III ( Gaekwad of Baroda ) that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in New York City . Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce . Ambedkar was influenced by John Dewey and his work on democracy. In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India — A Historic and Analytical Study , for another M.A., and finally he received his PhD in Economics in 1927 for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser . Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics Ambedkar (In center line, first from right) with his professors and friends from the London School of Economics (1916-17) In October 1916, he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn , and at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started working on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India because his scholarship from Baroda ended. His book collection was dispatched on different ship from the one he was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. He got permission to return to London to submit his thesis within four years. He returned at the first opportunity, and completed a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on ""The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution"". In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third and fourth Doctorates (LL.D, Columbia, 1952 and D.Litt., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa . Opposition to Aryan invasion theory Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory , describing it as ""so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago"" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras? . Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally being ""part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society"", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins . According to Arvind Sharma , Ambedkar noticed certain flaws in the Aryan invasion theory that were later acknowledged by western scholarship. For example, scholars now acknowledge anās in Rig Veda 5.29.10 refers to speech rather than the shape of the nose . Ambedkar anticipated this modern view by stating: The term Anasa occurs in Rig Veda V.29.10. What does the word mean? There are two interpretations. One is by Prof. Max Muller. The other is by Sayanacharya. According to Prof. Max Muller, it means 'one without nose' or 'one with a flat nose' and has as such been relied upon as a piece of evidence in support of the view that the Aryans were a separate race from the Dasyus. Sayanacharya says that it means 'mouthless,' i.e., devoid of good speech. This difference of meaning is due to difference in the correct reading of the word Anasa . Sayanacharya reads it as an-asa while Prof. Max Muller reads it as a-nasa . As read by Prof. Max Muller, it means 'without nose.' Question is : which of the two readings is the correct one? There is no reason to hold that Sayana's reading is wrong. On the other hand there is everything to suggest that it is right. In the first place, it does not make non-sense of the word. Secondly, as there is no other place where the Dasyus are described as noseless, there is no reason why the word should be read in such a manner as to give it an altogether new sense. It is only fair to read it as a synonym of Mridhravak . There is therefore no evidence in support of the conclusion that the Dasyus belonged to a different race. Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being outside India , and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not different peoples. Opposition to untouchability Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922 As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa . Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable. In 1918, he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them. Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee , which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919 . At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities. In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak ( Leader of the Silent ) in Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur i.e. Shahu IV (1874–1922). Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that ""The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor."" Samarth While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha , intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "" outcastes "", at the time referred to as depressed classes. For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak , Bahishkrit Bharat , and Equality Janta . He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925. This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India. By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against untouchability . He began with public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town. In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and ""untouchability"", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmrti . Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits . In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik . The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. Poona Pact M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed In 1932, British announced the formation of a separate electorate for ""Depressed Classes"" in the Communal Award . Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community. Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona . Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate. Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald . The text uses the term ""Depressed Classes"" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950. In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose their own candidates. Political career Ambedkar with his family members at Rajgraha in February 1934. From left – Yashwant (son), Ambedkar, Ramabai (wife), Laxmibai (wife of his elder brother, Balaram), Mukund (nephew) and Ambedkar’s favourite dog, Tobby In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Bombay , a position he held for two years. He also served as the chairman of Governing body of Ramjas College , University of Delhi, after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath. Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books. His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur , but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism . He would repeat his message at many public meetings across India. In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party , which contested the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively. Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936. It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general, and included ""a rebuke of Gandhi"" on the subject. Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Gandhi of writing in opposition of the caste system in English language papers while writing in support of it in Gujarati language papers. Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister for labour. After the Lahore resolution (1940) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400 page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan , which analysed the concept of ""Pakistan"" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite ""understand the nature of their own demand"". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan ""rocked Indian politics for a decade"". It determined the course of dialogue between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, paving the way for the Partition of India . In his work Who Were the Shudras? , Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system , as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation , although it performed poorly in the 1946 elections for Constituent Assembly of India . Later he was elected into the constituent assembly of Bengal where Muslim League was in power. Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former assistant and Congress Party candidate Narayan Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the time of the second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died. Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of India , he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment of women in Muslim society. No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained. Drafting India's Constitution Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949. Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was appointed by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution. Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'. 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.' The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class , a system akin to affirmative action . India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures. The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly. Opposition to Article 370 Ambedkar opposed Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which granted a special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and which was included against his wishes. Balraj Madhok reportedly said, Ambedkar had clearly told the Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Abdullah : ""You wish India should protect your borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it."" Then Sk. Abdullah approached Nehru, who directed him to Gopal Swami Ayyangar, who in turn approached Sardar Patel, saying Nehru had promised Sk. Abdullah the special status. Patel got the Article passed while Nehru was on a foreign tour. On the day the article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it but did participate on other articles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar. Support to Uniform Civil Code I personally do not understand why religion should be given this vast, expansive jurisdiction, so as to cover the whole of life and to prevent the legislature from encroaching upon that field. After all, what are we having this liberty for? We are having this liberty in order to reform our social system, which is so full of inequities, discriminations and other things, which conflict with our fundamental rights. “ ” During the debates in the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar demonstrated his will to reform Indian society by recommending the adoption of a Uniform Civil Code . Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951, when parliament stalled his draft of the Hindu Code Bill , which sought to enshrine gender equality in the laws of inheritance and marriage. Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha , but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) constituency by a little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 123,576. He was appointed to the upper house , of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as member till death. Economic planning B.R. Ambedkar in 1950 Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad. He argued that industrialisation and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy. He stressed investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India. According to Sharad Pawar , Ambedkar’s vision helped the government to achieve its food security goal. Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities. He calculated the loss of development caused by British rule. Reserve Bank of India Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics: Administration and Finance of the East India Company The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission. Second marriage Ambedkar with wife Savita in 1948 Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late 1940s, he suffered from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and there met Dr. Sharada Kabir, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended a companion who was a good cook and had medical knowledge to care for him. She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life. Savita Ambedkar, who was called 'Mai' or 'Maisaheb', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 at Mehrauli, New Delhi. Conversion to Buddhism Ambedkar delivering speech during mass conversion Part of a series on Buddhist philosophy Schools Vibhajyavāda Theravāda Sarvastivada Sautrantika Pudgalavada Lokottaravāda Prajñāpāramitā Madhyamaka Yogācāra Pramāṇavāda Vajrayana Tiāntāi Huáyán Zen/Chán Dzogchen Themes Logico-epistemology Buddhist Ethics Buddhist psychology Abhidharma Not-self Interdependent origination Emptiness Karma Middle Way Two truths doctrine Suffering Buddha-nature Nirvana Buddhist modernism Pre-modern philosophers Moggaliputta-Tissa Nagarjuna Aryadeva Harivarman Vasubandhu Asanga Buddhaghosa Dhammapala Dignaga Dharmakirti Buddhapālita Bhāviveka Dharmapala of Nalanda Chandrakirti Shantideva Jizang Xuanzang Zhiyi Fazang Guifeng Zongmi Wonhyo Jinul Kūkai Dogen Jñānagarbha Śāntarakṣita Atiśa Jñanasrimitra Ratnakīrti Ratnākaraśānti Abhayakaragupta Dolpopa Tsongkhapa Longchenpa Gorampa Sakya Chokden Modern philosophers Anagarika Dharmapala B. R. Ambedkar Taixu Kitaro Nishida Keiji Nishitani Hajime Tanabe Masao Abe D. T. Suzuki K. N. Jayatilleke David Kalupahana Ñāṇananda Buddhadasa Prayudh Payutto Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo Jamgon Kongtrul Ju Mipham Gendün Chöphel 14th Dalai Lama Buddhism portal Philosophy portal v t e Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism , which encouraged opposition to oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he might get ""second-rate"" Sikh status, as described by scholar Stephen P. Cohen . Instead, he studied Buddhism all his life. Around 1950, he devoted his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists . While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune , Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism. He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon . In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India. He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma , in 1956 which was published posthumously. After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa , Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him. He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu , Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference. His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and ""Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India"" remained incomplete. Death Mahaparinirvana of B. R. Ambedkar Since 1948, Ambedkar suffered from diabetes . He was bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 due to medication side-effects and poor eyesight. He had been increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma , Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi. A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December, attended by half a million grieving people. A conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956, so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the same place. Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003, and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb). Ambedkar's grandson, Prakash Ambedkar , is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India, leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament . A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa , which probably dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto , which refers to the census of 1951. A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti . He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna , in 1990. On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai. Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was ""educate, organise, agitate"". Legacy People paying tribute at the central statue of Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad . See also: List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India. In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus. His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad. Ambedkar is also called Babasaheb, a Marathi phrase which roughly translates as ""Father-Lord"" (baba: father; and saheb: lord) because millions of Indians consider him a ""great liberator"". Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar , Ambedkar University Delhi is also named in his honour. A large official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the 1920s. The house is expected to be converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar. Ambedkar was voted "" the Greatest Indian "" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN . Nearly 20 million votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the initiative. Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav , a notable Indian economist, has said that Ambedkar was ""the highest educated Indian economist of all times."" Amartya Sen , said that Ambedkar is ""father of my economics"", and ""he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."" Osho , a spiritual teacher, remarked ""I have seen people who are born in the lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the untouchables, so intelligent: when India became independent, the man who made the constitution of India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is concerned – he was a world-famous authority."" President Obama addressed the Indian parliament in 2010, and referred to Dalit leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the great and revered Human Rights champion and main author of India’s constitution. Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra . His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956. Most Indian Buddhists specially Navayana followers regard him as a Bodhisattva , the Maitreya , although he never claimed it himself. Outside India, during the late 1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism. In popular culture Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar. Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 2000 with Mammootty in the lead role. This biopic was sponsored by the National Film Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment . The film was released after a long and controversial gestation. David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer, has established Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge about the social conditions in India and the life of Ambedkar. In Samvidhaan , a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal , the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar . The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi , directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title. Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic biography of Ambedkar created by Pardhan-Gond artists Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam, and writers Srividya Natarajan and S. Anand . The book depicts the experiences of untouchability faced by Ambedkar from childhood to adulthood. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books. The Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory. The chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography. Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow Google commemorated Ambedkar's 124th birthday through a homepage doodle on 14 April 2015. The doodle was featured in India, Argentina, Chile, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Films Balak Ambedkar , a 1991 Kannada film directed by Basavaraj Kesthur. Bole India Jai Bhim , 2016 Marathi film directed by Subodh Nagdeve. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film) , 2000 English film directed by Jabbar Patel. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (film) , a 2005 Kannada film directed by Sharan Kumar Kabbur. Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , 1993 Marathi film directed by Shashikant Nalavade. Bhim Garjana , a 1990 Marathi film directed by Vijay Pawar. Ramabai (film) , a 2016 Kannada film directed by M. Ranganath. Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (film) , a 2011 Marathi film directed by Prakash Jadhav. A Journey of Samyak Buddha , a 2013 Hindi film based on Dr. Ambedkar’s book, The Buddha and His Dhamma and Navayana Buddhism . Works The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Mumbai) published the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes. Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 Other Essays Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round Table Conferences , 1927–1939 Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the Pre-requisites of Communism; Revolution and Counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx Riddles in Hinduism Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Untouchables: Who Were They? And Why They Became Untouchables (New Delhi: Amrit Book Co, [1948]) The Annihilation of Caste (1936) Pakistan or the Partition of India What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the Untouchables Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46 The Buddha and his Dhamma Unpublished Writings; Ancient Indian Commerce; Notes on laws; Waiting for a Visa ; Miscellaneous notes, etc. Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill Ambedkar as Free India's First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956) The Pali Grammar Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. (Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order.) Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in Marathi Ambedkar’s Photo Album and Correspondence See also Biography portal India portal Indian religions portal Ambedkarism Chaitya Bhoomi Dalit Buddhist movement Deekshabhoomi The Greatest Indian List of civil rights leaders Social reformers of India Statue of Equality List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar References Further reading Ahir, D. C. The Legacy of Dr. Ambedkar . Delhi: B. R. Publishing. ISBN 81-7018-603-X . Ajnat, Surendra (1986). Ambedkar on Islam . Jalandhar: Buddhist Publ. Beltz, Johannes; Jondhale, S. (eds.). Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India . New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Bholay, Bhaskar Laxman (2001). Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav Ani Athavani . Nagpur: Sahitya Akademi. Fernando, W. J. Basil (2000). Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy—A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881–1956) India . Hong Kong: AHRC Publication. ISBN 962-8314-08-4 . Chakrabarty, Bidyut. ""B.R. Ambedkar"" Indian Historical Review (Dec 2016) 43#2 pp 289–315. doi : 10.1177/0376983616663417 . Gautam, C. (2000). Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar (Second ed.). London: Ambedkar Memorial Trust. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). Ambedkar and Untouchability. Analysing and Fighting Caste . New York: Columbia University Press. Kasare, M. L. Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar . New Delhi: B. I. Publications. Kuber, W. N. Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study . New Delhi: People's Publishing House. Kumar, Aishwary. Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy (2015). Kumar, Ravinder. ""Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 8.1-2 (1985): 87-101. Michael, S.M. (1999). Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India . Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5 . Nugent, Helen M. (1979) ""The communal award: The process of decision-making."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2#1-2 (1979): 112-129. Omvedt, Gail . Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India . ISBN 0-670-04991-3 . Sangharakshita, Urgyen . Ambedkar and Buddhism . ISBN 0-904766-28-4 . PDF Primary sources Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Annihilation of caste: The annotated critical edition (Verso Books, 2014)." -8408678714835356650,train,who is the father of the constitution of india,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 -- 6 December 1956), popularly known as Baba Saheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour. He was Independent India 's first law minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India.",['23 february 1908'],ta ni bàbá òfin ilẹ̀ íńdíà,No,['O jẹ baba ti ofin orileede India ati ọkan ninu awọn oludasilẹ ti Orilẹ-ede India.'],['Bhimrao Ramji jẹ baba ti ofin orileede India ati ọkan ninu awọn oludasilẹ ti Orilẹ-ede India.'],['P1'],1,0,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Ambedkar in the 1950s Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha for Bombay State In office 3 April 1952 – 6 December 1956 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – 6 October 1951 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Governor General Louis Mountbatten C. Rajagopalachari Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru Asíwájú Position established Arọ́pò Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Member of the Constituent Assembly of India In office 9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950 Constituency • Bengal Province (1946–47) • Bombay Province (1947–50) Minister of Labour in Viceroy's Executive Council In office 22 July 1942 – 20 October 1946 Governor General The Marquess of Linlithgow The Viscount Wavell Asíwájú Feroz Khan Noon Leader of the Opposition in the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Constituency Bombay City ( Byculla and Parel ) General Urban Member of the Bombay Legislative Council In office 1926–1937 Àwọn àlàyé onítòhún Pípè Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar Ọjọ́ìbí Bhiva Ramji Sakpal ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 Oṣù Kẹrin 1891 Mhow , Central India Agency , British India (now Madhya Pradesh , India ) Aláìsí 6 December 1956 (1956-12-06) (ọmọ ọdún 65) New Delhi , India Resting place Chaitya Bhoomi , Mumbai , India 19°01′30″N 72°50′02″E  /  19.02500°N 72.83389°E  / 19.02500; 72.83389 Ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú • Independent Labour Party • Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations • Republican Party of India (Àwọn) olólùfẹ́ Ramabai Ambedkar ( m. 1906; died 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948) Àwọn ọmọ Yashwant Ambedkar Relatives See Ambedkar family Residence • Rajgruha , Mumbai , Maharashtra • 26 Alipur Road , New Delhi Alma mater University of Mumbai ( B.A. , M.A. ) Columbia University ( M.A. , PhD ) London School of Economics ( M.Sc. , D.Sc. ) Gray's Inn ( Barrister-at-Law ) Profession Jurist economist academic politician social reformer anthropologist writer Known for Dalit rights movement Heading committee drafting Constitution of India Dalit Buddhist movement Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Nickname(s) Babasaheb Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 – December 6, 1956), je oloye ara India , adajo , onimo eto-aje, oloselu , onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo. O jẹ aṣáájú-ọnà ni ija fun awọn ẹtọ ti ẹhin ati imudogba awujọ ni India. O ṣe atilẹyin ẹgbẹ Dalit Buddhist o si ṣe ipolongo lodi si iyasoto ti awujọ lodi si awọn aibikita (Dalits). Ni akoko kanna, o tun jẹ ohun ti ẹtọ awọn oṣiṣẹ, awọn agbe ati awọn obinrin. Ambedkar jẹ alaga ti igbimọ ikọsilẹ ti Apejọ Agbegbe Ilu Índíà . O di Ofin akọkọ ati Minisita Idajọ ti ominira India. O jẹ baba ti ofin orileede India ati ọkan ninu awọn oludasilẹ ti Orilẹ-ede India. Ambedkar jẹ ọmọ ile-iwe ti talenti nla. O gba oye oye oye ni eto-ọrọ lati Ile-ẹkọ giga Columbia mejeeji ati Ile-iwe Iṣowo ti Ilu Lọndọnu. O tun ṣe iṣẹ iwadi ni ofin, eto-ọrọ aje ati imọ-ọrọ oloselu. Ni ọdun 1956, ti o jẹ pẹlu awọn iṣe ti kurutis ati aibikita ti o gbilẹ ni Hinduism , o gba Buddhism . Ni ọdun 1990, o ti fun ni ẹbun ni “ Bharat Ratna ” lẹhin ikú, ọla ara ilu India ti o ga julọ. Ajogunba Ambedkar gẹgẹbi oluṣatunṣe awujọ ati iṣelu ti ni ipa nla lori India ode oni. Dokita Ambedkar ni a ti yan gẹgẹbi “Indian Julọ Julọ” ninu ibo ibo kan ti iwe irohin Outlook India ṣe ni ọdun 2012. O fẹrẹ to awọn ibo miliọnu 20 ni ibo ibo yii, lẹhin eyi o jẹ apejuwe bi “Eniyan India Gbajumo Julọ”. Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – September 1951 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Labour Member, Viceroy's Executive Council In office 1942–1946 Preceded by Feroz Khan Noon Personal details Born ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 April 1891 Mhow , Central Provinces , British India (now in Madhya Pradesh , India ) Died 6 December 1956 ( 1956-12-06 ) (aged 65) Delhi , India Political party Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations Independent Labour Party , Republican Party of India Spouse(s) Ramabai ( m. 1906; d. 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948 ) Alma mater University of Mumbai Columbia University London School of Economics Profession Jurist, economist, politician, social reformer Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Baba Saheb , was an Indian jurist, economist , politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables ( Dalits ), while also supporting the rights of women and labour . He was Independent India's first law minister , the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India . Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning doctorates in economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics , and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science . In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for India's independence, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism , initiating mass conversions of Dalits. In 1990, the Bharat Ratna , India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon Ambedkar. Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Education 2.1 Post-secondary education 2.2 Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay 2.3 Postgraduate studies at Columbia University 2.4 Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics 3 Opposition to Aryan invasion theory 4 Opposition to untouchability 5 Poona Pact 6 Political career 7 Drafting India's Constitution 7.1 Opposition to Article 370 7.2 Support to Uniform Civil Code 8 Economic planning 8.1 Reserve Bank of India 9 Second marriage 10 Conversion to Buddhism 11 Death 12 Legacy 13 Films 14 In popular culture 15 Works 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading Early life Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh ). He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal , an army officer who held the rank of Subedar , and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar. His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambadawe ( Mandangad taluka ) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra . Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar ( dalit ) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for the army of the British East India Company , and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment. Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon , and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; he described the situation later in his writings as ""No peon, No Water"" . He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him. Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his name as Ambadawekar in school, meaning he comes from his native village ' Ambadawe ' in Ratnagiri district. His Devrukhe Brahmin teacher, Krishna Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records. Education Post-secondary education In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School . In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, his marriage to a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai, was arranged . Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay Ambedkar as a student In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College , which was affiliated to the University of Bombay , becoming the first untouchable to do so. This success evoked much celebration among untouchables and after a public ceremony, he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend. By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife had just moved his young family and started work when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913. Postgraduate studies at Columbia University In 1913, Ambedkar moved to the United States at the age of 22. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III ( Gaekwad of Baroda ) that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in New York City . Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce . Ambedkar was influenced by John Dewey and his work on democracy. In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India — A Historic and Analytical Study , for another M.A., and finally he received his PhD in Economics in 1927 for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser . Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics Ambedkar (In center line, first from right) with his professors and friends from the London School of Economics (1916-17) In October 1916, he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn , and at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started working on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India because his scholarship from Baroda ended. His book collection was dispatched on different ship from the one he was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. He got permission to return to London to submit his thesis within four years. He returned at the first opportunity, and completed a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on ""The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution"". In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third and fourth Doctorates (LL.D, Columbia, 1952 and D.Litt., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa . Opposition to Aryan invasion theory Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory , describing it as ""so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago"" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras? . Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally being ""part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society"", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins . According to Arvind Sharma , Ambedkar noticed certain flaws in the Aryan invasion theory that were later acknowledged by western scholarship. For example, scholars now acknowledge anās in Rig Veda 5.29.10 refers to speech rather than the shape of the nose . Ambedkar anticipated this modern view by stating: The term Anasa occurs in Rig Veda V.29.10. What does the word mean? There are two interpretations. One is by Prof. Max Muller. The other is by Sayanacharya. According to Prof. Max Muller, it means 'one without nose' or 'one with a flat nose' and has as such been relied upon as a piece of evidence in support of the view that the Aryans were a separate race from the Dasyus. Sayanacharya says that it means 'mouthless,' i.e., devoid of good speech. This difference of meaning is due to difference in the correct reading of the word Anasa . Sayanacharya reads it as an-asa while Prof. Max Muller reads it as a-nasa . As read by Prof. Max Muller, it means 'without nose.' Question is : which of the two readings is the correct one? There is no reason to hold that Sayana's reading is wrong. On the other hand there is everything to suggest that it is right. In the first place, it does not make non-sense of the word. Secondly, as there is no other place where the Dasyus are described as noseless, there is no reason why the word should be read in such a manner as to give it an altogether new sense. It is only fair to read it as a synonym of Mridhravak . There is therefore no evidence in support of the conclusion that the Dasyus belonged to a different race. Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being outside India , and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not different peoples. Opposition to untouchability Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922 As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa . Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable. In 1918, he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them. Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee , which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919 . At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities. In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak ( Leader of the Silent ) in Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur i.e. Shahu IV (1874–1922). Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that ""The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor. Samarth While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha , intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "" outcastes "", at the time referred to as depressed classes. For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak , Bahishkrit Bharat , and Equality Janta . He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925. This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India. By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against untouchability . He began with public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town. In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and ""untouchability"", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmrti . Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits . In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik . The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. Poona Pact M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed In 1932, British announced the formation of a separate electorate for ""Depressed Classes"" in the Communal Award . Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community. Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona . Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate. Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald . The text uses the term ""Depressed Classes"" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950. In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose their own candidates. Political career Ambedkar with his family members at Rajgraha in February 1934. From left – Yashwant (son), Ambedkar, Ramabai (wife), Laxmibai (wife of his elder brother, Balaram), Mukund (nephew) and Ambedkar’s favourite dog, Tobby In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Bombay , a position he held for two years. He also served as the chairman of Governing body of Ramjas College , University of Delhi, after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath. Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books. His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur , but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism . He would repeat his message at many public meetings across India. In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party , which contested the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively. Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936. It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general, and included ""a rebuke of Gandhi"" on the subject. Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Gandhi of writing in opposition of the caste system in English language papers while writing in support of it in Gujarati language papers. Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister for labour. After the Lahore resolution (1940) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400 page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan , which analysed the concept of ""Pakistan"" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite ""understand the nature of their own demand"". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan ""rocked Indian politics for a decade"". It determined the course of dialogue between the Muslim League and the Indian Naitonal Congress, paving the way for the Partition of India . In his work Who Were the Shudras? , Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system , as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation , although it performed poorly in the 1946 elections for Constituent Assembly of India . Later he was elected into the constituent assembly of Bengal where Muslim League was in power. Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former assistant and Congress Party candidate Narayan Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the time of the second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died. Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of India , he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment of women in Muslim society. No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained. Drafting India's Constitution Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949. Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was appointed by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution. Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'. 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.' The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class , a system akin to affirmative action . India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures. The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly. Opposition to Article 370 Ambedkar opposed Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which granted a special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and which was included against his wishes. Balraj Madhok reportedly said, Ambedkar had clearly told the Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Abdullah : ""You wish India should protect your borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it."" Then Sk. Abdullah approached Nehru, who directed him to Gopal Swami Ayyangar, who in turn approached Sardar Patel, saying Nehru had promised Sk. Abdullah the special status. Patel got the Article passed while Nehru was on a foreign tour. On the day the article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it but did participate on other articles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar. Support to Uniform Civil Code I personally do not understand why religion should be given this vast, expansive jurisdiction, so as to cover the whole of life and to prevent the legislature from encroaching upon that field. After all, what are we having this liberty for? We are having this liberty in order to reform our social system, which is so full of inequities, discriminations and other things, which conflict with our fundamental rights. “ ” During the debates in the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar demonstrated his will to reform Indian society by recommending the adoption of a Uniform Civil Code . Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951, when parliament stalled his draft of the Hindu Code Bill , which sought to enshrine gender equality in the laws of inheritance and marriage. Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha , but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) constituency by a little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 123,576. He was appointed to the upper house , of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as member till death. Economic planning B.R. Ambedkar in 1950 Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad. He argued that industrialisation and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy. He stressed investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India. According to Sharad Pawar , Ambedkar’s vision helped the government to achieve its food security goal. Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities. He calculated the loss of development caused by British rule. Reserve Bank of India Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics: Administration and Finance of the East India Company The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission. Second marriage Ambedkar with wife Savita in 1948 Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late 1940s, he suffered from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and there met Dr. Sharada Kabir, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended a companion who was a good cook and had medical knowledge to care for him. She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life. Savita Ambedkar, who was called 'Mai' or 'Maisaheb', died on May 29, 2003, aged 93 at Mehrauli, New Delhi. Conversion to Buddhism Ambedkar delivering speech during mass conversion Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism , which encouraged opposition to oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he might get ""second-rate"" Sikh status, as described by scholar Stephen P. Cohen . Instead, he studied Buddhism all his life. Around 1950, he devoted his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists . While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune , Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism. He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon . In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India. He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma , in 1956 which was published posthumously. After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa , Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him. He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu , Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference. His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and ""Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India"" remained incomplete. Death Mahaparinirvana of B. R. Ambedkar Since 1948, Ambedkar suffered from diabetes . He was bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 due to medication side-effects and poor eyesight. He had been increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma , Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi. A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December, attended by half a million grieving people. A conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956, so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the same place. Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003, and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb). Ambedkar's grandson, Prakash Ambedkar , is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India, leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament . A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa , which probably dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto , which refers to the census of 1951. A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti . He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna , in 1990. On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai. Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was ""educate, agitate, organise!"". Legacy People paying tribute at the central statue of Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad . Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India. In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus. His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad. Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur , otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport . Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar , Ambedkar University Delhi is also named in his honour. A large official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the 1920s. The house is expected to be converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar. Ambedkar was voted "" the Greatest Indian "" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN . Nearly 20 million votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the initiative. Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav , a notable Indian economist, has said that Ambedkar was ""the highest educated Indian economist of all times."" Amartya Sen , said that Ambedkar is ""father of my economics"", and ""he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."" Osho , a spiritual teacher, remarked ""I have seen people who are born in the lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the untouchables, so intelligent: when India became independent, the man who made the constitution of India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is concerned – he was a world-famous authority."" President Obama addressed the Indian parliament in 2010, and referred to Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the great and revered Human Rights champion and main author of India’s constitution. Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra . His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956. Most Indian Buddhists specially Navayana followers regard him as a Bodhisattva , the Maitreya , although he never claimed it himself. Outside India, during the late 1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism. Films Balak Ambedkar , a 1991 Kannada film directed by Basavaraj Kesthur. Bole India Jai Bhim , 2016 Marathi film directed by Subodh Nagdeve. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film) , 2000 English film directed by Jabbar Patel. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (film) , a 2005 Kannada film directed by Sharan Kumar Kabbur. Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , 1993 Marathi film directed by Shashikant Nalavade. Bhim Garjana , a 1990 Marathi film directed by Vijay Pawar. Ramabai (film) , a 2016 Kannada film directed by M. Ranganath. Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (film) , a 2011 Marathi film directed by Prakash Jadhav. A Journey of Samyak Buddha , a 2013 Hindi film based on Dr. Ambedkar’s book, The Buddha and His Dhamma and Navayana Buddhism . In popular culture Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar. Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 2000 with Mammootty in the lead role. This biopic was sponsored by the National Film Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment . The film was released after a long and controversial gestation. David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer, has established Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge about the social conditions in India and the life of Ambedkar. In Samvidhaan , a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal , the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar . The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi , directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title. Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic biography of Ambedkar created by Pardhan-Gond artists Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam, and writers Srividya Natarajan and S. Anand . The book depicts the experiences of untouchability faced by Ambedkar from childhood to adulthood. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books. The Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory. The chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography. Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow Google commemorated Ambedkar's 124th birthday through a homepage doodle on 14 April 2015. The doodle was featured in India, Argentina, Chile, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Works The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Mumbai) published the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes. Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 Other Essays Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round Table Conferences , 1927–1939 Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the Pre-requisites of Communism; Revolution and Counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx Riddles in Hinduism Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Untouchables Who Were They And Why They Became Untouchables ? The Annihilation of Caste (1936) Pakistan or the Partition of India What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the Untouchables Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46 The Buddha and his Dhamma Unpublished Writings; Ancient Indian Commerce; Notes on laws; Waiting for a Visa ; Miscellaneous notes, etc. Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill Ambedkar as Free India's First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956) The Pali Grammar Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. (Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order.) Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in Marathi Ambedkar’s Photo Album and Correspondence See also Biography portal India portal Indian religions portal Chaitya Bhoomi Dalit Buddhist movement Deekshabhoomi The Greatest Indian List of civil rights leaders Social reformers of India Statue of Equality References Further reading Ahir, D. C. The Legacy of Dr. Ambedkar . Delhi: B. R. Publishing. ISBN 81-7018-603-X . Ajnat, Surendra (1986). Ambedkar on Islam . Jalandhar: Buddhist Publ. Beltz, Johannes; Jondhale, S. (eds.). Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India . New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Bholay, Bhaskar Laxman (2001). Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav Ani Athavani . Nagpur: Sahitya Akademi. Fernando, W. J. Basil (2000). Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy—A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881–1956) India . Hong Kong: AHRC Publication. ISBN 962-8314-08-4 . Chakrabarty, Bidyut. ""B.R. Ambedkar"" Indian Historical Review (Dec 2016) 43#2 pp 289–315. doi : 10.1177/0376983616663417 . Gautam, C. (2000). Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar (Second ed.). London: Ambedkar Memorial Trust. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). Ambedkar and Untouchability. Analysing and Fighting Caste . New York: Columbia University Press. Kasare, M. L. Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar . New Delhi: B. I. Publications. Kuber, W. N. Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study . New Delhi: People's Publishing House. Kumar, Aishwary. Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy (2015). Kumar, Ravinder. ""Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 8.1-2 (1985): 87-101. Michael, S.M. (1999). Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India . Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5 . Nugent, Helen M. (1979) ""The communal award: The process of decision-making."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2#1-2 (1979): 112-129. Omvedt, Gail . Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India . ISBN 0-670-04991-3 . Sangharakshita, Urgyen . Ambedkar and Buddhism . ISBN 0-904766-28-4 . PDF Primary sources Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Annihilation of caste: The annotated critical edition (Verso Books, 2014)." 3432066488018154522,validation,who is known as the father of indian constitution,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 -- 6 December 1956), popularly known as Baba Saheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour. He was Independent India 's first law minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India.",['bhimrao ramji ambedkar'],ẹni tí wọ́n mọ̀ sí baba òfin ilẹ̀ íńdíà,No,"['Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 – December 6, 1956), je oloye ara India, adajo, onimo eto-aje, oloselu, onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo.']",['Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ni ẹni tí wọ́n mọ̀ sí baba òfin ilẹ̀ íńdíà'],['P1'],1,0,"Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Ambedkar in the 1950s Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha for Bombay State In office 3 April 1952 – 6 December 1956 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – 6 October 1951 Ààrẹ Rajendra Prasad Governor General Louis Mountbatten C. Rajagopalachari Alákóso Àgbà Jawaharlal Nehru Asíwájú Position established Arọ́pò Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Member of the Constituent Assembly of India In office 9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950 Constituency • Bengal Province (1946–47) • Bombay Province (1947–50) Minister of Labour in Viceroy's Executive Council In office 22 July 1942 – 20 October 1946 Governor General The Marquess of Linlithgow The Viscount Wavell Asíwájú Feroz Khan Noon Leader of the Opposition in the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly In office 1937–1942 Constituency Bombay City ( Byculla and Parel ) General Urban Member of the Bombay Legislative Council In office 1926–1937 Àwọn àlàyé onítòhún Pípè Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar Ọjọ́ìbí Bhiva Ramji Sakpal ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 Oṣù Kẹrin 1891 Mhow , Central India Agency , British India (now Madhya Pradesh , India ) Aláìsí 6 December 1956 (1956-12-06) (ọmọ ọdún 65) New Delhi , India Resting place Chaitya Bhoomi , Mumbai , India 19°01′30″N 72°50′02″E  /  19.02500°N 72.83389°E  / 19.02500; 72.83389 Ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú • Independent Labour Party • Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations • Republican Party of India (Àwọn) olólùfẹ́ Ramabai Ambedkar ( m. 1906; died 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948) Àwọn ọmọ Yashwant Ambedkar Relatives See Ambedkar family Residence • Rajgruha , Mumbai , Maharashtra • 26 Alipur Road , New Delhi Alma mater University of Mumbai ( B.A. , M.A. ) Columbia University ( M.A. , PhD ) London School of Economics ( M.Sc. , D.Sc. ) Gray's Inn ( Barrister-at-Law ) Profession Jurist economist academic politician social reformer anthropologist writer Known for Dalit rights movement Heading committee drafting Constitution of India Dalit Buddhist movement Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Nickname(s) Babasaheb Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 – December 6, 1956), je oloye ara India , adajo , onimo eto-aje, oloselu , onkọwe, onimoye ati alatunse awujo. O jẹ aṣáájú-ọnà ni ija fun awọn ẹtọ ti ẹhin ati imudogba awujọ ni India. O ṣe atilẹyin ẹgbẹ Dalit Buddhist o si ṣe ipolongo lodi si iyasoto ti awujọ lodi si awọn aibikita (Dalits). Ni akoko kanna, o tun jẹ ohun ti ẹtọ awọn oṣiṣẹ, awọn agbe ati awọn obinrin. Ambedkar jẹ alaga ti igbimọ ikọsilẹ ti Apejọ Agbegbe Ilu Índíà . O di Ofin akọkọ ati Minisita Idajọ ti ominira India. O jẹ baba ti ofin orileede India ati ọkan ninu awọn oludasilẹ ti Orilẹ-ede India. Ambedkar jẹ ọmọ ile-iwe ti talenti nla. O gba oye oye oye ni eto-ọrọ lati Ile-ẹkọ giga Columbia mejeeji ati Ile-iwe Iṣowo ti Ilu Lọndọnu. O tun ṣe iṣẹ iwadi ni ofin, eto-ọrọ aje ati imọ-ọrọ oloselu. Ni ọdun 1956, ti o jẹ pẹlu awọn iṣe ti kurutis ati aibikita ti o gbilẹ ni Hinduism , o gba Buddhism . Ni ọdun 1990, o ti fun ni ẹbun ni “ Bharat Ratna ” lẹhin ikú, ọla ara ilu India ti o ga julọ. Ajogunba Ambedkar gẹgẹbi oluṣatunṣe awujọ ati iṣelu ti ni ipa nla lori India ode oni. Dokita Ambedkar ni a ti yan gẹgẹbi “Indian Julọ Julọ” ninu ibo ibo kan ti iwe irohin Outlook India ṣe ni ọdun 2012. O fẹrẹ to awọn ibo miliọnu 20 ni ibo ibo yii, lẹhin eyi o jẹ apejuwe bi “Eniyan India Gbajumo Julọ”. Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]","Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 1st Minister of Law and Justice In office 15 August 1947 – September 1951 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Charu Chandra Biswas Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 Labour Member, Viceroy's Executive Council In office 1942–1946 Preceded by Feroz Khan Noon Personal details Born ( 1891-04-14 ) 14 April 1891 Mhow , Central Provinces , British India (now in Madhya Pradesh , India ) Died 6 December 1956 ( 1956-12-06 ) (aged 65) Delhi , India Political party Scheduled Castes Federation Other political affiliations Independent Labour Party , Republican Party of India Spouse(s) Ramabai ( m. 1906; d. 1935) Savita Ambedkar ( m. 1948 ) Alma mater University of Mumbai Columbia University London School of Economics Profession Jurist, economist, politician, social reformer Awards Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990) Signature Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Baba Saheb , was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables ( Dalits ), while also supporting the rights of women and labour . He was Independent India's first law minister , the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India . Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning doctorates in economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics , and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science. In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for India's independence, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism , initiating mass conversions of Dalits. In 1990, the Bharat Ratna , India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon Ambedkar. Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Education 2.1 Post-secondary education 2.2 Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay 2.3 Postgraduate studies at Columbia University 2.4 Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics 3 Opposition to Aryan invasion theory 4 Opposition to untouchability 5 Poona Pact 6 Political career 7 Drafting India's Constitution 7.1 Opposition to Article 370 7.2 Support to Uniform Civil Code 8 Economic planning 8.1 Reserve Bank of India 9 Second marriage 10 Conversion to Buddhism 11 Death 12 Legacy 13 Films 14 In popular culture 15 Works 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading Early life Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh ). He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal , an army officer who held the rank of Subedar , and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar. His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambadawe ( Mandangad taluka ) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra . Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for the army of the British East India Company , and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment. Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon , and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; he described the situation later in his writings as ""No peon, No Water"" . He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him. Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his name as Ambadawekar in school, meaning he comes from his native village ' Ambadawe ' in Ratnagiri district. His Devrukhe Brahmin teacher, Krishna Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records. Education Post-secondary education In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School . In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, his marriage to a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai, was arranged . Undergraduate studies at the University of Bombay Ambedkar as a student In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College , which was affiliated to the University of Bombay , becoming the first untouchable to do so. This success evoked much celebration among untouchables and after a public ceremony, he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend. By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife had just moved his young family and started work when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913. Postgraduate studies at Columbia University In 1913, Ambedkar moved to the United States at the age of 22. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III ( Gaekwad of Baroda ) that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in New York City . Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce . Ambedkar was influenced by John Dewey and his work on democracy. In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India — A Historic and Analytical Study , for another M.A., and finally he received his PhD in Economics in 1927 for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser . Postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics Ambedkar (In center line, first from right) with his professors and friends from the London School of Economics (1916-17) In October 1916, he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn , and at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started working on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India because his scholarship from Baroda ended. His book collection was dispatched on different ship from the one he was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. He got permission to return to London to submit his thesis within four years. He returned at the first opportunity, and completed a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on ""The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution"". In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third and fourth Doctorates (LL.D, Columbia, 1952 and D.Litt., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa . Opposition to Aryan invasion theory Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory , describing it as ""so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago"" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras? . Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally being ""part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society"", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins . According to Arvind Sharma , Ambedkar noticed certain flaws in the Aryan invasion theory that were later acknowledged by western scholarship. For example, scholars now acknowledge anās in Rig Veda 5.29.10 refers to speech rather than the shape of the nose . Ambedkar anticipated this modern view by stating: The term Anasa occurs in Rig Veda V.29.10. What does the word mean? There are two interpretations. One is by Prof. Max Muller. The other is by Sayanacharya. According to Prof. Max Muller, it means 'one without nose' or 'one with a flat nose' and has as such been relied upon as a piece of evidence in support of the view that the Aryans were a separate race from the Dasyus. Sayanacharya says that it means 'mouthless,' i.e., devoid of good speech. This difference of meaning is due to difference in the correct reading of the word Anasa . Sayanacharya reads it as an-asa while Prof. Max Muller reads it as a-nasa . As read by Prof. Max Muller, it means 'without nose.' Question is : which of the two readings is the correct one? There is no reason to hold that Sayana's reading is wrong. On the other hand there is everything to suggest that it is right. In the first place, it does not make non-sense of the word. Secondly, as there is no other place where the Dasyus are described as noseless, there is no reason why the word should be read in such a manner as to give it an altogether new sense. It is only fair to read it as a synonym of Mridhravak . There is therefore no evidence in support of the conclusion that the Dasyus belonged to a different race. Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being outside India , and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not different peoples. Opposition to untouchability Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922 As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa . Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable. In 1918, he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them. Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee , which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919 . At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities. In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak ( Leader of the Silent ) in Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur i.e. Shahu IV (1874–1922). Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that ""The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor. Samarth While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha , intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "" outcastes "", at the time referred to as depressed classes. For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak , Bahishkrit Bharat , and Equality Janta . He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925. This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India. By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against untouchability . He began with public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town. In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and ""untouchability"", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmrti . Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits . In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik . The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. Poona Pact M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed In 1932, British announced the formation of a separate electorate for ""Depressed Classes"" in the Communal Award . Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community. Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona . Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate. Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald . The text uses the term ""Depressed Classes"" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950. In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose their own candidates. Political career Ambedkar with his family members at Rajgraha in February 1934. From left – Yashwant (son), Ambedkar, Ramabai (wife), Laxmibai (wife of his elder brother, Balaram), Mukund (nephew) and Ambedkar’s favourite dog, Tobby In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Bombay , a position he held for two years. He also served as the chairman of Governing body of Ramjas College , University of Delhi, after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath. Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books. His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur , but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism . He would repeat his message at many public meetings across India. In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party , which contested the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively. Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936. It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general, and included ""a rebuke of Gandhi"" on the subject. Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Gandhi of writing in opposition of the caste system in English language papers while writing in support of it in Gujarati language papers. Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister for labour. In his work Who Were the Shudras? , Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system , as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation , although it performed poorly in the 1946 elections for Constituent Assembly of India . Later he was elected into the constituent assembly of Bengal where Muslim League was in power. Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former assistant and Congress Party candidate Narayan Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the time of the second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died. Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of India , he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment of women in Muslim society. No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained. Drafting India's Constitution Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949. Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was appointed by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution. Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'. 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.' The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class , a system akin to affirmative action . India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures. The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly. Opposition to Article 370 Ambedkar opposed Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which granted a special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and which was included against his wishes. Balraj Madhok reportedly said, Ambedkar had clearly told the Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Abdullah : ""You wish India should protect your borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it."" Then Sk. Abdullah approached Nehru, who directed him to Gopal Swami Ayyangar, who in turn approached Sardar Patel, saying Nehru had promised Sk. Abdullah the special status. Patel got the Article passed while Nehru was on a foreign tour. On the day the article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it but did participate on other articles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar. Support to Uniform Civil Code I personally do not understand why religion should be given this vast, expansive jurisdiction, so as to cover the whole of life and to prevent the legislature from encroaching upon that field. After all, what are we having this liberty for? We are having this liberty in order to reform our social system, which is so full of inequities, discriminations and other things, which conflict with our fundamental rights. “ ” During the debates in the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar demonstrated his will to reform Indian society by recommending the adoption of a Uniform Civil Code . Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951, when parliament stalled his draft of the Hindu Code Bill , which sought to enshrine gender equality in the laws of inheritance and marriage. Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha , but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) constituency by a little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 123,576. He was appointed to the upper house , of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as member till death. Economic planning B.R. Ambedkar in 1950 Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad. He argued that industrialisation and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy. He stressed investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India. According to Sharad Pawar , Ambedkar’s vision helped the government to achieve its food security goal. Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities. He calculated the loss of development caused by British rule. Reserve Bank of India Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics: Administration and Finance of the East India Company The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission. Second marriage Ambedkar with wife Savita in 1948 Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late 1940s, he suffered from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and there met Dr. Sharada Kabir, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended a companion who was a good cook and had medical knowledge to care for him. She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life. Savita Ambedkar, who was called 'Mai', died on May 29, 2003, aged 93 at Mehrauli, New Delhi. Conversion to Buddhism Ambedkar delivering speech during mass conversion Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism , which encouraged opposition to oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he might get ""second-rate"" Sikh status, as described by scholar Stephen P. Cohen . Instead, he studied Buddhism all his life. Around 1950, he devoted his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists . While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune , Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism. He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon . In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India. He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma , in 1956 which was published posthumously. After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa , Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him. He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu , Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference. His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and ""Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India"" remained incomplete. Death Mahaparinirvana of B. R. Ambedkar Since 1948, Ambedkar suffered from diabetes . He was bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 due to medication side-effects and poor eyesight. He had been increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma , Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi. A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December, attended by half a million grieving people. A conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956, so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the same place. Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003, and his son Yashwant (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar). Ambedkar's grandson, Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant , is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India, leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament . A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa , which probably dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto , which refers to the census of 1951. A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti . He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna , in 1990. On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai. Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was ""educate, agitate, organise!"". Legacy People paying tribute at the central statue of Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad . Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India. In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus. His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad. Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur , otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport . Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar , Ambedkar University Delhi is also named in his honour. A large official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the 1920s. The house is expected to be converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar. Ambedkar was voted "" the Greatest Indian "" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN . Nearly 20 million votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the initiative. Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav , a notable Indian economist, has said that Ambedkar was ""the highest educated Indian economist of all times."" Amartya Sen , said that Ambedkar is ""father of my economics"", and ""he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."" Osho , a spiritual teacher, remarked ""I have seen people who are born in the lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the untouchables, so intelligent: when India became independent, the man who made the constitution of India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is concerned – he was a world-famous authority."" President Obama addressed the Indian parliament in 2010, and referred to Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the great and revered Human Rights champion and main author of India’s constitution. Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra . His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956. Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva , although he never claimed it himself. Outside India, during the late 1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism. Films Balak Ambedkar , a 1991 Kannada film directed by Basavaraj Kesthur. Bole India Jai Bhim , 2016 Marathi film directed by Subodh Nagdeve. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film) , 2000 English film directed by Jabbar Patel. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (film) , a 2005 Kannada film directed by Sharan Kumar Kabbur. Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , 1993 Marathi film directed by Shashikant Nalavade. Bhim Garjana , a 1990 Marathi film directed by Vijay Pawar. Ramabai (film) , a 2016 Kannada film directed by M. Ranganath. Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (film) , a 2011 Marathi film directed by Prakash Jadhav. A Journey of Samyak Buddha , a 2013 Hindi film based on Dr. Ambedkar’s book, The Buddha and His Dhamma and Navayana Buddhism . In popular culture Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar. Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 2000 with Mammootty in the lead role. This biopic was sponsored by the National Film Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment . The film was released after a long and controversial gestation. David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer, has established Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge about the social conditions in India and the life of Ambedkar. In Samvidhaan , a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal , the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar . The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi , directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title. Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic biography of Ambedkar created by Pardhan-Gond artists Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam, and writers Srividya Natarajan and S. Anand . The book depicts the experiences of untouchability faced by Ambedkar from childhood to adulthood. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books. The Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory. The chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography. Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow Google commemorated Ambedkar's 124th birthday through a homepage doodle on 14 April 2015. The doodle was featured in India, Argentina, Chile, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Works The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Mumbai) published the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes. Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 Other Essays Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round Table Conferences , 1927–1939 Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the Pre-requisites of Communism; Revolution and Counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx Riddles in Hinduism Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India The Untouchables Who Were They And Why They Became Untouchables ? The Annihilation of Caste (1936) Pakistan or the Partition of India What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the Untouchables Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46 The Buddha and his Dhamma Unpublished Writings; Ancient Indian Commerce; Notes on laws; Waiting for a Visa ; Miscellaneous notes, etc. Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill Ambedkar as Free India's First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956) The Pali Grammar Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. (Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order.) Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in Marathi Ambedkar’s Photo Album and Correspondence See also Biography portal India portal Indian religions portal Chaitya Bhoomi Dalit Buddhist movement Deekshabhoomi The Greatest Indian List of civil rights leaders Social reformers of India Statue of Equality References Further reading Ahir, D. C. The Legacy of Dr. Ambedkar . Delhi: B. R. Publishing. ISBN 81-7018-603-X . Ajnat, Surendra (1986). Ambedkar on Islam . Jalandhar: Buddhist Publ. Beltz, Johannes; Jondhale, S. (eds.). Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India . New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Bholay, Bhaskar Laxman (2001). Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav Ani Athavani . Nagpur: Sahitya Akademi. Fernando, W. J. Basil (2000). Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy—A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881–1956) India . Hong Kong: AHRC Publication. ISBN 962-8314-08-4 . Chakrabarty, Bidyut. ""B.R. Ambedkar"" Indian Historical Review (Dec 2016) 43#2 pp 289–315. doi : 10.1177/0376983616663417 . Gautam, C. (2000). Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar (Second ed.). London: Ambedkar Memorial Trust. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). Ambedkar and Untouchability. Analysing and Fighting Caste . New York: Columbia University Press. Kasare, M. L. Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar . New Delhi: B. I. Publications. Kuber, W. N. Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study . New Delhi: People's Publishing House. Kumar, Aishwary. Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy (2015). Kumar, Ravinder. ""Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 8.1-2 (1985): 87-101. Michael, S.M. (1999). Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India . Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5 . Nugent, Helen M. (1979) ""The communal award: The process of decision-making."" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2#1-2 (1979): 112-129. Omvedt, Gail . Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India . ISBN 0-670-04991-3 . Sangharakshita, Urgyen . Ambedkar and Buddhism . ISBN 0-904766-28-4 . PDF Primary sources Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Annihilation of caste: The annotated critical edition (Verso Books, 2014)." -8439884571400407449,train,where is biafra located in the world map,"Biafra comprised over 29,848 square miles (77,310 km) of land, with terrestrial borders shared with Nigeria to the north and west, and with Cameroon to the east. Its coast was on the Gulf of Guinea in the south.",['ebolaviruses'],ibo ni biafra wà nínú àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Biafra tí a mọ̀ sí orílẹ̀-èdè Biafra jẹ́ ìlú tó yapa kúrò nínú Apá Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà tí ó gba òmìnira ní Nàìjíríà láàárín ọdún 1967 títí di ọdún 1970 .'],['Biafra tí a mọ̀ sí orílẹ̀-èdè Biafra jẹ́ ìlú tó yapa kúrò nínú Apá Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà tí ó gba òmìnira ní Nàìjíríà láàárín ọdún 1967 títí di ọdún 1970 .'],['P1'],1,0,"Biafra Biafra tí a m?? sí oríl??-èdè Biafra[2] j?? ìlú tó yapa kúrò nínú Apá Ìw??-oòrùn Áfíríkà tí ó gba òmìnira ní Nàìjíríà láàárín ?dún 1967 títí di ?dún 1970[3][4] . Àw?n ??yà Ìgbò ní apá ìlà oòrùn Nàìjíríà ni w??n kún b?? f??f??f??. ?gb??n ?j??, O?ù Èbìbí ?dún 1967 ni ológun àti Gómìnà ?kùn ìlà oòrùn C. Odumegwu Ojukwu dá Biafra síl??, l??hìn ??p??l?p?? làásìgbò ?l??yà ?tà àti ìdìt??gbàj?ba l??yìn òmìnira oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1960 tí èyí sì y?rísí ìpakúpa àw?n Ìgbò àti àw?n ??yà mìíràn tí w??n ? gbé ní àríwá oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1966. L??hìn náà ni àw?n ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà kógun ja Biafra l??hìn ìyapa, èyí ?okùnfàfà ìb??r?? ogun ab??lé oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà. Àw?n ìlú bí Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania àti Zambia ni w??n rí Biafra bí oríl??-èdè tó k??s? járí ?ùgb??n àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù tí kò m?? w??n láb?? òfin pèsè ìrànw?? ?l??gb??n ì?èlú àgbà tàbí aj?m?? ológun fún Biafra, lára w?n ni France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Israel, Rhodesia, South Africa àti Vatican City.[5] Biafra gba ìrànw?? láti ??d?? àw?n àj? tí kò r??gb?? lé ìj?ba, lára w?n ni Joint Church Aid, àw?n ajaguntà il?? òkèèrè, Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland, b???? sì ni p??lú ìdarí w?n Caritas Internationals àti àw?n ètò ìrànw?? Àgùdá tí U. S, bákan náà ni ìdásíl?? San Frontieres wáyé g??g??bí èsì sí ìyà náà.","For the American musician, see Jello Biafra . For the West African bight known as Bight of Biafra, see Bight of Bonny . Republic of Biafra Biafra Unrecognized state 1967–1970 Flag Coat of arms Motto ""Peace, Unity, and Freedom."" Anthem "" Land of the Rising Sun "" Green : Republic of Biafra Republic of Biafra in May 1967 Capital Enugu Languages Igbo (Predominant) Efik · Ekoi · Ibibio · Ijaw Government Republic Historical era Cold War • Established 30 May 1967 • Rejoins Federal Nigeria 15 January 1970 Area • 1967 77,306 km 2 (29,848 sq mi) Population • 1967 est. 13,500,000 Density 175/km 2 (452/sq mi) Currency Biafran pound Preceded by Succeeded by Nigeria Nigeria Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. ISBN 0-313-32384-4 . Biafra , officially the Republic of Biafra , was a secessionist state in eastern Nigeria that is made up of the States in the Old Eastern Region. Its first attempt to leave Nigeria resulted in the Nigeria/Biafra war from 30 May 1967 to January 1970. It took its name from the Bight of Biafra , the Atlantic bay to its south, on the east end of the Gulf of Guinea. The inhabitants are mostly the Igbo people who led the secession due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. Other ethnic groups that constitute the republic are the Efik , Ibibio , Annang , Ejagham , Eket , Ibeno and the Ijaw among others. The secession of the Biafran region was caused by the pogrom that was committed against the Igbo and other Biafrans living in the north in revenge of what the northerners termed the assassination of northern leaders by a group of young soldiers led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu , an Igbo, in Nigeria's first military coup early on 15 January 1966 which was followed by another coup that resulted in the death of the new head of state Major Gen Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi , also an Igbo, the same year. The state was formally recognised by Gabon , Haiti , Ivory Coast , Tanzania and Zambia . Other nations which did not give official recognition, but provided support and assistance to Biafra, included Israel , France , Spain , Portugal , Norway , Rhodesia , South Africa and the Vatican City . Today [ when? ] a new struggle for Biafran independence is being championed by a mass movement, the Indegenous People of Biafra (IPOB) led by Nnamdi Kanu and his London-based colleagues from where they run Radio Biafra and Biafra Television. The movement has grown so rapidly that it has a following at home and abroad made up of Biafrans in diaspora in nearly every country in the world. International human rights organisations like the Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch have corroborated IPOB and its sister organisations, among which are Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)'s accusations of extrajudicial killings by the Nigerian Army and the police of their members, in their reports. Another group is the Biafra Nations Youth League (BNYL) Led by Princewill C Obuka and Ebuta Ogar Takon with a National Presence on Bakassi Peninsula where the Leaders of the group were apprehended by Nigeria toops on November 9, 2016 in Ikang-Cameroon Boarder Area following an operation against the dreaded Militant group Bakassi Strike Force. BNYL is more of a grassroot Organization which operates within and outside the Igbo speaking areas, their activities has earlier been centered within the coastal areas. The Organization is reportedly in working alliance with Liberation Governing Council of Former British Southern Cameroons, a body seeking to dismember Northwest and Southwest Cameroon from French Cameroon. [ unreliable source? ] Biafra also received aid from non-state actors , including Joint Church Aid , Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland, Caritas International , MarkPress and U.S. Catholic Relief Services . [ unreliable source? ] After two-and-a-half years of war, during which perhaps a million Biafran civilians died from starvation caused by the total blockade of the region by the Nigerian government and the migration of Biafra's Igbo people into increasingly shrinking territory, Biafran forces under the motto of ""No-victor, No-vanquished"" surrendered to the Nigerian Federal Military Government (FMG) , and Biafra was reintegrated into Nigeria. Contents [ hide ] 1 Secession 2 War 3 Geography 4 Language 5 Economy 6 Military 7 Legacy 8 Movement to re-secede 9 Meaning of ""Biafra"" and location 9.1 Historical maps 10 See also 11 References Secession [ edit ] Main article: Nigerian Civil War In 1960, Nigeria became independent of the United Kingdom . As with many other new African states, the borders of the country did not reflect earlier ethnic boundaries. Thus, the northern region of the country is made up of Muslim majority, while the southern population is predominantly Christian . Following independence, Nigeria was divided primarily along ethnic lines with Hausa and Fulani majority in the north, Yoruba and Igbo majority in the south-west and south-east respectively. In January 1966, a military coup occurred during which a group of predominantly Igbo junior army officers assassinated 30 political leaders including Nigeria's Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , and the Northern premier, Sir Ahmadu Bello . The four most senior officers of Northern origin were also killed. It was alleged to be an Igbo coup because Nnamdi Azikiwe , the President, of Igbo extraction, and the premier of the southeastern part of the country were not killed and the commander of the army, General Aguiyi Ironsi seized power to maintain order. In July 1966 northern officers and army units staged a counter-coup. Muslim officers named a General from a small ethnic group (the Angas) in central Nigeria, General Yakubu ""Jack"" Gowon , as the head of the Federal Military Government (FMG). The two coups deepened Nigeria's ethnic tensions. In September 1966, approximately 30,000 Igbo were killed in the north , and some Northerners were killed in backlashes in eastern cities. Now, therefore, I, Lieutenant-Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Governor of Eastern Nigeria, by virtue of the authority, and pursuant to the principles, recited above, do hereby solemnly proclaim that the territory and region known as and called Eastern Nigeria together with her continental shelf and territorial waters shall henceforth be an independent sovereign state of the name and title of ""The Republic of Biafra"". Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu in pursuit of a more agreeable arrangement for peaceful co-existence of all regions in Nigeria proposed for a confederated Nigeria. In January 1967, the military leaders and senior police officials of each region met in Aburi , Ghana and agreed on a loose confederation of regions. The Northerners were at odds with the Aburi Accord ; Obafemi Awolowo , the leader of the Western Region warned that if the Eastern Region seceded, the Western Region would also, which persuaded the northerners. After the federal and eastern governments failed to reconcile, on 26 May the Eastern region voted to secede from Nigeria. On 30 May, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu , the South Eastern Region's military governor, announced the Republic of Biafra, citing the Easterners killed in the post-coup violence. The large amount of oil in the region created conflict, as oil was already becoming a major component of the Nigerian economy. The Eastern region was very ill-equipped for war, out-manned and out-gunned by the military of the remainder of Nigeria. Their advantages included fighting in their homeland and support of most South Easterners. War [ edit ] The FMG launched ""police measures"" to annex the Eastern Region on 6 July 1967. The FMG's initial efforts were unsuccessful; the Biafrans successfully launched their own offensive, occupying areas in the mid-Western Region in August 1967. By October 1967, the FMG had regained the land after intense fighting. In September 1968, the federal army planned what Gowon described as the ""final offensive"". Initially the final offensive was neutralised by Biafran troops. In the latter stages, a Southern FMG offensive managed to break through the fierce resistance. An ex Biafran officer, Sunday Onwuzor Nwiwe, Alias Bazoka, epitomized that Biafrans lost the war as a result of occidental conspiracy and hunger. Geography [ edit ] Satellite pictures of Biafra Biafra comprised over 29,848 square miles (77,310 km 2 ) of land, with terrestrial borders shared with Nigeria to the north and west, and with Cameroon to the east. Its coast was on the Gulf of Guinea in the south. The former country's northeast bordered the Benue Hills and mountains that lead to Cameroon. Three major rivers flow from Biafra into the Gulf of Guinea: the Imo River , the Cross River and the Niger River . The territory of Biafra is covered nowadays by the Nigerian states of Cross River , Ebonyi , Enugu , Anambra , Imo , Bayelsa , Rivers , Abia , and Akwa Ibom . While the Igbo people of the current Nigerian state of Delta were not included in Biafra as per Ojukwu's decree founding Biafra, some Delta Igbo did fight on the Biafran side. Language [ edit ] Whilst it existed, the predominant language of Biafra was Igbo . Along with Igbo, there were a variety of other languages, including Efik , Ogoni , Ijaw , Annang and Ibibio . However, English was indeed the official language . Economy [ edit ] An early institution created by the Biafran government was the Bank of Biafra, accomplished under ""Decree No. 3 of 1967"". The bank carried out all central banking functions including the administration of foreign exchange and the management of the public debt of the Republic. The bank was administered by a governor and four directors; the first governor, who signed on bank notes, was Sylvester Ugoh . A second decree, ""Decree No. 4 of 1967"", modified the Banking Act of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Republic of Biafra. The bank was first located in Enugu, but due to the ongoing war, the bank was relocated several times. Biafra attempted to finance the war through foreign exchange. After Nigeria announced their currency would no longer be legal tender (to make way for a new currency), this effort increased. After the announcement, tons of Nigerian bank notes were transported in an effort to acquire foreign exchange. The currency of Biafra had been the Nigerian pound, until the Bank of Biafra started printing out its own notes, the Biafran pound . The new currency went public on 28 January 1968, and the Nigerian pound was not accepted as an exchange unit. The first issue of the bank notes included only 5 shillings notes and 1 pound notes. The Bank of Nigeria exchanged only 30 pounds for an individual and 300 pounds for enterprises in the second half of 1968. In 1969 new notes were introduced: £ 10, £5, £1, 10 /- and 5/-. It is estimated that a total of £115–140 million Biafran pounds were in circulation by the end of the conflict, with a population of about 14 million, approximately £10 per person. In uncirculated condition these are very inexpensive and readily available for collectors. Military [ edit ] Roundel of the Biafran Air Force. At the beginning of the war Biafra had 3,000 soldiers, but at the end of the war the soldiers totalled 30,000. There was no official support for the Biafran Army by any other nation throughout the war, although arms were clandestinely acquired. Because of the lack of official support, the Biafrans manufactured many of their weapons locally. Europeans served in the Biafran cause; German born Rolf Steiner was a lieutenant colonel assigned to the 4th Commando Brigade and Welshman Taffy Williams served as a Major until the very end of the conflict. A special guerrilla unit, the Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters, was established, designed to emulate the Viet Cong , targeting Nigerian supply lines and forcing them to shift forces to internal security efforts. The Biafrans managed to set up a small yet effective air force. The BAF commanders were Chude Sokey and later Godwin Ezeilo, who had trained with the Royal Canadian Air Force. Early inventory included two B-25 Mitchells , two B-26 Invaders , (one piloted by Polish World War II ace Jan Zumbach , known also as John Brown), a converted DC-3 and one Dove . In 1968 the Swedish pilot Carl Gustaf von Rosen suggested the MiniCOIN project to General Ojukwu. By early 1969, Biafra had assembled five MFI-9Bs in Gabon , calling them ""Biafra Babies"". They were coloured green, were able to carry six 68 mm anti-armour rockets under each wing and had simple sights. The six aeroplanes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots. In September 1969, Biafra acquired four ex-Armee de l'Air North American T-6Gs , which were flown to Biafra the following month, with another aircraft lost on the ferry flight. These aircraft flew missions until January 1970 and were flown by Portuguese ex-military pilots. Biafra also had a small improvised navy, but it never gained the success their air force did. It was headquartered in Kidney Island, Port Harcourt , and commanded by Winifred Anuku. The Biafran Navy was made up of captured craft, converted tugs, and armor-reinforced civilian vessels armed with machine guns or captured 6-pounder guns . It mainly operated in the Niger Delta and along the Niger River . Legacy [ edit ] A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition during the Nigerian blockade The international humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières originated in response to the suffering in Biafra. During the crisis, French medical volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. French doctor Bernard Kouchner also witnessed these events, particularly the huge number of starving children, and, when he returned to France, he publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their seemingly complicit behaviour. With the help of other French doctors, Kouchner put Biafra in the media spotlight and called for an international response to the situation. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of victims. In their study, Smallpox and its Eradication , Fenner and colleagues describe how vaccine supply shortages during the Biafra smallpox campaign led to the development of the focal vaccination technique, later adopted worldwide by the World Health Organization , which led to the early and cost effective interruption of smallpox transmission in west Africa and elsewhere. On 29 May 2000, the Lagos Guardian newspaper reported that the now ex-president Olusegun Obasanjo commuted to retirement the dismissal of all military persons who fought for the breakaway state of Biafra during Nigeria's 1967–1970 civil war. In a national broadcast, he said the decision was based on the belief that ""justice must at all times be tempered with mercy"". In July 2006 the Center for World Indigenous Studies reported that government sanctioned killings were taking place in the southeastern city of Onitsha , because of a shoot-to-kill policy directed toward Biafran loyalists, particularly members of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB). In 2010, researchers from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and University of Nigeria, Nsukka , showed that Igbos born in Biafra during the years of the famine were of higher risk of suffering from obesity, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism compared to controls born a short period after the famine had ended. The findings are in line with the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis suggesting that malnutrition in early life is a predisposing factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes later in life. A 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that Biafran ""women exposed to the war in their growing years exhibit reduced adult stature, increased likelihood of being overweight, earlier age at first birth, and lower educational attainment. Exposure to a primary education program mitigates impacts of war exposure on education. War exposed men marry later and have fewer children. War exposure of mothers (but not fathers) has adverse impacts on child growth, survival, and education. Impacts vary with age of exposure. For mother and child health, the largest impacts stem from adolescent exposure."" Movement to re-secede [ edit ] There is no central authority coordinating the Biafran re-secession campaign. The Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) is one of the numerous groups advocating for a separate country for the people of south-eastern Nigeria. They accuse the state of marginalising the Igbo people. MASSOB says it is a peaceful group and advertises a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully. It has two arms of government, the Biafra Government in Exile and Biafra Shadow Government. The Nigerian government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and was detained on treason charges. He has since been released. In 2009, MASSOB launched an unrecognized ""Biafran International Passport"" in response to persistent demand by some Biafran sympathizers in the diaspora. On 16 June 2015, the Supreme Council of Elders of the Indigenous People of Biafra, another pro-Biafra organization, sued the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the right to self-determination within their region as a sovereign state. Another group, Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), led by a United Kingdom-based Biafran, Nnamdi Kanu , reinvigorated the quest for Biafran realisation in 2012. He established a pirate radio station to champion the Biafran cause, Radio Biafra, which has been broadcasting at various frequencies around the world. The Nigerian Government, through its broadcasting regulators, the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigerian (BON) and Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), has sought to clamp down on the UK-based station with limited success. On 17 November 2015, the Abia state police command seized an IPOB radio transmitter in Umuahia . Kanu was detained by the federal government and released on 24 April 2017. Meanwhile, the group, Biafra Nations Youth League (BNYL) comprising mainly members from the Cross River , Akwa Ibom , Bakassi Peninsula , Rivers , Delta , Bayelsa and members of Igbo extraction have organised series of grassroots congress especially in towns such as Ikom, Eket, Bakassi, Itu, Ikwerre, Obudu, Ahoada and other areas of their influence, one of their Leader, Ebuta Ogar Takon, a member of the Ekoi race, disclosed to Nigeria Sun Newspaper that the BNYL struggle for Biafra independence is not limited to the Igbo People cluster of South East Nigeria alone but all inhabitants of the Bight of Biafra in Nigeria. BNYL Leadership said that the neglect of Bakassi refugees and marginalization of the Igbo , Ekoi , Ibibio and other ethnic groups of South Eastern Nigeria are among reasons for Biafra agitation. The various groups clamouring for the restoration of the independence of Biafra have often been beset with internal wranglings that have impeded its secessionist efforts. On 19 October 2015, Chief Ralph Uwazuruike of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) disclosed that the director of Radio Biafra and leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), Nnamdi Kanu, does not belong to the movement and was sacked for indiscipline and for inciting violence among members. Biafra Nations Youth League (BNYL) have continued to distance itself from the internal wranglings between MASSOB and IPOB, although, Princewill Obuka of BNYL, as reported by the New Telegraph Nigeria announced the group withdrawal from a Coalition of Pro Biafra Groups, following the union announcement declaring the IPOB Leader Nnamdi Kanu overall Leader of the Biafran struggle, this he said was done without due consultations and consideration of other people's opinions. There has been a renewed, intense agitation for Biafran secession. Since August 2015, protests have erupted in cities across Nigeria's south-east. Though peaceful, the protesters have been routinely attacked by the Nigerian police and army, with scores of people reportedly killed. Many others have been injured and/or arrested. On 23 December 2015, the federal government charged Nnamdi Kanu with treasonable felony in the Federal High Court in Abuja . According to the South-East Based Coalition of Human Rights Organizations (SBCHROs), security forces under the directive of the federal government has killed 80 members of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) and their supporters between 30 August 2015 and 9 February 2016 in a renewed clampdown on the movement . A report by Amnesty International also accuses the Nigerian military of killing at least 17 unarmed Biafran separatists in the city of Onitsha prior to a march on 30 May 2016 commemorating the 49th anniversary of the initial secession of Biafra. Meaning of ""Biafra"" and location [ edit ] Little is known about the literal meaning of the word Biafra. The word Biafra most likely derives from the subgroup Biafar or Biafada of the Tenda ethnic group who reside primarily in Guinea-Bissau . Manuel Álvares (1526–1583), a Portuguese Jesuit educator, in his work Ethiopia Minor and a geographical account of the Province of Sierra Leone , writes about the ""Biafar heathen"" in chapter 13 of the same book. The word Biafar thus appears to have been a common word in the Portuguese language back in the 16th century. According to Igbo language, the literal translation: biafra = bia (come) + fra (together). Historical maps [ edit ] Early modern maps of Africa from the 15th–19th centuries, drawn by European cartographers from accounts written by explorers and travellers, reveal some information about Biafra: The original word used by the European travellers was not Biafra but Biafara , Biafar and sometimes also Biafares . Senegambia 1707 According to the maps, the European travellers used the word Biafara to describe the region of today's West Cameroon including an area around Equatorial Guinea. The German publisher Johann Heinrich Zedler , in his encyclopedia of 1731 , published the exact geographical location of the capital of Biafara, namely alongside the river Rio dos Camaroes underneath 6 degrees 10 min. latitude. The words Biafara and Biafares also appear on maps from the 18th century in the area around Senegal and Gambia. French map of the Gulf of Guinea from 1849 Maps indicating the word Biafara (sometimes also Biafares or Biafar ) with corresponding year: 1584 1644 1660 1662 1707 1729 1737 1805 1858 1871 Maps from the 19th century indicating Biafra as the region around today's Cameroon: 1843 1880 1890 Additional maps from the Michigan State University Map Collection See also [ edit ] Ambazonia Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie : Half of a Yellow Sun 2015-2016 Killing of Biafran Protesters References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biafra . Coordinates : 6°27′N 7°30′E  /  6.450°N 7.500°E  / 6.450; 7.500 http://sunnewsonline.com/southern-cameroun-joins-ipob-in-biafra-struggle/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biafra_Nations_Youth_League_Great_Seal.png" -2392489250290641062,train,brazil is the largest country on which continent,"Brazil (Portuguese : Brasil Portuguese pronunciation : (bɾaˈziw)), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help info)), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world 's fifth - largest country by area and the sixth most populous. The capital is Brasília, and the most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.","['1991', '1999']",brazil ni orílẹ̀ - èdè tó tóbi jù lọ ní ilẹ̀ kọ́ńtínẹ́ǹtì wo,Yes,"['Brasil /bɹəˈzɪl/ (Pọrtugí: Brasil, IPA:\xa0[bɾaˈziw]), lóníbiṣẹ́ bíi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Aparapọ̀ ilẹ̀ Bràsíl (Federative Republic of Brazil (Pọrtugí: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (ìrànwọ́·ìkéde)), ni orílẹ̀-èdè tótóbijùlọ ní Gúúsì Amẹ́ríkà àti ní agbègbè Amẹ́ríkà Látìnì.']",['Brasil ni orílẹ̀-èdè tótóbijùlọ ní Gúúsì Amẹ́ríkà àti ní agbègbè Amẹ́ríkà Látìnì.'],['P1'],1,0,"Brasil Brasil /b???z?l/ (P?rtugí: Brasil, IPA: [b?a?ziw][8]), lóníbi??? bíi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Aparap?? il?? Bràsíl (Federative Republic of Brazil[9][10] (P?rtugí: República Federativa do Brasil, Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg listen (ìrànw??·ìkéde)), ni oríl??-èdè tótóbijùl? ní Gúúsì Am??ríkà àti ní agbègbè Am??ríkà Látìnì. Òkòwò r?? ni ìkaàrún tótóbijùl? lagbaye, gegebi àlà jeografi àti bii alabugbe pelu 193 million eniyan.[11][4] Brasil ni orile-ede Eledeluso totobijulo lagbaye, ati ikan soso ni orile awon Amerika.[11] O ni bode mo Okun Atlantiki ni ilaorun, Brasil ni etiomi to to 7,491 km (4,655 mi).[11] O ni bode ni ariwa pelu Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname ati agbegbe okere Fransi ni Guiana fransi; ni ariwaiwoorun pelu Kolombia; ni iwoorun pelu Bolivia ati Peru; ni guusuiwoorun pelu Argentina ati Paraguay ati ni guusu pelu Uruguay. Opo awon erekusu osupo wa ni ara ile Brasil, bi Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, ati Trindade and Martim Vaz.[11] O ni bode mo gbogbo awon orile-ede Guusu Amerika ayafi Ekuador ati Tsile. Brasil tele je imusin Il?? Potogí latigba ti Pedro Álvares Cabral gunle sibe ni 1500 titi di 1815, nigba to di ileoba ati Ileoba Asokan Il?? Potogí, Brasil ati awon Algafe je didasile. Ibase amusin na je gige ni 1808, nigbati oluilu ileobaluaye alamusin Il?? Potogí je gbigbe kuro ni Lisbon lo si Rio de Janeiro, leyin igba ti Napoleon gbogunlu Il?? Potogí.[12] Brasil gba ilominira ni 1822 pelu idasile Ileobaluaye ile Brasil, orile-ede abasokan pelu iru ijoba kabiyesi onilanairepo ati sistemu onileasofin. Brasil orile-ede olominira oniare ni 1889, nigba ti ifipagbajoba ologun sakede Orile-ede Olominira, botilejepe ileasofin oniyewu meji, loni to n je Kongresi, ti wa lati igba itowobowe ilanairepo akoko ni 1824.[12] Ilanairepo Brasil loni, to je dida ni 1988, pe Brasil ni Orile-ede Olominira Apapo.[13] Iparapo orile-ede na waye pelu isokan larin Agbegbe Ijoba Apapo, awon Ipinle 26, ati awon Agbegbe ibile 5,564.[13][14] Okowo Brasil ni ikefa totobijulo lagbaye gegebi GDP oloruko ati ikeje totobijulo gegebi osuwon agbara inawo (titi de 2011).[15][16] Brazil ni ikan ninu awon okowo gbangba to unsare dagba julo lagbaye. Awon atunse okowo to waye ti fun ni idamo tuntun kariaye.[17] Brasil je omoegbe oludasile Awon Orile-ede Asokan, G20, CPLP, Isokan Latini, Agbajo awon Orile-ede Iberia Amerika, Agbajo awon Orile-ede Amerika, Mercosul ati Isokan awon Orile-ede Guusu Amerika, ati ikan ninu awon orile-ede BRIC. Bakana Brasil tun je ikan ninu awon awon orile-ede Olohun-orisirisi 17, ibe je ile fun awon orisi eran igbe, ayika adanida, opo awon alumoni adanida nibi orisi ibi abo.[11] Pelu awon eya 67 abinibi ti won da duro, Brasil ni iye awon eniyan aitibapade to pojulo lagbaye.[18] Ìtum?? orúk? Oruko re bi ""Brasil"" wa lati oruko igi brasil, igi kan to n wu nigbakan ni janti rere leti eba omi Brasil. Ni ede Il?? Potogí, igi brasil unje pau-brasil, nibi ti brasil ti tumo si ""pupa bi ojuina"", lati ede Latin brasa (""ember"") ati alemeyin -il (lati -iculum tabi -ilium).[19][20][21] Nitoripe igi brasil se da aro pupa, o niyi daada ni Yúróòpù lati fi kun aso, ohun si ni aje akoko to wulo lati Brasil. Kakiri igba orundun 16k, opo igi brasil je fifatu latowo awon eniya abinibi (agaga awon Tupi) leba etiomi Brasil, awon yi si ta won fun awon onibukata ara Yúróòpù (agaga awon ara Il?? Potogí, ati fun awon ara Fransi) fun pasiparo fun orisi oja amulo lati Yúróòpù.[22] Oruko onibise ile yi, ninu awon akosile awon ara Il?? Potogí, je was the ""Ile Agbelebu Mimo"", sugbon awon awako-ojuomi ati oloja ara Yúróòpù unsaba pe lasan bi ""Ile Brasil"" nitori bukata igi brasil. Oruko yi lo gbajumo titi do ni to fi ropo oruko onibise. Bakanna awon awako ojuomi nibere pe ibe ni ""Ïle àwon Odidere"". Ni ede Guarani, ti se ede onibise kan ni Paraguay, Brasil unje pipe ni ""Pindorama"". Oruko yi ni awon eniyan abinibi fun agbegbe yi, itumo re ni ""ile awon igi ??p?"" (""land of the palm trees""). Ìtàn Ày?kà olórí: Ìtàn il?? Brasil Ìs?dibiàmúsìn P??rtúgàl Ày?kà olórí: Brasil Alámùúsìn ? tún wo: Àw?n ??yà abínibí ní Brasil àti Oko?rú ní Brasil Ìsìn Krístíánì àk??k?? ní Brasil, 1500 Ori ile ti a mo loni bi Brasil je gbigbesele latowo Il?? Potogí ni April 1500, nigba ti oko-ojuomi lati Il?? Potogí ti Pedro Álvares Cabral dari gunle.[23] Awon wonyi pade awon are ibe ti ede opo won je ti Tupi–Guarani. Botilejepe ilu abudo akoko je didasile ni 1532, imusin ko bere titi to fi di 1534, nigbati Oba Dom João 3k Il?? Potogí pin ibe si ile basorun ajogun mejila.[24][25] Ìgúnl?? Pedro Álvares Cabral ní Porto Seguro ní 1500. Àwòrán tí Oscar Pereira da Silva yà (1904). Eto yi ko ni yori i rere rara, bosi ti di odun 1549 oba yan Gomina Agba kan lati samojuto gbogbo ibe.[25][26] Awon eya abinibi bi melo kan je fifamora,[27] awon miran je kikoleru tabi piparun ninu ogun tabi pelu awon arun ti awon ara Yúróòpù ko ran won ti ara won ko ni ajesara si.[28][29] Nigba ti yio fi di arin orundun 16k, suga ti di oja okere pataki fun Brasil[30][31] nitori awon ara Il?? Potogí yi ko opo eru wa lati Afrika[32][33] lati fi won sise fun ibere oja suga to unpo si kariaye.[28][34] Nipa gbigbogun ti awon ara Fransi, awon ara Il?? Potogí diedie fe ile won de guusuilaorun, won si gbesele ilu Rio de Janeiro ni 1567, ati de ariwaiwoorun, nibi ti won ti gbesele ilu São Luís ni 1615.[35] Won ran awon ologun losi igbo-aginju Amasoni won si bori awon ajagun Britani ati Holandi to wa nibe,[36] ki won o to bere sini da abule ati ile ologun sibe lati 1669.[37] Ni 1680 won de guusu nibi ti won da Sacramento sile si ni eba Rio de la Plata, ni agbegbe Etiomi Apailaorun.[38] Ni opin orundun 17k, oja suga ni okere bere si ni re sile[39] sugbon lati ibere awon odun 1690, iwari wura latowo awon oluwakiri ni agbegbe na to unje pipe ni Minas Gerais ni Mato Grosso ati Goiás loni, gba ibi amusin na la lowo iparun.[40] Kakiri lati Brasil, ati lati Il?? Potogí, egbeegberun eniyan tu wa si koto alumoni lati wa sise.[41] Awon ara Spein gbira lati dena awon ara Il?? Potogí lati fe ile won de ori ile to je ti won gegebi Adehun Tordesillas 1494, won si yori lati gbesele Etiomi apailaorun ni 1777. Sibesibe, asan ni eyi jasi gegebi Adehun San Ildefonso, ti won fowosi lodun kanna yi, sedaju ase Il?? Potogí lori gbogbo awon ile ti won ba gbesele, ati igba yi ni opo gbogbo bode Brasil loni ti wa.[42] Ni 1808, ebi ile-oba Il?? Potogí ati opo awon ijoye Il?? Potogí, lati bo lowo awon ajagun Napoleon I lati Fransi ti won ungbogun ti Il?? Potogí ati gbogbo Arin Gbongan Yúróòpù, ko ara won lo si ilu Rio de Janeiro, to fi be di ibujoko gbogbo Ileobaluaye Il?? Potogí.[43] Ni 1815 Dom João 6k, gege bi aruobaje dipo iya re, gbe Brasil soke lati ibi amusin di alase Ìj?ba àpap?? with Il?? Potogí |Ileoba Asokan ile Il?? Potogí, Brasil ati awon Algarfe.[43] Ni 1809 awon ara Il?? Potogí na tun gbogun ti Guiana Fransi (ti won da pada fun Fransi ni 1817)[44] be sini ni 1816 won yi orunko Etiomi Apailaorun si Cisplatina.[45] Ìlómìnira àti il???ba Àw?n Ày?kà olórí: òmìnira il?? Brazil àti Il?? ?balúayé ti Brazil", 4307696944734465020,train,in what way is brazil different from every other south american country,"Brazil (Portuguese : Brasil (bɾaˈziw)), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help info)), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world 's fifth - largest country by area and the sixth most populous. The capital is Brasília, and the most populated city is São Paulo. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3 % of the continent 's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.",['max weber']," ọ̀nà wo ni brazil gbà yàtọ̀ sí gbogbo orílẹ̀ - èdè tó wà ní gúúsù amẹ́ríkà ",Yes,"['Òkòwò rẹ̀ ni ìkaàrún tótóbijùlọ lagbaye, gegebi àlà jeografi àti bii alabugbe pelu 193 million eniyan. Brasil ni orile-ede Eledeluso totobijulo lagbaye, ati ikan soso ni orile awon Amerika.']","['Brasil ni orile-ede Eledeluso totobijulo lagbaye, ati ikan soso ni orile awon Amerika.']",['P1'],1,0,"Brasil Brasil /b???z?l/ (P?rtugí: Brasil, IPA: [b?a?ziw][8]), lóníbi??? bíi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Aparap?? il?? Bràsíl (Federative Republic of Brazil[9][10] (P?rtugí: República Federativa do Brasil, Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg listen (ìrànw??·ìkéde)), ni oríl??-èdè tótóbijùl? ní Gúúsì Am??ríkà àti ní agbègbè Am??ríkà Látìnì. Òkòwò r?? ni ìkaàrún tótóbijùl? lagbaye, gegebi àlà jeografi àti bii alabugbe pelu 193 million eniyan.[11][4] Brasil ni orile-ede Eledeluso totobijulo lagbaye, ati ikan soso ni orile awon Amerika.[11] O ni bode mo Okun Atlantiki ni ilaorun, Brasil ni etiomi to to 7,491 km (4,655 mi).[11] O ni bode ni ariwa pelu Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname ati agbegbe okere Fransi ni Guiana fransi; ni ariwaiwoorun pelu Kolombia; ni iwoorun pelu Bolivia ati Peru; ni guusuiwoorun pelu Argentina ati Paraguay ati ni guusu pelu Uruguay. Opo awon erekusu osupo wa ni ara ile Brasil, bi Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, ati Trindade and Martim Vaz.[11] O ni bode mo gbogbo awon orile-ede Guusu Amerika ayafi Ekuador ati Tsile. Brasil tele je imusin Il?? Potogí latigba ti Pedro Álvares Cabral gunle sibe ni 1500 titi di 1815, nigba to di ileoba ati Ileoba Asokan Il?? Potogí, Brasil ati awon Algafe je didasile. Ibase amusin na je gige ni 1808, nigbati oluilu ileobaluaye alamusin Il?? Potogí je gbigbe kuro ni Lisbon lo si Rio de Janeiro, leyin igba ti Napoleon gbogunlu Il?? Potogí.[12] Brasil gba ilominira ni 1822 pelu idasile Ileobaluaye ile Brasil, orile-ede abasokan pelu iru ijoba kabiyesi onilanairepo ati sistemu onileasofin. Brasil orile-ede olominira oniare ni 1889, nigba ti ifipagbajoba ologun sakede Orile-ede Olominira, botilejepe ileasofin oniyewu meji, loni to n je Kongresi, ti wa lati igba itowobowe ilanairepo akoko ni 1824.[12] Ilanairepo Brasil loni, to je dida ni 1988, pe Brasil ni Orile-ede Olominira Apapo.[13] Iparapo orile-ede na waye pelu isokan larin Agbegbe Ijoba Apapo, awon Ipinle 26, ati awon Agbegbe ibile 5,564.[13][14] Okowo Brasil ni ikefa totobijulo lagbaye gegebi GDP oloruko ati ikeje totobijulo gegebi osuwon agbara inawo (titi de 2011).[15][16] Brazil ni ikan ninu awon okowo gbangba to unsare dagba julo lagbaye. Awon atunse okowo to waye ti fun ni idamo tuntun kariaye.[17] Brasil je omoegbe oludasile Awon Orile-ede Asokan, G20, CPLP, Isokan Latini, Agbajo awon Orile-ede Iberia Amerika, Agbajo awon Orile-ede Amerika, Mercosul ati Isokan awon Orile-ede Guusu Amerika, ati ikan ninu awon orile-ede BRIC. Bakana Brasil tun je ikan ninu awon awon orile-ede Olohun-orisirisi 17, ibe je ile fun awon orisi eran igbe, ayika adanida, opo awon alumoni adanida nibi orisi ibi abo.[11] Pelu awon eya 67 abinibi ti won da duro, Brasil ni iye awon eniyan aitibapade to pojulo lagbaye.[18] Ìtum?? orúk? Oruko re bi ""Brasil"" wa lati oruko igi brasil, igi kan to n wu nigbakan ni janti rere leti eba omi Brasil. Ni ede Il?? Potogí, igi brasil unje pau-brasil, nibi ti brasil ti tumo si ""pupa bi ojuina"", lati ede Latin brasa (""ember"") ati alemeyin -il (lati -iculum tabi -ilium).[19][20][21] Nitoripe igi brasil se da aro pupa, o niyi daada ni Yúróòpù lati fi kun aso, ohun si ni aje akoko to wulo lati Brasil. Kakiri igba orundun 16k, opo igi brasil je fifatu latowo awon eniya abinibi (agaga awon Tupi) leba etiomi Brasil, awon yi si ta won fun awon onibukata ara Yúróòpù (agaga awon ara Il?? Potogí, ati fun awon ara Fransi) fun pasiparo fun orisi oja amulo lati Yúróòpù.[22] Oruko onibise ile yi, ninu awon akosile awon ara Il?? Potogí, je was the ""Ile Agbelebu Mimo"", sugbon awon awako-ojuomi ati oloja ara Yúróòpù unsaba pe lasan bi ""Ile Brasil"" nitori bukata igi brasil. Oruko yi lo gbajumo titi do ni to fi ropo oruko onibise. Bakanna awon awako ojuomi nibere pe ibe ni ""Ïle àwon Odidere"". Ni ede Guarani, ti se ede onibise kan ni Paraguay, Brasil unje pipe ni ""Pindorama"". Oruko yi ni awon eniyan abinibi fun agbegbe yi, itumo re ni ""ile awon igi ??p?"" (""land of the palm trees""). Ìtàn Ày?kà olórí: Ìtàn il?? Brasil Ìs?dibiàmúsìn P??rtúgàl Ày?kà olórí: Brasil Alámùúsìn ? tún wo: Àw?n ??yà abínibí ní Brasil àti Oko?rú ní Brasil Ìsìn Krístíánì àk??k?? ní Brasil, 1500 Ori ile ti a mo loni bi Brasil je gbigbesele latowo Il?? Potogí ni April 1500, nigba ti oko-ojuomi lati Il?? Potogí ti Pedro Álvares Cabral dari gunle.[23] Awon wonyi pade awon are ibe ti ede opo won je ti Tupi–Guarani. Botilejepe ilu abudo akoko je didasile ni 1532, imusin ko bere titi to fi di 1534, nigbati Oba Dom João 3k Il?? Potogí pin ibe si ile basorun ajogun mejila.[24][25] Ìgúnl?? Pedro Álvares Cabral ní Porto Seguro ní 1500. Àwòrán tí Oscar Pereira da Silva yà (1904). Eto yi ko ni yori i rere rara, bosi ti di odun 1549 oba yan Gomina Agba kan lati samojuto gbogbo ibe.[25][26] Awon eya abinibi bi melo kan je fifamora,[27] awon miran je kikoleru tabi piparun ninu ogun tabi pelu awon arun ti awon ara Yúróòpù ko ran won ti ara won ko ni ajesara si.[28][29] Nigba ti yio fi di arin orundun 16k, suga ti di oja okere pataki fun Brasil[30][31] nitori awon ara Il?? Potogí yi ko opo eru wa lati Afrika[32][33] lati fi won sise fun ibere oja suga to unpo si kariaye.[28][34] Nipa gbigbogun ti awon ara Fransi, awon ara Il?? Potogí diedie fe ile won de guusuilaorun, won si gbesele ilu Rio de Janeiro ni 1567, ati de ariwaiwoorun, nibi ti won ti gbesele ilu São Luís ni 1615.[35] Won ran awon ologun losi igbo-aginju Amasoni won si bori awon ajagun Britani ati Holandi to wa nibe,[36] ki won o to bere sini da abule ati ile ologun sibe lati 1669.[37] Ni 1680 won de guusu nibi ti won da Sacramento sile si ni eba Rio de la Plata, ni agbegbe Etiomi Apailaorun.[38] Ni opin orundun 17k, oja suga ni okere bere si ni re sile[39] sugbon lati ibere awon odun 1690, iwari wura latowo awon oluwakiri ni agbegbe na to unje pipe ni Minas Gerais ni Mato Grosso ati Goiás loni, gba ibi amusin na la lowo iparun.[40] Kakiri lati Brasil, ati lati Il?? Potogí, egbeegberun eniyan tu wa si koto alumoni lati wa sise.[41] Awon ara Spein gbira lati dena awon ara Il?? Potogí lati fe ile won de ori ile to je ti won gegebi Adehun Tordesillas 1494, won si yori lati gbesele Etiomi apailaorun ni 1777. Sibesibe, asan ni eyi jasi gegebi Adehun San Ildefonso, ti won fowosi lodun kanna yi, sedaju ase Il?? Potogí lori gbogbo awon ile ti won ba gbesele, ati igba yi ni opo gbogbo bode Brasil loni ti wa.[42] Ni 1808, ebi ile-oba Il?? Potogí ati opo awon ijoye Il?? Potogí, lati bo lowo awon ajagun Napoleon I lati Fransi ti won ungbogun ti Il?? Potogí ati gbogbo Arin Gbongan Yúróòpù, ko ara won lo si ilu Rio de Janeiro, to fi be di ibujoko gbogbo Ileobaluaye Il?? Potogí.[43] Ni 1815 Dom João 6k, gege bi aruobaje dipo iya re, gbe Brasil soke lati ibi amusin di alase Ìj?ba àpap?? with Il?? Potogí |Ileoba Asokan ile Il?? Potogí, Brasil ati awon Algarfe.[43] Ni 1809 awon ara Il?? Potogí na tun gbogun ti Guiana Fransi (ti won da pada fun Fransi ni 1817)[44] be sini ni 1816 won yi orunko Etiomi Apailaorun si Cisplatina.[45] Ìlómìnira àti il???ba Àw?n Ày?kà olórí: òmìnira il?? Brazil àti Il?? ?balúayé ti Brazil", -3552372998426622519,train,where is burkina faso on the map of africa,"Burkina Faso (UK : / bɜːrˌkiːnə ˈfæsoʊ /, US : / ˈfɑːsoʊ / (listen) ; French : (buʁkina faso)) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 sq mi) and is surrounded by six countries : Mali to the north ; Niger to the east ; Benin to the southeast ; Togo and Ghana to the south ; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958 -- 1984), the country was renamed `` Burkina Faso '' on 4 August 1984 by then - President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé (/ bɜːrˈkiːnəbeɪ / bur - KEE - nə - beh). Its capital is Ouagadougou.","['the law-making body in nigeria, called the national assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government', 'a federal republic']",ibo ni burkina faso wà lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀ áfíríkà,Yes,['Bùrkínà Fasò ( /bərˌkiːnə ˈfɑːsoʊ/ bər-KEE-nə FAH-soh; Faransé:\xa0[buʁkina faso]) – bakanna ni kukuru bi Burkina – je orile-ede àdèmọ́àrinlẹ̀ ni iwoorun Afrika.'],['Bùrkínà Fasò je orile-ede àdèmọ́àrinlẹ̀ ni iwoorun Afrika.'],['P1'],1,0,"Bùrkínà Fasò ( /b?r?ki?n? ?f??so?/ b?r-KEE-n? FAH-soh; Faransé: [bu?kina faso]) – bakanna ni kukuru bi Burkina – je orile-ede àdèm??àrinl?? ni iwoorun Afrika. Awon orile-ede mefa loyi ka: Mali ni ariwa, Niger ni ilaorun, Benin ni guusuilaorun, Togo ati Ghana ni guusu, ati Côte d'Ivoire ni guusuiwoorun. Oluilu re ni Ouagadougou. Itobi re je 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 sq mi) pelu awon alabugbe to poju 15,757,000 lo. Teletele oruko re ni Órile-ede Olominira Upper Volta (Republic of Upper Volta), o je titunsoloruko si Burkina Faso ni ojo 4 Osu Kejo 1984, latowo Aare Thomas Sankara, to tumosi ""ile awon eniyan anaro"" (""the land of upright people"") ni awon ede Mòoré ati Dioula, ti won je ede abinibi pataki nibe. ""Burkina"" le je, ""awon eniyan olododo"", lede Mòoré, ati ""Faso"" tumosi ""ile baba eni"" lede Dioula. Awon to bugbe si Burkina Faso unje pipe ni Burkinabè (play /b?r?ki?n?be?/ b?r-KEE-n?-bay). Awon eniyan tedo si Burkina Faso larin odun 14,000 and 5000 SK latowo awon ode asako ni apaariwaiwoorun ibe. Abule oko bere nibe larin odun 3600 and 2600 SK. Ibi to unje arin gbongan Burkina Faso loni nigbana je kiki awon ileoba Mossi. Awon Ileoba Mossi wonyi di ibiabo Fransi ni 1896. Leyin ti o gba ilominira latowo Fransi ni 1960, orile-ede na ri iru orisirisi ijoba ko to di eyi to wa loni, orile-ede olominira oniaare die. Aare re lowo ni Blaise Compaoré. O je omo-egbe Ì???kan Áfríkà, Agbajo awon Orile-ede Saheli ati Sahara, La Francophonie, Agbajo Ifowosowopo Onimale ati Agbajo Olokowo awon Orile-ede Iwoorun Afrika. Ìtàn Ày?kà olórí: Ìtàn il?? Bùrkínà Fasò Ìtàn kùtùkùtù Ibi-ile ti a mo loni bi Burkina Faso t je titedo kutukutu, larin odun 14,000 ati 5000 SK, latowo awon ode asako ni apaariwaiwoorun ibe, ti awon ohun amulo won bi ihale, igbele ati oriofa won je wiwari ni 1973 latowo Simran Nijjar. Awon abule pelu awon adako bere ni arin odun 3600 ati 2600 SK. Lori bi awon ipele awon agbe se ri, o da bi pe awon abule na je adurotitisi. Ilo irin, iseamo ati okuta didan gbera larin odun 1500 ati 1000 SK. Aloku awon Dogo wa kakiri ni Burkina Faso ni awon agbegbe ariwa ati ariwaiwoorun. Nigbakan larin orundun kedogun ati kerindinlogun, awon Dogo kuro ni agbegbe yi lati lo budo si etioke Bandiagara. Nibo miran, awon aloku ogiri giga wa ni guusuiwoorun Burkina Faso (ati ni Côte d'Ivoire), sugbon awon ti won ko won ko ti je didamo. Loropeni ni okuta aye atijo to nibasepo mo owo wura. Ibe ni Ibi Oso Agbaye akoko ti orile-ede Burkina Faso wa. Arin gbongan apa Burkina Faso ni opo awon ileoba Mossi, awon to lagbara julo ninu won ni ti Wagadogo (Ouagadougou) ati Yatenga. Awon ileoba wonyi je didasile ni ibere orundun ikerindinlogun latowo awon ajagun.[6] Láti il??àmúsìn dé ìlómìnira Bùrkínà Fasò Ì?èlú Àw?n agbègbè, ìgbèríko àti ìpínapá Ológun, ?l??pàá àtí alábòò Oríil??yíyà àti ojú?j?? Òkòwò ??yàìlú À?à ??k??", -8942878229146219685,train,what was the name of captain phillip's ship,"Richard Phillips takes command of MV Maersk Alabama, an unarmed container ship from the Port of Salalah in Oman, with orders to sail through the Gulf of Aden to Mombasa, Kenya. Wary of pirate activity off the coast of the Horn of Africa, he and First Officer Shane Murphy order strict security precautions on the vessel and carry out practice drills. During a drill, the vessel is chased by Somali pirates in two skiffs, and Phillips calls for help. Knowing that the pirates are listening to radio traffic, he pretends to call a warship, requesting immediate air support. One skiff turns around in response, and the other -- manned by four heavily armed pirates led by Abduwali Muse -- loses engine power trying to steer through Maersk Alabama 's wake.","[""green for agriculture and forests', 'white for rivers and water', 'gold for mineral wealth', 'black for endurance', 'red for zeal and dynamism"", 'philippe gentil']",kíni orúkọ ọkọ̀ òkun kápítán phillip,Yes,"['Eré yìí dá lórí ìtanÌfipá Gba Maersk Alabama tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ọdún 2009, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn ajalèlókun ti òkun India tí adarí wọn jẹ́ Abduwali Muse mú oníṣowó ojú omí, Captain Richard Phillips fún pàṣípààrọ̀. ', 'Eré yìí dá lórí ìtanÌfipá Gba Maersk Alabama tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ọdún 2009, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn ajalèlókun ti òkun India tí adarí wọn jẹ́\xa0 Abduwali Muse mú oníṣowó ojú omí, Captain Richard Phillips fún pàṣípààrọ̀.']","['Maersk Alabama', 'Eré yìí dá lórí ìtanÌfipá Gba Maersk Alabama tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ọdún 2009, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn ajalèlókun ti òkun India tí adarí wọn jẹ́\xa0 Abduwali Muse mú oníṣowó ojú omí, Captain Richard Phillips fún pàṣípààrọ̀.']",['P1'],1,0,"Captain Phillips (eré) Captain Phillips j?? eréAm??ríkà a?aragágá ?dún 2013 tí Paul Greengrass darí, ti Tom Hanks àti Barkhad Abdi kópa, tí ó da lórí ìgbésíayé ?nìkan tí ó yè. Eré yìí dá lórí ìtanÌfipá Gba Maersk Alabama tí ó ??l?? ní ?dún 2009, ì???l?? tí ó ??l?? nígbà tí àw?n ajalèlókun ti òkun India tí adarí w?n j?? Abduwali Muse mú oní?owó ojú omí, Captain Richard Phillips fún pà?ípààr??. Billy Ray ?e ìfàwòráns??tàn ?? tí ó dálóríi ìwé A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea tí Stephan Talty àti Captain Richard Phillips k? ní ?dún 2010. Scott Rudin, Dana Brunetti àti Michael De Luca ló ?àgbéjade i??? yìí. W??n ?e àfihàn ?? Àj? fíìmù New York ti ?dún 2013,[1] w??n gbejade fún wíwò ní Oj?? m??kànlá O?ù k?sán Odún 2013.[2]","Captain Phillips Theatrical release poster Directed by Paul Greengrass Produced by Scott Rudin Dana Brunetti Michael De Luca Screenplay by Billy Ray Based on A Captain's Duty by Richard Phillips Stephan Talty Starring Tom Hanks Barkhad Abdi Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Barry Ackroyd Edited by Christopher Rouse Production company Scott Rudin Productions Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date September 27, 2013 ( 2013-09-27 ) ( NYFF ) October 11, 2013 ( 2013-10-11 ) (United States) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Somali Budget $55 million Box office $218.8 million Captain Phillips is a 2013 American biographical survival thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass and starring Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi . The film is inspired by the true story of the 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking , an incident during which merchant mariner Captain Richard Phillips was taken hostage by pirates in the Indian Ocean led by Abduwali Muse . The screenplay by Billy Ray is based on the 2010 book A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea by Richard Phillips with Stephan Talty . Scott Rudin , Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca served as producers on the project. It premiered at the 2013 New York Film Festival , and was theatrically released on October 11, 2013. The film emerged as a box office success grossing over $218 million against a budget of $55 million. In 2014, Captain Phillips received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor for Abdi. Contents [ hide ] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box Office 4.2 Critical reception 4.2.1 Film critic Top Ten lists 4.3 Home media 5 Accolades 6 Historical accuracy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot [ edit ] Richard Phillips takes command of MV Maersk Alabama , an unarmed container ship from the Port of Salalah in Oman , with orders to sail through the Gulf of Aden to Mombasa, Kenya . Wary of pirate activity off the coast of the Horn of Africa , he and First Officer Shane Murphy order strict security precautions on the vessel and carry out practice drills. During a drill, the vessel is chased by Somali pirates in two skiffs , and Phillips calls for help. Knowing that the pirates are listening to radio traffic, he pretends to call a warship, requesting immediate air support. One skiff turns around in response, and the other – manned by four heavily armed pirates led by Abduwali Muse – loses engine power trying to steer through Maersk Alabama ' s wake. The next day, Muse ' s skiff, now fitted with two outboard engines, returns with the same four pirates aboard. Despite the best efforts of Phillips and his crew, the pirates secure their ladder to the Maersk Alabama . As they board, Phillips tells the crew to hide in the engine room and allows himself to be captured. He offers Muse the $30,000 in the ship's safe, but Muse's orders are to ransom the ship and crew in exchange for millions of dollars of insurance money from the shipping company. While they search the ship, Murphy sees that the youngest pirate Bilal does not have sandals and tells the crew to line the engine room hallway with broken glass. Chief Engineer Mike Perry cuts power to the ship, plunging the lower decks into darkness. Bilal cuts his feet when they reach the engine room, and Muse continues to search alone. The crew members ambush Muse, holding him at knifepoint, and arrange to release him and the other pirates into a lifeboat. However, Muse's right-hand man Nour Najee refuses to board the lifeboat with Muse unless Phillips goes with them. Once all are on the lifeboat, Najee attacks Phillips, forcing him into the vessel before launching the boat with all five of them on board. As the lifeboat heads for Somalia, tensions flare between the pirates as they run low on the plant-based amphetamine khat and lose contact with their mother ship . Najee becomes agitated and tries to convince the others to kill Phillips. They are later intercepted by the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Bainbridge . Bainbridge ' s captain Frank Castellano is ordered to prevent the pirates from reaching the Somali coast by any means necessary. Even when additional ships arrive, Muse asserts that he has come too far and will not surrender. The negotiators are unable to change his mind and a DEVGRU SEAL team parachutes in to intervene, while Phillips makes an unsuccessful attempt to escape from the lifeboat before being quickly recaptured and repeatedly beaten by Najee. While three SEAL marksmen get into positions, Castellano and the SEALs continue to try to find a peaceful solution, eventually taking the lifeboat under tow. Muse agrees to board Bainbridge , where he is told that his clan elders have arrived to negotiate Phillips's ransom. In the lifeboat, Phillips prepares a goodbye letter to his wife in case he is killed, while Najee decides to take full control. Najee spots Phillips writing the letter and beats him further. Phillips retaliates by wrestling Najee until Bilal subdues Phillips by striking him in the back with his AK-47, injuring him. Najee convinces Bilal and Elmi that Phillips must be killed. The pirates tie up and blindfold Phillips, leaving him to say his final goodbyes. As the pirates prepare to shoot Phillips, Bainbridge ' s crew stops the tow, causing Bilal and Najee to lose balance. This gives the marksmen three clear shots and they simultaneously kill all three pirates. Muse is arrested and taken into custody for piracy. Phillips is rescued from the lifeboat and treated. Although in shock and disoriented, he thanks the rescue team for saving his life. Before the credits it is revealed Richard Phillips soon returned to sea after his recovery while Abduwali Muse was sentenced to 33 years in jail for orchestrating the hijacking of the Maersk Alabama , and the kidnap and attempted murder of Richard Phillips. Cast [ edit ] Tom Hanks (left) portrayed Richard Phillips (right). Tom Hanks as Richard ""Rich"" Phillips / ""Irish"", captain of MV Maersk Alabama Barkhad Abdi as Abduwali Muse , pirate leader Barkhad Abdirahman as Adan Bilal Faysal Ahmed as Nour Najee Mahat M. Ali as Walid Elmi Catherine Keener as Andrea Phillips Michael Chernus as Shane Murphy , first officer of MV Maersk Alabama David Warshofsky as Mike Perry, chief engineer , MV Maersk Alabama Corey Johnson as Ken Quinn, helmsman , MV Maersk Alabama Chris Mulkey as John Cronan, senior crew member, MV Maersk Alabama Mark Holden as William Rios, boatswain, MV Maersk Alabama Yul Vazquez as Commander Frank Castellano , commanding officer, USS Bainbridge Max Martini as U.S. Navy SEAL commander Omar Berdouni as Nemo, Somali-language translator working for the U.S. Navy as part of Mission Essential Mohamed Ali as Assad Issak Farah Samatar as Hufan Uncredited: Hospital Corpsman Second Class Danielle Albert as Chief Hospital Corpsman O'Brien Fire Control Technician First Class ( SW ) Nathan Cobler as Hospital Corpsman First Class Cobler Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] Barkhad Abdi portrayed Abduwali Muse Sony Pictures optioned the film rights shortly after the publication of Richard Phillips' memoir A Captain's Duty in 2010. In March 2011, actor Tom Hanks attached himself to the project after reading a draft of the screenplay by Billy Ray . Director Paul Greengrass was offered the helm of the untitled film adaptation during the following June. A worldwide search subsequently began to find the film's supporting Somali cast. From this search, Barkhad Abdi, Barkhad Abdirahman, Faysal Ahmed, and Mahat M. Ali were chosen from among more than 700 participants at a 2011 casting call at the Brian Coyle Community Center in Cedar-Riverside , Minneapolis . The four actors were selected, according to search casting director Debbie DeLisi, because they were ""the chosen ones, that anointed group that stuck out."" Producers visited the National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum to see the bullet-scarred, five-ton fiberglass lifeboat aboard which the pirates held Capt. Phillips hostage so that they could accurately re-create the boat and interiors for the set. They were also able to view an example of the Boeing Insitu ScanEagle UAV used to monitor the crisis, as well as the Mark 11 Mod 0 (SR-25) sniper rifle (the type used by the U.S. Navy SEALs), both also on display at the museum. Filming [ edit ] Principal photography for Captain Phillips began on March 26, 2012. Filming took place off the coast of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea . Nine weeks were spent filming aboard the Alexander Maersk , a container ship identical to the Maersk Alabama ; it was chartered on commercial terms. The USS Truxtun , an Arleigh Burke -class destroyer and sister ship of USS Bainbridge , served as a set piece in the film. Music [ edit ] The film score to Captain Phillips was composed by Henry Jackman . A soundtrack album for the film was released in physical forms on October 15, 2013 by Varèse Sarabande . Additional songs featured in the film include: ""Up in Here"" by KOVAS ""Hilm B Hilm"" by Musa Hanhan "" Wonderful Tonight "" by Eric Clapton ""The End"" by John Powell , a track from Greengrass' 2006 film United 93 Release [ edit ] Box Office [ edit ] Captain Phillips grossed $107.1 million in North America and $111.7 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $218.8 million, against its budget of $55 million. It made a net profit of $39 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film. The film grossed $25.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing second place at the box office behind Gravity ($43.2 million). Critical reception [ edit ] Captain Phillips premiered on September 20, 2013, opening the 2013 New York Film Festival . The film was praised for its direction, screenplay, production values, cinematography, and the performances of Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi. On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 248 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Smart, powerfully acted, and incredibly intense, Captain Phillips offers filmgoers a Hollywood biopic done right -- and offers Tom Hanks a showcase for yet another brilliant performance."" On Metacritic , the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating ""universal acclaim"". The film was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards , including Best Picture (Drama), Best Actor in a Drama (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi) and Best Director (Greengrass). It did not win in any of the categories. The film was also nominated for nine British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film, Best Direction (Greengrass), Best Actor (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi), and Best Adapted Screenplay. Abdi won the film's only award for Best Supporting Actor. The film was also nominated for six Academy Awards ; Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Abdi), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Sound Editing. It did not win in any of the categories. Film critic Top Ten lists [ edit ] Various American critics have named the film as one of the best of 2013. 1st – Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times 2nd – Empire 3rd – Lou Lumenick , New York Post 3rd – Roger Moore, Movie Nation 4th – Rafer Guzmán, Newsday 4th – Anne Thompson , Indiewire 5th – Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 5th – Chris Nastawaty, Entertainment Weekly 5th – Kyle Smith , New York Post 5th – Matt Singer, The Dissolve 5th – Christopher Rosen & Mike Ryan, Huffington Post 6th – Richard Roeper , Chicago Sun-Times 6th – Mara Reinstein, Us Weekly 6th – Randy Myers, San Jose Mercury News 6th – Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle 7th – Richard Lawson, Vanity Fair 7th – Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 7th – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News 8th – Sasha Stone , Awards Daily 8th – Lisa Kennedy, Denver Post 8th – Barbara Vancheri, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 9th – Genevieve Koski, The Dissolve 9th – Mike Scott, The Times-Picayune 9th – James Berardinelli , Reelviews Best of 2013 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – David Denby , The New Yorker Best of 2013 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Manohla Dargis , The New York Times Home media [ edit ] Captain Phillips was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on January 21, 2014. Accolades [ edit ] Awards Award Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. AACTA International Awards Best Film Captain Phillips Nominated Best Direction Paul Greengrass Nominated Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Academy Awards Best Picture Scott Rudin , Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca Nominated Best Supporting Actor Barkhad Abdi Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Billy Ray Nominated Best Film Editing Christopher Rouse Nominated Best Sound Editing Oliver Tarney Nominated Best Sound Mixing Chris Burdon , Mark Taylor , Mike Prestwood Smith and Chris Munro Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Actor in a Supporting Role Barkhad Abdi Nominated Best Screenplay, Adapted Billy Ray Nominated Best Editing Christopher Rouse Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Christopher Rouse Won American Film Institute Top Ten Films of the Year Captain Phillips Won American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Barry Ackroyd Nominated Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design – Contemporary Film Paul Kirby Nominated Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actor Barkhad Abdi Won Best Breakthrough Performance – Male Barkhad Abdi Won British Academy Film Awards Best Film Captain Phillips Nominated Best Director Paul Greengrass Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Barkhad Abdi Won Best Adapted Screenplay Billy Ray Nominated Best Cinematography Barry Ackroyd Nominated Best Original Music Henry Jackman Nominated Best Editing Christopher Rouse Nominated Best Sound Captain Phillips Nominated Casting Society of America Big Budget Drama Francine Maisler and Donna M. Belajac Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Barkhad Abdi Nominated Most Promising Performer Barkhad Abdi Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing – Motion Picture – Live Action Chris Munro, Mike Prestwood Smith, Chris Burdon, Mark Taylor, Al Clay, Howard London and Glen Gathard Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Director Paul Greengrass Nominated Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Supporting Actor Barkhad Abdi Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Direction – Feature Film Paul Greengrass Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Captain Phillips Nominated Best Thriller Captain Phillips Nominated Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Director Paul Greengrass Nominated Best Male Newcomer Barkhad Abdi Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Captain Phillips Nominated Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Tom Hanks Nominated Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Barkhad Abdi Nominated Best Director Paul Greengrass Nominated London Film Critics Circle Actor of the Year Tom Hanks Nominated Supporting Actor of the Year Barkhad Abdi Won Director of the Year Paul Greengrass Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects & Foley in a Feature Film Oliver Tarney Nominated Best Sound Editing: Dialogue & ADR in a Feature Film Oliver Tarney Won Online Film Critics Society Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Supporting Actor Barkhad Abdi Nominated People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Captain Phillips Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Best Theatrical Motion Picture Captain Phillips Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Billy Ray Nominated Best Editing Christopher Rouse Won San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actor Barkhad Abdi Nominated Best Editing Christopher Rouse Nominated Satellite Awards Best Film Captain Phillips Nominated Best Director Paul Greengrass Nominated Best Actor – Motion Picture Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Billy Ray Nominated Best Sound Captain Phillips Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Barkhad Abdi Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Barkhad Abdi Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Billy Ray Nominated Best Scene The scene near the end of the film when Phillips is being checked out by military medical personnel and breaks down. Nominated USC Scripter Award USC Libraries Scripter Award Richard Philips , Stephan Talty and Billy Ray Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Adapted Screenplay Billy Ray Nominated Historical accuracy [ edit ] Capt. Phillips was held captive in the lifeboat by pirates for five days. In a New York Post article, some of the crew members of the Maersk Alabama accused the film of being inaccurate in facts and the portrayal of Phillips, claiming that Phillips was not as heroic as the film depicts him. Mike Perry, the chief engineer of the Maersk Alabama , also asserted in a CNN interview that the film does not tell the true story. The film's director Paul Greengrass publicly stated that he ""stands behind the authenticity of Captain Phillips ,"" despite complaints of inaccuracy with how the film portrays the events surrounding the hijacking, and ""at the end of the day, it is easy to make anonymous accusations against a film [...] but the facts are clear [...] Captain Phillips' ship was attacked, and the ship and the crew and its cargo made it safely to port with no injuries or loss of life [...] That's the story we told, and it's an accurate one."" Phillips' first mate Shane Murphy stated in an interview with Vulture published on October 13, 2013 that he was satisfied with how the movie portrayed both Phillips and him, and stated that he was only disappointed that the film didn't show footage of the crews' families at home or the president's comments on the hijacking. See also [ edit ] A Hijacking Pirates of the 20th Century Survival film , about the film genre, with a list of related films List of films featuring the United States Navy SEALs List of films featuring drones Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Captain Phillips (film) Official website Captain Phillips at Metacritic Captain Phillips at Box Office Mojo Captain Phillips at Rotten Tomatoes Captain Phillips on IMDb" -1556496308100360961,validation,when was christmas first celebrated as a holiday,"The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels and early Christian writers suggested various dates for the anniversary. The first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century. In the early Middle Ages, it was overshadowed by Epiphany. The feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day.","['336', 'early-to-mid fourth century']",ìgbà wo ni wọ́n kọ́kọ́ ṣe ìsinmi ayẹyẹ kérésìmesì,No,"['Àbá oríṣiríṣi ni ó wà nípa ijọ́ tí a bí Jesu, lẹ́yìn bi ọdún ọgọrun mẹ́rin tí wón bí Jésù, àwọn ìjọ pinu láti fi ọjọ́(ayẹyẹ) náà sí Dec 25.']","['lẹ́yìn bi ọdún ọgọrun mẹ́rin tí wón bí Jésù, àwọn ìjọ pinu láti fi ọjọ́(ayẹyẹ) náà sí Dec 25.']",['P4'],0,0,"Àwòrán ìbí Jésù. Christmas Ọdún Kérésìmesì Also called Noël, Nativity , Xmas , Yule Observed by Christians , many non-Christians Type Christian , cultural Significance Ayẹyẹ ọjọ́ ìbí Jésù Date December 25 Western Christianity and some Eastern churches; secular world January 7 [ O.S. December 25] Some Eastern churches January 6 Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Evangelical Churches January 19 [ O.S. January 6] Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Celebrations ìfúni lẹ́bùn, àti àpéjọpọ̀ Observances Ìpéjọpọ̀ ní ilé ìjọsìn Ọdún Kérésìmesì ( tí wọ́n ń pè ní Christmas ní èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ) jé ayẹyẹ ọdọọdún láti ṣe àjọyọ̀ ibí àti ìwà sáyé Jésù Kristi, èyí tí ó ma ń sábà wáyé ní ọjọ́ Kàrúndinlogbin oṣù Kejìlá(Dec 25). Bí ó tilè jẹ́ wípé àwọn ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ńṣe àjọyọ̀ yìí ní ọjọ́ Kàrún lélógún oṣù Kejìlá, àwọn Kristẹni míràn ṣe ayẹyẹ náà ní ọjọ́ míràn, bí àpẹẹrẹ, àwọn ìjọ ní órílẹ̀ èdè Armenia ṣe ajoyo náà ni ọjọ́ keje oṣù kini(Jan 6). Àwọn ìjọ míràn ní Armenia tí ó ún lo Kalenda Julian ṣe ayẹyẹ Kérésìmesì ní ọjọ́ kádinlogun oṣù Kínní ọdún(Jan 19), ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún sì jẹ́ ọjọ́ aisimi Kérésìmesì. Àwọn míràn tún ṣe ayẹyẹ yìí ní ọjọ́ kerinlelogun oṣù Kejìlá(Dec 24). Ìtàn Kérésìmesì sọ nípa àkọlé majẹmu titun inú Bíbélì, tí ó sọ nípa ibí Jesu nínú Bethlehem láti mú àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ nípa ibi rẹ̀ ṣe. . Nígbà tí Jósẹ́fù àti Maria ìyá Jesu wọ ìlú náà, ilé ibùsùn tí wón wò kò ní ìyára, èyí mú kí wón fi ibùjẹ ẹran lọ̀ wọ́n, ilé ibuje ẹran yìí ni a bí Jesu sí, àwọn áńgẹ́lì sì kéde ibí rẹ̀ fún àwọn oluso àgùntàn, tí àwọn Olùṣọ́ àgùntàn náà sì fi ọ̀rọ̀ nípa ibí rẹ̀ lédè. Gẹ́gẹ́ ìtàn Bíbélì, a bí Jésù nígbà isejoba Herod the Great. Ìtàn ìhìn rere Luku sọ nípa bí Jósẹ́fù àti Màríà ṣe fi Nazareti(ìlú wọn) kalẹ tí wón sì wá sí Bethlehemu láti wá san owó orí. Wọ́n pẹ́ kí wọ́n tó dé Bethlehemu, ìgbà tí wón sì dé ìbè, kò sí àyè mó ní ilé igbalejo. Wọ́n fi ilé ibùjẹ ẹran lọ̀ wọ́n, wọ́n sì kalè síbè, àìpé rẹ̀ ni wọ́n bí Jesu. Àbá oríṣiríṣi ni ó wà nípa ijọ́ tí a bí Jesu, lẹ́yìn bi ọdún ọgọrun mẹ́rin tí wón bí Jésù, àwọn ìjọ pinu láti fi ọjọ́(ayẹyẹ) náà sí Dec 25. Nígbà tí oyún Èlísábẹ́tì pé oṣù mẹ́fà, Grabrieli farahàn Maria, ó sì sọ fún pé yó lóyún. Nkan pàtàkì láti mọ̀ ni pé kì í ṣe gbogbo ìjọ àkókó ni ó fọwọ́ si fífi ọjọ́ Kàrún lélógún oṣù Kejìlá ṣe ayẹyẹ Kérésìmesì. Ọ tún le ka èyí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àìsùn Kérésìmesì Awọn ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]", -1556496308100360961,validation,when was christmas first celebrated as a holiday,"Although the month and date of Jesus ' birth are unknown, by the early - to - mid fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25, a date that was later adopted in the East. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world. However, some Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar, the day after the Western Christian Church celebrates the Epiphany. This is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Moreover, for Christians, the belief that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity, rather than the exact birth date, is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas.","['336', 'early-to-mid fourth century']",ìgbà wo ni wọ́n kọ́kọ́ ṣe ìsinmi ayẹyẹ kérésìmesì,No,"['Àbá oríṣiríṣi ni ó wà nípa ijọ́ tí a bí Jesu, lẹ́yìn bi ọdún ọgọrun mẹ́rin tí wón bí Jésù, àwọn ìjọ pinu láti fi ọjọ́(ayẹyẹ) náà sí Dec 25.']","['lẹ́yìn bi ọdún ọgọrun mẹ́rin tí wón bí Jésù, àwọn ìjọ pinu láti fi ọjọ́(ayẹyẹ) náà sí Dec 25.']",['P4'],0,0,"Àwòrán ìbí Jésù. Christmas Ọdún Kérésìmesì Also called Noël, Nativity , Xmas , Yule Observed by Christians , many non-Christians Type Christian , cultural Significance Ayẹyẹ ọjọ́ ìbí Jésù Date December 25 Western Christianity and some Eastern churches; secular world January 7 [ O.S. December 25] Some Eastern churches January 6 Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Evangelical Churches January 19 [ O.S. January 6] Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Celebrations ìfúni lẹ́bùn, àti àpéjọpọ̀ Observances Ìpéjọpọ̀ ní ilé ìjọsìn Ọdún Kérésìmesì ( tí wọ́n ń pè ní Christmas ní èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ) jé ayẹyẹ ọdọọdún láti ṣe àjọyọ̀ ibí àti ìwà sáyé Jésù Kristi, èyí tí ó ma ń sábà wáyé ní ọjọ́ Kàrúndinlogbin oṣù Kejìlá(Dec 25). Bí ó tilè jẹ́ wípé àwọn ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ńṣe àjọyọ̀ yìí ní ọjọ́ Kàrún lélógún oṣù Kejìlá, àwọn Kristẹni míràn ṣe ayẹyẹ náà ní ọjọ́ míràn, bí àpẹẹrẹ, àwọn ìjọ ní órílẹ̀ èdè Armenia ṣe ajoyo náà ni ọjọ́ keje oṣù kini(Jan 6). Àwọn ìjọ míràn ní Armenia tí ó ún lo Kalenda Julian ṣe ayẹyẹ Kérésìmesì ní ọjọ́ kádinlogun oṣù Kínní ọdún(Jan 19), ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún sì jẹ́ ọjọ́ aisimi Kérésìmesì. Àwọn míràn tún ṣe ayẹyẹ yìí ní ọjọ́ kerinlelogun oṣù Kejìlá(Dec 24). Ìtàn Kérésìmesì sọ nípa àkọlé majẹmu titun inú Bíbélì, tí ó sọ nípa ibí Jesu nínú Bethlehem láti mú àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ nípa ibi rẹ̀ ṣe. . Nígbà tí Jósẹ́fù àti Maria ìyá Jesu wọ ìlú náà, ilé ibùsùn tí wón wò kò ní ìyára, èyí mú kí wón fi ibùjẹ ẹran lọ̀ wọ́n, ilé ibuje ẹran yìí ni a bí Jesu sí, àwọn áńgẹ́lì sì kéde ibí rẹ̀ fún àwọn oluso àgùntàn, tí àwọn Olùṣọ́ àgùntàn náà sì fi ọ̀rọ̀ nípa ibí rẹ̀ lédè. Gẹ́gẹ́ ìtàn Bíbélì, a bí Jésù nígbà isejoba Herod the Great. Ìtàn ìhìn rere Luku sọ nípa bí Jósẹ́fù àti Màríà ṣe fi Nazareti(ìlú wọn) kalẹ tí wón sì wá sí Bethlehemu láti wá san owó orí. Wọ́n pẹ́ kí wọ́n tó dé Bethlehemu, ìgbà tí wón sì dé ìbè, kò sí àyè mó ní ilé igbalejo. Wọ́n fi ilé ibùjẹ ẹran lọ̀ wọ́n, wọ́n sì kalè síbè, àìpé rẹ̀ ni wọ́n bí Jesu. Àbá oríṣiríṣi ni ó wà nípa ijọ́ tí a bí Jesu, lẹ́yìn bi ọdún ọgọrun mẹ́rin tí wón bí Jésù, àwọn ìjọ pinu láti fi ọjọ́(ayẹyẹ) náà sí Dec 25. Nígbà tí oyún Èlísábẹ́tì pé oṣù mẹ́fà, Grabrieli farahàn Maria, ó sì sọ fún pé yó lóyún. Nkan pàtàkì láti mọ̀ ni pé kì í ṣe gbogbo ìjọ àkókó ni ó fọwọ́ si fífi ọjọ́ Kàrún lélógún oṣù Kejìlá ṣe ayẹyẹ Kérésìmesì. Ọ tún le ka èyí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àìsùn Kérésìmesì Awọn ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]", -7109626603471471007,train,how many goals did christiano ronaldo score in his career,"Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM (European Portuguese : (kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu) ; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues (395), the UEFA Champions League (120), the UEFA European Championship (9), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League (34) and the UEFA European Championship (6). He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country.","['photosynthesis', 'photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide']",góòlù mélòó ni christiano ronaldo tí gbá láti ìgbà tí ó bè̩rè̩ sí ń gbá bóòlù,Yes,"['Aṣeyọri ti diẹ sii ju awọn ibi-afẹde 800 ni diẹ sii ju awọn ere iṣẹ-ṣiṣe 1,100, Ronaldo jẹ olubori ti o ga julọ ni itan-akọọlẹ bọọlu ni ibamu si FIFA .']",['o ju 800'],['P3'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 3828825045395055822,train,how many goals do cristiano ronaldo have in his career,"Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH, ComM (Portuguese pronunciation : (kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaldu) ; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time, Ronaldo has five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player and is tied for most all - time. He is the first player in history to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 25 trophies in his career, including five league titles, four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in the top five European leagues (373), the UEFA Champions League (114), the UEFA European Championship (29) and the FIFA Club World Cup (7), as well as most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season (17). Cristiano also holds the record for most official assists provided in the UEFA Champions League (36). He has scored more than 600 senior career goals for club and country.","['photosynthesis', 'photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide']",góòlù mélòó ni kristiáìnì ronaldo ti kó nínú iṣẹ́ rẹ̀,Yes,"['Aṣeyọri ti diẹ sii ju awọn ibi-afẹde 800 ni diẹ sii ju awọn ere iṣẹ-ṣiṣe 1,100, Ronaldo jẹ olubori ti o ga julọ ni itan-akọọlẹ bọọlu ni ibamu si FIFA .']","['ibi-afẹde 800 ni diẹ sii ju awọn ere iṣẹ-ṣiṣe 1,100']",['P2'],1,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 4614086967202265091,train,how many goals has cristiano ronaldo scored in his football career,"Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH, ComM (Portuguese pronunciation : (kɾiʃ'tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu) ; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time, Ronaldo has four FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player in history to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 24 trophies in his career, including five league titles, four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in the top five European leagues (372), the UEFA Champions League (107) and the UEFA European Championship (29), as well as the most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season (17). He has scored more than 600 senior career goals for club and country.","['photosynthesis', 'the light-driven splitting of water']",góòlù mélòó ni kristiánọ̀ ronaldo ti gbá nínú gbogbo eré bọ́ọ̀lù rẹ̀,Yes,"['Aṣeyọri ti diẹ sii ju awọn ibi-afẹde 800 ni diẹ sii ju awọn ere iṣẹ-ṣiṣe 1,100, Ronaldo jẹ olubori ti o ga julọ ni itan-akọọlẹ bọọlu ni ibamu si FIFA .']","['Aṣeyọri ti diẹ sii ju awọn ibi-afẹde 800 ni diẹ sii ju awọn ere iṣẹ-ṣiṣe 1,100, Ronaldo jẹ olubori ti o ga julọ ni itan-akọọlẹ bọọlu ni ibamu si FIFA .']",['P2'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", -3282673826494996894,train,how many goals has ronaldo scored in one match,"Ronaldo scored five goals, including a hat - trick against Armenia, in the qualification for Euro 2016. With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014, he reached 23 goals in the European Championship, including qualifying matches, to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer. At the start of the tournament, however, Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria, despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal. In the latter match, he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance, which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half. With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage, a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary, Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships, having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament. Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland, his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format.",[],góòlù mélòó ni ronaldo ti gba nínú ìdíje kan,Yes,"['Ninu ifẹsẹwọnsẹ-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji wọle pẹlu iranlọwọ kan lodisi Arsenal ni ẹsẹ keji \xa0.', 'Ni apapọ, o ṣe awọn ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba awọn ibi-afẹde 6 wọle.']","['Ninu ifẹsẹwọnsẹ-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji wọle pẹlu iranlọwọ kan lodisi Arsenal ni ẹsẹ keji \xa0.', 'Ni apapọ, o ṣe awọn ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba awọn ibi-afẹde 6 wọle.']","['P45', 'P29']",1,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 4237672952794781545,train,how many goals have c ronaldo scored in his career,"Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM (European Portuguese : (kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu) ; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time, Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues (395), the UEFA Champions League (120), the UEFA European Championship (9), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League (34) and the UEFA European Championship (6). He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country.",['the light-driven splitting of water'],góòlù mélòó ni kristiánọ̀ ronaldo ti gbá nínú iṣẹ́ rẹ̀,Yes,"['Aṣeyọri ti diẹ sii ju awọn ibi-afẹde 800 ni diẹ sii ju awọn ere iṣẹ-ṣiṣe 1,100, Ronaldo jẹ olubori ti o ga julọ ni itan-akọọlẹ bọọlu ni ibamu si FIFA .']",['o ju 800'],['P3'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 7553148277418537275,train,how much did real madrid buy ronaldo from manchester united,"Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season, Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time, of £ 80 million (€ 94 million). His contract, which ran until 2015, was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause. At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu, surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli. Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7, the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United, Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt, which was presented to him by former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano.",['peter'],èló ni real madrid san fún ronaldo látowó manchester united,Yes,"['Ni 2009, lẹhinna o jẹ koko-ọrọ ti gbigbe ti o ga julọ ninu itan-akọọlẹ bọọlu ( 94 milionu awọn owo ilẹ yuroopu ), nigbati o lọ kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid .']",['94 milionu awọn owo ilẹ yuroopu'],['P4'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", -1527125065758253572,train,how old was ronaldo when he went to manchester united,"Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15. He underwent an operation to treat his condition, and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003. After winning his first trophy, the FA Cup, during his first season in England, he helped United win three successive Premier League titles, a UEFA Champions League title, and a FIFA Club World Cup. By age 22, he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23, he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2009, Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million (£ 80 million).",['europe'],ọmọ ọdún mélòó ni ronaldo nígbà tí ó lọ sí manchester united,Yes,"['Ọjọ iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ọdun 18Oṣu Kẹjọ Ọjọ 6, Ọdun 2003, lakoko ifilọlẹ ti papa iṣere Alvalade XXI .']",['ọmọ ọdun 18.'],['P27'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 7543354911467037388,train,most goals cristiano ronaldo scored in a game,"In La Liga, where Madrid finished second, Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season. For the first time in his career, he scored five goals in one game, including an eight - minute hat - trick, in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April. His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano. Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla, Espanyol, and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31, surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles. As a result, Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals, two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season, despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player. In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi, he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time.","['around 3100 bc', 'northeastern africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the nile river in the place that is now the country egypt', 'along the lower reaches of the nile river in the place that is now the country egypt', 'end of the middle pleistocene some 120,000 years ago']",góòlù tó pọ̀ jù lọ tí cristiano ronaldo gbá nínú ìdíje kan,Yes,"['Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo mẹfa.']",['ohun ni agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo mẹfa.'],['P118'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 3116472557903416165,train,what does cristiano ronaldo do for a living,"Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH, ComM (European Portuguese : (kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu) ; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time, Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues (395), the UEFA Champions League (120), the UEFA European Championship (9), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League (34) and the UEFA European Championship (6). He has scored over 650 senior career goals for club and country.",['7 october 1949'],Irú is̩é̩ wo ni kristiánọ̀ ronaldo ń s̩e,Yes,"['Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a mọ sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní Oṣu Kẹta Ọjọ 5, Ọdun 1985) ní Funchal, jẹ agbabọọlu Orílẹ̀-èdè Pọtugali tí ó sì tún ń gbá bọ́ọ̀lù fún Al -Nassr FC .']","['Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a mọ sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí jẹ agbabọọlu Orílẹ̀-èdè Pọtugali tí ó sì tún ń gbá bọ́ọ̀lù fún Al -Nassr FC .']",['P2'],1,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 1333026100516362431,train,what team did ronaldo play for in the 2014 world cup,"During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup, Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals. A qualifying match on 17 October 2012, a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland, earned him his 100th cap. His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland, when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013. After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign, Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden, which ensured their place at the tournament. His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals, equaling Pauleta 's record. Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer.",[],ẹgbẹ́ wo ni ronaldo gbá fún ní ife ẹ̀yẹ àgbáyé ọdún 2014,Yes,"['O gba ọpọlọpọ awọn idije pẹlu ẹgbẹ Madrid, pẹlu aṣaju-ija Sipania ati Ajumọṣe aṣaju-ija ni igba mẹrin laarin 2014 ati 2018.']",['ẹgbẹ Madrid'],['P4'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", -1546974166668352836,train,what team does ronaldo play for in the world cup,"Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH, ComM (European Portuguese : (kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu) ; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as the greatest of all time, Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 25 trophies in his career, including five league titles, four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. Both a prolific goalscorer and playmaker, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues (393), the UEFA Champions League (120), the UEFA European Championship (9), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League (34) and the UEFA European Championship (8). He has scored over 650 senior career goals for club and country.","[""exodus 34:28', 'deuteronomy 10:4""]",ẹgbẹ́ wo ni ronaldo gbá fún ní ife ẹ̀yẹ àgbáyé ,Yes,"['O gba ọpọlọpọ awọn idije pẹlu ẹgbẹ Madrid, pẹlu aṣaju-ija Sipania ati Ajumọṣe aṣaju-ija ni igba mẹrin laarin 2014 ati 2018.']",['ẹgbẹ Madrid'],['P4'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", -8041403400748691419,train,when did cristiano ronaldo scored his first goal,"Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003, receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt. His performance earned praise from George Best, who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen. Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November. Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign, the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season, a match in which he also received his first red card. Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final, earning his first trophy.","['1990', 'tim curry', 'vancouver, british columbia, canada']",ìgbà wo ni christiano ronaldo gba góòlù àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀,Yes,['Ronaldo lẹhinna gba ami ayo akọkọ rẹ gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati bọọlu ọfẹ ni Oṣu kọkanla ọdun 2003 \xa0.'],[],['P29'],1,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 2296477983840806657,train,when did cristiano ronaldo sign for manchester united,"Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15. He underwent an operation to treat his condition, and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003. He helped United win three successive Premier League titles, a UEFA Champions League title, and a FIFA Club World Cup. By age 22, he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23, he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2009, Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million (£ 80 million).","['vancouver, british columbia, canada']",ìgbà wo ni christiano ronaldo wọ ẹgbẹ́ manchester united,Yes,"['Oṣu Kẹjọ Ọjọ 12, Ọdun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole pẹlu Manchester United fun 15 milionu awọn owo ilẹ yuroopu.']",[],['P26'],0,1,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 1725986550520561123,train,when did cristiano ronaldo started playing for portugal,"A Portuguese international, Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all - time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015. Ronaldo made his senior international debut in August 2003, at age 18. He is Portugal 's most capped player of all - time with over 140 caps, and has participated in seven major tournaments. He is Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer. He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final. He took over full captaincy in July 2008, leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016, and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament. One of the most marketable sportsmen, he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017, as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 and 2017.","['1990', 'tim curry', 'november 18 and 20, 1990']",ìgbà wo ni christiano ronaldo bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí gbá bọ́ọ̀lù àfẹsẹ̀gbá fún orílẹ̀ èdè potogí,Yes,"['Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darapọ mọ ile-iṣẹ ikẹkọ Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ọdun mọkanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ọjọgbọn akọkọ rẹ ni 2002.']",['o darapọ mọ ile-iṣẹ ikẹkọ Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ọdun mọkanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ọjọgbọn akọkọ rẹ ni 2002.'],['P4'],0,1,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", -3416030449159948925,train,when did ronaldo make his debut for portugal,"A Portuguese international, Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015. He made his senior debut for Portugal in 2003 at age 18, and has since had over 150 caps, including appearing and scoring in eight major tournaments, becoming Portugal 's most capped player and his country 's all - time top goalscorer. He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final. He took over full captaincy in July 2008, leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016, and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament, before becoming the highest European international goalscorer of all - time. One of the most marketable athletes in the world, he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017, as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016, 2017 and 2018.",['emperor hirohito'],ìgbà wo ni ronaldo gba bóòlù àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ fún orílẹ̀-èdè potogí,Yes,"['Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darapọ mọ ile-iṣẹ ikẹkọ Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ọdun mọkanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ọjọgbọn akọkọ rẹ ni 2002.']",['o darapọ mọ ile-iṣẹ ikẹkọ Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ọdun mọkanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ọjọgbọn akọkọ rẹ ni 2002.'],['P4'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", -4035210815825825674,train,when did ronaldo score his first hat trick,"Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008, bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table. A month later, on 19 March, he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton, and scored both goals of the match. His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign, which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season, thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder. Ronaldo scored his final league goal of the season from the penalty spot in the title decider against Wigan on 11 May, as United claimed a second successive Premier League title. His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot, as well as the European Golden Shoe, which made him the first winger to win the latter award.","['sanskrit', 'acinonyx jubatus']",ìgbà wo ni ronaldo kọ́kọ́ gba góòlù mé̩ta le̩ kan na ,Yes,"['Ni Oṣu Kini Ọjọ 12, Ọdun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya akọkọ rẹ fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United .']","['Ni Oṣu Kini Ọjọ 12, Ọdun 2008']",['P40'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 2127799836057970657,train,who did ronaldo play for in the world cup,"In Madrid, Ronaldo won 15 trophies, including two La Liga titles, two Copas del Rey, four UEFA Champions League titles, two UEFA Super Cups, and three FIFA Club World Cups. Real Madrid 's all - time top goalscorer, Ronaldo scored a record 34 La Liga hat - tricks, including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons. After joining Madrid, Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times, behind Lionel Messi, his perceived career rival, before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014. After winning the 2016 and 2017 Champions Leagues, Ronaldo secured back - to - back Ballons d'Or again in 2016 and 2017. A historic third consecutive Champions League followed, making Ronaldo the first player to win the trophy five times. In 2018, he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth € 100 million, the highest fee ever paid for a player over 30 years old, and the highest ever paid by an Italian club.","['april 11, 1899', 'borikén']",ta ni ronaldo gbá fún ní ìdíje àgbáyé,Yes,"['O gba ọpọlọpọ awọn idije pẹlu ẹgbẹ Madrid, pẹlu aṣaju-ija Sipania ati Ajumọṣe aṣaju-ija ni igba mẹrin laarin 2014 ati 2018.']",['ẹgbẹ Madrid'],['P4'],0,0,"Cristiano Ronaldo Ká m?? ?e à?ì?e r?? m?? Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). ""Cristiano"" túndarí síbí yìí. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ti a m? sí Cristiano Ronaldo, Ronaldo tàbí CR7, (ti a bi ní O?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985) ní Funchal, j? agbab??lu Oríl??-èdè P?tugali tí ó sì tún ? gbá b????lù fún Al -Nassr FC . Ti a ?e akiyesi ?kan ninu aw?n ?l?s? ti o dara jul? ni itan-ak??l?, o wa p?lu Lionel Messi (p?lu ?niti o ?et?ju idije ere idaraya ) ?kan ninu aw?n meji nikan lati gba Ballon d'Or ni o kere ju igba marun. A?ey?ri ti di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 800 ni di? sii ju aw?n ere i??-?i?e 1,100, Ronaldo j? olubori ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu ni ibamu si FIFA . O tun j? agbaboolu oke ni UEFA Champions League , Aw?n idije European, Real Madrid , Madrid derby , FIFA Club World Cup ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portuguese, eyiti o j? olori alakoso lati ?dun 2008. O?ere ak?k? ti o gba European Golden Shoe ni igba m?rin, o tun j? olubori ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti European Nations Championship niwaju Michel Platini ati pe o ni igbasil? fun ?gb? oril?-ede. afojusun , p?lu 118 afojusun. Ti o dide ni erekusu Madeira , o darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Sporting Clube de Portugal ni ?dun m?kanla o si fowo si iwe adehun ?j?gb?n ak?k? r? ni 2002. Ti gba nipas? Manchester United ni igba ooru ti o t?le, o ?afihan talenti r? lakoko Euro 2004 ni ?dun 19 nikan. atij? p?lu Portugal . O ni akoko 2007–08 ti o dara jul? p?lu Manchester United , ti o bori Premier League ati Champions League . Ni 2009, l?hinna o j? koko-?r? ti gbigbe ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? b??lu ( 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu ), nigbati o l? kuro niRed Devils fun Real Madrid . O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n idije p?lu ?gb? Madrid, p?lu a?aju-ija Sipania ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija ni igba m?rin laarin 2014 ati 2018. L?hin a?ey?ri ik?hin yii, o fi Real Madrid sil? l?hin aw?n akoko m?san ni Ologba fun Juventus Turin . I?eduro Ilu Italia r? j? aami nipas? aw?n ak?le meji ti aw?n a?aju Ilu Italia ?ugb?n imukuro it?lera m?ta ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija. Ni ?dun 2021 , o pada si Ilu Manchester United nibiti o ti pari bi agbaboolu ti ?gb? ni akoko ak?k? r? ?aaju ki o to y? kuro ni O?u Keji ?dun 2022 l?hin ti o tako ?gb? naa ni gbangba. L?hinna o foruk?sil? ni ?gb? agbab??lu SaudiAl-Nassr FC fun adehun igbasil?. Ni yiyan, o j? o?ere ti o ni agbara jul?, agba agba ati ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ipinnu ni Ilu P?tugali , eyiti o gba ak?le kariaye ak?k? r? nipa lilu France ni ipari ti Euro 2016 l?hinna Ajum??e Aw?n Oril?-ede ni 2019 lodi si Netherlands. . Niwon 2003, o ti kopa ninu marun European Championships ati marun World Cup , ti eyi ti o j? ak?k? player ti o ti gba a ìlépa ni marun ti o yat? it?s?na ti aw?n Planetary idije. O?ere pipe ati wap?, o ti ?aj?p? aw?n idije ati aw?n igbasil? k??kan ni ipari i?? ?i?e ti o ju ogun ?dun l?. Talenti r? ati igbesi aye gigun j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o b?w? jul? nipas? aw?n alafojusi laibikita ihuwasi pipin r?. G?g?bi ?kan ninu aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul?, o ti j? oruk? ere idaraya ti o ga jul? ni agbaye ni ?p?l?p? igba nipas? iwe irohin Forbes , ni pataki ?p? si aw?n adehun ipolowo ati aw?n idasile i?owo ni oruk? r?. Ni ?dun 2014, Iwe irohin Time wa ninu atok? r? ti aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? jul? ni agbaye. O tun j? eniyan ti o t?le jul? lori n?tiw??ki awuj? Instagram , p?lu aw?n alabapin mili?nu 513. Cristiano Ronaldo Igbesiaye Ti o wa lati idile talaka Madeiran , Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro j? ?m? Maria Dolores dos Santos ati José Dinis Aveiro. O si a bi loriO?u K?ta ?j? 5, ?dun 1985ni Santo António , agbegbe ti Funchal lori erekusu Madeira . O j? ibim? laip?, ?ugb?n ?m? naa n ?e daradara. Oruk? ak?k? r? Cristiano ni o yan nipas? iya r?, ati oruk? arin r?, Ronaldo, ni a fun ni nipas? aw?n obi r? ni it?kasi Aare Am?rika nigbanaa Ronald Reagan , ?niti baba r? yìn bi o?ere . O ni arakunrin agbalagba (Hugo) ati aw?n arabinrin agbalagba meji (Elma ati Cátia Lilian, oludije ti Dança com bi Estrelas 2015 ). Iya-nla r?, Isabel da Piedade, j? Cape Verdean . Baba r? ni ipa nipas? alaini?? ati ?ti-lile. Ní ti ??gb??n r?? ?lá Hugo, oògùn olóró ti di bárakú r?? gan-an. Ni kete ti Cristiano ni ?na inawo lati ?e iranl?w? fun ?bi r?, o ?e b?: o ?e iranl?w? ni pataki fun arakunrin r? lati jade ninu oogun, ra ile kan ti o wa ni Madeira fun iya r?. Síb??síb??, bàbá r?? máa ? k?? láti ràn án l??w??, èyí tí ó ní ??bùn ìbínú Cristiano, tí ó sábà máa ? fèsì pé: “Kí ni à?fààní níní owó tó p?? tó b????? "". Baba r? j? onigberaga ati onigberaga eniyan, ko f? ki ?nik?ni ?e iranl?w? fun u ati paapaa kere si lati ?ãnu fun u. O j? lati ?d? baba r? pe Cristiano di aibikita yii si ?na i?? [ref. dandan] . Baba r?, José Dinis Aveiro, ku loriO?u K?san ?j? 7, ?dun 2005ni Ilu L?nd?nu ti o t?le tum? ?d? ti o mu ?ti-lile. Yoo j? fun idi eyi ti Cristiano Ronaldo ko mu oti . NinuO?u K?j? ?dun 2005, Aw?n ?l?pa mu Cristiano Ronaldo ti w?n si gb?, nitori pe oun ati alaba?i??p? kan ni w?n fi ?sun ifipabanilopo nipas? aw?n ?m?birin meji. ?j? naa yoo wa ni pipade laip? l?hin igbati ?kan ninu aw?n ?m?birin mejeeji yoo y? ?dun r? kuro . P?lu iranl?w? ti ?kan ninu aw?n arabinrin r?, o ?ii ile itaja a?? kan ti a npè ni CR7, oruk? apeso r? (ti a ??da lati aw?n ib?r? r? ati n?mba aso a?? r?) . Meji lo wa: ?kan ni Lisbon ati ekeji ni Madeira. Ronaldo nigbagbogbo ?e apejuwe ara r? g?g?bi oloootit?, ikorira lati padanu ati olotit? ni ?r?. Lakoko akoko Madrid r? , o ngbe ni agbegbe ibugbe ti La Finca ni Madrid , agbegbe ?l?r? ti o wa ni ipam? fun aw?n elere idaraya ati nibiti ?p?l?p? aw?n ?l?gb? r? ngbe. O si di aw?nO?u K?fa ?j? 17, ?dun 2010, baba kekere Cristiano Junior, fun ?niti yoo ti san iya 12 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu lati ?e idaduro itimole nikan, ti o fi pam? oruk? ti igbehin. O j? fun ?m? r? pe o ?e iyas?t? ibi-af?de r? si Netherlands ni Euro 2012 ni O?u Karun ?j? 17, ?dun 2012. Ni ipo if? r?, Cristiano Ronaldo dated aw?n awo?e Merche Romero ni 2006 ati Nereida Gallardo ni 2008. Ni 2009, o tun ni ibatan kukuru p?lu olokiki Paris Hilton . O si ti ifowosi ni a ibasep? p?lu Russian supermodel Irina Shayk niwonO?u Karun ?dun 2010. W?n breakup ti wa ni timo niO?u K?ta ?dun 2015l?hin ?dun marun j? . Lakoko i?? r?, ni ita tabi lori aaye, Cristiano Ronaldo tun j? accomplice p?lu Wayne Rooney ati Anderson ni Manchester [ ref. f?] . Ni Madrid , o m? pe o j? ?r? to dara p?lu Marcelo , Fábio Coentrão , Karim Benzema , Pepe ati Sergio Ramos . O tun ti di ?r? p?lu a?oju r? Jorge Mendes ti o ti n ?akoso aw?n igbero gbigbe r? ati apo-i?? r? niwon 2002. Ni ita ti b??lu af?s?gba, Portuguese ?e aw?n ejika p?lu [evasive]olokiki Dutch-Moroccan tapa-af???ja Badr Hari . Ni igbehinO?u K?rin ?dun 2013, o di ?m? ?gb? 100,000th ti ?gb? ayanf? r?, Sporting Clube de Portugal . Lati opin 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti n rin irin-ajo l? si Morocco ni ?p?l?p? igba ni ?s? kan , fun eyiti o j? ?sun nipas? Aare Ologba Florentino Pérez ati oluk?ni Zinédine Zidane . NinuO?u Keje ?dun 2017, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan f?to kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] p?lu aw?n ibeji Eva ati Mateo ti a bi si iya iya . LatiO?u kejila ?dun 2016, o wa ni ibasep? p?lu Georgina Rodríguez , lakoko aw?n isinmi r? ni Ibiza, o ?e afihan ikun ti o yika ti o nfihan oyun ak?k? r? . O bim? loriO?u k?kanla ?j? 12, ?dun 2017ti ?m?birin kan ti a npè ni Alana, Cristiano Ronaldo bayi di baba fun igba k?rin . O?u K?san ?j? 27, ?dun 2018, Kathryn Mayorga faili ?dun lodi si ?r? orin fun ifipabanilopo eyi ti o tit?num? mu ibi loriO?u K?fa ?j? 13, ?dun 2009, ni a keta ni Las Vegas . Juventus ?e adehun atil?yin w?n fun ?r? orin bi aw?n onigbowo Nike ati EA Sports s? nipa ipo “ip?nju” . O ra ni Lisbon ni 2021, iy?wu igbadun kan [ibara?nis?r? ibaramu] fun di? sii ju 7 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Ologba ?m? junior dajudaju Ti o wa lati idile ti aw?n ?m?de m?rin, Cristiano Ronaldo j? alatil?yin ti Benfica Lisbon lakoko igba ewe r? o si lo ?p?l?p? igba ti o ?e b??lu af?s?gba ni agbegbe r? ti Santo Antonio ni Funchal, ni erekusu Madeira. ""O jade l? lati ?e b??lu af?s?gba ati pe ko wa si ile titi di aago 9 a?al?,"" iya r? s? ni iwe-ipam? kan . Arakunrin ibatan r? gba ? niyanju lati ?ere ni ?gb? kan, o si b?r? ni ?m? ?dun m?j? ni agba FC Andorinha, nibiti baba r? ti ?i?? bi olu?akoso . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? ?gb?, ?ugb?n pari ni didap? m? Clube Desportivo Nacional ni ?dun 1995.nibiti o ti wa fun akoko kan ?aaju ki o to gbe siwaju fun 450,000 escudos (nipa aw?n owo il? yuroopu 2,200) si Sporting Clube de Portugal l?hin wiwa a?ey?ri r? . Ni ?dun 2007 , CDN s? ogba ?gb? naa ni Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol fun ?lá fun akoko r? ni ?gba . O darap? m? ile-i?? ik?k? Alcochete ni ?j?-ori 11 ati nitorinaa lo aw?n akoko m?fa ni ?gb? kekere ti Sporting Club ti Ilu P?tugali. Club Sporting de Portugal (1997-2003) Ni ?j? ori 11, Cristiano Ronaldo de Lisbon , ti o ti ?e akiyesi nipas? Sporting Clube de Portugal . O ?e awari a?ey?ri nib? ati pe o gba i?? nipas? ?gb? “A ?eto ere idanwo ati ni kete ti idije naa b?r?, Ronaldo ni b??lu. Oun yoo k?ja aw?n o?ere meji, aw?n o?ere m?ta, Osvaldo Silva ati Emi s? fun ara wa pe: o ni nkankan iyal?nu gaan.wí pé Paulo Cardoso, r? ak?k? ?l?sin ni Sporting. Aw?n i?e ere-idaraya r? dara jul? l?hinna, ?ugb?n ihuwasi r? di i?oro, ko ni anfani lati gbe laaye jinna si idile r? ati erekusu abinibi r?. Oun yoo l? debi lati ju aga si ?kan ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n r?, ti o ?e ?l?ya si ?r?-?r? Madeiran r? ati ipo inawo idile r?. dara si nigbamii nigbati iya r? fi i?? r? sil? g?g?bi onj? ni Madeira gbe p?lu r? L?hinna o ?ere fun gbogbo aw?n ?ka ?j?-ori ti ?gb? naa. ?eun si didara ere r?, o ?ere nigbagbogbo lodi si aw?n o?ere kan tabi ?dun meji ti o dagba ju u l?. Ni ?dun m?dogun, nitori i?oro ?kan, o ?e ab?-ab? ?kan, eyiti ko ?e idiw? fun u lati yara pada si aaye . O j? ni m?rindilogun pe o ti rii nipas? László Bölöni , ni akoko ?l?sin ti egbe ak?k? ti Sporting Clube de Portugal, ti o j? ki o ?e aw?n ere-kere di? p?lu ?gb? ?j?gb?n . Lati igbanna l?, o nif? si Liverpool ti o rii i ni idije kariaye kan, Mondial des Minimes de Montaigu (Vendee), ?ugb?n Ologba tun rii pe o kere ju. O tun fa ifojusi ti Lyon ?ugb?n ile-i?? Faranse k? iyipada ti o ?ee?e p?lu Tony Vairelles . O si ?e r? Uncomfortable ni Portuguese liigi loriO?u K?san ?j? 29, ?dun 2002p?lu Sporting Clube de Portugal ni m?tadilogun lodi si Moreirense ni a baramu ibi ti o gba w?le lemeji. Lakoko akoko 2002-2003, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 25 o si gba aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e m?ta w?le. O tun gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji w?le ni aw?n ere Idije Ilu P?tugali m?ta ati pe o ?e ak?k? Champions League r? si Inter Milan . ?r? orin pipe ati wap?, o ni anfani lati ?ere ni gbogbo aw?n ipo aarin, o si ?e iwunilori p?lu aw?n agbara im?-?r? r?. László Bölöni s? nípa r?? pé: “?l??run rere ló fún un ní ohun gbogbo. Ti o ba m? bi o ?e le wa ni iw?ntunw?nsi bii Luís Figo , o le di o?ere Portuguese ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba” . ?d?m?de Lusitanian mu ojuAC MilanJorge Mendes?e afihansiFC Barcelona, ???ugb?n Ologba Catalan rii idiyele gbigbe r? ga ju . Lakoko ifil?l? ere idaraya tuntun tiSporting,papa i?ere José Alvalade XXI, ?gb? r? dojuk?Manchester United, nibiti Cristiano ?e ere-idaraya iyal?nu ti yoo yi i?? r? pada… Manchester United (2003-2009) 2003-2006: Ireti ?d? ni England ?j? iwaju Cristiano Ronaldo yipada ni ?dun 18O?u K?j? ?j? 6, ?dun 2003, lakoko ifil?l? ti papa i?ere Alvalade XXI . Bi Idaraya ?e gbalejo Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo gbe ere nla kan ati Idaraya gba 3-1. Ni ?na pada, aw?n ?r? orin Manchester nikan s?r? nipa r? ati beere Alex Ferguson lati gba a ?i?? . O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo wole p?lu Manchester United fun 15 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu. O beere lati lo n?mba 28, kanna ti o w? ni Sporting ni ?dun ti t?l?, ?ugb?n Ferguson fun u ni ko si 7 Ologba ti o w? nipas? aw?n ?r? orin ti o ti k? itan-ak??l? ?gb? bi Bobby Charlton , George Best , Eric Cantona ati David Beckham . O j? l?hinna pe o gba oruk? apeso r? ""CR7"". CR7 ni aso Manchester United ni ?dun 2006. O b?r? ak?k? r? si Bolton ni Premier League . O fa ijiya kan nib? o si duro jade fun aw?n idari im?-?r? r? . Ronaldo l?hinna gba ami ayo ak?k? r? gba fun Manchester United ni Premier League lodi si Portsmouth lati b??lu ?f? ni O?u k?kanla ?dun 2003 . L?hinna o gba w?le lodi si Ilu Manchester City p?lu volley kan ati Tottenham p?lu ib?n kan lati 25 yards . O tun gba w?le ni ipari FA Cuplodi si Millwall, o ?ii igbelew?n p?lu ak?sori kan ati pe o gba idije ak?k? r? p?lu Manchester United l?hin i??gun 3-0 w?n . Ni apap?, o ?e aw?n ere-kere 40 ninu eyiti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 6 w?le. Ni akoko at?le, Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii ibi-af?de r? si Birmingham . O gba aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ni akoko yii o si gba akoko ere, o b?r? si fi ara r? bi ak?b?r? laarin ?gb? laibikita aw?n i?oro di? ni ipele apap?. Nitori ilana r? ati ?j? ori r?, o gba ireti nla fun ?gb? naa. O gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? w?le ni Champions League ni aw?n i?aju ti akoko 2005-2006 lodi si ?gb? Hungarian ti Debrecen. O?u K?ta ?j? 26, ?dun 2006, o gba ibi-af?de ik?hin ti i??gun nla ti ?gb? r? (4-0) lodi si Wigan ni ipari Carling Cup , ibi-af?de 25th r? ni aw?n aw? ?gb?. Cristiano Ronaldo yoo tun gba kaadi ofeefee kan fun yiy? kuro seeti r? lakoko ay?y? r? . Ni akoko yii, o gba ?p?l?p? aw?n il?po meji ni liigi nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 9 w?le. O gba aw?n ibi-af?de 12 w?le ni aw?n ere 47 o ?e iranl?w? 8. 2006-2007: bugbamu Pada ni England l?hin 2006 World Cup ni Germany , Cristiano ni ariwo ati ?gan nipas? aw?n ara ilu G??si ti o t?le ibalop? p?lu Wayne Rooney lakoko idije Agbaye ni England - Portugal, ati aw?n agbas? ?r? ti gbigbe si Real Madrid tabi FC Barcelona han . Yoo yara yi ?kan eniyan pada. Lati ib?r? akoko, Cristiano ?e pataki pup? laarin ?gb?: o j? didasil?, apap? ati agbara di? sii. O j? o?ere ti o?u fun O?u k?kanla ati O?u kejila, di o?ere k?ta ni itan-ak??l? Premier League lati j? b? fun o?u meji ni it?lera. O gba ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de di? sii ati lapap? 17 ni Premier League, p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 14, eyiti o fun u ni ak?le ti o?ere ?d? ti o dara jul? ati o?ere ti o dara jul? ni a?aju [41], [42], eyiti . O tun j? lakoko akoko yii pe o farahan di? sii ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija : o gba il?po meji r? ak?k? nib? lodi si AS Roma , nigba Red Devils '7-1 gun lori aw?n Italians. Lodi si AC Milan , o tàn ati ki o ?i aw?n igbelew?n ni 3-2 gun ni Old Trafford, sugbon o wà bi aw?n iyokù ti egbe re ainiagbara ninu aw?n 3-0 ijatil ni San Siro . Aw?n ara Milan yoo bori idije naa nik?hin. G?g?bi ?p?l?p? aw?n alafojusi, o j? lakoko akoko yii pe ilowosi r? si ere Mancunia j? pataki jul?. Loot?, ni afikun si n?mba nla ti aw?n iranl?w?, ere ti Ilu P?tugali, ti o da lori ?p?l?p? aw?n dribbles ati im?-?r? pup?, j? iyal?nu di? sii. Ti gbekal? bi oludije to ?e pataki fun B??lu B??lu af?s?gba Faranse, nik?hin ati ?gb?n ti pari keji p?lu aw?n aaye 277 l?hin Kaká Brazil (aw?n aaye 444) ati niwaju Argentine Lionel Messi (k?ta p?lu aw?n aaye 255) . 2007-2008: Si ?na Golden Ball Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?l?gb? ?l?gb? Carlos Tévez lakoko ere Manchester United kan . Ni Ajum??e Ajum??e , Cristiano ?e afihan pe o ni agbara di? sii ati ipari ti o dara jul? nipa di agbaboolu ti Ajum??e. O ?a?ey?ri kanna ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija nibiti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de marun ni aw?n ere ?gb? marun, p?lu meji si ?gb? obi r? Sporting Lisbon . O tun t?r? gafara fun gbogbo eniyan ni ?s? ak?k? l?hin ti o ti gba w?le. Ni January 2008, o fa adehun r? ni Manchester United titi di Okudu 2012, fifi - fun igba di? - si opin si akiyesi nipa gbigbe ti o ?ee ?e si Real Madrid ti o ?etan lati ?ab? 90 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . O gba owo-o?u ?d??dun ti aw?n owo il? yuroopu m?san m?san, ti o di o?ere ti o san ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Ologba niwaju ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Rio Ferdinand . Idaji keji ti akoko naa ?e ileri lati j? idaniloju. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2008, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? fun Manchester United lodi si Newcastle United . Scorer lodi si Lyon ni aw?n yika ti 16 ti aw?n a?aju League, aw?n Portuguese ?e o l??kansi lodi si AS Roma ni m??dogun-ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pataki si Arsenal ati Liverpool, o si f? igbasil? George Best p?lu àmúró ni O?u K?ta ?j? 19, ?dun 2008 lodi si Bolton, di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni akoko kan . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi agbaboolu oke p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 31 ni aw?n ere 34 ni Premier League ati Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de m?j? ni aw?n ere m?kanla . O ti dibo ?r? orin ti o dara jul? nipas? aw?n ?l?gb? r?, t? ati gbogbo eniyan fun ?dun keji ni ?na kan . ?ugb?n o ?a?ey?ri ni pataki Ajum??e Premier kan - Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e il?po meji p?lu ?gb? r?. Pelu aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o nira lodi si Ilu Barcelona (ti o padanu ijiya ni Camp Nou ati ?s? keji ti o baj?) ni aw?n ipari-ipari ti Champions League, o ?ii ifamisi p?lu ak?sori ni i??ju 26th lodi si Chelsea ni ipari ni May 21, 2008. L?hin olu?atun?e lati ?d? Frank Lampard , aw?n ?gb? meji ti yapa lori aw?n ijiya: Ronaldo padanu tir?, ?ugb?n Manchester gba igba naa ati nitori naa Champions League . Ni ipari ere naa, Portuguese ni a yan eniyan ti idije naa. Ni akoko yii, CR7 ti wa pup?, di di? sii ti ara ati siwaju sii ni iwaju ibi-af?de (42 ni gbogbo aw?n idije), eyiti o mu ki o ni ojurere fun Ballon d'Or nipas? aw?n alafojusi . O ??gun bata goolu ti Yuroopu ak?k? r? ni opin akoko naa . L?hin Euro 2008, Cristiano ?e i?? ab? ni ?s? ?tún r?. O ti n jiya lati iredodo ti nwaye fun ?p?l?p? aw?n o?u, ti o fa nipas? yiy?kuro ti aw?n aj?kù ti kerekere meji ni ?s? ?tún r?. ?r? orin naa le ti ?i?? ni ib?r? ?dun ti yoo j? ki o ko wa fun iyoku akoko, ?ugb?n o f? lati pari akoko naa laibikita irora . 2008-2009: A soro akoko Ni akoko ooru, o gbiyanju lati darap? m? Real Madrid ?ugb?n o pari lati gbe ni Manchester United. Ko si ni at?le i?? ab? r?, Ronaldo padanu UEFA Super Cup eyiti ?gb? r? padanu 2-1. O tun ?ere ni aarin O?u K?san nigbati o wa sinu ere ni Champions League lodi si Villarreal . L?hin ipadab? ologo ti o wa niwaju aw?n onijakidijagan l?hin igbiyanju r? lati w?le si Real Madrid, o wa ?na r? pada si apap? o si b?r? dara si akoko Premier League. O?u k?kanla ?j? 15, ?dun 2008, o k?ja ami ami ibi-af?de 100 p?lu Manchester United nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 100 th ati 101 st si Stoke City . L?hin il?po meji yii t?le akoko ti aw?n ere m?kanla laisi ibi-af?de ni liigi fun Ronaldo. O?u kejila ?j? 2, ?dun 2008, o gba Ballon d'Or 2008 niwaju Lionel Messi ati Fernando Torres . Oun ni B??lu goolu ti Ilu P?tugali k?ta l?hin Eusebio (1965) ati Luís Figo (2000). O tun j? b??lu goolu k?rin ti o n?ire fun Manchester United l?hin Denis Law (1964), Bobby Charlton (1966) ati George Best (1968) . O tun dibo fun o?ere FIFA ti o dara jul? ni ?dun 2008 ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2009 . Oun ati ?gb? r? gba Club World Cup 1-0 lodi si LDU Quitoni ipari ni O?u Keji ?j? 21, ?dun 2008 nibiti o ti ?e igbasil? ipinnu fun ?l?gb? ?l?gb? r? Wayne Rooney ati pe o j? ade 2008 Adidas Silver Ball . Ni 11 O?u Kini 2009, Portuguese ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 3-0 ?gb? r? lori Chelsea p?lu iranl?w? fun Dimitar Berbatov . O wa ?na r? pada si apap? lodi si Derby County ni Cup ati l?hinna lodi si West Brom ni Premier League. Ni idojuk? p?lu Inter Milan ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ni ?da yii . Ni Porto, l?hin iyaworan 2-2 ni ?s? ak?k?, Ronaldo ?ii ifamisi p?lu ib?n ti o lagbara lati 35m , eyiti o gba Puskás Prize o si fi ?gb? r? ran?? si aw?n ipari ipari. Ni Ajum??e, o ?e alabapin ninu i??gun 5-2 ti ?gb? r? lodi si Tottenham nipas? fifi aami ami ami si ti o j? ki o de ibi-af?de m?rindilogun ati gba Carling Cup lodi si ?gb? kanna. Ninu if?s?w?ns?-ipari ti Champions League, o gba ami ayo meji w?le p?lu iranl?w? kan lodisi Arsenal ni ?s? keji . Manchester United ti gba liigi fun igba k?ta ni it?lera. Cristiano Ronaldo pari agbaboolu oke keji (aw?n ibi-af?de 18) l?hin Nicolas Anelka . Ni ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ni O?u Karun ?j? 27, o ti ?e deede bi aaye kan, o si yan l?hin ere ti o dara jul? ni ?gb? Manchester, ?ugb?n ?gb? r? padanu 2-0 ni Rome lodi si FC Barcelona . Real Madrid (2009-2018) 2009-2010: La Liga Uncomfortable O?u K?fa ?j? 26, ?dun 2009, l?hin ?dun meji ti aw?n agbas? ?r?, Real Madrid ra Cristiano Ronaldo fun ?dun m?fa ati idiyele igbasil? ti 94 milionu aw?n owo il? yuroopu . Aw?n Portuguese w? n?mba 9 nigbati o de Real Madrid , n duro de il?kuro Raúl . Nitorib?? o di gbigbe ti o gbowolori jul? ni itan-ak??l? b??lu l?hinna y?kuro nipas? Gareth Bale , Paul Pogba ati Neymar . Ti gbekal? loriO?u Keje 6, ?dun 2009ni papa-i?ere Santiago-Bernabéu ti o kun , o f? igbasil? miiran: ti ?r? orin ti igbejade r? mu aw?n olufowosi jul? wa (laarin 80,000 ati 95,000) . O gba n?mba 9 p?lu “Ronaldo” ti o r?run lori a??-a?? r?, ti o j? ki o j? aami si ti a?aaju Brazil olokiki r? Ronaldo . If? Portuguese yii wa ni ipil??? ti ija p?lu Florentino Pérez , ti o ni aniyan lati ta ?p?l?p? aw?n a?? ?wu ti iraw? tuntun r?, ti o ni aniyan nipa ri ?p?l?p? aw?n olufowosi ti o w? a?? ti Ronaldo miiran, ti ile-i?? Brazil- , nigba igbejade ti Mofi- Mancunian. L?hin ti a jo aropin ami-akoko, o gba m?san afojusun ni o kan meje aw?n ere, sugbon o farapa fun osu meji lodi si Olympique de Marseille . Real Madrid t?siwaju aw?n i?? idaji-?kan ni isansa r?. O ?e ipadab? r? si Zurich ni Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija . ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o ?e clasico ak?k? ti akoko naa. O ?e aw?n i??ju 60 ati Real padanu 1-0, ?ugb?n ?e agbejade ?kan ninu aw?n i?e r? ti o dara jul? ti akoko . Lori Kejìlá 1 , 2009, Cristiano pari keji ni Ballon d'Or l?hin Lionel Messi , bayi kà r? orogun . Cristiano t?siwaju ipa r?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid wa ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e , o gba il?po meji miiran si Marseille , ati Madrid pari ak?k? ni ?gb?. Ni aw?n yika ti 16 pelu nt?riba gba w?le ni aw?n keji ?s?, Madrid ti a kuro 2-1 (apap? Dimegilio) nipa Lyon nigba ti egbe ti a ti t?l? kuro ninu King Cup nipa Alicante. Lakoko ti Cristiano Ronaldo t?siwaju aw?n i?? ?i?e ti o dara, akoko ak?le wundia tuntun kan ti kede fun ?gba. O gba b??lu ?f? kan lodi si Villarreal o si ?e iranl?w? pup? ni i??gun 6-2 ti ?gb? r?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 5, ?dun 2010, o gba ijanilaya ijanilaya ak?k? r? p?lu Real Madrid ni Mallorca ni 4-1 ??gun. Oun tikarar? ?e as?ye ere-idaraya yii g?g?bi i?? ti o dara jul? . O pari La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 26 ni aw?n ere 29, ti o di duo ik?lu ti o lagbara p?lu Gonzalo Higuaín ?ugb?n o pari agbaboolu oke k?ta, ati FC Barcelona l??kansii gba La Liga laibikita igbasil? aw?n aaye Real Madrid. Ti "" CR9 "" ba ni akoko ak?k? ti o dara pup?, akoko Ologba j? ibanuj? . 2010-2011: Gba akoko Lakoko akoko i?aaju, o yipada ko si 9 r? si ko si 7 , ti o pada si n?mba ti o w? ni Manchester United l?hin il?kuro ti Raúl . ?i?e ib?r? buburu si akoko naa, o gba pada nipas? fifun l?meji ni 6-1 i??gun lori Deportivo La Coruña o si gba il?po meji miiran p?lu aw?n iranl?w? meji si Malaga (1-4). O tun gba w?le ninu idije Champions League k?ta p?lu AC Milan p?lu tapa ?f?. O tun gba ami ayo meji w?le si Ajax Amsterdam ati Auxerre. O gba w?le pup? ni liigi ati paapaa gba ami-m?rin gba. Ni Copa del Rey , Madrid dojuti paapaa Levante 8-0. Cristiano ati Karim Benzema gba ijanilaya gba w?le, Mesut Ozil ati Pedro Leon pari Dimegilio naa. Real Madrid n ni aarin-akoko ti o lagbara, ijatil nikan ni itiju ti o j? nipas? orogun ni Camp Nou (5-0). Aw?n ti o de ni window gbigbe akoko ooru ti Mesut Özil ati Ángel Di María ni pataki ?e igbelaruge ik?lu Madrid p?lu aw?n igbelew?n didara w?n, nigbagbogbo fifun aw?n b??lu af?s?gba si aw?n ik?lu Merengues. Cristiano Ronaldo ?e afihan aw?n agbara im?-?r? r? p?lu Real Madrid lodi si Villareal. Lakoko akoko iyokù, o t?siwaju lati Dimegilio, paapaa p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lati ib?r? lodi si Villarreal (4-2). Cristiano Ronaldo paapaa di ?r? orin ti o yara ju lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de La Liga 50 ni aw?n ere 51 nikan p?lu àmúró si Real Sociedad (4-1) . L?hin aw?n iranl?w? meji lodi si Lyon ( akoko 1st ni aw?n ?dun 7 ti ogba naa ti k?ja yika ti 16), o gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun ti Aw?n a?aju -ija a?aju-ija lodi si Tottenham bi o ti j? pe o dun farapa . Ni La Liga, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Real Sociedad ati ijanilaya si Malaga, ?ugb?n yato si iy?n, ko gba w?le pup? m?. Nigbati o m? pe clasico n b?, José Mourinho r?po r?, ?ugb?n o tun gba ibi-af?de Ajum??e 28th r? ni Bilbao. Nigba 4 clasico ni ?na kan , o gba w?le lori gbamabinu ni Ajum??e (1-1) ibi-af?de ak?k? r? lodi si aw?n Catalans l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ni ipari ti Copa del Rey ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba idije naa, aw?n ak?k? ti Ologba fun 3 ?dun. ?ugb?n l?hinna ko ni agbara lodi si imukuro ni Champions League (0-2, 1-1). Bi o ti j? pe imukuro yii, Cristiano di oludari ti o ga jul? p?lu igbasil? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 40 La Liga ati aw?n aaye 80 ni European Golden Boot, eyiti o gba l?hin ijakadi pip? p?lu Lionel Messi fun ak?le ti oludari oke. O tun di ak?rin La Liga ak?k? lati gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni igba m?fa ni ere La Liga kan (p?lu 2 quadruplets). O de bii Leo Messi, ami ayo m?talelaad?ta ni gbogbo aw?n idije, ?ugb?n lekan si, Real Madrid pari ni ipo keji l?hin FC Barcelona ni liigi. 2011-2012: oril?-iyas?t? Real Madrid bori ninu idije boolu agbaye ni saa-t?l? ti w?n gba ami ayo meje wole. Ti ??gun p?lu ?gb? r? lakoko SuperCopa lodi si Ilu Barcelona , ????o kede aw? ni La Liga lati ere ak?k? p?lu ijanilaya-?tan lodi si Real Zaragoza . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija, o gba aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ni aw?n ere ?gb? m?rin, p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 99th ati 100th fun Real Madrid ni Lyon . Ronaldo yara gba ami ayo m?tadinlogun La Liga w?le ?aaju Clasico. Top scorer ati olori, Cristiano esan waye ?kan ninu aw?n buru iš? ti re ?m? nib?, o ti ani won won 1/10 nipas? aw?n Madrid irohin Marca . O s?ji aw?n ?j? 3 l?hinna lodi si Ponferradina ni Cup ati l?hinna p?lu ijanilaya-?tan ni Seville . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2012, o wa ni ipo, bi ni 2009, keji ni Ballon d’Or l?hin Lionel Messi, ti o gba idije fun igba k?ta . Ni opin O?u Kini, o gba l??meji si Barca, kuna lati ?e idiw? imukuro ?gb? r? . L?hin imukuro yii, o f? igbasil? tuntun kan, aw?n ibi-af?de 23 ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, o yarayara aw?n ibi-af?de 8 o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si CSKA Moscow ati il?po meji r? si APOEL Nicosia. Bi Real Madrid ?e s? aw?n aaye ti o niyelori sil? lati asiwaju w?n lodi si Barca, Cristiano ?e i?iro ijanilaya pataki kan ni derby lodi si Atletico Madrid si Vincent Calderon, ti o j? ki Real Madrid gba 4-1 ati idaduro aw?n aaye 4 niwaju aw?n Catalans . O f? ni ?s? to nb? igbasil? tir? ti akoko to k?ja ni aw?n ?s? di? l?hinna nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 41 si Sporting Gijon ni akoko kanna bi Messi . Lakoko aw?n ipari ipari-ipari laarin Bayern Munich ati Real Madrid , Ronaldo ?e iranl?w? ni ?s? ak?k? ti o padanu 2-1 l?hinna gba w?le l??meji ni ?s? keji (2-1), ?ugb?n o padanu ib?n r? lori ibi-af?de . Igba ti gba nipas? Bayern, imukuro Real Madrid, g?g? bi Chelsea ti o ti pa FC Barcelona kuro 24 wakati s?yìn . Laarin aw?n ere meji, Cristiano tun gba ibi-af?de ti o bori lodi si FC Barcelona (2-1), gbigba Real Madrid laaye lati di aw?n a?aju-ija ni ?j? 36th ni Bilbao (3-0) ati ?e a?ey?ri aw?n aaye La Liga 100 . Ronaldo padanu ak?le oludari oke si Leo Messi (aw?n ibi-af?de 50), ?ugb?n o di o?ere La Liga ak?k? lati gba w?le si gbogbo aw?n ?gb? La Liga 19 . 2012-2013: A collective misshapen Ronaldo b?r? akoko r? nipa gbigba Supercup lodi si FC Barcelona nibiti o ti gba ami ayo meji w?le. A?ey?ri ak?k? ti akoko ni La Liga fun Real Madrid ni aami nipas? i??gun 3-0 lodi si Granada. Cristiano Ronaldo, onk?we ti il?po meji, s? l?hin ere naa ""Mo ni ibanuj? fun idi ?j?gb?n, Emi ko ?e ay?y? aw?n ibi-af?de mi"" , eyiti o ??da ariyanjiyan ni Yuroopu. Laibikita ib?r? idiju si akoko ni Ajum??e, Real Madrid gba idije Champions League ak?k? w?n lodi si Ilu Manchester City . Ronaldo gba ami ayo ti o bori w?le nib? (3-2) ni i??ju 90th . gba ijanilaya Champions League ak?k? r? - ?tan lodi si Ajax Amsterdam , ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7, o gba w?le l??meji si FC Barcelona ni Camp Nou o si f? igbasil? Iván Zamorano fifi w?le ni Clasicos m?fa it?lera Ni January 8, 2013, o pari ni ipo keji ni Ballon d'Or ni ?j? keji.fun igba k?rin ninu Eyi ko ?e idiw? fun u lati ni ibamu pup?, ?ugb?n o rii ara r? ni aw?n ibi-af?de lailoriire si ?gb? r? ni Granada ni Ajum??e ni Kínní 2, nibiti oun ati ?gb? r? ti padanu 1-0 . Yoo ra ara re pada pelu ijanilaya ni ?s? to nb?, ?ugb?n Real Madrid ti wa ni aaye 13 t?l? l?hin Barca ati pe yoo wa ni ipo keji ni ipari. Ni aw?n ipele knockout ti aw?n a?aju League , Real Madrid koju Manchester United . Lodi si ?gb? i?aaju r?, o gba w?le ni ?s? ak?k? (1-1) l?hinna o gba ibi-af?de ti o bori, eyiti ko ?e ay?y?, ni ere ipadab? ni Old Trafford (1-2) . O tun di olubori ilu P?tugali ni idije, niwaju Eusebio . Aw?n Portuguese gba ami ayo m?ta w?le ni ak?ri-meji si aw?n Turks ti Galatasaray (3-0; 2-3) ?ugb?n ni aw?n ipari-ipari o j? ?l?s? nikan ni ijatil 4-1 ni ?s? ak?k? lodi si Borussia Dortmund.. Ninu if?s?w?ns? ipadab?, laibikita i??gun 2-0, aw?n ara ilu Madrid ti y?kuro nipas? aw?n ara Jamani ati tun kuna ni ?nu-bode ti ipari. P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 12, Cristiano pari ami ayo to ga jul? ni ?da naa. Aw?n ti o k?hin anfani lati tàn fun Real Madrid ni Copa del Rey. Aw?n bori ni ilopo-confrontations ti Vigo (m?ta ti Ronaldo ni ?s? keji), l?hinna ti Valencia ati Barca (meji Ronaldo ni Camp Nou), aw?n Merengues koju ni ipari ti Copa del Rey, ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo . ?ii Dimegilio lati igun kan, ibi-af?de 55th ti akoko ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ere, ?ugb?n o ti firan?? ni akoko afikun fun kaadi ofeefee keji ati rii pe Real Madrid padanu aw?n ibi-af?de 2 si 1 . O pari akoko naa g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 12), ati laibikita akoko a?ey?ri k??kan miiran fun CR7, ti ?gb? naa j? itiniloju fun aw?n ireti ti bori ninu idije naa.Ajum??e a?aju-ija , ti baj? nipas? aw?n ija laarin José Mourinho ati aw?n o?ere r? . 2013-2014: La Decima Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Atlético de Madrid ni ?dun 2013. Fun ere ak?k? ti akoko, aw?n eniyan Madrid ??gun 2-1 ni ile lodi si Betis Sevilla . Eyi j? ere 200th ti Cristiano Ronaldo p?lu ?gb? yii. O j? oluk?ja ipinnu ni ?s? to nb? fun Karim Benzema ni Granada ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko ni Matchday 3 lodi si Athletic Bilbao. L?hinna o gba w?le lori Papa odan ti Villarreal l?hinna o gba aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera si Getafe ati Elche. Ni O?u K?san ?j? 28, Real ?ubu ni ile (0-1) ni derby lodi si Atlético, l?hinna padanu Clasico ak?k? ti akoko ni ?s? m?rin l?hinna ni Camp Nou. Madrid s?ji lodi si Sevilla (7-3) ati Cristiano de aw?n ibi-af?de 17. Real Madrid wa ni isinmi l?hin Barca ati Atletico ?ugb?n aaye 5 l?hin aw?n abanidije mejeeji. Lori Papa odan ti Galatasaray ni O?u K?san ?j? 17 fun ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , Real Madrid gba (6-1) ati Cristiano gba ijanilaya-omoluabi kan. Onk?we ti aw?n il?po meji ni it?lera lodi si FC Copenhagen ati Juventus Turin ni ile l?hinna tun ?e agbab??lu ni Stadium Juventus , o di, ni O?u Kejila ?j? 10 lori Papa odan ti Copenhagen, oludari oke ti aw?n ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija ni itan-ak??l? p?lu aw?n a?ey?ri 9 . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 6, ?dun 2014, lakoko ?j? 18th ti La Liga lodi si Celta Vigo, ?m? ilu P?tugali gba aw?n ibi-af?de meji ni i??ju m?wa ti o k?hin ti ere, eyiti o fun laaye laaye lati lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 400 lati igba ak?k? ?j?gb?n r?. L?hin ?dun ti o dara pup? ni 2013, aw?n ibi-af?de 69, p?lu m?rin si Sweden ni aw?n ere-idije eyiti o j? ki Ilu P?tugali y? fun 2014 World Cup , Cristiano Ronaldo ni ade Ballon d’Or fun akoko keji ni i?? r? . Ni Kínní 11, 2014, lakoko Copa del Rey ologbele-ipari ipari keji ti o lodi si Atlético Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ?eto igbasil? ajeji pe oun nikan ni aw?n ?l?s? ninu itan lati mu. Nitoot?, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 7th ti ere , o le ?ogo bayi pe o ti gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju k??kan ti ere laarin 1st ati 90th . Aw?n osu di? l?hinna, Zlatan Ibrahimovi? ?e kanna . Laisi aw?n Portuguese, Real gba ik lodi si FC Barcelona . Ninu idije Champions League, Ronaldo na ni if?s?w?ns? ologbele-ipari ti Bayern Munich ni ak?sil? fun n?mba aw?n ami ayo ti o gba w?le ninu idije yii ni saa kan p?lu a?ey?ri 16. Real Madrid ni ?t? fun ipari . Ni Ajum??e, ni ida keji, Real Madrid ya ni aw?n ?j? ik?hin ati pe o pari nikan ni k?ta l?hin ija lile si aw?n abanidije nla meji ti ?gb? naa: FC Barcelona ati Atlético Madrid, igbehin gba a?aju-ija ?aaju ki o to dojuk? ?gb? Real Real . ninu idije Champions League ipari. Ni ipari, Real Madrid gba 4-1 l?hin akoko afikun, Ronaldo si gba ami ayo ti o k?hin lati ibi if?s?w?ns?, ti o mu lapap? r? si 17 afojusun. 2014-2015: Iyat? akoko ni ipele k??kan O b?r? akoko r? nipas? ipadab? lakoko ere lodi si Manchester United , lakoko ik??? ?gb? Real ni Am?rika, ?ugb?n ko le ?e idiw? ijatil 3-1. Lakoko idije European Super Cup ti o waye ni O?u K?j? ?j? 12, ?dun 2014 ni papa i?ere Cardiff, o gba ami ayo meji w?le si Sevilla FC o si ??gun ?gb? r? 2-0. Nitori naa o j? o?ere ti o dara jul? ni ipari idije naa, ati pe o gba ife ?y? ti o k?hin ti o padanu lati igbasil? ?gb? r?. Cristiano Ronaldo l?hinna t?siwaju p?lu aw?n ere ti o dara nibiti o ni aw?n ibi-af?de kan, ti o ?aj?p? l?hin aw?n ?j? Ajum??e m?j? lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de 15 (ni aw?n ere meje nikan ti o ?i??). Paapaa o gba aw?n ijanilaya-ijanilaya meji ati ??m?rin kan, ti o gbe arar? si ipo oludije fun Ballon d’Or ?dun 2014.. O gba ibi-af?de k?ta r? ni aw?n ere Champions League m?ta si Liverpool FC ni Anfield (0-3), ak?k?. Ni akoko clasico ti ?j? k?san ti Liga BBVA , o fi opin si invincibility ti Claudio Bravo ni Ajum??e nipas? iw?ntunw?nsi lori ijiya (3-1 i??gun fun Real Madrid ). Nik?hin, o bori p?lu aw?n ?l?gb? r? ni Club World Cup ni Ilu Morocco, nibiti Cristiano ti pari, bii 2008 p?lu Manchester United, b??lu fadaka ti idije naa, ati pe o tun j? olut?pa ipinnu ti o dara jul?. O ni apap? aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 25 ati aw?n ibi-af?de 32 ni gbogbo aw?n idije lakoko isinmi igba otutu. Ni O?u Kini ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, Cristiano Ronaldo ti gba ade Ballon d’Or fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, o gba 37.66% ti ibo lodi si 15.76% fun Lionel Messi ati 15.72% fun Manuel Neuer , aw?n oludije meji miiran. Beere l?hin ay?y? naa, o s? pe “Nigbati mo rii ?ni ti w?n yan p?lu mi, Mo s? fun ara mi pe kii yoo r?run. Gbogbo wa lo ye lati gba Ballon d’Or yii. ?ugb?n boya Mo t? si di? di? sii. (...) Mo ni akoko ti o dara jul? mejeeji lati oju-?na ti olukuluku ?ugb?n tun ni apap?. Mo ti ?a?ey?ri ?p?l?p? aw?n ibi-af?de ati loni Mo n kore eso gbogbo ohun ti Mo ti ?a?ey?ri. Mo y? idanim? yii. » . Ni O?u Kini ?j? 18, Lusitano, nipa fifun il?po meji lori Papa odan ti Getafe , lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ?s? ak?k? ti La Liga p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 28, ?ugb?n yoo j? adehun ni O?u Kini ?j? 24 p?lu kaadi pupa kan fun idari ti arin takiti si ?na ?r? orin lati Cordoba , Edimar. Oun yoo gafara fun idari yii lori aw?n n?tiw??ki awuj?, ?ugb?n yoo ?e idaduro idaduro ere meji. Ronaldo di agbaboolu giga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n idije European ni O?u K?ta ?j? 10. O ?eun si il?po meji r? lodi si Schalke 04 ni yika ti 16 ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o k?ja nipas? ?kan igbasil? ti t?l? ti aw?n ibi-af?de 77 ti a ?eto nipas? Spaniard Raùl , aros? miiran ti Real Madrid. O tun bori Lionel Messi g?g?bi olubori ti o ga jul? ni Champions League p?lu 76 . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 5, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo ak?k? ti i?? r? si Granada , ?dun 13 l?hin Fernando Morientes , o?ere Real Madrid ti o k?hin lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. Ni akoko kanna, o ?a?ey?ri ijanilaya ti o yara ju ti i?? r? nipas? gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de m?ta ni o kere ju i??ju m?j? o si de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de Ajum??e 300 (3 ni Ajum??e Ilu P?tugali, 84 ni Premier League). ati 213 ni La Liga ). ?j? m?ta l?hinna, o gba ibi-af?de miiran o si pese iranl?w? ni 0-2 ??gun Rayo Vallecano, nitorina o de igi ti aw?n ibi-af?de 300 ti a gba w?le ni a?? aso Real Madrid kan, p?lu iranl?w? 102 ni aw?n ere 288 ti a ?e . Ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija, Ronaldo gba ?gb? r? laaye lati y?kuro Atlético Madrid ni aw?n ipari-m??dogun nipa gbigba Javier Hernández Balcázar lati gba ibi-af?de kan?o?o ti ak?ri-meji ni aw?n i??ju to k?hin. Sib?sib?, aw?n Merengues ti y?kuro ni ipari-ipari nipas? aw?n ara Italia ti Juventus laibikita aw?n ibi-af?de meji ti Ilu P?tugali lori ijakadi meji. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 23, Cristiano Ronaldo pari La Liga's Pichichi fun igba k?ta ati European Golden Boot p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 48 lori aago, ati lori 6 Okudu ti pari agba agba-oke ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , ti a so p?lu Lionel Messi ati Neymar . Nitorinaa o ti fi idi r? mul? lakoko akoko 2014-2015 lapap? aw?n ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ni Ajum??e, ?ugb?n tun gbogbo aw?n idije ni idapo p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 61 bakanna bi lapap? aw?n iranl?w? ti o dara jul? p?lu aw?n iranl?w? 22. Sib?sib?, ?gb? ko gba eyikeyi ninu aw?n idije pataki (asiwaju, ife oril?-ede, Ajum??e Aw?n a?aju-ija), eyiti o duro fun ikuna apap? kan, nitorinaa o fa yiy? kuro ti Carlo Ancelotti?niti o tibe ni atil?yin aw?n o?ere r? . 2015-2016: Double European asiwaju Nigba ti baramu lodi si Espanyol Barcelona onO?u K?san ?j? 12, ?dun 2015, kika fun aw?n ?j? k?ta ti aw?n asiwaju , o gba a quintuplet (isegun 0-6). Ni O?u K?san 30, ni idije ?gb? keji ti Aw?n a?aju-ija a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF , Cristiano Ronaldo ?ii igbelew?n o si gba ibi -af?de 500th ti i?? r? lori igbasil? lati Isco ?aaju ki o to gba 501st ni opin opin ere naa nitorinaa d?gba Raúl Igbasil? Real ( aw?n ibi-af?de 323 ), di agba agba agba ninu itan-ak??l? ?gb? agbab??lu naa Nik?hin o lu igbasil? yii ni O?u K?wa 17, lodi si Levante UD nigbati o gba ibi-af?de 324th r? fun Real . Sib?sib?, Real Madrid ti ?ofintoto fun aw?n i?? r? ni apakan ak?k? ti akoko yii, o si padanu ailagbara r? ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 8 lori Papa odan Seville (3-2), ?aaju ki o to itiju nipas? FC Barcelona 4-0 ni ile ati y?kuro kuro ninu idije naa. King Cup, ni O?u kejila ?j? 4, lori capeti alaw? ewe l?hin ti o ?e deede Denis Cheryshev , l?hinna daduro lodi si Cadiz. Ronaldo, ti ko ni didasil? ju aw?n akoko i?aaju l?, tun j? koko-?r? ti ibawi, ni pataki nipa aw?n irin-ajo ere-idaraya ti o f?r?? lojoojum? si Ilu Morocco eyiti yoo ni ipa lori ipo ti ara r? Ni O?u Kejìlá 5, Ronaldo ti gba ibi-af?de 235th r? ni La Liga lodi si Getafe (4-1) o si dide si ipo k?ta laarin aw?n o?ere ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Ajum??e Ilu Sipeeni . Ni O?u Kejìlá 8, lakoko ?j? ti o k?hin ti ipele ?gb? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija lodi si Malmö FF (8-0), o gba idam?rin kan o si lu igbasil? fun aw?n ibi-af?de ni ipele ?gb? kan ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija (aw?n ibi-af?de 11), eyiti o tikarar? ti i?eto ni akoko 2013-2014 nipas? aw?n ibi-af?de 9. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 3, ?dun 2016, Ronaldo gba ami-m?rin kan si Celta (7-1) ni Bernabeu o si di agbab??lu oke keji ni Ajum??e Spani p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 252, ti o bori Telmo Zarra . Cristiano Ronaldo lodi si Celta Vigo ni Santiago Bernabéu. Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, o ?e deede fun ?gb? r? fun ipari-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju -ija nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan lodi si VfL Wolfsburg fun i??gun 3-0 ni Bernabeú l?hin ?gb? ti oluk?ni nipas? Zinédine Zidane padanu 2-0 ni aw?n ipari m??dogun ipari. l? si Germany. Oun nikan ni o ti gba o kere ju 15 aw?n ibi-af?de ni aw?n akoko Champions League meji ti o yat?. Ni O?u Karun ?j? 14, l?hin ija nla kan si FC Barcelona fun it?l?run, Cristiano Ronaldo fun Real Madrid ni i??gun lodi si Deportivo La Coruna (2-0) ni ?j? ik?hin ti La Liga , ?ugb?n o padanu idije Pichichi r? ni ojurere ti Luis Suarez . O?u Karun ?j? 28, ?dun 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo gba r? k?ta a?aju League , p?lu r? keji p?lu Real. O gba if?s?w?ns? lori ibi-af?de fun i??gun lodi si Atletico . (1-1) (5-3 aw?n taabu ). P?lup?lu, o pari akoko p?lu di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ti o gba w?le fun akoko 6th ni ?na kan . Ni O?u Keje 10, Cristiano ati ?gb? oril?-ede Portugal gba Euro 2016 l?hin lilu France , aw?n ?m? ogun ti idije ni ipari ni Stade de France (1-0). O jade l? si ipalara ni i??ju 25th ti ipari yii l?hin olubas?r? lati Dimitri Payet lori orokun osi r? . 2016-2017: Double Liga - a?aju League Fun igba ak?k? lati igba ti o darap? m? Real Madrid , Cristiano Ronaldo ko han ni eyikeyi aw?n ere-t?l? akoko ti ogba l?hin ipalara r? ni ipari Euro 2016 . P?lup?lu, o tun padanu aw?n ere meji ak?k? ti Real ni La Liga . Ni O?u K?j? 25, o gba UEFA Best Player ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun akoko keji ninu i?? r?, niwaju Antoine Griezmann ati Gareth Bale . O ?e ipadab? r? ni O?u K?san ?j? 10 lakoko ?j? k?ta ti a?aju-ija nipas? fifi ami-af?de ak?k? r? ti akoko si Osasuna ni Santiago Bernabeu (5-2). Ni O?u K?san ?j? 14, o de ami ami ami ti aw?n ibi-af?de 550, ti o gba w?le lati tapa ?f? kan si ?gb? agba atij? r?, Sporting Portugal ni ?j? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . O gba idam?rin ak?k? r? p?lu Portugal ni O?u K?wa ?j? 7 lodi si Andorra (6-0). Ni ?j? 6 O?u k?kanla ?dun 2016, Real Madrid kede it?siwaju adehun Portuguese titi di ?dun 2021 . Ni O?u k?kanla ?j? 19, o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Madrid Derby nipa gbigbe aw?n ibi-af?de 3 w?le ni i??gun Real lodi si Atlético Madrid (0-3) . Ni ?j? 26 O?u k?kanla, o k?ja ami ibi-af?de 50 ni ?dun kal?nda kan fun ?dun k?fa it?lera p?lu àmúró r? lodi si Sporting Gijón . Ni O?u Kejìlá 12, o gba Ballon d'Or k?rin r? (47.18% ti aw?n ibo), p?lu k?ta r? p?lu Real Madrid . Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 18, o ??gun idije FIFA Club World k?ta r? nipas? gbigba m?ta ti aw?n ibi-af?de m?rin Real ni ipari (4-2). Ni akoko kanna, o di oludari agba-oke ni itan-ak??l? ti idije p?lu Luis Suárez , Lionel Messi ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni O?u Kini ?j? 9, ?dun 2017, Ronaldo ?e ifihan ninu FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun it?lera 10th ati pe o tun gba ?bun agbáb????lù FIFA ti ?dún fun akoko 2nd ninu i?? r? l?hin 2008 . Ni O?u Keji ?j? 22, o ?e ere 700th ti i?? ?gb? agba r? lodi si FC Valence ati gba ibi-af?de kan. Sib?sib?, Real Madrid kuna lati bori ati pe o padanu 2 si 1. Ni ?j? 26 Kínní, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan w?le lati ibi if?s?w?ns? ni i??gun Real Madrid lodi si Villarreal (2-3). Bayi o di olut?ju igbasil? fun aw?n ijiya ti o gba w?le ni gbogbo itan-ak??l? La Liga , p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 57 ni idaraya yii. O bori Hugo Sánchez (aw?n ifiyaje 56) . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 12, o gba w?le p?lu ak?sori kan lodi si Bétis Sevilla ni La Liga, ibi-af?de yii j? ki o di agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? ni aw?n ?ka m?ta, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de ori 46th r? ni La Liga, o k?ja Aritz Aduriz (45). Ni akoko kanna, o di ?ni ti o dara jul? ninu itan-ak??l? Real Madrid ni papa-i?ere Santiago Bernabeu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 210, niwaju Santillana (209). Ati nik?hin, nipa gbigbe ibi-af?de Ajum??e 366th r? , o w? inu itan-ak??l? b??lu af?s?gba Yuroopu nipas? d?gbad?gba igbasil? Jimmy Greaves ati nitorinaa di ?r? orin ti o gba aw?n ibi-af?de pup? jul? ni aw?n a?aju-ija European marun marun . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 12, Ronaldo ti gba l??meji ni i??gun Real Madrid lori Bayern Munich ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League m??dogun-ipari ?s? ak?k? (1-2) o si di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan lati de aw?n ibi-af?de 100. ni aw?n idije ile-idije UEFA . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 18, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de Aw?n a?aju-ija 100 nipa gbigbe ijanilaya kan ni idam?rin ipari ipari keji ti idije naa (4-2) ni Bernabeu . 29, o f? igbasil? Jimmy Greaves nipa gbigba ibi-af?de liigi r? w?le o si di agbaboolu oke ninu itan-ak??l? ti aw?n a?aju-idije Yuroopu marun marun Ni O?u Karun ?j? 2, Cristiano Ronaldo ?e ami ijanilaya kan lodi si Atlético Madrid ni ipele ak?k?-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Lopin , o ?eun si aw?n ibi-af?de 3 r? ti o di: o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba di? sii ju aw?n ibi-af?de 50 ni ipele knockout Champions League; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba aw?n ijanilaya 2 ni it?lera ni ipari l?hin ibi-af?de 3 r? lodi si Bayern Munich ; o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? lati ?a?ey?ri aw?n ibi-af?de 10 tabi di? sii ni aw?n akoko a?aju League 6 it?lera; agbaboolu ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ni ipele-ipari ti Champions League p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 13, niwaju Alfredo Di Stéfano . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 21, o gba ibi-af?de kan si Malaga (0-2) ni ?j? ti o k?hin ti La Liga ati pe o gba ak?le liigi Spani keji r? p?lu Real Madrid ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 25 . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, Ronaldo gba ami ayo meji si Juventus ni ipari Aw?n a?aju-ija Ajum??e ati bori ak?le 4th European r? . P?lu aw?n ibi-af?de meji r?, o de ami ibi-af?de i?? 600. P?lup?lu, o di ak?rin ak?k? lati gba w?le ni aw?n ipari m?ta ti o yat? ni akoko ode oni ti idije yii, o tun pari aw?n agbab??lu oke fun akoko 5th it?lera ati fun akoko 6th ninu i?? r?, aw?n igbasil? meji . 2017-2018: 5. a?aju League Cristiano Ronaldo b?r? akoko tuntun yii nipa ipadab? p? ni UEFA Super Cup lodi si Manchester United ati gba ife ?y?. Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 13, lakoko ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup lodi si FC Barcelona , ????o w? aami wakati ati l?hinna gba ibi-af?de kan ni i??ju 80th eyiti o gba Real laaye lati tun gba anfani naa. O ?e ay?y? ibi-af?de r? nipa fifi a??-a?? r? han si aw?n eniyan Camp Nou bi Lionel Messi ti ?e lakoko Clásico ni La Liga ni Bernabéu ni akoko to k?ja ati gba kaadi ofeefee kan. Aw?n i??ju di? l?hinna o gba b??lu kan nitosi aaye Barça o si ?ubu ni at?le ifarakanra kan lati ?d? Samuel Umtiti , agb?j?ro Ricardo De Burgos súfèé simulation kan o si fi 2 eofeefee kaadi ti o fa r? eema. Bi abajade, Cristiano ti ta adari naa die-die ati pe o le fun ni ij?niniya ti o wuwo nipas? RFEF . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 14, ?j? ti o t?le ?s? ak?k? ti Spanish Super Cup, ?gb? agbab??lu Spain da duro fun aw?n ere 5: 1 fun kaadi pupa ti o gba l?hinna 4 fun titari adari ere naa. Oun yoo padanu if?s?w?ns? ipadab? lodi si Barça ni O?u K?j? ?j? 16 ni ile, l?hinna aw?n ?j? 4 ak?k? ti a?aju Ilu Sipeeni . Real Madrid yoo gba igbim? afil? lati le dinku ij?niniya yii . Ni O?u K?j? ?j? 24, o gba A?ey?ri Ti o dara jul? ti UEFA ni Aami Eye Yuroopu fun igba k?ta ninu i?? r?, niwaju Gianluigi Buffon ati Lionel Messi . Ni O?u K?wa ?j? 23, o gba Aami Eye FIFA Ti o dara jul? fun ?dun it?lera keji. O tun ?e ?ya ni FIFA / FIFPro World XI fun ?dun 11th it?lera . Ni O?u kejila ?j? 6, o gba ami ayo kan si Borussia Dortmund o si di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba o kere ju ibi-af?de kan lakoko aw?n ?j? 6 ti ipele ?gb?. P?lup?lu, o gba ibi-af?de 60th r? ni ipele ?gb? kanna ati pe o d?gba Lionel Messi . Ni ojo keje osu kejila, CR7 gba Ballon d’Or fun igba karun ninu ise re ti o si darapo mo orogun ayeraye Lionel Messi ti o tun gba ni igba marun-un, ti o ti pin ami eye na fun odun mewa bayii, ti ko tii gbo laye. itan b??lu . Ni ojo kesan osu kejila, Cristiano Ronaldo gba ami ayo kan wole si Al-Jazeera ni asekagba idije Club World Cup o si di agbaboolu to ga julo ninu itan idije yii pelu ami ayo m?fa. Bayi ni o bori Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez ati César Delgado (aw?n ibi-af?de 5 k??kan). Ni 16 Kejìlá, o gba ami-af?de kan?o?o ni ipari ipari Club World Cup ti o gba nipas? Real Madrid lodi si Grêmio . B??lu fadaka ni idije naa ni w?n fun ni . P?lup?lu p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?nyi ti o gba w?le ninu itan-ak??l? idije naa, o d?gbad?gba igbasil? ti olokiki b??lu af?s?gba Pelé ti o ti gba aw?n ibi-af?de 7 w?le ni Intercontinental Cup , baba-nla ti Club World Cup. Ni O?u Kejila ?j? 28, o ti yan GlobeSoccer 2017, ni ?san fun o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ti ?dun [ref. dandan] . Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 18, Ronaldo ti gba ijanilaya 50th -trick ( ere p?lu o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 3 ti o gba w?le) ti i?? r? ni La Liga Matchday 29 lodi si Girona . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 3, lodi si Juventus ni m??dogun-ipari ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija , o di ak?rin ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? idije lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere-kere 10 it?lera . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 11, o ?e ere 150th UEFA Champions League baramu o si f? aw?n igbasil? tuntun meji. Loot?, o di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan-ak??l? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League lati gba aw?n ibi-af?de 10 si ?kan ati ?gb? kanna: Juventus. Ni afikun, o tun di o?ere ak?k? ninu itan lati gba w?le ni aw?n ere it?lera 11 ninu idije . Ni O?u K?rin ?j? 25, lodi si Bayern Munich ni Allianz Arena ni ?s? ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Champions League, o ??gun i??gun 99th r? ninu idije naa o si f? igbasil? ti o?ere Madrid t?l? Iker Casillas (aw?n bori 98). O gba 70 p?lu Real Madrid ati 29 p?lu Manchester United . Sib?sib?, ko ri apap? lakoko ipade yii o si daw? aw?n ere-i?ere 11 r? ti o t?le p?lu o kere ju ibi-af?de kan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija . Ni O?u Karun ?j? 26, o ??gun Champions League karun r? ni i??gun 3-1 Real Madrid lori Liverpool. Ni ipari ti ere-idaraya, o j? alaim?ra ni sis? ?j? iwaju r? laarin ile-i?? Madrid ati pe o ni im?ran lati l? kuro ni Real . O tun pari agbaiye oke fun akoko 7th p?lu aw?n akoko it?lera 6 (aw?n ibi-af?de 15). Idibo 2nd r? lodi si Juventus ni 1/4 ipari ipari ak?k? ti Aw?n a?aju-ija Aw?n a?aju-ija ( pada acrobatic ) ni a dibo ibi-af?de ti o dara jul? ti idije naa ati ti akoko ni Yuroopu . Nitorina o pari akoko r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 44 ati aw?n iranl?w? 8 ni aw?n ere 44 fun Real Madrid.", 6999635974968653207,train,where did destiny's child name come from,"Over the course of the early years in their career, Girl 's Tyme changed their name to Something Fresh, Cliché, the Dolls, and to Destiny. The group signed with Elektra Records with the name Destiny, but were dropped several months later before they could release an album. The pursuit of a record deal affected the Knowles family : in 1995, Mathew Knowles resigned from his job as a medical - equipment salesman, a move that reduced Knowles ' family 's income by half, and her parents briefly separated due to the pressure. In 1996, they changed their name to Destiny 's Child, which was taken from a passage in the Book of Isaiah. Mathew Knowles helped in negotiating a record deal with Columbia Records, which signed the group that same year. Prior to signing with Columbia, the group had recorded several tracks in Oakland, California produced by D'wayne Wiggins of Tony ! Toni ! Toné !, including `` Killing Time '', which upon the label 's recognition that Destiny 's Child had a `` unique quality '', was included in the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black.","['nonfiction', 'adam smith']",ibo ni orúkọ Destiny's child ti wá?,Yes,"[""Ẹgbẹ́ náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bíi olórin pẹ̀lú orúkọ Girl's Tyme, tí wọ́n dá sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1990 ní Houston, Texas. Lẹ́yìn ọdún díẹ̀, àwọn obìnrin mẹ́rin àkọ́kọ́ Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, àti LeToya Luckett tí wọ́n jọ bẹ̀rẹ̀ ni Columbia records gbà wọlé pẹ̀lú orúkọ Destiny's Child.""]","[""Ẹgbẹ́ náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bíi olórin pẹ̀lú orúkọ Girl's Tyme, lẹ́yìn ọdún díẹ̀, àwọn obìnrin mẹ́rin àkọ́kọ́ Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, àti LeToya Luckett tí wọ́n jọ bẹ̀rẹ̀ ni Columbia records gbà wọlé pẹ̀lú orúkọ Destiny's Child.""]",['P1'],1,0,"Destiny's Child Destiny's Child fígbá kan j?? ?gb?? orin kan ni il?? America, tí àw?n ??d??m?bìnrin méta kan dá síl??. Àw?n obìnrin náà ni, Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, àti Michelle Williams. ?gb?? náà b??r?? i??? w?n g??g?? bíi olórin p??lú orúk? Girl's Tyme, tí w??n dá síl?? ní ?dún 1990 ní Houston, Texas.[1] L??yìn ?dún dí??, àw?n obìnrin m??rin àk??k?? Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, àti LeToya Luckett tí w??n j? b??r?? ni Columbia records gbà w?lé p??lú orúk? Destiny's Child. W??n ?e ìfil??l?? ?gb?? náà p??lú orin tí w??n gbé jáde, tí àk??lé rè ? j?? ""No, No, No"" àti orin w?n tó tà jù l?, tí àk??lé r?? ? j?? The Writing's on the Wall (?dún 1999). D'wayne Wiggins, ti o ti ?e aw?n igbasil? ak?k? w?n bi Destiny's Child, fi ?sun lel? ni ?dun 2002 lodi si im?ran i?aaju r? (Bloom, Hergott, Diemer & Cook LLP) n wa $ 15 milionu ni aw?n bibaj? fun idinku adehun p?lu ?gb? laisi a?? r?, ni imunadoko iwe adehun atil?ba r? ti o fun ni aw?n i?? igbasil? iyas?t? ti orin Destiny's child fun ?dun meje ak?k?, ni pa?ipaar? fun “aw?n ?t? ?ba kan”, dipo aw?n ?t? ?ba nikan lati aw?n awo-orin m?ta ak?k?. A yanju ?ran naa fun iye ti a ko s?. Ni Okudu 2003, Mathew Knowles kede pe Destiny's Child yoo faagun pada si quartet, ti o fi han arabinrin aburo Knowles, Solange, g?g?bi afikun tuntun si ?gb? naa. Destiny's Child ti ?e igbasil? aw?n orin t?l? p?lu Solange o si pin ipele naa nigbati o r?po Rowland fun igba di? l?hin ti o f? ika ?s? r? lakoko ti o n?ere. Alakoso w?n, sib?sib?, s? pe ero naa ni a lo lati ?e idanwo aw?n ati lati ?d? gbogbo eniyan. [2] Ni O?u K?j? ?dun 2003, Knowles funrar? j?risi pe arabinrin r? kii yoo darap? m? ?gb? naa, ati dipo gbega awo-orin ak?k? Solange, Solo Star, ti a tu sil? ni O?u Kini ?dun 2003. [3] Destiny’s child tun parapo fun i?? idagbere ni 2006 NBA All-Star Game ni Osu Kinni , ojo 19, odun 2006, ni Houston, Texas; sib?sib?, Knowles soro, ""O ni o je awo ti o k?hin , sugbon ki i se ere ti o k?hin."" [4] I?? t?lifisi?nu ik?hin w?n wa ni aj?dun orin Fashion Rocks Benefit ni Ilu New York ni aw?n ?j? di? l?hinna. [5] Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 28, ?dun 2006, Destiny ‘s child ti ?e ifil?l? sinu Hollywood Walk of Fame, olugba 2,035th ti idanim? ti o ?ojukokoro. [6] Ni odun 2006 BET Awards, Destiny's Child gba ?gb? Ti o dara jul?, ?ka ti w?n tun gba ni 2005 ati 2001.","This article is about the group. For the group's eponymous album, see Destiny's Child (album) . Destiny's Child Destiny's Child performing during the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana on February 3, 2013. From left to right: Kelly Rowland , Beyoncé Knowles , Michelle Williams Background information Also known as Girl's Tyme Origin Houston , Texas , U.S. Genres R&B Years active 1997 ( 1997 ) –2006 ( 2006 ) Labels Elektra Columbia Music World Website destinyschild .com Past members Beyoncé Knowles Kelly Rowland Michelle Williams LaTavia Roberson LeToya Luckett Farrah Franklin Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland , and Michelle Williams . Formed in 1997 in Houston , Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme , formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson , and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, The Writing's on the Wall (1999), which contained the number-one singles "" Bills, Bills, Bills "" and "" Say My Name "". Despite critical and commercial success, the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil, as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group's manager Mathew Knowles , citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland. In early 2000, both Roberson and Luckett were replaced with Williams and Farrah Franklin ; however, Franklin quit after five months, leaving the group as a trio . Their third album, Survivor (2001), which contains themes the public interpreted as a channel to the group's experience, contains the worldwide hits "" Independent Women "", "" Survivor "" and "" Bootylicious "". In 2002, they announced a hiatus and re-united two years later for the release of their fourth and final studio album, Destiny Fulfilled (2004). Destiny's Child has sold more than sixty million records worldwide to date. Billboard magazine ranks the group as one of the greatest musical trios of all time, the ninth most successful artist/band of the 2000s, placed the group 68th in its All-Time Hot 100 Artists list in 2008 and in December 2016, the magazine ranked them as the 90th most successful dance club artist of all-time. The group was nominated for 14 Grammy Awards , winning twice for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and once for Best R&B Song . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 1990–97: Early beginnings and Girl's Tyme 1.2 1998–2000: Breakthrough and lineup changes 1.3 2001–2003: Survivor , subsequent releases, hiatus and side projects 1.4 2004–2006: Destiny Fulfilled and #1's 2 Disbandment and aftermath 3 Artistry 3.1 Musical style and themes 3.2 Public image 4 Legacy 5 Member timeline 6 Discography 7 Tours 8 Awards and nominations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History 1990–97: Early beginnings and Girl's Tyme In 1990, Beyoncé Knowles met rapper LaTavia Roberson while auditioning for a girl group. Based in Houston , Texas, they were joined to a group that performed rapping and dancing. Kelly Rowland , who relocated to Knowles' house because of family issues, joined them in 1992. Originally named Girl's Tyme , they were eventually cut down to six members including Támar Davis and sisters Nikki and Nina Taylor. With Knowles and Rowland, Girl's Tyme attracted nationwide attention: west-coast R&B producer Arne Frager flew to Houston to see them. He brought them to his studio, The Plant Recording Studios, in Northern California , with focus on Knowles' vocals because Frager thought she had personality and the ability to sing. With efforts to sign Girl's Tyme to a major record deal, Frager's strategy was to debut the group in Star Search , the biggest talent show on national TV at the time. However, they lost the competition because, according to Knowles, their choice of song was wrong; they were actually rapping instead of singing. Because of the group's defeat, Knowles' father, Mathew , voluntarily dedicated his time to manage them. Mathew Knowles decided to cut the original lineup to four, with the removal of Davis and the Taylor sisters and the inclusion of LeToya Luckett in 1993. Aside from spending time at their church in Houston, Girl's Tyme practiced in their backyards and at Headliners Salon, owned by Knowles' mother, Tina. The group would test routines in the salon, when it was on Montrose Boulevard in Houston, and sometimes would collect tips from the customers. Their try out would be critiqued by the people inside. During their school days, Girl's Tyme performed at local gigs. When summer came, Mathew Knowles established a ""boot camp"" to train them in dance and vocal lessons. After rigorous training, they began performing as opening acts for established R&B groups of that time such as SWV , Dru Hill and Immature . Tina Knowles designed the group's attire for their performances. Over the course of the early years in their career, Girl's Tyme changed their name to Something Fresh, Cliché, the Dolls, and to Destiny. The group signed with Elektra Records with the name Destiny, but were dropped several months later before they could release an album. The pursuit of a record deal affected the Knowles family: in 1995, Mathew Knowles resigned from his job as a medical-equipment salesman, a move that reduced Knowles' family's income by half, and her parents briefly separated due to the pressure. In 1996, they changed their name to Destiny's Child, which was taken from a passage in the Book of Isaiah . Mathew Knowles helped in negotiating a record deal with Columbia Records , which signed the group that same year. Prior to signing with Columbia, the group had recorded several tracks in Oakland, California produced by D'wayne Wiggins of Tony! Toni! Toné! , including ""Killing Time"", which upon the label's recognition that Destiny's Child had a ""unique quality"", was included in the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black . 1998–2000: Breakthrough and lineup changes Wyclef Jean remixed the song "" No, No, No "", which became Destiny's Child's first successful single. Destiny's Child released their self-titled debut album in the United States on February 17, 1998, featuring productions by Tim & Bob , Rob Fusari , Jermaine Dupri , Wyclef Jean , Dwayne Wiggins and Corey Rooney. Destiny's Child peaked at number sixty-seven on the Billboard 200 and number fourteen on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums . It managed to sell over one million copies in the United States, earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The remix version to the album's lead single, "" No, No, No "", reached number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its follow-up single, "" With Me Part 1 "" failed to reproduce the success of ""No, No, No"". Meanwhile, the group featured on a song from the soundtrack album of the romantic drama Why Do Fools Fall in Love and "" Get on the Bus "" had a limited release in Europe and other markets. In 1998, Destiny's Child garnered three Soul Train Lady of Soul awards including Best New Artist for ""No, No, No"". Knowles considered their debut successful but not huge, claiming as a neo soul record it was too mature for the group at the time. After the success of their debut album, Destiny's Child re-entered the studio quickly, bringing in a new lineup of producers, including Kevin ""She'kspere"" Briggs and Rodney Jerkins . Coming up with The Writing's on the Wall , they released it on July 27, 1999 and it eventually became their breakthrough album. The Writing's on the Wall peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and number two on R&B chart in early 2000. "" Bills, Bills, Bills "" was released in 1999 as the album's lead single and reached the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming their first US number-one single. The Writing's on the Wall has been credited as Destiny's Child's breakthrough album, spurring their career and introducing them to a wider audience. The main key to the group's breakthrough was the album's third single, "" Say My Name "", which topped the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks. The successful release of the singles bolstered the album's sales, eventually selling over eight million copies in the United States, gaining eight-time platinum certification by the RIAA. The Writing's on the Wall sold more than 11 million copies worldwide and was one of the top-selling albums of 2000. Michelle Williams joined the group as a replacement for Luckett and Roberson. In December 1999, Luckett and Roberson attempted to split with their manager, claiming that he kept a disproportionate share of the group's profits and unfairly favored Knowles and Rowland. While they never intended to leave the group, when the video for "" Say My Name "" surfaced in February 2000, Roberson and Luckett found out that two new members were joining Knowles and Rowland. Prior to the video premiere, Knowles announced on TRL that original members Luckett and Roberson had left the group. They were replaced by Michelle Williams , a former backup singer to Monica , and Farrah Franklin , an aspiring singer-actress. Shortly after her stint with Monica, Williams was introduced to Destiny's Child by choreographer Braden Larson aka ""Peanut Orlando"", and was flown to Houston where she stayed with the Knowles family. In March 2000, Roberson and Luckett filed a lawsuit against Mathew Knowles and their former bandmates for breach of partnership and fiduciary duties. Following the suit, both sides were disparaging towards each other in the media. Five months after joining, Franklin left the group. The remaining members claimed that this was due to missed promotional appearances and concerts. According to Williams, Franklin could not handle stress. Franklin, however, disclosed that she left because of the negativity surrounding the strife and her inability to assert any control in the decision making. Her departure was seen as less controversial. Williams, on the other hand, disclosed that her inclusion in the group resulted in her ""battling insecurity"": ""I was comparing myself to the other members, and the pressure was on me."" Towards the end of 2000, Roberson and Luckett dropped the portion of their lawsuit aimed at Rowland and Knowles in exchange for a settlement, though they continued the action against their manager. As part of the agreement, both sides were prohibited from speaking about each other publicly. Roberson and Luckett formed another girl group named Anjel but also left it due to issues with the record company. Although band members were affected by the turmoil, Destiny's Child's success continued. The following years of their career were seen as the group's most successful stretch, becoming a pop culture phenomenon. ""Say My Name"" became their second number-one and biggest single to date. The fourth single from The Writing's on the Wall , "" Jumpin', Jumpin' "", also became a top-ten hit. During this time, Destiny's Child began performing as an opening act at the concerts of pop singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera . With Williams in the new lineup, Destiny's Child released a theme song for the soundtrack to the film version of Charlie's Angels . Released as a single in October 2000, "" Independent Women Part 1 "" spent eleven consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 from November 2000 to January 2001, the longest-running number-one single of Destiny's Child's career and of that year in the United States. The successful release of the single boosted the sales of the soundtrack album to Charlie's Angels to 1.5 million by 2001. In 2000, Destiny's Child won Soul Train's Sammy Davis Jr. Entertainer of the Year award. 2001–2003: Survivor , subsequent releases, hiatus and side projects At the 2001 Billboard Music Awards , Destiny's Child won several accolades, including Artist of the Year and Duo/Group of the Year, and again won Artist of the Year among five awards they snagged in 2001. In September 2000, the group took home two at the sixth annual Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards, including R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Group for The Writing's on the Wall . Destiny's Child recorded their third album, Survivor , from mid-2000 until early 2001. In the production process, Knowles assumed more control in co-producing and co-writing almost the entire album. Survivor hit record stores in the spring of 2001 and entered the Billboard 200 at number one, selling over 663,000 copies in its first week sales. The first three singles, "" Independent Women Part I "", "" Survivor "" and "" Bootylicious "" reached the top three in the United States and were also successful in other countries; the first two were consecutive number-one singles in the United Kingdom. The album was certified four-time platinum in the United States and double platinum in Australia. It sold 6 million copies as of July 27, 2001. In the wake of the September 11 attacks , Destiny's Child canceled a European tour and performed in a concert benefit for the survivors. In October 2001, the group released a holiday album, 8 Days of Christmas , which contained updated versions of several Christmas songs. The album managed to reach number thirty-four on the Billboard 200. In February 2001, Destiny's Child won two Grammy awards for ""Say My Name"": Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Best R&B Song. They also earned an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Band/Duo. Also in 2001, Destiny's Child sang backup vocals for Solange Knowles , who was the lead, on the theme song to the animated Disney Channel series The Proud Family . In March 2002, a remix compilation titled This Is the Remix was released to win fans over before a new studio album would be released. The remix album reached number 29 in the United States. The lead single ""Survivor"" was by some interpreted as a response to the strife between the band members, although Knowles claimed it was not directed at anybody. Seeing it as a breach of the agreement that barred each party from public disparagement, Roberson and Luckett once again filed a lawsuit against Destiny's Child and Sony Music , shortly following the release of This Is the Remix . In June 2002, remaining cases were settled in court. Beyoncé Knowles' sister, Solange , who had recorded songs and performed with Destiny's Child, was reported to join the group when they reunite, but this was later confirmed as only a test of the public's reaction. In late 2000, Destiny's Child announced their plan to embark on individual side projects, including releases of solo albums, an idea by their manager. In 2002, Williams released her solo album, Heart to Yours , a contemporary gospel collection. The album reached number one on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart. In the same date Heart to Yours hit stores, Destiny's Child released their official autobiography, Soul Survivors . Rowland collaborated with hip hop artist Nelly on "" Dilemma "", which became a worldwide hit and earned Rowland a Grammy ; she became the first member of Destiny's Child to have achieved a US number-one single. In the same year, Knowles co-starred with Mike Myers in the box-office hit Austin Powers in Goldmember . She recorded her first solo single, "" Work It Out "", for the film's soundtrack. To capitalize on the success of ""Dilemma"", Rowland's solo debut album Simply Deep was brought forward from its early 2003 release to September 2002. Rowland's career took off internationally when Simply Deep hit number one on the UK Albums Chart . In the same year, she made her feature film debut in the horror film Freddy vs. Jason . Meanwhile, Knowles made her second film, The Fighting Temptations , and appeared as featured vocalist on her then-boyfriend Jay-Z 's single "" '03 Bonnie & Clyde "", which paved the way for the release of her debut solo album. As an upshot from the success of ""Dilemma"", Knowles' debut album, Dangerously in Love , was postponed many times until June 2003. Knowles was considered the most successful among the three solo releases. Dangerously in Love debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 317,000 copies. It yielded the number-one hits "" Crazy in Love "", and "" Baby Boy ""; and the top-five singles "" Me, Myself and I "" and "" Naughty Girl "". The album was certified 4x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It remains as Knowles' best-selling album to date, with sales of 5 million copies in the United States, as of June 2016. Worldwide, the album has sold more than eleven million copies. Knowles' solo debut was well received by critics, earning five Grammy awards in one night for Dangerously in Love , tying the likes of Norah Jones , Lauryn Hill , and Alicia Keys for most Grammys received in one night by a female artist. In November 2003, Williams appeared as Aida on Broadway. In January 2004, she released her second gospel album, Do You Know . D'wayne Wiggins, who had produced their first recordings as Destiny's Child, filed suit in 2002 against his former counsel (Bloom, Hergott, Diemer & Cook LLP) seeking $15 million in damages for lessening his contractual agreement with the group without his consent, effectively nullifying his original contract that offered Sony Music/Columbia Destiny's Child's exclusive recording services for an initial seven years, in exchange for ""certain royalties"", instead of royalties only from the first three albums. The case was settled for an undisclosed amount. In June 2003, Mathew Knowles announced that Destiny's Child would expand back to a quartet, revealing Knowles' younger sister, Solange , as the latest addition to the group. Destiny's Child had previously recorded songs with Solange and shared the stage when she temporarily replaced Rowland after she broke her toes while performing. Their manager, however, said the idea was used to test reactions from the public. In August 2003, Knowles herself confirmed that her sister would not be joining in the group, and instead promoted Solange's debut album, Solo Star , released in January 2003. 2004–2006: Destiny Fulfilled and #1's Three years after the hiatus, members of Destiny's Child reunited to record their fourth and final studio album, Destiny Fulfilled . The album introduces the trio to a harder, ""urban"" sound, and songs featured are conceptually interrelated. Destiny Fulfilled saw equality in the trio: each member contributed to writing on the majority songs, as well as becoming executive producers aside from their manager. Released on November 15, 2004, Destiny Fulfilled failed to top Survivor ; the album reached number two the following week, selling 497,000 copies in its first week, compared to 663,000 for the previous album. Certified three-time platinum in the United States, it was still one of the best-selling albums of 2005, selling over eight million copies worldwide; it pushed the group back into the position of the best-selling female group and American group of the year. Four singles were released from the album: the lead "" Lose My Breath "", "" Soldier "", "" Cater 2 U "" and "" Girl ""; the first two reached number three in the United States. ""Soldier"" ""Cater 2 U"" were certified platinum by the RIAA in 2006. The final line-up of Destiny's Child performing during their 2005 Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It concert tour. To promote the album, Destiny's Child embarked on their worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It Tour . On June 11, 2005, while at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona , Spain, the group announced before 16,000 people their official breakup. Destiny's Child claimed, however, that naming it Destiny Fulfilled was not a coincidence of sort. Right in the making of the album, they planned to part ways after their fourteen-year career as a group to facilitate their continued pursuit in individual aspirations. Knowles stated that their destinies were already fulfilled. The group exclusively sent a letter to MTV about the decision: We have been working together as Destiny's Child since we were 9, and touring together since we were 14. After a lot of discussion and some deep soul searching, we realized that our current tour has given us the opportunity to leave Destiny's Child on a high note, united in our friendship and filled with an overwhelming gratitude for our music, our fans, and each other. After all these wonderful years working together, we realized that now is the time to pursue our personal goals and solo efforts in earnest...No matter what happens, we will always love each other as friends and sisters and will always support each other as artists. We want to thank all of our fans for their incredible love and support and hope to see you all again as we continue fulfilling our destinies. —Destiny's Child, MTV Destiny's Child released their greatest hits album, #1's , on October 25, 2005. The compilation includes their number-one hits including ""Independent Woman Part 1"", ""Say My Name"" and ""Bootylicious"". Three new tracks were recorded for the compilation including "" Stand Up for Love "", which was recorded for the theme song to the World Children's Day, and "" Check on It "", a song Knowles recorded for The Pink Panther ' s soundtrack. Record producer David Foster , his daughter Amy Foster-Gillies and Knowles wrote ""Stand Up for Love"" as the anthem to the World Children's Day , an annual worldwide event to raise awareness and funds for children causes. Over the past three years, more than $50 million have been raised to benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities and other children's organizations. Destiny's Child lent their voices and support as global ambassadors for the 2005 program. #1's was also released as a DualDisc , featuring the same track listing, seven videos of selected songs and a trailer of the concert DVD Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta . The DVD was filmed during the Atlanta visit of the Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It tour, and was released on March 28, 2006. It has been certified platinum by the RIAA, denoting shipments of over one million units. The title of the compilation fueled a ripple as it contained number-one singles, although not exclusively. While the liner notes of the compilation does not present any information regarding commercial performances of the songs featured, writer Keith Caulfield of Billboard magazine suggested that the name could only be ""a marketing angle"". Despite this, journalist Chris Harris of MTV said that it ""lives up to its name"". Disbandment and aftermath Destiny's Child reunited for a farewell performance at the 2006 NBA All-Star Game on February 19, 2006 in Houston , Texas; however, Knowles commented, ""It's the last album, but it's not the last show."" Their final televised performance was at the Fashion Rocks benefit concert in New York a few days later. On March 28, 2006, Destiny's Child was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame , the 2,035th recipient of the coveted recognition. At the 2006 BET Awards , Destiny's Child won Best Group, a category they also earned in 2005 and 2001. After their formal disbandment, all members resumed their solo careers and have each experienced different levels of success. Since then, Knowles, Rowland and Williams have continued to collaborate on each other's solo projects through song features, music video appearances, and live performances. Both Rowland and Williams, along with Knowles' sister Solange , appeared in Knowles' music video for her single "" Get Me Bodied "" (2007). On June 26, 2007, the group made a mini-reunion at the 2007 BET Awards, where Knowles performed ""Get Me Bodied"" with Williams and Solange as her back-up dancers. After her performance, Knowles introduced Rowland who performed her single "" Like This "" (2007) with Eve . On the September 2, 2007 Los Angeles stop of The Beyoncé Experience tour, Knowles sang a snippet of ""Survivor"" with Rowland and Williams, and the latter two rendered a ""Happy Birthday"" song to Knowles. The performance was featured in Knowles' tour DVD, The Beyoncé Experience Live . In 2008, Knowles recorded a cover of Billy Joel 's "" Honesty "" for Destiny's Child's compilation album Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol.1: Love Destiny , which was released only in Japan to celebrate the group's tenth anniversary. Rowland made a cameo appearance in Knowles' music video for her single "" Party "" (2011), and the group's third compilation album, Playlist: The Very Best of Destiny's Child , was released in 2012 to mark the fifteenth anniversary since their formation. The fourth compilation album, Love Songs , was released on January 29, 2013, and included the newly recorded song ""Nuclear"", produced by Pharrell Williams . ""Nuclear"" marked the first original music from Destiny's Child in eight years. The following month, Rowland and Williams appeared as special guests for Knowles' Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , where they performed ""Bootylicious"", ""Independent Women"" and Knowles' own song "" Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) "". A video album titled Destiny's Child Video Anthology was released in May 2013 and featured sixteen of the group's music videos. Knowles and Williams were then featured on Rowland's song ""You Changed"" from her fourth solo album Talk a Good Game (2013). Later that year, Rowland and Williams made cameo appearances in the music videos for Knowles' songs "" Superpower "" and ""Grown Woman"", which were both included on her self-titled fifth solo visual album . Williams released the single "" Say Yes "" in June 2014, featuring Knowles and Rowland. They performed ""Say Yes"" together during the 2015 Stellar Awards , and the live version of the song was mastered for iTunes in April 2015. On November 7, 2016, the group reunited in a video to try the Mannequin Challenge , which was posted on Rowland's official Instagram account. Artistry Musical style and themes Destiny's Child recorded R&B songs with styles that encompasses urban , contemporary , and dance-pop . In the group's original line-up, Knowles was the lead vocalist, Rowland was the second lead vocalist, Luckett was on soprano , and Roberson was on alto . Knowles remained as the lead vocalist in the group's final line-up as a trio, however, Rowland and Williams also took turns in singing lead for the majority of their songs. Destiny's Child cited R&B singer Janet Jackson as one of their influences. Ann Powers of The New York Times described Destiny's Child music as ""fresh and emotional ... these ladies have the best mixes, the savviest samples and especially the most happening beats."" In the same publication, Jon Pareles noted that the sound that defines Destiny's Child, aside from Knowles' voice, ""is the way its melodies jump in and out of double-time. Above brittle, syncopated rhythm tracks, quickly articulated verses alternate with smoother choruses."" The group usually harmonize their vocals in their songs, especially on the ballads. In most instances of their songs, each member sings one verse and chimes in at the chorus. In their third album Survivor (2001), each member sings lead in the majority of the songs. Knowles said, ""... everybody is a part of the music ... Everybody is singing lead on every song, and it's so great—because now Destiny's Child is at the point vocally and mentally that it should be at."" Knowles, however, completely led songs like ""Brown Eyes"" and "" Dangerously in Love "". The group explored their lyrics to man-to-woman relationship, sisterhood and female empowerment anthems. Survivor contains themes interpreted by the public as a reference to the group's internal conflict. The title track, "" Survivor "", which set the theme used throughout the album, features the lyrics ""I'm not gonna blast you on the radio ... I'm not gonna lie on you or your family ... I'm not gonna hate you in the magazine"" caused Roberson and Luckett to file a lawsuit against the group; the lyrics were perceived to be a violation over their agreement following a settlement in court. In an interview, Knowles commented: ""The lyrics to the single 'Survivor' are Destiny's Child's story, because we've been through a lot, ... We went through our drama with the members ... Any complications we've had in our 10-year period of time have made us closer and tighter and better."" In another song called ""Fancy"", which contains the lyrics ""You always tried to compete with me, girl ... find your own identity"", was interpreted by critic David Browne, in his review of the album for Entertainment Weekly magazine, as a response to the lawsuit. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic summarized Survivor as ""a determined, bullheaded record, intent on proving Destiny's Child has artistic merit largely because the group survived internal strife. ... It's a record that tries to be a bold statement of purpose, but winds up feeling forced and artificial."" Despite the album's receiving critical praise, Knowles' close involvement has occasionally generated criticism. Knowles wrote and co-produced the bulk of Survivor . Browne suggested that her help made Survivor a ""premature, but inevitable, growing pains album"". In the majority of the songs on their final studio album Destiny Fulfilled (2004), the verses are divided into three sections, with Knowles singing first, followed by Rowland, then Williams; the three harmonize together during the choruses. Public image Diana Ross ( pictured ), lead singer of The Supremes , whom Beyoncé Knowles was compared to. Destiny's Child were compared to The Supremes , a 1960s American female singing group , with Knowles being compared to Supremes frontwoman Diana Ross ; Knowles, however, has dismissed the notion. Coincidentally, Knowles starred in the film adaptation of the 1981 Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Deena Jones, the front woman of the Dreams, a female singing group based on the Supremes. With Knowles' wide role assumed in the production of Survivor , Gil Kaufman of MTV noted that ""it became clear that Beyoncé was emerging as DC's unequivocal musical leader and public face"". Her dominance to the creative input in the album made the album ""very much her work"". For Lola Ogunnaike of The New York Times , ""It's been a long-held belief in the music industry that Destiny's Child was little more than a launching pad for Beyoncé Knowles' inevitable solo career."" In the wake of Knowles' debut solo album Dangerously in Love (2003), rumors spread about a possible split of Destiny's Child after each member had experienced solo success and had ongoing projects. Comparisons were drawn to Justin Timberlake , who did not return to band NSYNC after his breakthrough debut solo album, Justified . Rowland responded to such rumors, announcing they were back in the studio together. The group claimed that the reunion was destined to happen and that their affinity to each other kept them cohesive. Margeaux Watson, arts editor at Suede magazine, suggested that Knowles ""does not want to appear disloyal to her former partners,"" and called her decision to return to the group ""a charitable one"". Knowles' mother, Tina, wrote a 2002-published book, titled Destiny's Style: Bootylicious Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle Secrets From Destiny's Child , an account of how fashion influenced Destiny's Child's success. Legacy Destiny's Child's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Destiny's Child have been referred to as R&B icons, and have sold more than 60 million records worldwide. Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child, MTV 's James Montgomery noted that ""they have left a fairly sizable legacy behind"" as ""one of the best-selling female pop vocal groups in history."" Billboard observed that Destiny's Child were ""defined by a combination of feisty female empowerment anthems, killer dance moves and an eviable fashion sense,"" while Essence noted that they ""set trends with their harmonious music and cutting-edge style."" In 2015, Daisy Jones of Dazed Digital published an article on how the group made a significant impact in R&B music, writing ""Without a hint of rose tint, Destiny's Child legitimately transformed the sound of R&B forever... their distinct influence can be found peppered all over today's pop landscape, from Tinashe to Ariana Grande ."" Nicole Marrow of The Cut magazine believed that R&B music in the 1990s and early 2000s ""was virtually redefined by the success of powerhouse performers like TLC and Destiny's Child, who preached a powerful litany of embracing womanhood and celebrating individuality."" Hugh McIntyre of Forbes wrote that before The Pussycat Dolls and Danity Kane burst onto the music scene in the mid-2000s, Destiny's Child were ""the reigning queens"" of the girl group genre. Destiny's Child's final line-up as a trio has been widely noted as the group's most recognizable and successful line-up. Billboard recognized them as one of the greatest musical trios of all time; they were also ranked as the third most successful girl group of all time on the Billboard charts , behind TLC and The Supremes. The group's single "" Independent Women "" (2000) ranked second on Billboard ' s list of the ""Top 40 Biggest Girl Group Songs of All Time on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart"". ""Independent Women"" was also acknowledged by the Guinness World Records as the longest-running number-one song on the Hot 100 by a girl group. The term ""Bootylicious"" (a combination of the words booty and delicious) became popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same and was later added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006. The term was also used to describe Beyoncé during the 2000s decade due to her curvacious figure. VH1 included ""Bootylicious"" on their ""100 Greatest Songs of the '00s"" list in 2011, and Destiny's Child on their ""100 Greatest Women in Music"" list the following year. Additionally, ""Independent Women"" was ranked as one of NME ' s ""100 Best Songs of the 00s"". Destiny's Child was honored at the 2005 World Music Awards with the World's Best Selling Female Group of All Time Award, which included a 17-minute tribute performance by Patti LaBelle , Usher , Babyface , Rihanna , Amerie and Teairra Mari . In 2006, the group was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Destiny's Child has been credited as a musical influence or inspiration by several artists including Rihanna, Meghan Trainor , Fifth Harmony , Little Mix , Girls Aloud , Haim , Jess Glynne , Katy B , and RichGirl . Ciara was inspired to pursue a career in music after seeing Destiny's Child perform on television. Ariana Grande cited Destiny's Child as one of her vocal inspirations, saying that listening to the group's music is how she discovered her range and ""learned about harmonies and runs and ad-libs."" Meghan Trainor stated that her single "" No "" (2016) was inspired by the late 1990s and early 2000s sounds of Destiny's Child, NSYNC , and Britney Spears . Fifth Harmony cited Destiny's Child as their biggest inspiration, and even paid tribute to the group by performing a medley of "" Say My Name "", ""Independent Women"", ""Bootylicious"" and "" Survivor "" on the television show Greatest Hits . Fifth Harmony also incorporated elements of the intro from ""Bootylicious"" for the intro to their own song ""Brave, Honest, Beautiful"" (2015). Member timeline Discography Main article: Destiny's Child discography Destiny's Child (1998) The Writing's on the Wall (1999) Survivor (2001) 8 Days of Christmas (2001) Destiny Fulfilled (2004) Tours Headlining 1999 European Tour (1999) 2002 World Tour (2002) Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It (2005–06) Co-headlining Total Request Live Tour (with 3LW , Dream , Jessica Simpson , City High , Eve and Nelly with the St. Lunatics ) (2001) Opening act SWV World Tour (opened for SWV ) (1996) Evolution Tour (opened for Boyz II Men ) (1998) FanMail Tour (opened for TLC ) (1999) Introducing IMx Tour (opened for IMx ) (2000) Christina Aguilera in Concert (opened for Christina Aguilera ) (2000) (You Drive Me) Crazy Tour (opened for Britney Spears ) (2000) Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Destiny's Child has won three awards from fourteen nominations. Year Nominee/work Award Result 2000 "" Bills, Bills, Bills "" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Nominated Best R&B Song Nominated 2001 "" Independent Women "" Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Nominated "" Say My Name "" Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best R&B Song Won Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Won 2002 "" Survivor "" Won Survivor Best R&B Album Nominated 2005 "" Lose My Breath "" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Nominated 2006 "" Cater 2 U "" Nominated Best R&B Song Nominated "" Soldier "" (feat. T.I. and Lil Wayne ) Best Rap/Sung Collaboration Nominated Destiny Fulfilled Best Contemporary R&B Album Nominated See also List of best-selling girl groups References External links Official website Destiny's Child discography at Discogs Destiny's Child at AllMusic Destiny's Child on IMDb" -3617483452371702719,train,where is dublin ireland located on a map,"Dublin (/ ˈdʌblɪn /, Irish : Baile Átha Cliath (bljaːˈkljiəh)) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Ireland 's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and bordered to the South by the Wicklow Mountains. The city has an urban area population of 1,173,179. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people.",[],níbo ní dublin ireland wà lórí àwòrán-àwòrán ilẹ̀,Yes,"['Dublin (pípè /ˈdʌblɨn/, /ˈdʊblɨn/ tabi /ˈdʊbəlɪn/) je ilu totobijulo (being a primate city) ati oluilu orile-ede Ireland.']","['Banana Island jẹ erekuṣu atọwọda ti o wa nitosi Ikoyi, ìpínlè Eko, Naijiria.']",['P1'],1,0,"Dublin Dublin (pípè /?d?bl?n/, /?d?bl?n/ tabi /?d?b?l?n/) je ilu totobijulo [2][3] ati oluilu orile-ede Ireland. Fun ibise ni ede Irishi je Baile Átha Cliath [b?al?? a?ha kl?i?h] tabi Áth Cliath [a?h cli?(?)]; Dublin gege bi oruko re wa lati Dubh Linn to tumosi ""omi dudu"".", -2506015054511777298,train,where do flys lay eggs in a house,"The female housefly usually mates only once and stores the sperm for later use. She lays batches of about 100 eggs on decaying organic matter such as food waste, carrion or faeces. These soon hatch into legless white larvae, maggots. After 2 to 5 days of development, these metamorphose into reddish - brown pupae, about 8 mm (0.3 in) long. Adult flies normally live for 2 to 4 weeks, but can hibernate during the winter. The adults feed on a variety of liquid or semi-liquid substances, as well as solid materials which have been softened by their saliva. They can carry pathogens on their bodies and in their faeces, contaminate food and contribute to the transfer of food - borne illnesses. In numbers, they can be physically annoying and for these reasons they are considered pests.","['henry dunant', '1795', '1901']",íbo ni àwọn es̩ins̩in ń yé ẹyin wọn sí nínú ilé,Yes,['Ó ma ń yé ẹyin tí ó tó ọgọ́rùn ún nípa sísàba lé ohun kan tí ó ti ń jẹrà bí ónjẹ bíbàjẹ́ tàbí ìgbẹ́.'],['Ó ma ń yé ẹyin nípa sísàba lé ohun kan tí ó ti ń jẹrà bí ónjẹ bíbàjẹ́ tàbí ìgbẹ́.'],['P3'],1,0,"E?in?in Ilé E?in?in Ilé tí w??n ? dà pè ní (Musca domestica) j?? ohun tí ó ? fò, tí ó sì j?? ??ksn lára ?bí Cyclorrhapha. W??n fìdí r?? múl?? wípé e?in?in yí wá láti ayé Cenozoic, kí ó tó na f??n ká sí oríl?? àgbáyé. Ó j?? ??kan lára kòkòrò tí ó w??p?? nínú Ilé. [1] Ìrísí r?? E?in?in ilé tí ó bá ti dàgbà ma ? ní àw?n olómi eérú sí àw?? dúdú, tí ó sì ní ìlà olóòró ní ??yìn, ó nírun w??r?? w??r?? lára, p??lú ìy?? méjì. W??n ní ojú pupa tí y? kòngbà síta. [2][3] Ìbálòp?? ìy??yin àti ìpam? r?? E?in?in ilé tí ó j?? abo ma ? sábà ní à?ep?? ní ????kan, tí ó sì ma ? gbé àt?? ak? kiri láti lòó nígbà tí àsìkò àti y??yin bá tó. Ó ma ? yé ?yin tí ó tó ?g??rùn ún nípa sísàba lé ohun kan tí ó ti ? j?rà bí ónj? bíbàj?? tàbí ìgb??. Àw?n ?yin yí ni w??n ma ? yíra padà sí ohun ab??mí tí kò l??s?? tí a m?? sí [[[ìdin]].[4]","Not to be confused with horse-fly . Housefly Conservation status Not evaluated ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Section: Schizophora Family: Muscidae Genus: Musca Species: M. domestica Binomial name Musca domestica Linnaeus , 1758 Subspecies M. d. calleva Walker, 1849 M. d. domestica Linnaeus , 1758 The housefly ( Musca domestica ) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha . It is believed to have evolved in the Cenozoic era, possibly in the Middle East, and has spread all over the world as a commensal of humans. It is the most common fly species found in houses. Adults are grey to black with four dark longitudinal lines on the thorax, slightly hairy bodies and a single pair of membranous wings. They have red eyes, set further apart in the slightly larger female. The female housefly usually mates only once and stores the sperm for later use. She lays batches of about 100 eggs on decaying organic matter such as food waste, carrion or faeces . These soon hatch into legless white larvae, maggots . After 2 to 5 days of development, these metamorphose into reddish-brown pupae , about 8 mm (0.3 in) long. Adult flies normally live for 2 to 4 weeks, but can hibernate during the winter. The adults feed on a variety of liquid or semi-liquid substances, as well as solid materials which have been softened by their saliva . They can carry pathogens on their bodies and in their faeces, contaminate food and contribute to the transfer of food-borne illnesses . In numbers, they can be physically annoying and for these reasons they are considered pests . Houseflies have been used in the laboratory in research into ageing and sex determination . Flies appear in literature from Ancient Greek mythology and Aesop's The Impertinent Insect onwards. Authors sometimes choose the fly to speak of the brevity of life, as in William Blake 's 1794 poem The Fly , which deals with mortality subject to uncontrollable circumstances. Contents [ hide ] 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Evolution and taxonomy 4 Life cycle 5 Ecology 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 As a disease vector 6.2 In warfare 6.3 In waste management 6.4 Control 6.5 In science 6.6 In literature 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description [ edit ] Head of a female housefly with two large compound eyes and three ocelli Adult houseflies are usually 6 to 7 millimetres (0.24 to 0.28 inches) long with a wingspan of 13 to 15 millimetres (0.5 to 0.6 inches). The females tend to be larger winged than males while males have relatively longer legs. Females tend to vary more in size and there is geographic variation with larger individuals in higher latitudes. The head is strongly convex in front and flat and slightly conical behind. The pair of large compound eyes almost touch in the male but are more widely separated in the female. There are three simple eyes ( ocelli ) and a pair of short antennae. Flies process visual information around seven times more quickly than do humans, enabling them to identify and avoid attempts to catch or swat them, since they effectively see the human's movements in slow motion with their higher flicker fusion rate . Mouthparts, showing the pseudotracheae, semi-tubular grooves (dark parallel bands) used for sucking up liquid food The mouthparts are specially adapted for a liquid diet; the mandibles and maxillae are reduced and non-functional and the other mouthparts form a retractable, flexible proboscis with an enlarged fleshy tip, the labellum. This is a sponge-like structure that is characterised by many grooves, called pseudotracheae, which suck up fluids by capillary action . It is also used to distribute saliva to soften solid foods or collect loose particles. Houseflies have chemoreceptors , organs of taste, on the tarsi of their legs, so they can identify foods such as sugars by walking over them. Flies are often seen cleaning their legs by rubbing them together, enabling the chemoreceptors to taste afresh whatever they walk on next. At the end of each leg is a pair of claws, and below them are two adhesive pads, pulvilli , enabling the fly to walk up smooth walls and ceilings using Van der Waals forces . The claws help the fly to unstick the foot for the next step. Flies walk with a common gait on horizontal and vertical surfaces with three legs in contact with the surface and three in movement. On inverted surfaces, they alter the gait to keep four feet stuck to the surface. Flies land on a ceiling by flying straight towards it; just before landing they make a half roll and point all six legs at the surface, absorbing the shock with the front legs and sticking a moment later with the other four also. Wing, under 250x magnification The thorax is a shade of gray, sometimes even black, with four dark longitudinal bands of even width on the dorsal surface. The whole body is covered with short hairs. Like other Diptera , houseflies have only one pair of wings ; what would be the hind pair is reduced to small halteres that aid in flight stability. The wings are translucent with a yellowish tinge at their base. Characteristically, the medial vein (M1+2 or fourth long vein ) shows a sharp upward bend. Each wing has a lobe at the back, the calypter , covering the haltere. The abdomen is gray or yellowish with a dark stripe and irregular dark markings at the side. It has ten segments which bear spiracles for respiration. In males, the ninth segment bears a pair of claspers for copulation, and the tenth bears anal cerci in both sexes. Micrograph of tarsus of leg , showing claws and bristles including the central one between the two pulvilli known as the empodium. A variety of species around the world appear similar to the housefly, such as the lesser house fly , Fannia canicularis ; the stable fly , Stomoxys calcitrans ; and other members of the Musca genus such as M. vetustissima , the Australian bush fly and several closely related taxa that include M. primitiva , M. shanghaiensis , M. violacea and M. varensis . The systematic identification of species may require the use of region specific taxonomic keys and can require dissections of the male reproductive parts for confirmation. Distribution [ edit ] The housefly is probably the insect with the widest distribution in the world; it is largely associated with man and has accompanied him around the globe. It is present in the Arctic circle as well as in the tropics, where it is abundant. It is present in all populated parts of Europe, Asia, Australasia and the Americas. Evolution and taxonomy [ edit ] Even though the order of flies ( Diptera ) is much older, true houseflies are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the Cenozoic era. The housefly's superfamily, Muscoidea , is most closely related to the Oestroidea (blow flies and allies), and more distantly to the Hippoboscoidea (louse flies and allies). They are thought to have originated in the southern Palearctic region, particularly the Middle East. Because of their close, commensal relationship with humans, they probably owe their worldwide dispersal to co-migration with humans. The housefly was first described as Musca domestica in 1758 based on the common European specimens by the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus in his Systema naturae , and continues to be classified under that name. A more detailed description was given in 1776 by the Danish entomologist Johan Christian Fabricius in his Genera Insectorum . Nematocera Other Nematocera (crane flies, mosquitos etc) Brachycera Tabanomorpha (horse flies, etc) Muscomorpha Other Muscomorpha (robber flies, etc) Syrphoidea (hoverflies) Schizophora Acalyptratae (marsh flies, etc) Calyptratae Hippoboscoidea (louse flies, bat flies etc) Oestroidea (blow flies, flesh flies, etc) Muscoidea Fannidae , Scathophagidae , Anthomyiidae Muscidae Azellinae and allies Muscinae Stomoxyini Polletina Morellia Musca Cladogram showing higher level classification and position of Musca within the family Muscidae based on Couri and Carvalho 2003. Life cycle [ edit ] Houseflies mating Each female housefly can lay up to 500 eggs in a lifetime, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are white and are about 1.2 mm (0.05 in) in length, and they are deposited by the fly in a suitable place, usually dead and decaying organic matter, such as food waste, carrion, or faeces . Within a day, larvae ( maggots ) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed where they were laid. They are pale-whitish, 3 to 9 mm (0.12 to 0.35 in) long, thinner at the mouth end, and legless. Larval development takes from two weeks, under optimal conditions, to thirty days or more in cooler conditions. The larvae avoid light; the interior of heaps of animal manure provide nutrient-rich sites and ideal growing conditions, warm, moist and dark. Larva and adult, by Amedeo John Engel Terzi (1872–1956) At the end of their fourth instar , the larvae crawl to a dry, cool place and transform into pupae . The pupal case is cylindrical with rounded ends, about 1.2 mm (0.05 in) long, and formed from the last shed larval skin. It is yellowish at first, darkening through red and brown to nearly black as it ages. Pupae complete their development in from two to six days at 35 °C (95 °F) but may take twenty days or more at 14 °C (57 °F). When metamorphosis is complete, the adult fly emerges from the pupa. To do this, it uses the ptilinum , an eversible pouch on its head, to tear open the end of the pupal case. The adult housefly lives for from two weeks to a month in the wild, or longer in benign laboratory conditions. Having emerged from the pupa, it ceases to grow; a small fly is not necessarily a young fly, but is instead the result of getting insufficient food during the larval stage. Male houseflies are sexually mature after 16 hours and females after 24. Females produce a pheromone , (Z)-9-Tricosene (muscalure) . This cuticular hydrocarbon is not released into the air and males sense them only on contact with females; it has found use as in pest control, for luring males to fly traps. The male initiates the mating by bumping into the female, in the air or on the ground, known as a ""strike"". He climbs on to her thorax, and if she is receptive a courtship period follows, in which the female vibrates her wings and the male strokes her head. The male then reverses onto her abdomen and the female pushes her ovipositor into his genital opening; copulation, with sperm transfer, lasts for several minutes. Females normally mate only once and then reject further advances from males, while males mate multiple times. A volatile semiochemical that is deposited by females on their eggs attracts other gravid females and leads to clustered egg deposition. The larvae depend on warmth and sufficient moisture to develop; generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster they will grow. In general, fresh swine and chicken manure present the best conditions for the developing larvae, reducing the larval period and increasing the size of the pupae. Cow, goat and horse manure produce fewer, smaller pupae, while fully composted swine manure, with a water content of under 40%, produces none at all. Pupae can range from about 8 to 20 milligrams (0.0003 to 0.0007 ounces) under different conditions. The life cycle can be completed in seven to ten days under optimal conditions but may take up to two months in adverse circumstances. In temperate regions, there may be twelve generations per year, and in the tropics and subtropics, more than twenty. Ecology [ edit ] Housefly pupae killed by parasitoid wasp larvae. Each pupa has one hole through which a single adult wasp has emerged; the wasp larvae fed on the housefly larva. Houseflies play an important ecological role in breaking down and recycling organic matter. Adults are mainly carnivorous ; their primary food is animal matter, carrion and faeces , but they also consume milk, sugary substances, and rotting fruit and vegetables. Solid foods are softened with saliva before being sucked up. They can be opportunistic blood feeders. Houseflies have a mutualistic relationship with the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca which can live on the surface of housefly eggs and deter fungi which compete with the fly larvae for nutrients. Adult houseflies are diurnal and rest at night. If inside a building after dark, they tend to congregate on ceilings, beams and overhead wires, while out of doors, they crawl into foliage or long grass, or rest in shrubs and trees or on wires. In cooler climates, some houseflies hibernate in winter, choosing to do so in cracks and crevices, gaps in woodwork and the folds of curtains. They arouse in the spring when the weather warms up, and search out somewhere to lay their eggs. Houseflies have many predators including birds, reptiles, amphibians, various insects and spiders. The eggs, larvae and pupae have many species of stage-specific parasites and parasitoids . Some of the more important are the parasitic wasps Muscidifurax uniraptor and Sphalangia cameroni ; these lay their eggs in the fly larvae tissue and their offspring complete their development before the adult flies can emerge from the pupae. Hister beetles feed on housefly larvae in manure heaps and the predatory mite Macrocheles muscae domesticae consumes housefly eggs, each mite eating twenty eggs per day. Housefly killed by the pathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae Houseflies sometimes carry phoretic (non-parasitic) passengers including mites such as Macrocheles muscaedomesticae , and the pseudoscorpion Lamprochernes chyzeri . The pathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae causes a fatal disease in houseflies. After infection, the fungal hyphae grow throughout the body killing the fly in about five days. Infected flies have been known to seek high temperatures that could suppress the growth of the fungus. Affected females tend to be more attractive to males but the fungus-host interactions have not been fully understood. The housefly also acts as the alternative host to the parasitic nematode Habronema muscae that attacks horses. Relationship with humans [ edit ] Flies are a nuisance, disturbing people at leisure and at work, but it is principally because of their habits of contaminating foodstuffs that they are disliked. They alternate between breeding and feeding in dirty places with feeding on human foods, during which process they soften the food with saliva and deposit their faeces, creating a health hazard. However, fly larvae are as nutritious as fish meal , and could be used to convert waste to feed for fish and livestock . Flies have been used in art and artefacts in many cultures. In 16th and 17th century European vanitas paintings, flies sometimes occur as Memento mori . They may also be used for other effects as in the Flemish painting, the Master of Frankfurt (1496). Fly amulets were popular in ancient Egypt. As a disease vector [ edit ] Housefly lapping up food from a plate Houseflies can fly for several miles from the breeding place, carrying a wide variety of organisms on their hairs, mouthparts, vomitus and faeces. Parasites carried include cysts of protozoa e.g. Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia lamblia and eggs of helminths, e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , Hymenolepis nana , Enterobius vermicularis . Houseflies do not serve as a secondary host or act as a reservoir of any bacteria of medical or veterinary importance, but they do serve as mechanical vectors to over a hundred pathogens , such as those causing typhoid , cholera , salmonellosis , bacillary dysentery , tuberculosis , anthrax , ophthalmia and pyogenic cocci making them especially problematic in hospitals and during outbreaks of certain diseases. Disease-carrying organisms on the outer surface of the fly may survive for a few hours, but those in the crop or gut can be viable for several days. There are usually too few bacteria on the external surface of the flies (except perhaps for Shigella ) to cause infection and the main routes to human infection are through the fly's regurgitation and defecation. In the early twentieth century, Canadian public health workers believed that the control of flies was important in controlling the spread of tuberculosis. A ""swat that fly"" contest was held for children Montreal in 1912. Flies were targeted in 1916, when a polio epidemic broke out in the eastern United States. The belief that fly control was key to disease control continued, with extensive use of insecticidal spraying, well until the mid 1950s, declining only after the introduction of Salk's vaccine . In China, Mao Zedong 's Four Pests Campaign between 1958 and 1962 exhorted the people to catch and kill flies, along with rats, mosquitoes and sparrows. In warfare [ edit ] Further information: Entomological warfare Philadelphia Department of Health poster warning the public of fly hazards (c. 1942) During the Second World War , the Japanese worked on entomological warfare techniques under Shirō Ishii . Japanese Yagi bombs developed at Pingfan consisted of two compartments, one with houseflies and another with a bacterial slurry that coated the flies prior to release. Vibrio cholerae which cause cholera was the choice and used in China in Baoshan in 1942, and in northern Shandong in 1943. Baoshan had been used by the Allies and bombing produced epidemics that killed 60,000 people in the initial stages reaching a radius of 200 km which finally took a toll of 200,000 victims. The Shandong attack killed 210,000; the occupying Japanese troops had been vaccinated in advance. In waste management [ edit ] The ability of housefly larvae to feed and develop in a wide range of decaying organic matter is important for recycling of nutrients in nature. This could be exploited to combat ever-increasing amounts of waste. Housefly larvae can be mass-reared in a controlled manner in animal manure, reducing the bulk of waste and minimizing environmental risks of its disposal. Harvested maggots may be used as feed for animal nutrition. Control [ edit ] Detail of a 1742 painting by Frans van der Mijn that uses a fly in a Renaissance allegory of touch theme Flies can be controlled, at least to some extent, by physical, chemical or biological means. Physical controls include screening with small mesh or the use of vertical strips of plastic or strings of beads in doorways to prevent entry of flies into buildings. Fans to create air movement or air barriers in doorways can deter flies from entering, and food premises often use ultra-violet light traps that electrocute insects. Sticky fly papers hanging from the ceiling can also be effective. Another approach is the elimination as far as possible of potential breeding sites. Keeping garbage in lidded containers and collecting it regularly and frequently, prevents any eggs laid from developing into adults. Unhygienic rubbish tips are a prime fly-breeding site, but if garbage is covered by a layer of earth, preferably daily, this can be avoided. Insecticides can be used. Larvicides kill the developing larvae but large quantities may need to be used to reach areas below the surface. Aerosols can be used in buildings to ""zap"" flies, but outside applications are only temporarily effective. Residual sprays on walls or resting sites have a longer lasting effect. Many strains of housefly have become immune to the most commonly used insecticides . Several means of biological pest control have been investigated. These include the introduction of another species, the black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ), whose larvae compete with those of the housefly for resources. The introduction of dung beetles to churn up the surface of a manure heap and render it unsuitable for breeding is another approach. Augmentative biological control by releasing parasitoids can be used, but flies breed so fast that the natural enemies are unable to keep up. In science [ edit ] The ease of culturing houseflies, and the relative ease of handling them when compared to the fruit fly Drosophila , have made them useful as model organism for use in laboratories. The American entomologist Vincent Dethier , in his humorous To Know A Fly (1962), pointed out that as a laboratory animal, houseflies did not trouble anyone sensitive to animal cruelty. Houseflies have a small number of chromosomes, haploid six or diploid twelve. Because the somatic tissue of the housefly consists of long-lived post-mitotic cells, it can be used as an informative model system for understanding cumulative age-related cellular alterations . Oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in houseflies was found in one study to increase with age and reduce life expectancy supporting the hypothesis that oxidative molecular damage is a causal factor in senescence (aging). William Blake 's illustration of ""The Fly"" in Songs of Innocence and of Experience , 1794 The housefly is an object of biological research, partly for their variable sex determination mechanism. Although a wide variety of sex determination mechanisms exist in nature (e.g. male and female heterogamy , haplodiploidy , environmental factors), the way sex is determined is usually fixed within a species . The housefly is however thought to exhibit multiple mechanisms for sex determination, such as male heterogamy (like most insects and mammals ), female heterogamy (like birds) and maternal control over offspring sex. The exact mechanism of sex determination involved is unresolved, but sexual differentiation is controlled as in other insects by an ancient developmental switch , doublesex , which is regulated by the transformer protein in many different insects. The antimicrobial peptides produced by housefly maggots are of pharmacological interest. In the 1970s, the aircraft modeller Frank Ehling constructed miniature balsa wood aircraft powered by live houseflies. Studies of tethered flies have helped in the understanding of insect vision, sensory perception and flight control. In literature [ edit ] The Impertinent Insect is a group of five fables, sometimes ascribed to Aesop , concerning an insect, in one version a fly, which puffs itself up to seem important. In the Biblical fourth plague of Egypt , flies represent death and decay, while the Philistine god Beelzebub 's name may mean ""lord of the flies"". In Greek mythology , Myiagros was a god who chased away flies during the sacrifices to Zeus and Athena ; Zeus sent a fly to bite Pegasus , causing Bellerophon to fall back to Earth when he attempted to ride the winged steed to Mount Olympus . In the traditional Navajo religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being. William Blake 's 1794 poem ""The Fly"" , part of his collection Songs of Experience , deals with the insect's mortality, subject to uncontrollable circumstances, just like humans. Emily Dickinson 's 1855 poem ""I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died"" speaks of flies in the context of death. In William Golding 's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies , the fly is however a symbol of the children involved. Ogden Nash 's humorous two line 1942 poem ""God in His wisdom made the fly/And then forgot to tell us why."" indicates the debate about the value of biodiversity, given that even those considered by humans as pests have their place in the world's ecosystems. References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] West, Luther S. (1951). The Housefly. Its natural history, medical importance, and control (PDF) . New York: Comstock Publishing Company. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musca domestica . Wikispecies has information related to Musca domestica The house-fly, Musca domestica Linn. : its structure, habits, development, relation to disease and control by C. Gordon Hewitt (1914) How to control house and stable flies without using pesticides. Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 673 House fly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site The House Fly and How to Suppress It , by L. O. Howard and F. C. Bishopp. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1408, 1928 , from Project Gutenberg ." 7321898217761274506,train,what is the scientific name of a elephant,"Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Three species are currently recognised : the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), the African forest elephant (L. cyclotis), and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea ; other, now extinct, members of the order include deinotheres, gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons.","[""francis hopkinson', '1777""]",kí ni orúkọ sáyẹ́ǹsì erin,Yes,['Erin (tàbí àjànàkú) jẹ́ ẹranko afọ́mọlọ́mú orí ilẹ̀ títóbi tí a kà sí ìbátan méjì ti ẹbí Elephantidae (Ẹ̀dá-àjànàkú): Elephas àti Loxodonta.'],['Erin (tàbí àjànàkú) jẹ́ ẹranko afọ́mọlọ́mú orí ilẹ̀ títóbi tí a kà sí ìbátan méjì ti ẹbí Elephantidae (Ẹ̀dá-àjànàkú): Elephas àti Loxodonta.'],['P1'],1,0,"Erin Erin (tàbí àjànàkú) j?? ?ranko af??m?l??mú orí il?? títóbi tí a kà sí ìbátan méjì ti ?bí Elephantidae (??dá-àjànàkú): Elephas àti Loxodonta. Irú erin m??ta ló yè lóde òní: àjànàkú ?l??dàn Áfíríkà, àjànàkú onígbó Áfíríkà, àti àjànàkú Ásíà (tí a tún pè ní àjànàkú Í?díà). Gbogbo irú erin yòókù ti kú run, àw?n kan kú run ní sànmánì olómidídì, ?ùgb??n, ó ?eé ?e pé àw?n aràrá erin abirun-lára kan yè títí dé n?kan bíi 2,000 BCE.[1]", 9072420370892811017,train,what is the current system of education in nigeria,"Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Local authorities take responsibility for implementing state - controlled policy regarding public education and state schools. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, Primary education, Secondary education and Tertiary education. Nigeria 's central government has been dominated by instability since declaring independence from Britain, and, as a result, a unified set of education policies has not yet been successfully implemented. Regional differences in quality, curriculum, and funding characterize the education system in Nigeria. Currently, Nigeria possesses the largest population of out - of - school youth in the world.","['western hemisphere', '1776', '54', '54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition', ""54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries', 'nine territories', 'two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition""]",báwo ni ètò ẹ̀kọ́ ṣe rí ní nàìjíríà báyìí,Yes,"['Ètò ẹ̀kọ́ ní orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ni wọ́n ma ń fi èdè gẹ̀ẹ́sì ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ rẹ̀ fún àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́.', 'Ìlànà ètò ẹ̀kọ́ yí ni ó ń pèsè ẹ̀kọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ fún gbogbo akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ pátá.']","['Ètò ẹ̀kọ́ ní orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ni wọ́n ma ń fi èdè gẹ̀ẹ́sì ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ rẹ̀ fún àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́.', 'Ìlànà ètò ẹ̀kọ́ yí ni ó ń pèsè ẹ̀kọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ fún gbogbo akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ pátá.']","['P1', 'P2']",1,0,"Eto eko ni orile-ede Naijiria Ètò ??k?? ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ni ó wà ní ab?? ?akóso aj?? tí ó ? rísí ètò-èkó ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti a m? sí Ilé I??? Ìj?ba Àpap?? fún Ètò È?kó?.[1] Àw?n ìj?ba ìbíl?? k????kan ni w??n ? ?e ìmú?? àgbékal?? ìlànà ètò-??kó tí ìj?ba ìpínl?? w?n bá gbé kal?? fún lílò ní àw?n ilé-??k?? ìj?ba ìpínl?? àti ti gbogbo-gbòò .[2] Ìlànà ìk??ni ní orílè-èdè Nàìjíríà pín sí ??nà m??ta. Àk??k?? ni ilé-??k?? j??lé-ó-sinmin, èkejì ni ilé-??k?? alák????b??r??, ??k?ta ni ilé-??k?? girama, nígbà tí ??k?rin j?? ilé-??k?? àgbà.[3] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìj?ba ni ó ? ?'àkóso ètò ??k??, àw?n ilé-??k?? ìj?ba gbogbo ni w?n kò fi b???? dúró ?in?in láti ìgbà tí ìj?ba oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti gba òmìnira kúrò l??w?? àw?n g????sì bìrìtìkó, síb??, ètò ??k?? kárí-ayé tí ò gúnm?? kò tíì f?s?? múl?? ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti ìgbà náà wá.[4] Orí?irí?i ìyàt?? ni ó wà nìnú ìlànà àt? ètò-??k??, tí owó níná sì ètò ??k?? náà sì tún ? ?'àkóóbá fun p??lú.[5][6] L?w?l?w? bayi, oril?-eded Naigiria ni o ni aw?n ?m? ti w?n ko si ni ile-?k? jul? ni orile agbaye.[6] Orí?i ilé-??k?? méjì ni ó wà ní orìl??-èdè Nàìjíríà, àk??k?? ni ilé-??k?? ìj?ba, èkejì ni ilé ??k?? aládàáni [7] Ètò ??k?? ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ni w??n ma ? fi èdè g????sì ?e àgbékal?? r?? fún àw?n ak??k????. Àm??, ní ?gb??n?j?? o?ù k?kànlá ?dún 2022 ni mínísítà fún ètò ??k??, ??gb??ni Adamu Adamu kéde wípe ìj?ba ? gbèrò láti d??kun lílo èdè g????sì fún ìgbèk?? ní àw?n ilé-èk?? a?ak????b??r? ?gbogbo kí w??n sì fi èdè abínibí tí wón bá ? ?àmúlò r?? ní agbègbè tí ilé-??k?? náà bá wà ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjírìà.[8] Ilé-??k?? alák????b??r?? Nàìjíríà Ìforúk?síl?? ní ilé-??k?? alák????b??r?? nípas?? ìpínl?? ní 2013 Ilé-??k?? alák????b??r?? ni ó b??r?? láti ìgbà tí ?m? bá ti pé ?dún márùnún fún àw?n èwe ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàijírià.[9] Ak??k???? yóò lo ?dún m??fà nì ilé-??k?? alák????b??r?? tí w?n yóò sì gba ìwé-??rí mo?e tán álák????k??. Ak??k???? yóò ?ti k?? nípa àw?n ìm?? bíi ??k?? ì?irò, èdè, èk?? ??sìn, èk?? ??gbìn, ??k?? ìt??jú ara, ilé àti àwùj?, àti ìkan nínú àw?n ède tí ó gbajúm?? ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[10] Àw?n ile-ek? aladani naa ma n k? aw?n ak?k?? w?n ni aw?n im? bii: Imo komputa sayensi, Faranse ati ?k? im? ?nà. O di dandan ki aw?n ak?k?? ilé-??k?? alák????b??r?? ó ?e ìdánwò àpap?? gbogbo gbòò tí w??n ? pè ní ìdánwò Common Entrance kí w??n lè pegedé láti w? ilé-??k?? girama ti ìj?ba àpap?? tàbí ti ìj?ba ìpínl?? tí ó fi mó ilé-??k?? girama aládani. [11] ?áájú ?dún 1976, ìlànà ètò ??k?? il?? Nìàjíríà ni ó wà ní ìbámu bí àw?n amúnisìn g????sì ?e gbe kal?? lásìkò w?n. [12] Ní ?dún 1967 ni w??n dá ìlànà ètò ??k?? Universal Primary Education síl?? ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[13] Orí?irí?i ìpènijà ni ìlànà ètò ??k?? yí kojú, l??yìn r?? ni w??n ?e àtúngbéy??wò r?? ní ?dún 1981 àti ?dún 1990[14] W??n tún dá ìlànà ètò ??k?? Universal Basic Education (UBE) kal?? ní ?dún 1999 ìlànà ètò ??k?? tí ó r??pò èyí tí w??n ?'àgbèy??wò r?? t??l?? ''Universal Primary Education'', èyí ni w??n gbé kal?? p??lú èrò ?ipé kí ó ?úgbàá ??k?? alák????b??r?? àw?n èwe fún ?dún m??sànán àk??k?? [15][16] Ìlànà ètò ??k?? UBE yí ni w??n pín sí ??nà méjì, àk??k???? èwe yóò lo ?dún m??fà àk??k?? nílé ??k?? alák????b??r??, nígbà tí w??n yóò lo ?dún m??ta t'ókù ní ìpele àk??k?? ní ilè-??k?? girama , èyí yóò sì j?? kí ??k?? w?n ó dán m??ràn fùn ?dùn m??sànàn gbáko p??lú bí w??n ?e ? yí láti iyàrá ìgb??k?? kan sí òmíràn fún ?dún m??sànán. Bí w??n ?e ? dàgbà si nínú ??k?? w?n ni àw?n olùk?? yóò ma ?e àgbéy??wò ìm?? w?n nípele sí ìpele. Ìlànà ètò ??k?? yí ni ó ? pèsè ??k?? ??f?? fún gbogbo ak??k???? pátá. Àj? Universal Basic Education Commission, UBEC, ni ó ? ?e agbát?rù àti àbójútó fún ìlànà ètò ??k?? náà. [17] Fúndí èyí, w??n júwe ìlànà ètò ??k?? UBE g??g?? bí ??tó àw?n èwe sí ìmò àti ??k?? láb?? òfin UBEC , ?s?? k?????dógún.[18]","Students at a public school in Kwara State Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education . Local authorities take responsibility for implementing state-controlled policy regarding public education and state schools . The education system is divided into Kindergarten , Primary education , Secondary education and Tertiary education . Nigeria's central government has been dominated by instability since declaring independence from Britain , and, as a result, a unified set of education policies has not yet been successfully implemented. Regional differences in quality, curriculum , and funding characterize the education system in Nigeria. Currently, Nigeria possesses the largest population of out-of-school youth in the world. Contents [ hide ] 1 Primary education 2 Secondary education 3 Promotional examinations 4 International education 5 Tertiary education 5.1 First generation universities 5.2 Second generation universities 5.3 Third generation universities 5.4 State universities 5.5 Private universities 5.6 Vocational education 6 Informal education and literacy programs 7 Female education 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Primary education [ edit ] Nigeria Primary School Enrolment by state in 2013 Primary education begins at around age 3 for the majority of Nigerians. Students spend six years in primary school and graduate with a school-leaving certificate. Subjects taught at the primary level include mathematics, English language, Christian Religious Knowledge, Islamic knowledge studies, science, and one of the three main indigenous languages and cultures: Hausa-Fulani , Yoruba , and Igbo . Private schools also offer computer science, French, and Fine Arts. Primary school students are required to take a Common Entrance Examination to qualify for admission into the Federal and State Government Secondary schools, as well as private ones. Before 1976, education policy was still largely shaped by the colonial policy of the British Colonial Period. In 1976, the Universal Primary Education program was established. This program faced many difficulties and was subsequently revised in 1981 and 1990. The Universal Basic Education, UBE , came as a replacement of the Universal Primary Education and intended to enhance the success of the first nine years of schooling The UBE involves 6 years of Primary School education and 3 years of Junior Secondary School education, culminating in 9 years of uninterrupted schooling, and transition from one class to another is automatic but determined through continuous assessment. This scheme is monitored by the Universal Basic Education Commission, UBEC, and has made it ""free"", ""compulsory"" and a right of every child. Therefore, the UBEC law section 15 defines UBE as early childhood care and education. The law stipulates a 9-year formal schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skill acquisition programs, and the education of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl child and women, Al-majiri, street children and disabled people (Aderinoye, 2007). Secondary education [ edit ] Students spend six years in Secondary School, that is 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS (Senior Secondary School). By Senior Secondary School Class 2 (SS2), students are taking the GCE O’Levels exam, which is not mandatory, but some students take it to prepare for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. The Senior Secondary School ends on the WASSCE. Junior Secondary School is free and compulsory. It leads to the BECE , which opens the gate to Senior Secondary School. SSS curriculum is based on 4 core subjects completed by 4 or 5 elective subjects. Core subjects are: English; mathematics; Economics; Civic Education; one or more electives out of biology, chemistry, physics or integrated science; one or more electives out of English literature, history, geography or social studies; agricultural science or a vocational subject which includes: Commerce, food and nutrition, technical drawing or fine arts. After the BECE, students can also join a technical college. The curriculum for these also lasts 3 years and leads to a trade/craftsmanship certificate. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty-six States and the Federal Capital Territory. There are about two Federal Government Colleges in each state. These schools are funded and managed directly by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Education. Teachers and staff are Federal Government employees. Teachers at the Federal Government schools are required to possess a bachelor's degree in Education or in a particular subject area, such as, Mathematics, Physics etc. These schools are supposed to be model schools carrying and maintaining the ideals of secondary education for Nigerian students. Admission is based on merit, determined by the National Common Entrance Examination taken by all final year elementary school pupils. Tuition and fees are very low, approximately twenty five thousand naira ($100), because funding comes from the Federal Government. State-owned secondary schools are funded by each state government and are not comparable to the Federal government colleges. Although education is supposed to be free in the majority of the state owned institutions, students are required to purchase books, uniforms and pay for miscellaneous things costing them an average of fifty thousand naira ($200) in an academic year. Teachers in State-owned institutions usually have a National Certificate of Education or a bachelor's degree, but this is not always the case as many secondary schools in Nigeria are filled with unqualified teachers who end up not being able to motivate their students. Often these schools are understaffed due to low state budgets, lack of incentives and irregularities in payment of staff salaries. Some state-owned secondary schools are regarded as elite colleges because of the historically high educational standard and producing alumni who have prominent citizens in the various careers. These included King's College, Lagos and Queen's College, Lagos . However, the college ranking of these institutions have since dropped because of the arrival of some private institutions. Private secondary schools in Nigeria tend to be quite expensive with average annual fees averaging from two hundred and fifty thousand naira to One million naira($1000.00 – $4000.00). These schools have smaller classes (approximately twenty to thirty students per class), modern equipment and a better learning environment. Most teachers in these institutions possess at least a bachelor's degree in a specific course area and are sent for workshops or short term programs on a regular basis. Promotional examinations [ edit ] With the introduction of the 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria, the recipient of the education would spend six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary school, three years in senior secondary school, and four years in tertiary institution. The six years spent in primary school and the three years spent in junior secondary school are merged to form the nine in the 9-3-4 system. Altogether, the students must spend a minimum period of six years in Secondary School. During this period, students are expected to spend three years in Junior Secondary School and three years in Senior Secondary School. The General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) was replaced by the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE). The SSCE is conducted at the end of the Secondary School studies in May/June. The GCE is conducted in October/November as a supplement for those students who did not get the required credits from their SSCE results. The standards of the two examinations are basically the same. A body called West African Examination Council (WAEC) conducts both the SSCE and GCE. A maximum of nine and a minimum of seven subjects are registered for the examination by each student with Mathematics and English Language taken as compulsory. A maximum of nine grades are assigned to each subject from: A1, B2, B3 (Equivalent to Distinctions Grade); C4, C5, C6 (Equivalent to Credit Grade); D7, E8 (Just Pass Grade); F9 (Fail Grade). Credit grades and above is considered academically adequate for entry into any University in Nigeria. In some study programs, many of the universities may require higher grades to get admission. The Federal Government policy on education is adhered to by all secondary schools in Nigeria. Six years of elementary school is followed by six years of secondary school. Junior Secondary school consists of JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3 which are equivalent to the 7th, 8th and 9th Grade while the Senior Secondary school consists of SS I, SS 2, and SS 3 which is equivalent to the 10th, 11th and 12th Grade. The Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE) is taken at the end of the SS 3. The West African Examination Council (WAEC) administers both exams. Three to six months after a student has taken the SSCE examination, they are issued an official transcript from their institution. This transcript is valid for one year, after which an Official transcript from the West African Examination Council is issued. The National Examination Council is another examination body in Nigeria; it administers the Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE) in June/July. The body also administers the General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) in December/January. Students often take both WAEC and NECO examinations in SSS 3. International education [ edit ] As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC) listed Nigeria as having 129 international schools. ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms ""ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country’s national curriculum and is international in its orientation."" This definition is used by publications including The Economist . Tertiary education [ edit ] Open University of Nigeria, Lagos The government has majority control of university education. Tertiary education in Nigeria consists of Universities (Public and Private), Polytechnics, Monotechnics, and Colleges of education. The country has a total number of 129 universities registered by NUC among which federal and state government own 40 and 39 respectively while 50 universities are privately owned. In order to increase the number of universities in Nigeria from 129 to 138 the Federal Government gave 9 new private universities their licences in May 2015. The names of the universities that got licenses in Abuja included, Augustine University, Ilara, Lagos; Chrisland University, Owode, Ogun State; Christopher University, Mowe, Ogun State; Hallmark University, Ijebu-Itele, Ogun State; Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State; Micheal and Cecilia Ibru University, Owhrode, Delta State; Mountain Top University, Makogi/Oba Ogun state; Ritman University, Ikot-Epene, Akwa- Ibom State and Summit University, Offa, Kwara State. First year entry requirements into most universities in Nigeria include: Minimum of SSCE/GCE Ordinary Level Credits at maximum of two sittings; Minimum cut-off marks in Joint Admission and Matriculation Board Entrance Examination (JAMB) of 180 and above out of a maximum of 400 marks are required. Candidates with minimum of Merit Pass in National Certificate of Education (NCE), National Diploma (ND) and other Advanced Level Certificates minimum qualifications with minimum of 5 O/L Credits are given direct entry admission into the appropriate undergraduate degree programs. Students with required documents typically enter university from age 17-18 onwards and study for an academic degree . Historically, universities are divided into several tiers: First generation universities [ edit ] Five of these Universities were established between 1948 and 1965, following the recommendation of the Ashby Commission set up by the British Colonial Government to study the necessity of university education for Nigeria. These universities are fully funded by the federal government . They were established primarily to meet a need for qualified personnel in Nigeria and to set basic standards for university education. These universities have continued to play their roles for the production of qualified personnel and the provision of standards, which have helped to guide the subsequent establishments of other generations of universities in Nigeria. Universities in this tier include the University of Nigeria, Nsukka and the University of Ibadan . Second generation universities [ edit ] With the increasing population of qualified students for university education in Nigeria and the growing needs for scientific and technological developments, setting up more universities became imperative. Between 1970 and 1985, 12 additional universities were established in various parts of the country. Third generation universities [ edit ] The need to establish Universities to address special areas of Technological and Agricultural demand prompted the establishment of 10 additional Universities between 1985 and 1999. State universities [ edit ] Pressures from qualified students from each state who could not readily get admissions to any of the Federal Universities continued to mount on States Governments. It became imperative and urgent for some State Governments to invest in the establishment of Universities. Private universities [ edit ] The Federal Government established a law in 1993, allowing private sectors to establish universities following guidelines prescribed by the Government. The typical duration of undergraduate programs in Nigerian universities depends largely on the program of study. For example, Social Sciences/Humanity related courses are 4 Years, I.C.T related courses are 4 years, Engineering/Technology related courses are 5 Years, Pharmacy courses are 5 Years, and Law courses are 5 Years, each with two semester sessions per year. Medicine (Vet/Human) degrees take 6 Years and have longer sessions during the year. Vocational education [ edit ] Within education in Nigeria, vocational training and informal education dominate as the central forms of sharing regionally specific knowledge. Administration of vocational education in the country is overseen by the National Board for Technical Education. In the early 1980's, as a result of high unemployment rates for school graduates, the Nigerian government placed a new emphasis on making vocational programs available to students. Vocational education is now available to students in Nigeria beginning at the secondary level, and the Nigerian government has declared its dedication to improving technical and vocational education through a number of commissions and programs. The most significant plan for improvement was the Master Plan for 2001-2010 for the Development of the National Vocational Education system developed by the Federal Ministry of Education in 2000.  Current challenges for the enforcement of these systems includes a shortage of teachers, poor statistics on the labour market needs, and outdated curriculum and technology at vocational training centers. As it stands now, students in Nigeria can pursue either a National Technical Certificate or an Advanced National Technical Certificate. Administration of these certificates is overseen by the National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB). In addition to institutional forms of vocational education , the Nigerian government allows and encourages participation in apprenticeships . These apprenticeships are instrumental in instilling the skills involved with a specific trade, but they also instill a commitment to community values including: patience, determination, and respect. Child Labour laws prevent children younger than 15 from entering the workforce, but children less than 15 years of age may legally procure apprenticeships. While efforts are being made to improve the quality and availability of vocational education, many policy oriented approaches have been blocked by a small number of politicians. The failures to properly implement a national approach to worker's education has roots in the political instability of the country. To this end, many academics have questioned if politicians are attempting to intentionally subjugate the working class through a lack of educational breadth. Informal education and literacy programs [ edit ] School age children participating in literacy education Informal modes of education have formed a foundation for tertiary education in Nigeria for many years and are still at play today.  These programs and structures are difficult to study and assess unanimously as they are decentralized and unique in their missions and practices. Many academics have concluded that an overall lack of funding and centralization has significantly hindered the quality, funding, and implementation of literacy programs for both school age children and adults. However, many have achieved success at promoting employment and increasing economic mobility for those who have utilized the programs. In addition to vocational apprenticeships , the Nigerian government and various NGO s have introduced communal based strategies for increasing literacy rates among both children and adults. One such example is the Centre of Excellence for Literacy and Literacy Education (CELLE), an NGO committed to accelerating national development through literacy education.  In 1992, CELLE launched the Premier Reading Club (PRC), which is a nationally organized club with defined structure and methods for teaching children and adults to read and share their ideas. These programs have achieved varying levels of success with the primary challenge being that funding is difficult to come by.  Formal and informal literacy education in Nigeria received a significant boost under the colonial rule of Britain, but since independence in 1960, educational funding across the board has been lacking. Informal education has also aimed at addressed issues other than illiteracy.  Calls to incorporate informal HIV/AIDS education into the prison education system have been frequent and met with limited and varied response.    This population is in need of this education as inmates are not exposed to the standard methods of TV and print media campaigns addressing the issue. From a psychological perspective, much of the informal education of adults is based on western research regarding psychology and social sciences .  However, increasing academic movements are aiming to contextualize and build upon these western based ideals for the sake of social betterment in Nigeria, as well as developing nations around the world. Overall, the informal education system in Nigeria can be described as nuanced and complicated.  Despite large support for investment in adult literacy and vocational programs, small groups of politicians and funding challenges have stalled the implementation of many literacy and vocational programs. One study regarding the involvement of the national government in education and literacy programs concluded that the high illiteracy rates in Nigeria were significantly related to the government's lack of commitment towards its standardized education policies. Female education [ edit ] description=Female literacy rate in Nigeria by state in 2013 > 90% 80–90% 70–80% 60–70% 50–60% 35–50% < 35% Main article: Women in education in Nigeria Education has been recognized as a basic human right since the 1948 adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . A positive correlation exists between the enrollment of girls in primary school and the gross national product and life expectancy. Because of this correlation, enrollment in schools represents the largest component of societal investment into human capital. Rapid socioeconomic development of a nation has been observed to depend on the calibre of women and their education in that country. Women participation in education has been on increase, several motivations are employed by NGO , local, state, and federal government to encourage more women in education. Women can now been seen in various high-profile careers. That being said, there are still many challenges preventing gender equality in the Nigerian education system.  There is a significant bias against female involvement in specific academic disciplines, with studies showing the existence of sex-based stereotyping of students by teachers in secondary schools. The most dominant barriers are currently teen pregnancy , teen marriage , religious beliefs, poverty , and poor school facilities. In recent years, the rise of militancy groups such as the Boko Haram and the Niger Delta militancy have contributed to destabilization of the education system. Both now and historically, girls have disproportionately experienced the impacts of this destabilization. See also [ edit ] List of Nigerian universities List of polytechnics in Nigeria Schools in Nigeria Digital divide in Nigeria References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Niles, F. Sushila. "" Parental Attitudes toward Female Education in Northern Nigeria ."" Journal of Social Psychology , Volume 129, No. 1, p. 13–20. February 1989 – See profile at Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) External links [ edit ] Ministry of Education, Nigeria World data on Education: Nigeria, UNESCO-IBE(2010–2011) – Overview of the Nigerian Education system Vocational education in Nigeria, UNESCO-UNEVOC(2012) – Overview of the Nigerian technical and vocational education system" -7094989102967982781,train,where is finland located on a map of europe,"Finland (/ ˈfɪnlənd / (listen) ; Finnish : Suomi (suo̯mi) (listen) ; Swedish : Finland (ˈfɪnland)), officially the Republic of Finland (Finnish : Suomen tasavalta, Swedish : Republiken Finland), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. The country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. To the south is the Gulf of Finland with Estonia on the opposite side. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia.",['seamus justin heaney'],ibo ni finland wà lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀ yúróòpù,Yes,"['Finlandi (pipe /ˈfɪnlənd/ (ìrànwọ́·info)), fun onibise bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Finlandi Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (ìrànwọ́·ìkéde), je orile-ede Nordik kan to budo si agbegbe Fennoscandia ni Apaariwa Europe.']",['Finlandi je orile-ede Nordik kan to budo si agbegbe Fennoscandia ni Apaariwa Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Finlandi Finlandi (pipe /?f?nl?nd/ (ìrànw??·)), fun onibise bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Finlandi[4]", 3105967149118897589,train,what is the meaning of physics in science,"Physics (from Ancient Greek : φυσική (ἐπιστήμη), translit. phusikḗ (epistḗmē), lit. ' knowledge of nature ', from φύσις phúsis `` nature '') is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves.","['apex', 'in the north atlantic ocean, southwest of portugal']",kí ni ìtumọ̀ físíksì nínú sáyẹ́ǹsì,Yes,"['Físíksì (lati inu Ìmọ̀ aláàdánidá) tabi Fisiki (Physics) jẹ́ ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì tí ó ń ṣe ìwádí èlò ati awon okun ti won n je sise akiyesi ninu àdánidá.', 'Awon onímọ̀ aláàdánidá n se iwadi isise ati awon ohun-ini eda aye to yi wa ka lati àwọn ẹ̀yà ara ti won n se gbogbo awon elo ti a mo (Ìmọ̀aláàdánidá ẹ̀yà ara, particle physics) titi de bi àgbàlá-ayé se n wuwa bi odidi kan (ìmọ̀ìràwọ̀títò astronomy, ìmọ̀ìdáyé cosmology).']","['Físíksì (lati inu Ìmọ̀ aláàdánidá) tabi Fisiki jẹ́ ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì tí ó ń ṣe ìwádí èlò ati awon okun ti won n je sise akiyesi ninu àdánidá.', 'Awon onímọ̀ aláàdánidá n se iwadi isise ati awon ohun-ini eda aye to yi wa ka lati àwọn ẹ̀yà ara ti won n se gbogbo awon elo ti a mo (Ìmọ̀aláàdánidá ẹ̀yà ara, particle physics) titi de bi àgbàlá-ayé se n wuwa bi odidi kan (ìmọ̀ìràwọ̀títò astronomy, ìmọ̀ìdáyé cosmology).']","['P1', 'P2']",1,0,"Físíksì Físíksì (lati inu Ìm?? aláàdánidá) tabi Fisiki j?? ìm?? sáy??nsì tí ó ? ?e ìwádí èlò ati awon okun ti won n je sise akiyesi ninu àdánidá. Awon oním?? aláàdánidá n se iwadi isise ati awon ohun-ini eda aye to yi wa ka lati àw?n ??yà ara ti won n se gbogbo awon elo ti a mo Ìm??aláàdánidá ??yà ara titi de bi àgbàlá-ayé se n wuwa bi odidi kan (ìm??ìràw??títò ìm?? ìjìnl?? sánmà, ìm??ìdáyé ìjìnl?? nípa ìpìl?? òun ìrísí ayé). Ise imo aladanida ni lati wa awon ofin ijinle ti gbogbo awon ohun aladanida n tele. Ko si iye igbedanwo to le fi han pe iro mi je tito, sugbon igbedanwo kan pere le fihan wipe o je aito – Albert Einstein ", -404428086828126677,train,where is vanuatu located on the world map,"Vanuatu (English : / ˌvɑːnuˈɑːtuː / (listen) VAH - noo - AH - too or / vænˈwɑːtuː / van - WAH - too ; Bislama, French IPA : (vanuatu)), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French : République de Vanuatu, Bislama : Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is a Pacific island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 kilometres (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 540 kilometres (340 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of the Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji.",['1970s'],ibo ni vanuatu wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Ile arkipelago, to wa lati ileru, je bi 1,750 kilometres (1,090\xa0mi) si ilaorun apaariwa Ostrelia, 500 kilometres (310\xa0mi) si ariwailaorun Kaledonia Tuntun, iwoorun Fiji, ati guusuilaorun awon Erekusu Solomoni, leba Guinea Tutun.', 'Vanuatu ( /ˌvɑːnuːˈɑːtuː/ (ìrànwọ́·info) vah-noo-AH-too or /ˌvænˈwɑːtuː/ van-WAH-too), ni onibise bi orile-ede Olominira ile Vanuatu (Faranse: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), je orile-ede erekusu to budo si Guusu Okun Pasifik.']","['Ile arkipelago, to wa lati ileru, je bi 1,750 kilometres (1,090\xa0mi) si ilaorun apaariwa Ostrelia, 500 kilometres (310\xa0mi) si ariwailaorun Kaledonia Tuntun, iwoorun Fiji, ati guusuilaorun awon Erekusu Solomoni, leba Guinea Tutun.', 'Vanuatu je orile-ede erekusu to budo si Guusu Okun Pasifik.']",['P1'],1,0,"Vanuatu Vanuatu (/?væn?w??tu?/), ni onibise bi orile-ede Olominira ile Vanuatu, je orile-ede erekusu to budo si Guusu Okun Pasifik. Ile arkipelago, to wa lati ileru, je bi 1,750 kilomita (1,090 mi) si ilaorun apaariwa Ostrelia, 500 kilomita (310 mi) si ariwailaorun Kaledonia Tuntun, iwoorun Fiji, ati guusuilaorun awon Erekusu Solomoni, leba Guinea Tutun.","Vanuatu ( English: / ˌ v ɑː n u ˈ ɑː t uː / ( listen ) VAH -noo- AH -too or / v æ n ˈ w ɑː t uː / van- WAH -too ; Bislama , French IPA: [vanuatu] ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French: République de Vanuatu , Bislama : Ripablik blong Vanuatu ), is a Pacific island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago , which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 kilometres (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia , 540 kilometres (340 mi) northeast of New Caledonia , east of New Guinea , southeast of the Solomon Islands , and west of Fiji . Vanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Fernandes de Queirós , who arrived on the largest island in 1606. Since the Portuguese and Spanish monarchies had been unified under the king of Spain in 1580 (following the vacancy of the Portuguese throne , which lasted for sixty years, until 1640, when the Portuguese monarchy was restored), Queirós claimed the archipelago for Spain, as part of the colonial Spanish East Indies , and named it La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo . In the 1880s, France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the archipelago, and in 1906, they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides through an Anglo–French condominium . An independence movement arose in the 1970s, and the Republic of Vanuatu was founded in 1980. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Flora and fauna 3.2 Climate 3.2.1 Tropical cyclones 3.3 Earthquakes 4 Government 4.1 Politics 4.2 Foreign relations 4.3 Armed forces 4.4 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Communications 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Religion 7 Health 8 Education 9 Culture 9.1 Music 9.2 Cuisine 9.3 Sports 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology [ edit ] Vanuatu's name is derived from the word vanua (""land"" or ""home""), which occurs in several Austronesian languages , and the word tu (""stand""). Together the two words indicated the independent status of the new country. History [ edit ] Main article: History of Vanuatu The prehistory of Vanuatu is obscure; archaeological evidence supports the theory that people speaking Austronesian languages first came to the islands about 3,300 years ago. Pottery fragments have been found dating to 1300–1100 BC. The Vanuatu group of islands first had contact with Europeans in 1606, when the Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , sailing for the Spanish Crown , arrived on the largest island and called the group of islands La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo or ""The Southern Land of the Holy Spirit"", believing he had arrived in Terra Australis or Australia. The Spanish established a short-lived settlement at Big Bay on the north side of the island. The name Espiritu Santo remains to this day. Europeans did not return until 1768, when Louis Antoine de Bougainville rediscovered the islands on 22 May, naming them the Great Cyclades . In 1774, Captain Cook named the islands the New Hebrides, a name that would last until independence in 1980. James Cook landing at Tanna island , c. 1774 In 1825, the trader Peter Dillon 's discovery of sandalwood on the island of Erromango began a rush of immigrants that ended in 1830 after a clash between immigrant Polynesian workers and indigenous Melanesians. During the 1860s, planters in Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, and the Samoa Islands, in need of labourers, encouraged a long-term indentured labour trade called "" blackbirding "". At the height of the labour trade, more than one-half the adult male population of several of the islands worked abroad. Fragmentary evidence indicates that the current population of Vanuatu is greatly reduced compared to pre-contact times. In the 19th century, missionaries , both Roman Catholic and Protestant , arrived on the islands. Settlers also came, looking for land on which to establish cotton plantations . When international cotton prices collapsed, they switched to coffee , cocoa , bananas , and, most successfully, coconuts . Initially, British subjects from Australia made up the majority, but the establishment of the Caledonian Company of the New Hebrides in 1882 soon tipped the balance in favour of French subjects. By around the start of the 20th century, the French outnumbered the British two to one. US Navy Hellcats on Espiritu Santo island in February 1944 The jumbling of French and British interests in the islands brought petitions for one or another of the two powers to annex the territory. The Convention of 16 October 1887 established a joint naval commission for the sole purpose of protecting French and British citizens, with no claim to jurisdiction over internal native affairs. In 1906, however, France and the United Kingdom agreed to administer the islands jointly. Called the British-French Condominium , it was a unique form of government, with separate governmental systems that came together only in a joint court. The condominium's authority was extended in the Anglo-French Protocol of 1914, although this was not formally ratified until 1922. Melanesians were barred from acquiring the citizenship of either power and were officially stateless. Since the 1920s, indentured workers from French Annam come to work in the plantations in the New Hebrides. They were 437 in 1923, 5413 in 1930, then after the crisis 1630 in 1937. There was some social and political unrest among them in 1947. Challenges to the condominium government began in the early 1940s. The arrival of Americans during the Second World War , with their informal habits and relative wealth, contributed to the rise of nationalism in the islands. The belief in a mythical messianic figure named John Frum was the basis for an indigenous cargo cult (a movement attempting to obtain industrial goods through magic) promising Melanesian deliverance. Today, John Frum is both a religion and a political party with a member in Parliament. 1966 flag of the colonial Anglo-French New Hebrides The first political party, established in the early 1970s, was called the New Hebrides National Party. One of the founders was Father Walter Lini , who later became Prime Minister. Renamed the Vanua'aku Pati in 1974, the party pushed for independence, which was gained amidst the brief Coconut War . The independent Republic of Vanuatu was established in 1980. During the 1990s, Vanuatu experienced a period of political instability which resulted in a more decentralised government. The Vanuatu Mobile Force, a paramilitary group, attempted a coup in 1996 because of a pay dispute. There were allegations of corruption in the government of Maxime Carlot Korman . New elections have been held several times since 1997, most recently in 2016. Geography [ edit ] Map of Vanuatu with its capital Port Vila , located on its third largest island. Cinder plain of Mount Yasur on Tanna island. Stream on Efate island. Main article: Geography of Vanuatu Vanuatu is a Y-shaped archipelago consisting of about 82 relatively small, geologically newer islands of volcanic origin (65 of them inhabited), with about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) between the most northern and southern islands. Two of these islands ( Matthew and Hunter ) are also claimed and controlled by France as part of the French collectivity of New Caledonia. The country lies between latitudes 13°S and 21°S and longitudes 166°E and 171°E. The fourteen of Vanuatu's islands that have surface areas of more than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) are, from largest to smallest: Espiritu Santo , Malakula , Efate , Erromango , Ambrym , Tanna , Pentecost , Epi , Ambae or Aoba, Gaua , Vanua Lava , Maewo , Malo and Aneityum or Anatom. The nation's largest towns are the capital Port Vila , on Efate, and Luganville on Espiritu Santo. The highest point in Vanuatu is Mount Tabwemasana , at 1,879 metres (6,165 ft), on the island of Espiritu Santo. Vanuatu's total area is roughly 12,274 square kilometres (4,739 sq mi), of which its land surface is very limited (roughly 4,700 square kilometres (1,800 sq mi)). Most of the islands are steep, with unstable soils and little permanent fresh water. One estimate, made in 2005, is that only 9% of land is used for agriculture (7% with permanent crops, plus 2% considered arable). The shoreline is mostly rocky with fringing reefs and no continental shelf , dropping rapidly into the ocean depths. There are several active volcanoes in Vanuatu, including Lopevi , Mount Yasur and several underwater volcanoes. Volcanic activity is common, with an ever-present danger of a major eruption; a nearby undersea eruption of 6.4 magnitude occurred in November 2008 with no casualties, and an eruption occurred in 1945. Vanuatu is recognised as a distinct terrestrial ecoregion , known as the Vanuatu rain forests . It is part of the Australasia ecozone , which includes New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand . Vanuatu's population (estimated in 2008 as growing 2.4% annually) is placing increasing pressure on land and resources for agriculture, grazing, hunting, and fishing. 90% of Vanuatu households fish and consume fish, which has caused intense fishing pressure near villages and the depletion of near-shore fish species. While well-vegetated, most islands show signs of deforestation. The islands have been logged, particularly of high-value timber, subjected to wide-scale slash-and-burn agriculture, and converted to coconut plantations and cattle ranches, and now show evidence of increased soil erosion and landslides. Many upland watersheds are being deforested and degraded, and fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce. Proper waste disposal, as well as water and air pollution, are becoming troublesome issues around urban areas and large villages. Additionally, the lack of employment opportunities in industry and inaccessibility to markets have combined to lock rural families into a subsistence or self-reliance mode, putting tremendous pressure on local ecosystems. Flora and fauna [ edit ] See also: List of birds of Vanuatu Despite its tropical forests, Vanuatu has a limited number of plant and animal species. It has an indigenous flying fox, Pteropus anetianus . Flying foxes are important rainforest and timber regenerators. They pollinate and seed disperse a wide variety of native trees. Their diet is nectar, pollen and fruit and they are commonly called ""fruit bats"". They are in decline across their South Pacific range. However, governments are increasingly aware of the economic and ecological value of flying foxes and there are calls to increase their protection. There are no indigenous large mammals. The nineteen species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snake , found only on Efate. The Fiji banded iguana ( Brachylophus fasciatus ) was introduced as a feral animal in the 1960s. There are eleven species of bats (three unique to Vanuatu) and sixty-one species of land and water birds. While the small Polynesian rat is thought to be indigenous, the large species arrived with Europeans, as did domesticated hogs, dogs, and cattle. The ant species of some of the islands of Vanuatu were catalogued by E. O. Wilson . The region is rich in sea life, with more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs and a large diversity of marine fishes . Cone snails and stonefish carry poison fatal to humans. The Giant East African land snail arrived only in the 1970s, but already has spread from the Port-Vila region to Luganville. There are three or possibly four adult saltwater crocodiles living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population. It is said the crocodiles reached the northern part of the islands after cyclones, given the island chain's proximity to the Solomon Islands and New Guinea where crocodiles are very common. Climate [ edit ] The climate is tropical, with about nine months of warm to hot rainy weather and the possibility of cyclones and three to four months of cooler, drier weather characterised by winds from the southeast. The water temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) in winter to 28 °C (82 °F) in the summer. Cool between April and September, the days become hotter and more humid starting in October. The daily temperature ranges from 20–32 °C (68–90 °F). Southeasterly trade winds occur from May to October. Vanuatu has a long rainy season, with significant rainfall almost every month. The wettest and hottest months are December through April, which also constitute the cyclone season. The driest months are June through November. Rainfall averages about 2,360 millimetres (93 in) per year but can be as high as 4,000 millimetres (160 in) in the northern islands. In 2015, the United Nations University gave Vanuatu the highest natural disaster risk of all the countries it measured. Tropical cyclones [ edit ] For more details on this topic, see Cyclone Pam § Effects in Vanuatu . In March 2015, Cyclone Pam impacted much of Vanuatu as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, causing extensive damage to all the islands and deaths. As of 17 March 2015 [update] the United Nations said the official death toll was 11 (six from Efate and five from Tanna ), and 30 were reported injured; these numbers are expected to rise as more remote islands are reached. Cyclone Pam is possibly the worst natural disaster in Vanuatu's history. Vanuatu lands minister, Ralph Regenvanu said, ""This is the worst disaster to affect Vanuatu ever as far as we know."" Earthquakes [ edit ] Main article: List of earthquakes in Vanuatu Vanuatu has relatively frequent earthquakes. Of the 58 M7 or greater events that occurred between 1909 and 2001, few were studied. Government [ edit ] Politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of Vanuatu Vanuatu's parliament The Republic of Vanuatu is a parliamentary democracy with a written constitution , which declares that the ""head of the Republic shall be known as the President and shall symbolise the unity of the nation."" The powers of the President of Vanuatu , who is elected for a five-year term by a two-thirds vote of an electoral college, are primarily ceremonial. The electoral college consists of members of Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils. The President may be removed by the electoral college for gross misconduct or incapacity. The Prime Minister , who is the head of government , is elected by a majority vote of a three-quarters quorum of the Parliament. The Prime Minister, in turn, appoints the Council of Ministers, whose number may not exceed a quarter of the number of parliamentary representatives. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers constitute the executive government. The Parliament of Vanuatu is unicameral and has 52 members, who are elected by popular vote every four years unless earlier dissolved by a majority vote of a three-quarters quorum or by a directive from the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The national Council of Chiefs, called the Malvatu Mauri and elected by district councils of chiefs, advises the government on all matters concerning ni-Vanuatu culture and language. Besides national authorities and figures, Vanuatu also has high-placed people at the village level. Chiefs continue to be the leading figures at the village level. It has been reported that even politicians need to oblige them. One becomes such a figure by holding a number of lavish feasts (each feast allowing them a higher ceremonial grade) or alternatively through inheritance (the latter only in Polynesian-influenced villages). In northern Vanuatu, feasts are graded through the nimangki-system. Government and society in Vanuatu tend to divide along linguistic French and English lines. Forming coalition governments , however, has proved problematic at times due to differences between English and French speakers. Francophone politicians like those of the Union of Moderate Parties tend to be conservative and support neo-liberal policies, as well as closer relations with France and the West. The anglophone Vanua'aku Pati identifies as socialist and anti-colonial. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and up to three other judges. Two or more members of this court may constitute a Court of Appeal. Magistrate courts handle most routine legal matters. The legal system is based on British common law and French civil law . The constitution also provides for the establishment of village or island courts presided over by chiefs to deal with questions of customary law . Foreign relations [ edit ] Main article: Foreign relations of Vanuatu Vanuatu has joined the Asian Development Bank , the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund , the Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique , la Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations . Since 1980, Australia, the United Kingdom, France and New Zealand have provided the bulk of Vanuatu's development aid. Direct aid from the UK to Vanuatu ceased in 2005 following the decision by the UK to no longer focus on the Pacific. However, more recently new donors such as the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) and the People's Republic of China have been providing increased amounts of aid funding. In 2005 the MCA announced that Vanuatu was one of the first 15 countries in the world selected to receive support—an amount of US$65 million was given for the provision and upgrading of key pieces of public infrastructure . Vanuatu retains strong economic and cultural ties to Australia, the European Union (in particular France and UK) and New Zealand. Australia now provides the bulk of external assistance, including the police force, which has a paramilitary wing. There is no Vanuatu High Commission or other Vanuatu Government office in Britain, but the British Friends of Vanuatu, based in London, provides support for Vanuatu visitors to the UK, and can often offer advice and contacts to persons seeking information about Vanuatu or wishing to visit, and welcomes new members (not necessarily resident in the UK) interested in Vanuatu. The association's Charitable Trust funds small scale assistance in the education and training sector. Vanuatu is not a member of Interpol , along with 11 other countries mainly in Oceania. Armed forces [ edit ] Further information: Law enforcement in Vanuatu There are two police wings: the Vanuatu Police Force (VPF) and the paramilitary wing, the Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF). Altogether there were 547 police officers organised into two main police commands: one in Port Vila and one in Luganville. In addition to the two command stations there were four secondary police stations and eight police posts. This means that there are many islands with no police presence, and many parts of islands where getting to a police post can take several days. There is no purely military expenditure. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main article: Provinces of Vanuatu Provinces of Vanuatu Vanuatu has been divided into six provinces since 1994. The names in English of all provinces are derived from the initial letters of their constituent islands: Malampa ( Mal akula, Am brym, Pa ama) Penama ( Pen tecost, Am bae, Ma ewo – in French: Pénama) Sanma ( San to, Ma lo) Shefa ( She pherds group, E fa te – in French: Shéfa) Tafea ( T anna, A niwa, F utuna, E rromango, A neityum – in French: Taféa) Torba ( Tor res Islands, Ba nks Islands) Provinces are autonomous units with their own popularly elected local parliaments known officially as provincial councils. They collect local taxes and make by-laws in local matters like tourism, the provincial budget or the provision of some basic services. They are headed by a chairman elected from among the members of the local parliaments and assisted by a secretary appointed by the Public Service Commission . Their executive arm consists of a provincial government headed by an executive officer who is appointed by the Prime Minister with the advice of the minister of local government. The provincial government is usually formed by the party that has the majority in the provincial council and, like the national government, is advised in Ni-Vanuatu culture and language by the local council of chiefs. The provincial president is constitutionally a member of the electoral college that elects the President of Vanuatu. The provinces are in turn divided into municipalities (usually consisting of an individual island) headed by a council and a mayor elected from among the members of the council. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of Vanuatu A proportional representation of Vanuatu's exports A market hall in Port Vila The four mainstays of the economy are agriculture, tourism, offshore financial services , and raising cattle . There is substantial fishing activity, although this industry does not bring in much foreign exchange. Exports include copra , kava , beef, cocoa and timber, and imports include machinery and equipment, foodstuffs and fuels. In contrast, mining activity is unsubstantial. Although manganese mining halted in 1978, there was an agreement in 2006 to export manganese already mined but not yet exported. The country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light-industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties and a 12.5% VAT on goods and services. Economic development is hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports, vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances between constituent islands and from main markets. Agriculture is used for consumption as well as for export. It provides a living for 65% of the population. In particular, production of copra and kava create substantial revenue. Many farmers have been abandoning cultivation of food crops, and use earnings from kava cultivation to buy food. Kava has also been used in ceremonial exchanges between clans and villages. Cocoa is also grown for foreign exchange. In 2007, the number of households engaged in fishing was 15,758, mainly for consumption (99%), and the average number of weekly fishing trips was 3. The tropical climate enables growing of a wide range of fruits and vegetables and spices, including banana, garlic, cabbage, peanuts, pineapples, sugarcane, taro, yams, watermelons, leaf spices, carrots, radishes, eggplants, vanilla (both green and cured), pepper, cucumber and many others. In 2007, the value (in terms of millions of vatu – the official currency of Vanuatu), for agricultural products, was estimated for different products: kava (341 million vatu), copra (195), cattle (135), crop gardens (93), cocoa (59), forestry (56), fishing (24) and coffee (12). Tourism brings in much-needed foreign exchange. Vanuatu is widely recognised as one of the premier vacation destinations for scuba divers wishing to explore coral reefs of the South Pacific region. A further significant attraction to scuba divers is the wreck of the US ocean liner and converted troop carrier SS President Coolidge on Espiritu Santo island. Sunk during World War II, it is one of the largest shipwrecks in the world that is accessible for recreational diving. Tourism increased 17% from 2007 to 2008 to reach 196,134 arrivals, according to one estimate. The 2008 total is a sharp increase from 2000, in which there were only 57,000 visitors (of these, 37,000 were from Australia, 8,000 from New Zealand, 6,000 from New Caledonia, 3,000 from Europe, 1,000 from North America, 1,000 from Japan. (Note: figures rounded to the nearest thousand)). Tourism has been promoted, in part, by Vanuatu being the site of several reality-TV shows. The ninth season of the reality TV series Survivor was filmed on Vanuatu, entitled Survivor: Vanuatu —Islands of Fire . Two years later, Australia's Celebrity Survivor was filmed at the same location used by the US version. In mid-2002, the government stepped up efforts to boost tourism. Financial services are an important part of the economy. Vanuatu is a tax haven that until 2008 did not release account information to other governments or law-enforcement agencies. International pressure, mainly from Australia, influenced the Vanuatu government to begin adhering to international norms to improve transparency. In Vanuatu, there is no income tax , withholding tax , capital gains tax , inheritance tax , or exchange control. Many international ship-management companies choose to flag their ships under the Vanuatu flag, because of the tax benefits and favourable labour laws (Vanuatu is a full member of the International Maritime Organization and applies its international conventions). Vanuatu is recognised as a "" flag of convenience "" country. Several file-sharing groups, such as the providers of the KaZaA network of Sharman Networks and the developers of WinMX , have chosen to incorporate in Vanuatu to avoid regulation and legal challenges. In response to foreign concerns the government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore financial centre . Vanuatu receives foreign aid mainly from Australia and New Zealand. Vanuatu became the 185th member of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in December 2011. Commercial agriculture , North Efate Raising cattle leads to beef production for export. One estimate in 2007 for the total value of cattle heads sold was 135 million vatu; cattle were first introduced into the area from Australia by British planter James Paddon. On average, each household has 5 pigs and 16 chickens, and while cattle are the ""most important livestock"", pigs and chickens are important for subsistence agriculture as well as playing a significant role in ceremonies and customs (especially pigs). There are 30 commercial farms (sole proprietorships (37%), partnerships (23%), corporations (17%)), with revenues of 533 million vatu and expenses of 329 million vatu in 2007. Earthquakes can negatively affect economic activity on the island nation. A severe earthquake in November 1999, followed by a tsunami , caused extensive damage to the northern island of Pentecost , leaving thousands homeless. Another powerful earthquake in January 2002 caused extensive damage in the capital, Port Vila, and surrounding areas, and was also followed by a tsunami. Another earthquake of 7.2 struck on 2 August 2007. The Vanuatu National Statistics Office (VNSO) released their 2007 agricultural census in 2008. According to the study, agricultural exports make up about three-quarters (73%) of all exports; 80% of the population lives in rural areas where ""agriculture is the main source of their livelihood""; and of these households, almost all (99%) engaged in agriculture, fisheries and forestry. Total annual household income was 1,803 million vatu . Of this income, agriculture grown for their own household use was valued at 683 million vatu, agriculture for sale at 561, gifts received at 38, handicrafts at 33 and fisheries (for sale) at 18. The largest expenditure by households was food (300 million vatu), followed by household appliances and other necessities (79 million vatu), transportation (59), education and services (56), housing (50), alcohol and tobacco (39), clothing and footwear (17). Exports were valued at 3,038 million vatu, and included copra (485), kava (442), cocoa (221), beef (fresh and chilled) (180), timber (80) and fish (live fish, aquarium, shell, button) (28). Total imports of 20,472 million vatu included industrial materials (4,261), food and drink (3,984), machinery (3,087), consumer goods (2,767), transport equipment (2,125), fuels and lubricants (187) and other imports (4,060). There are substantial numbers of crop gardens – 97,888 in 2007 – many on flat land (62%), slightly hilly slope (31%), and even on steep slopes (7%); there were 33,570 households with at least one crop garden, and of these, 10,788 households sold some of these crops over a twelve-month period. The economy grew about 6% in the early 2000s. This is higher than in the 1990s, when GDP rose less than 3%, on average. One report from the Manila -based Asian Development Bank about Vanuatu's economy gave mixed reviews. It noted the economy was ""expanding"", noting that the economy grew at an impressive 5.9% rate from 2003 to 2007, and lauded ""positive signals regarding reform initiatives from the government in some areas"" but described certain binding constraints such as ""poor infrastructure services"". Since a private monopoly generates power, ""electricity costs are among the highest in the Pacific"" among developing countries. The report also cited ""weak governance and intrusive interventions by the State"" which reduced productivity. Vanuatu was ranked the 173rd safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings. In 2015, Vanuatu was ranked the 84th most economically free country by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal . Communications [ edit ] Further information: Telecommunications in Vanuatu Mobile phone service in the islands is provided by TVL and Digicel . Internet access is provided by TVL, Telsat Broadband, Digicel and Wantok using a variety of connection technologies. A newly installed submarine optical fibre cable now connects Vanuatu to Fiji. Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of Vanuatu A child from Vanuatu. Vanuatu's population in thousands (1961–2003). Men wearing traditional nambas . According to the 2009 census, Vanuatu has a population of 243,304. Males outnumber females; in 1999, according to the Vanuatu Statistics Office, there were 95,682 males and 90,996 females. [ citation needed ] The population is predominantly rural, but Port Vila and Luganville have populations in the tens of thousands. The inhabitants of Vanuatu are called Ni-Vanuatu in English, using a recent coinage . The Ni-Vanuatu are primarily (98.5%) of Melanesian descent, with the remainder made up of a mix of Europeans, Asians and other Pacific islanders. Three islands were historically colonised by Polynesians . About 20,000 Ni-Vanuatu live and work in New Zealand and Australia. In 2006 the New Economics Foundation and Friends of the Earth environmentalist group published the Happy Planet Index , which analysed data on levels of reported happiness , life expectancy and Ecological Footprint , and they estimated Vanuatu to be the most ecologically efficient country in the world in achieving high well-being. Languages [ edit ] Main article: Languages of Vanuatu The national language of the Republic of Vanuatu is Bislama . The official languages are Bislama , French and English. The principal languages of education are French and English. The use of English or French as the formal language is split along political lines. [ citation needed ] Bislama is a pidgin language, and now a creole in urban areas. Essentially combining a typically Melanesian grammar with a mostly English vocabulary, Bislama is the only language that can be understood and spoken by the majority of the population, as a second language. In addition, 113 indigenous languages are still actively spoken in Vanuatu. The density of languages, per capita, is the highest of any nation in the world, with an average of only 2,000 speakers per language. All vernacular languages of Vanuatu (i.e., excluding Bislama) belong to the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian family. In recent years, the use of Bislama as a first language has considerably encroached on indigenous languages, whose use in the population has receded from 73.1 to 63.2 percent between 1999 and 2009. Religion [ edit ] Main article: Religion in Vanuatu Christianity is the predominant religion in Vanuatu , consisting of several denominations. The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu , adhered to by about one-third of the population, is the largest of them. Roman Catholic and Anglican are other common denominations, each claiming about 15% of the population. The less significant groups are the Seventh-day Adventist Church , the Church of Christ , Neil Thomas Ministries (NTM), Jehovah's Witnesses , and others. In 2007, Islam in Vanuatu was estimated to consist of about 200 converts. Because of the modern goods that the military in the Second World War brought with them when they came to the islands, several cargo cults developed. Many died out, but the John Frum cult on Tanna is still large, and has adherents in the parliament. [ citation needed ] Also on Tanna is the Prince Philip Movement , which reveres the United Kingdom's Prince Philip . Villagers of the Yaohnanen tribe believed in an ancient story about the pale-skinned son of a mountain spirit venturing across the seas to look for a powerful woman to marry. Prince Philip, having visited the island with his new wife Queen Elizabeth , fitted the description exactly and is therefore revered as a god around the isle of Tanna. Health [ edit ] Vanuatu has a tropical climate and over 80% of the population lives in rural, isolated villages with access to their own gardens and food supplies . The geographically-isolated communities have minimal access to basic health and education services. Churches and non-government organisations provide a minimal level of support to many rural villages. Vanuatu government health and education services are hard pressed to deal with the rapid increase of urban and peri-urban populations in informal and squatter settlements around Port Vila and to a lesser extent in Luganville. Health services in Port Vila and Luganville provide reasonable health care, often supported and enhanced by visiting doctors. Official statistics show infant mortality declined during the last half of the twentieth century, from 123 deaths per 1,000 population in 1967 to 25 per 1,000 in 1999. There were 46.85 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2011. Education [ edit ] Education is not compulsory, and school enrolments and attendance are among the lowest in the Pacific. [ citation needed ] The estimated literacy rate of people aged 15–24 years is about 74% according to UNESCO figures. The rate of primary school enrolment rose from 74.5% in 1989 to 78.2% in 1999 and then to 93.0% in 2004 but then fell to 85.4% in 2007. The proportion of pupils completing a primary education fell from 90% in 1991 to 72% in 2004 and up to 78% in 2012. Port Vila and three other centres have campuses of the University of the South Pacific , an educational institution co-owned by twelve Pacific countries. The campus in Port Vila, known as the Emalus Campus, houses the University's law school. Culture [ edit ] Main article: Culture of Vanuatu Wooden slit drums from Vanuatu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Vanuatu culture retains a strong diversity through local regional variations and through foreign influence. Vanuatu may be divided into three major cultural regions. In the north, wealth is established by how much one can give away, through a grade-taking system. Pigs, particularly those with rounded tusks , are considered a symbol of wealth throughout Vanuatu. In the centre, more traditional Melanesian cultural systems dominate. In the south, a system involving grants of title with associated privileges has developed. Young men undergo various coming-of-age ceremonies and rituals to initiate them into manhood, usually including circumcision . Most villages have a nakamal or village clubhouse which serves as a meeting point for men and as a place to drink kava . Villages also have male- and female-only sections. These sections are situated all over the villages; in nakamals , special spaces are provided for females when they are in their menstruation period. There are few prominent ni-Vanuatu authors. Women's rights activist Grace Mera Molisa , who died in 2002, achieved international notability as a descriptive poet. Music [ edit ] Main article: Music of Vanuatu A women's dance from Vanuatu, using bamboo stamping tubes The traditional music of Vanuatu is still thriving in the rural areas of Vanuatu. Musical instruments consist mostly of idiophones : drums of various shape and size, slit gongs , stamping tubes , as well as rattles , among others. Another musical genre that has become widely popular during the 20th century in all areas of Vanuatu, is known as string band music. It combines guitars, ukulele , and popular songs. More recently the music of Vanuatu, as an industry, grew rapidly in the 1990s and several bands have forged a distinctive ni-Vanuatu identity. Popular genres of modern commercial music, which are currently being played in the urban areas include zouk music and reggaeton . Reggaeton, a variation of rap/hip-hop spoken in the Spanish language, played alongside its own distinctive beat, is especially played in the local nightclubs of Port Vila with, mostly, an audience of Westerners and tourists. Cuisine [ edit ] Main article: Cuisine of Vanuatu The cuisine of Vanuatu ( aelan kakae ) incorporates fish, root vegetables such as taro and yams , fruits, and vegetables. Most island families grow food in their gardens, and food shortages are rare. Papayas, pineapples, mangoes, plantains , and sweet potatoes are abundant through much of the year. Coconut milk and coconut cream are used to flavour many dishes. Most food is cooked using hot stones or through boiling and steaming; very little food is fried. The national dish of Vanuatu is the lap lap . Sports [ edit ] Main article: Sport in Vanuatu See also [ edit ] Outline of Vanuatu Index of Vanuatu-related articles Visa policy of Vanuatu Cyclone Pam Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (2008). ""Northern Vanuatu as a Pacific Crossroads: The Archaeology of Discovery, Interaction, and the Emergence of the ""Ethnographic Present "" "". Asian Perspectives . UP Hawaii. 47 (1): 95–120. JSTOR 42928734 . Census of Agriculture 2007 Vanuatu , Vanuatu National Statistics Office (2008) Crowley, Terry (2000). ""The language situation in Vanuatu"" . In Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. Language Planning and Policy in the Pacific: Fiji, the Philippines and Vanuatu . 1 . Crowley, Terry (2004). Bislama reference grammar . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824828806 . François, Alexandre (2012). ""The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages"" . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . De Gruyter. 2012 (214): 85–110. doi : 10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022 . Harris, Richard (2006). ""Tales from the South Pacific – diving medicine in Vanuatu"" . Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society . 36 (1): 22–23 . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Hess, Sabine C. (2009). Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and the Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu . Berghahn. ISBN 978-1845455996 . Lynch, John; Pat, Fa'afo, eds. (1996). Proceedings of the first International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics (1993) . International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Port Vila, Vanuatu: Australian National University. ISBN 978-0858834408 . Reuter, Thomas Anton (2002). Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824824501 . Reuter, Thomas Anton (2006). Sharing the Earth, Dividing the Land: Land and Territory in the Austronesian World . ANU E Press. ISBN 978-1920942694 . Shears, Richard (1980). The Coconut War: the Crisis on Espiritu Santo . North Ryde, NSW: Cassell. ISBN 978-0726978661 . Sprackland, Robert George (1992). Giant Lizards . Neptune, NJ: TFH. ISBN 978-0866226349 . Trompf, Garry W., ed. (1987). The Gospel Is Not Western: Black Theologies from the Southwest Pacific . Orbis. ISBN 978-0883442692 . Wilson, Edward Osborne (1994). Naturalist (1st ed.). Shearwater. ISBN 978-1559632881 . Further reading [ edit ] Bolton, Lissant (2003). Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women's Kastom in Vanuatu . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824825355 . Bonnemaison, Joël; Huffman, Kirk; Tryon, Darrell; Kaufmann, Christian, eds. (1998). Arts of Vanuatu . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824819569 . Bowdey, Bob; Beaty, Judy; Ansell, Brian (1995). Diving and Snorkeling Guide to Vanuatu . Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1559920803 . Bregulla, Heinrich L. (1992). Birds of Vanuatu . Nelson. ISBN 978-0904614343 . Doughty, Chris; Day, Nicolas; Plant, Andrew (1999). The Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia . Helm. ISBN 978-0713646900 . Ellis, Amanda; Manuel, Clare; Cutura, Jozefina; Bowman, Chakriya (2009). Women in Vanuatu: Analyzing Challenges to Economic Participation . World Bank Group. ISBN 978-0821379097 . Eriksen, Annelin (2007). Gender, Christianity and Change in Vanuatu: An Analysis of Social Movements in North Ambrym . Anthropology and Cultural History in Asia and the Indo-Pacific. Routledge. ISBN 978-0754672098 . Harewood, Jocelyn (2012). Vanuatu Adventures: Kava and Chaos in the Sth Pacific . Jolly, Margaret (1993). Women of the Place: Kastom, Colonialism and Gender in Vanuatu . Studies in anthropology and history. 12 . Harwood Academic. ISBN 978-3718654536 . Mescam, Genevieve (1989). Pentecost: An island in Vanuatu . (Photographer) Coulombier, Denis. U South Pacific. ISBN 978-9820200524 . Rio, Knut Mikjel (2007). Power of Perspective: Social Ontology and Agency on Ambrym Island, Vanuatu . Berghahn. ISBN 978-1845452933 . Rodman, Margaret; Kraemer, Daniela; Bolton, Lissant; Tarisesei, Jean, eds. (2007). House-girls Remember: Domestic Workers in Vanuatu . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824830120 . Siméoni, Patricia (2009). Atlas du Vanouatou (Vanuatu) (in French). Port-Vila : Géo-consulte. ISBN 978-2953336207 . Speiser, Felix (1991). Ethnology of Vanuatu: An Early Twentieth Century Study . Crawford House. ISBN 978-1863330213 . Taylor, John Patrick (2008). The Other Side: Ways of Being and Place in Vanuatu . Pacific Islands Monograph. UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824833022 . Troost, J. Maarten (2006). Getting Stoned with Savages: A Trip Through the Islands of Fiji and Vanuatu . Broadway. ISBN 978-0767921992 . Williamson, Rick (2004). Cavorting With Cannibals: An Exploration of Vanuatu . Narrative. ISBN 978-1589762367 . External links [ edit ] ""Vanuatu"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Vanuatu from UCB Libraries GovPubs Vanuatu at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of Vanuatu Government of Vanuatu Vanuatu Tourism Portal, the official website of the Vanuatu National Tourism Office Herbarium of Vanuatu (PVNH), which houses a collection of about 20,000 specimens Drones sacrificed for spectacular volcano video" -4843437099290518220,validation,where in the constitution is the concept of federalism established,"Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law `` necessary and proper '' for the execution of its express powers. Other powers -- the reserved powers -- are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments -- as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.",[],níbo nínú òfin-ìpínlẹ̀-èdè-òkè ni a ti gbé èrò orí ìjọba àpapọ̀ kalẹ̀,Yes,"['Awọn ẹya ara rẹ pato, ti a ṣe apejuwe ninu apẹẹrẹ agbekalẹ ti Federalism igbalode nipasẹ United States labe ofin ti 1787, jẹ ibasepọ ti iyatọ laarin awọn ipele meji ti ijọba ti iṣeto.']",['abe ofin ti 1787'],['P1'],0,0,"Federalism Federalism j?? ip?? ádalù tabi ?na kika ti ij?ba, apap? ij?ba kan (ij?ba aringbungbun tabi ijoba fèdira) p?lu aw?n íj??ba agbegbe (agbegbe, ipinle, cantonal, aw?n agbegbe tabi aw?n ihapo-?gb? miiran) ninu eto i?akoso kan ?o?o. Aw?n ?ya ara r? pato, ti a ?e apejuwe ninu ap??r? agbekal? ti Federalism igbalode nipas? United States labe ofin ti 1787, j? ibasep? ti iyat? laarin aw?n ipele meji ti ij?ba ti i?eto. [1] O le ?e apejuwe bayi g?g?bi ?na ij?ba ti o wa pipin aw?n agbara laarin aw?n ipele meji ti ijoba ti ipo deede. [2] Federalism yato si confederalism, ninu eyi ti aw?n ipele gbogbogbo ti ijoba wa lab? aw?n ipele ti agbegbe, ati lati devolution laarin kan ipinle kan, ninu eyi ti aw?n agbegbe ti agbegbe ijoba ti wa ni lab? aw?n ipele gbogbogbo. [3] O duro fun f??mu ti o ni ipa ni ?na ?na asop? ti agbegbe tabi Iyapa, [4] opin lori ?gb? ti ko kere jul? nipas? confederalism ati ni agbegbe ti o ni il?siwaju nipas? iyipada laarin ipinl? kan. [5] Aami apeere ti is?p? tabi ipinle apapo ni India, Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Germany, Kánádà, Switzerland, Argentina, ati Australia. Di? ninu aw?n tun loni ?e apejuwe Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù bi ap?r? a?i?e ti Federalism ni ipo-?p?-ipinle, ninu ero ti a pe ni apapo apapo ti aw?n ipinle. [6] ?na ti isop?p? agbegbe tabi iyapa Aw?n ?r? 'federalism' ati 'confederalism' mejeji ni root ninu ?r? Latin foedus, ti o tum? si ""adehun, adehun tabi maj?mu ."" Im? w?n ti o w?p? titi di opin ?dun kejidinlogun ni aj? i?a?e tabi ibasep? agbegbe laarin aw?n ij?ba ti o da lori adehun kan. Nitorina w?n j? aw?n itum? kanna. O j? ni ori yii pe James Madison ni ?gb?? ò?èlú 39 ti t?ka si ofin orile-ede Am?rika ti o j? 'ko si oril?-ede tabi ofin ij?ba ti Oril?-ede, ?ugb?n ipinnu ti aw?n mejeeji' (ie ko j? ilu alail?gb? kan ti o tobi tabi agbalagba / i??kan laarin aw?n ?p?l?p? ipinle kekere, ?ugb?n arabara aw?n meji). [7] Ni ?dun karundinlogun, itum? ti Federalism yoo wa lati yipada, ti o ni okunkun lati t?ka si ?t? si f??mu ti o j? ki o ni ipil? oloselu, nigba ti itumo confederalism yoo wa ni agbegbe aw?n aladani. [8] Bayi, àpil?k? yii n sop? si ilosiwaju ti ode-oni ti ?r? 'Federalism'. Ij?ba ti igbalode j? ilana ti o da lori aw?n ofin ij?ba ati aw?n ij?ba ti o ni agbara lati ?e akoso ti wa ni pinpin laarin aw?n ij?ba ilu ati ti agbegbe / ipinle. Àw?n ìpínl?? tí w??n ? pè ní ?gb?? ò?èlú apejuwe ?p?l?p? aw?n igbagbo igbagbo ni ayika agbaye da lori o t?. A ma ?e akiyesi ?gb?? ò?èlú nigbamii bi o ti j? apej? ti kariaye bi ""eto ti o dara ju fun i??kan aw?n oril?-ede, orisirisi aw?n ?gb?, tabi aw?n ?gb? aladun, gbogbo aw?n ti o le ni idi ti o ni iberu i?akoso nipas? ile-i?? ti o lagbara pup?."" [9] Sib?sib?, ni di? ninu aw?n oril?-ede, aw?n alainidi ti aw?n iwe-a?? ij?ba ti o gbagbo pe o p? si idaniloju agbegbe ni o le fa ijamba tabi ipasil? oril?-ede naa. [9] Ni Siria, aw?n i?eduro federalization ti kuna ni apakan nitori ""Aw?n ara Siria b?ru pe aw?n aala w?nyi le yipada lati j? kanna bii aw?n ti aw?n ?gb? ija ti ?aj? bayi."" [9] Aw?n igbim? ti o wa g?g?bi Yugoslavia tabi Czechoslovakia ?ubu ni kete bi o ti ?ee ?e lati fi awo?e si idanwo naa. [10] Aw?n alaye fun igbasil? aw?n ?na ?r? ?gb?? ò?èlú Ipinle, aw?n ?j? m?rin ti o ni oye alaye ni aw?n iwe-?k? ?k? fun igbasil? aw?n ?na-ara ij?ba: Aw?n imo-?r? ti o ni idaniloju, eyiti o mu pe ipinnu ti o tobi jul? ti ifaramo ti ogbontarigi si aw?n idal?nu ilu ni awuj? n ?e ki o j? ki o j? ki a ?e igbim? ij?ba. Aw?n itan-itan-itan-itan, eyiti o mu pe aw?n ile-i?? f??mu l?p?l?p? ni a le gba ni aw?n awuj? ti o ni aw?n eniyan ti o ni awuj? tabi ti aw?n eniyan. Aw?n ak??l? ""Awuj??ep?"", eyiti o mu pe Federalism farahan bi idunadura laarin aarin ati ?ba ibi ti ile-i?? ko lagbara to lati ?e akoso ?ba ati ??keji ko lagbara lati yan lati ile-i??. Aw?n imoye ti o ni agbara amuye, eyiti o daw?le pe ij?ba aladaniya le waye nigbati aw?n ipil??? ti isakoso i?owo ti t?l? ti ni aw?n idagbasoke ilu ti o p?ju (fun ap??r?, w?n ti wa t?l? ofin, ile-igbim?, ati aw?n ilu ti o ti j? it?nis?na). [11] Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant j? alagbawi ti Federalism, o n s? pe ""i?oro ti ?eto ilu kan le ni idari nipas? oril?-ède ?mi kan"" niw?n igba ti w?n ba ni ofin ti o y? ti o ni idako aw?n ?gb? si ara w?n p?lu eto i?owo ati aw?n i?iro. Ni pato aw?n ipinl? k??kan nilo isakoso kan g?g?bi idaabobo lodi si ewu ti ogun. [12] Aw?n ap??r? ti Federalism Australia Orile-ede ti Australia, ti o wa ni agbegbe Agbegbe Federal, Ilu Ariwa ilu Australia (pupa), aw?n ipinle New South Wales (pupa f????r??f??), Queensland (àwo búlúù ), South Australia (eleyi ti), Tasmania (ofeefee, isal?), Victoria (alaw? ewe), Western Australia (osan) ati Ile Ariwa (aw?-ofeefee, oke). Ni ?j? 1 O?ù 1901, oril?-ede ti ilu Australia ti ?e ifarabal? wa di isop?p?. Ile-i?? ti ilu ?strelia ti ij?ba G????sì ni ij?ba ?dun 1788, eyiti o fi idi m?fa sil?, l?hinna ij?ba-ara, aw?n igberiko nib?. Ni aw?n ?dun 1890, aw?n ij?ba ti aw?n ile-olominira w?nyi ti ?e aw?n igbesil? lori igbim? ti o wa ni ""Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira ?sirélíà"" ti ara ?ni, ni ij?ba British Empire. Nigba ti gbogbo aw?n ileto ti dibo fun igbadun ij?ba, Oríl??-èdè ?sirélíà ti b?r?, o mu ki idasile ti Ilu Agbaye ti ?sirélíà ni ?dun 1901. Àp??r? ti Federalism ?e ni ibamu si aw?n atil?ba awo?e ti Orile-ede Am?rika , biotilejepe o ?e b? nipas? kan ile asofin Westminster eto ju kan eto eto eto. Brazil j? idap?p? ti aw?n ipinle 26 ati agbegbe agbegbe r?, eyiti o j? aaye ti olu-ilu Federal, Brasília. Ni Brazil, isubu ij?ba ni 1889 nipas? ologun coup d'état kan ti mu idasile eto ij?ba, ti Deodoro da Fonseca ti ?akoso. Ti o j? iranl?w? nipas? olokiki amofin Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca ?eto ij?ba-ij?ba ni Brazil nipas? a??, ?ugb?n ij?ba ij?ba yii yoo j?w? nipas? gbogbo ofin orile-ede Brazil niwon 1891, bi o til? j? pe di? ninu w?n yoo ?e iyipada di? ninu aw?n ifilel? l? ?gb?? ò?èlú. Ij?ba ij?ba ij?ba ti 1937 ni a?? lati yan Aw?n gomina Ipinle (ti a npe ni aw?n alagbawi ) ni if?nu, nitorina o ?e ipinnu agbara ni ?w? ti Aare Getúlio Vargas. Brazil tun nlo Fonseca eto lati ?e atun?e i?owo ti kariaye. Brazil j? ?kan ninu aw?n ij?ba apapo ti o tobi jul?. Oril? -ede Brazil ti 1988 ?e ap?r? titun kan si aw?n ero ti Federalism, p?lu aw?n ilu bi aw?n ile-i?? Federal. Aw?n agbegbe ilu Brazil ti wa ni idokowo di? ninu aw?n agbara ibile ti a funni ni ipinle ni Federalism, a si gba w?n laaye lati ni ofin bi ofin ti Rio Grande do Sul State Ni Kánádà, aw?n ij?ba agbegbe ti n gba gbogbo agbara w?n lati inu ofin. Ni idakeji, aw?n agbegbe naa wa lab? ij?ba f??mu ti ij?ba-ara ati aw?n agbara ti a fun ni nipas? r?. Ni Kanada, eto ti Federalism ti wa ni apejuwe nipas? pipin aw?n agbara laarin aw?n ile asofin Federal ati aw?n ij?ba agbegbe ti ilu. Lab? Ofin T'olofin (eyiti a m? t?l? bi ofin British North America Act ) ti 1867, aw?n agbara pataki ti ofin ti pin. Abala 91 ti ofin naa n pese idiyele a??fin fun ofin, nigba ti apakan 92 n fun aw?n agbara agbegbe. Fun aw?n ?r? ti a ko fi t?ka s?t? ni ofin, ij?ba apapo duro idi agbara ti o wa; sib?sib?, ariyanjiyan laarin aw?n ipele meji ti ijoba, ti o j?m? ipele ti o ni aw?n ofin ofin lori aw?n ori?iri?i ori?iri?i, ti j? ?r? pip? ati isanjade. Aw?n agbegbe idije p?lu ofin ni ibamu si ilana ti aje, owo-ori, ati aw?n ohun alum?ni. Aw?n ij?ba ipinle India ti aw?n akoso ori?iri?i ori?iri?i mu Ij?ba ti India j? orisun lori ?na m?ta, eyiti ofin orileede India ti ?e ipinnu aw?n idiyele ti ori k??kan ti ij?ba ni agbara ala??. Orileede ak?k? ti pese fun eto ij?ba meji, ij?ba Ij?ba (ti a tun m? ni Ij?ba G??si), ti o j? a?oju Union of India, ati aw?n ij?ba Ipinle. Nigbamii, ipele k?ta kan ti a fi kun ni aw?n f??mu Panchayats ati Aw?n ilu. Ni eto ti o wa l?w?l?w?, Eto Isinmi ti Atil?k? orile-ede India ?e iyat? aw?n ak?le ti ipele k??kan ti ij?ba ?da, pin w?n si aw?n akoj? m?ta: Àj?p? Ij?p? p?lu aw?n ak?k? ti pataki oril?-ede g?g?bi idaabobo oril?-ede, aw?n ajeji ilu, ifowopam?, aw?n ibara?nis?r? ati owo. Ijoba Ij?ba nikan le ?e aw?n ofin ti o j?m? aw?n akok? ti a m?nuba ninu akoj? Akoj?p?. Àtòj? Ipinle ni aw?n orisun ti Ipinle ati agbegbe pataki g?g?bi aw?n olopa, i?owo, i?owo, ogbin ati irigeson. Aw?n Gomina Ipinle nikan le ?e aw?n ofin ti o j?m? aw?n ak?le ti a m?nuba ni Ipinle Ipinle. Akoj? atok? p?lu aw?n a?i?e ti anfani ti o w?p? si aw?n Ij?ba Ij?ba g?g?bi Aw?n Gomina Ipinle, g?g?bi ?k?, igbo, aw?n aj? i?owo, igbeyawo, igbasil? ati ipil???. Aw?n Union mejeeji ati Aw?n Gomina Ipinle le ?e aw?n ofin lori aw?n ak?le ti a m?nuba ninu akoj? yii. Ti ofin w?n ba ba ara w?n jà, ofin ti A??kan Ij?ba yoo ?e. ?ya iyat? ti Federalismism India j? wipe ko dabi ?p?l?p? aw?n miiran f??mu ti Federalism, o j? asymmetric. [13] Abala 370 ?e aw?n ipese pataki fun ipinle ti Jammu ati Kashmir g?g?bi ?r? Iw?le. Abala 371 ?e aw?n ipinl? pataki fun aw?n ipinle ti Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Gujarati, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland ati Sikkim g?g?bi ijab? w?n tabi aw?n ipo ilu. Bakannaa ipin kan di? ninu Ij?ba ij?ba ti India j? eto ti Aare Aare ninu eyiti ij?ba i?akoso (nipas? Gomina ij?ba r?) gba i?akoso ijakoso ij?ba fun aw?n osu di? nigbati ko si ?niti o le ?e agbekal? ijoba kan ni ipinle tabi ti i?oro iwa-ipa ni ipinle. Biotil?j?pe orileede ko s? b?, India j? bayi is?p? multilingual. [13] Orile-ede India ni eto eto-?p?l?, p?lu aw?n alabojuto oselu nigbagbogbo ti o da lori aw?n idaniloju ede, aw?n agbegbe ati aw?n caste, [14] i?eduro i??kan amusil?, paapaa ni ipele Union. India j? lab? aw?n ?gb? pataki meji NDA ati UPA Nigeria Oríl??-èdè Olómìniira Àpap?? Nàìjíríà ni o ni aw?n ipinle pup? ti o ti wa ni igba di? nitori aw?n ?r? aje ajeji ati bi ipa ti akoko ij?ba w?n. Sôugboôn, ni Naijiria ti o wa ni ilu yii, o wa ni ilu m?tadil?g?ta ati ilu olu-ilu nla kan: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Enugu, Edo, Ekiti, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, ati Zamfara ati Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Il?ju nla ti wa laarin aw?n ipinl? gusu ati aw?n ipinle ariwa nitori i?edede ti owo, aw?n iyat? ti aw?n eniyan, i?aro ?sin, ati siwaju sii. Fun ap??r?, ariyanjiyan ?sin ti mu ki igbega Boko Haram, egbe ?l?gb? Islamist kan ti o ?i?? salafi jihadism ati wahhabism. Ni aw?n ?j? to ????, ijoba ti Naijiria ti ni ?sun ni igba kan pe o j? ij?ba ti o ni ariwa ti o nlo lati lo aw?n gusu ati ki o ni anfani ni ariwa si iparun ti gusu. Malaysia j? ij?ba -?ba ti ij?ba-ilu. Il? Islam ti Pakistan, eyiti o wa ni agbegbe agbegbe r?, Islamabad Capital Territory (blue blue), aw?n agbegbe ti Punjab (aw? ewe dudu), Sindh (aw? dudu), Balochistan (pupa), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (ofeefee), ati aw?n il? ti Gilgit-Baltistan (Pink) ati Azad Kashmir (osan). [15] Aw?n agbegbe Agbegbe Ij?ba ti o wa ni Federally, ti bayi apakan ti Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ni a fihan ni alaw? ewe alaw?. Pakistan j? ij?ba olominira ti ij?ba ti ij?ba-ara, p?lu Islam g?g?bi ?sin ipinle. [16] A ?e ipinnu aw?n agbara laarin ij?ba apapo ati aw?n agbegbe. Aw?n ibara?num? laarin aw?n isakoso ati aw?n ìgberiko ti wa ni apejuwe ni Apá V (Aw?n iwe-?r? 141-159) ti ofin. [17] O?i?? Isakoso Agbegbe ni olori i?akoso ti It?s?na agbegbe. Won ni ojuse ti o tobi pup? fun i?akoso, imudarasi ati ?i?e it?s?na aw?n eto ti a f?w?si ti Ij?ba Agbegbe. [18] Aw?n Zila Nazim lo lati j? olori alakoso Ipinle It?s?na titi 2010 nigbati ij?ba fi agbara w?n fun Aw?n Alakoso I??kan. I?e w?n j? bakannaa bãl? gomina tabi alakoso, p?lu ojuse fun imuse imulo ijoba ati ?i?e aw?n ipil??? ti o dide lati inu r?. [19] Lati le ?e if?r?han si i?akoso ij?ba ati i?akoso owo lati ?e idaj? si Aw?n Ij?ba Agbegbe, fun i?akoso ti o dara, ifiji?? ti o munadoko aw?n i?? ati ipinnu ipinnu pipe nipas? ifarada ti i?el?p? ti aw?n eniyan ni agbegbe, aw?n idibo si aw?n ile-i?? ijoba agbegbe ni o waye l?hin ?dun m?rin lori ko si ipinnu idiyele nipas? Olori Iludari Alakoso ti Pakistan. Lara aw?n ?gb? m?ta ti ijoba agbegbe, ij?ba ti Tesil j? ipele keji. O j? ibi ti aw?n i??, aw?n ojuse ati aw?n ala?? ti ijoba agbegbe ti pin si aw?n sipo di? sii, aw?n ?ya w?nyi ni a m? ni ""Tehsil"". Aw?n Tehsils ni a lo ni gbogbo ilu Pakistan ayafi agbegbe Sindh nibiti a ti lo ?r? ""Taluka"" dipo, bi o til? j? pe aw?n i?? ati aw?n alase kanna ni. Ori ori ij?ba Tehsil ni ""Tehsil Nazim"" ti o j? iranl?w? nipas? aw?n tehsil Naib-Nazim. Gbogbo tehsil ni Igbim? ij?ba ti Tehsil kan, ti o wa ni igbim? ti Tehsil, Tehsil Nazim, tehsil / o?i?? igbim? ilu (TMO), Oloye Oloye ati aw?n o?i?? miiran ti igbim? agbegbe. Union Council Aw?n ?m? ?gb? Igbim? Agbegbe p?lu Olut?ju A??kan ati Igbakeji Alagbepo ni a yàn nipas? aw?n idibo ti o taara lori idiyele agbalagba ati lori ipil? igbim? idibo. Sib?sib?, fun idibo si aw?n ibugbe ti a fipam? fun Aw?n Obirin ni Igbim? Zila ni ipinnu ti o pin laarin aw?n Tehsils tabi Àw?n ìlú yoo j? gbogbo aw?n ?m? ?gb? ti Igbim? Agbegbe ni ilu Tehsil tabi Ilu. O j? ojuse ti Igbim? Alakoso Oloye lati ?eto ati ?e aw?n idibo w?nyi. Biotil?j?pe South Africa j? di? ninu aw?n ?ya ara ilu ij?ba kan, g?g?bi ipinpin aw?n agbara di? si aw?n igberiko, o j? lab? ofin ati i??-?i?e ni ipinle kan. [20] ?p?l?p? aw?n ?na ilu apapo wa ni Yúróòpù, g?g?bi ni Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Bosnia ati Herzegovina ati Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù. Ni il?? Gè?é?sì, ij?ba I?el?p? kan ti a ri bi ( inter alia ) ?na kan ti i?awari i?oro ile ofin ni Ireland; Federalism ti gun a ti dabaa bi ojutu si "" Ipalara Irish "", ati di? sii laip?, si "" Iha Ila-oorun Loti "". [21] Faranse Iyika Nigba Iyika Faranse, paapaa ni ?dun 1793, ""Federalism"" ni o ni itum? ti o yat? patapata. O j? oselu oloselu kan lati ?e ir?w?si ij?ba aladani ni ilu Paris nipas? gbigbe agbara si aw?n ilu. [22] [23] Idap? Yuroopu L?hin ti opin Ogun Agbaye II, ?p?l?p? aw?n agbeka b?r? si nipe aj? ij?ba ti Yúróòpù, g?g?bi aw?n ?gb?? Àw?n ?gb?? ò?èlú Il?? Yúróòpù ati àj? il?? Yúróòpù, ti a da ni 1948. Aw?n ajo naa lo ipa ninu ilana i??kan ti Yúróòpù, ?ugb?n kii ?e ni ?na ti o yanju. Biotilejepe aw?n apejuwe ti aw?n adehun Maastricht ati adehun ?il?da ofin kan fun Yúróòpù ti a npe ni Federalism, aw?n it?kasi ko ?e si aw?n ?r? ti aw?n adehun ti a gbe nipas? alakoso. Aw?n alagbawi ti o lagbara jul? ti Federalism Federal ti wa ni Germany, Itali, Belgium ati Luxembourg nigba ti aw?n a?a jul? lodi si tako ti Il?? Gè?é?sì, Denmark ati France (p?lu olori alakoso ipinle ati aw?n ijoba). Niwon igbim? ti François Mitterrand (1981-1995), aw?n alase Faranse ti gba ipo ti ko ni il?siwaju ti Yúróòpù p? si, bi w?n ?e ro pe EU ti o lagbara ni ""i?eduro"" ti o darap? m? Germany kan ti o le j?. di agbara ju ati bayi irokeke fun aw?n aladugbo r?. Àdàk?:Quote Sib?sib?, lati le ?akoso aw?n aifokanbale ti o wa ni igberiko ti Spani si ij?ba tiwantiwa, aw?n oludari ti ofin orile-ede ti o wa l?w?l?w? ?e y?ra fun aw?n aami ak??l? g?g?bi ""Federal"" si aw?n ipinl? il?. [9] Yato si, kii ?e ni eto apapo, aw?n ori-ori ak?k? ni o wa ni ilu lati Madrid (ayafi fun Basque Country ati Navarre, eyiti a m? ni ofin ij?ba tiwantiwa ti ilu Spani g?g?bi aw?n il? ti o loye ti o wa lati aw?n idi itan) l?hinna pinpin si Aw?n agbegbe Agbegbe. Im? iyas?t? ti ofin ati ipil?j? ti ofin ti ij?ba-ilu bi iru eyi ti ni igbega nipas? aw?n ?ni bi Podemos, United Left ati ?gb? Party Socialist Spani. ?j? Awuj? Socialist Spani ti ?e akiyesi im?ran ti igbim? ij?ba Spain kan ni ?dun 2012, g?g?bi aaye ipade laarin olut?t? ati atok? aw?n igbero. [24] Federalism ti a ti ni igba ak?k? ti a npe ni ?na lati yanju aw?n eya oran ati idagbasoke ti ko t? ni Sri Lanka. G?g?bi ipinle ti o j? ?kan ti yorisi idagbasoke ailopin laarin Sri Lanka ni Oorun Iw?-oorun ti j?ba lori aw?n ìgberiko miiran m?j?. Laisi idinku aw?n iyokuro agbegbe ti oorun Okun-oorun ti t?siwaju lati ?e pataki jul? si ?ja Gbangba Ile (GDP) eyiti o ni idasi 42% ti GDP nigba ti o tobi jul? ni Gusu ti o j? 10,8% ti GDP nigba ti aw?n Uva ati Northern aw?n a?al? ti o j?ju ti o kere p?lu 5% ati 3.6% l?s?s?. Aw?n igberiko miiran ni o ni aw?n i?oro fifam?ra aw?n nla. Eyi ti yorisi aw?n ipe fun imukuro eto ipil? ati aw?n agbara ni o wa. [25] [26] [27] Siria Aw?n idasile Siria ni a ti dabaa bi ?na lati pari Ogun Abele Siria. [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] Ni aw?n broadest ori, ti o tumo si titan si aarin Siria Arab Republic sinu kan apapo olominira p?lu adase subdivisions. ?p?l?p? aw?n agbara ati aw?n olukopa ti o ni ipa ninu Ogun Abele Siria ni o ?e idaniloju ""idiyele apapo"", ko kere jul? laarin w?n Russia, aw?n a?oju United Nations ati United States. [30] Aare Bashar al-Assad ko ?e ipinnu fun ipo ij?ba ti ij?ba ilu ti Siria. Ni pato, T?ki j? ipalara si ?na idaniloju ti federalization ti Siria nitori pe o b?ru ti o le ?e atun?e fun ipo ti ara r? ti o ti ?e pataki alaye ti o nilo. Nitori otit? pe ifasil?-ara-?ni yoo j? di? ? sii tabi kere si iru eya ati boya o tun j? aw?n ?sin esin-?sin, o ti ?alaye bi ""pipin oril?-ede"" ati "" Balkanization "" nipas? aw?n alatako r?. [29] [31] Aw?n ile-i?? giga ti alatako Siria ti o wa ni T?ki tabi Qatar bi Igbim? orile-ede Siria ati Alakoso I??kan fun Siria Revolutionary ati Aw?n Alatako ni nigbagbogbo k? imoye ti i?eduro, [30] lakoko ti o ti j? pato aw?n Kurds ni Siria ti ni igbega. [30] Aw?n alatako-alatako ti Egipti ti o wa ni ile-?j? ti aw?n oni-ogun ti Siria ni ?la ipo. [33] [34] Maapu ti Aw?n oril?-ede ti Ilu-Ij?ba G??si ati Aw?n Ekun ti England Ij?ba Am?rika ti ?e i?akoso ni a?a g?g?bi ibile kan nipas? Ile Asofin Westminster ni London. Dipo ti d'a apapo awo?e, aw?n Il?? Gè?é?sì ti gbarale mimu Devolution to decentralize oselu agbara. Devolution ni Il?? Gè?é?sì b?r? p?lu Ij?ba ti Ireland Ì?irò 1914 eyi ti o funni ij?ba ile si Ireland bi oril?-ede ti o j? oril?-ede ti o ti ni Il?? Gè?é?sì ati Ireland. L?hin ti ipin ti Ireland ni ?dun 1921 ti o ri ?da ti Oríl??-èdè Òmìnira Ireland (ti o baj?-pada si Il?ba Ireland ti igbalode), Ireland Ariwa ni idaduro ij?ba r? ti o wa nipo nipas? Igbim? ti Il?? Ireland Àríwá, apakan kan ti UK si ni iru ara bayi ni akoko yii. A ti pa ara yii ni ?dun 1972 ati Il?? Ireland Àríwá ni i?akoso nipas? ofin ti o t? ni akoko i?oro ti a npe ni Aw?n Aw?n i?oro. Ni igbalode oni, ilana ti igbasil? ni ij?ba Il?? Gè?é?sì tun ni agbara fifun ni agbara l??kan si. Niwon aw?n idibo ti aw?n odun 1997 ni Scotland ati Wales ati Adehun ?j? O dara ni Irina-Oorun, m?ta ninu aw?n oril?-ede m?rin ti ilu UK ni bayi ni ipele ti idaduro. Ij?ba ti wa ni ipinnu si Ile Asofin Scotland, Apej? Ile-oke fun Wales ati Apej? Ariwa Ireland. [35] [36] England ko ni ile-igbim? ti ara r? ati aw?n ile-iwe English j? ?iwaju lati pinnu nipas? Ile-igbim? Westminster. Ni 1998 a ti ?eto ti m?j? unelected Regional apej?, tabi iy?wu, ti a da lati ?e atil?yin fun aw?n Àw?n Àj? Ìdàgbàsókè Àgbègbè ní èdè Gè?é?sì, ?ugb?n aw?n w?nyi won pa laarin 2008 ati 2010. Aw?n Ekun ti England ?iwaju lati lo ninu aw?n i?? isakoso ij?ba. Aw?n alariwisi ti igbasil? nigbagbogbo npè ni ibeere West Lothian, eyi ti o t?ka si agbara idibo ti aw?n MP ti kii ?e ede G??si lori aw?n nkan ti o ni ibatan nikan ni England ni Ile Asofin UK. Il? oril?-ede Scotland ati Welsh ti np? si igb?k?le, ati niwon igbakeji ominira ti ominira Scotland, 2014 aw?n ariyanjiyan ti o p?ju nipa UK ?e agbekal? eto ij?ba kan p?lu oril?-ede k??kan ti o ni aw?n oril?-ede m?rin m?rin,. [37] Ijoba Federal ijoba ni a ti dabaa ni ib?r? ?dun 1912 nipas? ?gb? Ile-igbim? fun Dundee, Winston Churchill, ni ibamu si ofin fun Ilana Ile-Ile Irish. Ni ?r? kan ni Dundee ni O?u K?san ?j? k?san ?j? k?sán, o daba pe ki England j? alakoso p?lu aw?n igbim? ti agbegbe, p?lu agbara ti o wa si aw?n agbegbe bii Lancashire, Yorkshire, Midlands ati London g?g? bi apa ij?ba ijoba. [38] [39] Ni Yuroopu, ""?gb?? ò?èlú"" ni a maa n lo lati ?e apejuwe aw?n ti o ?e ojurere ij?ba ijoba apapo, p?lu agbara pinpin ni aw?n agbegbe, ti oril?-ede ati ti aw?n ipele giga. ?p?l?p? aw?n ?gb?? ò?èlú Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù f? ki idagbasoke yii t?siwaju laarin Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù. Ijoba Federalism ti b?r? leyin ogun Yúróòpù; ?kan ninu aw?n eto pataki jul? ni ?r? Winston Churchill ni Zürich ni 1946. [40] Ni Oril? Am?rika, Federalism ni ak?k? t?ka si igbagb? ninu ij?ba ti o lagbara di? sii. Nigba ti a ti k? Am?rika ofin Am?rika, iwe ?gb?? ò?èlú ?e atil?yin ij?ba ti o ni ipa ti o lagbara, nigba ti "" Aw?n alatako-Federal "" f? ij?ba ti o lagbara. Eyi yat? si yat? si lilo lilo igbagbogbo ti ""Federalism"" ni Yúróòpù ati Am?rika. Iyat? ti o wa lati otit? pe ""Federalism"" wa ni arin ti aw?n ami-i?owo oselu laarin igb?k?gb? ati ipinle kan. Orile-ede Am?rika ti k? g?g?bi ifarahan si aw?n Isil? Isakoso ti, lab? eyiti United States j? aj?p? i?owo ti o ni ij?ba ti ko lagbara. Ni idakeji, Yúróòpù j? itan ti o tobi julo ti aw?n ipinl? ?kan kan ju Am?rika Ariwa, nitorina Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù ""federalism"" ?e ariyanjiyan fun ij?ba ti o ni agbara ti o lagbara, ti o ni ibatan si ipinle kan. Aw?n lilo Am?rika ti igbalode ?r? naa j? eyiti o sunm? si aw?n ?na Yúróòpù. Bi agbara ti Federal ijoba ti p?, di? ninu aw?n eniyan ti ?e akiyesi ipo ti o p?ju pup? ju ti w?n gbagb? pe aw?n Baba ti a ?eto. ?p?l?p? eniyan ti o n polongo ni ?t? ""Federalism"" ni Ilu Am?rika n ba jiyan ni idaniloju aw?n agbara ti ijoba apapo, paapaa aw?n adajo. Ni Kanada, Federalism maa n tum? si idako si aw?n i?oro ti o ni il?siwaju (eyiti o j? jul? ti Quebec separatism). Aw?n ij?ba ti Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, ati Mexico, p?lu aw?n miran, tun wa ni ipil? p?lu aw?n agbekal? ?gb?? ò?èlú. Federalism le j? di? bi aw?n meji tabi m?ta agbegbe ti ab?nu, bi ni irú ni Belgium tabi Bosnia Herzegovina. Ni apap?, aw?n iyat? ti Federalism le wa ni iyat?: ni aw?n iw?n kan, ij?ba ti o lagbara ni ipinle ti o f?r? j? ?kan, p?lu di? agbara ti o wa fun aw?n agbegbe agbegbe; lakoko ti o wa ni aw?n iw?n miiran, ij?ba oril?-ede le j? ipinle a?al? ni oruk? nikan, j? aj??ep? ni otit?. Ni 1999, Ìj?ba Kánádà ?eto i??kan Apej? ti aw?n Federations g?g?bi n?tiw?ki agbaye lati ?e iyipada aw?n i?? ti o dara jul? laarin aw?n oril?-ede Federal ati Federal. Ti o ba wa ni Ottawa, Apej? ti aw?n Federations ?e aj??ep? p?lu aw?n ij?ba p?lu Australia, Brazil, Kánádà, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, ati Switzerland. Federalism ati agbegbe agbegbe ni anakristi oselu yii Aw?n alakoso ni o lodi si Ipinle ?ugb?n kii ?e lodi si iselu i?akoso tabi ""ij?ba"" -iw?n igbati o j? i?akoso ara-?ni nipa lilo ijoba tiwantiwa ti ara. Ipo ti oselu ti o f? nipas? aw?n anarchists, ni apap?, j? Federalism tabi confederalism. Sib?sib?, itum? ti anarchist ti Federalism duro lati yato si definition ti Federalism ti a mu nipas? aw?n ?l?gb?n onis?-ilu ?l?j?. Aw?n at?le j? apejuwe kukuru ti Federalism lati apakan I.5 ti An Anarchist FAQ : ""Aw?n eto ti o j? ti awuj? ati ti i?akoso ti ologun j? iru ti ?na eto aje, ie, o da lori ipade ti i?agbe?e ti aw?n ti ara ?ni, aw?n oludari eto ij?ba ti ara ?ni. Aw?n w?nyi ni adugbo ati aw?n apej? agbegbe ati aw?n igbim? w?n. Ninu aw?n oselu oselu w?nyi, ariyanjiyan ti ""isakoso ara ?ni"" di pe ""ijoba ara-?ni"", iru-a?? igbim? agbegbe ti aw?n eniyan n ?e atun?e aw?n ibi ti w?n wa ni ibi ti o ti wa ni ij?ba ati ti aw?n oni?owo oni?owo-ori ti o nif? r?. [.. . ] B?tini si iyipada yii, lati idaniloju anarchist, j? ?da n?tiw?ki kan ti aw?n agbegbe aw?n alaba?ep? ti o da lori ijoba ara-?ni nipas? taara, oju-?ni-ti-oju-oju-ti-ojuju ni agbegbe agbegbe ati aw?n apej? agbegbe [ipade fun ijiroro, ijiroro, ati ipinnu ipinnu ]. [.. . ] Niwon ko gbogbo aw?n oran j? agbegbe, aw?n adugbo ati aw?n apej? agbegbe yoo tun yan aw?n a?oju a?? ati aw?n ti o ?e atun?e si aw?n ipele ti o tobi julo ti ifilel? ara-?ni-ij?ba lati le koju aw?n oran ti o ni ipa aw?n agbegbe nla, g?g?bi aw?n ilu ilu, ilu tabi ilu bi gbogbogbo, agbegbe, agbegbe -ekun, ati ni gbogbo agbaye. Bayi aw?n ij?sin yoo ??kan ni aw?n ipele pup? lati le ??da ati ?aj?p? aw?n eto imulo ti o w?p? lati ba aw?n i?oro w?p?. [.. . ] Eyi nilo fun ifowosowopo ko ?e pataki fun ara ti a ti ?e pataki. Lati lo idarudap? r? nipas? didaj?p? aw?n igbim? ti ara ?ni ati, nitorina, ngba lati duro nipa aw?n ipinnu ti o ?e iranl?w? ?e kii ?e idiw? ti idaniloju (yato si isop?p? ti i?a?e?i?e, nibi ti o k? kuro ni idaniloju laarin agbari). Ninu eto ti a ti ?e ipinnu, a gb?d? ni wahala, agbara wa ni oke ati ipa aw?n ti o wa ni isal? ni lati gb?ran (kii ?e pe aw?n ti o ni agbara naa ti dibo tabi ko, opo kanna j?). Ninu eto ij?ba apapo, a ko fi agbara ?e ?w? si aw?n ?w? di? (o han ni ij?ba ij?ba ""Federal"" tabi ipinle j? eto ti a ?e pataki). Aw?n ipinnu ni eto apapo ni a ?e ni ipil? ti agbari ti o n?akoso si oke ki o rii daju pe agbara naa wa ni idap? si ?w? gbogbo. ?i??p? pap? lati yanju aw?n i?oro w?p? ati ?eto aw?n igbiyanju deede lati de aw?n afojusun ti o w?p? kii ?e isop?ju ati aw?n ti o da aw?n mejeeji ?e a?i?e nla - w?n ko kuna aw?n ori?iri?i aw?n iba?ep? ti a?? k??kan ti o si ny? iy?daba p?lu ifowosowopo. "" [41] Ijo Kristi?ni Federalism tun wa ni ikosile ni ecclesialogy ( ?k? ti ijo ). Fun ap??r?, ijakoso ij?ba ti ilu Presbyterian bii ij?ba olominira ti ile asofin (iruf? ti ij?ba olominira ) si iye ti o tobi. Ni Ìj? Àw?n denominations, aw?n agbegbe ijo ti wa ni j?ba nipas? dibo àgbagba, di? ninu aw?n ti eyi ti o wa i?? òjí??. Ijoj? k??kan n ran?? si aw?n asoju tabi aw?n igbim? si aw?n olut?ju ati siwaju si aj? gbogbogbo. Ipele ti o tobi jul? ti apej? ni o ni a?? lori aw?n ?m? ?gb? r?. Ni ?na ij?ba yii, ?ya-ara k??kan ni o ni ipo-a?? ti arar? fun ara r?. G?g?bi ni Federalism, ni ij?risi-ipil? igbim? ti o ti wa ni ipil??? ij?ba. Aw?n ?lomiran miiran tun ni aw?n ?ya-ara ti o ?e pataki ati aw?n ?j? ij?ba, p?lu eyiti o j? di? ? sii igbesi-aye igbim? ij?sin, ati paapaa ni eccrosiology akosile ti o dara jul?. Di? ninu aw?n kristeni jiyan wipe aw?n earliest orisun ti oselu federalism (tabi federalism ni eda eniyan ajo; ninu itansan si imq federalism ) j? ti alufaa federalism ri ninu Bibeli. W?n ntokasi si is? ti Ijo Kristi?ni ak?k? bi a ti ?alaye (ati aw?n ilana, g?g?bi aw?n ?p?l?p? gbagb?) ninu Maj?mu Titun. Ninu aw?n ariyanjiyan w?n, eyi ni a ?e afihan jul? ni Igbim? Jerusalemu, ti w?n ?e apejuwe ninu I?e Aw?n Aposteli 15, nibiti aw?n Aposteli ati aw?n agba pej? lati ?e akoso Ijosin; aw?n Aposteli j? aw?n a?oju ti gbogbo ij?sin, ati aw?n alàgba j? iru fun ij? agbegbe. Titi di oni, aw?n ohun elo ti Federalism ni a le ri ni fere gbogbo ?sin Kristiani, di? di? ? sii ju aw?n ?lomiran l?. Ipil? ofin Iyapa aw?n agbara Ni ijab? kan, ipinfunni agbara laarin aw?n ij?ba apapo ati agbegbe ni a maa n ?e apejuwe ninu ofin. O f?r? j? pe aw?n oril?-ede k??kan gba di? ninu aw?n ifilel? ti ara-ijoba, ni aw?n federations ?t? si ifilel? ara-?ni ti aw?n ?ya-ara ti o j? agbedemeji ofin. Aw?n ipinle ti o tun ni iru aw?n ?da ara w?n ti w?n le ?e atun?e bi w?n ba ti y?, biotilejepe ninu i??l? ti ariyanjiyan ofin-ofin agbedemeji maa n gba i?aaju. Ni fere gbogbo aw?n federations ij?ba i?akoso n gbadun aw?n agbara ti eto ajeji ati idaabobo oril?-ede g?g?bi agbara iyasoto iyasoto. ?e eyi kii ?e idaj? kan is?p? kan kii yoo j? ipinle kan nikan, fun im?ran UN. Ni pato, aw?n ipinle ti Germany ni idaduro lati ?i?? fun ara w?n ni ipele agbaye, ipo ti ak?k? funni ni pa?ipaar? fun adehun ij?ba Bavaria lati darap? m? ilu- il? German ni 1871. Ni ik?ja iyat? pipin agbara yi yat? lati oril?-ede kan si ekeji. Aw?n ?da ti Germany ati Am?rika funni ni pe gbogbo aw?n agbara ti a ko funni si ij?ba apapo ni idaduro nipas? aw?n ipinle. Oril?-ede ti aw?n oril?-ede miiran bi Kánádà ati India, ni ida keji, s? pe agbara ti a ko fi funni si aw?n ij?ba agbegbe j? idaduro nipas? ij?ba apapo. Pelu bi eto Am?rika, ij?ba Orile-ede ti ilu ?strelia fun ipinl? Ìj?ba àpap?? (Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira ?sirélíà) agbara lati ?e aw?n ofin nipa di? ninu aw?n ?r? kan ti o ?e pataki fun aw?n Am?rika lati ?akoso, ki Aw?n States ni idaduro gbogbo aw?n agbegbe miiran. Laisi pipin aw?n agbara ti Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù ni Adehun Lisbon, aw?n agbara ti kii ?e boya iyas?t? ti Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù nikan tabi pinpin laarin EU ati ipinle bi aw?n agbara ti o t?le ni idaduro nipas? aw?n ipinle agbegbe. Ipil??? Satiriki ti ?dun 19th senturi ti aw?n i?oro ?t? ose ilu ni Spain Nibo ni gbogbo aw?n ?ya ara ilu ?ya-ara ti isakoso ti ni agbara kanna, a s? pe a wa 'Federalism' afihan. As?po Federalism wa nibiti aw?n ipinle ti funni ni agbara ori?iri?i, tabi di? ninu aw?n gba igbasil? ti o tobi ju aw?n miran l?. Eyi ni a ?e nigbagbogbo ni idanim? ti aye ti asa kan pato ni agbegbe kan tabi agbegbe. Ni Spain, aw?n Basques ati Catalans, ati aw?n Galician, ti ?aju i?alaye itan kan lati j? ki aw?n oril?-ede w?n m? pato, w?n s? ni ""aw?n ilu itan"" g?g?bi Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, ati oril?-ede Basque. W?n ni agbara di? sii ju igbasil? ti o f?l?f?l? ti o f?l?f?l? fun aw?n ?kun ilu miiran ti Spain, tabi Spain ti aw?n agbegbe aladani (ti a npe ni tunm? ""kofi fun gbogbo eniyan""), apakan lati ?e idanim? p?lu idanim? ara w?n ati lati ?e it?w?gba aw?n iwo-ilu oril?-ede, apakan ninu b?w? si aw?n ?t? pato ti w?n ti ?e t?l? ninu itan. Sib?sib?, sis? ni Spani ko j? Federalism, ?ugb?n it?nis?na isakoso ti ipinle. O j? w?p? pe lakoko itankal? itan-itan ti is?p? kan nib? ni igbiyanju agbara lati inu aw?n ipinl? apapo si ile-i??, bi ijoba apapo ti n gba agbara afikun, nigbamiran lati ba aw?n i?oro ti ko ni idi. Imudani agbara titun nipas? ij?ba apapo kan le waye nipas? atun?e ofin-ofin ti o f?l?f?l? tabi nìkan nipas? ifitonileti itum? aw?n agbara-ofin ij?ba ti o wa t?l? fun nipas? aw?n ile-?j?. Ni ?p?l?p? igba, a ?e idap?p? kan ni aw?n ipele meji: ij?ba ti i?akoso ati aw?n ?kun ilu (aw?n ipinle, aw?n igberiko, aw?n il?), ati di? si nkankan ti a s? nipa aw?n ?gb? ile-i?? i?akoso ij?ba keji tabi k?ta. Brazil j? iyas?t?, nitori ofin 1988 ti o wa p?lu aw?n ilu g?g?bi aw?n ?t? ti o ni ?t? ti i?akoso ti o ?e i?edede ajofin, ti o wa ni Union, aw?n Am?rika, ati aw?n ilu. Ipinle k??kan j? pinpin si aw?n ilu ( municípios ) p?lu igbim? igbim? ti ara w?n (aw?n ?k? ay?k?l? ti ilu ) ati mayor ( preferant ), ti o j? apakan adase lati Ìj?ba àpap?? ati Ipinle Ij?ba. Ipinle k??kan ni ""kekere ofin"", ti a pe ni ""ofin ti ofin"" ( lei orgânica ). Mexico j? ?ran agbedemeji, ni aw?n agbegbe naa ni a fun ni idaniloju kikun nipas? ofin ?j? ti ij?ba ati idaj? w?n g?g?bi aw?n alakoso aladani ( municipio libre, ""agbegbe ?f?"") ti ij?ba-igb?po ti fi idi mul? ti a ko le fagilee nipas? aw?n ?da ipinle. P?lup?lu, idaj? ti ij?bapo pinnu eyi ti agbara ati aw?n idiyele j? ti iyas?t? si aw?n ilu nikan kii ?e si aw?n ipinle agbegbe. Sib?sib?, aw?n agbegbe ko ni ipinj? igbim? ti a yàn. Aw?n igbim? ile-i?? igbagbogbo nlo ap?nil?j? ti jij?p? aw?n ipinle, lakoko ti o j? ?i?iw?n (tabi ni aw?n ?ya ti ipo-ipa ) ninu ara w?n. Fun ap??r?, James Madison (onk?we ti Orile -ede Am?rika ) k?we ni Iwe Iwe-Iwe ti Aj?-iwe 39 ti ofin Am?rika ti wa ni ""ti o ni aiyat? ko si oril?-ede tabi ofin-?j? ti ij?ba-ilu, ?ugb?n ipinnu ti aw?n mejeeji. Ni ipil? r?, o j? apapo, kii ?e oril?-ede; ni aw?n orisun lati inu agbara agbara ti ij?ba wa, o j? apapo apapo, ati oril?-ede kan.. . "" Eyi j? lati otit? pe aw?n ipinl? ni Am?rika n ?et?ju gbogbo i?eduroba pe w?n ko fun ikil?p? nipas? i??kan ara w?n. Eyi ni Atil?wa Atunse si ?ri Am?rika si, eyiti o ni ?t? gbogbo agbara ati aw?n ?t? ti a ko fun ni ij?ba si Ìj?ba àpap?? ti o fi sil? si aw?n Am?rika ati si aw?n eniyan. Aw?n ?ya ti ?p?l?p? aw?n ij?ba apapo ?afikun aw?n i?edede lati dabobo ?t? aw?n ?ya ipinl?. ?na kan, ti a m? ni ' Federalism ' ti o dara ju, ni lati ?e afihan aw?n oludari ti aw?n ?ya ipinl? ni aw?n ile-i?? oloselu apapo. Nibo ni ile-i??kan kan ti ni ofin ile-i?? bicameral ti ile oke ni a maa n lo lati ?e apejuwe aw?n ipinnu ?ya ara ilu nigba ti ile kekere s? aw?n eniyan oril?-ede naa di gbogbo. Ile ile okeere ni o le da lori ipil? pataki ti ipil???, g?g?bi o j? ?ran ni aw?n a?al? ti United States ati Australia, ni ibi ti ipinle k??kan wa ni ipoduduro nipas? aw?n n?mba alagbagba deede ti o j? iye ti iye eniyan r?. Ni bakanna, tabi ni afikun si iwa yii, aw?n ?m? ile oke kan le di alakasi nipas? ij?ba tabi ile asofin ti aw?n ipinl? ipinl?, bi o ti ??l? ni Am?rika ?aaju ?dun 1913, tabi j? aw?n ?gb? gangan tabi aw?n a?oju ti aw?n gomina ipinle, bi, fun ap??r?, j? ?ran ni German Bundesrat ati ni Igbim? ti Àwùj? Àw?n Oríl??-Èdè Il?? Yúróòpù. Il?fin ile-igbim? ij?ba aladani ni a maa n dibo yan ni taara, p?lu ipinpin ni iye to olugbe, bi o til? j? pe aw?n igba miiran le j? ?ri di? ni aw?n iduro di?. Ni Kánádà, aw?n a?oju agbegbe j? aw?n ipinl? agbegbe ati idunadura taara p?lu ij?ba am?rika. Minisita Àkó?kó? alapej? ti aw?n nomba iranse ati aw?n ti agbegbe ilu premiers ni aw?n de facto ga oselu forum ni il?, biotilejepe o ti wa ni ko m?nuba ninu aw?n orileede. Federations ni gbagbogbo ni aw?n ilana pataki fun atun?e ti Ìj?ba àpap?? ofin. Bakannaa ti afihan ?na ilu ti ipinle yii le ?e idaniloju pe ipo aladani ti aw?n ?ya paati ko le pa w?n laisi ase w?n. Atunse si ofin orile-ede Am?rika gb?d? j? if?w?si nipas? m?ta-merin ti boya aw?n igbim? ipinle, tabi ti aw?n igbim? ti ofin ti a ?e pataki ni gbogbo aw?n ipinle, ?aaju ki o le w?le. Ni aw?n ipinl? igbim? lati ?e atun?e aw?n idibo ti Australia ati Switzerland o nilo pe ki a ?e igbadun im?ran kii ?e nipas? nipas? ?p?l?p? aw?n oludibo ni oril?-ede naa ni gbogbogbo, ?ugb?n p?lu aw?n pataki pataki ninu ?k??kan ninu aw?n ipinle tabi aw?n cantons. Ni Australia, idiyele igbehin yii ni a m? bi opoju meji. Di? ninu aw?n idibo apapo tun n pese pe aw?n atun?e atun?e ti ofin ko le waye laisi ipinnu adehun ti gbogbo ipinle tabi ti ipinle kan pato. Ilana Am?rika ti pese pe ko si ipinle ti o le ni a?oju deede ni a?al? naa lai laigba a??. Ni Australia, ti o ba j? pe atun?e ti a ?e i?eduro yoo ni ipa pup? lori aw?n ipinle kan tabi ju b?? l?, l?hinna o gb?d? j?w?w? ninu igbakeji idibo ti o waye ni ilu k??kan. Atunse eyikeyi si ofin ti orile-ede Kánádà ti yoo ?e iyipada ipa ti ij?ba-?ba yoo nilo adehun kan ti aw?n igberiko. Ofin Ofin Alil? German n pese pe ko si atun?e kankan ti o le j? eyiti o le pa ofin ij?ba kuro. Federalism f??mu - aw?n ipo owo ti o ni ibatan ati aw?n ibara?nis?r? owo laarin aw?n ipele ti ijoba ni eto apapo. Federalism Formal (tabi ' Federalism ' constitutional ) '- itum? ti aw?n agbara ti wa ni pato ninu ofin ti a k?, eyi ti o le tabi ko le ?e deede si i?? gangan ti eto ni i??. Ìj?ba àpap?? ti n t?ka si a?a at?w?d?w? ti ede G??si si aw?n ibasep? ij?ba laarin aw?n ?ka alakoso aw?n ipele ti ijoba ni eto f??mu ati ni a?a a?a Yúróòpù ti o j? ?na ti aw?n agbegbe j? '?i??' tabi ?akoso aw?n ofin ti a ?e ni ?dun. Gleichschaltung - iyipada lati i?akoso ij?ba kan si boya igb?kan kan tabi ju ?kan l?p?l?p? l?, ?r? naa ni a ya lati German fun iyipada lati yiyan si it?s?na taara. [42] Ni akoko Nazi, aw?n ilu Germani ti ibile j? jul? ti o wa ni idiw?n ni ori-a??, ?ugb?n ?t? ?t? ati ij?ba w?n j? iparun ti o si pari p?lu i?eduro eto Gau. Gleichschaltung tun ni itum? ti o gbooro si i?eduro i?eduro ni apap?. deba - lati y? kuro lati ij?ba apapo, bii i gba ojuse kan lati ij?ba ij?ba kan ati fifun ni aw?n ipinle tabi aw?n ìgberiko Federalism bi ìm?l? oselu Itum? ti Federalism, g?g?bi oselu oloselu, ati ti ohun ti o j? ""?gb?? ò?èlú"", yat? p?lu oril?-ede ati itan itan. Aw?n gbigbe ti o ni nkan ?e p?lu idasile tabi idagbasoke aw?n federations le fihan boya i?agbek? tabi sis?t? aw?n i??l?. Fun ap??r?, ni akoko ti a ti fi aw?n oril?-ede w?nyi mul?, aw?n ?gb? ti a m? ni ""aw?n ?gb?? ò?èlú"" ni Ilu Am?rika ati Australia ?e igbaduro i?afihan ij?ba ti o lagbara. Bakanna, ni aw?n iselu ti Euroopu, aw?n alakoso Federal nilo jul? ifowosowopo EU. Ni idakeji, ni Spain ati l?hin post-ogun Germany, aw?n apapo apapo ti wá ifarahan: gbigbe agbara lati aw?n alakoso ij?ba si aw?n agbegbe. Ni Kánádà, ni ibi ti Quebec separatism ti j? agbara oloselu fun ?p?l?p? ?dun, ""ifunukal?"" ?gb?? ò?èlú ""ni lati mu Quebec ni Kánádà. Federalism bi ?r? kan idojuk? aw?n ?r? Federalism, ati aw?n miiran iwa ti agbegbe agbegbe, ti wa ni gbogbo ri bi ?na ti o wulo lati ?e ilana aw?n oselu lati daabobo iwa-ipa laarin aw?n ?gb? ori?iri?i laarin aw?n oril?-ede nitori pe o fun laaye aw?n ?gb? kan lati ?e agbekal? ni ipele ti oril?-ede. [43] Di? ninu aw?n ?j?gb?n ti daba, sib?sib?, pe Federalism le pin aw?n oril?-ede ati ki o ja si idap? ipinle nitori o ??da aw?n ikede. [44] Sib? aw?n ?lomiran ti fi hàn pe ijoba-okeere j? iyat? nikan nigbati ko ni aw?n igbes? ti o ?e atil?yin fun aw?n oselu oloselu lati dije aw?n agbegbe agbegbe. [45]", 5800494578953285740,train,where is france located on a world map,"France (French : (fʁɑ̃s)), officially the French Republic (French : République française (ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz)), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country 's 18 integral regions (five of which are situated overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.15 million (as of October 2017). France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.",['jane addams'],ibo ni france wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Fránsì (pípè /ˈfræns/\xa0( listen) franss tabi /ˈfrɑːns/ frahns; French pronunciation (ìrànwọ́·ìkéde): [fʁɑ̃s]), fun ibise gege bi Ile Faranse Olominira (Faransé: République française, pípè\xa0[ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), je orile-ede ni apa iwoorun Europe, to ni opolopo agbegbe ati erekusu ni oke okun ti won wa ni awon orile miran. Fransi je orile-ede onisokan olominira ti aare die ti bi o se n sise wa ninu Ipolongo awon eto Eniyan ati ti Arailu.']","['Fránsì je orile-ede ni apa iwoorun Europe, to ni opolopo agbegbe ati erekusu ni oke okun ti won wa ni awon orile miran. Fransi je orile-ede onisokan olominira ti aare die ti bi o se n sise wa ninu Ipolongo awon eto Eniyan ati ti Arailu.']",['P1'],1,0,"Fránsì Fránsì (pípè /?fræns/ franss tabi /?fr??ns/ frahns; (ìrànw??·ìkéde): [f???s]), fun ibise gege bi Ile Faranse Olominira (Faransé: République française, pípè [?epyblik f???s?z]), je orile-ede ni apa iwoorun Yuropu, to ni opolopo agbegbe ati erekusu ni oke okun ti won wa ni awon orile miran.[11] Fransi je orile-ede onisokan olominira ti aare die ti bi o se n sise wa ninu Ipolongo awon eto Eniyan ati ti Arailu.", -2303666062057780816,train,where is ghana located on the africa map,"Ghana (/ ˈɡɑːnə / (listen)), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2, Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. Ghana means `` Warrior King '' in the Soninke language.",['james clerk maxwell'],ibo ni ghana wà lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀ áfíríkà,Yes,"['Ní ìfọwọ́sí \'\'Republic of Ghana"", jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan pẹ̀lú Gulf of Guinea àti Òkun Àtìláńtíìkì, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọ̀-oòrun Afíríkà.']","['o jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan pẹ̀lú Gulf of Guinea àti Òkun Àtìláńtíìkì, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọ̀-oòrun Afíríkà.']",['P1'],1,0,"Gánà Gánà IPA: [gá.nà], j?? oríl??-èdè ní ìhà ìw??-oòrùn il?? Afíríkà. Ní ìf?w??sí, j?? oríl??-èdè kan p??lú Òkun Àríwá àti Òkun Àtìlá?tíìkì, ní oríl??-èdè Ìw??-oòrun Afíríkà. Gbígbà ibi-il?? kan ti 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), Gánà ? ko Orílè?-èdè Côte d'Ivoire ní ìw??-oòrun, Oríl??èdè Burkina Faso ní àríwá, Tógò ní ìlà-oòrun, àti Gulf of Guinea àti Òkun Àtìlá?tíìkì ní gúúsù. Ìlú Gánà túm?? sí ""?ba Ajagun"" ní èdè Soninke.[11] Ìpínl?? àk??k?? tí ó wà títí ní agbègbè Gánà lónìí láti ?j?? k?sàn-án ?dún 11 j??, Ìpínl?? B??nò ti ??dúnrún náà.[12] ??p??l?p?? àw?n ìj?ba àti àw?n ìj?ba tó fara hàn ní àw?n ??rúndún, èyí tó lágbára jù l? ni ìj?ba Dagbon [13] ati ìj?ba À?á?tì.[14] Láti ?dún karùn-úndínlógún, ìj?ba Ìlú Potogí, p??lú ??p??l?p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára Yúróòpù mìíràn l??yìn, díje agbègbè nítorí ì?òwò, títí tí Ìj?ba G????sì fi ìdí múl?? ì?àkóso etíkun ní òpin ?dún 19k. L??yìn ?g??rùn-ún ?dún atakò ti àw?n ?m? abínibí, ohun tí ó j?? ààlà Gánà ní báyìí t?? lé ààlà tí èyí tí ó j?? agbègbè ìj?ba amúnisìn G????sì m??rin ??t??t??: Gold Coast, À?á?tì, Àw?n Agbègbè Àríwá àti Il?? Tógò G????sì. Àw?n w??nyí ni ì???kan g??g?? bí ìj?ba olómìnira láàárín Ìj?ba àpap?? G????sì ní o?ù k?ta, ?j?? k?fà, ?dún 1957.[15][16][17] Olùgbé Gánà tó tó mílí??nù 30[18] ní ??p??l?p?? àw?n ??yà, èdè àti ??sìn àw?n ?gb??. G??g?? bí ìkànìyàn ti 2010, 71.2% oríl??-èdè j?? onígbàgb??, 17.6% j?? Mùsùlùmí, àti 5.2% j?? onísìn ìbíl?? tàbí kò sí ??sìn. [19] Onírúurú il?? àti ìm??-jìnl?? ti àw?n sàkánì láti ??dàn etíkun sí igbó kìjikìji olóoru. Oríl??-èdè Gánà j?? ìj?ba tiwantiwa t’oríl??-ede kan tó j?? olùdarí nípas?? adarí kan tó j?? orí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba.[20] Ìdàgbàsókè ètò-?r?? ti ? mú Gánà dàgbà, ètò ò?èlú tiwantiwa sì ti j?? kí Gánà j?? oríl??-èdè alágbára ní agbègbè òun ní Ìw??-oòrùn Afíríkà.[21] Ó j?? ?m? ?gb?? ti Non-Aligned Movement, Ì???kan Afíríkà (AU), Àgbàj? Tòkòwò àw?n Oríl??-èdè Ìw?-oòrùn Afíríkà (ECOWAS), ?gb?? 24 (G24) àti Àgbáyé ti Àw?n Oríl??-èdè.[22] Ìtàn Ère alám?? Akan ti ??dúnrún 16k, Ibi Ìkóhun-ì?è??báyé Metropolitan, Gánà Máàpù ?dún 1850 tó fi ?m? Akan Ìj?ba À?á?tì nínú ìhà Gínì àti ?kùn àyíká ní ìw??-oòrùn Afíríkà hàn ?nà oníd? À?á?tì ti ??rúndún 18k tí w??n pè ní kuduo. Eruku wúrà àti ègé wúrà ni w??n fi pam?? nínú kuduo, àti ohun ìní míì náà. G??g?? bí kóló fún kra ( ipá ìwàláàyè) ?ni tó ní i, kuduo ?e kókó nínú ay?y? fún bíb?? onít??hún. A m? Gánà g??g?? bí ??kan nínú àw?n ìj?ba ?lá ní Bilad el-Sudan nípas?? ??rúndún k?sàn-án.[23] Oríl??-èdè Gánà ni ó wà láàárín ogoro àti ?j?-iwari nípas?? ??p??l?p?? àw?n ìj?ba Akan tó borí púp?? jù l? ní àw?n agbègbè Gúúsù ati Àárín gbùngbùn. Èyí p??lú Ottoman À?á?tì, Akwamu, Bonoman, Denkyira, ati ij?ba Mankessim.[24] Bó til?? j?? pé agbègbè ti Gánà òde òní ni Ìw??-oòrun Afíríkà ti ní ìrírí ??p??l?p?? àw?n àgbéká olùgbé, àw?n Akan ti fìdí r?? múl?? ní ??rúndún karùn-ún.[25][26] Ní ìb??r?? ??rúndún 11k, àw?n Akan ti fìdí r?? múl?? nílùú Akan tí w??n pè ní Bonoman, èyí tí a dárúk? Ekun Brong-Ahafo.[25][27] Láti ??rúndún k???dógún, àw?n ?m? Akan ti inú ohun tí a gbàgb?? pé ó ti j?? agbègbè Bonoman, láti ???dá ??p??l?p?? àw?n ìlú Akan ti Gánà, ní àk??k?? dá lórí òwò wúrà.[28] Àw?n ìpínl?? w??nyí p??lú Bonoman (?kùn Brong-Ahafo), À?á?tì (?kùn À?á?tì), Denkyira (?kùn Ìw??-oòrùn Àríwá), ìj?ba Mankessim (?kùn Àárín gbùngbùn),àati Akwamu (agbègbè Ìlà-oòrun). Ní ?dún 19k, agbègbè ti ìhà gúúsù ti Gánà ni ó wà nínú ìj?ba À?á?tì, ??kan nínú àw?n ìpínl?? tó lágbára jù l? ní ìhà a?ál?? Afíríkà ?áájú ìb??r?? ètò amúnisìn.[25] Ìj?ba À?á?tì ?i??? ní ì?áájú l??nà tí kò súnm?? tím??tím??, àti ník??yìn bí ìj?ba àjùm???e p??lú ìl?síwájú, i???-?í?e ay??gínní tó ga jù l? tó dá ní olú-ìlú Kumasi.[25] ?áájú ìbá?ep?? Akan p??lú àw?n òyìnbó, àw?n èèyàn Akan ti ???dá ètò-?r?? tó ní ìl?síwájú tó dá lé lórí pàtàkì wúrà àw?n ?jà oníwúrà tí w??n tà sáw?n ìlú Afíríkà.[25][29] Àw?n ìj?ba àk??k?? tí a m?? láti fara hàn nílùú Gánà ti òde òní ni àw?n ìlú Mole-Dagbani. Mole-Dagomba g??in wá láti Burkina Faso ti òde òní láb?? adarí Naa Gbewaa nìkan.[30] P??lú àw?n ohun ìjà tó já fáfá àti tó dá lórí alá?? àárín gbùngbùn kan, w??n tètè gbógun tì w??n sì t?? dó sí il?? èèyàn agbègbè Tendamba (àw?n àlùfáà ?l??run il??) w??n ?àkóso w?n, w??n sì fi ìdí w?n múl?? g??g?? bí alá?? lórí àw?n abínibí, w??n fi Gambaga j?ba.[31] Ikú Naa Gbewaa fa ìjà ab??lé láàárín àw?n ?m? r??, dí?? nínú àw?n tó kúrò láti t?? dó àw?n ìj?ba ??t??t?? p??lú Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba àti Wala. ", -5842731481904704359,train,is guyana part of the caribbean or south america,"Guyana (pronounced / ɡaɪˈɑːnə / or / ɡaɪˈænə /), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America. It is, however, often considered part of the Caribbean region because of its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Anglo - Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west. With 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the third - smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname.",['helium'],ṣé guyana jẹ́ apá caribbean tàbí gúúsù amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Gùyánà ( /ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Aláfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ ilẹ̀ Gùyánà, je orile-ede alase ni etiomi apaariwa ni Guusu Amerika.']",['Gùyánà je orile-ede alase ni etiomi apaariwa ni Guusu Amerika.'],['P1'],1,0,"Gùyánà Gùyánà (play /?a??æn?/ gy-AN-?),[5] lonibise bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Aláf?w??sow??p?? il?? Gùyánà,[6] je orile-ede alase ni etiomi apaariwa ni Guusu Amerika. Asa re je ko jo awon Eledegeesi Karibeani be sini o je ikan ninu awon orile-ede Karibeani die ti ko je erekusu. Agbajo Karibeani (CARICOM), ti Guyana je omoegbe, ni ibudo isese re ni oluilu Guyana, Georgetown. Guyana tele je ibiamusin Holandi ati fun ogorun meji odun ti Ileoba Asokan. O j? ipinl? kan?o?o ti Agbaye ti Aw?n oril?-ede lori oluile Apa Guusu Amerika ati ipinl? kan?o?o ni Apa Guusu Amerika nibiti G??si j? ede osise. Guyana gba ominira lati United Kingdom ni ?j? 26 o?u karun, odun 1966 o si di olominira ni ?j? 23 o?u Keji ?dun 1970. Ni ?dun 2008, oril?-ede naa darap? m? aj? aw?n Oril?-ede Guusu Am??rika g?g? bi ?m? ?gb? oludasil?. Laye atij?, agbegbe ti w?n n pe ni ""Guyana"" ni aala il? nla to wani ariwa Odo Amazon ati ila oorun Odo Orinoco w?n n pe ""Il? okun pup?"". Guyana tatij? consists ni aw?n ileto Dutch m?ta: Essequibo, Demerara ati Berbice. Oril?-ede Suriname lo yi Guyana ode oni ka lapa ila oorun; oril??-ede Brazil lo yi i ka lapa guusu ati lapa guusu iwo oorun; oril??-ede Venezuela lo yi ka lapa iwo oorun; okun Atlantiiki lo yi i ka lapa ariwa. Ní 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana ni oril??-ede k?ta ti o kere jul? ni ile Guusu Amerika l?yin Uruguay ati Suriname. Nnkan bi ?k? meje o le ?gbaakeji [770,000] eeyan lo n gbe ib?.","Not to be confused with the French overseas region of French Guiana . For other uses, see Guyana (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 5°00′N 58°45′W  /  5°N 58.75°W  / 5; -58.75 Guyana (pronounced / ɡ aɪ ˈ ɑː n ə / or / ɡ aɪ ˈ æ n ə / ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America . It is, however, often considered part of the Caribbean region because of its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Anglo-Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west. With 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the third-smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname . The region known as "" the Guianas "" consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the ""land of many waters"". Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups, Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century. It was governed as British Guiana , with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s. It gained independence in 1966, and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country's political administration and diverse population, which includes Indian , African, Amerindian, and multiracial groups. Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language. The majority of the population, however, speak Guyanese Creole , an English-based creole language , as a first language. Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean . CARICOM, of which Guyana is a member, is headquartered in Guyana's capital and largest city, Georgetown . In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Regions and Neighbourhood Councils 3.2 Boundary disputes 3.3 Environment and biodiversity 3.4 World Heritage sites 3.5 Landmarks 4 Economy 4.1 Summary 5 International and regional relations 5.1 The Organisation of American States (OAS) 5.1.1 Summits of the Americas 5.2 Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA) 5.2.1 List of International Organization Memberships 5.3 Agreements which affect financial relationships 5.3.1 The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 5.3.2 FATCA 6 Demographics 6.1 Largest cities 6.2 Languages 6.3 Religion 7 Government and politics 7.1 Public procurement 7.2 Military 7.3 Human rights 8 Infrastructure and telecommunications 8.1 Transport 8.2 Electricity 8.3 Telecommunications 8.3.1 Telephone system 8.3.2 Radio broadcast stations 8.3.3 Television broadcast stations 8.3.4 Satellite television 8.3.5 Internet system 9 Health 10 Education 11 Culture 12 Wildlife 13 Sports 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name ""Guyana"" derives from Guiana , the original name for the region that formerly included Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname ( Dutch Guiana ), French Guiana, and parts of Colombia , Venezuela and Brazil. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , ""Guyana"" comes from an indigenous Amerindian language and means ""land of many waters"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of Guyana A map of Dutch Guiana 1667–1814 Map of British Guiana There are nine indigenous tribes residing in Guyana: the Wai Wai , Macushi , Patamona , Lokono , Kalina , Wapishana , Pemon , Akawaio and Warao . Historically the Lokono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana. Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752). After the British assumed control in 1796, the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814. In 1831 the three separate colonies became a single British colony known as British Guiana . Georgetown in 1823 Since its independence in 1824 Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the Essequibo River . Simón Bolívar wrote to the British government warning against the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the sixteenth century, claimed was theirs. In 1899 an international tribunal ruled the land belonged to Great Britain. The British territorial claim stemmed from Dutch involvement and colonization of the area also dating to the sixteenth century, which was ceded to the British. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. The US State Department and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), along with the British government, played a strong role in influencing political control in Guyana during this time. The American government supported Forbes Burnham during the early years of independence because Cheddi Jagan was identified as a Marxist . They provided secret financial support and political campaign advice to Burnham's People's National Congress , to the detriment of the Jagan-led People's Progressive Party , which was mostly supported by Guyanese of East Indian background. In 1978, Guyana received international notice when 918 members of the American cult, Peoples Temple , died in a mass murder/suicide drinking cyanide-laced Flavor Aid . However, most of the suicides were by Americans and not Guyanese. More than 300 children were killed; the people were members of a group led by Jim Jones in Jonestown , the settlement which they had created. Jim Jones's bodyguards had earlier attacked people taking off at a small remote airstrip close to Jonestown, killing five people, including Leo Ryan , a US congressman . In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. Guyana has ratified the treaty. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of Guyana Rupununi Savannah The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1° and 9°N , and longitudes 56° and 62°W . The country can be divided into five natural regions; a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white sand belt more inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense rain forests (Forested Highland Region) in the southern part of the country; the dryer savannah areas in the south-west; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border. Some of Guyana's highest mountains are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 metres or 6,699 feet), Monte Caburaí (1,465 metres or 4,806 feet) and Mount Roraima (2,772 metres or 9,094 feet – the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela tripoint border, part of the Pakaraima range. Mount Roraima and Guyana's table-top mountains ( tepuis ) are said to have been the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1912 novel The Lost World . There are also many volcanic escarpments and waterfalls, including Kaieteur Falls which is believed to be the largest water drop in the world. North of the Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah , south of which lie the Kanuku Mountains . The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 kilometres (628 mi) long, the Courentyne River at 724 kilometres (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 kilometres (370 mi), and the Demerara at 346 kilometres (215 mi). The Corentyne river forms the border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands, including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach lies along the northwest coast, which is also a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks ) and other wildlife. The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast trade winds along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January. Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts of which are almost inaccessible by humans. The rich natural history of Guyana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell . In 2008, the BBC broadcast a three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the giant otter and harpy eagle . In 2012, Guyana received a $45 million reward from Norway for its rainforest protection efforts. This stems from a 2009 agreement between the nations for a total of $250 million for protecting and maintaining the natural habitat. Thus far, the country has received $115 million of the total grant. Regions and Neighbourhood Councils [ edit ] Main articles: Regions of Guyana and Neighbourhood Councils of Guyana Guyana is divided into 10 regions: No Region Area km 2 Pop. (2012 Census) Pop. Density per km 2 1 Barima-Waini 20,339 26,941 1.32 2 Pomeroon-Supenaam 6,195 46,810 7.56 3 Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 3,755 107,416 28.61 4 Demerara-Mahaica 2,232 313,429 140.43 5 Mahaica-Berbice 4,190 49,723 11.87 6 East Berbice-Corentyne 36,234 109,431 3.02 7 Cuyuni-Mazaruni 47,213 20,280 0.43 8 Potaro-Siparuni 20,051 10,190 0.51 9 Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo 57,750 24,212 0.42 10 Upper Demerara-Berbice 17,040 39,452 2.32 Total 214,999 747,884 3.48 The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils. Boundary disputes [ edit ] See also: Schomburgk Line and Borders of Suriname Guyana is in border disputes with both Suriname, which claims the area east of the left bank of the Corentyne River and the New River in southwestern Suriname, and Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba . The maritime component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea , and a ruling was announced on 21 September 2007. The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party. When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni River basin within the colony. Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River. In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an international arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 the tribunal issued an award giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana. The arbitration was concluded, settled and accepted into International law by both Venezuela and the U.K. Venezuela brought up again the settled claim, during the 1960s cold war period, and during Guyana's Independence period. This issue is now governed by the Treaty of Geneva of 1966, which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, Great Britain and Venezuela, and Venezuela continues to claim Guayana Esequiba . Venezuela calls this region ""Zona en Reclamación"" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines. Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are Ankoko Island with Venezuela; Corentyne River with Suriname; and Tigri Area or New River Triangle with Suriname. In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the New River Triangle and was forcibly removed. In August 1969 a patrol of the Guyana Defence Force found a survey camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the triangle, and documented evidence of the Surinamese intention to occupy the entire disputed area. After an exchange of gunfire, the Surinamese were driven from the triangle. Environment and biodiversity [ edit ] See also: Category:Flora of Guyana , Category:Fauna of Guyana , and Category:Orchids_of_Guyana Satellite image of Guyana from 2004 Anomaloglossus beebei (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana. The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral, estuarine palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub forests (NBAP, 1999). About 14 areas of biological interest have been identified as possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System. More than 80% of Guyana is still covered by forests, those forest also contains the worlds rarest orchids ranging from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and lowland evergreen rain forests. These forests are home to more than a thousand species of trees. Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively pristine ecosystems support extensive areas of species-rich rain forests and natural habitats with high levels of endemism . Approximately eight thousand species of plants occur in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else. Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. With 1,168 vertebrate species and 814 bird species, it boasts one of the richest mammalian fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world. The Guiana Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically. Unlike other areas of South America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine. The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell. In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 1 million acres (4,000 km 2 ) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District declaring this land as the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area (COCA), to be managed by the Wai Wai . In doing so Guyana created the world's largest Community-Owned Conservation Area. This important event followed a request made by the Wai Wai community to the government of Guyana and Conservation International Guyana (CIG) for assistance in developing a sustainable plan for their lands in Konashen. The three parties signed a Memorandum of Cooperation which outlines a plan for sustainable use of the Konashen COCA's biological resources, identifies threats to the area's biodiversity, and helps develop projects to increase awareness of the COCA as well as generate the income necessary to maintain its protected status. The Konashen Indigenous District of Southern Guyana houses the headwaters of the Essequibo River, Guyana's principal water source, and drains the Kassikaityu, Kamoa, Sipu and Chodikar rivers. Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America. Most of the forests found here are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers. Thanks to the very low human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact. The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 distinct families, and there are certainly additional species still to be recorded. The diversity of plants supports diverse animal life, recently documented by a biological survey organised by Conservation International. The reportedly clean, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo watershed support a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and are home to giant otters , capybaras , and several species of caimans . On land, large mammals, such as jaguars , tapirs , bush dogs , giant anteaters , and saki monkeys are still common. Over 400 species of birds have been reported from the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich. The Konashen COCA forests are also home to countless species of insects, arachnids, and other invertebrates, many of which are still undiscovered and unnamed. The Konashen COCA is relatively unique in that it contains a high level of biological diversity and richness that remains in nearly pristine condition; such places have become rare on earth. This fact has given rise to various non-exploitative, environmentally sustainable industries such as ecotourism, successfully capitalising on the biological wealth of the Konashen COCA with comparatively little enduring impact. World Heritage sites [ edit ] Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume. Guyana signed the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage treaty in 1977, the first Caribbean country to do so. In the mid-1990s, Guyana began the process of selecting sites for World Heritage nomination, and three sites were considered: Kaieteur National Park , Shell Beach and Historic Georgetown. By 1997, work on Kaieteur National Park was started, and in 1998 work on Historic Georgetown was begun. To date, however, Guyana has not made a successful nomination. [ citation needed ] Guyana submitted the Kaieteur National Park, including the Kaieteur Falls, to UNESCO as its first World Heritage Site nomination. The proposed area and surrounds have some of Guyana's most diversified life zones with one of the highest levels of endemic species found in South America. The Kaieteur Falls are the most spectacular feature of the park, falling a distance of 226 metres. The nomination of Kaieteur National Park as a World Heritage Site was not successful, primarily because the area was seen by the evaluators as being too small, especially when compared with the Central Suriname Nature Reserve that had just been nominated as a World Heritage Site (2000). The dossier was thus returned to Guyana for revision. [ citation needed ] Guyana continues in its bid for a World Heritage Site. Work continues, after a period of hiatus, on the nomination dossier for Historic Georgetown. A tentative list indicating an intention to nominate Historic Georgetown was submitted to UNESCO in December 2004. In April 2005, two Dutch experts in conservation spent two weeks in Georgetown supervising architecture staff and students of the University of Guyana in a historic building survey of the selected area. This is part of the data collection for the nomination dossier. [ citation needed ] Meanwhile, as a result of the Kaieteur National Park being considered too small, there is a proposal to prepare a nomination for a Cluster Site that will include the Kaieteur National Park, the Iwokrama Forest and the Kanuku Mountains. The Iwokrama rain forest, an area rich in biological diversity, has been described by Major General (Retired) Joseph Singh as ""a flagship project for conservation."" The Kanuku Mountains area is in a pristine state and is home to more than four hundred species of birds and other animals. [ citation needed ] Guyana holds two of the World Wildlife Fund 's Global 200 eco-regions, [ citation needed ] the Guianan and Guiana Highlands moist forests. It is also home to several endemic species including the greenheart tree. Landmarks [ edit ] St George's Cathedral, Georgetown St George's Anglican Cathedral A historic Anglican Cathedral made of wood. Demerara Harbour Bridge The world's fourth-longest floating bridge. Berbice Bridge The world's sixth-longest floating bridge. Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building Houses the headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the Caribbean. Providence Stadium Situated on Providence on the north bank of the Demerara River and built in time for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country. It is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana. Guyana International Conference Centre Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana. It is the only one of its kind in the country. Stabroek Market A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next to the Demerara River. City Hall A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era. Takutu River Bridge A bridge across the Takutu River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in Brazil. Takutu River Bridge Umana Yana An Amerindian benab, that is a national monument built in 1972, for a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was rebuilt in 2016). Economy [ edit ] Main articles: Economy of Guyana and Agriculture in Guyana See also: List of Guyanese companies A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain Graphical depiction of Guyana's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (production of rice and Demerara sugar ), bauxite and gold mining, timber, shrimp fishing and minerals. In 2015 the first of several significant deep water oil discoveries were found, which will have a significant effect on the economy. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labour and a deficient infrastructure. In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global economic crisis , grew an impressive 5.4% in 2011 and 3.7% in 2012. Until recently, the government was juggling a sizeable external debt against the urgent need for expanded public investment. Low prices for key mining and agricultural commodities combined with troubles in the bauxite and sugar industries, had threatened the government's tenuous fiscal position and dimmed prospects for the future. However, the Guyanese economy has rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth since 1999, thanks to an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organisations. The sugar industry, which accounts for 28% of all export earnings, is largely run by the company GuySuCo , which employs more people than any other industry. Many industries have a large foreign investment. For example, the mineral industry is heavily invested in by the American company Reynolds Metals and the British-Australian Rio Tinto's Rio Tinto Alcan subsidiary; the Korean/Malaysian Barama Company has a large stake in the logging industry. The production of balatá (natural latex ) was once big business in Guyana. Most of the balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the Rupununi. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses of balatá included the making of cricket balls, the temporary filling of troublesome tooth cavities, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi people of the Kanuku mountains). Major private sector organisations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI); The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. The Value Added Tax (VAT) was brought into effect, replacing six different taxes. Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code. Many businesses were very opposed to VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT. By replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlement . This was prevalent under the former PPP/C government who authorised the VAT to be equal to 50% of the value of the good. While the adjustment to VAT has been difficult, it may improve day-to-day life because of the significant additional funds the government will have available for public spending. President Bharrat Jagdeo had made debt relief a foremost priority of his administration. He was quite successful, getting US$800 million of debt written off by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in addition to millions more from other industrial nations. Jagdeo was lauded by IDB President Moreno for his strong leadership and negotiating skills in pursuing debt relief for Guyana and several other regional countries. Summary [ edit ] Thatched roof houses in Guyana GDP/ PPP (2007 estimate) US$3.082 billion (US$4,029 per capita) Real growth rate 3.6% Inflation 12.3% Unemployment 11.0% (2007) Arable land 2% Labour force 418,000 (2001 estimate) Agricultural produce sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish, shrimp Industrial production bauxite , sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining Natural resources bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish Exports US$621.6 million (2006 estimate) sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses , rum, timber, citrus fruits. Imports US$706.9 million (2006 estimate) manufactured items, machinery, petroleum, food. Major trading partners Canada, US, UK, Portugal, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, China, Cuba, Singapore, Japan, Brazil, Suriname (2009) International and regional relations [ edit ] The Organisation of American States (OAS) [ edit ] The Charter of the OAS was signed in Bogota in 1948 and was amended by several Protocols which were named after the city and the year in which the Protocol was signed, such as Managua in 1993 forming part of the name of the Protocol. Guyana is listed as entering into the Inter – American system in 1991. Summits of the Americas [ edit ] The last Summit of the Americas, the eighth, was held in Lima, Peru in 2018 according to the website of the Summits of Americas. Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA) [ edit ] With Guyana having many groups of indigenous persons and given the geographical location of the country, recent developments in the oil and gas sector internationally and offshore, (such as Eliza I and II) the contributions of the Guyanese to the OAS with respect to this area, that is indigenous people may be significant going forward. The position of the OAS with respect to indigenous persons appears to be developing over the years. The following statements appear to capture the position of the OAS with respect to the ILSA :""The ""OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA)"" according to the OAS's website. The most recent ""statement made by the Heads of State of the hemisphere was in the Declaration of Commitments of Port of Spain in 2009 – Paragraph 86"" according to the OAS's website."" The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be a working document. The last ""Meeting for Negotiations in the Quest for Consensus on this area appeared to be Meeting Number (18) eighteen and is listed as being held in May 2015 according to the website. List of International Organization Memberships [ edit ] Organization of Islamic Cooperation Agreements which affect financial relationships [ edit ] The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 [ edit ] At a CARICOM Meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana, Kenneth Valley and Asgar Ally respectively signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on 19 August 1994. Earlier in the year, on 6 July 1994, representatives of eight (8) CARICOM countries signed similar agreements at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St. Michael, Barbados. The other countries whose representatives signed the treaties in Barbados prior to Guyana's signing of a similar treaty were: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas. FATCA [ edit ] On 30 June 2014, Guyana signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). This Model 1 agreement includes a reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Clause 3) which was signed on 22 July 1992 in Georgetown, Guyana which was intended to exchange Tax information on an automatic basis. Demographics [ edit ] Main articles: Demographics of Guyana and Guyanese people Guyana's population density in 2005 (people per km 2 ) A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be clearly seen. The chief majority (about 90%) of Guyana's 773,000 population lives along a narrow coastal strip which ranges from a width of 16 to 64 kilometres (10 to 40 mi) inland and which makes up approximately only 10% of the nation's total land area. The present population of Guyana is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic groups originating from India , Africa , Europe , and China , as well as indigenous or aboriginal peoples. Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, these groups share two common languages: English and Creole. The largest ethnic group is the Indo-Guyanese (also known as East Indians ), the descendants of indentured servants from India, who make up 43.5% of the population, according to the 2002 census. They are followed by the Afro-Guyanese , the descendants of slaves from Africa, who constitute 30.2%. Guyanese of mixed heritage make up 16.7%, while the indigenous peoples (known locally as Amerindians ) make up 9.1%. The indigenous groups include the Arawaks, the Wai Wai , the Caribs, the Akawaio , the Arecuna , the Patamona , the Wapixana , the Macushi and the Warao . The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced some racial tension. The majority of Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured servants who came from Bhojpuri -speaking areas of North India . A sizable minority are South Indian , largely of Tamil and Telugu descent. The distribution pattern in the 2002 census was similar to those of the 1980 and 1991 censuses, but the share of the two main groups has declined. Indo-Guyanese made up 51.9% of the total population in 1980, but by 1991 this had fallen to 48.6%, and then to 43.5% in the 2002 census. Those of African descent increased slightly from 30.8% to 32.3% during the first period (1980 and 1991) before falling to 30.2% in the 2002 census. With small growth in the overall population, the decline in the shares of the two larger groups has resulted in the relative increase of shares of the multiracial and Amerindian groups. The Amerindian population rose by 22,097 people between 1991 and 2002. This represents an increase of 47.3% or annual growth of 3.5%. Similarly, the multiracial population increased by 37,788 persons, representing a 43.0% increase or annual growth rate of 3.2% from the base period of 1991 census. The number of Portuguese (4.3% of the population in 1891) has been declining constantly over the decades. Largest cities [ edit ] Largest cities and towns of Guyana Rank Name Region Population 1 Georgetown Demerara-Mahaica 235,017 2 Linden Upper Demerara-Berbice 44,690 3 New Amsterdam East Berbice-Corentyne 35,039 4 Anna Regina Pomeroon-Supenaam 12,448 5 Bartica Cuyuni-Mazaruni 11,157 6 Skeldon East Berbice-Corentyne 5,859 7 Rosignol Mahaica-Berbice 5,782 8 Mahaica (village) Demerara-Mahaica 4,867 9 Parika Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 4,081 10 Vreed en Hoop Demerara-Mahaica 3,073 Languages [ edit ] Main article: Languages of Guyana English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government, media, and services. The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole with slight African and East Indian influence, as their native tongue. In addition, Cariban languages ( Akawaio , Wai-Wai, and Macushi) are spoken by a small minority, while Indic languages are retained for cultural and religious reasons. Religion [ edit ] Religion in Guyana (2012 census) Pentecostal (23%) Anglican (5%) Seventh-day Adventist (5%) Methodist (1%) Other Christians (21%) Roman Catholic (7%) Hindu (25%) Muslim (7%) Other (3%) Irreligious (3%) Main article: Religion in Guyana According to a 2002 nationwide census on religious affiliation, 57.4% of the population was Christian , 28.4% was Hindu , 7.2% was Muslim , 1.9% adhered to other religions, while 2.3% of the population did not profess any. Among Christians, most are Protestants (34.8%) or other Christian (20.8%), but there is also a minority of Roman Catholics (7.1%). Among Hindu, Vaishnavism is the major tradition. Among Muslims, Sunni are in the majority, while there are also Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities. Among other religions, the Rastafari movement, Buddhism, and the Baha'i Faith are the most popular. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of Guyana The State House, Guyana's presidential residence The Supreme Court of Guyana Guyana's parliament building since 1834 The politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , in which the President of Guyana is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the President and the National Assembly of Guyana . Historically, politics are a source of tension in the country, and violent riots have often broken out during elections. During the 1970s and 1980s, the political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress. In 1992, the first ""free and fair"" elections were overseen by former United States President Jimmy Carter , and the People's Progressive Party led the country until 2015. The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a result often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources. In the General Elections held on 28 November 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) retained a majority, and their presidential candidate Donald Ramotar was elected as President. On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held, resulting in a victory for A Partnership for National Unity-Alliance for Change (APNU-AFC) Coalition party. APNU-AFC, a multi-ethnic, multi-party coalition, won a majority, 33 of 65 seats in the National Assembly. On 16 May 2015, retired army general David A. Granger became the eighth President of Guyana. Public procurement [ edit ] Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016. Military [ edit ] Main article: Guyana Defence Force The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana. Human rights [ edit ] See also: LGBT rights in Guyana Homosexual acts are illegal in Guyana. Infrastructure and telecommunications [ edit ] Transport [ edit ] Main article: Transport in Guyana Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem There are a total of 187 kilometres (116 mi) of railway, all dedicated to ore transport. There are 7,969 kilometres (4,952 mi) of highway, of which 591 kilometres (367 mi) are paved. Navigable waterways extend 1,077 kilometres (669 mi), including the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers. There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma, and New Amsterdam . There are two international airports ( Cheddi Jagan International Airport , Timehri and Eugene F. Correira International Airport (formerly Ogle Airport ); along with about 90 airstrips, nine of which have paved runways. Guyana, Suriname and the Falkland Islands are the only three regions in South America which drive on the left . Electricity [ edit ] Main article: Electricity sector in Guyana The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by Guyana Power and Light (GPL), the state-owned vertically integrated utility. Although the country has a large potential for hydroelectric and bagasse -fueled power generation, most of its 226 MW of installed capacity correspond to inefficient thermoelectric diesel-engine driven generators. [ citation needed ] Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland . Telecommunications [ edit ] Per the CIA World Factbook: Telephone system [ edit ] Telephones : 154,200 main telephone lines (2012) Telephones – mobile cellular: 600,000+ (2014) Domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines; fixed-line teledensity is about 20 per 100 persons; many areas still lack fixed-line telephone services; mobile-cellular teledensity reached 70 per 100 persons in 2011 International: country code – 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) Guyana Telephone & Telegraph (GT&T) is the main mobile phone provider Digicel is also present in Guyana since 2007 providing mobile service for its citizens Radio broadcast stations [ edit ] AM 3, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998) FM 88.5 – Rock FM (New Amsterdam, Berbice) FM 89.1 – NTN Radio (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 89.3 – Radio Guyana Inc. (Essequibo re-transmission frequency) FM 89.7 – Radio Guyana Inc. (Berbice re-transmission frequency) FM 89.5 – Radio Guyana Inc. (Georgetown, Demerara – Head Office) FM 93.1 – Real FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 94.1 – Boom FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 98.1 – Hot FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 100.1 – Fresh FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 104.3 – Power FM (Linden, Demerara) Television broadcast stations [ edit ] Television broadcast was officially introduced to Guyana in 1991. 15 (1 public station (channel 11); 14 private stations which relay US satellite services) (1997) Of which are; L.R.T.V.S-Little Rock Television Station channel 10 (New Amsterdam, Berbice) H.G.P-Halagala General Productions television (Beterverwagting Village, Demerara) RCA Television charity, Essequibo coast Satellite television [ edit ] Satellite television services are offered by DirecTV Caribbean and E-Networks. Internet system [ edit ] Internet country code: .gy Internet hosts: 6,218 (2008) [ citation needed ] Internet users: 270,200 (2014) Health [ edit ] Main article: Health in Guyana Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 67.39 years for both males and females in 2012. The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 2012) ranked the country as having the highest suicide rate in the world, with a mortality rate of 44.2 per 100,000 inhabitants. According to 2011 estimates from the WHO , HIV prevalence is 1.2% of the teen/adult population (ages 15–49). Although Guyana's health profile falls short in comparison with many of its Caribbean neighbours, there has been remarkable progress since 1988, and the Ministry of Health is working to upgrade conditions, procedures, and facilities. [ citation needed ] Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in Guyana Guyana's educational system is considered to be among the best in the Caribbean, but it deteriorated significantly in the 1980s, because of inadequate funding and emigration of many highly educated citizens. Although the education system recovered in the 1990s, it still does not produce the quality of educated students necessary for Guyana to modernise its workforce. [ citation needed ] The country lacks a critical mass of expertise in many of the disciplines and activities on which it depends. At 88.5%, Guyana's literacy rate is the worst in South America. The educational system does not sufficiently focus on the training of Guyanese in science and technology, technical and vocational subjects, business management , or computer sciences . [ citation needed ] The Guyanese education system is modelled on the former British education system. Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance into high school in grade 7. They take the CXC at the end of high school. Schools have introduced the CAPE exams which all other Caribbean countries have introduced. The A-level system, inherited from the British era, has all but disappeared and is offered only in a few schools. Further adding to the problems of the educational system, many of the better-educated professional teachers have emigrated to other countries over the past two decades, mainly because of low pay, lack of opportunities and crime. [ citation needed ] Culture [ edit ] Main article: Culture of Guyana See also: Literature of Guyana and Music of Guyana Holidays 1 January New Year's Day Spring Youman Nabi 23 February Republic Day / Mashramani March Phagwah March / April Good Friday March / April Easter Sunday 1 May Labour Day 5 May Indian Arrival Day 26 May Independence Day First Monday in July CARICOM Day 1 August Emancipation Day October / November Diwali 25 December Christmas 26 or 27 December Boxing Day Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century. Guyana is a founding member of the Caricom (Caribbean Community) economic bloc and also the home of the Bloc's Headquarters, the CARICOM Secretariat. Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean countries. Its blend of Indo-Guyanese (East Indian) and Afro-Guyanese (African) cultures gives it similarities to Trinidad and distinguishes it from other parts of the Americas. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc. Guyana plays international cricket as a part of the West Indies cricket team , and the Guyana team plays first-class cricket against other nations of the Caribbean. In March and April 2007 Guyana co-hosted the Cricket World Cup 2007 . In addition to its CARICOM membership, Guyana is a member of CONCACAF , the international football federation for North and Central America and the Caribbean. Events include Mashramani (Mash), Phagwah ( Holi ), and Deepavali ( Diwali ). Wildlife [ edit ] Among the birds found on Guyana is cock of the rock ( Rupicola rupicola ). Sports [ edit ] See also: Cricket in the West Indies Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies as defined for international cricket purposes ), basketball , football (soccer) , and volleyball. Minor sports include softball cricket (beach cricket) , field hockey, netball , rounders , lawn tennis , table tennis, boxing , squash , rugby , horse racing and a few others. Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket World Cup (CWC 2007). The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on 28 March. At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries. For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF. The highest league in their club system is the GFF Elite League . Guyana also has five courses for horse racing. See also [ edit ] Guyana portal Caribbean Community portal Index of Guyana-related articles LGBT rights in Guyana List of international rankings Outline of Guyana Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Brock, Stanley E. (1999). All the Cowboys Were Indians (Commemorative, illustrated (reprint of Jungle Cowboy ) ed.). Lenoir City, TN: Synergy South, Inc. ISBN 978-1-892329-00-4 . OCLC 51089880 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Brock, Stanley E. (1972). Jungle Cowboy (illustrated ed.). London: Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7091-2972-1 . OCLC 650259 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Donald Haack, Bush Pilot in Diamond Country Hamish MacInnes , Climb to the Lost World (1974) Andrew Salkey, Georgetown Journal (1970) Marion Morrison, Guyana (Enchantment of the World Series) Bob Temple, Guyana Noel C. Bacchus, Guyana Farewell: A Recollection of Childhood in a Faraway Place Marcus Colchester, Guyana: Fragile Frontier Matthew French Young, Guyana: My Fifty Years in the Guyanese Wilds Margaret Bacon, Journey to Guyana Father Andrew Morrison SJ, Justice: The Struggle For Democracy in Guyana 1952–1992 Daly, Vere T. (1974). The Making of Guyana . Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-14482-4 . OCLC 1257829 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . D. Graham Burnett , Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography and a British El Dorado Ovid Abrams, Metegee: The History and Culture of Guyana Waugh, Evelyn (1934). Ninety-two days: The account of a tropical journey through British Guiana and part of Brazil . New York: Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC 3000330 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Gerald Durrell, Three Singles To Adventure Cheddi Jagan. The West on Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom Cheddi Jagan. My Fight For Guyana's Freedom: With Reflections on My Father by Nadira Jagan-Brancier . Colin Henfrey, Through Indian Eyes: A Journey Among the Indian Tribes of Guiana . Stephen G. Rabe, US Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story . Charles Waterton, Wanderings in South America . David Attenborough, Zoo Quest to Guiana (Lutterworth Press, London: 1956). John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge , 2011. Clementi, Cecil (1915). The Chinese in British Guiana (PDF) . Georgetown, British Guiana: The Argosy Company Limited . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . External links [ edit ] Office of the President, Republic of Guyana (official website). Petroleum exploration in Guyana Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana (official website). Wikimedia Atlas of Guyana Outsourcing in Guyana from news publication, Nearshore Americas. Geographic data related to Guyana at OpenStreetMap ""Guyana"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Country Profile from the BBC News . Guyana from the Encyclopædia Britannica . Guyana at UCB Libraries GovPubs . (in Spanish) Derechos Venezolanos de Soberania en el Esequibo , Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores. Venezuelan rights of sovereignty in the Essequibo , Ministry of Popular Power for Foreign Affairs (translated by Google). Guyana at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) The State of the World's Midwifery, Guyana Country Profile . Key Development Forecasts for Guyana from International Futures ." 4090631915393486586,train,where is guyana located on the world map,"Guyana (pronounced / ɡaɪˈɑːnə / or / ɡaɪˈænə /), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America. It is, however, often considered part of the Caribbean region because of its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Anglo Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west. With 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the fourth - smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay, Suriname and French Guiana (an overseas region of France).","['a passage in the book of isaiah', 'from a passage in the book of isaiah']",ibo ni guyana wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Gùyánà ( /ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Aláfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ ilẹ̀ Gùyánà, je orile-ede alase ni etiomi apaariwa ni Guusu Amerika.']","['Gùyánà ( /ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Aláfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ ilẹ̀ Gùyánà, je orile-ede alase ni etiomi apaariwa ni Guusu Amerika.']",['P1'],0,0,"Gùyánà Gùyánà (play /?a??æn?/ gy-AN-?),[5] lonibise bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Aláf?w??sow??p?? il?? Gùyánà,[6] je orile-ede alase ni etiomi apaariwa ni Guusu Amerika. Asa re je ko jo awon Eledegeesi Karibeani be sini o je ikan ninu awon orile-ede Karibeani die ti ko je erekusu. Agbajo Karibeani (CARICOM), ti Guyana je omoegbe, ni ibudo isese re ni oluilu Guyana, Georgetown. Guyana tele je ibiamusin Holandi ati fun ogorun meji odun ti Ileoba Asokan. O j? ipinl? kan?o?o ti Agbaye ti Aw?n oril?-ede lori oluile Apa Guusu Amerika ati ipinl? kan?o?o ni Apa Guusu Amerika nibiti G??si j? ede osise. Guyana gba ominira lati United Kingdom ni ?j? 26 o?u karun, odun 1966 o si di olominira ni ?j? 23 o?u Keji ?dun 1970. Ni ?dun 2008, oril?-ede naa darap? m? aj? aw?n Oril?-ede Guusu Am??rika g?g? bi ?m? ?gb? oludasil?. Laye atij?, agbegbe ti w?n n pe ni ""Guyana"" ni aala il? nla to wani ariwa Odo Amazon ati ila oorun Odo Orinoco w?n n pe ""Il? okun pup?"". Guyana tatij? consists ni aw?n ileto Dutch m?ta: Essequibo, Demerara ati Berbice. Oril?-ede Suriname lo yi Guyana ode oni ka lapa ila oorun; oril??-ede Brazil lo yi i ka lapa guusu ati lapa guusu iwo oorun; oril??-ede Venezuela lo yi ka lapa iwo oorun; okun Atlantiiki lo yi i ka lapa ariwa. Ní 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana ni oril??-ede k?ta ti o kere jul? ni ile Guusu Amerika l?yin Uruguay ati Suriname. Nnkan bi ?k? meje o le ?gbaakeji [770,000] eeyan lo n gbe ib?.","Not to be confused with the French overseas region of French Guiana . For other uses, see Guyana (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 5°00′N 58°45′W  /  5°N 58.75°W  / 5; -58.75 Guyana (pronounced / ɡ aɪ ˈ ɑː n ə / or / ɡ aɪ ˈ æ n ə / ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America . It is, however, often considered part of the Caribbean region because of its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Anglo Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west. With 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the fourth-smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay , Suriname and French Guiana (an overseas region of France ). The region known as "" the Guianas "" consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the ""land of many waters"". Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups, Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century. It was governed as British Guiana , with mostly a plantation style economy until the 1950s. It gained independence in 1966, and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country's political administration and diverse population, which includes Indian , African, Amerindian, and multiracial groups. Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language. The majority of the population, however, speak Guyanese Creole , an English-based creole language , as a first language. In addition to being part of the Anglophone Caribbean , Guyana is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island in the West Indies . CARICOM, of which Guyana is a member, is headquartered in Guyana's capital and largest city, Georgetown . In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Regions and Neighbourhood Councils 3.2 Boundary disputes 3.3 Environment and biodiversity 3.4 World Heritage sites 3.5 Landmarks 4 Economy 4.1 Summary 5 International and regional relations 5.1 The Organisation of American States (OAS) 5.1.1 Summits of the Americas 5.2 Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA) 5.2.1 List of International Organization Memberships 5.3 Agreements which effect financial relationships 5.3.1 The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 5.3.2 FATCA 6 Demographics 6.1 Largest cities 6.2 Language 6.3 Religion 7 Government and politics 7.1 Public procurement 7.2 Military 7.3 Human rights 8 Infrastructure and telecommunications 8.1 Transport 8.2 Electricity 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 8.4 Telecommunications 8.4.1 Telephone system 8.4.2 Radio broadcast stations 8.4.3 Television broadcast stations 8.4.4 Satellite television 8.4.5 Internet system 9 Health 10 Education 11 Culture 12 Wildlife 13 Sports 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name ""Guyana"" is derived from Guiana , the original name for the region that formerly included Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname ( Dutch Guiana ), French Guiana, and parts of Colombia , Venezuela and Brazil. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , Guyana is derived from an Indigenous Amerindian language and means ""land of many waters"". History [ edit ] Main article: History of Guyana A map of Dutch Guiana 1667–1814 Map of British Guiana There are nine indigenous tribes residing in Guyana: the Wai Wai , Macushi , Patamona , Lokono , Kalina , Wapishana , Pemon , Akawaio and Warao . Historically the Lokono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana. Although Christopher Columbus sighted Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account of its discovery in 1596, the Dutch were the first to establish colonies: Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752). After the British assumed control in 1796, the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814. In 1831 the three separate colonies became a single British colony known as British Guiana . Georgetown in 1823 Since its Independence in 1824 Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the Essequibo River . Simón Bolívar wrote to the British government warning against the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the sixteenth century, claimed was theirs. In 1899 an international tribunal ruled the land belonged to Great Britain. The British territorial claim stemmed from Dutch involvement and colonization of the area also dating to the sixteenth century, which was ceded to the British. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. The US State Department and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), along with the British government, played a strong role in influencing political control in Guyana during this time. The American government supported Forbes Burnham during the early years of independence because Cheddi Jagan was identified as a Marxist . They provided secret financial support and political campaign advice to Burnham's People's National Congress , to the detriment of the Jagan-led People's Progressive Party , which was mostly supported by Guyanese of East Indian background. In 1978, Guyana received international notice when 918 members of the American cult, Peoples Temple , died in a mass murder/suicide drinking cyanide laced Kool Aid. However, most of the suicides were by Americans and not Guyanese. More than 300 children were killed; the people were members of a group led by Jim Jones in Jonestown , the settlement which they had created. Jim Jones's bodyguards had earlier attacked people taking off at a small remote airstrip close to Jonestown, killing five people, including Leo Ryan , a US congressman . In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. Guyana has ratified the treaty. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of Guyana Rupununi Savannah The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1° and 9°N , and longitudes 56° and 62°W . The country can be divided into five natural regions; a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white sand belt more inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense rain forests (Forested Highland Region) in the southern part of the country; the desert savannah in the southern west; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border. Some of Guyana's highest mountains are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 metres or 6,699 feet), Monte Caburaí (1,465 metres or 4,806 feet) and Mount Roraima (2,772 metres or 9,094 feet – the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela tripoint border, part of the Pakaraima range. Mount Roraima and Guyana's table-top mountains ( tepuis ) are said to have been the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1912 novel The Lost World . There are also many volcanic escarpments and waterfalls, including Kaieteur Falls which is believed to be the largest water drop in the world. North of the Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah , south of which lie the Kanuku Mountains . The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 kilometres (628 mi) long, the Courantyne River at 724 kilometres (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 kilometres (370 mi), and the Demerara at 346 kilometres (215 mi). The Corentyne river forms the border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands, including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach lies along the northwest coast, which is also a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks ) and other wildlife. The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast trade winds along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January. Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts of which are almost inaccessible by humans. The rich natural history of Guyana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell . In 2008, the BBC broadcast a three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the giant otter and harpy eagle . In 2012, Guyana received a $45 million reward from Norway for its rainforest protection efforts. This stems from a 2009 agreement between the nations for a total of $250 million for protecting and maintaining the natural habitat. Thus far, the country has received $115 million of the total grant. Regions and Neighbourhood Councils [ edit ] Main articles: Regions of Guyana and Neighbourhood Councils of Guyana Guyana is divided into 10 regions: No Region Area km 2 Population (2012 Census) Population(2012 Census) per km 2 1 Barima-Waini 20,339 26,941 1.32 2 Pomeroon-Supenaam 6,195 46,810 7.56 3 Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 3,755 107,416 28.61 4 Demerara-Mahaica 2,232 313,429 140.43 5 Mahaica-Berbice 4,190 49,723 11.87 6 East Berbice-Corentyne 36,234 109,431 3.02 7 Cuyuni-Mazaruni 47,213 20,280 0.43 8 Potaro-Siparuni 20,051 10,190 0.51 9 Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo 57,750 24,212 0.42 10 Upper Demerara-Berbice 17,040 39,452 2.32 Guyana 214,999 747,884 3.48 The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils. Boundary disputes [ edit ] See also: Schomburgk Line and Borders of Suriname Guyana is in border disputes with both Suriname, which claims the area east of the left bank of the Corentyne River and the New River in southwestern Suriname, and Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba . The maritime component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea , and a ruling was announced on 21 September 2007. The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party. When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni River basin within the colony. Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River. In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an international arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 the tribunal issued an award giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana. The arbitration was concluded, settled and accepted into International law by both Venezuela and the U.K. Venezuela brought up again the settled claim, during the 1960s cold war period, and during Guyana's Independence period. This issue is now governed by the Treaty of Geneva of 1966, which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, Great Britain and Venezuela, and Venezuela continues to claim Guayana Esequiba . Venezuela calls this region ""Zona en Reclamación"" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines. Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are Ankoko Island with Venezuela; Corentyne River with Suriname; and Tigri Area or New River Triangle with Suriname. In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the New River Triangle and was forcibly removed. In August 1969 a patrol of the Guyana Defence Force found a survey camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the triangle, and documented evidence of the Surinamese intention to occupy the entire disputed area. After an exchange of gunfire, the Surinamese were driven from the triangle. Environment and biodiversity [ edit ] See also: Category:Flora of Guyana , Category:Fauna of Guyana , and Category:Orchids_of_Guyana Satellite image of Guyana from 2004 Anomaloglossus beebei (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral, estuarine palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub forests (NBAP, 1999). About 14 areas of biological interest have been identified as possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System. More than 80% of Guyana is still covered by forests, those forest also contains the worlds rarest orchids ranging from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and lowland evergreen rain forests. These forests are home to more than a thousand species of trees. Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively pristine ecosystems support extensive areas of species-rich rain forests and natural habitats with high levels of endemism . Approximately eight thousand species of plants occur in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else. Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Guyana, with 1,168 vertebrate species, 814 bird species, boasts one of the richest mammalian fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world. The Guiana Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically. Unlike other areas of South America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine. The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell. In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 1 million acres (4,000 km 2 ) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District declaring this land as the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area (COCA), to be managed by the Wai Wai . In doing so Guyana created the world's largest Community-Owned Conservation Area. This important event followed a request made by the Wai Wai community to the government of Guyana and Conservation International Guyana (CIG) for assistance in developing a sustainable plan for their lands in Konashen. The three parties signed a Memorandum of Cooperation which outlines a plan for sustainable use of the Konashen COCA's biological resources, identifies threats to the area's biodiversity, and helps develop projects to increase awareness of the COCA as well as generate the income necessary to maintain its protected status. The Konashen Indigenous District of Southern Guyana houses the headwaters of the Essequibo River, Guyana's principal water source, and drains the Kassikaityu, Kamoa, Sipu and Chodikar rivers. Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America. Most of the forests found here are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers. Thanks to the very low human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact. The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 distinct families, and there are certainly additional species still to be recorded. Such incredible diversity of plants supports even more impressive diversity of animal life, recently documented by a biological survey organised by Conservation International. The clean, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo watershed support a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and are home to giant otters , capybaras , and several species of caimans . On land, large mammals, such as jaguars , tapirs , bush dogs , giant anteaters , and saki monkeys are still common. Over 400 species of birds have been reported from the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich. The Konashen COCA forests are also home to countless species of insects, arachnids, and other invertebrates, many of which are still undiscovered and unnamed. The Konashen COCA is relatively unique in that it contains a high level of biological diversity and richness that remains in nearly pristine condition; such places have become rare on earth. This fact has given rise to various non-exploitative, environmentally sustainable industries such as ecotourism, successfully capitalising on the biological wealth of the Konashen COCA with comparatively little enduring impact. World Heritage sites [ edit ] Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume Guyana signed the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage treaty in 1977, the first Caribbean country to do so. In the mid-1990s, Guyana began the process of selecting sites for World Heritage nomination, and three sites were considered: Kaieteur National Park , Shell Beach and Historic Georgetown. By 1997, work on Kaieteur National Park was started, and in 1998 work on Historic Georgetown was begun. To date, however, Guyana has not made a successful nomination. [ citation needed ] Guyana submitted the Kaieteur National Park, including the Kaieteur Falls, to UNESCO as its first World Heritage Site nomination. The proposed area and surrounds have some of Guyana's most diversified life zones with one of the highest levels of endemic species found in South America. The Kaieteur Falls are the most spectacular feature of the park, falling a distance of 226 metres. The nomination of Kaieteur National Park as a World Heritage Site was not successful, primarily because the area was seen by the evaluators as being too small, especially when compared with the Central Suriname Nature Reserve that had just been nominated as a World Heritage Site (2000). The dossier was thus returned to Guyana for revision. [ citation needed ] Guyana continues in its bid for a World Heritage Site. Work continues, after a period of hiatus, on the nomination dossier for Historic Georgetown. A tentative list indicating an intention to nominate Historic Georgetown was submitted to UNESCO in December 2004. In April 2005, two Dutch experts in conservation spent two weeks in Georgetown supervising architecture staff and students of the University of Guyana in a historic building survey of the selected area. This is part of the data collection for the nomination dossier. [ citation needed ] Meanwhile, as a result of the Kaieteur National Park being considered too small, there is a proposal to prepare a nomination for a Cluster Site that will include the Kaieteur National Park, the Iwokrama Forest and the Kanuku Mountains. The Iwokrama rain forest, an area rich in biological diversity, has been described by Major General (Retired) Joseph Singh as ""a flagship project for conservation."" The Kanuku Mountains area is in a pristine state and is home to more than four hundred species of birds and other animals. [ citation needed ] Guyana holds two of the World Wildlife Fund 's Global 200 eco-regions, [ citation needed ] the Guianan and Guiana Highlands moist forests. It is also home to several endemic species including the greenheart tree. Landmarks [ edit ] St George's Cathedral, Georgetown St George's Anglican Cathedral One of the tallest wooden church structures in the world and the second tallest wooden house of worship after the Tōdai-ji Temple in Japan. Demerara Harbour Bridge The world's fourth-longest floating bridge. Berbice Bridge The world's sixth-longest floating bridge. Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building Houses the headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the Caribbean. Providence Stadium Situated on Providence on the north bank of the Demerara River and built in time for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country. It is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana. Guyana International Conference Centre Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana. It is the only one of its kind in the country. Stabroek Market A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next to the Demerara River. City Hall A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era. Takutu River Bridge A bridge across the Takutu River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in Brazil. Takutu River Bridge Umana Yana An Amerindian benab, that is a national monument built in 1972, for a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was rebuilt in 2016). Economy [ edit ] Main articles: Economy of Guyana and Agriculture in Guyana See also: List of Guyanese companies A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain Graphical depiction of Guyana's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (production of rice and Demerara sugar ), bauxite mining, gold mining, timber, shrimp fishing and minerals. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labour and a deficient infrastructure. In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global economic crisis , grew an impressive 5.4% in 2011 and 3.7% in 2012. Until recently, the government was juggling a sizeable external debt against the urgent need for expanded public investment. Low prices for key mining and agricultural commodities combined with troubles in the bauxite and sugar industries, had threatened the government's tenuous fiscal position and dimmed prospects for the future. However, the Guyanese economy has rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth since 1999, thanks to an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organisations. The sugar industry, which accounts for 28% of all export earnings, is largely run by the company GuySuCo , which employs more people than any other industry. Many industries have a large foreign investment. For example, the mineral industry is heavily invested in by the American company Reynolds Metals and the British-Australian Rio Tinto's Rio Tinto Alcan subsidiary; the Korean/Malaysian Barama Company has a large stake in the logging industry. The production of balatá (natural latex ) was once big business in Guyana. Most of the balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the Rupununi. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses of balatá included the making of cricket balls, the temporary filling of troublesome tooth cavities, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi people of the Kanuku mountains). Major private sector organisations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI); The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. The Value Added Tax (VAT) was brought into effect, replacing six different taxes. Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code. Many businesses were very opposed to VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT. By replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlement . This was prevalent under the former PPP/C regime who authorised the VAT to be equal to 50% of the value of the good. While the adjustment to VAT has been difficult, it may improve day-to-day life because of the significant additional funds the government will have available for public spending. President Bharrat Jagdeo had made debt relief a foremost priority of his administration. He was quite successful, getting US$800 million of debt written off by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in addition to millions more from other industrial nations. Jagdeo was lauded by IDB President Moreno for his strong leadership and negotiating skills in pursuing debt relief for Guyana and several other regional countries. Summary [ edit ] Thatched roof houses in Guyana GDP/ PPP (2007 estimate) US$3.082 billion (US$4,029 per capita) Real growth rate 3.6% Inflation 12.3% Unemployment 11.0% (2007) Arable land 2% Labour force 418,000 (2001 estimate) Agricultural produce sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish, shrimp Industrial production bauxite , sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining Natural resources bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish Exports US$621.6 million (2006 estimate) sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses , rum, timber, citrus fruits. Imports US$706.9 million (2006 estimate) manufactured items, machinery, petroleum, food. Major trading partners Canada, US, UK, Portugal, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, China, Cuba, Singapore, Japan, Brazil, Suriname (2009) International and regional relations [ edit ] The Organisation of American States (OAS) [ edit ] The Charter of the OAS was signed in Bogota in 1948 and was amended by several Protocols which were named after the city and the year in which the Protocol was signed, such as Managua in 1993 forming part of the name of the Protocol. Guyana is listed as entering into the Inter – American system in 1991. Summits of the Americas [ edit ] The last Summits of the Americas, the seventh, was held in Panama City, Panama in 2015 with the eighth summit being held in Lima, Peru in 2018 according to the website of the Summits of Americas. Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA) [ edit ] With Guyana having many groups of indigenous persons and given the geographical location of the country, recent developments in the oil and gas sector internationally and offshore, (such as Eliza I and II) the contributions of the Guyanese to the OAS with respect to this area, that is indigenous people may be significant going forward. The position of the OAS with respect to indigenous persons appears to be developing over the years. The following statements appear to capture the position of the OAS with respect to the ILSA :""The ""OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA)"" according to the OAS's website. The most recent ""statement made by the Heads of State of the hemisphere was in the Declaration of Commitments of Port of Spain in 2009 – Paragraph 86"" according to the OAS's website."" The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be a working document. The last ""Meeting for Negotiations in the Quest for Consensus on this area appeared to be Meeting Number (18) eighteen and is listed as being held in May 2015 according to the website. List of International Organization Memberships [ edit ] Organization of Islamic Cooperation Agreements which effect financial relationships [ edit ] The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 [ edit ] At a CARICOM Meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana, Kenneth Valley and Asgar Ally respectively signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on 19 August 1994. Earlier in the year, on 6 July 1994, representatives of eight (8) CARICOM countries signed similar agreements at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St. Michael, Barbados. The other countries whose representatives signed the treaties in Barbados prior to Guyana's signing of a similar treaty were: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas."" FATCA [ edit ] On 30 June 2014, Guyana signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). This Model 1 agreement includes a reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Clause 3) which was signed on 22 July 1992 in Georgetown, Guyana which was intended to exchange Tax information on an automatic basis. Demographics [ edit ] Main articles: Demographics of Guyana and Guyanese people Guyana's population density in 2005 (people per km 2 ) A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be clearly seen. The chief majority (about 90%) of Guyana's 773 thousand population lives along a narrow coastal strip which ranges from a width of 16 to 64 kilometres (10 to 40 mi) inland and which makes up approximately only 10% of the nation's total land area. The present population of Guyana is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic groups originating from India , Africa , Europe , and China , as well as indigenous or aboriginal peoples. Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, these groups share two common languages: English and Creole. The largest ethnic group is the Indo-Guyanese (also known as East Indians ), the descendants of indentured servants from India, who make up 43.5% of the population, according to the 2002 census. They are followed by the Afro-Guyanese , the descendants of slaves from Africa, who constitute 30.2%. Guyanese of mixed heritage make up 16.7%, while the indigenous peoples (known locally as Amerindians ) make up 9.1%. The indigenous groups include the Arawaks, the Wai Wai , the Caribs, the Akawaio , the Arecuna , the Patamona , the Wapixana , the Macushi and the Warao . The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced some racial tension. The majority of Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured servants who came from Bhojpuri -speaking areas of North India . A sizable minority are South Indian , largely of Tamil and Telugu descent. The distribution pattern in the 2002 census was similar to those of the 1980 and 1991 censuses, but the share of the two main groups has declined. Indo-Guyanese made up 51.9% of the total population in 1980, but by 1991 this had fallen to 48.6%, and then to 43.5% in the 2002 census. Those of African descent increased slightly from 30.8% to 32.3% during the first period (1980 and 1991) before falling to 30.2% in the 2002 census. With small growth in the overall population, the decline in the shares of the two larger groups has resulted in the relative increase of shares of the multiracial and Amerindian groups. The Amerindian population rose by 22,097 people between 1991 and 2002. This represents an increase of 47.3% or annual growth of 3.5%. Similarly, the multiracial population increased by 37,788 persons, representing a 43.0% increase or annual growth rate of 3.2% from the base period of 1991 census. The number of Portuguese (4.3% of the population in 1891) has been declining constantly over the decades. Largest cities [ edit ] Largest cities and towns of Guyana Rank Name Region Population 1 Georgetown Demerara-Mahaica 235,017 2 Linden Upper Demerara-Berbice 44,690 3 New Amsterdam East Berbice-Corentyne 35,039 4 Anna Regina Pomeroon-Supenaam 12,448 5 Bartica Cuyuni-Mazaruni 11,157 6 Skeldon East Berbice-Corentyne 5,859 7 Rosignol Mahaica-Berbice 5,782 8 Mahaica (village) Demerara-Mahaica 4,867 9 Parika Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 4,081 10 Vreed en Hoop Demerara-Mahaica 3,073 Language [ edit ] Main article: Languages of Guyana English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government, media, and services. The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole with slight African and East Indian influence, as their native tongue. In addition, Cariban languages ( Akawaio , Wai-Wai, and Macushi) are spoken by a small minority, while Indic languages are retained for cultural and religious reasons. Religion [ edit ] Religion in Guyana (2012 census) Pentecostal (23%) Anglican (5%) Seventh-day Adventist (5%) Methodist (1%) Other Christians (21%) Roman Catholic (7%) Hindu (25%) Muslim (7%) Other (3%) Irreligious (3%) Main article: Religion in Guyana According to a 2002 nationwide census on religious affiliation, 57.4% of the population was Christian , 28.4% was Hindu , 7.2% was Muslim , 1.9% adhered to other religions, while 2.3% of the population did not profess any. Among Christians, most are Protestants (34.8%) or other Christian (20.8%), but there is also a minority of Roman Catholics (7.1%). Among Hindu, Vaishnavism is the major tradition. Among Muslims, Sunni are in the majority, while there are also Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities. Among other religions, the Rastafari movement, Buddhism, and the Baha'i Faith are the most popular. Government and politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of Guyana The State House, Guyana's presidential residence The Supreme Court of Guyana Guyana's parliament building since 1834 The politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , in which the President of Guyana is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the President and the National Assembly of Guyana . Historically, politics are a source of tension in the country, and violent riots have often broken out during elections. During the 1970s and 1980s, the political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress. In 1992, the first ""free and fair"" elections were overseen by former United States President Jimmy Carter , and the People's Progressive Party led the country until 2015. The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a result often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources. In the General Elections held on 28 November 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) retained a majority, and their presidential candidate Donald Ramotar was elected as President. On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held, resulting in a victory for A Partnership for National Unity-Alliance for Change (APNU-AFC) Coalition party. APNU-AFC, a multi-ethnic, multi-party coalition, won a majority, 33 of 65 seats in the National Assembly. On 16 May 2015, retired army general David A. Granger became the eighth President of Guyana. Public procurement [ edit ] Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016. Military [ edit ] Main article: Guyana Defence Force The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana. Human rights [ edit ] See also: LGBT rights in Guyana Homosexual acts are illegal in Guyana. Infrastructure and telecommunications [ edit ] Transport [ edit ] Main article: Transport in Guyana Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem There are a total of 187 kilometres (116 mi) of railway, all dedicated to ore transport. There are 7,969 kilometres (4,952 mi) of highway, of which 591 kilometres (367 mi) are paved. Navigable waterways extend 1,077 kilometres (669 mi), including the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers. There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma, and New Amsterdam . There are two international airports ( Cheddi Jagan International Airport , Timehri and Eugene F. Correira International Airport , Ogle); along with about 90 airstrips, nine of which have paved runways. Guyana, Suriname and the Falkland Islands are the only three regions in South America which drive on the left . Electricity [ edit ] Main article: Electricity sector in Guyana The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by Guyana Power and Light (GPL), the state-owned vertically integrated utility. Although the country has a large potential for hydroelectric and bagasse -fueled power generation, most of its 226 MW of installed capacity correspond to inefficient thermoelectric diesel-engine driven generators. [ citation needed ] Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland . Water supply and sanitation [ edit ] Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Guyana Key issues in the water and sanitation sector in Guyana are poor service quality, a low level of cost recovery and low levels of access. A high-profile management contract with the British company Severn Trent was cancelled by the government in February 2007. In 2008 the public utility Guyana Water Inc implemented a Turnaround Plan (TAP) to reduce non-revenue water and to financially consolidate the utility. NRW reduction is expected to be 5% per annum for the three-year period of the plan, A midterm review is now due to examine the success of the TAP. Telecommunications [ edit ] Per the CIA World Factbook: Telephone system [ edit ] Telephones : 154,200 main telephone lines (2012) Telephones – mobile cellular: 600,000+ (2014) Domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines; fixed-line teledensity is about 20 per 100 persons; many areas still lack fixed-line telephone services; mobile-cellular teledensity reached 70 per 100 persons in 2011 International: country code – 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) Guyana Telephone & Telegraph (GT&T) is the main mobile phone provider Digicel is also present in Guyana since 2007 providing mobile service for its citizens Radio broadcast stations [ edit ] AM 3, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998) FM 88.5 – Rock FM (New Amsterdam, Berbice) FM 89.1 – NTN Radio (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 89.3 – Radio Guyana Inc. (Essequibo re-transmission frequency) FM 89.7 – Radio Guyana Inc. (Berbice re-transmission frequency) FM 89.5 – Radio Guyana Inc. (Georgetown, Demerara – Head Office) FM 93.1 – Real FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 94.1 – Boom FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 98.1 – Hot FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 100.1 – Fresh FM (Georgetown, Demerara) FM 104.3 – Power FM (Linden, Demerara) Television broadcast stations [ edit ] Television broadcast was officially introduced to Guyana in 1991. 15 (1 public station (channel 11); 14 private stations which relay US satellite services) (1997) Of which are; L.R.T.V.S-Little Rock Television Station channel 10 (New Amsterdam, Berbice) H.G.P-Halagala General Productions television (Beterverwagting Village, Demerara) RCA Television charity, Essequibo coast Satellite television [ edit ] Satellite television services are offered by DirecTV Caribbean and E-Networks. Internet system [ edit ] Internet country code: .gy Internet hosts: 6,218 (2008) [ citation needed ] Internet users: 270,200 (2014) Health [ edit ] Main article: Health in Guyana Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 67.39 years for both males and females in 2012. The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 2012) ranked the country as having the highest suicide rate in the world, with a mortality rate of 44.2 per 100,000 inhabitants. According to 2011 estimates from the WHO , HIV prevalence is 1.2% of the teen/adult population (ages 15–49). Although Guyana's health profile falls short in comparison with many of its Caribbean neighbours, there has been remarkable progress since 1988, and the Ministry of Health is working to upgrade conditions, procedures, and facilities. [ citation needed ] Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in Guyana Guyana's educational system is considered to be among the best in the Caribbean, but it deteriorated significantly in the 1980s, because of inadequate funding and emigration of many highly educated citizens. Although the education system recovered in the 1990s, it still does not produce the quality of educated students necessary for Guyana to modernise its workforce. [ citation needed ] The country lacks a critical mass of expertise in many of the disciplines and activities on which it depends. At 88.5%, Guyana's literacy rate is the worst in South America. The educational system does not sufficiently focus on the training of Guyanese in science and technology, technical and vocational subjects, business management , or computer sciences . [ citation needed ] The Guyanese education system is modelled on the former British education system. Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance into high school in grade 7. They take the CXC at the end of high school. Schools have introduced the CAPE exams which all other Caribbean countries have introduced. The A-level system, inherited from the British era, has all but disappeared and is offered only in a few schools. Further adding to the problems of the educational system, many of the better-educated professional teachers have emigrated to other countries over the past two decades, mainly because of low pay, lack of opportunities and crime. [ citation needed ] Culture [ edit ] Main article: Culture of Guyana See also: Literature of Guyana and Music of Guyana Holidays 1 January New Year's Day Spring Youman Nabi 23 February Republic Day / Mashramani March Phagwah March / April Good Friday March / April Easter Sunday 5 May Indian Arrival Day 26 May Independence Day First Monday in July CARICOM Day 1 August Emancipation Day October / November Diwali 25 December Christmas 26 or 27 December Boxing Day Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century. Guyana is a founding member of the Caricom (Caribbean Community) economic bloc and also the home of the Bloc's Headquarters, the CARICOM Secretariat. Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean countries. Its blend of Indo-Guyanese (East Indian) and Afro-Guyanese (African) cultures gives it similarities to Trinidad and distinguishes it from other parts of the Americas. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc. Guyana plays international cricket as a part of the West Indies cricket team , and the Guyana team plays first-class cricket against other nations of the Caribbean. In March and April 2007 Guyana co-hosted the Cricket World Cup 2007 . In addition to its CARICOM membership, Guyana is a member of CONCACAF , the international football federation for North and Central America and the Caribbean. Events include Mashramani (Mash), Phagwah ( Holi ), and Deepavali ( Diwali ). Wildlife [ edit ] Among the birds found on Guyana is cock of the rock ( Rupicola rupicola ). Sports [ edit ] See also: Cricket in the West Indies Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies as defined for international cricket purposes ), basketball , football and volleyball. Minor sports include softball cricket (beach cricket) , field hockey, netball , rounders , lawn tennis , table tennis, boxing , squash , rugby , horse racing and a few others. Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket World Cup (CWC 2007). The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on 28 March. At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries. For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF. The highest league in their club system is the GFF National Super League . Guyana also has five courses for horse racing. See also [ edit ] Guyana portal Caribbean Community portal Index of Guyana-related articles LGBT rights in Guyana List of international rankings Outline of Guyana Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Brock, Stanley E. (1999). All the Cowboys Were Indians (Commemorative, illustrated (reprint of Jungle Cowboy ) ed.). Lenoir City, TN: Synergy South, Inc. ISBN 978-1-892329-00-4 . OCLC 51089880 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Brock, Stanley E. (1972). Jungle Cowboy (illustrated ed.). London: Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7091-2972-1 . OCLC 650259 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Donald Haack, Bush Pilot in Diamond Country Hamish MacInnes , Climb to the Lost World (1974) Andrew Salkey, Georgetown Journal (1970) Marion Morrison, Guyana (Enchantment of the World Series) Bob Temple, Guyana Noel C. Bacchus, Guyana Farewell: A Recollection of Childhood in a Faraway Place Marcus Colchester, Guyana: Fragile Frontier Matthew French Young, Guyana: My Fifty Years in the Guyanese Wilds Margaret Bacon, Journey to Guyana Father Andrew Morrison SJ, Justice: The Struggle For Democracy in Guyana 1952–1992 Daly, Vere T. (1974). The Making of Guyana . Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-14482-4 . OCLC 1257829 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . D. Graham Burnett , Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography and a British El Dorado Ovid Abrams, Metegee: The History and Culture of Guyana Waugh, Evelyn (1934). Ninety-two days: The account of a tropical journey through British Guiana and part of Brazil . New York: Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC 3000330 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Gerald Durrell, Three Singles To Adventure Cheddi Jagan. The West on Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom Cheddi Jagan. My Fight For Guyana's Freedom: With Reflections on My Father by Nadira Jagan-Brancier . Colin Henfrey, Through Indian Eyes: A Journey Among the Indian Tribes of Guiana . Stephen G. Rabe, US Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story . Charles Waterton, Wanderings in South America . David Attenborough, Zoo Quest to Guiana (Lutterworth Press, London: 1956). John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge , 2011. Clementi, Cecil (1915). The Chinese in British Guiana (PDF) . Georgetown, British Guiana: The Argosy Company Limited . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . External links [ edit ] Office of the President, Republic of Guyana (official website). Petroleum exploration in Guyana Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana (official website). Wikimedia Atlas of Guyana Outsourcing in Guyana from news publication, Nearshore Americas. Geographic data related to Guyana at OpenStreetMap ""Guyana"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Country Profile from the BBC News . Guyana from the Encyclopædia Britannica . Guyana at UCB Libraries GovPubs . (in Spanish) Derechos Venezolanos de Soberania en el Esequibo , Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores. Venezuelan rights of sovereignty in the Essequibo , Ministry of Popular Power for Foreign Affairs (translated by Google). Guyana at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) The State of the World's Midwifery, Guyana Country Profile . Key Development Forecasts for Guyana from International Futures ." -5205091082457839995,train,is south africa a continent or a country,"South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe ; and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland ; and surrounds the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th - largest country in the world by land area and, with close to 56 million people, is the world 's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.",['helium'],ṣé gúúsù áfíríkà jẹ́ kọ́ńtínẹ́ǹtì tàbí orílẹ̀-èdè,Yes,['Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Áfíríkà wà ní ẹnu igun Apá guusu Áfíríkà.'],['Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Áfíríkà wà ní ẹnu igun Apá guusu Áfíríkà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Gúúsù Áfríkà Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Gúúsù Áfíríkà wà ní ?nu igun Apá guusu Áfíríkà. Ó ní ibodè p??lú oríl??-èdè Namibia, Botswana àti Zimbabwe ní àríwá, m?? Mozambique àti Swaziland ní ìlà Òòrùn, 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) etí odò ní Okun Atlantiki àti Okun India[7][8], ti Lesotho si budo je yiyika pelu re.[9] Àw?n Ìgbèríko Gúúsù Áfíríkà Oríl??-èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà pín sí igberiko 9. Ìrìn-àjò South Africa j? oríl?-èdè kan p?lu ìtàn àk???l?? ti ?l??yàm??yà; láti igba miiran ti i?agbega iwa-ipa ti o k?ja, oril?-ede yii ka lati j? idagbasoke jul? jul? lori il? Afirika da duro di? ninu aw?n aleebu irora. ?ugb?n a ko le dinku il? ik?ja yii si aw?n abaw?n itan r?: loni, oril?-ede j? ?kan ninu aw?n irin-ajo ti o dara jul? jul? ni agbaye, ni ifam?ra ?gb??gb?run aw?n ?m? ile-iwe, ati pe ?p?l?p? aw?n alejo ?e irin ajo lati ?e ?wa si agbegbe ti o dara yii[13].", -1572102267788343260,train,where is south africa located on a map,"South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe ; and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland ; and surrounds the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th - largest country in the world by land area, with close to 56 million people, is the world 's 24th-most populous nation and the largest in Southern Africa. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.","['white', 'october 13, 1792', 'sandstone', '1792 and 1800']",ibo ni south africa wà lórí àwòrán-ayé,Yes,['Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Áfíríkà wà ní ẹnu igun Apá guusu Áfíríkà.'],['Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Áfíríkà wà ní ẹnu igun Apá guusu Áfíríkà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Gúúsù Áfríkà Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Gúúsù Áfíríkà wà ní ?nu igun Apá guusu Áfíríkà. Ó ní ibodè p??lú oríl??-èdè Namibia, Botswana àti Zimbabwe ní àríwá, m?? Mozambique àti Swaziland ní ìlà Òòrùn, 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) etí odò ní Okun Atlantiki àti Okun India[7][8], ti Lesotho si budo je yiyika pelu re.[9] Àw?n Ìgbèríko Gúúsù Áfíríkà Oríl??-èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà pín sí igberiko 9. Ìrìn-àjò South Africa j? oríl?-èdè kan p?lu ìtàn àk???l?? ti ?l??yàm??yà; láti igba miiran ti i?agbega iwa-ipa ti o k?ja, oril?-ede yii ka lati j? idagbasoke jul? jul? lori il? Afirika da duro di? ninu aw?n aleebu irora. ?ugb?n a ko le dinku il? ik?ja yii si aw?n abaw?n itan r?: loni, oril?-ede j? ?kan ninu aw?n irin-ajo ti o dara jul? jul? ni agbaye, ni ifam?ra ?gb??gb?run aw?n ?m? ile-iwe, ati pe ?p?l?p? aw?n alejo ?e irin ajo lati ?e ?wa si agbegbe ti o dara yii[13].", 9121035028927739027,train,where is georgia located on the world map,"Georgia (Georgian : საქართველო, translit. : sakartvelo, IPA : (sɑkhɑrthvɛlɔ) (listen)) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres (26,911 sq mi), and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million. Georgia is a unitary semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.","['east asia', 'pacific ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the asian mainland and stretches from the sea of okhotsk in the north to the east china sea and taiwan in']",ibo ni georgia wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Georgia je orile-ede ni agbegbe Kafkasusi ni Euroasia.'],['Georgia je orile-ede ni agbegbe Kafkasusi ni Euroasia.'],['P1'],1,0,"Georgia Georgia je orile-ede ni agbegbe Kafkasusi ni Euroasia. ", -392557005136432549,train,where is the country georgia located on the map,"Georgia (/ ˈdʒɔːrdʒə / (listen) ; Georgian : საქართველო, tr. Sakartvelo, IPA : (sɑkhɑrthvɛlɔ) (listen)) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres (26,911 sq mi), and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million. Georgia is a unitary semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.","['web browser', 'old land of my fathers', 'a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the world wide web']",ibo ni orílẹ̀-èdè georgia wà lórí àwòrán-ayé,Yes,['Georgia je orile-ede ni agbegbe Kafkasusi ni Euroasia.'],['Georgia je orile-ede ni agbegbe Kafkasusi ni Euroasia.'],['P1'],1,0,"Georgia Georgia je orile-ede ni agbegbe Kafkasusi ni Euroasia. ", -7045712719500988750,train,who is violet in it's a wonderful life,"Grahame made her film debut in Blonde Fever (1944) and then scored one of her most widely praised roles as the flirtatious Violet Bick, saved from disgrace by George Bailey in It 's a Wonderful Life (1946). MGM was not able to develop her potential as a star and her contract was sold to RKO Studios in 1947.",['christopher hemsworth'],tani ẹni tó jẹ́ violet nínú it's a wonderful life,Yes,['Gloria Grahame je óṣèrè lóbinrin ati akọrin ilẹ america to gba Ebun Akademi bi Obinrin Osere Keji Didarajulo.'],['Gloria Grahame je óṣèrè lóbinrin ati akọrin ilẹ america to gba Ebun Akademi bi Obinrin Osere Keji Didarajulo.'],['P1'],1,0,"Gloria Grahame Gloria Grahame je ó?èrè lóbinrin ati ak?rin il? america to gba Ebun Akademi bi Obinrin Osere Keji Didarajulo[1]. Ìgbèsi Àyè Àrabinrin naa Grahame ni à bisi Los Angeles. Ó?èrè lóbinrin naa ni à t? ni ilana Methodist. Baba Gloria Reginald Michael Bloxam j? architect ti il? èdè g??si ati ólùk?wè ?ùgb?n iya r? Jean McDougall j? ó?èrè lòbinrin il? british[2]. Grahame j? Democrat to ti Adlai Stevenson l?yin lóri campaign r?? lori idibó ar? ni ?dun 1952. Grahame f? ?k? l??m?rin to si bi ?m? m?rim. Ó?èrè lobinrin naa ?è Igbeyawó ak?k? p?lu ó?èrè l?kunrin Stanley Clements ni ó?u August, ?dun 1945. T?k? Taya pinya ni ?dun 1948. Glori f? Director Nicholas Ray ti w?n si bi ?m? ?kunrin Timothy ni o?ù ko?kànlá, ?dun 1948. T?k? Taya pinya ni ?dun 1952. Glori ?è Igbeyawó k?ta p?lu óluk?wè ati óludari television Cy Howard ni ó?u ke?jo?, ?dun 1954 ti w?n si bi ?m? óbinrin Marianna Paulette ni ?dun 1956. T?k? Taya pinya ni ó?u ko?kànlá, ?dun 1957. Gloria ?è Igbèyawó k?rin p?lu ó?èrè l?kunrin Anthony Ray (?m? ?k? r? ?l?kèji) ni ó?u kaa?ru?n, ?dun 1960 ti w?n si bi ?m? ?kunrin meji; Anthony ni ?dun 1963 ati James ni ?dun 1965[3][4]. Ni ó?u March, ?dun 1974 Gloria ni arun j?j?r? ti ?mu. Ni ?dun 1981, ósèrè lóbinrin naa ?è aisan tosi y? ki w?n ?i?è ab? fun ?ugb?n ó k? jal?. Ni ó?u ke?wà, ?dun 1981 Gloria kus si Ilè iwósan St Vincent ni Manhattan, ni Ìlú New York. Ó?èrè lóbinrin naa ni w?n sin si Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery ni Chatsworth, Los Angeles[5][6]. ?k? Grahame l? si ilé ??k?? girama ti Hollywood l?yin naa ni àràbinrin naa kurò nib? lati t?siwaju lóri irin ajo èrè ?i?è[7]. Ami ?y? ati Idanil?la Gloria gba Àmi ?y? ti Oscar ati Golden Globe. Fun ipa Ó?èrè lóbinrin naa ni ilé i??? fíìmù, Gloria gba iraw? star lori Hollywood Walk of Fame ni 6522 Hollywood Boulevard[8][9].","This article is about the American actress born 1923. For the American artist born 1940, see Gloria Graham . Gloria Grahame Grahame in 1947 Born Gloria Grahame Hallward ( 1923-11-28 ) November 28, 1923 Los Angeles , California, U.S. Died October 5, 1981 (1981-10-05) (aged 57) New York City , U.S. Resting place Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery Education Hollywood High School Occupation Actress and singer Years active 1944–1981 Spouse(s) Stanley Clements ( m. 1945; div. 1948) Nicholas Ray ( m. 1948; div. 1952) Cy Howard ( m. 1954; div. 1957) Anthony Ray ( m. 1960; div. 1974) Children 4 Gloria Grahame (born Gloria Grahame Hallward ; November 28, 1923 – October 5, 1981) was an American stage, film, television actress and singer. She began her acting career in theatre, and in 1944 made her first film for MGM . Despite a featured role in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), MGM did not believe she had the potential for major success, and sold her contract to RKO Studios . Often cast in film noir projects, Grahame was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Crossfire (1947), and would later win the award for her work in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952). She achieved her highest profile with Sudden Fear (1952), Human Desire (1953), The Big Heat (1953), and Oklahoma! (1955), but her film career began to wane soon afterwards. Grahame returned to work on the stage, but continued to appear in films and television productions, usually in supporting roles. In 1974, she was diagnosed with breast cancer . It went into remission less than a year later and Grahame returned to work. In 1980, the cancer returned but Grahame refused to accept the diagnosis or seek treatment. Choosing instead to continue working, she traveled to Britain to appear in a play. Her health, however, declined rapidly and she developed peritonitis after undergoing a procedure to remove fluid from her abdomen in September 1981. She returned to New York City, where she died in October 1981. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Relationships, marriages, and children 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 Filmography 7 Footnotes 7.1 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life [ edit ] Grahame was born in Los Angeles , California. She was raised a Methodist . Her father, Reginald Michael Bloxam Hallward, was an architect and author; her mother, Jeanne McDougall, who used the stage name Jean Grahame, was a British stage actress and acting teacher. The couple had an older daughter, Joy Hallward (1911–2003), an actress who married John Mitchum (the younger brother of actor Robert Mitchum ). During Gloria's childhood and adolescence, her mother taught her acting. Grahame attended Hollywood High School before dropping out to pursue acting. Grahame was signed to a contract with MGM Studios under her professional name after Louis B. Mayer saw her performing on Broadway for several years. Career [ edit ] Grahame made her film debut in Blonde Fever (1944) and then scored one of her most widely praised roles as the flirtatious Violet Bick, saved from disgrace by George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life (1946). MGM was not able to develop her potential as a star and her contract was sold to RKO Studios in 1947. Grahame was often featured in film noir pictures as a tarnished beauty with an irresistible sexual allure. During this time, she made films for several Hollywood studios. She received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for Crossfire (1947). Grahame starred with Humphrey Bogart in the film In a Lonely Place (1950) for Columbia Pictures , a performance for which she gained praise. Though today it is considered among her finest performances, it wasn't a box-office hit and Howard Hughes , owner of RKO Studios , admitted that he never saw it. When she asked to be loaned out for roles in Born Yesterday (1950) and A Place in the Sun (1951), Hughes refused and instead made her do a supporting role in Macao (1952). Despite only appearing for a little over nine minutes on screen, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in MGM's The Bad and the Beautiful (also 1952); she long held the record for the shortest performance on screen to win an acting Oscar. in her Academy Award–winning role in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) Other memorable roles included the scheming Irene Neves in Sudden Fear (also 1952), the femme fatale Vicki Buckley in Human Desire (1953), and mob moll Debby Marsh in Fritz Lang 's The Big Heat (1953) in which, in a horrifying off-screen scene, she is scarred by hot coffee thrown in her face by Lee Marvin 's character. Grahame appeared as wealthy seductress Harriet Lang in Stanley Kramer 's Not as a Stranger (1955) starring Olivia de Havilland, Robert Mitchum, and Frank Sinatra. Grahame also did her own stunts as Angel the Elephant Girl in Cecil B. DeMille 's "" The Greatest Show on Earth "", which won the Oscar for best film of 1952. Grahame's career began to wane after her performance in the musical film Oklahoma! (1955). Grahame, whom audiences were used to seeing as a film noir siren, was viewed by some critics to be miscast as an ignorant country lass in a wholesome musical, and the paralysis of her upper lip from plastic surgery altered her speech and appearance. Additionally, Grahame was rumored to have been difficult on the set of Oklahoma! , upstaging some of the cast and alienating her co-stars. She began a slow return to the theater, and returned to films occasionally to play supporting roles, mostly in minor releases. She also guest-starred in television series, including the sci-fi series The Outer Limits . In the episode of that series titled "" The Guests "", Grahame plays a forgotten film star living in the past. She also appears in an episode of The Fugitive (""The Homecoming"", 1964) and an episode of Burke's Law (""Who Killed The Rabbit's Husband"", 1965). Grahame can be seen as well in a 1970 episode of Mannix titled “Duet for Three” and in small roles in the miniseries Rich Man, Poor Man and Seventh Avenue . The play The Time of Your Life was revived in March 17, 1972 at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles with Grahame, Henry Fonda , Richard Dreyfuss , Lewis J. Stadlen , Ron Thompson , Jane Alexander , Richard X. Slattery and Pepper Martin among the cast, with Edwin Sherin directing. Personal life [ edit ] Over time Grahame became increasingly concerned with her physical appearance; she particularly felt her upper lip was too thin and had ridges that were too deep. She began stuffing cotton or tissue under it, which she felt gave her a sexier look. Several co-stars discovered this during kissing scenes. In the mid-1940s, Grahame began undergoing small cosmetic procedures on her lips and face. According to her niece, Vicky Mitchum, Grahame's obsession with her looks led her to undergo more cosmetic procedures that rendered her upper lip largely immobile because of nerve damage. Mitchum said, ""Over the years, she [Grahame] carved herself up, trying to make herself into an image of beauty she felt should exist but didn't. Others saw her as a beautiful person but she never did, and crazy things spread from that."" Grahame was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevenson 's campaign in the 1952 presidential election . Relationships, marriages, and children [ edit ] Grahame was married four times, and had four children. Her first marriage was to actor Stanley Clements in August 1945. They divorced in June 1948. The day after her divorce from Clements was finalized, Grahame married director Nicholas Ray . They had a son, Timothy, in November 1948. After several separations and reconciliations, Grahame and Ray divorced in 1952. Grahame's third marriage was to writer and television producer Cy Howard. They married in August 1954 and had a daughter, Marianna Paulette in 1956. Grahame filed for divorce from Howard in May 1957, citing mental cruelty. Their divorce was finalized in November 1957. Grahame's fourth and final marriage was to actor Anthony ""Tony"" Ray, the son of her second husband Nicholas Ray and his first wife Jean Evans; Anthony Ray was her former stepson. According to Nicholas Ray, their relationship reportedly began when Tony Ray was 13 years old and Grahame was still married to his father (Nicholas Ray allegedly caught the two in bed together, which he claimed effectively ended the marriage to Grahame in 1950.) However, Graham's former partner and biographer, Peter Turner, has disputed this, saying that the story of Tony being underage when Graham began her sexual relationship with him is ""fiction"". Grahame and Anthony Ray reconnected in 1958 and married in Tijuana , Mexico in May, 1960. The couple would go on to have two children: Anthony, Jr. (born 1963) and James (born 1965). News of the marriage was kept private until 1962 when it was written about in the tabloids and the ensuing scandal damaged Grahame's reputation and affected her career. After learning of her marriage to Anthony Ray, Grahame's third husband, Cy Howard, attempted to gain sole custody of the couple's daughter, Marianna. Howard claimed Grahame was an unfit mother, and the two fought over custody of Marianna for years. The stress of the scandal, her waning career and her custody battle with Howard took its toll on Grahame and she had a nervous breakdown. She later underwent electroshock therapy in 1964. Despite the surrounding scandal, Grahame's marriage to Anthony Ray was her only one, of four, to last well beyond four years (her marriage to his father lasted 4 years 2 months), as they did not divorce until a few days short of their 14th anniversary, in May 1974. Death [ edit ] In March, 1974, Grahame was diagnosed with breast cancer . She underwent radiation treatment, changed her diet, stopped smoking and drinking alcohol, and also sought homeopathic remedies. In less than a year the cancer went into remission. The cancer returned in 1980 but Grahame refused to acknowledge her diagnosis or seek radiation treatment. Despite her failing health, Grahame continued working in stage productions in the United States and the United Kingdom . In autumn 1981, while performing in Lancaster , England, Grahame was taken ill. The local hospital wanted to perform surgery immediately, which she refused. Contacting her former lover, actor Peter Turner, she requested to live in Liverpool , in the home of his mother. Grahame requested that Turner not contact medical people or her family but Turner did so, as he was concerned about her health. According to Turner's book, Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool , his local family doctor told Grahame she had a cancerous tumor in her abdomen ""the size of a football"". Breast cancer is not mentioned in the book. Peter Turner informed two of Grahame's children, Timothy and Marianna, who were in the United States, of her illness. They travelled to Liverpool deciding to take their mother back to the United States against the wishes of the doctor, Grahame, Peter Turner and his family. After staying six days at the home of Peter Turner's mother, on 5 October 1981 Grahame was flown back to the United States by her two children where she was immediately admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City . She died in the hospital a few hours after admittance at the age of 57. Her remains were interred in Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Chatsworth, Los Angeles . Grahame had kept an apartment at the New York City complex Manhattan Plaza . The community room at the complex is dedicated to Gloria, with her portrait hanging on the wall. Legacy [ edit ] For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Gloria Grahame has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6522 Hollywood Boulevard. The motion picture Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool , based on Peter Turner's account of the final years of her life, was released in the United Kingdom on November 16, 2017 and in the United States on December 29, 2017. In the film she is portrayed by Annette Bening . Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1944 Blonde Fever Sally Murfin Alternative title: Autumn Fever 1945 Without Love Flower girl 1946 It's a Wonderful Life Violet Bick 1947 It Happened in Brooklyn Nurse 1947 Crossfire Ginny Tremaine Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1947 Song of the Thin Man Fran Ledue Page 1947 Merton of the Movies Beulah Baxter 1949 A Woman's Secret Susan Caldwell aka Estrellita 1949 Roughshod Mary Wells 1950 In a Lonely Place Laurel Gray 1952 The Greatest Show on Earth Angel 1952 Macao Margie 1952 Sudden Fear Irene Neves 1952 The Bad and the Beautiful Rosemary Bartlow Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture 1953 The Glass Wall Maggie Summers 1953 Man on a Tightrope Zama Cernik 1953 The Big Heat Debby Marsh 1953 Prisoners of the Casbah Princess Nadja aka Yasmin 1954 The Good Die Young Denise Blaine 1954 Human Desire Vicki Buckley 1954 Naked Alibi Marianna 1955 The Cobweb Karen McIver 1955 Not as a Stranger Harriet Lang 1955 Oklahoma! Ado Annie Carnes 1956 The Man Who Never Was Lucy Sherwood 1957 Ride Out for Revenge Amy Porter 1959 Odds Against Tomorrow Helen 1966 Ride Beyond Vengeance Bonnie Shelley 1971 Blood and Lace Mrs. Deere 1971 The Todd Killings Mrs. Roy 1971 Chandler Selma Alternative title: Open Shadow 1972 The Loners Annabelle 1973 The Magician Natalie Alternative title: Tarot 1974 Mama's Dirty Girls Mama Love 1976 Mansion of the Doomed Katherine Alternative title: The Terror of Dr. Chaney 1979 A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square Ma Fox 1979 Head Over Heels Clara Alternative title: Chilly Scenes of Winter 1980 Melvin and Howard Mrs. Sisk 1981 The Nesting Florinda Costello Alternative titles: Phobia and Massacre Mansion Footnotes [ edit ] Sources [ edit ] Curcio, Vincent (1989). Suicide Blonde: The Life of Gloria Grahame (1st ed.). William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-06718-2 . Lentz, Robert J. (2011). Gloria Grahame, Bad Girl of Film Noir: The Complete Career . Mcfarland. ISBN 0-786-43483-X . Further reading [ edit ] Peter Turner, Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (New York: Grove Press , 1987) External links [ edit ] Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloria Grahame . Gloria Grahame on IMDb Gloria Grahame at the TCM Movie Database Gloria Grahame at Find a Grave In Loving Memory Of Gloria Grahame Gloria Grahame at Film Reference Gloria Grahame at the Wayback Machine (archived October 10, 1999) – Article by Donald Chase Gloria Grahame at Virtual History" -3791354661122940735,train,who is the austrian monk whose work with pea plants helped him come up with a theory of heredity,"Gregor Johann Mendel (Czech : Řehoř Jan Mendel ; 20 July 1822 -- 6 January 1884) (English : / ˈmɛndəl /) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas ' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German - speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today 's Czech Republic) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel 's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.",[],ta ni ajẹ́jẹ̀ẹ́ ìnìkàngbé ará austria tí iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú àwọn irúgbìn ẹ̀wà pòpòǹdó ràn án lọ́wọ́ láti wá èròǹgbà nípa àjogúnbá,Yes,"['Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) je ojise olorun ati onimosayensi ara Austria, to gbajumo leyin iku re gege eni pataki ninu sayensi tuntun genetics nitori agbeka ijogun iru maruloawon iwa kan pato ninu ogbin ewa popondo.']","['Gregor Johann Mendel je ojise olorun ati onimosayensi ara Austria, to gbajumo leyin iku re gege eni pataki ninu sayensi tuntun genetics nitori agbeka ijogun iru maruloawon iwa kan pato ninu ogbin ewa popondo.']",['P1'],1,0,"Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (os?u? keje, o?jo?? ogu?n, o?du?n 1822[1] – os?u? ki?ni?, o?jo?? ke?fa?, o?du?n 1884) je ojise olorun ati onimosayensi ara Austria, to gbajumo leyin iku re gege eni pataki ninu sayensi tuntun genetics nitori agbeka ijogun iru maruloawon iwa kan pato ninu ogbin ewa popondo. Mendel fihan pe ijogun awon iwa wonyi untele awon ofin kan pato, ti won gba oruko re lojowaju. Bi ise Mendel yi se se pataki to ko je didamo ki o to di ibere orundun 20k. Itunwari alominira awon ofin wonyi ni won se ifilole sayensi odeoni ton unje genetiki.[2]","Gregor Mendel Born Johann Mendel ( 1822-07-20 ) 20 July 1822 Heinzendorf bei Odrau , Silesia , Austrian Empire (now Hynčice , Czech Republic ) Died 6 January 1884 (1884-01-06) (aged 61) Brünn , Austria-Hungary (now Brno , Czech Republic ) Nationality Austrian Alma mater University of Olomouc University of Vienna Known for Creating the science of genetics Scientific career Fields Genetics Institutions St Thomas's Abbey Part of a series on Genetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Mutation Nucleotide Variation Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution ( molecular ) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template ) Medical genetics Branches of genetics Personalized medicine Personalized medicine Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal v t e Gregor Johann Mendel ( Czech : Řehoř Jan Mendel ; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) ( English: / ˈ m ɛ n d əl / ) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno , Margraviate of Moravia . Mendel was born in a German-speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic ) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics . Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits , Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity , now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance . Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color. Taking seed color as an example, Mendel showed that when a true-breeding yellow pea and a true-breeding green pea were cross-bred their offspring always produced yellow seeds. However, in the next generation, the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1 green to 3 yellow. To explain this phenomenon, Mendel coined the terms “ recessive ” and “ dominant ” in reference to certain traits. (In the preceding example, the green trait, which seems to have vanished in the first filial generation, is recessive and the yellow is dominant.) He published his work in 1866, demonstrating the actions of invisible “factors”—now called genes —in predictably determining the traits of an organism. The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century (more than three decades later) with the rediscovery of his laws. Erich von Tschermak , Hugo de Vries , Carl Correns and William Jasper Spillman independently verified several of Mendel's experimental findings, ushering in the modern age of genetics. Contents [ hide ] 1 Life and career 2 Contributions 2.1 Experiments on plant hybridization 2.1.1 Initial reception of Mendel's work 2.2 Other experiments 3 Rediscovery of Mendel's work 4 The Mendelian Paradox 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Life and career Mendel was born into a German-speaking family in Hynčice ( Heinzendorf bei Odrau in German), at the Moravian - Silesian border, Austrian Empire (now a part of the Czech Republic ). He was the son of Anton and Rosine (Schwirtlich) Mendel and had one older sister, Veronika, and one younger, Theresia. They lived and worked on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for at least 130 years (the house where Mendel was born is now a museum devoted to Mendel ). During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping . As a young man, he attended gymnasium in Opava (called Troppau in German). He had to take four months off during his gymnasium studies due to illness. From 1840 to 1843, he studied practical and theoretical philosophy and physics at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olomouc , taking another year off because of illness. He also struggled financially to pay for his studies, and Theresia gave him her dowry. Later he helped support her three sons, two of whom became doctors. He became a friar in part because it enabled him to obtain an education without having to pay for it himself. As the son of a struggling farmer, the monastic life, in his words, spared him the ""perpetual anxiety about a means of livelihood."" He was given the name Gregor ( Řehoř in Czech) when he joined the Augustinian friars . When Mendel entered the Faculty of Philosophy, the Department of Natural History and Agriculture was headed by Johann Karl Nestler who conducted extensive research of hereditary traits of plants and animals, especially sheep. Upon recommendation of his physics teacher Friedrich Franz , Mendel entered the Augustinian St Thomas's Abbey in Brno (called Brünn in German) and began his training as a priest. Born Johann Mendel, he took the name Gregor upon entering religious life . Mendel worked as a substitute high school teacher. In 1850, he failed the oral part, the last of three parts, of his exams to become a certified high school teacher. In 1851, he was sent to the University of Vienna to study under the sponsorship of Abbot C. F. Napp so that he could get more formal education. At Vienna, his professor of physics was Christian Doppler . Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher, principally of physics. In 1856, he took the exam to become a certified teacher and again failed the oral part. In 1867, he replaced Napp as abbot of the monastery. After he was elevated as abbot in 1868, his scientific work largely ended, as Mendel became overburdened with administrative responsibilities, especially a dispute with the civil government over its attempt to impose special taxes on religious institutions. Mendel died on 6 January 1884, at the age of 61, in Brno , Moravia , Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic), from chronic nephritis . Czech composer Leoš Janáček played the organ at his funeral. After his death, the succeeding abbot burned all papers in Mendel's collection, to mark an end to the disputes over taxation. Contributions Experiments on plant hybridization Dominant and recessive phenotypes. (1) Parental generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2 generation. Gregor Mendel, who is known as the ""father of modern genetics"", was inspired by both his professors at the Palacký University, Olomouc ( Friedrich Franz and Johann Karl Nestler ), and his colleagues at the monastery (such as Franz Diebl) to study variation in plants. In 1854, Napp authorized Mendel to carry out a study in the monastery's 2 hectares (4.9 acres) experimental garden, which was originally planted by Napp in 1830. Unlike Nestler, who studied hereditary traits in sheep , Mendel used the common edible pea and started his experiments in 1856. After initial experiments with pea plants, Mendel settled on studying seven traits that seemed to be inherited independently of other traits: seed shape, flower color, seed coat tint, pod shape, unripe pod color, flower location, and plant height. He first focused on seed shape, which was either angular or round. Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, the majority of which were pea plants ( Pisum sativum ). This study showed that, when true-breeding different varieties were crossed to each other (e.g., tall plants fertilized by short plants), in the second generation, one in four pea plants had purebred recessive traits , two out of four were hybrid s, and one out of four were purebred dominant . His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment , which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. Initial reception of Mendel's work Mendel presented his paper, "" Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden "" ("" Experiments on Plant Hybridization ""), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brno in Moravia on 8 February and 8 March 1865. It generated a few favorable reports in local newspapers, but was ignored by the scientific community. When Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn , it was seen as essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance, had little impact, and was only cited about three times over the next thirty-five years. His paper was criticized at the time, but is now considered a seminal work. Notably, Charles Darwin was unaware of Mendel's paper, and it is envisaged that if he had, genetics as we know it now might have taken hold much earlier. Mendel's scientific biography thus provides an example of the failure of obscure, highly original, innovators to receive the attention they deserve . Other experiments Mendel began his studies on heredity using mice. He was at St. Thomas's Abbey but his bishop did not like one of his friars studying animal sex, so Mendel switched to plants. Mendel also bred bees in a bee house that was built for him, using bee hives that he designed. He also studied astronomy and meteorology , founding the 'Austrian Meteorological Society' in 1865. The majority of his published works was related to meteorology. Mendel also experimented with hawkweed ( Hieracium ) and honeybees . He published a report on his work with hawkweed, a group of plants of great interest to scientists at the time because of their diversity. However, the results of Mendel's inheritance study in hawkweeds was unlike his results for peas; the first generation was very variable and many of their offspring were identical to the maternal parent. In his correspondence with Carl Nägeli he discussed his results but was unable to explain them. It was not appreciated until the end of the nineteen century that many hawkweed species were apomictic , producing most of their seeds through an asexual process. None of his results on bees survived, except for a passing mention in the reports of Moravian Apiculture Society. All that is known definitely is that he used Cyprian and Carniolan bees, which were particularly aggressive to the annoyance of other monks and visitors of the monastery such that he was asked to get rid of them. Mendel, on the other hand, was fond of his bees, and referred to them as ""my dearest little animals"". He also described novel plant species , and these are denoted with the botanical author abbreviation ""Mendel"". Rediscovery of Mendel's work It would appear that the forty odd scientists who listened to Mendel's two path-breaking lectures failed to understand his work. Later, he also carried a correspondence with Carl Naegeli, one of the leading biologists of the time, but Naegli too failed to appreciate Mendel's discoveries. At times, Mendel must have entertained doubts about his work, but not always: ""My time will come,"" he reportedly told a friend. During Mendel's lifetime, most biologists held the idea that all characteristics were passed to the next generation through blending inheritance , in which the traits from each parent are averaged. Instances of this phenomenon are now explained by the action of multiple genes with quantitative effects . Charles Darwin tried unsuccessfully to explain inheritance through a theory of pangenesis . It was not until the early twentieth century that the importance of Mendel's ideas was realized. By 1900, research aimed at finding a successful theory of discontinuous inheritance rather than blending inheritance led to independent duplication of his work by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns , and the rediscovery of Mendel's writings and laws. Both acknowledged Mendel's priority, and it is thought probable that de Vries did not understand the results he had found until after reading Mendel. Though Erich von Tschermak was originally also credited with rediscovery, this is no longer accepted because he did not understand Mendel's laws . Though de Vries later lost interest in Mendelism, other biologists started to establish modern genetics as a science. All three of these researchers, each from a different country, published their rediscovery of Mendel's work within a two-month span in the Spring of 1900. Mendel's results were quickly replicated, and genetic linkage quickly worked out. Biologists flocked to the theory; even though it was not yet applicable to many phenomena, it sought to give a genotypic understanding of heredity which they felt was lacking in previous studies of heredity which focused on phenotypic approaches. Most prominent of these previous approaches was the biometric school of Karl Pearson and W. F. R. Weldon , which was based heavily on statistical studies of phenotype variation. The strongest opposition to this school came from William Bateson , who perhaps did the most in the early days of publicising the benefits of Mendel's theory (the word "" genetics "", and much of the discipline's other terminology, originated with Bateson). This debate between the biometricians and the Mendelians was extremely vigorous in the first two decades of the twentieth century, with the biometricians claiming statistical and mathematical rigor, whereas the Mendelians claimed a better understanding of biology. (Modern genetics shows that Mendelian heredity is in fact an inherently biological process, though not all genes of Mendel's experiments are yet understood.) In the end, the two approaches were combined, especially by work conducted by R. A. Fisher as early as 1918. The combination, in the 1930s and 1940s, of Mendelian genetics with Darwin's theory of natural selection resulted in the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology. The Mendelian Paradox In 1936, R.A. Fisher, a prominent statistician and population geneticist, reconstructed Mendel's experiments, analyzed results from the F2 (second filial) generation and found the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes (e.g. green versus yellow peas; round versus wrinkled peas) to be implausibly and consistently too close to the expected ratio of 3 to 1. Fisher asserted that ""the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations,"" Mendel's alleged observations, according to Fisher, were ""abominable"", ""shocking"", and ""cooked"". Other scholars agree with Fisher that Mendel's various observations come uncomfortably close to Mendel's expectations. Dr. Edwards , for instance, remarks: ""One can applaud the lucky gambler; but when he is lucky again tomorrow, and the next day, and the following day, one is entitled to become a little suspicious"". Three other lines of evidence likewise lend support to the assertion that Mendel’s results are indeed too good to be true. Fisher's analysis gave rise to the Mendelian Paradox, a paradox that remains unsolved to this very day. Thus, on the one hand, Mendel's reported data are, statistically speaking, too good to be true; on the other, ""everything we know about Mendel suggests that he was unlikely to engage in either deliberate fraud or in unconscious adjustment of his observations."" A number of writers have attempted to resolve this paradox. One attempted explanation invokes confirmation bias . Fisher accused Mendel's experiments as ""biased strongly in the direction of agreement with expectation... to give the theory the benefit of doubt"". This might arise if he detected an approximate 3 to 1 ratio early in his experiments with a small sample size, and, in cases where the ratio appeared to deviate slightly from this, continued collecting more data until the results conformed more nearly to an exact ratio. In his 2004 article, J.W. Porteous concluded that Mendel's observations were indeed implausible. However, reproduction of the experiments has demonstrated that there is no real bias towards Mendel's data. Another attempt to resolve the Mendelian Paradox notes that a conflict may sometimes arise between the moral imperative of a bias-free recounting of one's factual observations and the even more important imperative of advancing scientific knowledge. Mendel might have felt compelled “to simplify his data in order to meet real, or feared, editorial objections.” Such an action could be justified on moral grounds (and hence provide a resolution to the Mendelian Paradox), since the alternative—refusing to comply—might have retarded the growth of scientific knowledge. Similarly, like so many other obscure innovators of science, Mendel, a little known innovator of working-class background, had to “break through the cognitive paradigms and social prejudices of his audience. If such a breakthrough “could be best achieved by deliberately omitting some observations from his report and adjusting others to make them more palatable to his audience, such actions could be justified on moral grounds.” Daniel L. Hartl and Daniel J. Fairbanks reject outright Fisher's statistical argument, suggesting that Fisher incorrectly interpreted Mendel's experiments. They find it likely that Mendel scored more than 10 progeny, and that the results matched the expectation. They conclude: ""Fisher's allegation of deliberate falsification can finally be put to rest, because on closer analysis it has proved to be unsupported by convincing evidence."" In 2008 Hartl and Fairbanks (with Allan Franklin and AWF Edwards) wrote a comprehensive book in which they concluded that there were no reasons to assert Mendel fabricated his results, nor that Fisher deliberately tried to diminish Mendel's legacy. Reassessment of Fisher's statistical analysis, according to these authors, also disprove the notion of confirmation bias in Mendel's results. See also Mendelian inheritance List of Roman Catholic cleric–scientists Mendel Museum of Genetics Mendel Polar Station in Antarctica Mendel University Brno Mendelian error References Bibliography Smith, Jos A.; Cheryl Bardoe; Smith, Joseph A. (2006). Gregor Mendel: the friar who grew peas . Abrams Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-8109-5475-3 . William Bateson Mendel, Gregor; Bateson, William (2009). Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defence, with a Translation of Mendel's Original Papers on Hybridisation (Cambridge Library Collection – Life Sciences) . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-108-00613-2 . On-line Facsimile Edition: Electronic Scholarly Publishing, Prepared by Robert Robbins Hugo Iltis Gregor Johann Mendel. Leben, Werk und Wirkung . Berlin: J. Springer. 426 pages. (1924) Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul as Life of Mendel . New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1932. 336 pages. New York: Hafner, 1966: London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1976. Translated by Zhenyao Tan as Mên-tê-êrh chuan . Shanghai: Shang wu yin shu guan, 1924. 2 vols. in 1, 661 pp. Shanghai: Shang wu yin shu guan, Minguo 25 [1936]. Translated as Zasshu shokubutsu no kenkyū. Tsuketari Menderu shōden . Tōkyō : Iwanami Shoten, Shōwa 3 [1928]. 100 pp. Translated by Yuzuru Nagashima as Menderu no shōgai . Tōkyō: Sōgensha, Shōwa 17 [1942]. Menderu den . Tōkyō: Tōkyō Sōgensha, 1960. Henig, Robin Marantz (2000). The Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0395-97765-1 . Klein, Jan; Klein, Norman (2013). Solitude of a Humble Genius – Gregor Johann Mendel: Volume 1 . Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35253-9 . Robert Lock, Recent Progress in the Study of Variation, Heredity and Evolution , London, 1906 Orel, Vítĕzslav (1996). Gregor Mendel: the first geneticist . Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854774-9 . Reginald Punnett , Mendelism , Cambridge, 1905 Curt Stern and Sherwood ER (1966) The Origin of Genetics . Tudge, Colin (2000). In Mendel's footnotes: an introduction to the science and technologies of genes and genetics from the nineteenth century to the twenty-second . London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-928875-3 . Waerden, B. L. V. D. (1968). ""Mendel's Experiments"". Centaurus . 12 (4): 275–288. Bibcode : 1968Cent...12..275V . doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1968.tb00098.x . PMID 4880928 . refutes allegations about ""data smoothing"" James Walsh, Catholic Churchmen in Science , Philadelphia: Dolphin Press, 1906 Ronald A. Fisher , ""Has Mendel's Work Been Rediscovered?"" Annals of Science , Volume 1, (1936): 115–137. Discusses the possibility of fraud in his research. Further reading Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1922). ""Mendelism"" . London: Macmillan. (1st Pub. 1905) Taylor, Monica (July–September 1922). ""Abbot Mendel"" . Dublin Review . London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne. Windle, Bertram C. A. (1915). ""Mendel and His Theory of Heredity"". A Century of Scientific Thought and Other Essays . Burns & Oates. Zumkeller, Adolar & Hartmann, Arnulf. 1971. Recently Discovered Sermon Sketches of Gregor Mendel. Folia Mendeliana 6:247–252 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gregor Mendel . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gregor Mendel Works by Gregor Mendel at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Gregor Mendel at Internet Archive Works by Gregor Mendel at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry, ""Mendel, Mendelism"" Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas at Brno Biography, bibliography and access to digital sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Biography of Gregor Mendel GCSE student Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) Gregor Mendel Primary Sources Johann Gregor Mendel: Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 (72) years (in German) Masaryk University to rebuild Mendel’s greenhouse | Brno Now Mendel Museum of Genetics Mendel's Paper in English Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man A photographic tour of St. Thomas' Abbey, Brno, Czech Republic" 4270625616538019761,train,where is guinea bissau located in the world,"Guinea - Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It lies mostly between latitudes 11 ° and 13 ° N (a small area is south of 11 °), and longitudes 13 ° and 17 ° W.","['a passage in the book of isaiah', 'from a passage in the book of isaiah']",ibo ni guinea bissau wà lágbàáyé,Yes,"['O ni bode mo Senegal ni ariwa, ati Guinea ni guusu ati ilaorun, ati mo Okun Atlantiki ni iwoorun.']","['O ni bode mo Senegal ni ariwa, ati Guinea ni guusu ati ilaorun, ati mo Okun Atlantiki ni iwoorun.']",['P1'],1,0,"Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Guinea-Bissau (pípè /???ni b??sa?/; P?rtugí: República da Guiné-Bissau, pípè [???publik? d? ?i?n? bi?saw]) budo si Iwoorun Afrika. O ni bode mo Senegal ni ariwa, ati Guinea ni guusu ati ilaorun, ati mo Okun Atlantiki ni iwoorun. Aala ile re to 37,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) pelu awon olugbe ti idiye won to 1,600,000. Guinea-Bissau je ara ileoba Gabu nigbakan, to je apa Ileobaluaye Mali; awon apa ileoba wa titi di orundun kejidinlogun, nigba ti awon miran si je apa Ileobaluaye Portugal. Nigba na lo wa di ibiamusin Portugal toruko re unje Guinea Portugi ni orundun 19. Leyin ilominira, to je fifilole ni o?du?n 1973 to si je didamo ni o?du?n 1974, oruko oluilu re, Bissau, je fifikun mo oruko orile-ede lati dena iaru po mo Orile-ede Olominira ile Guinea. 14% nikan ni awon olugbe ti won mo ede onibise, Portugi so. Awon 44% nso Kriol, ede to da lori Portugi, awon yioku nso awon ede abinibi Afrika. Awon esin kanka ibe ni esin Islam ati awon esin ibile Afrika. O je omo egbe Isokan Afrika, Agbajo Okowo awon Orile-ede Iwoorun Afrika, Agbajo Ipejo Onimale, Isokan Latini, Agbajo awon Orile-ede Ede Portugi, La Francophonie ati South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone. Gbogbo Ìpawó Oríl??-èdè tenikookan re je ikan larin awon tokerejulo lagbaye. Itan Ilominira Iselu Awon agbegbe ati apa ile Guinea-Bissau rjigdknkdtnfbnlbejccdvjgirlctunlÀw?n Ày?kà olórí: Àwo?n agbègbè Guinea-Bissau àti Àwo?n è?ka Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau je pipin si awon agbegbe me??jo? ati apa ibi aladawa kan. Awon wonyi na tun wa je pinpin si apa metadinlogoji. Awon agbegbe ohun niyi: Bafatá Biombo Bissau* Bolama Cacheu Gabu Oio Quinara Tombali Jeografi Awon ilu pataki","Not to be confused with Guinea , Equatorial Guinea , or Papua New Guinea . Guinea-Bissau ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ n i b ɪ ˈ s aʊ / ( listen ) ), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau ( Portuguese : República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw] ), is a sovereign state in West Africa . It covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,815,698. Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , as well as part of the Mali Empire . Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea . Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau , was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea ). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term. Only 14% of the population speaks noncreolized Portuguese , established as both the official and national language. Portuguese exists in creole continuum with Crioulo , a Portuguese creole spoken by half the population (44%) and an even larger number speaks it as second tongue. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages. There are diverse religions in Guinea-Bissau with no one religion having a majority. The CIA World Factbook (2018) states there are about 40% Muslims, 22% Christians, 15% Animists and 18% unspecified or other. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world . Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Economic Community of West African States , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , and was a member of the now-defunct Latin Union . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Independence (1973) 1.2 Vieira years 2 Politics 2.1 Foreign relations 2.2 Military 2.3 Administrative divisions 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Environmental problems 4 Economy 5 Society 5.1 Demographics 5.2 Ethnic groups 5.3 Major cities 5.4 Languages 5.5 Religion 5.6 Health 5.7 Education 5.8 Conflicts 6 Culture 6.1 Media 6.2 Music 6.3 Cuisine 6.4 Film 6.5 Sports 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History [ edit ] Main articles: History of Guinea-Bissau and Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , part of the Mali Empire ; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire . Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast , as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere. Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto 's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse , and Diogo Cão . In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo , setting up the foundations of modern Angola , some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau. Flag of the Portuguese Company of Guinea . Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade , controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the ports of Bissau and Cacheu . A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers. For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama . But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal. An armed rebellion , begun in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on the then Portuguese Guinea . Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies , the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large quantities of arms from Cuba , China , the Soviet Union , and left-leaning African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated. Independence (1973) [ edit ] PAIGC forces raise the flag of Guinea-Bissau in 1974. Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime . Luís Cabral , brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau . Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought along with the Portuguese Army against guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations. One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissorã . In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha (dated 29 November 1980) that many Guinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá. The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ialá was elected president. In September 2003, a military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ialá on the charge of being ""unable to solve the problems"". After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest. Vieira years [ edit ] In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira , deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a run-off election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau. Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some ""disturbances during campaigning,"" including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as ""calm and organized"". Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed. On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai , who had been killed in an explosion the day before. Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the advocacy group Swisspeace . Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009. It was won by Malam Bacai Sanhá of the PAIGC, against Kumba Ialá as the presidential candidate of the PRS. On 9 January 2012, President Sanhá died of complications from diabetes, and Pereira was again appointed as an interim president. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma , assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties. Politics [ edit ] Main article: Politics of Guinea-Bissau The Presidential Palace of Guinea-Bissau. Public Order Police officer during a parade in Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau is a republic . In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president has successfully served a full five-year term. At the legislative level, a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular ( National People's Assembly ) is made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court), made up of nine justices appointed by the president; they serve at the pleasure of the president. The two main political parties are the PAIGC ( African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ) and the PRS ( Party for Social Renewal ). There are more than 20 minor parties. Foreign relations [ edit ] Further information: Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau follows a nonaligned foreign policy and seeks friendly and cooperative relations with a wide variety of states and organizations. Military [ edit ] Further information: Military of Guinea-Bissau A 2008 estimate put the size of the Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces at around 4,000 personnel. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main articles: Regions of Guinea-Bissau and Sectors of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions ( regiões ) and one autonomous sector ( sector autónomo ). These, in turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors . The regions are: Bafatá Biombo Bissau a Bolama Cacheu Gabu Oio Quinara Tombali a Autonomous sector. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of Guinea-Bissau Rare salt water Hippopotamuses in Orango Island . Caravela, Bissagos Islands. Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau. Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small area is south of 11°), and longitudes 13° and 17°W . At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium . It lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft). The terrain of is mostly low coastal plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves rising to Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east. Its monsoon -like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara . The Bijagos Archipelago lies off of the mainland. Climate [ edit ] Main article: Climate of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation; it averages 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in) although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October. From December through April, the country experiences drought. Environmental problems [ edit ] Severe environmental problems include deforestation ; soil erosion ; overgrazing and overfishing . Economy [ edit ] Main articles: Economy of Guinea-Bissau and Mining industry of Guinea-Bissau Seat of the Central Bank of Guinea-Bissau. Petrol station in São Domingos . Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world , and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth . More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports. A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau (233 days or about 33 weeks) than in any other country in the world except Suriname . Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF -backed structural reform program. The key challenges for the country in the period ahead are to achieve fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve the economic climate for private investment, and promote economic diversification. After the country became independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution , the rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian, military, and political authorities resulted in considerable damage to the country's economic infrastructure, social order , and standard of living . After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability, despite a still-fragile political situation. Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine . The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a "" narco-state "". The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking, which increased after the 2012 coup d'état . Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ( OHADA ). Society [ edit ] Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of Guinea-Bissau (Left) Guinea-Bissau's population between 1961 and 2003. (Right) Guinea-Bissau's population pyramid , 2005. In 2010, 41.3% of Guinea-Bissau's population were aged under 15. According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects , Guinea-Bissau's population was 1,815,698 in 2016, compared to 518,000 in 1950. The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.3%, 55.4% were aged between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.3% were aged 65 years or older. Ethnic groups [ edit ] Guinea-Bissau present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups. The population of Guinea-Bissau is ethnically diverse and has many distinct languages, customs, and social structures. Bissau-Guineans can be divided into the following ethnic groups: Fula and the Mandinka -speaking people, who comprise the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast; Balanta and Papel people, who live in the southern coastal regions; and Manjaco and Mancanha, who occupy the central and northern coastal areas. Most of the remainder are mestiços of mixed Portuguese and African descent, including a Cape Verdean minority. Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Bissau-Guineans. After Guinea-Bissau gained independence, most of the Portuguese nationals left the country. The country has a tiny Chinese population. These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau , a former Asian Portuguese colony. Major cities [ edit ] Guinea-Bissau's second largest city, Gabú Port of Bissau Bridge in São Vicente, Cacheu Main cities in Guinea-Bissau include: Rank City Population 2015 estimate 1 Bissau 492,004 Bissau 2 Gabú 48,670 Gabú 3 Bafatá 37,985 Bafatá 4 Bissorã 29,468 Oio 5 Bolama 16,216 Bolama 6 Cacheu 14,320 Cacheu 7 Bubaque 12,922 Bolama 8 Catió 11,498 Tombali 9 Mansôa 9,198 Oio 10 Buba 8,993 Quinara Languages [ edit ] Main article: Languages of Guinea-Bissau Voter education posters in the Kriol language for Guinea-Bissau legislative election, 2008 , Biombo Region . Despite being a small country Guinea-Bissau has several ethnic groups which are very distinct from each other, with their own cultures and languages. This is due that Guinea-Bissau was a refugee territory due to migrations within Africa. Colonization and miscegenation brought Portuguese and the Portuguese creole, the Kriol or crioulo . Although perceived as one of the national languages of Guinea-Bissau since independence, Standard Portuguese is spoken mostly as a second language, with few native speakers and often confined to the intellectual and political elites. It is the language of government and national communication as a legacy of colonial rule. Portuguese is the only language with official status; schooling from primary to university levels is conducted in Portuguese although only 67% of children have access to any formal education. Data suggested the number of Portuguese speakers ranges from 11 to 15%. The Portuguese creole is spoken by 44% which is effectively the national language of communication among distinct groups for most of the population. The Creole is still expanding, and it is understood by the vast majority of the population. However, decreolization processes are occurring, due to undergoing interference from Standard Portuguese and the creole forms a continuum of varieties with the standard language, the most distant are basilects and the closer ones, acrolects . A post-creole continuum exists in Guinea-Bissau and Crioulo 'leve' ('soft' Creole) variety being closer to the Portuguese-language norm. The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African languages unique to each ethnicity: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinga (7%), Manjaco (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%) and Nalu (0.1%) English (35%) which form the ethnic African languages spoken by the population. Most Portuguese and Mestiços speakers also have one of the African languages and Kriol as additional languages. Ethnic African languages are not discouraged, in any situation, despite their lower prestige. These languages are the link between individuals of the same ethnic background and daily used in villages, between neighbors or friends, traditional and religious ceremonies, and also used in contact between the urban and rural populations. However, none of these languages are dominant in Guinea-Bissau. French is taught as a foreign language in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie . Religion [ edit ] Religion in Guinea-Bissau, 2010 Religion Percent Islam 38% Christianity 62% Men in Islamic garb, Bafatá , Guinea-Bissau. In 2010, a Pew Research survey found that Christianity is practiced by 62% of the country's population, with Muslims making up the remaining 38%. Most of Guinea-Bissau's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2% belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect. Many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs. Muslims dominate the north and east, while Christians dominate the south and coastal regions. The Roman Catholic Church claims most of the Christian community. Health [ edit ] The WHO estimates there are fewer than 5 physicians per 100,000 persons in the country, down from 12 per 100,000 in 2007. The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%. Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns. Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs . The WHO 's estimate of life expectancy for a female child born in 2008 was 49 years, and 47 years for a boy. Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths. A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under-5 mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy. According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 50% of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation . In 2010, Guinea Bissau had the seventh-highest maternal mortality rate in the world. Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in Guinea-Bissau Lusophone University, Bissau. Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13. Pre-school education for children between three and six years of age is optional and in its early stages. There are five levels of education: pre-school, elemental and complementary basic education, general and complementary secondary education, general secondary education, technical and professional teaching, and higher education (university and non-universities). Basic education is under reform, and now forms a single cycle, comprising 6 years of education. Secondary education is widely available and there are two cycles (7th to 9th classe and 10th to 11th classe ). Professional education in public institutions is nonoperational, however private school offerings opened, including the Centro de Formação São João Bosco (since 2004) and the Centro de Formação Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (since 2011). Higher education is limited and most prefer to be educated abroad, with students preferring to enroll in Portugal. A number of universities , to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine Child labor is very common. The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%) compared to females (40%). Non-formal education is centered on community schools and the teaching of adults. In 2011 the literacy rate was estimated at 55.3% (68.9% male, and 42.1% female). Conflicts [ edit ] Usually, the many different ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau coexist peacefully, but when conflicts do erupt, they tend to revolve around access to land. Culture [ edit ] Hotels at Bissagos Islands Carnival in Bissau. Bissau-Guinean women in the capital, Bissau National singer Manecas Costa. Media [ edit ] Main article: Media of Guinea-Bissau Music [ edit ] Main article: Music of Guinea-Bissau The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre , the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries. The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music . Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole , a Portuguese -based creole language , and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies. The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions. Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations and other rituals, as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands . Cuisine [ edit ] Further information: Cuisine of Guinea-Bissau Rice is a staple in the diet of residents near the coast and millet a staple in the interior. Fruits and vegetables are commonly eaten along with cereal grains . The Portuguese encouraged peanut production. Vigna subterranea (Bambara groundnut) and Macrotyloma geocarpum (Hausa groundnut) are also grown. Black-eyed peas are also part of the diet. Palm oil is harvested. Common dishes include soups and stews . Common ingredients include yams , sweet potato , cassava , onion, tomato and plantain . Spices, peppers and chilis are used in cooking, including Aframomum melegueta seeds (Guinea pepper). Film [ edit ] Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice ). Gomes's Mortu Nega ( Death Denied ) (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N’tturudu , by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta , which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals. Sports [ edit ] Football is the most popular sport in Guinea-Bissau. The Guinea-Bissau national football team is the national team of Guinea-Bissau and is controlled by the Federação de Futebol da Guiné-Bissau . They are a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and FIFA. Other football clubs include Desportivo Quelele , FC Catacumba , FC Catacumba São Domingos , FC Cupelaoo Gabu , FC Djaraf , FC Prabis and FC Babaque . See also [ edit ] Geography portal Africa portal Guinea-Bissau portal Outline of Guinea-Bissau Index of Guinea-Bissau-related articles Transport in Guinea-Bissau 2010 Guinea-Bissau military unrest List of Bissau-Guineans References [ edit ] This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html . Further reading [ edit ] Abdel Malek, K.,""Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau"", In : Bulletin de l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales, N°1, Avril 1998. – pp. 53–60 Forrest, Joshua B., Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau (Ohio University Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003) Galli, Rosemary E, Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society , (Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987) Lobban Jr., Richard Andrew and Mendy, Peter Karibe, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau , third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997) Vigh, Henrik, Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau , (Berghahn Books, 2006) External links [ edit ] Link collection related to Guinea-Bissau on bolama.net Country Profile from BBC News ""Guinea-Bissau"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Guinea-Bissau from UCB Libraries GovPubs Guinea-Bissau at Encyclopædia Britannica Guinea-Bissau at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of Guinea-Bissau Key Development Forecasts for Guinea-Bissau from International Futures Government Official website Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau: Prime Minister’s fate unknown after apparent military coup – West Africa – Portuguese American Journal Guinea-Bissau Holds First Post-Coup Election Trade Guinea-Bissau 2005 Summary Trade Statistics News media news headline links from AllAfrica.com Tourism Guinea-Bissau travel guide from Wikivoyage Guinea-Bissau Turismo - [1] Health The State of the World's Midwifery – Guinea-Bissau Country Profile GIS information Master Thesis about the developing Geographical Information for Guinea-Bissau Coordinates : 12°N 15°W  /  12°N 15°W  / 12; -15" 44489631775189274,train,what was the importance of the hajj (pilgrimage) to mecca,"Apart from being an obligatory religious duty, the Hajj is seen to have a spiritual merit that provides the Muslims with an opportunity of self - renewal. Hajj serves as a reminder of the Day of Judgment when Muslims believe people will stand before God. Hadith literature (sayings of Muhammad) articulates various merits a pilgrim achieves upon successful completion of their Hajj. After successful pilgrimage, pilgrims can prefix their names with the title ' Al - Hajji ', and are held with respect in Muslim society. However, Islamic scholars suggest Hajj should signify a Muslim 's religious commitment, and should not be a measurement of their social status. Hajj brings together and unites the Muslims from different parts of the world irrespective of their race, colour, and culture, which acts as a symbol of equality.","['belgium', 'e pluribus unum', 'e pluribus unum (""out of many, one"")', 'olive branch']",kí ni ìjẹ́pàtàkì ìrìn-àjò hajj (ìrìn-àjò ìsìn) sí mékà,Yes,"['Lọwọlọwọ ọ jẹ irinajo to tobijulo, o si je okan ninu Opo marun Islamu ni pato ikarun. O se dandan fun eni to je mùsùlùmí lati lo si Haji lekan ni igbesiaye won']",['o je okan ninu Opo marun Islamu ni pato ikarun. O se dandan fun eni to je mùsùlùmí lati lo si Haji lekan ni igbesiaye won'],"['P1, P2']",0,0,"Haji Haji ni irinajo lo si M??kkà. L?w?l?w? ? j? irinajo to tobijulo, o si je okan ninu Opo marun Islamu ni pato ikarun. O se dandan fun eni to je mùsùlùmí lati lo si Haji lekan ni igbesiaye won. Mosalasi Masjid al-Haram ti won ko sori kabaa ni Mekka Haji ni irinajo lo si M??kkà. L?w?l?w? ? j? irinajo to tobijulo, o si je okan ninu Opo marun Islamu ni pato ikarun. O se dandan fun eni to je mùsùlùmí lati lo si Haji lekan ni igbesiaye won. Satunk? Hajji wa lati inu ??jj ti Larubawa, eyiti o j? alaba?e l?w? ti ?r?-ìse ?ajja (""lati ?e ajo mim?""). F??mu ?ajj? àfidípò j?? láti inú orúk? Hajj p??lú ìfidípò aj??tífù -?, èyí sì ni f????mù a. lo Hajji ati aw?n ak?t? r? ti o yat? ni a lo g?g?bi aw?n ak?le ?lá fun aw?n Musulumi ti w?n ti pari Hajj si Mekka ni a?ey?ri.[1] Ní àw?n oríl??-èdè Lárúbáwá, ??jj àti ??jjah (ìs??r??s??r?? yíyàt?? ní èdè Lárúbáwá) j?? ??nà tí w??n sábà máa ? lò láti bá àgbàlagbà s??r?? t??w??t??w??, láìka bóyá ?ni tí a ? s??r?? r?? ti ?e ìrìnàjò náà ní ti gidi tàbí b???? k??. Nigbagbogbo a lo lati t?ka si alagba kan, niw?n bi o ti le gba aw?n ?dun lati ko ?r? j? lati ?e inawo irin-ajo naa (paapaa ?aaju irin-ajo af?f? ti i?owo), ati ni ?p?l?p? aw?n awuj? Musulumi si ?kunrin ti o b?w? fun g?g? bi ak?le ?lá. Ak?le naa j? i?aju si oruk? eniyan; fun ap??r?, Saif Gani di ""Hajji Saif Gani"".[It?kasi nilo] Ni aw?n oril?-ede ti o s? ede Malay, Haji ati Hajah j? aw?n ak?le ti a fi fun aw?n ?kunrin ati aw?n obinrin Musulumi ti o ti ?e irin ajo mim?. W?nyi ni kukuru bi Hj. ati Hjh.[It?kasi nilo] Ni Iran, ak?le ?lá Haj ni a lo nigba miiran fun aw?n ala?? IRGC, dipo ak?le Sardar (“Gbogbogbo”), g?g?bi fun Qasem Soleimani.[It?kasi nilo]","For other uses, see Hajj (disambiguation) and Haj (disambiguation) . Pilgrims at the Al-Masjid al-Haram on Hajj in 2008 Part of a series on Islam Beliefs [show] Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices [hide] Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms-giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws [show] Quran Tafsir Sunnah ( Hadith , Sirah ) Sharia (law) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Kalam (dialectic) History [show] Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society [show] Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics [show] Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal v t e The Hajj ( / h æ dʒ / ; Arabic : حَجّ ‎ Ḥaǧǧ "" pilgrimage "") is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , the holiest city for Muslims, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence. It is one of the five pillars of Islam , alongside Shahadah , Salat , Zakat and Sawm . The Hajj is the second largest annual gathering of Muslims in the world. The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah , and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati . The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God ( Allah ). The word Hajj means ""to intend a journey"", which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions. The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th (or in some cases 13th ) of Dhu al-Hijjah , the last month of the Islamic calendar . Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year. Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions. The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham . During Hajj, pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of rituals: each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Kaaba (the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims), runs back and forth between the hills of Safa and Marwah , drinks from the Zamzam Well , goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa , and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars. The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha . Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year. This is sometimes called the ""lesser pilgrimage"", or ‘ Umrah ( Arabic : عُـمـرَة ‎). However, even if they choose to perform the Umrah, they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so, because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Timing of Hajj 4 Rites 4.1 Ihram 4.2 First day of Hajj: 8th Dhu al-Hijjah 4.3 Tawaf and sa'ay 4.3.1 Mina 4.4 Second day: 9th Dhu al-Hijjah 4.4.1 Arafat 4.4.2 Muzdalifah 4.5 Third day: 10th Dhu al-Hijjah 4.5.1 Ramy al-Jamarat 4.5.2 Animal sacrifice 4.5.3 Hair removal 4.5.4 Tawaf Ziyarat 4.6 Fourth day: 11th Dhu al-Hijjah 4.7 Fifth day: 12th Dhu al-Hijjah 4.8 Last day at Mina: 13th Dhu al-Hijjah 4.8.1 Tawaf al-Wadaa 4.9 Journey to Medina 5 Arrangement and facilities 5.1 Visa requirements 6 Transportation 7 Modern crowd-control problems 8 Significance 9 Economic aspect 10 Number of pilgrims per year 11 Hadith 12 Differences between the Hajj and Umrah 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Etymology [ edit ] The word in Arabic : حج ‎ [ħædʒ, ħæɡ] comes from the Hebrew : חג ‎ ḥag [χaɡ] , which means "" holiday "", from the trilateral Semitic root ח-ג-ג . The meaning of the verb is ""to circle, to go around"". Judaism uses circumambulation in the Hakafot ritual during Hoshanah Rabbah at the end of the Festival of Sukkot and on Simchat Torah ; traditionally, Jewish brides circumambulate their grooms during the wedding ceremony under the chuppah . From this custom, the root was borrowed for the familiar meaning of holiday, celebration and festivity. In the Temple , every festival would bring a sacrificial feast. Similarly in Islam, the person who commits the Hajj to Mecca has to turn around the Kaaba and to offer sacrifices . History [ edit ] Main article: History of Hajj A 1907 image of the Great Mosque of Mecca with people praying therein Play media The Kaaba during Hajj The present pattern of Hajj was established by Muhammad . However, according to the Quran, elements of Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham . According to Islamic tradition, Abraham was ordered by God to leave his wife Hajara and his son Ishmael alone in the desert of ancient Mecca. In search of water, Hajara desperately ran seven times between the two hills of Safa and Marwah but found none. Returning in despair to Ishmael, she saw the baby scratching the ground with his leg and a water fountain sprang forth underneath his foot. Later, Abraham was commanded to build the Kaaba (which he did with the help of Ishmael) and to invite people to perform pilgrimage there. The Quran refers to these incidents in verses 2:124-127 and 22:27-30 . It is said that the archangel Gabriel brought the Black Stone from Heaven to be attached to the Kaaba. In pre-Islamic Arabia, a time known as jahiliyyah , the Kaaba became surrounded by pagan idols . In 630 CE, Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca, cleansed the Kaaba by destroying all the pagan idols, and then reconsecrated the building to Allah. In 632 CE, Muhammad performed his only and last pilgrimage with a large number of followers, and instructed them on the rites of Hajj. It was from this point that Hajj became one of the five pillars of Islam. During the medieval times, pilgrims would gather in big cities of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq to go to Mecca in groups and caravans comprising tens of thousands of pilgrims, often under state patronage. Hajj caravans, particularly with the advent of the Mamluk Sultanate and its successor, the Ottoman Empire , were escorted by a military force accompanied by physicians under the command of an amir al-hajj . This was done in order to protect the caravan from Bedouin robbers or natural hazards, and to ensure that the pilgrims were supplied with the necessary provisions. Muslim travelers like Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta have recorded detailed accounts of Hajj-travels of medieval time. The caravans followed well-established routes called in Arabic darb al-hajj , lit. ""pilgrimage road"", which usually followed ancient routes such as the King's Highway . Timing of Hajj [ edit ] The date of Hajj is determined by the Islamic calendar (known as Hijri calendar or AH), which is based on the lunar year . Every year, the events of Hajj take place in a five-day period, starting on 8 and ending on 12 Dhu al-Hijjah , the twelfth and last month of the Islamic calendar. Among these five days, the 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah , and this day is called the day of Hajj. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date for Hajj changes from year to year. Thus, each year in the Gregorian calendar, the pilgrimage starts eleven days (sometimes ten days) earlier than the preceding year. This makes it possible for the Hajj season to fall twice in one Gregorian year, and it does so every 33 years. The last time this phenomenon occurred was 2006. The table below shows the Gregorian dates of Hajj of recent years (the dates correspond to 9 Dhul-Hijjah of Hijri calendar): 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 5 November 25 October 14 October 3 October 23 September 11 September 31 August The date for the next Hajj is the 20th of August, 2018 (Day of Arafat). Rites [ edit ] Artwork showing locations and rites of Hajj Fiqh literature describes in detail the manners of carrying out the rites of Hajj, and pilgrims generally follow handbooks and expert guides to successfully fulfill the requirements of Hajj. In performing the rites of hajj, the pilgrims not only follow the model of Muhammad, but also commemorate the events associated with Abraham. Ihram [ edit ] When the pilgrims reach the appropriate Miqat (depending on where they're coming from), they enter into a state of holiness – known as Ihram – that consists of wearing two white seamless cloths for the male, with the one wrapped around the waist reaching below the knee and the other draped over the left shoulder and tied at the right side; wearing ordinary dress for the female that fulfills the Islamic condition of public dress with hands and face uncovered; [ page needed ] taking ablution; declaring the intention (niyah) to perform pilgrimage and to refraining from certain activities such as clipping the nails, shaving any part of the body, having sexual relations; using perfumes, damaging plants, killing animals, covering head (for men) or the face and hands (for women); getting married; or carrying weapons. The ihram is meant to show equality of all pilgrims in front of God : there is no difference between the rich and the poor. First day of Hajj: 8th Dhu al-Hijjah [ edit ] On the 8th Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims are reminded of their duties. They again don the ihram garments and confirm their intention to make the pilgrimage. The prohibitions of ihram start now. Tawaf and sa'ay [ edit ] Direction of the Tawaf around the Kaaba The ritual of Tawaf involves walking seven times counterclockwise around the Kaaba. Upon arriving at Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām ( Arabic : الـمَـسـجِـد الـحَـرَام ‎, The Sacred Mosque ), pilgrims perform an arrival tawaf either as part of Umrah or as a welcome tawaf. During tawaf, pilgrims also include Hateem – an area at the north side of the Kaaba – inside their path. Each circuit starts with the kissing or touching of the Black Stone (Hajar al- Aswad). If kissing the stone is not possible because of the crowds, they may simply point towards the stone with their hand on each circuit. Eating is not permitted but the drinking of water is allowed, because of the risk of dehydration. Men are encouraged to perform the first three circuits at a hurried pace, known as Ramal , and the following four at a more leisurely pace. [ page needed ] The completion of Tawaf is followed by two Rakaat prayers at the Place of Abraham (Muqam Ibrahim), a site near the Kaaba inside the mosque. However, again because of large crowds during the days of Hajj, they may instead pray anywhere in the mosque. After prayer, pilgrims also drink water from the Zamzam well, which is made available in coolers throughout the Mosque. Although the circuits around the Kaaba are traditionally done on the ground level, Tawaf is now also performed on the first floor and roof of the mosque because of the large crowds. Tawaf is followed by sa'ay , running or walking seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwah, located near the Kaaba. Previously in open air, the place is now entirely enclosed by the Sacred Mosque, and can be accessed via air-conditioned tunnels. Pilgrims are advised to walk the circuit, though two green pillars mark a short section of the path where they run. There is also an internal ""express lane"" for the disabled. After sayee, the male pilgrims shave their heads and women generally clip a portion of their hair, which completes the Umrah. Sa'yee towards Safa Central section reserved for the elderly and the disabled. It is also divided into two directions of travel. Sa'yee returning from Safa Mina [ edit ] Pilgrims wearing ihram on the plains of Arafat on the day of Hajj Mount Arafat during Hajj After the morning prayer on the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims proceed to Mina where they spend the whole day and offer noon , afternoon , evening , and night prayers. The next morning after morning prayer, they leave Mina to go to Arafat. Second day: 9th Dhu al-Hijjah [ edit ] The 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah , and this day is called the Day of Hajj. Arafat [ edit ] Main article: Day of Arafah On 9th Dhu al-Hijjah before noon, pilgrims arrive at Arafat , a barren and plain land some 20 kilometers east of Mecca, where they stand in contemplative vigil: they offer supplications, repent on and atone for their past sins, and seek mercy of God , and listen to sermon from the Islamic scholars who deliver it from near Jabal al-Rahmah (The Mount of Mercy) from where Muhammad is said to have delivered his last sermon . Lasting from noon through sunset, this is known as 'standing before God' (wuquf), one of the most significant rites of Hajj. At Masjid al-Namirah, pilgrims offer noon and afternoon prayers together at noon time. A pilgrim's Hajj is considered invalid if they do not spend the afternoon on Arafat. Muzdalifah [ edit ] A scenery of Muzdalifa Pilgrims must leave Arafat for Muzdalifah after sunset without praying maghrib (sunset) prayer at Arafat. Muzdalifah is an area between Arafat and Mina. Upon reaching there, pilgrims perform Maghrib and Isha prayer jointly, spend the night praying and sleeping on the ground with open sky, and gather pebbles for the next day's ritual of the stoning of the Devil ( Shaitan ). Third day: 10th Dhu al-Hijjah [ edit ] After returning from Muzdalifah, the Pilgrims spend the night at Mina. Ramy al-Jamarat [ edit ] Main article: Stoning of the Devil Pilgrims performing Stoning of the devil ceremony at 2006 Hajj Back at Mina, the pilgrims perform symbolic stoning of the devil (Ramy al-Jamarat) by throwing seven stones at only the largest of the three pillars, known as Jamrat al-Aqabah from sunrise to sunset. The remaining two pillars (jamarah) are not stoned on this day. These pillars are said to represent Satan. Pilgrims climb ramps to the multi-levelled Jamaraat Bridge , from which they can throw their pebbles at the jamarat. Because of safety reasons, in 2004 the pillars were replaced by long walls, with catch basins below to collect the pebbles. Animal sacrifice [ edit ] After the casting of stones, animals are slaughtered to commemorate the story of Abraham and Ishmael. Traditionally the pilgrims slaughtered the animal themselves, or oversaw the slaughtering. Today many pilgrims buy a sacrifice voucher in Mecca before the greater Hajj begins, which allows an animal to be slaughtered in the name of God (Allah) on the 10th, without the pilgrim being physically present. Modern abattoirs complete the processing of the meat, which is then sent as charity to poor people around the world. At the same time as the sacrifices occur at Mecca, Muslims worldwide perform similar sacrifices, in a three-day global festival called Eid al-Adha . Hair removal [ edit ] After sacrificing an animal, another important rite of Hajj is shaving head or trimming hair (known as Halak). All male pilgrims shave their head or trim their hair on the day of Eid al Adha and women pilgrims cut the tips of their hair. Tawaf Ziyarat [ edit ] Pilgrims performing Tawaf around the Kaaba On the same or the following day, the pilgrims re-visit the Sacred Mosque in Mecca for another tawaf , known as Tawaf al-Ifadah , an essential part of Hajj. It symbolizes being in a hurry to respond to God and show love for Him, an obligatory part of the Hajj. The night of the 10th is spent back at Mina. Fourth day: 11th Dhu al-Hijjah [ edit ] Starting from noon to sunset on the 11 Dhu al-Hijjah (and again the following day), the pilgrims again throw seven pebbles at each of the three pillars in Mina. This is commonly known as the ""Stoning of the Devil"". Fifth day: 12th Dhu al-Hijjah [ edit ] On 12 Dhu al-Hijjah, the same process of stoning of the pillars as of 11 Dhu al-Hijjah takes place. Pilgrims may leave Mina for Mecca before sunset on the 12th. Last day at Mina: 13th Dhu al-Hijjah [ edit ] If unable to leave on the 12th before sunset or opt to stay at free will, they must perform the stoning ritual again on the 13th before returning to Mecca. Tawaf al-Wadaa [ edit ] Finally, before leaving Mecca, pilgrims perform a farewell tawaf called the Tawaf al-Wadaa. 'Wadaa' means 'to bid farewell'. The pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times counter-clockwise, and if they can, attempt to touch or kiss the Kaaba. Journey to Medina [ edit ] Though not a part of Hajj, pilgrims may choose to travel to the city of Medina and the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet), which contains Muhammad's tomb. The Quba Mosque and Masjid al-Qiblatayn are also usually visited. Arrangement and facilities [ edit ] A Saudi security officer on vigil Making necessary arrangements each year for the growing number of pilgrims poses a logistic challenge for the government of Saudi Arabia , which has, since the 1950s, spent more than $100 billion to increase pilgrimage facilities. Major issues like housing, transportation, sanitation, and health care have been addressed and improved greatly by the government by introducing various development programs, with the result that pilgrims now enjoy modern facilities and perform various rites at ease. The Saudi government often sets quota for various countries to keep the pilgrims' number at a manageable level, and arranges huge security forces and CCTV cameras to maintain overall safety during Hajj. Various institutions and government programs, such as the Haj subsidy offered in India or the Tabung Haji based in Malaysia assist pilgrims in covering the costs of the journey. For 2014 Hajj, special Hajj information desks were set up at Pakistani airports to assist the pilgrims. Visa requirements [ edit ] In order to enter Saudi Arabia to participate in the Hajj, visa requirements exist. Transportation [ edit ] Play media A step by step guide to hajj Traditionally, the pilgrimage to Mecca was mainly an overland journey using camels as a means of transport. During the second half of the nineteenth century (after 1850s), steamships began to be used in the pilgrimage journey to Mecca, and the number of pilgrims traveling on sea route increased. This continued for some time, until air travel came to predominate; Egypt introduced the first airline service for Hajj pilgrims in 1937. Today, many airlines and travel agents offer Hajj packages, and arrange for transportation and accommodation for the pilgrims. King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah and Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina have dedicated pilgrim terminals to assist the arrival of pilgrims. Other international airports around the world, such as Indira Gandhi in New Delhi , Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad , Jinnah in Karachi and Soekarno-Hatta in Jakarta also have dedicated terminals or temporary facilities to service pilgrims as they depart and return home. During Hajj, many airlines run extra flights to accommodate the large number of pilgrims. During official Hajj days, pilgrims travel between the different locations by bus or on foot. The Saudi government strictly controls vehicles access into these heavily congested areas. However, the journey could take many hours due to heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In 2010, the Saudi government started operating a metro rail service that runs between Arafat, Muzdalifa and Mina. The service shortens the travel time during the critical ""Nafrah"" from Arafat to Muzdalifah to minutes. Due to its limited capacity, the use of the metro is not open to all pilgrims and is subject to strict controls by Saudi officials. Modern crowd-control problems [ edit ] Main article: Incidents during the Hajj Pilgrim numbers have greatly increased in recent years, which has led to numerous accidents and deaths due to overcrowding. The first major accident during Hajj in modern times occurred in 1990, when a tunnel stampede led to the death of 1,462 people. Afterwards, various crowd-control techniques were adopted to ensure safety. Because of large crowds, some of the rituals have become more symbolic. For example, it is no longer necessary to kiss the Black Stone . Instead, pilgrims simply point at it on each circuit around the Kaaba. Also, the large pillars used for pebble throwing were changed into long walls in 2004 with basins below to catch the stones. Another example is that animal sacrifice is now done at slaughterhouses appointed by the Saudi authorities, without the pilgrims being present there. For Hajj in 2016, Saudi authorities will also be giving pilgrims GPS-tracked electronic bracelets. [ needs update ] Despite safety measures, incidents may happen during the Hajj as pilgrims are trampled or ramps collapse under the weight of the many visitors. During 2015 Hajj , a stampede resulted in 769 deaths and injuries to 934 others, according to the Saudi authorities. A report from Associated Press totalled at least 1470 fatalities from official reports from other countries, making it the most deadly such episode to date. Concerns were raised in 2013 and 2014 about the spread of MERS because of mass gatherings during the Hajj. Saudi Health Minister Abdullah Al-Rabia said authorities have detected no cases of MERS among the pilgrims so far. He also said that, despite few cases of MERS, Saudi Arabia was ready for the 2014 pilgrimage. [ needs update ] In November 2017, Saudi authorities banned selfies at the two holy sites Significance [ edit ] To the Muslims, Hajj is associated with religious as well as social significance. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the obligation for performing this pilgrimage is only fulfilled if it is done on the eighth to twelfth day of the last month of the Islamic calendar . If in a given year, an adult Muslim is in good health and his life and wealth is safe, they must perform the Hajj in the same year. Delaying it is considered sinful unless the delay is caused by reasons beyond his/her control. Apart from being an obligatory religious duty, the Hajj is seen to have a spiritual merit that provides the Muslims with an opportunity of self-renewal. Hajj serves as a reminder of the Day of Judgment when Muslims believe people will stand before God. Hadith literature (sayings of Muhammad) articulates various merits a pilgrim achieves upon successful completion of their Hajj. After successful pilgrimage, pilgrims can prefix their names with the title 'Al-Hajji', and are held with respect in Muslim society. However, Islamic scholars suggest Hajj should signify a Muslim's religious commitment, and should not be a measurement of their social status. Hajj brings together and unites the Muslims from different parts of the world irrespective of their race, colour, and culture, which acts as a symbol of equality. A 2008 study on the impact of participating in the Islamic pilgrimage found that Muslim communities become more positive and tolerant after Hajj experience. Titled Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering and conducted in conjunction with Harvard University 's John F. Kennedy School of Government , the study noted that the Hajj ""increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic sects and leads to more favorable attitudes toward women, including greater acceptance of female education and employment"" and that ""Hajjis show increased belief in peace, and in equality and harmony among adherents of different religions."" Malcolm X , an American activist during the Civil Rights Movement , describes the sociological atmosphere he experienced at his Hajj in the 1960s as follows: There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world. They were of all colors, from blue-eyed blondes to black-skinned Africans. But we were all participating in the same ritual, displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non-white. America needs to understand Islam, because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. You may be shocked by these words coming from me. But on this pilgrimage, what I have seen, and experienced, has forced me to rearrange much of my thought patterns previously held. Panorama of the Great Mosque during Hajj, 2007. Economic aspect [ edit ] In 2014, Saudi Arabia was expected to have earned up to $8.5 billion from Hajj. Saudi Arabia's highest source of revenue after oil and gas is Hajj and the country is expected to depend more on Hajj as the amounts of available oil and gas for sale decline. Number of pilgrims per year [ edit ] Pictographic world map comparing the largest periodic human migration events There has been a substantial increase in the number of pilgrims during the last 92 years, and the number of foreign pilgrims has increased by approximately 2,824 percent, from 58,584 in 1920 to 1,712,962 in 2012. Because of development and expansion work at Masjid al-Haram, the authority restricted the number of pilgrims in 2013. The following number of pilgrims arrived in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj. Year Hijri year Local pilgrims Foreign pilgrims Total 1920 1338 58,584 1921 1339 57,255 1922 1340 56,319 1950 1369 100,000 (approx.) 1950s 150,000 (approx.) 1960s 300,000 (approx.) 1970s 700,000 (approx.) 1980s 900,000 (approx.) 1989 1409 774,600 1990 1410 827,200 1991 1411 720,100 1992 1412 1,015,700 1993 1413 992,800 1994 1414 997,400 1995 1415 1,046,307 1996 1416 784,769 1,080,465 1,865,234 1997 1417 774,260 1,168,591 1,942,851 1998 1418 699,770 1,132,344 1,832,114 1999 1419 775,268 1,056,730 1,831,998 2000 1420 466,430 1,267,355 1,733,785 2001 1421 440,808 1,363,992 1,804,800 2002 1422 590,576 1,354,184 1,944,760 2003 1423 493,230 1,431,012 1,924,242 2004 1424 473,004 1,419,706 1,892,710 2005 1425 1,030,000 (approx.) 1,534,769 2,560,000 (approx.) 2006 1426 573,147 1,557,447 2,130,594 2006 1427 724,229 1,654,407 2,378,636 2007 1428 746,511 1,707,814 2,454,325 2008 1429 1,729,841 2009 1430 154,000 1,613,000 2,521,000 2010 1431 989,798 1,799,601 2,854,345 2011 1432 1,099,522 1,828,195 2,927,717 2012 1433 1,408,641 1,752,932 3,161,573 2013 1434 700,000 (approx.) 1,379,531 2,061,573 (approx.) 2014 1435 700,000 (approx.) 1,389,053 2,089,053 (approx.) 2015 1436 615,059 (approx.) 1,384,941 2,000,000 (approx.) 2016 1437 537,537 1,325,372 1,862,909 2017 1438 2,000,000 (approx.) Hadith [ edit ] In Islamic eschatology about Hajj and Mahdi : Amr bin Shuaib reported from his grandfather that the Messenger of Allah said: In Dhu al-Qi'dah (Islamic month), there will be fight among the tribes, Muslim pilgrims will be looted and there will be a battle in Mina in which many people will be slain and blood will flow until it runs over the Jamaratul Aqba (one of the three stone pillars at Mina). The man they seek will flee and will be found between the Rukn (a corner of the Kaaba containing the Black Stone ) and the Maqam of Prophet Abraham (near Ka'ba). He will be forced to accept people's Bay'ah (being chosen as a Leader/ Caliph ). The number of those offering Bay'ah will be the same as the number of the people of Badr (Muslim fighters who participated in the Battle of Badr at time of Prophet Muhammad). Then, the dweller of Heaven and the dweller of the Earth will be pleased with him. Abu Hurairah said that the Prophet said: There will be an Ayah (sign) in (the month of) Ramadan . Then, there will 'isabah (splitting into groups) in Shawwal . Then, there will be fighting in (the month of) Dhu al-Qi'dah . Then, the pilgrim will be robbed in (the month of) Dhu al-Hijjah . Then, the prohibitions will be violated in (the month of) al- Muharram . Then, there will be sound in (the month of) Safar , then the tribes will conflict with each other in the two months of Rabi' al-awwal & Rabi' al-thani . Then, the most amazing thing will happen between (the months of) Jumada and Rajab . Then, a well-fed she-camel will be better than a fortress (castle) sheltering a thousand (people). Differences between the Hajj and Umrah [ edit ] Both are Islamic pilgrimages, the main difference is their level of importance and the method of observance. Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam . It is obligatory for every Muslim once in their lifetime, provided they are physically fit and financially capable. Hajj is performed over specific days during a designated Islamic month . However, Umrah can be performed at any time. Although they share common rites, Umrah can be performed in less than a few hours while Hajj is more time consuming, and involves more rituals. Gallery [ edit ] Pilgrim in supplication at the Sacred Mosque The largest Jamarah (pillar) Pilgrims visiting the well of Zamzam Mount Safa near the Kaaba, inside the Sacred Mosque Mount Marwah Tents at Mina Plain of Arafat during Hajj, 2003 Mount Arafat See also [ edit ] Glossary of Islam Hajj and Pilgrimage Organization (Iran) Hejaz Incidents during the Hajj List of largest peaceful gatherings in history Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Bianchi, Robert R. (2004). Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-517107-5 . Hammoudi, Abdellah (2006). A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage . Hill and Wang . ISBN 978-0-8090-7609-3 . Khan, Qaisra, ""Hajj & 'Umra"", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 239–245. Patler, Nicholas (2017). From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey Into the American Civil Rights Movement . http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/ : The Islamic Monthly. Trojanow, Ilija (2007). Mumbai To Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam . Haus Publishing . ISBN 978-1-904950-29-5 . External links [ edit ] Hajj: step by step Hajj & Umrah - Journey of a Lifetime -an e-book Hajj - The Pilgrimage -Resource on Hajj Hajj Information Center -An online Hajj resource from IslamiCity Mapping Faith: The Pilgrimage to Mecca -CNN interactive feature Virtual Hajj by PBS The Hajj Goes High Tech - Time magazine photo essay Sequence of Hajj explained through Google Earth The Rites of Hajj and Umrah & Islamic Terminology Hajj, sacrifice, cutting of hairs and nails" -3012581507439582689,train,what are the main functions of each of the cell component,"All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a membrane that envelops the cell, regulates what moves in and out (selectively permeable), and maintains the electric potential of the cell. Inside the membrane, the cytoplasm takes up most of the cell 's volume. All cells (except red blood cells which lack a cell nucleus and most organelles to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin) possess DNA, the hereditary material of genes, and RNA, containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes, the cell 's primary machinery. There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. This article lists these primary components of the cell, then briefly describes their function.",[],"kí ni àwọn iṣẹ́ pàtàkì tí ẹ̀yà ara kọ̀ọ̀kan jẹ́ ",Yes,['Àwọn ohun ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mí ṣe é tò sọ́tọ̀ bíi oníhórókan (consisting of a single cell; èyí kàkún ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn baktéríà) tàbí oníhórópúpọ̀ (èyí kàkún àwọn ọ̀gbìn àti ẹranko).'],['Àwọn ohun ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mí ṣe é tò sọ́tọ̀ bíi oníhórókan (consisting of a single cell; èyí kàkún ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn baktéríà) tàbí oníhórópúpọ̀ (èyí kàkún àwọn ọ̀gbìn àti ẹranko).'],['P1'],0,0,"Hóró Hóró[1] j?? ?y? aládìmú àti oníàmú?e fún gbogbo àw?n ohun ?l????mì tí a m??. Òhun ni ?y? ??mí tó kéréjùl? tó j?? tò s??t?? bí i ohun alàyè, w??n sì tún ùnpé bíi òkúta ìk?? ??mí.[2] Àw?n ohun ?l????mí ?e é tò s??t?? bíi oníhórókan (ti o ni ?y? kan; èyí kàkún ??p?? àw?n baktéríà) tàbí oníhórópúp?? (èyí kàkún àw?n ??gbìn àti ?ranko). Ara àw?n ?m? ènìyàn ní bíi ?gb?gb??rúnk?ta 100 hóró; ìtóbi hóró j?? 10 nígbàtí ìkóraj? hóró j?? 1 nán??gramù. Aworan bi hóró ?ranko eukaryote kan se ri p??lú gbogbo àw?n apáanú r??. Aw?n Apáanú : 1. Nucleolus 2. Kóróonú 3. Ríbósómù 4. Àpò ìfúnpá 5. Endoplasmic reticulum 6. Ohun èlò Golgi 7. ??págun-hóró 8. ???? Endoplasmic reticulum 9. Mitok??ndríà 10. vacuole 11. cytoplasm 12. Lísósómù 13. centrioles. Àbùdá sé?è?lì lo yi ahamo ka","This article is about the term in biology . For other uses, see Cell (disambiguation) . Cell Onion ( Allium ) cells in different phases of the cell cycle, drawn by E. B. Wilson , 1900 A eukaryotic cell (left) and a prokaryotic cell (right) Identifiers TH H1.00.01.0.00001 FMA 68646 Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata ] Structure of an animal cell The cell (from Latin cella , meaning ""small room"" ) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms . A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the ""building blocks of life"". The study of cells is called cell biology . Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane , which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids . Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria ) or multicellular (including plants and animals ). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10 12 ) cells. Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope , with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres . The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological units for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery . Cell theory , first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann , states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, that all cells come from preexisting cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. Contents [ hide ] 1 Anatomy 1.1 Prokaryotic cells 1.2 Eukaryotic cells 2 Subcellular components 2.1 Membrane 2.2 Cytoskeleton 2.3 Genetic material 2.4 Organelles 2.4.1 Eukaryotic 2.4.2 Eukaryotic and prokaryotic 3 Structures outside the cell membrane 3.1 Cell wall 3.2 Prokaryotic 3.2.1 Capsule 3.2.2 Flagella 3.2.3 Fimbria 4 Cellular processes 4.1 Growth and metabolism 4.2 Replication 4.3 Protein synthesis 4.4 Motility 5 Multicellularity 5.1 Cell specialization 5.2 Origin of multicellularity 6 Origins 6.1 Origin of the first cell 6.2 Origin of eukaryotic cells 7 History of research 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 Textbooks Anatomy Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Typical organisms bacteria , archaea protists , fungi , plants , animals Typical size ~ 1–5 µm ~ 10–100 µm Type of nucleus nucleoid region ; no true nucleus true nucleus with double membrane DNA circular (usually) linear molecules ( chromosomes ) with histone proteins RNA/protein synthesis coupled in the cytoplasm RNA synthesis in the nucleus protein synthesis in the cytoplasm Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40S Cytoplasmic structure very few structures highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton Cell movement flagella made of flagellin flagella and cilia containing microtubules ; lamellipodia and filopodia containing actin Mitochondria none one to several thousand Chloroplasts none in algae and plants Organization usually single cells single cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms with specialized cells Cell division binary fission (simple division) mitosis (fission or budding) meiosis Chromosomes single chromosome more than one chromosome Membranes cell membrane Cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles Cells are of two types, eukaryotic , which contain a nucleus , and prokaryotic , which do not. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms , while eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular . Prokaryotic cells Main article: Prokaryote Structure of a typical prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling and being self-sustaining. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus . Prokaryotes include two of the domains of life , bacteria and archaea . The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm . The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid . Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope – generally consisting of a plasma membrane covered by a cell wall which, for some bacteria, may be further covered by a third layer called a capsule . Though most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, there are exceptions such as Mycoplasma (bacteria) and Thermoplasma (archaea) which only possess the cell membrane layer. The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior of the cell from its environment, serving as a protective filter. The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria, and acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from expanding and bursting ( cytolysis ) from osmotic pressure due to a hypotonic environment. Some eukaryotic cells ( plant cells and fungal cells) also have a cell wall. Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. The genetic material is freely found in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids , which are usually circular. Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia notably Borrelia burgdorferi , which causes Lyme disease. Though not forming a nucleus , the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid . Plasmids encode additional genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes. On the outside, flagella and pili project from the cell's surface. These are structures (not present in all prokaryotes) made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells. Eukaryotic cells Main article: Eukaryote Structure of a typical animal cell Structure of a typical plant cell Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa , and algae are all eukaryotic . These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus , an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means ""true kernel (nucleus)"". Other differences include: The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function, with minor differences in the setup. Cell walls may or may not be present. The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules, called chromosomes , which are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus , separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA. Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia . Primary cilia play important roles in chemosensation, mechanosensation , and thermosensation. Cilia may thus be ""viewed as a sensory cellular antennae that coordinates a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation."" Motile cells of eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella . Motile cells are absent in conifers and flowering plants . Eukaryotic flagella are less complex than those of prokaryotes. Subcellular components Illustration depicting major structures inside a eukaryotic animal cell All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic , have a membrane that envelops the cell, regulates what moves in and out (selectively permeable), and maintains the electric potential of the cell . Inside the membrane, the cytoplasm takes up most of the cell's volume. All cells (except red blood cells which lack a cell nucleus and most organelles to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ) possess DNA , the hereditary material of genes , and RNA , containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes , the cell's primary machinery. There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. This article lists these primary components of the cell, then briefly describes their function. Membrane Main article: Cell membrane The cell membrane , or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall . This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of phospholipids , which are amphiphilic (partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic ). Hence, the layer is called a phospholipid bilayer , or sometimes a fluid mosaic membrane. Embedded within this membrane is a variety of protein molecules that act as channels and pumps that move different molecules into and out of the cell. The membrane is said to be 'semi-permeable', in that it can either let a substance ( molecule or ion ) pass through freely, pass through to a limited extent or not pass through at all. Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells to detect external signaling molecules such as hormones . Cytoskeleton Main article: Cytoskeleton A fluorescent image of an endothelial cell. Nuclei are stained blue, mitochondria are stained red, and microfilaments are stained green. The cytoskeleton acts to organize and maintain the cell's shape; anchors organelles in place; helps during endocytosis , the uptake of external materials by a cell, and cytokinesis , the separation of daughter cells after cell division ; and moves parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments , intermediate filaments and microtubules . There are a great number of proteins associated with them, each controlling a cell's structure by directing, bundling, and aligning filaments. The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is less well-studied but is involved in the maintenance of cell shape, polarity and cytokinesis. The subunit protein of microfilaments is a small, monomeric protein called actin . The subunit of microtubules is a dimeric molecule called tubulin . Intermediate filaments are heteropolymers whose subunits vary among the cell types in different tissues. But some of the subunit protein of intermediate filaments include vimentin , desmin , lamin (lamins A, B and C), keratin (multiple acidic and basic keratins), neurofilament proteins (NF - L, NF - M). Genetic material Two different kinds of genetic material exist: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Cells use DNA for their long-term information storage. The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA sequence. RNA is used for information transport (e.g., mRNA ) and enzymatic functions (e.g., ribosomal RNA). Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are used to add amino acids during protein translation . Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular DNA molecule (the bacterial chromosome ) in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory ). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome ) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome ). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes , including 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes . The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection . This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome , or stable, if it is. Certain viruses also insert their genetic material into the genome. Organelles Main article: Organelle Organelles are parts of the cell which are adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions, analogous to the organs of the human body (such as the heart, lung, and kidney, with each organ performing a different function). Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have organelles, but prokaryotic organelles are generally simpler and are not membrane-bound. There are several types of organelles in a cell. Some (such as the nucleus and golgi apparatus ) are typically solitary, while others (such as mitochondria , chloroplasts , peroxisomes and lysosomes ) can be numerous (hundreds to thousands). The cytosol is the gelatinous fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. Eukaryotic Human cancer cells with nuclei (specifically the DNA) stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled. The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed. Cell nucleus : A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes , and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis ( transcription ) occur. The nucleus is spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope . The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. During processing, DNA is transcribed , or copied into a special RNA , called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule. The nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled. In prokaryotes, DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm . Mitochondria and Chloroplasts : generate energy for the cell. Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles that occur in various numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Respiration occurs in the cell mitochondria, which generate the cell's energy by oxidative phosphorylation , using oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients (typically pertaining to glucose ) to generate ATP . Mitochondria multiply by binary fission , like prokaryotes. Chloroplasts can only be found in plants and algae, and they capture the sun's energy to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis . Diagram of an endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum : The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm. The ER has two forms: the rough ER, which has ribosomes on its surface that secrete proteins into the ER, and the smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes. The smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release. Golgi apparatus : The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. Lysosomes and Peroxisomes : Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases ). They digest excess or worn-out organelles , food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria . Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides . The cell could not house these destructive enzymes if they were not contained in a membrane-bound system. Centrosome : the cytoskeleton organiser: The centrosome produces the microtubules of a cell – a key component of the cytoskeleton . It directs the transport through the ER and the Golgi apparatus . Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles , which separate during cell division and help in the formation of the mitotic spindle . A single centrosome is present in the animal cells . They are also found in some fungi and algae cells. Vacuoles : Vacuoles sequester waste products and in plant cells store water. They are often described as liquid filled space and are surrounded by a membrane. Some cells, most notably Amoeba , have contractile vacuoles, which can pump water out of the cell if there is too much water. The vacuoles of plant cells and fungal cells are usually larger than those of animal cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Ribosomes : The ribosome is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules. They each consist of two subunits, and act as an assembly line where RNA from the nucleus is used to synthesise proteins from amino acids. Ribosomes can be found either floating freely or bound to a membrane (the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in eukaryotes, or the cell membrane in prokaryotes). Structures outside the cell membrane Many cells also have structures which exist wholly or partially outside the cell membrane. These structures are notable because they are not protected from the external environment by the semipermeable cell membrane . In order to assemble these structures, their components must be carried across the cell membrane by export processes. Cell wall Many types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell wall . The cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically and chemically from its environment, and is an additional layer of protection to the cell membrane. Different types of cell have cell walls made up of different materials; plant cell walls are primarily made up of cellulose, fungi cell walls are made up of chitin and bacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan. Prokaryotic Capsule A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell membrane and cell wall. The capsule may be polysaccharide as in pneumococci , meningococci or polypeptide as Bacillus anthracis or hyaluronic acid as in streptococci . Capsules are not marked by normal staining protocols and can be detected by India ink or methyl blue ; which allows for higher contrast between the cells for observation. Flagella Flagella are organelles for cellular mobility. The bacterial flagellum stretches from cytoplasm through the cell membrane(s) and extrudes through the cell wall. They are long and thick thread-like appendages, protein in nature. A different type of flagellum is found in archaea and a different type is found in eukaryotes. Fimbria A fimbria also known as a pilus is a short, thin, hair-like filament found on the surface of bacteria. Fimbriae, or pili are formed of a protein called pilin ( antigenic ) and are responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific receptors of human cell ( cell adhesion ). There are special types of specific pili involved in bacterial conjugation . Cellular processes Growth and metabolism Main articles: Cell growth and Metabolism Between successive cell divisions, cells grow through the functioning of cellular metabolism. Cell metabolism is the process by which individual cells process nutrient molecules. Metabolism has two distinct divisions: catabolism , in which the cell breaks down complex molecules to produce energy and reducing power , and anabolism , in which the cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other biological functions. Complex sugars consumed by the organism can be broken down into simpler sugar molecules called monosaccharides such as glucose . Once inside the cell, glucose is broken down to make adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ), a molecule that possesses readily available energy, through two different pathways. Replication Bacteria divide by binary fission , while eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis . Main article: Cell division Cell division involves a single cell (called a mother cell ) dividing into two daughter cells. This leads to growth in multicellular organisms (the growth of tissue ) and to procreation ( vegetative reproduction ) in unicellular organisms . Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission , while eukaryotic cells usually undergo a process of nuclear division, called mitosis , followed by division of the cell, called cytokinesis . A diploid cell may also undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, usually four. Haploid cells serve as gametes in multicellular organisms, fusing to form new diploid cells. DNA replication , or the process of duplicating a cell's genome, always happens when a cell divides through mitosis or binary fission. This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle . In meiosis, the DNA is replicated only once, while the cell divides twice. DNA replication only occurs before meiosis I . DNA replication does not occur when the cells divide the second time, in meiosis II . Replication, like all cellular activities, requires specialized proteins for carrying out the job. Protein synthesis An overview of protein synthesis. Within the nucleus of the cell ( light blue ), genes (DNA, dark blue ) are transcribed into RNA . This RNA is then subject to post-transcriptional modification and control, resulting in a mature mRNA ( red ) that is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm ( peach ), where it undergoes translation into a protein. mRNA is translated by ribosomes ( purple ) that match the three-base codons of the mRNA to the three-base anti-codons of the appropriate tRNA . Newly synthesized proteins ( black ) are often further modified, such as by binding to an effector molecule ( orange ), to become fully active. Main article: Protein biosynthesis Cells are capable of synthesizing new proteins, which are essential for the modulation and maintenance of cellular activities. This process involves the formation of new protein molecules from amino acid building blocks based on information encoded in DNA/RNA. Protein synthesis generally consists of two major steps: transcription and translation . Transcription is the process where genetic information in DNA is used to produce a complementary RNA strand. This RNA strand is then processed to give messenger RNA (mRNA), which is free to migrate through the cell. mRNA molecules bind to protein-RNA complexes called ribosomes located in the cytosol , where they are translated into polypeptide sequences. The ribosome mediates the formation of a polypeptide sequence based on the mRNA sequence. The mRNA sequence directly relates to the polypeptide sequence by binding to transfer RNA (tRNA) adapter molecules in binding pockets within the ribosome. The new polypeptide then folds into a functional three-dimensional protein molecule. Motility Main article: Motility Unicellular organisms can move in order to find food or escape predators. Common mechanisms of motion include flagella and cilia . In multicellular organisms, cells can move during processes such as wound healing, the immune response and cancer metastasis . For example, in wound healing in animals, white blood cells move to the wound site to kill the microorganisms that cause infection. Cell motility involves many receptors, crosslinking, bundling, binding, adhesion, motor and other proteins. The process is divided into three steps – protrusion of the leading edge of the cell, adhesion of the leading edge and de-adhesion at the cell body and rear, and cytoskeletal contraction to pull the cell forward. Each step is driven by physical forces generated by unique segments of the cytoskeleton. Multicellularity Main article: Multicellular organism Cell specialization Staining of a Caenorhabditis elegans which highlights the nuclei of its cells. Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-celled organisms . In complex multicellular organisms, cells specialize into different cell types that are adapted to particular functions. In mammals, major cell types include skin cells , muscle cells , neurons , blood cells , fibroblasts , stem cells , and others. Cell types differ both in appearance and function, yet are genetically identical. Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain. Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell, called a zygote , that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development . Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues (such as cell–cell interaction) and intrinsic differences (such as those caused by the uneven distribution of molecules during division ). Origin of multicellularity Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times, including in some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria , myxobacteria , actinomycetes , Magnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina . However, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: animals, fungi, brown algae, red algae, green algae, and plants. It evolved repeatedly for plants ( Chloroplastida ), once or twice for animals , once for brown algae , and perhaps several times for fungi , slime molds , and red algae . Multicellularity may have evolved from colonies of interdependent organisms, from cellularization , or from organisms in symbiotic relationships . The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria -like organisms that lived between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. Other early fossils of multicellular organisms include the contested Grypania spiralis and the fossils of the black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian Group Fossil B Formation in Gabon . The evolution of multicellularity from unicellular ancestors has been replicated in the laboratory, in evolution experiments using predation as the selective pressure . Origins Main article: Evolutionary history of life The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life , which began the history of life on Earth. Origin of the first cell Stromatolites are left behind by cyanobacteria , also called blue-green algae. They are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth. This one-billion-year-old fossil is from Glacier National Park in the United States. Further information: Abiogenesis and Evolution of cells There are several theories about the origin of small molecules that led to life on the early Earth . They may have been carried to Earth on meteorites (see Murchison meteorite ), created at deep-sea vents , or synthesized by lightning in a reducing atmosphere (see Miller–Urey experiment ). There is little experimental data defining what the first self-replicating forms were. RNA is thought to be the earliest self-replicating molecule, as it is capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions (see RNA world hypothesis ), but some other entity with the potential to self-replicate could have preceded RNA, such as clay or peptide nucleic acid . Cells emerged at least 3.5 billion years ago. The current belief is that these cells were heterotrophs . The early cell membranes were probably more simple and permeable than modern ones, with only a single fatty acid chain per lipid. Lipids are known to spontaneously form bilayered vesicles in water, and could have preceded RNA, but the first cell membranes could also have been produced by catalytic RNA, or even have required structural proteins before they could form. Origin of eukaryotic cells Further information: Evolution of sexual reproduction The eukaryotic cell seems to have evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells. DNA-bearing organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are descended from ancient symbiotic oxygen-breathing proteobacteria and cyanobacteria , respectively, which were endosymbiosed by an ancestral archaean prokaryote. There is still considerable debate about whether organelles like the hydrogenosome predated the origin of mitochondria , or vice versa: see the hydrogen hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells. History of research Main article: Cell theory Hooke's drawing of cells in cork , 1665 1632–1723: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek teaches himself to make lenses , constructs basic optical microscopes and draws protozoa, such as Vorticella from rain water, and bacteria from his own mouth. 1665: Robert Hooke discovers cells in cork , then in living plant tissue using an early compound microscope. He coins the term cell (from Latin cella , meaning ""small room"" ) in his book Micrographia (1665). 1839: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden elucidate the principle that plants and animals are made of cells, concluding that cells are a common unit of structure and development, and thus founding the cell theory. 1855: Rudolf Virchow states that new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division ( omnis cellula ex cellula ). 1859: The belief that life forms can occur spontaneously ( generatio spontanea ) is contradicted by Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) (although Francesco Redi had performed an experiment in 1668 that suggested the same conclusion). 1931: Ernst Ruska builds the first transmission electron microscope (TEM) at the University of Berlin . By 1935, he has built an EM with twice the resolution of a light microscope, revealing previously unresolvable organelles. 1953: Watson and Crick made their first announcement on the double helix structure of DNA on February 28. 1981: Lynn Margulis published Symbiosis in Cell Evolution detailing the endosymbiotic theory . See also Cell cortex Cell culture Cellular component Cellular model Cytorrhysis Cytoneme Cytotoxicity Lipid raft Membrane nanotube Plasmolysis Stem cell Syncytium Topic outline of cell biology Vault (organelle) References Bibliography Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2015). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science. p. 2. ISBN 978-0815344322 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell biology . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cell (biology) MBInfo - Descriptions on Cellular Functions and Processes MBInfo - Cellular Organization Inside the Cell - a science education booklet by National Institutes of Health , in PDF and ePub . Cells Alive! Cell Biology in ""The Biology Project"" of University of Arizona . Centre of the Cell online The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology , a collection of peer-reviewed still images, video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure, function and biology of the cell. HighMag Blog , still images of cells from recent research articles. New Microscope Produces Dazzling 3D Movies of Live Cells , March 4, 2011 - Howard Hughes Medical Institute . WormWeb.org: Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell lineage - Visualize the entire cell lineage tree of the nematode C. elegans Cell Photomicrographs Textbooks Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland. ISBN 9780815344322 . ; The fourth edition is freely available from National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf. Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipurksy SL, Darnell J (2004). Molecular Cell Biology (5th ed.). WH Freeman: New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-7167-4366-8 . Cooper GM (2000). The cell: a molecular approach (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C: ASM Press. ISBN 0-87893-102-3 ." 4932181685972052202,train,what are the smallest unit of life called,"The cell (from Latin cella, meaning `` small room '') is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the `` building blocks of life ''. The study of cells is called cell biology.","['an earlier interpretation of the colors was, ""hardships there are but the land is green and the sun shineth"" as stated in the government ministry paper 28 - national flag dated may 22nd 1962. gold recalls the shining sun, black reflects hardships, and green represents the land. it was changed in 1996 to black representing the strength and creativity of the people which has allowed them to overcome the odds, yellow for the wealth of the country and the golden sunshine, and green for the lush vegetation of the island.', ""black representing the strength and creativity of the people which has allowed them to overcome the odds', 'yellow for the wealth of the country and the golden sunshine', 'green for the lush vegetation of the island""]",kí ni wọ́n ń pè ní ẹ̀yà ara tó kéré jù lọ nínú ìwàláàyè,Yes,"['Òhun ni ẹyọ ẹ̀mí tó kéréjùlọ tó jẹ́ tò sọ́tọ̀ bí i ohun alàyè, wọ́n sì tún ùnpé bíi òkúta ìkọ́ ẹ̀mí. Àwọn ohun ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mí ṣe é tò sọ́tọ̀ bíi oníhórókan (consisting of a single cell; èyí kàkún ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn baktéríà) tàbí oníhórópúpọ̀ (èyí kàkún àwọn ọ̀gbìn àti ẹranko).']",['oníhórókan '],['P1'],1,0,"Hóró Hóró[1] j?? ?y? aládìmú àti oníàmú?e fún gbogbo àw?n ohun ?l????mì tí a m??. Òhun ni ?y? ??mí tó kéréjùl? tó j?? tò s??t?? bí i ohun alàyè, w??n sì tún ùnpé bíi òkúta ìk?? ??mí.[2] Àw?n ohun ?l????mí ?e é tò s??t?? bíi oníhórókan (ti o ni ?y? kan; èyí kàkún ??p?? àw?n baktéríà) tàbí oníhórópúp?? (èyí kàkún àw?n ??gbìn àti ?ranko). Ara àw?n ?m? ènìyàn ní bíi ?gb?gb??rúnk?ta 100 hóró; ìtóbi hóró j?? 10 nígbàtí ìkóraj? hóró j?? 1 nán??gramù. Aworan bi hóró ?ranko eukaryote kan se ri p??lú gbogbo àw?n apáanú r??. Aw?n Apáanú : 1. Nucleolus 2. Kóróonú 3. Ríbósómù 4. Àpò ìfúnpá 5. Endoplasmic reticulum 6. Ohun èlò Golgi 7. ??págun-hóró 8. ???? Endoplasmic reticulum 9. Mitok??ndríà 10. vacuole 11. cytoplasm 12. Lísósómù 13. centrioles. Àbùdá sé?è?lì lo yi ahamo ka","This article is about the term in biology . For other uses, see Cell (disambiguation) . Cell Onion ( Allium cepa ) root cells in different phases of the cell cycle (drawn by E. B. Wilson , 1900) A eukaryotic cell (left) and prokaryotic cell (right) Identifiers MeSH D002477 TH H1.00.01.0.00001 FMA 68646 Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata ] Structure of an animal cell The cell (from Latin cella , meaning ""small room"" ) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms . A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the ""building blocks of life"". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane , which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids . Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria ) or multicellular (including plants and animals ). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10 13 ) cells. Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope , with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres . The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological units for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery . Cell theory , first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann , states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, that all cells come from preexisting cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. Contents [ hide ] 1 Anatomy 1.1 Prokaryotic cells 1.2 Eukaryotic cells 2 Subcellular components 2.1 Membrane 2.2 Cytoskeleton 2.3 Genetic material 2.4 Organelles 2.4.1 Eukaryotic 2.4.2 Eukaryotic and prokaryotic 3 Structures outside the cell membrane 3.1 Cell wall 3.2 Prokaryotic 3.2.1 Capsule 3.2.2 Flagella 3.2.3 Fimbria 4 Cellular processes 4.1 Growth and metabolism 4.2 Replication 4.3 Protein synthesis 4.4 Motility 5 Multicellularity 5.1 Cell specialization 5.2 Origin of multicellularity 6 Origins 6.1 Origin of the first cell 6.2 Origin of eukaryotic cells 7 History of research 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 Textbooks Anatomy Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Typical organisms bacteria , archaea protists , fungi , plants , animals Typical size ~ 1–5 µm ~ 10–100 µm Type of nucleus nucleoid region ; no true nucleus true nucleus with double membrane DNA circular (usually) linear molecules ( chromosomes ) with histone proteins RNA / protein synthesis coupled in the cytoplasm RNA synthesis in the nucleus protein synthesis in the cytoplasm Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40S Cytoplasmic structure very few structures highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton Cell movement flagella made of flagellin flagella and cilia containing microtubules ; lamellipodia and filopodia containing actin Mitochondria none one to several thousand Chloroplasts none in algae and plants Organization usually single cells single cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms with specialized cells Cell division binary fission (simple division) mitosis (fission or budding) meiosis Chromosomes single chromosome more than one chromosome Membranes cell membrane Cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles Cells are of two types, eukaryotic , which contain a nucleus , and prokaryotic , which do not. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms , while eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular . Prokaryotic cells Main article: Prokaryote Structure of a typical prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling and being self-sustaining. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus . Prokaryotes include two of the three domains of life , bacteria and archaea . The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm . The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid . Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope – generally consisting of a plasma membrane covered by a cell wall which, for some bacteria, may be further covered by a third layer called a capsule . Though most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, there are exceptions such as Mycoplasma (bacteria) and Thermoplasma (archaea) which only possess the cell membrane layer. The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior of the cell from its environment, serving as a protective filter. The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria, and acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from expanding and bursting ( cytolysis ) from osmotic pressure due to a hypotonic environment. Some eukaryotic cells ( plant cells and fungal cells) also have a cell wall. Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. The genetic material is freely found in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids , which are usually circular. Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia notably Borrelia burgdorferi , which causes Lyme disease. Though not forming a nucleus , the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid . Plasmids encode additional genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes. On the outside, flagella and pili project from the cell's surface. These are structures (not present in all prokaryotes) made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells. Eukaryotic cells Main article: Eukaryote Structure of a typical animal cell Structure of a typical plant cell Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa , and algae are all eukaryotic . These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus , an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means ""true kernel (nucleus)"". Other differences include: The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function, with minor differences in the setup. Cell walls may or may not be present. The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules, called chromosomes , which are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus , separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA. Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia . Primary cilia play important roles in chemosensation, mechanosensation , and thermosensation. Cilia may thus be ""viewed as a sensory cellular antennae that coordinates a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation."" Motile cells of eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella . Motile cells are absent in conifers and flowering plants . Eukaryotic flagella are less complex than those of prokaryotes. Subcellular components All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic , have a membrane that envelops the cell, regulates what moves in and out (selectively permeable), and maintains the electric potential of the cell . Inside the membrane, the cytoplasm takes up most of the cell's volume. All cells (except red blood cells which lack a cell nucleus and most organelles to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ) possess DNA , the hereditary material of genes , and RNA , containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes , the cell's primary machinery. There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. This article lists these primary cellular components , then briefly describes their function. Membrane Main article: Cell membrane Detailed diagram of lipid bilayer cell membrane The cell membrane , or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall . This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of phospholipids , which are amphiphilic (partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic ). Hence, the layer is called a phospholipid bilayer , or sometimes a fluid mosaic membrane. Embedded within this membrane is a variety of protein molecules that act as channels and pumps that move different molecules into and out of the cell. The membrane is semi-permeable, and selectively permeable, in that it can either let a substance ( molecule or ion ) pass through freely, pass through to a limited extent or not pass through at all. Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells to detect external signaling molecules such as hormones . Cytoskeleton Main article: Cytoskeleton A fluorescent image of an endothelial cell. Nuclei are stained blue, mitochondria are stained red, and microfilaments are stained green. The cytoskeleton acts to organize and maintain the cell's shape; anchors organelles in place; helps during endocytosis , the uptake of external materials by a cell, and cytokinesis , the separation of daughter cells after cell division ; and moves parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments , intermediate filaments and microtubules . There are a great number of proteins associated with them, each controlling a cell's structure by directing, bundling, and aligning filaments. The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is less well-studied but is involved in the maintenance of cell shape, polarity and cytokinesis. The subunit protein of microfilaments is a small, monomeric protein called actin . The subunit of microtubules is a dimeric molecule called tubulin . Intermediate filaments are heteropolymers whose subunits vary among the cell types in different tissues. But some of the subunit protein of intermediate filaments include vimentin , desmin , lamin (lamins A, B and C), keratin (multiple acidic and basic keratins), neurofilament proteins (NF–L, NF–M). Genetic material Two different kinds of genetic material exist: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Cells use DNA for their long-term information storage. The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA sequence. RNA is used for information transport (e.g., mRNA ) and enzymatic functions (e.g., ribosomal RNA). Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are used to add amino acids during protein translation . Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular DNA molecule (the bacterial chromosome ) in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory ). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome ) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome ). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes , including 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes . The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection . This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome , or stable, if it is. Certain viruses also insert their genetic material into the genome. Organelles Main article: Organelle Organelles are parts of the cell which are adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions, analogous to the organs of the human body (such as the heart, lung, and kidney, with each organ performing a different function). Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have organelles, but prokaryotic organelles are generally simpler and are not membrane-bound. There are several types of organelles in a cell. Some (such as the nucleus and golgi apparatus ) are typically solitary, while others (such as mitochondria , chloroplasts , peroxisomes and lysosomes ) can be numerous (hundreds to thousands). The cytosol is the gelatinous fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. Eukaryotic Human cancer cells, specifically HeLa cells , with DNA stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so their DNA is diffuse and the entire nuclei are labelled. The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its chromosomes have condensed. Cell nucleus : A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes , and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis ( transcription ) occur. The nucleus is spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope . The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. During processing, DNA is transcribed , or copied into a special RNA , called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule. The nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled. In prokaryotes, DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm . Mitochondria and Chloroplasts : generate energy for the cell. Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles that occur in various numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Respiration occurs in the cell mitochondria, which generate the cell's energy by oxidative phosphorylation , using oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients (typically pertaining to glucose ) to generate ATP . Mitochondria multiply by binary fission , like prokaryotes. Chloroplasts can only be found in plants and algae, and they capture the sun's energy to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis . Diagram of an endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum : The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm. The ER has two forms: the rough ER, which has ribosomes on its surface that secrete proteins into the ER, and the smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes. The smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release. Golgi apparatus : The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. Lysosomes and Peroxisomes : Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases ). They digest excess or worn-out organelles , food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria . Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides . The cell could not house these destructive enzymes if they were not contained in a membrane-bound system. Centrosome : the cytoskeleton organiser: The centrosome produces the microtubules of a cell – a key component of the cytoskeleton . It directs the transport through the ER and the Golgi apparatus . Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles , which separate during cell division and help in the formation of the mitotic spindle . A single centrosome is present in the animal cells . They are also found in some fungi and algae cells. Vacuoles : Vacuoles sequester waste products and in plant cells store water. They are often described as liquid filled space and are surrounded by a membrane. Some cells, most notably Amoeba , have contractile vacuoles, which can pump water out of the cell if there is too much water. The vacuoles of plant cells and fungal cells are usually larger than those of animal cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Ribosomes : The ribosome is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules. They each consist of two subunits, and act as an assembly line where RNA from the nucleus is used to synthesise proteins from amino acids. Ribosomes can be found either floating freely or bound to a membrane (the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in eukaryotes, or the cell membrane in prokaryotes). Structures outside the cell membrane Many cells also have structures which exist wholly or partially outside the cell membrane. These structures are notable because they are not protected from the external environment by the semipermeable cell membrane . In order to assemble these structures, their components must be carried across the cell membrane by export processes. Cell wall Many types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell wall . The cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically and chemically from its environment, and is an additional layer of protection to the cell membrane. Different types of cell have cell walls made up of different materials; plant cell walls are primarily made up of cellulose, fungi cell walls are made up of chitin and bacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan. Prokaryotic Capsule A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell membrane and cell wall. The capsule may be polysaccharide as in pneumococci , meningococci or polypeptide as Bacillus anthracis or hyaluronic acid as in streptococci . Capsules are not marked by normal staining protocols and can be detected by India ink or methyl blue ; which allows for higher contrast between the cells for observation. Flagella Flagella are organelles for cellular mobility. The bacterial flagellum stretches from cytoplasm through the cell membrane(s) and extrudes through the cell wall. They are long and thick thread-like appendages, protein in nature. A different type of flagellum is found in archaea and a different type is found in eukaryotes. Fimbria A fimbria also known as a pilus is a short, thin, hair-like filament found on the surface of bacteria. Fimbriae, or pili are formed of a protein called pilin ( antigenic ) and are responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific receptors of human cell ( cell adhesion ). There are special types of specific pili involved in bacterial conjugation . Cellular processes Growth and metabolism Main articles: Cell growth and Metabolism Between successive cell divisions, cells grow through the functioning of cellular metabolism. Cell metabolism is the process by which individual cells process nutrient molecules. Metabolism has two distinct divisions: catabolism , in which the cell breaks down complex molecules to produce energy and reducing power , and anabolism , in which the cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other biological functions. Complex sugars consumed by the organism can be broken down into simpler sugar molecules called monosaccharides such as glucose . Once inside the cell, glucose is broken down to make adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ), a molecule that possesses readily available energy, through two different pathways. Replication Bacteria divide by binary fission , while eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis . Main article: Cell division Cell division involves a single cell (called a mother cell ) dividing into two daughter cells. This leads to growth in multicellular organisms (the growth of tissue ) and to procreation ( vegetative reproduction ) in unicellular organisms . Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission , while eukaryotic cells usually undergo a process of nuclear division, called mitosis , followed by division of the cell, called cytokinesis . A diploid cell may also undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, usually four. Haploid cells serve as gametes in multicellular organisms, fusing to form new diploid cells. DNA replication , or the process of duplicating a cell's genome, always happens when a cell divides through mitosis or binary fission. This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle . In meiosis, the DNA is replicated only once, while the cell divides twice. DNA replication only occurs before meiosis I . DNA replication does not occur when the cells divide the second time, in meiosis II . Replication, like all cellular activities, requires specialized proteins for carrying out the job. Protein synthesis An overview of protein synthesis. Within the nucleus of the cell ( light blue ), genes (DNA, dark blue ) are transcribed into RNA . This RNA is then subject to post-transcriptional modification and control, resulting in a mature mRNA ( red ) that is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm ( peach ), where it undergoes translation into a protein. mRNA is translated by ribosomes ( purple ) that match the three-base codons of the mRNA to the three-base anti-codons of the appropriate tRNA . Newly synthesized proteins ( black ) are often further modified, such as by binding to an effector molecule ( orange ), to become fully active. Main article: Protein biosynthesis Cells are capable of synthesizing new proteins, which are essential for the modulation and maintenance of cellular activities. This process involves the formation of new protein molecules from amino acid building blocks based on information encoded in DNA/RNA. Protein synthesis generally consists of two major steps: transcription and translation . Transcription is the process where genetic information in DNA is used to produce a complementary RNA strand. This RNA strand is then processed to give messenger RNA (mRNA), which is free to migrate through the cell. mRNA molecules bind to protein-RNA complexes called ribosomes located in the cytosol , where they are translated into polypeptide sequences. The ribosome mediates the formation of a polypeptide sequence based on the mRNA sequence. The mRNA sequence directly relates to the polypeptide sequence by binding to transfer RNA (tRNA) adapter molecules in binding pockets within the ribosome. The new polypeptide then folds into a functional three-dimensional protein molecule. Motility Main article: Motility Unicellular organisms can move in order to find food or escape predators. Common mechanisms of motion include flagella and cilia . In multicellular organisms, cells can move during processes such as wound healing, the immune response and cancer metastasis . For example, in wound healing in animals, white blood cells move to the wound site to kill the microorganisms that cause infection. Cell motility involves many receptors, crosslinking, bundling, binding, adhesion, motor and other proteins. The process is divided into three steps – protrusion of the leading edge of the cell, adhesion of the leading edge and de-adhesion at the cell body and rear, and cytoskeletal contraction to pull the cell forward. Each step is driven by physical forces generated by unique segments of the cytoskeleton. Multicellularity Main article: Multicellular organism Cell specialization Staining of a Caenorhabditis elegans which highlights the nuclei of its cells. Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-celled organisms . In complex multicellular organisms, cells specialize into different cell types that are adapted to particular functions. In mammals, major cell types include skin cells , muscle cells , neurons , blood cells , fibroblasts , stem cells , and others. Cell types differ both in appearance and function, yet are genetically identical. Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain. Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell, called a zygote , that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development . Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues (such as cell–cell interaction) and intrinsic differences (such as those caused by the uneven distribution of molecules during division ). Origin of multicellularity Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times, including in some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria , myxobacteria , actinomycetes , Magnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina . However, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: animals, fungi, brown algae, red algae, green algae, and plants. It evolved repeatedly for plants ( Chloroplastida ), once or twice for animals , once for brown algae , and perhaps several times for fungi , slime molds , and red algae . Multicellularity may have evolved from colonies of interdependent organisms, from cellularization , or from organisms in symbiotic relationships . The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria -like organisms that lived between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. Other early fossils of multicellular organisms include the contested Grypania spiralis and the fossils of the black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian Group Fossil B Formation in Gabon . The evolution of multicellularity from unicellular ancestors has been replicated in the laboratory, in evolution experiments using predation as the selective pressure . Origins Main article: Evolutionary history of life The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life , which began the history of life on Earth. Origin of the first cell Stromatolites are left behind by cyanobacteria , also called blue-green algae. They are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth. This one-billion-year-old fossil is from Glacier National Park in the United States. Further information: Abiogenesis and Evolution of cells There are several theories about the origin of small molecules that led to life on the early Earth . They may have been carried to Earth on meteorites (see Murchison meteorite ), created at deep-sea vents , or synthesized by lightning in a reducing atmosphere (see Miller–Urey experiment ). There is little experimental data defining what the first self-replicating forms were. RNA is thought to be the earliest self-replicating molecule, as it is capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions (see RNA world hypothesis ), but some other entity with the potential to self-replicate could have preceded RNA, such as clay or peptide nucleic acid . Cells emerged at least 3.5 billion years ago. The current belief is that these cells were heterotrophs . The early cell membranes were probably more simple and permeable than modern ones, with only a single fatty acid chain per lipid. Lipids are known to spontaneously form bilayered vesicles in water, and could have preceded RNA, but the first cell membranes could also have been produced by catalytic RNA, or even have required structural proteins before they could form. Origin of eukaryotic cells Further information: Evolution of sexual reproduction The eukaryotic cell seems to have evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells. DNA-bearing organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are descended from ancient symbiotic oxygen-breathing proteobacteria and cyanobacteria , respectively, which were endosymbiosed by an ancestral archaean prokaryote. There is still considerable debate about whether organelles like the hydrogenosome predated the origin of mitochondria , or vice versa: see the hydrogen hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells. History of research Main article: Cell theory Hooke's drawing of cells in cork , 1665 1632–1723: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek teaches himself to make lenses , constructs basic optical microscopes and draws protozoa, such as Vorticella from rain water, and bacteria from his own mouth. 1665: Robert Hooke discovers cells in cork , then in living plant tissue using an early compound microscope. He coins the term cell (from Latin cella , meaning ""small room"" ) in his book Micrographia (1665). 1839: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden elucidate the principle that plants and animals are made of cells, concluding that cells are a common unit of structure and development, and thus founding the cell theory. 1855: Rudolf Virchow states that new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division ( omnis cellula ex cellula ). 1859: The belief that life forms can occur spontaneously ( generatio spontanea ) is contradicted by Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) (although Francesco Redi had performed an experiment in 1668 that suggested the same conclusion). 1931: Ernst Ruska builds the first transmission electron microscope (TEM) at the University of Berlin . By 1935, he has built an EM with twice the resolution of a light microscope, revealing previously unresolvable organelles. 1953: Watson and Crick made their first announcement on the double helix structure of DNA on February 28. 1981: Lynn Margulis published Symbiosis in Cell Evolution detailing the endosymbiotic theory . See also Biology portal Cell cortex Cell culture Cellular model Cytorrhysis Cytoneme Cytotoxicity Lipid raft Outline of cell biology Plasmolysis Syncytium Tunneling nanotube Vault (organelle) References Bibliography Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2015). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science. p. 2. ISBN 978-0815344322 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell biology . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cell (biology) MBInfo – Descriptions on Cellular Functions and Processes MBInfo – Cellular Organization Inside the Cell – a science education booklet by National Institutes of Health , in PDF and ePub . Cells Alive! Cell Biology in ""The Biology Project"" of University of Arizona . Centre of the Cell online The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology , a collection of peer-reviewed still images, video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure, function and biology of the cell. HighMag Blog , still images of cells from recent research articles. New Microscope Produces Dazzling 3D Movies of Live Cells , March 4, 2011 – Howard Hughes Medical Institute . WormWeb.org: Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell lineage – Visualize the entire cell lineage tree of the nematode C. elegans Cell Photomicrographs Textbooks Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland. ISBN 9780815344322 . ; The fourth edition is freely available from National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf. Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipurksy SL, Darnell J (2004). Molecular Cell Biology (5th ed.). WH Freeman: New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-7167-4366-8 . Cooper GM (2000). The cell: a molecular approach (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C: ASM Press. ISBN 0-87893-102-3 ." 8319724447683319843,train,where is hungary located in the world map,"Hungary (/ ˈhʌŋɡəri / (listen) ; Hungarian : Magyarország (ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ) (listen)) is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. It covers an area of 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi), situated in the Carpathian Basin, and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, Slovenia to the west, Austria to the northwest, and Ukraine to the northeast. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a medium - sized member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world. Hungary 's capital and its largest city and metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, classified as a leading global city. Major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr.",[],níbo ni hungary wà nínú àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Húngárì (i /ˈhʌŋɡəri/; Àdàkọ:Lang-hu Àdàkọ:IPA-hu), lonibise bi Orileominira Hungari (Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság listen (ìrànwọ́·ìkéde)), je orile-ede kan tileyika ni Arin Gbongan Europe.']",[],['P1'],1,0,"Húngárì Húngárì (Gbígb??i /?h????ri/; Àdàk?:Lang-hu Àdàk?:IPA-hu), lonibise bi[4] Orileominira Hungari (Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság hu-Magyar Köztársaság.ogg listen (ìrànw??·ìkéde)), je orile-ede kan tileyika ni Arin Gbongan Yuropu. O budo sinu Iwolejo Pannoni o si ni bode mo Slovakia ni ariwa, Ukraine ati Romania ni ilaorun, Serbia ati Croatia ni guusu, Slovenia ni guusuiwoorun ati Austria ni iwoorun. Oluilu ati ilu totobijulo re ni Budapest. Hungary je orile-ede omo egbe Isokan Yuropu, NATO, OECD, ati Egbe Visegrád. Ede onibise ibe ni ede Hungari, to je ikan ninu awon ede Ural be sini o je ee to gbalejulo ti ki se ede Indo-Europe ni Yuropu.[5] Ni at?le Celtic (l?hin c. 450 BC) ati Romani (9 AD – c. 430 AD) ipil? Hungary ni a fi lel? ni ipari ?rundun k?san nipas? olori ij?ba Hungary Árpád?niti a de ?m?-?m? e Saint Stephen I ni adé tí póòpù rán láti Rómà ní 1000 AD. Ij?ba Hungary duro fun ?dun 946,[note 1] ati ni ?p?l?p? aw?n aaye ni a gba bi ?kan ninu aw?n ile-i?? a?a ti Iw?-oorun. Leyin bii odun 150 years ti ikogun ja ilu ti Ottoman (1541–1699), Hungary ?ep? si ij?ba ?ba Habsburg, ati l?hinna j? idaji ti ij?ba ?ba meji ti Austro-Hungarian (1867–1918). Alagbara nla titi di opin Ogun Agbaye I, Hungary padanu di? sii ju 70% ti agbegbe r?, p?lu idam?ta ti olugbe r? ti ?ya Hungarian,[6] ati gbogbo aw?n ebute oko oju omi lab? Adehun ti Trianon,[7] aw?n ofin ti èyí tí ??p??l?p?? ti kà sí ìbínú gbígbóná janjan ní Hungary.[8] Ij?ba naa j? a?ey?ri nipas? akoko Komunisiti kan (1947–1989) lakoko eyiti Hungary gba akiyesi agbaye ni ibigbogbo nipa Iyika ti 1956 ati gbigbe i??kan ti ?i?i aala r? p?lu Austria ni ?dun 1989, ti o fokun fa iyara didenukole ti Ila-oorun. Ilana ij?ba ti o wa l?w?l?w? j? olominira ile-igbim? a?ofin, eyiti o dasil? ni ?dun 1989. Loni, Hungary j? eto-aje ti o ni owo-wiw?le giga [9] ati oludari agbegbe ni di? ninu aw?n iyi.[10][11][12][13] Hungary j?? ??kan nínú ?gb??n àw?n ibi arìnrìn-àjò tí ó gbajúm?? jù l? lágbàáyé, tí ? fa àw?n arìnrìn-àjò mili?nu 8.6 l??d??dún (2007).[14][15] Orile-ede naa j? ile si eto iho-omi gbona ti o tobi jul?[16] ati adagun igbona keji ti o tobi jul? ni agbaye (Lake Hévíz), adagun nla ti o tobi jul? ni Central Europe (Lake Balaton), ati aw?n il? koriko ti o tobi jul? ni Yuroopu (Hortobágy).", -4792172317053222708,train,who played mammy in gone with the wind,"Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895 -- October 26, 1952) was an American stage actress, professional singer - songwriter, and comedian. She is best known for her role as `` Mammy '' in Gone with the Wind (1939), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the first Academy Award won by an African American entertainer.","[""richard sears', 'william larned', 'bill tilden""]",tani ẹni tó ṣe mammy nínú Gone with the wind,Yes,"['Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895\xa0– October 25, 1952) je óṣèrè lobinrin omo Afrika Amerika akoko to gba Ebun Akademi bi Obinrin Osere Keji Didarajulo.']",['Hattie McDaniel je óṣèrè lobinrin omo Afrika Amerika akoko to gba Ebun Akademi bi Obinrin Osere Keji Didarajulo.'],['P1'],1,0,"Hattie McDaniel Hattie McDaniel (10, osù ke?fà, o?dún 1895 – 25, osù ke?wà, o?dún 1952) je ó?èrè lobinrin omo Afrika Amerika akoko to gba Ebun Akademi bi Obinrin Osere Keji Didarajulo[1]. Ìgbèsi Àyé Àràbinrin naa McDaniel j? ?m? to kèrèju ninu aw?n ?m? m?tala ti aw?n óbi r? bi. Ó?èrè lóbinrin naa ni à bi ni ?dun 1893 fun aw?n ti akó lèru Susan Holbert (Ólórin ti gospel) ati Henry McDaniel ni Winchita, Kansas[2]. McDaniel f? Howard Hickman ni ó?u January 19 ni ?dun 1911 ni Denver, Colorado. Howard ku ni ?dun 1915. ?k? ó?èrè lóbinrin keji George Langford ku lori egbo ib?n ni ó?u kíní ?dun 1925 ni kó p? ti w?n f? ara w?n. Hattie f? James Lloyd Crawford ni 21 ó?u ke?ta, ?dun 1941 ti w?n si pinya ni ?dun 1945 l?yin igbeyawó ?dun m?rin ab?[3]. Hattie f? Larry Williams ni 11 ó?u ke?fà, ni ?dun 1949 ni Yuma, Arizona ti w?n si pinya ni ?dun 1950[4]. Ni àsiko Ogun Agbaye kèji, Hattie j? oludari e?gbé? ti Negro Abala ti Hollywood Victory ti óun ??y? fun aw?n ologun ti w?n wa ni àw?n ìpìl?? ológun[5]. Ó?èrè lóbinrin naa darap? m? ó?èrè Clarence Muse ti ó j? ?kan lara aw?n ?m? ?gb? Alaw? dudu ti ó?èrè Screen Guild lati da ówò fun Red Cross fun aw?n ?m? il? amerika ti ómi yalè àgbàrà ya ?obu k?lu. Ikú r?? McDaniel ku lori aisan j?j?r? ?mu ni ?m? ?dun 59 ni 26 ó?u ke?wà ni ?dun 1952 ni ilè iwosan ti lé awòrán ìs?ípòpadà ni Woodland Hills, California[6][7]. ?k? Hattie l?si ilè iwè ti Denver East lati 1908 de 1910[8]. Ipa Ò?èrè lóbinrin ninu èré àgbèlèwó Àmi ?y? ati Idànil?la Hattie j? ó?èrè lóbinrin il? Afirika ati Amerika to mà gbà amin ?y? Oscar[9]. Ó?èrè lóbinrin naa gbà iraw? meji lori Hollywood walk of fame ti w?n si gba w?lè si Aw?n Alaw? dudu ti w?n j? ó?ere Hall of Fame ni ?dun 1975. Hattie j? ak?k? ?ni tó gba Oscar ti w?n fun Postage Stage ti il? U.S g?g?bi àmi idàl?la to waye ni ?dun 2006[10]. Ni ?dun 2010 ni w?n gba ó?èrè lóbinrin w?lè si Colorado Hall ti Fame ti aw?n obinrin[11].","Hattie McDaniel McDaniel in 1941 Born ( 1895-06-10 ) June 10, 1895 Wichita, Kansas , U.S. Died October 26, 1952 ( 1952-10-26 ) (aged 57) Woodland Hills, Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Breast cancer Resting place Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery Occupation Actress, singer-songwriter and comedian Years active 1920–1952 Spouse(s) George Langford (1922) (his death) Howard Hickman (1911) (his death) James Lloyd Crawford (1941–1945) (divorced) Larry Williams (1949–1950) (divorced) Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895 – October 26, 1952) was an American stage actress, professional singer-songwriter, and comedian. She is best known for her role as ""Mammy"" in Gone with the Wind (1939), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , the first Academy Award won by an African American entertainer. In addition to acting in many films, McDaniel was a radio performer and television star; she was the first black woman to sing on radio in the United States. She appeared in over 300 films, although she received screen credits for only 80 or so. McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood: one at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard for her contributions to radio and one at 1719 Vine Street for acting in motion pictures. In 1975, she was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame and in 2006 became the first black Oscar winner honored with a US postage stamp . Contents [ hide ] 1 Background and early acting career 1.1 Gone with the Wind 1.2 1940 Academy Awards 2 Later career 3 Legal case: Victory on ""Sugar Hill"" 4 Controversy over roles 5 Community service 6 Marriages 7 Death 8 Whereabouts of the McDaniel Oscar 9 Legacy and recognition 10 Filmography 10.1 Features 10.2 Short subjects 11 Radio appearances 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background and early acting career [ edit ] McDaniel was born to former slaves on June 10, 1895, in Wichita, Kansas . She was the youngest of 13 children. Her father, Henry McDaniel (1845–1922), fought in the Civil War with the 122nd United States Colored Troops and her mother, Susan Holbert (1850–1920), was a singer of religious music. In 1900, the family moved to Colorado , living first in Fort Collins and then in Denver , where Hattie graduated from Denver East High School . Her brother, Sam McDaniel (1886–1962), played the butler in the 1948 Three Stooges ’ short film Heavenly Daze . Her sister Etta McDaniel was also an actress. McDaniel was a songwriter as well as a performer. She honed her songwriting skills while working with her brother's minstrel show. After the death of her brother Otis in 1916, the troupe began to lose money, and Hattie did not get her next big break until 1920. From 1920 to 1925, she appeared with Professor George Morrison's Melody Hounds , a black touring ensemble. In the mid-1920s, she embarked on a radio career, singing with the Melody Hounds on station KOA in Denver. From 1926 to 1929, she recorded many of her songs for Okeh Records and Paramount Records in Chicago . McDaniel recorded seven sessions: one in the summer of 1926 on the rare Kansas City label Meritt; four sessions in Chicago for Okeh from late 1926 to late 1927 (of the ten sides recorded, only four were issued), and two sessions in Chicago for Paramount in March 1929. After the stock market crashed in 1929, McDaniel could find work only as a washroom attendant and waitress at Club Madrid in Milwaukee . Despite the owner's reluctance to let her perform, she was eventually allowed to take the stage and soon became a regular performer. In 1931, McDaniel moved to Los Angeles to join her brother Sam and her sisters Etta and Orlena. When she could not get film work, she took jobs as a maid or cook. Sam was working on a KNX radio program, The Optimistic Do-Nut Hour , and was able to get his sister a spot. She performed on radio as ""Hi-Hat Hattie"", a bossy maid who often ""forgets her place"". Her show became popular, but her salary was so low that she had to continue working as a maid. She made her first film appearance in The Golden West (1932), in which she played a maid. Her second appearance came in the highly successful Mae West film I'm No Angel (1933), in which she played one of the black maids with whom West camped it up backstage. She received several other uncredited film roles in the early 1930s, often singing in choruses. In 1934, McDaniel joined the Screen Actors Guild . She began to attract attention and landed larger film roles, which began to win her screen credits. Fox Film Corporation put her under contract to appear in The Little Colonel (1935), with Shirley Temple , Bill ""Bojangles"" Robinson and Lionel Barrymore . Judge Priest (1934), directed by John Ford and starring Will Rogers , was the first film in which she played a major role. She had a leading part in the film and demonstrated her singing talent, including a duet with Rogers. McDaniel and Rogers became friends during filming. In 1935, McDaniel had prominent roles, as a slovenly maid in Alice Adams ( RKO Pictures ); a comic part as Jean Harlow 's maid and traveling companion in China Seas ( MGM ) (McDaniels's first film with Clark Gable ); and as the maid Isabella in Murder by Television , with Béla Lugosi . She appeared in the 1938 film Vivacious Lady , starring James Stewart and Ginger Rogers . McDaniel had a featured role as Queenie in the 1936 film Show Boat ( Universal Pictures ), starring Allan Jones and Irene Dunne , in which she sang a verse of Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man with Dunne, Helen Morgan , Paul Robeson , and a black chorus. She and Robeson sang ""I Still Suits Me"", written for the film by Kern and Hammerstein . After Show Boat , she had major roles in MGM's Saratoga (1937), starring Jean Harlow and Clark Gable; The Shopworn Angel (1938), with Margaret Sullavan ; and The Mad Miss Manton (1938), starring Barbara Stanwyck and Henry Fonda . She had a minor role in the Carole Lombard–Frederic March film Nothing Sacred (1937), in which she played the wife of a shoeshine man (Troy Brown) masquerading as a sultan. McDaniel was a friend of many of Hollywood's most popular stars, including Joan Crawford , Tallulah Bankhead , Bette Davis , Shirley Temple , Henry Fonda , Ronald Reagan , Olivia de Havilland , and Clark Gable . She starred with de Havilland and Gable in Gone with the Wind (1939). Around this time, she was criticized by members of the black community for the roles she accepted and for pursuing roles aggressively rather than rocking the Hollywood boat. For example, in The Little Colonel (1935), she played one of the black servants longing to return to the Old South , but her portrayal of Malena in RKO Pictures's Alice Adams angered white Southern audiences, because she stole several scenes from the film's white star, Katharine Hepburn . McDaniel ultimately became best known for playing a sassy and opinionated maid. Gone with the Wind [ edit ] The competition to win the part of Mammy in Gone with the Wind was almost as fierce as that for Scarlett O'Hara . First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt wrote to film producer David O. Selznick to ask that her own maid, Elizabeth McDuffie, be given the part. McDaniel did not think she would be chosen because she had earned her reputation as a comic actress. One source claimed that Clark Gable recommended that the role be given to McDaniel; in any case, she went to her audition dressed in an authentic maid's uniform and won the part. Upon hearing of the planned film adaptation, the NAACP fought hard to require the film's producer and director to delete racial epithets from the movie (in particular the offensive slur ""nigger"") and to alter scenes that might be incendiary and that, in their view, were historically inaccurate. Of particular concern was a scene from the novel in which black men attack Scarlett O'Hara, after which the Ku Klux Klan, with its long history of provoking terror on black communities, is presented as a savior. Throughout the South, black men were being lynched based upon false allegations they had harmed white women. That attack scene was altered, and some offensive language was modified, but another epithet, ""darkie"", remained in the film, and the film's message with respect to slavery remained essentially the same. Consistent with the book, the film's screenplay also referred to poor whites as ""white trash"", and it ascribed these words equally to characters black and white. Loew's Grand Theater on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was selected by the studio as the site for the Friday, December 15, 1939 premiere of Gone with the Wind . Studio head David Selznick asked that McDaniel be permitted to attend, but MGM advised him not to, because of Georgia's segregation laws. Clark Gable threatened to boycott the Atlanta premiere unless McDaniel were allowed to attend, but McDaniel convinced him to attend anyway. Most of Atlanta's 300,000 citizens crowded the route of the seven-mile (11 km) motorcade that carried the film's other stars and executives from the airport to the Georgian Terrace Hotel , where they stayed. While Jim Crow laws kept McDaniel from the Atlanta premiere, she did attend the film's Hollywood debut on December 28, 1939. Upon Selznick's insistence, her picture was also featured prominently in the program. For her performance as the house slave who repeatedly scolds her owner's daughter, Scarlett O'Hara ( Vivien Leigh ), and scoffs at Rhett Butler ( Clark Gable ), McDaniel won the 1939 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , the first black American to win an Oscar. She was the first black American to have been nominated. ""I loved Mammy,"" McDaniel said when speaking to the white press about the character. ""I think I understood her because my own grandmother worked on a plantation not unlike Tara ."" Her role in Gone with the Wind had alarmed some whites in the South; there were complaints that in the film she had been too ""familiar"" with her white owners. At least one writer pointed out that McDaniel's character did not significantly depart from Mammy's persona in Margaret Mitchell's novel, and that in both the film and the book, the much younger Scarlett speaks to Mammy in ways that would be deemed inappropriate for a Southern teenager of that era to speak to a much older white person, and that neither the book nor the film hints of the existence of Mammy's own children (dead or alive), her own family (dead or alive), a real name, or her desires to have anything other than a life at Tara, serving on a slave plantation. Moreover, while Mammy scolds the younger Scarlett, she never crosses Mrs. O'Hara, the more senior white woman in the household. Some critics felt that McDaniel not only accepted the roles but also in her statements to the press acquiesced in Hollywood's stereotypes, providing fuel for critics of those who were fighting for black civil rights. Later, when McDaniel tried to take her ""Mammy"" character on a road show, black audiences did not prove receptive. While many blacks were happy over McDaniel's personal victory, they also viewed it as bittersweet. They believed Gone With the Wind celebrated the slave system and condemned the forces that destroyed it. For them, the unique accolade McDaniel had won suggested that only those who did not protest Hollywood's systemic use of racial stereotypes could find work and success there. 1940 Academy Awards [ edit ] The Twelfth Academy Awards took place at the Coconut Grove Restaurant of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. It was preceded by a banquet in the same room. Louella Parsons , an American gossip columnist, wrote about Oscar night, February 29, 1940: Hattie McDaniel earned that gold Oscar by her fine performance of 'Mammy' in Gone with the Wind . If you had seen her face when she walked up to the platform and took the gold trophy, you would have had the choke in your voice that all of us had when Hattie, hair trimmed with gardenias, face alight, and dress up to the queen's taste, accepted the honor in one of the finest speeches ever given on the Academy floor. “ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, fellow members of the motion picture industry and honored guests: This is one of the happiest moments of my life, and I want to thank each one of you who had a part in selecting me for one of their awards, for your kindness. It has made me feel very, very humble; and I shall always hold it as a beacon for anything that I may be able to do in the future. I sincerely hope I shall always be a credit to my race and to the motion picture industry. My heart is too full to tell you just how I feel, and may I say thank you and God bless you. ” — From McDaniel's acceptance speech, 12th Annual Academy Awards, February 29, 1940 McDaniel received a plaque-style Oscar, approximately 5 1/2 x 6 inches, the type awarded to all Best Supporting Actors and Actresses at that time. She and her escort were required to sit at a segregated table for two at the far wall of the room; her white agent, William Meiklejohn, sat at the same table. The hotel had a strict no-blacks policy, but allowed McDaniel in as a favor. Gone with the Wind won ten Academy Awards , a record that stood for years. [ quantify ] It was later named by the American Film Institute (AFI) as number four among the top 100 American films of all time in the 1998 ranking and number six in the 2007 ranking. Later career [ edit ] In the 1942 Warner Bros. film In This Our Life , starring Bette Davis and directed by John Huston, McDaniel once again played a domestic, but one who confronts racial issues when her son, a law student, is wrongly accused of manslaughter. The following year, McDaniel was in Warner Bros' Thank Your Lucky Stars , with Humphrey Bogart and Bette Davis. In its review of the film, Time wrote that McDaniel was comic relief in an otherwise ""grim study,"" writing, ""...Hattie McDaniel, whose bubbling, blaring good humor more than redeems the roaring bad taste of a Harlem number called Ice Cold Katie...."" McDaniel continued to play maids during the war years, in Warner Bros ' The Male Animal (1942) and United Artists ' Since You Went Away (1944), but her feistiness was toned down to reflect the era's somber news. She also played the maid in Song of the South . McDaniel as Beulah 1951, the year before her death She made her last film appearances in Mickey (1948) and Family Honeymoon (1949), where that same year, she appeared on the live CBS television program The Ed Wynn Show . She remained active on radio and television in her final years, becoming the first black American to star in her own radio show with the comedy series Beulah . She also starred in the ABC television version of the show, replacing Ethel Waters after the first season. (Waters had apparently expressed concerns over stereotypes in the role.) Beulah was a hit, however, and earned McDaniel $2,000 a week. But the show was controversial. In 1951, the United States Army ceased broadcasting Beulah in Asia because troops complained that the show perpetuated negative stereotypes of black men as shiftless and lazy and interfered with the ability of black troops to perform their mission. After filming a handful of episodes, however, McDaniel learned she had breast cancer. By the spring of 1952, she was too ill to work and was replaced by Louise Beavers . Legal case: Victory on ""Sugar Hill"" [ edit ] McDaniel was the most famous of the black homeowners who helped to organize the black West Adams neighborhood residents who saved their homes. Loren Miller , an attorney and the owner and publisher of the California Eagle newspaper, represented the minority homeowners in their restrictive covenant case. In 1944, Miller won the case Fairchild v Rainers , a decision in favor of a black family in Pasadena, California , who had bought a nonrestricted lot but was sued by white neighbors anyway. Time magazine, in its issue of December 17, 1945, reported that Spacious, well-kept West Adams Heights still had the complacent look of the days when most of Los Angeles' aristocracy lived there.... In 1938, Negroes, willing and able to pay $15,000 and up for Heights property, had begun moving into the old eclectic mansions. Many were movie folk — Actresses Louise Beavers , Hattie McDaniel, Ethel Waters, etc. They improved their holdings, kept their well-defined ways, quickly won more than tolerance from most of their white neighbors. But some whites, refusing to be comforted, had referred to the original racial restriction covenant that came with the development of West Adams Heights back in 1902 which restricted ""Non-caucasians"" from owning property. For seven years they had tried to enforce it, but failed. Then they went to court.... Superior Judge Thurmond Clarke decided to visit the disputed ground—popularly known as ""Sugar Hill."" ... Next morning, ... Judge Clarke threw the case out of court. His reason: ""It is time that members of the Negro race are accorded, without reservations or evasions, the full rights guaranteed them under the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Judges have been avoiding the real issue too long."" Said Hattie McDaniel, of West Adams Heights: ""Words cannot express my appreciation."" McDaniel had purchased her white, two-story, seventeen-room house in 1942. The house included a large living room, dining room, drawing room, den, butler's pantry, kitchen, service porch, library, four bedrooms and a basement. McDaniel had a yearly Hollywood party. Everyone knew that the king of Hollywood, Clark Gable , could always be found at McDaniel's parties. Controversy over roles [ edit ] As her fame grew, McDaniel faced growing criticism from some members of the black community. Groups such as the NAACP complained that Hollywood stereotypes not only restricted blacks to servant roles but often portrayed blacks as lazy, dim-witted, satisfied with lowly positions, or violent. In addition to addressing the studios, they called upon actors, and especially leading black actors, to pressure studios to offer more substantive roles and at least not pander to stereotypes. They also argued that these portrayals were unfair as well as inaccurate and that, coupled with segregation and other forms of discrimination, such stereotypes were making it difficult for all blacks, not only actors, to overcome racism and succeed in the entertainment industry. Some attacked McDaniel for being an "" Uncle Tom ""—a person willing to advance personally by perpetuating racial stereotypes or being an agreeable agent of offensive racial restrictions. McDaniel characterized these challenges as class-based biases against domestics, a claim that white columnists seemed to accept. And she reportedly said, ""Why should I complain about making $700 a week playing a maid? If I didn't, I'd be making $7 a week being one."" McDaniel may also have been criticized because, unlike many other black entertainers, she was not associated with civil rights protests and was largely absent from efforts to establish a commercial base for independent black films. She did not join the Negro Actors Guild of America until 1947, late in her career. McDaniel hired one of the few white agents who would represent black actors in those days, William Meiklejohn , to advance her career. Evidence suggests her avoidance of political controversy was deliberate. When columnist Hedda Hopper sent her Richard Nixon placards and asked McDaniel to distribute them, McDaniel declined, replying she had long ago decided to stay out of politics. ""Beulah is everybody's friend,"" she said. Since she was earning a living honestly, she added, she should not be criticized for accepting such work as was offered. Her critics, especially Walter White of the NAACP, claimed that she and other actors who agreed to portray stereotypes were not a neutral force but rather willing agents of black oppression. McDaniel and other black actresses and actors feared that their roles would evaporate if the NAACP and other Hollywood critics complained too loudly. She blamed these critics for hindering her career and sought the help of allies of doubtful reputation. After speaking with McDaniel, Hedda Hopper even claimed that McDaniel's career troubles were not the result of racism but had been caused by McDaniel's ""own people"". Community service [ edit ] McDaniel leading entertainers and hostesses to Minter Field for a performance and dance for World War II soldiers During World War II , she served as chairman of the Negro Division of the Hollywood Victory Committee , providing entertainment for soldiers stationed at military bases. (The military was segregated, and black entertainers were not allowed to serve on white entertainment committees.) She elicited the help of a friend, the actor Leigh Whipper , and other black entertainers for her committee. She made numerous personal appearances at military hospitals, threw parties, and performed at United Service Organizations (USO) shows and war bond rallies to raise funds to support the war on behalf of the Victory Committee. Bette Davis was the only white member of McDaniel's acting troupe to perform for black regiments; Lena Horne and Ethel Waters also participated. McDaniel was also a member of American Women's Voluntary Services . She joined the actor Clarence Muse , one of the first black members of the Screen Actors Guild, in an NBC radio broadcast to raise funds for Red Cross relief programs for Americans that had been displaced by devastating floods, and she gained a reputation for generosity, lending money to friends and strangers alike. Marriages [ edit ] McDaniel married Howard Hickman at age 15 on January 19, 1911, in Denver , Colorado. He died in 1915. Her second husband, George Langford, died of a gunshot wound in January 1925, soon after she married him and while her career was on the rise. She married James Lloyd Crawford, a real estate salesman, on March 21, 1941, in Tucson, Arizona . According to Donald Bogle , in his book Bright Boulevards, Bold Dreams , McDaniel happily confided to gossip columnist Hedda Hopper in 1945 that she was pregnant. McDaniel began buying baby clothes and set up a nursery in her house. Her plans were shattered when she suffered a false pregnancy and fell into a depression. She never had any children. She divorced Crawford in 1945, after four and a half years of marriage. Crawford had been jealous of her career success, she said, and once threatened to kill her. She married Larry Williams, an interior decorator, on June 11, 1949, in Yuma, Arizona , but divorced him in 1950 after testifying that their five months together had been marred by ""arguing and fussing."" McDaniel broke down in tears when she testified that her husband tried to provoke dissension in the cast of her radio show and otherwise interfered with her work. ""I haven't gotten over it yet,"" she said. ""I got so I couldn't sleep. I couldn't concentrate on my lines."" Death [ edit ] Cenotaph at Hollywood Forever Cemetery Grave of McDaniel at Angelus Rosedale Cemetery In August, 1950, McDaniel suffered a heart ailment and entered Temple Hospital in semi-critical condition. She was released in October to recuperate at home, and she was cited by United Press on Jan. 3, 1951, as showing ""slight improvement in her recovery from a mild stroke."" McDaniel died of breast cancer at age 57 on October 26, 1952, in the hospital on the grounds of the Motion Picture House in Woodland Hills, California . She was survived by her brother Sam McDaniel . Thousands of mourners turned out to celebrate her life and achievements. In her will, McDaniel wrote, ""I desire a white casket and a white shroud; white gardenias in my hair and in my hands, together with a white gardenia blanket and a pillow of red roses. I also wish to be buried in the Hollywood Cemetery""; Hollywood Cemetery , on Santa Monica Boulevard in Hollywood , is the resting place of movie stars such as Douglas Fairbanks and Rudolph Valentino . Its owner at the time, Jules Roth, refused to allow her to be buried there, because, at the time of McDaniel's death, the cemetery practiced racial segregation and would not accept the remains of black people for burial. Her second choice was Rosedale Cemetery (now known as Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery ), where she lies today. In 1999, Tyler Cassidy, the new owner of the Hollywood Cemetery (renamed the Hollywood Forever Cemetery ), offered to have McDaniel re-interred there. Her family did not wish to disturb her remains and declined the offer. Instead, Hollywood Forever Cemetery built a large cenotaph on the lawn overlooking its lake. It is one of Hollywood's most popular tourist attractions. McDaniel's last will and testament of December 1951 bequeathed her Oscar to Howard University, where she had been honored by the students with a luncheon after she had won her Oscar. At the time of her death, McDaniel would have had few options. Very few white institutions in that day preserved black history. Historically, black colleges had been where such artifacts were placed. Despite evidence McDaniel had earned an excellent income as an actress, her final estate was less than $10,000. The IRS claimed the estate owed more than $11,000 in taxes. In the end, the probate court ordered all of her property, including her Oscar, sold to pay off creditors. Years later, the Oscar turned up where McDaniel wanted it to be: Howard University, where, according to reports, it was displayed in a glass case in the university's drama department. Whereabouts of the McDaniel Oscar [ edit ] The whereabouts of McDaniel's Oscar are currently unknown. In 1992, Jet magazine reported that Howard University could not find it and alleged that it had disappeared during protests in the 1960s. In 1998, Howard University stated that it could find no written record of the Oscar having arrived at Howard. In 2007, an article in the Huffington Post repeated rumors that the Oscar had been cast into the Potomac River by angry civil rights protesters in the 1960s. The assertion reappeared in the Huffington Post under the same byline in 2009. In 2010, Mo'Nique , the winner of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, wearing a blue dress and gardenias in her hair, as McDaniel had at the ceremony in 1940, in her acceptance speech thanked McDaniel ""for enduring all that she had to so that I would not have to"". Her speech revived interest in the whereabouts of McDaniel's plaque. In 2011, J. Freedom duLac reported in the Washington Post that the plaque had disappeared in the 1960s. In November 2011, W. B. Carter, of the George Washington University Law School , published the results of her year-and-a-half-long investigation into the Oscar's fate. Carter rejected claims that students had stolen the Oscar (and thrown it in the Potomac River) as wild speculation or fabrication that traded on long-perpetuated stereotypes of blacks. She questioned the sourcing of the Huffington Post stories. Instead, she argued that the Oscar was likely returned to Howard University 's Channing Pollack Theater Collection between the spring of 1971 and the summer of 1973 or had possibly been boxed and stored in the drama department at that time. The reason for its removal, she argued, was not civil rights unrest but rather efforts to make room for a new generation of black performers. If neither the Oscar nor any paper trail of its ultimate destiny can be found at Howard today, she suggested, inadequate storage or record-keeping in a time of financial constraints and national turbulence may be blamed. She also suggested that a new generation of caretakers may have failed to realize the historic significance of the 5 1/2"" x 6"" plaque. Legacy and recognition [ edit ] Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame for contributions to radio at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard . McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood: one at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard for her contributions to radio and one at 1719 Vine Street for motion pictures. In 1975, she was inducted posthumously into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame . In 1994, the actress and singer Karla Burns launched her one-woman show Hi-Hat-Hattie (written by Larry Parr), about McDaniel's life. Burns went on to perform the role in several other cities through 2002, including Off-Broadway and the Long Beach Playhouse Studio Theatre in California. In 2002, McDaniel's legacy was celebrated in American Movie Classics 's (AMC) film Beyond Tara, The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel (2001), produced and directed by Madison D. Lacy and hosted by Whoopi Goldberg . This one-hour special depicted McDaniel's struggles and triumphs in the presence of rampant racism and brutal adversity. The film won the 2001–2002 Daytime Emmy Award , presented on May 17, 2002, for Outstanding Special Class Special. McDaniel was the 29th inductee in the Black Heritage Series by the United States Postal Service . Her 39-cent stamp was released on January 29, 2006, featuring a 1941 photograph of McDaniel in the dress she wore to accept the Academy Award in 1940. The ceremony took place at the Margaret Herrick Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , where the Hattie McDaniel collection includes photographs of McDaniel and other family members as well as scripts and other documents. The American rapper Nas pays tribute to McDaniel in his song ""Blunt Ashes,"" from his eighth studio album, released December 15, 2006. ""Hattie McDaniel Day"" was celebrated on August 16, 2011, by the national GLBT radio station OutQ (Sirius XM) on the Frank Decaro Show . Kevin John Goff, McDaniel's great-grandnephew, is currently developing a series of components on McDaniel's life. Filmography [ edit ] Features [ edit ] Love Bound (1932) Impatient Maiden (1932) as Injured Patient (uncredited) Are You Listening? (1932) as Aunt Fatima - Singer (uncredited) The Washington Masquerade (1932) as Maid (uncredited) The Boiling Point (1932) as Caroline the Cook (uncredited) Crooner (1932) as Maid in Ladies' Room (uncredited) Blonde Venus (1932) as Cora, Helen's Maid in New Orleans (uncredited) The Golden West (1932) as Mammy Lou (uncredited) Hypnotized (1932) as Powder Room Attendant (uncredited) Hello, Sister (1933) as Woman in Apartment House (uncredited) I'm No Angel (1933) as Tira's Maid-Manicurist (uncredited) Goodbye Love (1933) as Edna the Maid (uncredited) Merry Wives of Reno (1934) as Bunny's Maid (uncredited) City Park (1934) as Tessie - the Ransome Maid (uncredited) Operator 13 (1934) as Annie (uncredited) King Kelly of the U.S.A. (1934) as Black Narcissus Mop Buyer (uncredited) Judge Priest (1934) as Aunt Dilsey Imitation of Life (1934) as Woman at Funeral (uncredited) Flirtation (1934) as Minor Role (uncredited) Lost in the Stratosphere (1934) as Ida Johnson Babbitt (1934) as Rosalie, the Maid (uncredited) Little Men (1934) as Asia (uncredited) The Little Colonel (1935) as Mom Beck Transient Lady (1935) as Servant (uncredited) Traveling Saleslady (1935) as Martha Smith (uncredited) China Seas (1935) as Isabel McCarthy, Dolly's Maid (uncredited) Alice Adams (1935) as Malena Burns Harmony Lane (1935) as Liza, the Cook (uncredited) Murder by Television (1935) as Isabella - the Cook Music Is Magic (1935) as Hattie Another Face (1935) as Nellie - Sheila's Maid (uncredited) We're Only Human (1935) as Molly, Martin's Maid (uncredited) Next Time We Love (1936) as Hanna (uncredited) The First Baby (1936) as Dora The Singing Kid (1936) as Maid (uncredited) Gentle Julia (1936) as Kitty Silvers Show Boat (1936) as Queenie High Tension (1936) as Hattie The Bride Walks Out (1936) as Mamie - Carolyn's Maid Postal Inspector (1936) as Deborah (uncredited) Star for a Night (1936) as Hattie Valiant Is the Word for Carrie (1936) as Ellen Belle Libeled Lady (1936) as Maid in Grand Plaza Hall (uncredited) Can This Be Dixie? (1936) as Lizzie Reunion (1936) as Sadie Racing Lady (1937) as Abby Don't Tell the Wife (1937) as Mamie, Nancy's Maid (uncredited) The Crime Nobody Saw (1937) as Ambrosia The Wildcatter (1937) as Pearl (uncredited) Saratoga (1937) as Rosetta Stella Dallas (1937) as Maid Sky Racket (1937) as Jenny Over the Goal (1937) as Hannah Merry Go Round of 1938 (1937) as Maid (uncredited) Nothing Sacred (1937) as Mrs. Walker (uncredited) 45 Fathers (1937) as Beulah Quick Money (1937) as Hattie (uncredited) True Confession (1937) as Ella Mississippi Moods (1937) Battle of Broadway (1938) as Agatha Vivacious Lady (1938) as Hattie - Maid at Prom Dance (uncredited) The Shopworn Angel (1938) as Martha Carefree (1938) as Hattie (uncredited) The Mad Miss Manton (1938) as Hilda The Shining Hour (1938) as Belvedere Everybody's Baby (1939) as Hattie Zenobia (1939) as Dehlia Gone with the Wind (1939) as Mammy - House Servant Maryland (1940) as Aunt Carrie The Great Lie (1941) as Violet Affectionately Yours (1941) as Cynthia They Died with Their Boots On (1941) as Callie The Male Animal (1942) as Cleota In This Our Life (1942) as Minerva Clay George Washington Slept Here (1942) as Hester, the Fullers' Maid Johnny Come Lately (1943) as Aida Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) as Gossip in 'Ice Cold Katie' Number Since You Went Away (1944) as Fidelia Janie (1944) as April - Conway's Maid Three Is a Family (1944) as Maid Hi, Beautiful (1944) as Millie Janie Gets Married (1946) as April Margie (1946) as Cynthia Never Say Goodbye (1946) as Cozie Song of the South (1946) as Aunt Tempy The Flame (1947) as Celia Mickey (1948) as Bertha Family Honeymoon (1948) as Phyllis The Big Wheel (1949) as Minnie Short subjects [ edit ] Mickey's Rescue (1934) as Maid (uncredited) Fate's Fathead (1934) as Mandy - the Maid (uncredited) The Chases of Pimple Street (1934) as Hattie, Gertrude's Maid (uncredited) Anniversary Trouble (1935) as Mandy, the Maid Okay Toots! (1935) as Hattie - the Maid (uncredited) Wig-Wag (1935) as Cook (uncredited) The Four Star Boarder (1935) as Maid (uncredited) Arbor Day (1936) as Buckwheat's Mother Termites of 1938 (1938) Radio appearances [ edit ] Year Program Episode/source 1941 Gulf Screen Guild Theatre No Time for Comedy Station KOA , Denver , Melony Hounds (1926) Station KNX , Los Angeles , The Optimistic Do-Nut Hour (1931) CBS Network, The Beulah Show (1947). McDaniel was a semi-regular on the radio program Amos 'n' Andy , first as Andy's demanding landlady. In one episode they nearly marry. Andy was out for her money, aided and abetted by the Kingfish, who gives his wife's diamond ring to present to McDaniel as an engagement ring. The scheme blows up in their faces when Sapphire decides to throw a party to celebrate. Andy desperately tries to conceal the ring from Sapphire. In frustration and growing anger, McDaniel says to Andy, ""Andy, sweetheart, darlin'. Is you gonna let go of my hand or does I have to pop you??!! "" This episode aired on NBC in June 1944. She played a similar character, ""Sadie Simpson"", in several later episodes. See also [ edit ] List of African-American firsts List of black Academy Award winners and nominees References [ edit ] Notes Bibliography The Life and Struggles of Hattie McDaniel (author Jill Watts audio interview), hear the voice of Hattie McDaniel Carter, W. B. (2011). ""Finding the Oscar"". Howard Law Journal . 55 (1): 107. SSRN 1980721 . Hopper, Hedda. ""Hattie Hates Nobody"". Chicago Sunday Tribune , 1947. Jackson, Carlton. Hattie: The Life of Hattie McDaniel . Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1990. ISBN 1-56833-004-9 Mitchell, Lisa. ""More Than a Mammy"". Hollywood Studio Magazine , April 1979. Salamon, Julie. ""The Courage to Rise Above Mammyness"". New York Times , August 6, 2001. Watts, Jill. Hattie McDaniel: Black Ambition, White Hollywood . New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-051490-6 Young, Al. ""I’d Rather Play a Maid Than Be One"". New York Times , October 15, 1989. Zeigler, Ronny. ""Hattie McDaniel: ‘(I’d)... rather play a maid.’"" N.Y. Amsterdam News , April 28, 1979. Access Newspaper Archive – search for ""Hattie McDaniel"" External links [ edit ] Hattie McDaniel on IMDb Hattie McDaniel at Find a Grave" 7789970859615417301,train,where is helsinki finland on the world map,"Helsinki (/ ˈhɛlsɪŋki, hɛlˈsɪŋki / ; Finnish : (ˈhelsiŋki) (listen) ; Swedish : Helsingfors (hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː) (listen)) is the capital city and most populous municipality of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of 642,045. The city 's urban area has a population of 1,231,595, making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country 's most important center for politics, education, finance, culture, and research. Helsinki is located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia, 400 km (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, and 390 km (240 mi) west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It has close historical ties with these three cities.",[],níbo ni helsinki finland wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Hẹlisíǹkì (sv: Helsingfors) ni oluilu orile-ede Finland.'],[],['P1'],1,0,"H?lisí?kì H?lisí?kì ni oluilu orile-ede Finland.","""Helsingfors"" redirects here. For the village in Västerbotten County, Sweden, see Hälsingfors . For the 2009 Finnish film, see Hellsinki . For the ships, see SS Helsingfors . Helsinki ( / ˈ h ɛ l s ɪ ŋ k i , h ɛ l ˈ s ɪ ŋ k i / ; Finnish: [ˈhelsiŋki] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Helsingfors [hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and most populous municipality of Finland . Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of 642,045. The city's urban area has a population of 1,231,595, making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country's most important center for politics, education, finance, culture, and research. Helsinki is located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn , Estonia , 400 km (250 mi) east of Stockholm , Sweden , and 390 km (240 mi) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia . It has close historical ties with these three cities. Together with the cities of Espoo , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and surrounding commuter towns, Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, which has a population of over 1.4 million. Often considered to be Finland's only metropolis, it is the world's northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state . After Stockholm and Oslo , Helsinki is the third largest city in the Nordic countries . The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport , located in the neighboring city of Vantaa, with frequent service to many destinations in Europe and Asia . Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012, the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics , and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest . Helsinki has one of the highest urban standards of living in the world. In 2011, the British magazine Monocle ranked Helsinki the world's most liveable city in its liveable cities index . In the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2016 liveability survey, Helsinki was ranked ninth among 140 cities. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Founding of Helsinki 2.3 Twentieth century 3 Geography 3.1 Metropolitan area 3.2 Climate 4 Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions 5 Cityscape 6 Government 7 Demographics 7.1 Language 7.2 Immigration 8 Economy 9 Religion 10 Education 10.1 Universities 10.2 Universities of applied sciences 11 Culture 11.1 Museums 11.2 Theatres 11.3 Music 11.4 Art 11.5 Media 11.6 Sports 12 Transport 12.1 Roads 12.2 Intercity rail 12.3 Aviation 12.4 Sea transport 12.5 Urban transport 13 International relations 13.1 Special partnership cities 14 Notable people 14.1 Born before 1900 14.2 Born after 1900 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External links Etymology [ edit ] According to a theory presented in the 1630s, settlers from Hälsingland in central Sweden had arrived to what is now known as the Vantaa River and called it Helsingå (""Helsinge River""), which gave rise to the names of Helsinge village and church in the 1300s. This theory is questionable, because dialect research suggests that the settlers arrived from Uppland and nearby areas. Others have proposed the name as having been derived from the Swedish word helsing , an archaic form of the word hals ( neck ), referring to the narrowest part of a river, the rapids. Other Scandinavian cities at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, e.g. Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden. When a town was founded in Forsby village in 1548, it was named Helsinge fors, ""Helsinge rapids"". The name refers to the Vanhankaupunginkoski rapids at the mouth of the river. The town was commonly known as Helsinge or Helsing , from which the contemporary Finnish name arose. Official Finnish Government documents and Finnish language newspapers have used the name Helsinki since 1819, when the Senate of Finland moved itself into the city from Turku . The decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire , Helsinki was known as Gelsingfors in Russian. In Helsinki slang , the city is called Stadi (from the Swedish word stad , meaning ""city""). Hesa (short for Helsinki), is not used by natives of the city. Helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki. History [ edit ] Main articles: History of Helsinki and Timeline of Helsinki Central Helsinki in 1820 before rebuilding. Illustration by Carl Ludvig Engel . Construction of Suomenlinna began in the 18th century. Early history [ edit ] In the Iron Age the area occupied by present day Helsinki was inhabited by Tavastians . They used the area for fishing and hunting, but due to a lack of archeological finds it is difficult to say how extensive their settlements were. Pollen analysis has shown that there were cultivating settlements in the area in the 10th century and surviving historical records from the 14th century describe Tavastian settlements in the area. Swedes colonized the coastline of the Helsinki region in the late 13th century after the successful Second Crusade to Finland, which lead to the defeat of the Tavastians. Founding of Helsinki [ edit ] Historical affiliations Sweden 1550–1713 Tsardom of Russia 1713–1721 Sweden 1721–1742 Russian Empire 1742–1743 Sweden 1743–1808 Grand Duchy of Finland ( Russian Empire ) 1809–1917 Finland 1917–1918 Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1918 Finland 1918–present Helsinki was established as a trading town by King Gustav I of Sweden in 1550 as the town of Helsingfors, which he intended to be a rival to the Hanseatic city of Reval (today known as Tallinn ). Little came of the plans as Helsinki remained a tiny town plagued by poverty, wars, and diseases. The plague of 1710 killed the greater part of the inhabitants of Helsinki. The construction of the naval fortress Sveaborg (in Finnish Viapori , today also Suomenlinna ) in the 18th century helped improve Helsinki's status, but it was not until Russia defeated Sweden in the Finnish War and annexed Finland as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 that the town began to develop into a substantial city. Russians besieged the Sveaborg fortress during the war, and about one quarter of the town was destroyed in an 1808 fire. Russian Emperor Alexander I of Russia moved the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki in 1812 to reduce Swedish influence in Finland, and to bring the capital closer to Saint Petersburg . Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, the Royal Academy of Turku , which at the time was the country's only university, was also relocated to Helsinki and eventually became the modern University of Helsinki . The move consolidated the city's new role and helped set it on a path of continuous growth. This transformation is highly apparent in the downtown core, which was rebuilt in the neoclassical style to resemble Saint Petersburg, mostly to a plan by the German-born architect C. L. Engel . As elsewhere, technological advancements such as railroads and industrialization were key factors behind the city's growth. Twentieth century [ edit ] Despite the tumultuous nature of Finnish history during the first half of the 20th century (including the Finnish Civil War and the Winter War which both left marks on the city), Helsinki continued its steady development. A landmark event was the 1952 Olympic Games , held in Helsinki. Finland's rapid urbanization in the 1970s, occurring late relative to the rest of Europe, tripled the population in the metropolitan area, and the Helsinki Metro subway system was built. The relatively sparse population density of Helsinki and its peculiar structure have often been attributed to the lateness of its growth. [ citation needed ] Geography [ edit ] Parts of Helsinki and Espoo seen from the SPOT satellite Main article: Geography of Helsinki Called the ""Daughter of the Baltic"", Helsinki is on the tip of a peninsula and on 315 islands. The inner city is located on a southern peninsula, Helsinginniemi (”Helsinki’s peninsula”), which is rarely referred to by its actual name, Vironniemi (”Estonia’s peninsula”). Population density in certain parts of Helsinki's inner city area is very high, reaching 16,494 inhabitants per square kilometre (42,720/sq mi) in the district of Kallio , but as a whole Helsinki's population density of 3,050 per square kilometre (7,900/sq mi) ranks the city as rather sparsely populated in comparison to other European capital cities. Outside of the inner city, much of Helsinki consists of postwar suburbs separated by patches of forest. A narrow, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long Helsinki Central Park , stretching from the inner city to Helsinki's northern border, is an important recreational area for residents. The City of Helsinki has about 11,000 boat berths and possesses over 14,000 hectares of marine fishing waters adjacent to the Capital Region. Some 60 fish species are found in this area and recreational fishing is popular. Major islands in Helsinki include Seurasaari , Vallisaari , Lauttasaari , and Korkeasaari – the lattermost being the site of Finland’s largest zoo . Other noteworthy islands are the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg), the military island of Santahamina , and Isosaari . Pihlajasaari island is a favorite summer spot for gay men and naturists, comparable to Fire Island in New York City . Metropolitan area [ edit ] Main article: Greater Helsinki Helsingin keskustaajama , an officially recognized urban area The Helsinki metropolitan area, also known as the Capital Region ( Finnish : Pääkaupunkiseutu , Swedish : Huvudstadsregionen ) comprises four municipalities: Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen. The Helsinki urban area is considered to be the only metropolis in Finland . It has a population of over 1,1 million, and is the most densely populated area of Finland . The Capital Region spreads over a land area of 770 square kilometres (300 sq mi) and has a population density of 1,418 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,670/sq mi). With over 20 percent of the country's population in just 0.2 percent of its surface area, the area's housing density is high by Finnish standards. The Helsinki Metropolitan Area ( Greater Helsinki ) consists of the cities of Helsinki Capital Region and ten surrounding municipalities. The Metropolitan Area covers 3,697 square kilometres (1,427 sq mi) and has a population of over 1.4 million, or about a fourth of the total population of Finland. The metropolitan area has a high concentration of employment: approximately 750,000 jobs. Despite the intensity of land use, the region also has large recreational areas and green spaces. The Greater Helsinki area is the world's northernmost urban area with a population of over one million people, and the northernmost EU capital city. The Helsinki urban area is an officially recognized urban area in Finland , defined by its population density. The area stretches throughout 11 municipalities, and is the largest such area in Finland, with a land area of 66,931 square kilometres (25,842 sq mi) and approximately 1,2 million inhabitants. Climate [ edit ] Helsinki has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). Owing to the mitigating influence of the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic Current (see also Extratropical cyclone ), temperatures during the winter are higher than the northern location might suggest, with the average in January and February around −5 °C (23 °F). Winters in Helsinki are notably warmer than in the north of Finland, and the snow season is much shorter in the capital. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) occur a few times a year at most. However, because of the latitude, days last 5 hours and 48 minutes around the winter solstice with very low sun (at noon, the sun is a little bit over 6 degrees in the sky), and the cloudy weather at this time of year exacerbates darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long daylight during the summer; during the summer solstice , days last 18 hours and 57 minutes. The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 22 °C (66 to 72 °F). Due to the marine effect, especially during hot summer days, daily temperatures are a little cooler and night temperatures higher than further inland. The highest temperature ever recorded in the city centre (where records date back to 1844) was 31.6 °C (88.9 °F), on 18 July 1945, and the lowest was −35 °C (−31 °F), on 22 December 1876. Helsinki Airport (in Vantaa, 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the Helsinki city centre) recorded a temperature of 33.7 °C (92.7 °F), on 29 July 2010, and a low of −35.9 °C (−33 °F), on 9 January 1987. Precipitation is received from frontal passages and thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are most common in the summer. hide Climate data for Central Helsinki ( Kaisaniemi ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 10.3 (50.5) 15.1 (59.2) 21.9 (71.4) 27.6 (81.7) 30.9 (87.6) 31.6 (88.9) 31.2 (88.2) 26.2 (79.2) 17.6 (63.7) 13.4 (56.1) 10.5 (50.9) 31.6 (88.9) Average high °C (°F) −1.3 (29.7) −1.9 (28.6) 1.6 (34.9) 7.6 (45.7) 14.4 (57.9) 18.5 (65.3) 21.5 (70.7) 19.8 (67.6) 14.6 (58.3) 9.0 (48.2) 3.7 (38.7) 0.5 (32.9) 9.0 (48.2) Daily mean °C (°F) −3.9 (25) −4.7 (23.5) −1.3 (29.7) 3.9 (39) 10.2 (50.4) 14.6 (58.3) 17.8 (64) 16.3 (61.3) 11.5 (52.7) 6.6 (43.9) 1.6 (34.9) −2 (28) 5.9 (42.6) Average low °C (°F) −6.5 (20.3) −7.4 (18.7) −4.1 (24.6) 0.8 (33.4) 6.3 (43.3) 10.9 (51.6) 14.2 (57.6) 13.1 (55.6) 8.7 (47.7) 4.3 (39.7) −0.6 (30.9) −4.5 (23.9) 2.9 (37.2) Record low °C (°F) −34.4 (−29.9) −33 (−27) −31.3 (−24.3) −19.8 (−3.6) −7 (19) −0.5 (31.1) 4.9 (40.8) 2.1 (35.8) −4.5 (23.9) −13.9 (7) −25.5 (−13.9) −35 (−31) −35 (−31) Average precipitation mm (inches) 52 (2.05) 36 (1.42) 38 (1.5) 32 (1.26) 37 (1.46) 57 (2.24) 63 (2.48) 80 (3.15) 56 (2.2) 76 (2.99) 70 (2.76) 58 (2.28) 655 (25.79) Average snowfall cm (inches) 21 (8.3) 23 (9.1) 14 (5.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (1.6) 12 (4.7) 74 (29.2) Average rainy days 19 17 15 11 11 14 12 15 14 16 18 20 182 Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 70 138 194 284 297 291 238 150 93 36 29 1,858 Source: Climatological statistics for the normal period 1981–2010 (except the Records rows, which are 'all-time' records) hide Climate data for Helsinki Airport ( Vantaa ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 8.2 (46.8) 10.0 (50) 17.5 (63.5) 24.0 (75.2) 29.6 (85.3) 31.4 (88.5) 33.7 (92.7) 31.5 (88.7) 27.7 (81.9) 18.2 (64.8) 13.4 (56.1) 10.8 (51.4) 33.7 (92.7) Average high °C (°F) −2.4 (27.7) −2.7 (27.1) 1.5 (34.7) 8.7 (47.7) 15.8 (60.4) 19.6 (67.3) 22.5 (72.5) 20.5 (68.9) 14.8 (58.6) 8.6 (47.5) 2.6 (36.7) −0.7 (30.7) 9.1 (48.4) Daily mean °C (°F) −5 (23) −5.7 (21.7) −1.9 (28.6) 4.1 (39.4) 10.4 (50.7) 14.6 (58.3) 17.7 (63.9) 15.8 (60.4) 10.7 (51.3) 5.6 (42.1) 0.4 (32.7) −3.2 (26.2) 5.3 (41.5) Average low °C (°F) −8.1 (17.4) −8.9 (16) −5.4 (22.3) −0.2 (31.6) 4.8 (40.6) 9.5 (49.1) 12.6 (54.7) 11.3 (52.3) 6.9 (44.4) 2.7 (36.9) −2.1 (28.2) −6 (21) 1.4 (34.5) Record low °C (°F) −35.9 (−32.6) −33.3 (−27.9) −27.2 (−17) −16.9 (1.6) −5.6 (21.9) −0.6 (30.9) 3.7 (38.7) 0.4 (32.7) −7.3 (18.9) −14.5 (5.9) −20.8 (−5.4) −32.3 (−26.1) −35.9 (−32.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 54 (2.13) 37 (1.46) 37 (1.46) 32 (1.26) 39 (1.54) 61 (2.4) 66 (2.6) 79 (3.11) 64 (2.52) 82 (3.23) 73 (2.87) 58 (2.28) 682 (26.86) Average rainy days 23 20 17 12 12 14 13 15 16 18 21 24 205 Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 74 131 196 275 266 291 219 143 84 37 26 1,780 Percent possible sunshine 17 28 38 43 54 52 52 48 39 30 17 15 36 Source #1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1981-2010 Source #2: record highs and lows Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions [ edit ] Main article: Subdivisions of Helsinki Cityscape [ edit ] The view across summertime Eläintarhanlahti The Helsinki Cathedral is among the most prominent buildings in the city. Carl Ludvig Engel , appointed to plan a new city centre on his own, designed several neoclassical buildings in Helsinki. The focal point of Engel's city plan was the Senate Square . It is surrounded by the Government Palace (to the east), the main building of Helsinki University (to the west), and (to the north) the large Helsinki Cathedral , which was finished in 1852, twelve years after Engel's death. Helsinki's epithet , ""The White City of the North"", derives from this construction era. Helsinki is also home to numerous Art Nouveau -influenced ( Jugend in Finnish) buildings belonging to the romantic nationalism trend, designed in the early 20th century and strongly influenced by Kalevala , which was a common theme of the era. Helsinki's Art Nouveau style is also featured in central residential districts, such as Katajanokka and Ullanlinna . An important architect of the Finnish Art Nouveau style was Eliel Saarinen , whose architectural masterpiece was the Helsinki Central Station . Helsinki also features several buildings by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto , recognized as one of the pioneers of architectural functionalism . However, some of his works, such as the headquarters of the paper company Stora Enso and the concert venue Finlandia Hall , have been subject to divided opinions from the citizens. Functionalist buildings in Helsinki by other architects include the Olympic Stadium , the Tennis Palace , the Rowing Stadium, the Swimming Stadium , the Velodrome, the Glass Palace , the Töölö Sports Hall, and Helsinki-Malmi Airport . The sports venues were built to serve the 1940 Helsinki Olympic Games; the games were initially cancelled due to the Second World War , but the venues fulfilled their purpose in the 1952 Olympic Games . Many of them are listed by DoCoMoMo as significant examples of modern architecture. The Olympic Stadium and Helsinki-Malmi Airport are also catalogued by the Finnish National Board of Antiquities as cultural-historical environments of national significance. [ citation needed ] Helsinki's neoclassical buildings were often used as a backdrop for scenes set to take place in the Soviet Union in many Cold War era Hollywood movies, when filming in the USSR was not possible. Some of them include The Kremlin Letter (1970), Reds (1981), and Gorky Park (1983). Because some streetscapes were reminiscent of Leningrad 's and Moscow 's old buildings, they too were used in movie productions. At the same time the government secretly instructed Finnish officials not to extend assistance to such film projects. The start of the 21st century marked the beginning of highrise construction in Helsinki. In the 21st century Helsinki has decided to allow the construction of skyscrapers . As of April 2017 there are no skyscrapers taller than 100 meters in the Helsinki area, but there are several projects under construction or planning, mainly in Pasila and Kalasatama . An international architecture competition for at least 10 high-rises to be built in Pasila is being held. Construction of the towers will start before 2020. In Kalasatama, the first 35-story (130 m) and 32-story (122 m) residential towers are already under construction. Later they will be joined by a 37-story (140 metres), two 32-story (122 metres, 400 feet), 31-story (120 metres), and 27-story (100 metres) residential buildings. In the Kalasatama area, there will be about 15 high-rises within 10 years. A panoramic view over the southernmost districts of Helsinki from Hotel Torni . The Helsinki Old Church and its surrounding park are seen in the foreground, while the towers of St. John's Church (near center) and Mikael Agricola Church (right) can be seen in the middle distance, backdropped by the Gulf of Finland . Government [ edit ] Main article: City Council of Helsinki The Helsinki City Hall houses the City Council of Helsinki As is the case with all Finnish municipalities , Helsinki's city council is the main decision-making organ in local politics, dealing with issues such as urban planning , schools, health care, and public transport . The council is chosen in the nationally-held municipal elections , which are held every four years. Helsinki's city council consists of eighty-five members. Following the most recent municipal elections in 2017, the three largest parties are the National Coalition Party (25), the Green League (21), and the Social Democratic Party (12). The Mayor of Helsinki is Jan Vapaavuori . Demographics [ edit ] Uspenski Cathedral in Katajanokka. At 53 percent of the population, Helsinki has a higher proportion of women than the national average, 51 percent. Helsinki's population density of 2,739.36 people per square kilometre makes Helsinki the densest city in Finland. Life expectancy for men and women is slightly below the national averages: 75.1 years for men as compared to 75.7 years, 81.7 years for women as compared to 82.5 years. Helsinki has experienced strong growth since the 1810s, when it replaced Turku as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland , which later became the sovereign Republic of Finland . The city continued its growth from that time on, with an exception during the Finnish Civil War . From the end of World War II up until the 1970s there was a massive exodus of people from the countryside to the cities of Finland, in particular Helsinki. Between 1944 and 1969 the population of the city nearly doubled from 275,000 to 525,600. In the 1960s, the population growth of Helsinki began to decrease, mainly due to a lack of housing. Some residents began to move to the neighbouring cities of Espoo and Vantaa, resulting in increased population growth in both municipalities. Espoo's population increased ninefold in sixty years, from 22,874 people in 1950 to 244,353 in 2009. [ citation needed ] Vantaa saw an even more dramatic change in the same time span: from 14,976 in 1950 to 197,663 in 2009, a thirteenfold increase. These population changes prompted the municipalities of Greater Helsinki into more intense cooperation in areas such as public transportation – resulting in the foundation of HSL – and waste management. The increasing scarcity of housing and the higher costs of living in the capital region have pushed many daily commuters to find housing in formerly rural areas, and even further, to cities such as Lohja , Hämeenlinna , Lahti , and Porvoo . Language [ edit ] Population by mother tongue Language Population (2017) Percentage Finnish 508,571 79.1% Swedish 36,361 5.7% Russian 18,163 2.8% Estonian 11,472 1.8% Somali 10,225 1.6% Arabic 6,783 1.1% English 6,431 1.0% Chinese 3,531 0.6% Kurdish 3,362 0.5% Spanish 2,850 0.4% Persian 2,613 0.4% Vietnamese 2,274 0.3% French 1,758 0.3% Turkish 1,734 0.3% German 1,715 0.3% Nepali 1,632 0.3% Bengali 1,390 0.2% Albanian 1,383 0.2% Thai 1,301 0.2% Italian 1,067 0.2% Other 18,585 2.9% The population broken down by language group, 1870–2013. During the period, the population increased significantly, and the city changed its linguistic majority from Swedish to Finnish. Finnish speakers Swedish speakers Russian speakers Speakers of other languages Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Helsinki. 79.1% of the citizens speak Finnish as their native language . 5.7% speak Swedish . The remaining 15.3% of the population speaks a native language other than Finnish or Swedish. Helsinki slang is a regional dialect of the city. It combines influences mainly from Finnish and English, and has traditionally had strong Russian and Swedish influences. Finnish today is the common language of communication between Finnish speakers, Swedish speakers, and speakers of other languages ( New Finns ) in day-to-day affairs in the public sphere between unknown persons. [ citation needed ] In instances where a speaker's knowledge of Finnish is not known, English is usually spoken. Swedish is commonly spoken in city or national agencies specifically aimed at Finland-Swedish speakers, such as the Social Services Department on Hämeentie or the Luckan Cultural centre in Kamppi. Knowledge of Finnish is also essential in business and is usually a basic requirement in the employment market. Finnish speakers surpassed Swedish speakers in 1890 to become the majority of the city's population. At the time, the population of Helsinki was 61,530. Immigration [ edit ] As the crossroads of many international ports and Finland's largest airport, Helsinki is the global gateway to and from Finland. The city has Finland's largest immigrant population in both absolute and relative terms. There are over 140 nationalities represented in Helsinki. The largest groups (as of 2013 [update] ) are from Sweden, Russia, Estonia, Somalia, China, Iraq, Spain, Germany, France, Vietnam, and Turkey. Foreign citizens make up 9.5 of the population, while the total immigrant population makes up 15.5%. In 2017, 98,269 residents spoke a native language other than Finnish, Swedish, or one of the three Sami languages spoken in Finland. The largest groups of residents not of Finnish background come from Russia (14,532), Estonia (9,065), and Somalia (6,845). One third of Finland's immigrant population lives in the city of Helsinki. People with a foreign background County of origin Population (2017) Russia 18,867 Estonia 12,754 Somalia 10,192 Iraq 5,333 China 3,454 Sweden 3,411 Yugoslavia 2,749 Vietnam 2,436 Turkey 2,240 India 1,986 Afghanistan 1,952 United Kingdom 1,831 United States 1,739 Germany 1,713 Iran 1,620 Nepal 1,613 Thailand 1,409 Bangladesh 1,319 Morocco 1,162 Spain 1,140 Philippines 1,135 Italy 1,073 France 1,046 Ethiopia 1,001 Economy [ edit ] Kamppi Center , a shopping and transportation complex in Kamppi Greater Helsinki generates approximately one third of Finland's GDP. GDP per capita is roughly 1.3 times the national average. The metropolitan area's gross value added per capita is 200% of the mean of 27 European metropolitan areas, equalling those of Stockholm and Paris. The gross value added annual growth has been around 4%. 83 of the 100 largest Finnish companies have their headquarters in Greater Helsinki. Two-thirds of the 200 highest-paid Finnish executives live in Greater Helsinki and 42% in Helsinki. The average income of the top 50 earners was 1.65 million euro. The tap water is of excellent quality and it is supplied by 120 km (75 mi) long Päijänne Water Tunnel , one of the world's longest continuous rock tunnels. Religion [ edit ] The Temppeliaukio Church is a Lutheran church in the Töölö neighborhood of the city. The church was designed by architects and brothers Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen and opened in 1969. Built directly into solid rock, it is also known as the Church of the Rock and Rock Church. Education [ edit ] Main building of the University of Helsinki Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences is the largest business polytechnic in Finland. Helsinki has 190 comprehensive schools, 41 upper secondary schools, and 15 vocational institutes. Half of the 41 upper secondary schools are private or state-owned, the other half municipal. Higher level education is given in eight universities (see the section ""Universities"" below) and four polytechnics. Universities [ edit ] See also: List of universities in Finland University of Helsinki Aalto University Hanken School of Economics University of the Arts Helsinki National Defence University Universities of applied sciences [ edit ] Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences Laurea University of Applied Sciences Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Arcada University of Applied Sciences Diaconia University of Applied Sciences Helsinki is one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Future information and communication society) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT). Culture [ edit ] Museums [ edit ] The biggest historical museum in Helsinki is the National Museum of Finland , which displays a vast historical collection from prehistoric times to the 21st century. The museum building itself, a national romantic style neomedieval castle, is a tourist attraction. Another major historical museum is the Helsinki City Museum , which introduces visitors to Helsinki's 500-year history. The University of Helsinki also has many significant museums, including the Helsinki University Museum ""Arppeanum"" and the Finnish Museum of Natural History . The Finnish National Gallery consists of three museums: Ateneum Art Museum for classical Finnish art, Sinebrychoff Art Museum for classical European art, and Kiasma Art Museum for modern art, in a building by architect Steven Holl . The old Ateneum, a neo-Renaissance palace from the 19th century, is one of the city's major historical buildings. All three museum buildings are state-owned through Senate Properties . The city of Helsinki hosts its own art collection in the Helsinki Art Museum (HAM), primarily located in its Tennispalatsi gallery. Pieces outside of Tennispalatsi include about 200 public art pieces and all art held in property owned by the city. The Design Museum is devoted to the exhibition of both Finnish and foreign design, including industrial design, fashion, and graphic design. Other museums in Helsinki include the Military Museum of Finland , Didrichsen Art Museum , Amos Anderson Art Museum , and the Tram Museum. Museums in Helsinki Classical art museum Ateneum (1887) Kiasma museum of contemporary art (1998) Sinebrychoff Art Museum (1842) Helsinki Art Museum (1968) The Design Museum (1894) The National Museum of Finland (1910) Tram museum ( Ratikkamuseo ) (1900) The Military Museum of Finland (1881) Kunsthalle Helsinki art venue (1928) The Finnish Museum of Natural History (1913) Didrichsen Art Museum (1964) Amos Anderson Art Museum (1913) Helsinki University Museum ""Arppeanum"" (1869) Theatres [ edit ] The Finnish National Theatre (1902), designed by architect Onni Tarjanne Helsinki has three major theatres: The Finnish National Theatre , the Helsinki City Theatre , and the Swedish Theatre ( Svenska Teatern ). Other notable theatres in the city include the Alexander Theatre , Q-teatteri , Savoy Theatre, KOM-theatre, and Teatteri Jurkka . Music [ edit ] Helsinki is home to two full-size symphony orchestras, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra and the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra , both of which perform at the Helsinki Music Centre concert hall. Acclaimed contemporary composers Kaija Saariaho , Magnus Lindberg , Esa-Pekka Salonen , and Einojuhani Rautavaara , among others, were born and raised in Helsinki, and studied at the Sibelius Academy . The Finnish National Opera , the only full-time, professional opera company in Finland, is located in Helsinki. The opera singer Martti Wallén , one of the company's long-time soloists, was born and raised in Helsinki, as was mezzo-soprano Monica Groop . Many widely renowned and acclaimed bands have originated in Helsinki, including Hanoi Rocks , HIM , Stratovarius , The 69 Eyes , Finntroll , Ensiferum , Wintersun , The Rasmus , Poets of the Fall , and Apocalyptica . The city's main musical venues are the Finnish National Opera , the Finlandia concert hall , and the Helsinki Music Centre . The Music Centre also houses a part of the Sibelius Academy . Bigger concerts and events are usually held at one of the city's two big ice hockey arenas: the Hartwall Arena or the Helsinki Ice Hall . Helsinki has Finland's largest fairgrounds, the Messukeskus Helsinki . Helsinki Arena hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 , the first Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Finland, following Lordi 's win in 2006 . Art [ edit ] Strange Fruit performing at the Night of the Arts in Helsinki The Helsinki Festival is an annual arts and culture festival, which takes place every August (including the Night of the Arts ). Vappu is an annual carnival for students and workers. At the Senate Square in fall 2010, Finland's largest open-air art exhibition to date took place: About 1.4 million people saw the international exhibition of United Buddy Bears . [ citation needed ] Helsinki was the 2012 World Design Capital , in recognition of the use of design as an effective tool for social, cultural, and economic development in the city. In choosing Helsinki, the World Design Capital selection jury highlighted Helsinki's use of 'Embedded Design', which has tied design in the city to innovation, ""creating global brands, such as Nokia , Kone , and Marimekko , popular events, like the annual Helsinki Design Week, outstanding education and research institutions, such as the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture , and exemplary architects and designers such as Eliel Saarinen and Alvar Aalto "". Helsinki hosts many film festivals. Most of them are small venues, while some have generated interest internationally. The most prolific of these is the Love & Anarchy film festival, also known as Helsinki International Film Festival, which features films on a wide spectrum. Night Visions , on the other hand, focuses on genre cinema, screening horror , fantasy , and science fiction films in very popular movie marathons that last the entire night. Another popular film festival is DocPoint, a festival that focuses solely on documentary cinema. Media [ edit ] Yle headquarters in Pasila , Helsinki Today, [ when? ] there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three digital radio channels, and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels . [ citation needed ] Sanoma publishes Finland's journal of record , Helsingin Sanomat , the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat , the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat , and the television channel Nelonen . Another Helsinki-based media house, Alma Media , publishes over thirty magazines, including the newspaper Aamulehti , the tabloid Iltalehti , and the commerce-oriented Kauppalehti . Finland's national public-broadcasting institution Yle operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Yle is headquartered in the neighbourhood of Pasila. All TV channels are broadcast digitally , both terrestrially and on cable. The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting ( Bonnier and Proventus Industrier). Sports [ edit ] Main article: Sport in Helsinki The Helsinki Olympic Stadium was the centre of activities during the 1952 Summer Olympics . Helsinki has a long tradition of sports: the city gained much of its initial international recognition during the 1952 Summer Olympics , and the city has arranged sporting events such as the first World Championships in Athletics 1983 and 2005, and the European Championships in Athletics 1971, 1994, and 2012. Helsinki hosts successful local teams in both of the most popular team sports in Finland: football and ice hockey . Helsinki houses HJK Helsinki , Finland's largest and most successful football club, and IFK Helsingfors , their local rivals with 7 championship titles. The fixtures between the two are commonly known as Stadin derby . Helsinki's track and field club Helsingin Kisa-Veikot is also dominant within Finland. Ice hockey is popular among many Helsinki residents, who usually support either of the local clubs IFK Helsingfors (HIFK) or Jokerit . HIFK, with 14 Finnish championships titles, also plays in the highest bandy division, along with Botnia-69 . The Olympic stadium hosted the first ever Bandy World Championship in 1957. Helsinki was elected host-city of the 1940 Summer Olympics, but due to World War II they were canceled. Instead Helsinki was the host of the 1952 Summer Olympics. The Olympics were a landmark event symbolically and economically for Helsinki and Finland as a whole that was recovering from the winter war and the continuation war fought with the Soviet Union. Helsinki was also in 1983 the first ever city to host the World Championships in Athletics. Helsinki also hosted the event in 2005, thus also becoming the first city to ever host the Championships for a second time. The Helsinki City Marathon has been held in the city every year since 1980, usually in August. A Formula 3000 race through the city streets was held on 25 May 1997. In 2009 Helsinki was host of the European Figure Skating Championships , and in 2017 it hosted World Figure Skating Championships . Transport [ edit ] Roads [ edit ] Helsinki region roads The backbone of Helsinki's motorway network consists of three semicircular beltways , Ring I , Ring II , and Ring III , which connect expressways heading to other parts of Finland, and the western and eastern arteries of Länsiväylä and Itäväylä respectively. While variants of a Keskustatunneli tunnel under the city centre have been repeatedly proposed, as of 2017 [update] the plan remains on the drawing board. Helsinki has some 390 cars per 1000 inhabitants. This is less than in cities of similar population and construction density, such as Brussels ' 483 per 1000, Stockholm 's 401, and Oslo 's 413. Intercity rail [ edit ] The Helsinki Central Railway Station is the main terminus of the rail network in Finland. Two rail corridors lead out of Helsinki, the Main Line to the north (to Tampere , Oulu , Rovaniemi ), and the Coastal Line to the west (to Turku ). The railway connection to the east branches from the Main Line outside of Helsinki at Kerava, and leads via Lahti to eastern parts of Finland and to Russia. A majority of intercity passenger services in Finland originate or terminate at the Helsinki Central Railway Station. All major cities in Finland are connected to Helsinki by rail service, with departures several times a day. The most frequent service is to Tampere, with more than 25 intercity departures per day as of 2017. There are international services from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg and to Moscow in Russia. The Saint Petersburg to Helsinki route is operated with the Allegro high-speed trains . A Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed and agreed upon by representatives of the cities. The rail tunnel would connect Helsinki to the Estonian capital Tallinn , further linking Helsinki to the rest of continental Europe by Rail Baltica . Aviation [ edit ] Air traffic is handled primarily from the international Helsinki Airport , located approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of Helsinki's downtown area, in the neighbouring city of Vantaa . Helsinki's own airport, Helsinki-Malmi Airport , is mainly used for general and private aviation. Charter flights are available from Hernesaari Heliport . Sea transport [ edit ] The South Harbour Like many other cities, Helsinki was deliberately founded at a location on the sea in order to take advantage of shipping. The freezing of the sea imposed limitations on sea traffic up to the end of the 19th century. But for the last hundred years, the routes leading to Helsinki have been kept open even in winter with the aid of icebreakers , many of them built in the Helsinki Hietalahti shipyard. The arrival and departure of ships has also been a part of everyday life in Helsinki. Regular route traffic from Helsinki to Stockholm, Tallinn, and Saint Petersburg began as far back as 1837. Over 300 cruise ships and 360,000 cruise passengers visit Helsinki annually. There are international cruise ship docks in South Harbour, Katajanokka, West Harbour, and Hernesaari. Helsinki is the second busiest passenger port in Europe with approximately 11 million passengers in 2013. Ferry connections to Tallinn , Mariehamn , and Stockholm are serviced by various companies. Finnlines passenger-freight ferries to Gdynia , Poland; Travemünde , Germany; and Rostock , Germany are also available. St. Peter Line offers passenger ferry service to Saint Petersburg several times a week. Urban transport [ edit ] Main article: Public transport in Helsinki The Helsinki Metro with its characteristic bright orange trains is the world's northernmost subway Central railway station , inaugurated 1919 In the Helsinki metropolitan area, public transportation is managed by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority , the metropolitan area transportation authority. The diverse public transport system consists of trams , commuter rail , the metro , bus lines, two ferry lines and a public bike system . Helsinki's tram system has been in operation with electric drive continuously since 1900. 13 routes that cover the inner part of the city are operated. As of 2017, the city is expanding the tram network, with several major tram line construction projects under way. These include the 550 trunk line (Raide-Jokeri), roughly along Ring I around the city center, and a new tramway to the island of Laajasalo. The Helsinki Metro , opened in 1982, is the only metro system in Finland, albeit the Helsinki commuter rail trains operate at metro-like frequencies. In 2006, the construction of the long debated extension of the metro into Western Helsinki and Espoo was approved. The extension finally opened after delays in November 2017. An eastern extension into the planned new district of Östersundom and neighboring Sipoo has also been seriously debated. Helsinki's metro system currently consists of 25 stations, with 14 of them underground. The commuter rail system includes purpose-built double track for local services in two rail corridors along intercity railways, and the Ring Rail Line , an urban double-track railway with a station at the Helsinki Airport in Vantaa. Electric operation of commuter trains was first begun in 1969, and the system has been gradually expanded since. 15 different services are operated as of 2017, some extending outside of the Helsinki region. The frequent services run at a 10-minute headway in peak traffic. International relations [ edit ] See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland Special partnership cities [ edit ] Helsinki has a special partnership relation with: Saint Petersburg , Russia Tallinn , Estonia Stockholm , Sweden Berlin , Germany Beijing , China (since 2006) Moscow , Russia Notable people [ edit ] Born before 1900 [ edit ] Karl Fazer , the chocolatier and Olympic sport shooter best known for founding the Fazer company Erkki Karu , film director and producer Peter Forsskål (1732–1763), Swedish-Finnish naturalists and orientalist Axel Hampus Dalström (1829–1882), architect Jakob Sederholm (1863–1934), Petrologe Karl Fazer (1866–1932), baker, confectioner, chocolatier, entrepreneur, and sport shooter Emil Lindh (1867–1937), sailor Oskar Merikanto (1868–1924), composer Gunnar Nordström (1881–1923), theoretical physicist Väinö Tanner (1881–1966), politician Walter Jakobsson (1882–1957), figure skater Mauritz Stiller (1883–1928), Russian-Swedish director and screenwriter Karl Wiik (1883–1946), Social Democratic politician Lennart Lindroos (1886–?), swimmer, Olympic games 1912 Erkki Karu (1887–1935), film director and producer Kai Donner (1888–1935), linguist, anthropologist and politician Gustaf Molander (1888–1973), Swedish director and screenwriter Johan Helo (1889–1966), lawyer and politician Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973), chemist, Nobel Prize 1945 Elmer Diktonius (1896–1961), Finnish-Swedish writer and composer Yrjö Leino (1897–1961), communist politician Toivo Wiherheimo (1898–1970), economist and politician Born after 1900 [ edit ] Tarja Halonen , President of Finland Kim Hirschovits , ice hockey player Linus Torvalds , the software engineer best known for creating the popular open-source kernel Linux Paavo Berglund (1929–2012), conductor Laci Boldemann (1921–1969), composer Irja Agnes Browallius (1901–1968), Swedish writer Bo Carpelan (1926–2011), Finland-Swedish writer, literary critic and translator Tarja Cronberg (born 1943), politician Ragnar Granit (1900–1991), Finnish-Swedish neurophysiologist and Nobel laureate Tarja Halonen (born 1943), President of Finland Reino Helismaa (1913–1965), writer, film actor and singer Kim Hirschovits (born 1982), ice hockey player Bengt Holmström (born 1949), Professor of Economics, Nobel laureate Tove Jansson (1914–2001), Finland-Swedish writer, painter, illustrator, comic writer, graphic designer Lennart Koskinen (born 1944), Swedish, Lutheran bishop Olli Lehto (born 1925), mathematician Samuel Lehtonen (1921–2010), bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Juha Leiviskä (born 1936), architect Magnus Lindberg (born 1958), composer and pianist Lill Lindfors (born 1940), Finland-Swedish singer and TV presenter Susanna Mälkki (born 1969), conductor Georg Malmstén (1902–1981), singer, musician, composer, orchestra director and actor Tauno Marttinen (1912–2008), composer Vesa-Matti Loiri (born 1945), actor, comedian, singer Rolf Nevanlinna (1925–2016), architect, university teacher and writer Markku Peltola (1956–2007), actor and musician Elisabeth Rehn (born 1935), politician Einojuhani Rautavaara (1928–2016), composer Kaija Saariaho (born 1952), composer Riitta Salin (born 1950), athlete Esa-Pekka Salonen (born 1958), composer and conductor Heikki Sarmanto (born 1939), jazz pianist and composer Märta Tikkanen (born 1935), Finland-Swedish writer and philosophy teacher Linus Torvalds (born 1969), software engineer, creator of Linux Sirkka Turkka (born 1939), poet Ville Valo (born 1976), lead singer of the rock band HIM Mika Waltari (1908–1979), writer See also [ edit ] Subdivisions of Helsinki References [ edit ] Citations Bibliography [ edit ] See also: Bibliography of the history of Helsinki External links [ edit ] Official website Visithelsinki.fi – Official tourism website of Helsinki" 5119323124759062501,train,when did they launch the international space station,"The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011. The station is expected to operate until at least 2028. Development and assembly of the station continues, with components scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019. The ISS is the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles.",['the 1760s and early 1770s'],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n dá ibùdó òfurufú àgbáyé sílẹ̀,Yes,['Won bere si ni ko si oju-ona ayipo ni 1998 eto sini pe yio pari ni opin 2011.'],['Won bere si ni ko si oju-ona ayipo ni 1998 eto sini pe yio pari ni opin 2011.'],['P1'],1,0,"Ibùdó Òfurufú Akáríayé Ibùdó Òfurufú Akáríayé je ile iwadi to je ti kariaye to n je sisopo ni oju-ona ayipo Aye nisale. Won bere si ni ko si oju-ona ayipo ni odu 1998 eto sini pe yio pari ni opin 2011. Ireti ni pe ibudo oko na yio sise titi di odun 2015, o si se e se ko di 2020.[7][8] Nitoripe ipo re ju ibudo ofurufu yiowu tele lo, ISS se ri lati Aye pelue oju korokoro,[9] be si, títí di 2010, ohun ni ateleyin oniseowo titobijulo to n yipo Aye.[10] ", -8194021715947424779,train,when was the first international space station launched into orbit,"The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles.",['iaan bekker'],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n gbé ibùdó ojú òfuurufú àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ lọ sí òfuurufú,Yes,['Won bere si ni ko si oju-ona ayipo ni 1998 eto sini pe yio pari ni opin 2011.'],['Won bere si ni ko si oju-ona ayipo ni 1998 eto sini pe yio pari ni opin 2011.'],['P1'],0,0,"Ibùdó Òfurufú Akáríayé Ibùdó Òfurufú Akáríayé je ile iwadi to je ti kariaye to n je sisopo ni oju-ona ayipo Aye nisale. Won bere si ni ko si oju-ona ayipo ni odu 1998 eto sini pe yio pari ni opin 2011. Ireti ni pe ibudo oko na yio sise titi di odun 2015, o si se e se ko di 2020.[7][8] Nitoripe ipo re ju ibudo ofurufu yiowu tele lo, ISS se ri lati Aye pelue oju korokoro,[9] be si, títí di 2010, ohun ni ateleyin oniseowo titobijulo to n yipo Aye.[10] ", 8794700092174310598,train,the process of labor and childbirth is known as,"Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman 's uterus by vaginal passage or C - section. In 2015 there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, while between 3 and 12 % were born after 42 weeks. In the developed world most deliveries occur in hospital, while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant.","['glomerulus', 'the kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluid compartments, fluid osmolality, acid-base balance, various electrolyte concentrations, and removal of toxins']",ìlànà ìrọbí àti ìbímọ ni ohun tí wọ́n ń pè ní ,Yes,"['Ọmọ bíbí tí a tún lè pè ní rírọbí,ìgbésè ìbímọ àti ìbímọ máa ń ṣelẹ̀ nígbà tí oyún bá ti parí tí omọ kan tàbí ju bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ máa ń wáyé nípa ìbímọ ojú ara tàbí ìbímo pẹ̀lú abẹ, .']","['Ọmọ bíbí tí a tún lè pè ní rírọbí,ìgbésè ìbímọ àti ìbímọ máa ń ṣelẹ̀ nígbà tí oyún bá ti parí tí omọ kan tàbí ju bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ máa ń wáyé nípa ìbímọ ojú ara tàbí ìbímo pẹ̀lú abẹ']",['P1'],1,0,"Ibim? ?m? bíbí tí a tún lè pè ní rír?bí, ìgbésè ìbím? àti ìbím? máa ? ?el?? nígbà tí oyún bá ti parí tí om? kan tàbí ju b???? l? máa ? wáyé nípa ìbím? ojú ara tàbí ìbímo p??lú ab?, . [1] Ni ?dun 2019, a rí mílí??nù 140.11 ìbí ènìyàn ní àgbáyé. [2] Ní àw?n oríl??-èdè? tó ti ní ìdàgbàsókè, ??p??l?p?? àw?n tí w??n ? bí om? máa ? wáyé ní ilé-ìwòsàn, [3] [4] nígbà tí ní àw?n oríl??-èdè tó ?????? ? dàgbàsókè púp?? nínú w?n a máa bím? sílé?. [5] ??nà ìbím? tí ó w??p?? jùl? ní àgbáye ni ìbím? p??lú ojú ara,èyí sì wà ní ipele m??rin ,àkók?? ni ìsúkì àti ?í?í ojú ara, jíjáde ?m? ni ipele kejì,yíy? ibi ?m? ni ipele k?ta, ìmúládará ìyá àti ?m? ni ipele k?rin.Ipele àk??k?? yìí a máa wá p??lú inú rírun tàbí ??yìn ríro tí ó máa ? wáyé láàárín àb?? ì???jú ní gbogbo ì?éjú m??wàá sí ?gb??n,ní àkókò yí rír?bí a máa le si dí??dí?? ìsúkì á sì máa p?? si.G??g??bí a ti m?? wí pé ìrora ?m? bíbí a máa j? ìsúkì ,b???? ìrora yí a máa wá yé léraléra bí ìr?bí ti ? ??l?? . [6] . [7] . Ipele kejì yóò parí nígbàtí ?m? bá ti jáde nínú ìyá r??. Ipele k?ta ni gbígbé ibi ?m? jáde. [8] Ipele k?rin ní ?e p??lú ìmúláradá ìyá, gígé ìw?? àti àbójútó ?m? tuntun. [9] Títí di 2014 gbogbo àw?n ilé-i??? elétò ìlera pátápátá ni w??n gbà wá ní ìm??ràn pàtàkì wí pé l??s??k?s?? l??hìn ìbím?, láìbìkítà ??nà ìbím? ó j?? dandan kí a gbé ?m? tuntun tí a bí sí àyà ìyá r?(tí à ? pè ní ì-fi-ara-kan-ara), kí a sún ìt??jú ?m? síwájú fún bíi wákàtí kan sí méjì títí ?m? yóò fi mu ?mú àk??k??. [10] [11] [12]", 5053847206578067512,train,what is the name of the italian national anthem,"`` Il Canto degli Italiani '' ((il ˈkanto deʎʎ itaˈljaːni), `` The Song / Chant of the Italians '') is the national anthem of Italy. It is best known among Italians as `` Inno di Mameli '' ((ˈinno di maˈmɛːli), `` Mameli 's Hymn ''), after the author of the lyrics, or `` Fratelli d'Italia '' ((fraˈtɛlli diˈtaːlja), `` Brothers of Italy ''), from its opening line. The words were written in the autumn of 1847 in Genoa, by the then 20 - year - old student and patriot Goffredo Mameli. Two months later, they were set to music in Turin by another Genoese, Michele Novaro. The hymn enjoyed widespread popularity throughout the period of the Risorgimento and in the following decades. Nevertheless, after the Italian Unification in 1861, the adopted national anthem was the `` Marcia Reale '' (Royal March), the official hymn of the House of Savoy composed in 1831 by order of King Charles Albert of Sardinia. After the Second World War, Italy became a republic, and on 12 October 1946, `` Il Canto degli Italiani '' was provisionally chosen as the country 's new national anthem. It was made official on 4 December 2017 de jure.","['june 14, 1777', 'april 4, 1818', 'june 1777', 'thirteen']",kí ni orúkọ orin orílẹ̀-èdè ítálì,No,['Il Canto degli Italiani je orin oriki orile-ede'],['Il Canto degli Italiani je orin oriki orile-ede'],['P1'],1,0,orin-iyin ti orilẹ-ede Il Canto degli Italiani je orin oriki orile-ede Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ],"""Fratelli d'Italia"" redirects here. For the political party, see Brothers of Italy . For other uses, see Fratelli d'Italia (disambiguation) . Il Canto degli Italiani English: The Song / Chant of the Italians Original text National anthem of Italy Also known as Inno di Mameli English: Mameli's Hymn Fratelli d'Italia English: Brothers of Italy Lyrics Goffredo Mameli , 1847 Music Michele Novaro , 1847 Adopted 12 October 1946 ( de facto ) 30 December 2017 ( de jure ) Audio sample ""Il Canto degli Italiani"" (instrumental) file help v t e "" Il Canto degli Italiani "" ( [il ˈkanto deʎʎ itaˈljaːni] , ""The Song / Chant of the Italians"") is the national anthem of Italy . It is best known among Italians as "" Inno di Mameli "" ( [ˈinno di maˈmɛːli] , ""Mameli's Hymn""), after the author of the lyrics, or "" Fratelli d'Italia "" ( [fraˈtɛlli diˈtaːlja] , ""Brothers of Italy""), from its opening line . The words were written in the autumn of 1847 in Genoa , by the then 20-year-old student and patriot Goffredo Mameli . Two months later, they were set to music in Turin by another Genoese , Michele Novaro . The hymn enjoyed widespread popularity throughout the period of the Risorgimento and in the following decades. Nevertheless, after the Italian Unification in 1861, the adopted national anthem was the "" Marcia Reale "" (Royal March), the official hymn of the House of Savoy composed in 1831 by order of King Charles Albert of Sardinia . After the Second World War , Italy became a republic , and on 12 October 1946, ""Il Canto degli Italiani"" was provisionally chosen as the country's new national anthem. It was made official on 4 December 2017 de jure . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Lyrics 2.1 Additional verses 3 Music 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] Goffredo Mameli , author of the lyrics. Michele Novaro , composer of the music. The first manuscript of the poem, preserved at the Istituto Mazziniano in Genoa , appears in a personal copybook of the poet, where he collected notes, thoughts and other writings. Of uncertain dating, the manuscript reveals anxiety and inspiration at the same time. The poet begins with È sorta dal feretro ( It's risen from the bier ) then seems to change his mind: leaves some room, begins a new paragraph and writes ""Evviva l'Italia, l'Italia s'è desta"" (""Hurray Italy, Italy has awakened""). The handwriting appears agitated and frenetic, with numerous spelling errors, among which are ""Ilia"" for ""Italia"" and ""Ballilla"" for ""Balilla"". The second manuscript is the copy that Goffredo Mameli sent to Michele Novaro for setting to music. It shows a much steadier handwriting, fixes misspellings, and has a significant modification: the incipit is ""Fratelli d'Italia"". This copy is in the Museo del Risorgimento in Turin. The hymn was also printed on leaflets in Genoa, by the printing office Casamara. The Istituto Mazziniano has a copy of these, with hand annotations by Mameli himself. This sheet, subsequent to the two manuscripts, lacks the last strophe (""Son giunchi che piegano..."") for fear of censorship. These leaflets were to be distributed on the December 10 demonstration, in Genoa . December 10, 1847 was an historical day for Italy: the demonstration was officially dedicated to the 101st anniversary of the popular rebellion which led to the expulsion of the Austrian powers from the city; in fact it was an excuse to protest against foreign occupations in Italy and induce Carlo Alberto to embrace the Italian cause of liberty. In this occasion the tricolor flag was shown and Mameli's hymn was publicly sung for the first time. After December 10 the hymn spread all over the Italian peninsula, brought by the same patriots that participated in the Genoa demonstration. In the 1848, Mameli's hymn was very popular among the Italian people and it was commonly sung during demonstrations, protests and revolts as a symbol of the Italian Unification in most parts of Italy. In the Five Days of Milan , the rebels sang the Song of the Italians during clashes against the Austrian Empire . In the 1860, the corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi used to sing the hymn in the battles against the Bourbons in Sicily and Southern Italy. Giuseppe Verdi , in his "" Inno delle nazioni "" (Hymn of the nations), composed for the London International Exhibition of 1862 , chose ""Il Canto degli Italiani"" to represent Italy, putting it beside "" God Save the Queen "" and "" La Marseillaise "". On 20 September 1870, in the last part of the Italian Risorgimento , the Capture of Rome was characterised by the people who sang Mameli's hymn played by the Bersaglieri marching band although the Kingdom of Italy had adopted the "" Marcia Reale "" as national anthem in 1861. During the period of Italian Fascism , the ""Song of the Italians"" continued to play an important role as patriotic hymn along with several popular fascist songs. After the armistice of Cassibile , Mameli's hymn was curiously sung by both the Italian partisans and the people who supported the Italian Social Republic (fascists). After the Second World War, following the birth of the Italian Republic , the ""Song of the Italians"" was de facto adopted as national anthem. On 23 November 2012, this choice was made official in law. In August 2016, in the wake of this measure, a bill was submitted to the Constitutional Affairs Committee of the Chamber of Deputies to make the Canto degli Italiani an official hymn of the Italian Republic. In July 2017 the committee approved this bill. On 15 December 2017, the publication in the Gazzetta Ufficiale of the law nº 181 of 4 December 2017, which comes into force on 30 December 2017. Lyrics [ edit ] The Alps Sicily This is the complete text of the original poem written by Goffredo Mameli. However, the Italian anthem, as commonly performed in official occasions, is composed of the first stanza sung twice, and the chorus, then ends with a loud "" Sì! "" (""Yes!""). The first stanza presents the personification of Italy who is ready to go to war to become free, and shall be victorious as Rome was in ancient times, ""wearing"" the helmet of Scipio Africanus who defeated Hannibal at the final battle of the Second Punic War at Zama ; there is also a reference to the ancient Roman custom of slaves who used to cut their hair short as a sign of servitude, hence the Goddess of Victory must cut her hair in order to be slave of Rome (to make Italy victorious). In the second stanza the author complains that Italy has been a divided nation for a long time, and calls for unity; in this stanza Goffredo Mameli uses three words taken from the Italian poetic and archaic language: calpesti (modern Italian , calpestati ), speme (modern Italian , speranza ), raccolgaci (modern Italian , ci raccolga ). The third stanza is an invocation to God to protect the loving union of the Italians struggling to unify their nation once and for all. The fourth stanza recalls popular heroic figures and moments of the Italian fight for independence such as the battle of Legnano , the defence of Florence led by Ferruccio during the Italian Wars , the riot started in Genoa by Balilla , and the Sicilian Vespers . The last stanza of the poem refers to the part played by Habsburg Austria and Czarist Russia in the partitions of Poland , linking its quest for independence to the Italian one. The Continence of Scipio , Giovanni Francesco Romanelli (1610–1662) Battle of Legnano , Amos Cassioli (1832–1891) The Genoese revolt of 1746 led by Balilla against the Habsburgs Sicilian Vespers , Francesco Hayez (1791–1882) The Song of the Italians was very popular during Italian Unification Fratelli d'Italia, l'Italia s'è desta, dell'elmo di Scipio s'è cinta la testa. Dov'è la Vittoria? Le porga la chioma, ché schiava di Roma Iddio la creò. (repeat all) Brothers of Italy , Italy has woken, Bound Scipio 's helmet Upon her head. Where is Victory ? Let her bow down, For God created her Slave of Rome. (repeat all) CORO Stringiamci a coorte, siam pronti alla morte. Siam pronti alla morte, l'Italia chiamò. Stringiamci a coorte, siam pronti alla morte. Siam pronti alla morte, l'Italia chiamò! Sì! CHORUS Let us join in a cohort , We are ready to die . We are ready to die, Italy has called. Let us join in a cohort, We are ready to die. We are ready to die, Italy has called! Yes! Noi fummo da secoli calpesti, derisi, perché non siam popolo, perché siam divisi. Raccolgaci un'unica bandiera, una speme: di fonderci insieme già l'ora suonò. We were for centuries downtrodden, derided, because we are not one people, because we are divided. Let one flag , one hope gather us all. The hour has struck for us to unite. CORO CHORUS Uniamoci, amiamoci, l'unione e l'amore rivelano ai popoli le vie del Signore. Giuriamo far libero il suolo natio: uniti, per Dio, chi vincer ci può? Let us unite, let us love one another, For union and love Reveal to the people The ways of the Lord . Let us swear to set free The land of our birth: United, for God , Who can overcome us? CORO CHORUS Dall'Alpi a Sicilia dovunque è Legnano, ogn'uom di Ferruccio ha il core, ha la mano, i bimbi d'Italia si chiaman Balilla, il suon d'ogni squilla i Vespri suonò. From the Alps to Sicily , Legnano is everywhere; Every man has the heart and hand of Ferruccio The children of Italy Are all called Balilla ; Every trumpet blast sounds the Vespers . CORO CHORUS Son giunchi che piegano le spade vendute: già l'Aquila d'Austria le penne ha perdute. Il sangue d'Italia, il sangue Polacco, bevé, col cosacco, ma il cor le bruciò. Mercenary swords , they're feeble reeds. The Austrian eagle Has already lost its plumes. The blood of Italy and the Polish blood It drank, along with the Cossack , But it burned its heart. CORO CHORUS Additional verses [ edit ] The last strophe was deleted by the author, to the point of being barely readable. It was dedicated to Italian women: Tessete o fanciulle bandiere e coccarde fan l'alme gagliarde l'invito d'amor. Weave, maidens Flags and cockades Make souls gallant The invitation of love. Music [ edit ] The Song of the Italians' score The music of the anthem was composed by Michele Novaro. Novaro was born on October 23, 1818 in Genoa, where he studied composition and singing. On November 23, 1847, Mameli arrived in Turin and asked his friend Novaro to set the lyrics of the anthem to music. Novaro completed the composition overnight and Mameli was able to return to Genoa the very next day with the completed anthem. The tune helped the anthem spread quickly throughout the nation, and was sung in defiance of the Austrian, Bourbon, and Papal police. Novaro was a convinced liberal and offered his compositional talents to the unification cause without deriving any personal benefits. He died poor on October 21, 1885, after a life riddled with financial and health difficulties. The anthem is set in the key of B flat major and at an allegro marziale tempo. The beginning of the anthem is characterized by twelve measures of instrumental eighth notes and sixteenth notes played fortissimo, or “very loud”. The vocals begin in the thirteenth measure, and are sung forte . The rhythms present in the anthem are mostly dotted eighth notes, quarter notes, and sixteenth notes. The rhythm is straight, with little syncopation. Essentially, the beat is on the first note of each measure, and the timing is regular. The rhythm in combination with the tempo gives an especially march-like feel to the composition. Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Italian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Canto nazionale Wikisource has original text related to this article: Il Canto degli Italiani Page on the official site of the Quirinale, residence of the Head of State (in Italian with several recorded performances – click on ascolta l'Inno and choose a file to listen) Free sheet music of Il Canto degli Italiani from Cantorion.org Streaming audio, lyrics and information about the Italian national anthem Listen to the Italian national anthem (Broken link) Fratelli d'Italia : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) (Version for chorus and piano by Claudio Dall'Albero on a musical proposal of Luciano Berio )" 7895759134495903941,train,is the uk a state or a country,"The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍ -- ‌the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west, giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.",['helium'],ṣé ilẹ̀ gẹ̀ẹ́sì jẹ́ ìpínlẹ̀ tàbí orílẹ̀-èdè,Yes,"['Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Írẹ́lándì Apáàríwá ti a mo si Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan, UK tabi Britani jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní Europe.']",['ó jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní Europe'],['P1'],0,0,"Il???ba A???kan Il???ba A???kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Ír??lándì Apáàríwá ti a mo si Il???ba A???kan, UK tabi Britani j?? oríl??-èdè ní Yuropu. Nínú bodè r?? ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Ir?landi àti ??p?? àw?n erékùsù kékéèké. Ir?landi Apáàríwá nìkan ni apá Il???ba Ìs??kan tó ní bodè m?? oríil?? p??lú Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Ir?landi.", 2237658945653606237,train,where is the uk located on a world map,"The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 243,610 square kilometres (94,060 sq mi). The country occupies the major part of the British Isles archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north - eastern one - sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the south - east coast coming within 22 miles (35 km) of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. In 1993 10 % of the UK was forested, 46 % used for pastures and 25 % cultivated for agriculture. The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London is the defining point of the Prime Meridian.","['1970s', 'hattie mcdaniel']",ibo ni uk wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Nínú bodè rẹ̀ ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Irẹlandi àti ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn erékùsù kékéèké.']","['Nínú bodè rẹ̀ ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Irẹlandi àti ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn erékùsù kékéèké.']",['P1'],1,0,"Il???ba A???kan Il???ba A???kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Ír??lándì Apáàríwá ti a mo si Il???ba A???kan, UK tabi Britani j?? oríl??-èdè ní Yuropu. Nínú bodè r?? ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Ir?landi àti ??p?? àw?n erékùsù kékéèké. Ir?landi Apáàríwá nìkan ni apá Il???ba Ìs??kan tó ní bodè m?? oríil?? p??lú Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Ir?landi.", -5392053888506718276,train,where is the united kingdom located on the map,"The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) and colloquially Great Britain (GB) or simply Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍ -- ‌the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west, giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union (EU).","['humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries', 'memoir']",ibo ni ilẹ̀ united kingdom wà lórí àwòrán-ayé,Yes,"['Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Írẹ́lándì Apáàríwá ti a mo si Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan, UK tabi Britani jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní Europe.']",['Britani jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Il???ba A???kan Il???ba A???kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Ír??lándì Apáàríwá ti a mo si Il???ba A???kan, UK tabi Britani j?? oríl??-èdè ní Yuropu. Nínú bodè r?? ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Ir?landi àti ??p?? àw?n erékùsù kékéèké. Ir?landi Apáàríwá nìkan ni apá Il???ba Ìs??kan tó ní bodè m?? oríil?? p??lú Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Ir?landi.", -1588946886781194821,train,which part of the world is the uk in,"The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍ -- ‌the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west, giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 22nd-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.",['uganda'],apá wo nínú ayé ni ilẹ̀ gẹ̀ẹ́sì wà,Yes,"['Nínú bodè rẹ̀ ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Irẹlandi àti ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn erékùsù kékéèké.']","['Nínú bodè rẹ̀ ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Irẹlandi àti ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn erékùsù kékéèké.']",['P1'],1,0,"Il???ba A???kan Il???ba A???kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Ír??lándì Apáàríwá ti a mo si Il???ba A???kan, UK tabi Britani j?? oríl??-èdè ní Yuropu. Nínú bodè r?? ni a ti rí erékùsù Brítánì Olókìkí, apá ìlàoòrùn-àríwá erékùsù Ir?landi àti ??p?? àw?n erékùsù kékéèké. Ir?landi Apáàríwá nìkan ni apá Il???ba Ìs??kan tó ní bodè m?? oríil?? p??lú Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Ir?landi.", -4243986658242726862,validation,indonesia is the fourth largest country in the world,"Indonesia (/ ˌɪndəˈniːʒə / (listen) IN - də - NEE - zhə or / ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə / IN - doh - NEE - zee - ə ; Indonesian : (ɪndonesia)), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian : Republik Indonesia (rɛpublik ɪndonesia)), is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world 's largest island country, with more than thirteen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles), Indonesia is the world 's 14th largest country in terms of land area and the 7th largest in terms of combined sea and land area. With over 261 million people, it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Austronesian and Muslim - majority country. Java, the world 's most populous island, contains more than half of the country 's population.",[],indonesia ni orílẹ̀ - èdè kẹrin tó tóbi jù lọ láyé,Yes,"['Pẹ̀lú olùgbé bíi 230 ẹgbẹgbẹ̀rún ènìyàn, òhun ni orílẹ̀-èdè olólùgbéjùlọ kẹrin láyé, ó sì ní olùgbé àwọn Mùsùlùmí tótóbijùlọ láyé.']","['indonesia òhun ni orílẹ̀-èdè olólùgbéjùlọ kẹrin láyé, ó sì ní olùgbé àwọn Mùsùlùmí tótóbijùlọ láyé.']",['P1'],1,0,"Indonésíà Indonésíà (pípè /??ndo??ni?zi?/ tàbí /??nd??ni???/), lóníbi??? bíi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Indonésíà (Àdàk?:Lang-id), j?? oríl??-èdè ní Gúúsùìlàorùn Ásíà àti Oseania. Indonésíà ní àw?n erékù?ù 17,508. P??lú olùgbé bíi 230 ?gb?gb??rún ènìyàn, òhun ni oríl??-èdè olólùgbéjùl? k?rin láyé, ó sì ní olùgbé àw?n Mùsùlùmí tótóbijùl? láyé. Indonésíà j?? oríl??-èdè olómìnira, p??lú a?òfin àti ààr? adìbòyàn. Olúìlú r?? ni Jakarta. Ó ní bodè il?? m?? Papua New Guinea, Ìlà Oòrùn Timor, àti Malaysia. Àw?n oríl??-èdè míràn ìtòsí r?? náà tún ni Singapore, Philippines, Australia, àti il??agbègbè Índíà Andaman àti Àw?n Erékù?ù Nicobar. Indonésíà j?? ?m? ?gb?? olùdásíl?? ASEAN àti ?m? egb?? Àw?n òkòwò únlá G-20. Ò?ù?ùerékù?ù Indonesia ti j?? agbègbè òwò pàtàkì láti ??rúndún keje, nígbàtí Srivijaya àti Majapahit ?òwò p??lú ?áínà àti India. Dí??díè àw?n olórí ib?? gba àp?r? à?à, ??sìn àti oló?èlú láti òkèrè láti ìb??r?? àw?n ??rúndún CE, b????sìni àw?n il???ba Hindu àti Buddhisti gbòòrò. Itan Indonésíà ti gba ipa latodo awon alagbara okere ti won wa sibe nitori awon ohun alumoni toni. Awon musulumi onisowo mu esin Islam wa sibe, beesini awon alagbara lati Yúróòpù ba ara won ja lati se adase owo ni awon Erekusu Spice Maluku lasiko Igba Iwari. Leyin awon orundun meta ati abo iseamusin awon ara Hollandi, Indonésíà gba ilominira re leyin Ogun Agbaye 2k. Loni Indonésíà je orile-ede olominira aare oniparapo to ni awon igberiko meta le logbon. Kakiri awon opo erekusu re, Indonésíà ni awon eya eniyan, ede ati esin otooto. Awon ara Java ni eya eniyan totobijulo, to si unbori loloselu. Indonesia ti sedagbasoke idamo kanna to ni ede orile-ede, orisi eya-eniyan, iseopo esin larin ogunlogo olugbe musulumi, ati itan iseamuin ati bi won se koju re. Àk?lé orile-ede Indonésíà, ""Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"" (""Okan ninu Opo""), tokasi awon opo orisirisi to da orile-ede yi. Botilejepe o ni olugbe pupo ati awon agbegbe sisupo ololugbe, Indonésíà ni awon agbegbe aginju to ni opoelemin giga keji lagbaye. Botilejepe o ni awon ohun alumoni ile pupo aini unba ja gidigidi loni.[5] Orisun itumo oruko Oruko Indonésíà wa lati Latini Indus, ati Giriki nesos, to tumosi ""erekusu"".[6] Oruko yi lojo lati orundun 18k, ki Indonésíà alominra o to je didasile.[7] Ni 1850, George Earl, onimo oro-eyaeniyan omo Geesi, damoran lilo oro Indunesians — ati Malayunesians — fun awon onibugbe ""Osusuerekusu India tabi Osusuerekusu Malaya"".[8] Ninu iwe yi kanna, akeko Earl, James Richardson Logan, lo Indonésíà gege bi oro-oruko kanna fun Osusuerekusu India.[9] Sibesibe awon olukowe ara Hollandi ninuawon iwe lori East Indies won ko lo Indonésíà. Dipo, won lo Osusuerekusu Malay (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), tabi Indië; Ilaorun (de Oost); ati Insulinde.[10] lati 1900, Indonésíà bere sini wopo bi oruko ninu awon iwe olukowe lodi awon Nedalandi, beesini awon asetorile-ede gba ni lilo gege bi ifihan oselu.[11] Adolf Bastian, lati Yunifasiti ilu Berlin, mugbajumo pelu iwe re Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. Olukowe ara Indonésíà to koko lo oruko yi ni Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), nigbato da iso akede sile ni Nedalandi pelu oruko Indonesisch Pers-bureau ni 1913.[7] ", -7416017566453250728,train,who played dr burke on grey's anatomy,"Isaiah Washington IV (born August 3, 1963) is an American actor. A veteran of several Spike Lee films, Washington is best known for his role as Dr. Preston Burke on the ABC medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy from 2005 until 2007, and again in 2014. From 2014 to 2018, Washington portrayed Thelonious Jaha on The CW 's science fiction television series The 100.",['cows'],tani ẹni tó ṣe bí dókítà burke nínú eré grey's anatomy,Yes,"['Isaiah Washington IV jẹ́ òṣèrékùnrin ti ilẹ̀ American, àti aṣagbátẹrù fíìmù.']","['Isaiah Washington IV jẹ́ òṣèrékùnrin ti ilẹ̀ American, àti aṣagbátẹrù fíìmù.']",['P1'],1,0,"Isaiah Washington Isaiah Washington IV j?? ò?èrékùnrin ti il?? American, àti a?agbát?rù fíìmù. L??yìn ìfarahàn r?? nínú ??p??l?p?? fíìmù, bíi ?í?e ??dá ìtàn Dr. Preston Burke nínú apá kìíní ti fíìmù Grey's Anatomy láti ?dún 2005 w? ?dún 2007, ó di gbajúm?? ò?èré. Washington b??r?? i??? r?? nípa àj??ep?? r?? p??lú àw?n olùdarí fíìmù bíi Spike Lee nínú fíìmù Crooklyn (1994), Clockers (1995), Girl 6 (1996), àti Get on the Bus (1996). Ó tún farahàn nínú Love Jones (1997), Bulworth (1998), Out of Sight (1998), True Crime (1999), Romeo Must Die (2000), Exit Wounds (2001), Ghost Ship (2002), àti Hollywood Homicide (2003). Ní ?dún 2020, Washington di olóòtú ètò kan lórí Fox Nation.[2] Ní ?dún 2022, ó kópa nínú fíìmù Corsicana (2022). Ìb??r??p??p?? ayé r?? W??n bí Washington sí ìlú Houston, ní Texas, níbi tí àw?n òbí r?? ? gbé ní agbègbè Houston Heights. Àw?n òbí r?? kó l? sí Ìlú Missouri, ní Ìlú Texas ní ?dún 1980, níbi tí ó ti j?? ak??k???? gboyè àk??k?? láti ilé ??k?? girama ti Willowridge, ní Houston, ní ?dún 1981. Washington s? ?? di mím?? nínú ìf??r??wánil??nuwò r?? p??lú Star Jones pé ?m?dún m??tàlá ni òun wà, nígbà tí w??n pa bàbá òun. Ó darap?? m?? He Agbára Òfuurufú Am??ríkà nígbà tí ó wà ní ?m?dún m??kàndínlógún, níbi tí ó sì ti ?i??? lórí Northrop T-38 Talon.[3][1]","Isaiah Washington Washington at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con Born Isaiah Washington IV ( 1963-08-03 ) August 3, 1963 (age 55) Houston , Texas , U.S. Alma mater Howard University Occupation Actor Years active 1991–present Spouse(s) Jenisa Marie Garland ( m. 1996) Children 3 Isaiah Washington IV (born August 3, 1963) is an American actor . A veteran of several Spike Lee films, Washington is best known for his role as Dr. Preston Burke on the ABC medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy from 2005 until 2007, and again in 2014. From 2014 to 2018, Washington portrayed Thelonious Jaha on The CW 's science fiction television series The 100 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Grey's Anatomy 2.1.1 Dismissal controversy 2.2 Recent work 3 Personal life 3.1 Genealogical inquiry 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Washington was born in Houston , Texas where his parents were residents in the Houston Heights community. His parents moved to Missouri City, Texas around 1980, where he was one of the first graduates from Willowridge High School , Houston, in 1981. Washington revealed in an interview with Star Jones that his father, after whom he was named, was murdered when he was 13 years old. Washington went on to serve in the United States Air Force and attended Howard University . Career [ edit ] Grey's Anatomy [ edit ] In 2005, Washington originated the role of gifted cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Preston Burke on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy . His portrayal earned him two NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series , as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award . He was paired onscreen with Sandra Oh , who plays intern Cristina Yang . Washington had originally auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , which ultimately went to Patrick Dempsey . Burke had originally been described as a nebbishy, stout forty-something man. For his portrayal of Burke, Isaiah was honored by TV Guide as one of ""TV's Sexiest Men"" in June 2006, and was named one of TV's sexiest doctors in June 2008 on TV Guide ' s television channel. Prior to the TV Guide honor, Isaiah was named as one of People ' s ""50 Beautiful People"" in May 2006. On March 6, 2014, ABC announced that Washington would be returning to the show in a guest appearance as Burke. He returned in season 10, which served as part of a farewell storyline for Sandra Oh's character, Cristina Yang. The characters had been previously engaged to be married. Dismissal controversy [ edit ] In the show's third season, Washington became a central figure in a widely reported backstage controversy. In October 2006, rumors surfaced that Washington had insulted co-star T. R. Knight with a homophobic slur. Shortly after the details of the argument became public, Knight publicly disclosed that he was gay . The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement, apologizing for his ""unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on-set"". The controversy later resurfaced when the cast appeared at the Golden Globes in January 2007. While being interviewed on the red carpet prior to the awards, Washington joked, ""I love gay. I wanted to be gay. Please let me be gay"". After the show won Best Drama, Washington, in response to press queries as to any conflicts backstage, said, ""No, I did not call T.R. a faggot"". However, in an interview with Ellen DeGeneres on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Knight said that ""everybody heard him"". After being rebuked by his studio, Touchstone Television (now ABC Studios ), Washington issued a statement apologizing at length for using the epithet in an argument with Patrick Dempsey. On January 30, 2007, a source told People magazine that Washington was scheduled to return to the Grey's Anatomy set as early as that Thursday for the first time since entering ""executive counseling"" after making the comments at the Golden Globes. However, on June 7, 2007, ABC announced it had decided not to renew Washington's contract, and that he would be dropped from the show. ""I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore,"" Washington said in a statement released by his publicist (borrowing the famous line from Network ). In another report, Washington stated he was planning to ""spend the summer pursuing charity work in Sierra Leone , work on an independent film and avoid worrying about the show"". Washington, in late June 2007, began asserting that racism within the media was a factor in his firing from the series. On July 2, 2007, Washington appeared on Larry King Live on CNN , to present his side of the controversy. According to Washington, he never used the ""F Word"" in reference to Knight, but rather told Dempsey to stop treating him like a ""F-word"" during an argument ""provoked"" by Dempsey, who, he felt, was treating him like a ""B-word"", a ""P-word"", and the ""F-word"", which Washington said conveyed ""somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back"". He also disputed the accusations made by Knight, who he claimed was misrepresenting himself out of disappointment over his character. In July 2007, NBC decided to cast Washington as a guest star in a story arc in its new series Bionic Woman . NBC co-chairman Ben Silverman noted his eagerness to work with Washington, saying it would be ""like A-Rod leaving the Yankees in midseason"". However, Bionic Woman was cancelled after only eight episodes due to low ratings. Washington himself said that his dismissal from Grey's Anatomy was an unfortunate misunderstanding that he was eager to move past. By the beginning of the next season of Grey's Anatomy , Washington's character ""Burke"" had left the show following the end of the season finale. In January 2014, in an interview with I Am Entertainment magazine, Washington spoke about life after Grey's Anatomy and he stated, ""I don't worry about whether or not the stories I tell will destroy my acting career because, you can't take away something that doesn't exist. They killed the actor (in me) on June 7, 2007."" Recent work [ edit ] Washington played the role of Chancellor Jaha in The 100 , an American post-apocalyptic drama television series that began airing on The CW Television Network in spring 2014. The series is based on a book of the same name by Kass Morgan, and developed by Jason Rothenberg. Washington's character was killed in the second episode of the show's fifth season, ""Red Queen"". Washington also starred in the film Blue Caprice , which was inspired by the Beltway sniper attacks during which two men, John Muhammed (played by Washington) and Lee Malvo ( Tequan Richmond ), conducted a siege of terror on the Washington, D.C. area. The film was released in theaters on September 13, 2013. Personal life [ edit ] Washington married Jenisa Marie Garland on February 14, 1996. The couple have three children. Washington has written a book called A Man from Another Land , which chronicles Washington's early life, his TV and film career, and his search to find his roots after going through a DNA test that showed his ancestors came from Sierra Leone in West Africa. Since learning about his history, Washington has traveled to Sierra Leone, donated medical supplies to a hospital there, and built a school. He has also been invested with a chieftaincy title of the Mende people in appreciation for his work in the country, taking the regnal name of Gandobay Manga I . Washington has endorsed Jill Stein for President of the United States. Genealogical inquiry [ edit ] Washington is of African descent. A genealogical DNA test conducted by African Ancestry, Inc. revealed that Washington's maternal ancestry can be traced to what is now Sierra Leone, and that he has an ancestral link to the Mende and Temne peoples there. In May 2006 he visited Sierra Leone, and received a warm welcome. He travelled to Sierra Leone in May 2006 marking the beginning of his charity work and was granted Sierra Leonean citizenship , making him the first African American to be granted full citizenship based on DNA. His paternal ancestry links him to the Mbundu people , an ethnic group in Angola . Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1991 The Color of Love N/A 1991 Land Where My Fathers Died Malcolm Short film 1991 Strictly Business Hustler 1993 Strapped Willie Television film 1994 Crooklyn Vic 1994 Alma's Rainbow Miles 1995 Stonewall Uniformed Cop 1995 Clockers Victor Dunham 1995 Dead Presidents Andrew Curtis Uncredited 1996 Girl 6 Shoplifter 1996 Mr. and Mrs. Loving Blue Television movie 1996 Get on the Bus Kyle 1996 Soul of the Game Adult Willie Mays Television film 1997 Love Jones Savon Garrison 1997 Joe Torre: Curveballs Along the Way Dwight Gooden Television film 1998 Always Outnumbered Wilfred Television film 1998 Mixing Nia Lewis 1998 Bulworth Darnell 1998 Rituals Wendal Short film 1999 True Crime Frank Louis Beechum 1999 Out of Sight Kenneth Miller 1999 A Texas Funeral Walter 2000 Veil Bentley 2000 Romeo Must Die Mac 2000 Dancing in September George Washington Television film Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special 2000 Kin Stone 2001 Tara Max 2001 Exit Wounds George Clark 2001 Sacred Is the Flesh Roland 2002 Welcome to Collinwood Leon 2002 Ghost Ship Greer 2003 Hollywood Homicide Antoine Sartain 2003 This Girl's Life Shane 2004 Wild Things 2 Terence Bridge 2004 Dead Birds Todd 2004 Trois: The Escort Bernard 'Benny' Grier 2005 The Moguls Homer 2008 The Least of These Father Andre James 2010 Hurricane Season Coach Buddy Simmons 2011 Área Q Thomas Mathews 2012 The Undershepherd L.C. 2013 Blue Caprice John Muhammed Nominated – Black Reel Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated – Gotham Independent Award for Best Actor 2013 Doctor Bello Dr. Michael Durant 2014 Blackbird Lance Rousseau 2017 Secret Summer Gus Television film Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1991 Law & Order Derek Hardy Episode: ""Out of Control"" 1994 Homicide: Life on the Street Lane Staley Episode: "" Black and Blue "" 1994 Lifestories: Families in Crisis O.G. Episode: ""POWER: The Eddie Matos Story"" 1995 NYPD Blue Antonio Boston Episode: ""E.R."" 1996 New York Undercover Andre Morgan 2 episodes 1996 Living Single Dr. Charles Roberts 3 episodes 1997 High Incident Rulon ""RuDog"" Douglas Episode: ""Remote Control"" 1998 Ally McBeal Michael Rivers 2 episodes 2000 Soul Food Miles Jenkins 3 episodes 2001 Touched by an Angel Reverend Davis Episode: ""A Death in the Family"" 2001 All My Children Police Officer Episode: ""5 July 2001"" 2005–2007, 2014 Grey's Anatomy Dr. Preston Burke 62 episodes NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series (2006–07) Satellite Award for Best Cast – Television Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated – Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2007 Bionic Woman Antonio Pope 5 episodes 2008 The Cleaner Keith Bowen Episode: ""The Eleventh Hour"" 2011 Law & Order: LA Roland Davidson Episode: ""Carthay Circle"" 2011 Single Ladies Noland Episode: ""Confidence Games"" 2014–2018 The 100 Thelonious Jaha 44 episodes 2017 Blue Bloods Chief Travis Jackson Episode: "" A Deep Blue Goodbye "" 2017 Bull Jules Caffrey Episode: ""Bring It On"" Awards and nominations [ edit ] Image Awards Year Category Nominated Work Result 2002 Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Dancing in September Nominated 2006 Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Grey's Anatomy Won 2007 Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Year Category Nominated Work Result 2006 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Grey's Anatomy Nominated 2007 Won 2008 Nominated References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isaiah Washington . Official website Isaiah Washington on IMDb The Gondobay Manga Foundation - The Gondobay Manga Foundation- Making a difference for Sierra Leone and its people. Coalhouse Productions - Coalhouse Productions- Making a difference in Los Angeles Isaiah Washington goes Bionic" 8100102716993505689,train,what is the main ingredient in table salt,"Table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts ; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5 %.",['forming and breaking'],kí ni èròjà pàtàkì tó wà nínú iyọ̀ tábìlì?,Yes,"['Iyọ̀ ti ènìyàn ń jẹ le wá láti oríṣiríṣi ọ̀nà: iyọ̀ àìmó (bi iyo okun), iyọ̀ mímọ (iyo onje), ati iyo oniayodini.']",['iyọ̀ mímọ (iyo onje)'],['P2'],0,0,"Iy?? Iy?? j? alumoni afaralokun tó j?? àkópò sodiomu oniklorini tó ?é pàtàkì fún ìgbádún eranko, ?ùgb??n tí ó le léwu nígbà míràn fún òpò àw?n ogbin orile. Iy?? wà lára àw?n nkan tí wón ? fi sí oúnj? kí ó le dùn, èyí mú kí iy?? j?? ??kan nínú àw?n ?kan tí àw?n ènìyàn ? lò jù láti mú kí oúnj? dùn. Idayobo ni ??nà tí a ? lò láti fi onje pamo. Iy?? ti ènìyàn ? j? le wá láti orí?irí?i ??nà: iy?? àìmó (bi iyo okun), iy?? mím? (iyo onje), ati iyo oniayodini. A lè rí iy?? láti inú omi okun tàbí àw?n òkúta il??. Àw?n ioni inú iy?? bi Klorínì ati sodiomu, se pàtàkì fún ìwàláàyè gbogbo ohun ??dá alààyè. Iy?? ? kópa nínú àmójútó omi inú ara, bí ó tilè j?? wípé jíj? iy?? jù le fa àìlera fún ara, ó le fa ??j?? ríru[1].","This article is about common table salt. For salts in chemistry, see Salt (chemistry) . For table salt used in chemistry, see Sodium chloride . For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation) . Salt deposits beside the Dead Sea Red rock salt from the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan Table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts ; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite . Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater , where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%. Salt is essential for life in general , and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes . Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings , and salting is an important method of food preservation . Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around 8,000 years ago, when people living in the area of present-day Romania boiled spring water to extract salts; a salt-works in China dates to approximately the same period. Salt was also prized by the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks , the Romans, the Byzantines , the Hittites , Egyptians , and the Indians . Salt became an important article of trade and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along specially built salt roads, and across the Sahara on camel caravans. The scarcity and universal need for salt have led nations to go to war over it and use it to raise tax revenues. Salt is used in religious ceremonies and has other cultural and traditional significance. Salt is processed from salt mines , and by the evaporation of seawater ( sea salt ) and mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine ; salt is used in many industrial processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride , plastics , paper pulp and many other products. Of the annual global production of around two hundred million tonnes of salt, only about 6% is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency . As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods. Sodium is an essential nutrient for human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute . Excessive salt consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases , such as hypertension , in children and adults. Such health effects of salt have long been studied. Accordingly, numerous world health associations and experts in developed countries recommend reducing consumption of popular salty foods. The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium, equivalent to 5 grams of salt per day. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Chemistry 3 Edible salt 3.1 Fortified table salt 3.2 Other kinds 3.3 Salt in food 3.4 Sodium consumption and health 4 Non-dietary uses 5 Production 6 In religion 7 References 8 External links History [ edit ] Main article: History of salt Salt production in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt (1670) All through history, the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. What is now thought to have been the first city in Europe is Solnitsata , in Bulgaria , which was a salt mine, providing the area now known as the Balkans with salt since 5400 BC. Even the name Solnitsata means ""salt works"". While people have used canning and artificial refrigeration to preserve food for the last hundred years or so, salt has been the best-known food preservative, especially for meat, for many thousands of years. A very ancient salt-works operation has been discovered at the Poiana Slatinei archaeological site next to a salt spring in Lunca , Neamț County , Romania. Evidence indicates that Neolithic people of the Precucuteni Culture were boiling the salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage to extract the salt as far back as 6050 BC. The salt extracted from this operation may have had a direct correlation to the rapid growth of this society's population soon after its initial production began. The harvest of salt from the surface of Xiechi Lake near Yuncheng in Shanxi , China, dates back to at least 6000 BC, making it one of the oldest verifiable saltworks. There is more salt in animal tissues, such as meat, blood, and milk, than in plant tissues. Nomads who subsist on their flocks and herds do not eat salt with their food, but agriculturalists, feeding mainly on cereals and vegetable matter, need to supplement their diet with salt. With the spread of civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities. It was of high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. In the Middle East, salt was used to ceremonially seal an agreement, and the ancient Hebrews made a "" covenant of salt "" with God and sprinkled salt on their offerings to show their trust in him. An ancient practice in time of war was salting the earth : scattering salt around in a defeated city to prevent plant growth. The Bible tells the story of King Abimelech who was ordered by God to do this at Shechem , and various texts claim that the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus Africanus ploughed over and sowed the city of Carthage with salt after it was defeated in the Third Punic War (146 BC). Ponds near Maras, Peru , fed from a mineral spring and used for salt production since the time of the Incas . Salt may have been used for barter in connection with the obsidian trade in Anatolia in the Neolithic Era . Herodotus described salt trading routes across Libya back in the 5th century BC. In the early years of the Roman Empire, roads such as the Via Salaria were built for the transportation of salt from the salt pans of Ostia to the capital. Salt was included among funeral offerings found in ancient Egyptian tombs from the third millennium BC, as were salted birds, and salt fish. From about 2800 BC, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the Phoenicians in return for Lebanon cedar , glass, and the dye Tyrian purple ; the Phoenicians traded Egyptian salt fish and salt from North Africa throughout their Mediterranean trade empire. In Africa, salt was used as currency south of the Sahara, and slabs of rock salt were used as coins in Abyssinia . Moorish merchants in the 6th century traded salt for gold, weight for weight [ dubious – discuss ] . The Tuareg have traditionally maintained routes across the Sahara especially for the transportation of salt by Azalai (salt caravans). The caravans still cross the desert from southern Niger to Bilma , although much of the trade now takes place by truck. Each camel takes two bales of fodder and two of trade goods northwards and returns laden with salt pillars and dates. In Gabon, before the arrival of Europeans, the coast people carried on a remunerative trade with those of the interior by the medium of sea salt. This was gradually displaced by the salt that Europeans brought in sacks, so that the coast natives lost their previous profits; as of the author's writing in 1958, sea salt was still the currency best appreciated in the interior. Salzburg , Hallstatt , and Hallein lie within 17 km (11 mi) of each other on the river Salzach in central Austria in an area with extensive salt deposits. Salzach literally means ""salt river"" and Salzburg ""salt castle"", both taking their names from the German word Salz meaning salt and Hallstatt was the site of the world's first salt mine . The town gave its name to the Hallstatt culture that began mining for salt in the area in about 800 BC. Around 400 BC, the townsfolk, who had previously used pickaxes and shovels , began open pan salt making . During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt and salted meat to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in exchange for wine and other luxuries. The word salary comes from the Latin word for salt. The reason for this is unknown; a persistent modern claim that the Roman Legions were sometimes paid in salt is baseless. The word salad literally means ""salted"", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting leaf vegetables . Wars have been fought over salt. Venice fought and won a war with Genoa over the product, and it played an important part in the American Revolution . Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying duties , and towns like Liverpool flourished on the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of Cheshire. Various governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages of Christopher Columbus are said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the oppressive salt tax in France was one of the causes of the French Revolution . After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by Napoleon when he became emperor to pay for his foreign wars, and was not finally abolished until 1945. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led at least 100,000 people on the ""Dandi March"" or "" Salt Satyagraha "", in which protesters made their own salt from the sea thus defying British rule and avoiding paying the salt tax . This civil disobedience inspired millions of common people and elevated the Indian independence movement from an elitist movement to a national struggle. Chemistry [ edit ] SEM image of a grain of table salt Main article: Sodium chloride Salt is mostly sodium chloride , the ionic compound with the formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine . Sea salt and freshly mined salt (much of which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of trace elements (which in these small amounts are generally good for plant and animal health ). Mined salt is often refined in the production of table salt; it is dissolved in water, purified via precipitation of other minerals out of solution, and re-evaporated. During this same refining process it is often also iodized . Salt crystals are translucent and cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. The molar mass of salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801 °C (1,474 °F) and its boiling point 1,465 °C (2,669 °F). Its density is 2.17 grams per cubic centimetre and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it separates into Na + and Cl − ions, and the solubility is 359 grams per litre. From cold solutions, salt crystallises as the dihydrate NaCl·2H 2 O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F). Edible salt [ edit ] See also: List of edible salts Salt shaker Salt is essential to the health of humans and other animals, and it is one of the five basic taste sensations . Salt is used in many cuisines around the world, and it is often found in salt shakers on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Salt is also an ingredient in many manufactured foodstuffs. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to 99 percent sodium chloride . Usually, anticaking agents such as sodium aluminosilicate or magnesium carbonate are added to make it free-flowing. Iodized salt , containing potassium iodide , is widely available. Some people put a desiccant , such as a few grains of uncooked rice or a saltine cracker , in their salt shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form. Fortified table salt [ edit ] Some table salt sold for consumption contain additives which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans, and a deficiency of the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine ( hypothyroidism ) and enlargement of the thyroid gland ( endemic goitre ) in adults or cretinism in children. Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide , sodium iodide or sodium iodate . A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation . Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46–77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10–22 ppm. Sodium ferrocyanide , also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent. The additive is considered safe for human consumption. Such anti-caking agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. The safety of sodium ferrocyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the Committee on Toxicity in 1988. Other anticaking agents sometimes used include tricalcium phosphate , calcium or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts ( acid salts ), magnesium oxide , silicon dioxide , calcium silicate , sodium aluminosilicate and calcium aluminosilicate . Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of aluminium in the latter two compounds. In ""doubly fortified salt"", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates iron deficiency anaemia , which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is ferrous fumarate . Another additive, especially important for pregnant women, is folic acid (vitamin B 9 ), which gives the table salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries. A lack of fluorine in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of dental caries . Fluoride salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where water fluoridation is not carried out. In France , 35% of the table salt sold contains added sodium fluoride . Other kinds [ edit ] Irregular crystals of sea salt Unrefined sea salt contains small amounts of magnesium and calcium halides and sulfates , traces of algal products , salt-resistant bacteria and sediment particles. The calcium and magnesium salts confer a faintly bitter overtone, and they make unrefined sea salt hygroscopic (i.e., it gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored uncovered). Algal products contribute a mildly ""fishy"" or ""sea-air"" odour, the latter from organobromine compounds . Sediments, the proportion of which varies with the source, give the salt a dull grey appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds are often detectable by humans in minute concentrations, sea salt may have a more complex flavor than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled on top of food. When salt is added during cooking however, these flavors would likely be overwhelmed by those of the food ingredients. The refined salt industry cites scientific studies saying that raw sea and rock salts do not contain enough iodine salts to prevent iodine deficiency diseases . Different natural salts have different mineralities depending on their source, giving each one a unique flavour. Fleur de sel , a natural sea salt from the surface of evaporating brine in salt pans, has a unique flavour varying with the region from which it is produced. In traditional Korean cuisine , so-called "" bamboo salt "" is prepared by roasting salt in a bamboo container plugged with mud at both ends. This product absorbs minerals from the bamboo and the mud, and has been claimed to increase the anticlastogenic and antimutagenic properties of doenjang (a fermented bean paste). Kosher salt , though refined, contains no iodine and has a much larger grain size than most refined salts. This can give it different properties when used in cooking, and can be useful for preparing kosher meat . Some kosher salt has been certified to meet kosher requirements by a hechsher , but this is not true for all products labelled as kosher salt. Pickling salt is made of ultra-fine grains to speed dissolving to make brine . Gourmet salts may be used for specific tastes. Salt in food [ edit ] Salt is present in most foods , but in naturally occurring foodstuffs such as meats, vegetables and fruit, it is present in very small quantities. It is often added to processed foods (such as canned foods and especially salted foods , pickled foods , and snack foods or other convenience foods ), where it functions as both a preservative and a flavoring . Dairy salt is used in the preparation of butter and cheese products. Before the advent of electrically powered refrigeration , salting was one of the main methods of food preservation . Thus, herring contains 67 mg sodium per 100 g, while kipper , its preserved form, contains 990 mg. Similarly, pork typically contains 63 mg while bacon contains 1,480 mg, and potatoes contain 7 mg but potato crisps 800 mg per 100 g. The main sources of salt in the diet, apart from direct use of sodium chloride, are bread and cereal products, meat products and milk and dairy products. In many East Asian cultures, salt is not traditionally used as a condiment. In its place, condiments such as soy sauce , fish sauce and oyster sauce tend to have a high sodium content and fill a similar role to table salt in western cultures. They are most often used for cooking rather than as table condiments. Sodium consumption and health [ edit ] Main article: Health effects of salt Table salt is made up of just under 40% sodium by weight, so a 6 g serving (1 teaspoon) contains about 2,300 mg of sodium. Sodium serves a vital purpose in the human body: via its role as an electrolyte, it helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one factor involved in the osmotic regulation of water content in body organs ( fluid balance ). Most of the sodium in the Western diet comes from salt. The habitual salt intake in many Western countries is about 10 g per day, and it is higher than that in many countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. The high level of sodium in many processed foods has a major impact on the total amount consumed. In the United States, 75% of the sodium eaten comes from processed and restaurant foods, 11% from cooking and table use and the rest from what is found naturally in foodstuffs. Because consuming too much sodium increases risk of cardiovascular diseases , health organizations generally recommend that people reduce their dietary intake of salt. High sodium intake is associated with a greater risk of stroke , total cardiovascular disease and kidney disease . A reduction in sodium intake by 1,000 mg per day may reduce cardiovascular disease by about 30 percent. In adults and children with no acute illness, a decrease in the intake of sodium from the typical high levels reduces blood pressure. A low sodium diet results in a greater improvement in blood pressure in people with hypertension . The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium (which is contained in 5 g of salt) per day. Guidelines by the United States recommend that people with hypertension, African Americans, and middle-aged and older adults should limit consumption to no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day and meet the potassium recommendation of 4,700 mg/day with a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables. While reduction of sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day is recommended by developed countries, one review recommended that sodium intake be reduced to at least 1,200 mg (contained in 3 g of salt) per day, as a further reduction in salt intake the greater the fall in systolic blood pressure for all age groups and ethinicities. Another review indicated that there is inconsistent/insufficient evidence to conclude that reducing sodium intake to lower than 2,300 mg per day is either beneficial or harmful. One of the two most prominent dietary risks for disability in the world is eating too much sodium. Non-dietary uses [ edit ] Main article: Sodium chloride Only about 6% of the salt manufactured in the world is used in food. Of the remainder, 12% is used in water conditioning processes, 8% goes for de-icing highways and 6% is used in agriculture. The rest (68%) is used for manufacturing and other industrial processes, and sodium chloride is one of the largest inorganic raw materials used by volume. Its major chemical products are caustic soda and chlorine , which are separated by the electrolysis of a pure brine solution. These are used in the manufacture of PVC , plastics , paper pulp and many other inorganic and organic compounds. Salt is also used as a flux in the production of aluminium . For this purpose, a layer of melted salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes iron and other metal contaminants. It is also used in the manufacture of soaps and glycerine , where it is added to the vat to precipitate out the saponified products. As an emulsifier, salt is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber , and another use is in the firing of pottery , when salt added to the furnace vaporises before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material, forming a strong glaze . When drilling through loose materials such as sand or gravel, salt may be added to the drilling fluid to provide a stable ""wall"" to prevent the hole collapsing. There are many other processes in which salt is involved. These include its use as a mordant in textile dying, to regenerate resins in water softening, for the tanning of hides, the preservation of meat and fish and the canning of meat and vegetables. Production [ edit ] See also: List of countries by salt production Food-grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialized countries (7% in Europe), although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of total production. In 2013, total world production of salt was 264 million tonnes , the top five producers being China (71 million), the United States (40 million), India (18 million), Germany (12 million) and Canada (11 million). Brine from salt wells is boiled to produce salt at Bo Kluea , Nan Province , Thailand Salt mounds in Salar de Uyuni , Bolivia The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. A major source of salt is seawater, which has a salinity of approximately 3.5%. This means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts , predominantly sodium ( Na + ) and chloride ( Cl − ) ions , per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water. The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated. The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colours, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity. Elsewhere, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are either mined directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, this was done in shallow open pans which were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is performed in pans under vacuum . The raw salt is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln -dried. Some salt is produced using the Alberger process , which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake. The Ayoreo , an indigenous group from the Paraguayan Chaco , obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree ( Maytenus vitis-idaea ) and other trees. One of the largest salt mining operations in the world is at the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. The mine has nineteen storeys, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of Himalayan salt is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum. In religion [ edit ] Bread and salt at a Russian wedding ceremony Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanic sacrifices, in Hittite rituals and during festivals held by Semites and Greeks at the time of the new moon , salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith. In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water. Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings. In Jainism , devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried. Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in Mahayana Buddhist tradition, and when returning home from a funeral , a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house. In Shinto , salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people ( harae , specifically shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting patrons. In the Hebrew Bible , there are thirty-five verses which mention salt . One of these mentions Lot's wife , who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem , he is said to have "" sown salt on it,"" probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. ""Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg?"" (Job 6:6). In the New Testament , six verses mention salt. In the Sermon on the Mount , Jesus referred to his followers as the "" salt of the earth "". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to ""let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt"" (Colossians 4:6). Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass . Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism ) of the Celtic Consecration ( cf. Gallican Rite ) that is employed in the consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water ""where it is customary"" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. In Judaism , it is recommended to have either a salty bread or to add salt to the bread if this bread is unsalted when doing Kiddush for Shabbat . It is customary to spread some salt over the bread or to dip the bread in a little salt when passing the bread around the table after the Kiddush. To preserve the covenant between their people and God, Jews dip the Sabbath bread in salt. In Wicca , salt is symbolic of the element Earth. It is also believed to cleanse an area of harmful or negative energies. A dish of salt and a dish of water are almost always present on an altar , and salt is used in a wide variety of rituals and ceremonies. References [ edit ] Books Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1999). The Mummies of Ürümchi . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-32019-7 . OCLC 48426519 . Carusi, Cristina (2008). Il sale nel mondo greco, VI a.C.-III d.C.: luoghi di produzione, circolazione commerciale, regimi di sfruttamento nel contesto del Mediterraneo antico [ Salt in the Greek World, from the Sixth Century BC to the Third Century AD: Places of Production, Circulation, and Commercial Exploitation Schemes in the Ancient Mediterranean ] (in Spanish). Edipuglia. ISBN 9788872285428 . Dalton, Dennis (1996). ""Introduction to Civil Disobedience "". Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings . Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0-87220-330-1 . Kurlansky, Mark (2002). Salt: A World History . New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 0-8027-1373-4 . OCLC 48573453 . Livingston, James V. (2005). Agriculture and soil pollution: new research . Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-59454-310-0 . McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (2nd ed.). Scribner. ISBN 9781416556374 . Multhauf, Robert (1996). Neptune's Gift . The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801854699 . Shahidi, Fereidoon; Shi, John; Ho, Chi-Tang (2005). Asian functional foods . Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-5855-2 . Other publications Caldwell, J. H.; Schaller, K. L.; Lasher, R. S.; Peles, E.; Levinson, S. R. (2000). ""Sodium channel Nav1.6 is localized at nodes of Ranvier, dendrites, and synapses"" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 97 (10): 5616–20. doi : 10.1073/pnas.090034797 . PMC 25877 . PMID 10779552 . Dumler, F. (2009). ""Dietary Sodium Intake and Arterial Blood Pressure"". Journal of Renal Nutrition . 19 (1): 57–60. doi : 10.1053/j.jrn.2008.10.006 . PMID 19121772 . Feldman, S. R. (2005). ""Sodium Chloride"". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . doi : 10.1002/0471238961.1915040902051820.a01.pub2 . ISBN 0471238961 . Kostick, Dennis S. (1 November 2011). ""Salt"" (PDF) . 2010 Minerals Yearbook . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Markel, H. (1987). "" "" When it rains it pours"": Endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD"" . American Journal of Public Health . 77 (2): 219–229. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219 . PMC 1646845 . PMID 3541654 . McCarron, D. A.; Geerling, J. C.; Kazaks, A. G.; Stern, J. S. (2009). ""Can Dietary Sodium Intake Be Modified by Public Policy?"". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology . 4 (11): 1878–1882. doi : 10.2215/CJN.04660709 . PMID 19833911 . Millero, F. J.; Feistel, R.; Wright, D. G.; McDougall, T. J. (2008). ""The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale"". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers . 55 : 50. doi : 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001 . Potassium- and sodium ferrocyanides (PDF) (Technical report). European Commission: Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition. 3 December 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016. Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (1994). ""Tree ash as an Ayoreo salt source in the Paraguayan Chaco"". Economic Botany . 48 (2): 159–162. doi : 10.1007/BF02908207 . Selwitz, R. H.; Ismail, A. I.; Pitts, N. B. (2007). ""Dental caries"". The Lancet . 369 (9555): 51–9. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2 . PMID 17208642 . Strazzullo, P.; d'Elia, L.; Kandala, N. -B.; Cappuccio, F. P. (2009). ""Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of prospective studies"" . BMJ . 339 : b4567. doi : 10.1136/bmj.b4567 . PMC 2782060 . PMID 19934192 . Vaidya, B.; Chakera; Pearce (2011). ""Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: Current approaches and future possibilities"" . Drug Design, Development and Therapy . 6 : 1–11. doi : 10.2147/DDDT.S12894 . PMC 3267517 . PMID 22291465 . Weller, Olivier; Dumitroaia, Gheorghe (December 2005). ""The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania"" . Antiquity . 79 (306). Weller, Olivier; Brigand, Robin; Nuninger, Laure (2008). Spatial Analysis of Salt Springs Exploration in Moldavian Pre-Carpatic Prehistory (Romania) (PDF) . Spatial dynamics of settlement and natural resources: toward an integrated analysis over the long term from Prehistory to Middle Ages. University of Burgundy, Dijon, 23–25 June. ArchæDyn. Westphal, G.; Kristen, G.; Wegener, W.; Ambatiello, P.; Geyer, H.; Epron, B.; Bonal, C.; Steinhauser, G.; Götzfried, F. (2010). ""Sodium Chloride"". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . doi : 10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4 . ISBN 3527306730 . External links [ edit ] Food portal The Carol Litchfield Collection on the History of Salt , Hagley Library" -2385490392892418305,train,where does most of the salt come from,"Salt is processed from salt mines, and by the evaporation of seawater (sea salt) and mineral - rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine ; salt is used in many industrial processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp and many other products. Of the annual global production of around two hundred million tonnes of salt, only about 6 % is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency. As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods.",[],ibo ni iyọ̀ tó ọ̀pọ̀ jù lọ ti wá?,Yes,['A lè rí iyọ̀ láti inú omi okun tàbí àwọn òkúta ilẹ̀.'],['A lè rí iyọ̀ láti inú omi okun tàbí àwọn òkúta ilẹ̀.'],['P2'],0,1,"Iy?? Iy?? j? alumoni afaralokun tó j?? àkópò sodiomu oniklorini tó ?é pàtàkì fún ìgbádún eranko, ?ùgb??n tí ó le léwu nígbà míràn fún òpò àw?n ogbin orile. Iy?? wà lára àw?n nkan tí wón ? fi sí oúnj? kí ó le dùn, èyí mú kí iy?? j?? ??kan nínú àw?n ?kan tí àw?n ènìyàn ? lò jù láti mú kí oúnj? dùn. Idayobo ni ??nà tí a ? lò láti fi onje pamo. Iy?? ti ènìyàn ? j? le wá láti orí?irí?i ??nà: iy?? àìmó (bi iyo okun), iy?? mím? (iyo onje), ati iyo oniayodini. A lè rí iy?? láti inú omi okun tàbí àw?n òkúta il??. Àw?n ioni inú iy?? bi Klorínì ati sodiomu, se pàtàkì fún ìwàláàyè gbogbo ohun ??dá alààyè. Iy?? ? kópa nínú àmójútó omi inú ara, bí ó tilè j?? wípé jíj? iy?? jù le fa àìlera fún ara, ó le fa ??j?? ríru[1].","This article is about common table salt. For salts in chemistry, see Salt (chemistry) . For table salt used in chemistry, see Sodium chloride . For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation) . Salt deposits beside the Dead Sea Red rock salt from the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan Table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts ; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite . Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater , where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%. Salt is essential for life in general , and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes . Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings , and salting is an important method of food preservation . Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around 8,000 years ago, when people living in the area of present-day Romania boiled spring water to extract salts; a salt-works in China dates to approximately the same period. Salt was also prized by the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks , the Romans, the Byzantines , the Hittites , Egyptians , and the Indians . Salt became an important article of trade and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along specially built salt roads, and across the Sahara on camel caravans. The scarcity and universal need for salt have led nations to go to war over it and use it to raise tax revenues. Salt is used in religious ceremonies and has other cultural and traditional significance. Salt is processed from salt mines , and by the evaporation of seawater ( sea salt ) and mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine ; salt is used in many industrial processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride , plastics , paper pulp and many other products. Of the annual global production of around two hundred million tonnes of salt, only about 6% is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency . As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods. Sodium is an essential nutrient for human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute . Excessive salt consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases , such as hypertension , in children and adults. Such health effects of salt have long been studied. Accordingly, numerous world health associations and experts in developed countries recommend reducing consumption of popular salty foods. The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium, equivalent to 5 grams of salt per day. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Chemistry 3 Edible salt 3.1 Fortified table salt 3.2 Other kinds 3.3 Salt in food 3.4 Sodium consumption and health 4 Non-dietary uses 5 Production 6 In religion 7 References 8 External links History [ edit ] Main article: History of salt Salt production in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt (1670) All through history, the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. What is now thought to have been the first city in Europe is Solnitsata , in Bulgaria , which was a salt mine, providing the area now known as the Balkans with salt since 5400 BC. Even the name Solnitsata means ""salt works"". While people have used canning and artificial refrigeration to preserve food for the last hundred years or so, salt has been the best-known food preservative, especially for meat, for many thousands of years. A very ancient salt-works operation has been discovered at the Poiana Slatinei archaeological site next to a salt spring in Lunca , Neamț County , Romania. Evidence indicates that Neolithic people of the Precucuteni Culture were boiling the salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage to extract the salt as far back as 6050 BC. The salt extracted from this operation may have had a direct correlation to the rapid growth of this society's population soon after its initial production began. The harvest of salt from the surface of Xiechi Lake near Yuncheng in Shanxi , China, dates back to at least 6000 BC, making it one of the oldest verifiable saltworks. There is more salt in animal tissues, such as meat, blood, and milk, than in plant tissues. Nomads who subsist on their flocks and herds do not eat salt with their food, but agriculturalists, feeding mainly on cereals and vegetable matter, need to supplement their diet with salt. With the spread of civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities. It was of high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. In the Middle East, salt was used to ceremonially seal an agreement, and the ancient Hebrews made a "" covenant of salt "" with God and sprinkled salt on their offerings to show their trust in him. An ancient practice in time of war was salting the earth : scattering salt around in a defeated city to prevent plant growth. The Bible tells the story of King Abimelech who was ordered by God to do this at Shechem , and various texts claim that the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus Africanus ploughed over and sowed the city of Carthage with salt after it was defeated in the Third Punic War (146 BC). Ponds near Maras, Peru , fed from a mineral spring and used for salt production since the time of the Incas . Salt may have been used for barter in connection with the obsidian trade in Anatolia in the Neolithic Era . Salt was included among funeral offerings found in ancient Egyptian tombs from the third millennium BC, as were salted birds, and salt fish. From about 2800 BC, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the Phoenicians in return for Lebanon cedar , glass, and the dye Tyrian purple ; the Phoenicians traded Egyptian salted fish and salt from North Africa throughout their Mediterranean trade empire. Herodotus described salt trading routes across Libya back in the 5th century BC. In the early years of the Roman Empire, roads such as the Via Salaria were built for the transportation of salt from the salt pans of Ostia to the capital. In Africa, salt was used as currency south of the Sahara, and slabs of rock salt were used as coins in Abyssinia . Moorish merchants in the 6th century traded salt for gold, weight for weight [ dubious – discuss ] . The Tuareg have traditionally maintained routes across the Sahara especially for the transportation of salt by Azalai (salt caravans). The caravans still cross the desert from southern Niger to Bilma , although much of the trade now takes place by truck. Each camel takes two bales of fodder and two of trade goods northwards and returns laden with salt pillars and dates. In Gabon, before the arrival of Europeans, the coast people carried on a remunerative trade with those of the interior by the medium of sea salt. This was gradually displaced by the salt that Europeans brought in sacks, so that the coast natives lost their previous profits; as of the author's writing in 1958, sea salt was still the currency best appreciated in the interior. Salzburg , Hallstatt , and Hallein lie within 17 km (11 mi) of each other on the river Salzach in central Austria in an area with extensive salt deposits. Salzach literally means ""salt river"" and Salzburg ""salt castle"", both taking their names from the German word Salz meaning salt and Hallstatt was the site of the world's first salt mine . The town gave its name to the Hallstatt culture that began mining for salt in the area in about 800 BC. Around 400 BC, the townsfolk, who had previously used pickaxes and shovels , began open pan salt making . During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt and salted meat to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in exchange for wine and other luxuries. The word salary comes from the Latin word for salt. The reason for this is unknown; a persistent modern claim that the Roman Legions were sometimes paid in salt is baseless. The word salad literally means ""salted"", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting leaf vegetables . Wars have been fought over salt. Venice fought and won a war with Genoa over the product, and it played an important part in the American Revolution . Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying duties , and towns like Liverpool flourished on the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of Cheshire. Various governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages of Christopher Columbus are said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the oppressive salt tax in France was one of the causes of the French Revolution . After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by Napoleon when he became emperor to pay for his foreign wars, and was not finally abolished until 1945. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led at least 100,000 people on the ""Dandi March"" or "" Salt Satyagraha "", in which protesters made their own salt from the sea thus defying British rule and avoiding paying the salt tax . This civil disobedience inspired millions of common people and elevated the Indian independence movement from an elitist movement to a national struggle. Chemistry [ edit ] SEM image of a grain of table salt Main article: Sodium chloride Salt is mostly sodium chloride , the ionic compound with the formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine . Sea salt and freshly mined salt (much of which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of trace elements (which in these small amounts are generally good for plant and animal health ). Mined salt is often refined in the production of table salt; it is dissolved in water, purified via precipitation of other minerals out of solution, and re-evaporated. During this same refining process it is often also iodized . Salt crystals are translucent and cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. The molar mass of salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801 °C (1,474 °F) and its boiling point 1,465 °C (2,669 °F). Its density is 2.17 grams per cubic centimetre and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it separates into Na + and Cl − ions, and the solubility is 359 grams per litre. From cold solutions, salt crystallises as the dihydrate NaCl·2H 2 O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F). Edible salt [ edit ] See also: List of edible salts Comparison of table salt with kitchen salt . Shows a typical salt shaker and salt bowl with salt spread before each on a black background. Salt is essential to the health of humans and other animals, and it is one of the five basic taste sensations . Salt is used in many cuisines around the world, and it is often found in salt shakers on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Salt is also an ingredient in many manufactured foodstuffs. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to 99 percent sodium chloride . Usually, anticaking agents such as sodium aluminosilicate or magnesium carbonate are added to make it free-flowing. Iodized salt , containing potassium iodide , is widely available. Some people put a desiccant , such as a few grains of uncooked rice or a saltine cracker , in their salt shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form. Fortified table salt [ edit ] Some table salt sold for consumption contain additives which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans, and a deficiency of the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine ( hypothyroidism ) and enlargement of the thyroid gland ( endemic goitre ) in adults or cretinism in children. Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide , sodium iodide or sodium iodate . A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation . Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46–77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10–22 ppm. Sodium ferrocyanide , also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent. The additive is considered safe for human consumption. Such anti-caking agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. The safety of sodium ferrocyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the Committee on Toxicity in 1988. Other anticaking agents sometimes used include tricalcium phosphate , calcium or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts ( acid salts ), magnesium oxide , silicon dioxide , calcium silicate , sodium aluminosilicate and calcium aluminosilicate . Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of aluminium in the latter two compounds. In ""doubly fortified salt"", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates iron deficiency anaemia , which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is ferrous fumarate . Another additive, especially important for pregnant women, is folic acid (vitamin B 9 ), which gives the table salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries. A lack of fluorine in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of dental caries . Fluoride salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where water fluoridation is not carried out. In France , 35% of the table salt sold contains added sodium fluoride . Other kinds [ edit ] Irregular crystals of sea salt Unrefined sea salt contains small amounts of magnesium and calcium halides and sulfates , traces of algal products , salt-resistant bacteria and sediment particles. The calcium and magnesium salts confer a faintly bitter overtone, and they make unrefined sea salt hygroscopic (i.e., it gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored uncovered). Algal products contribute a mildly ""fishy"" or ""sea-air"" odour, the latter from organobromine compounds . Sediments, the proportion of which varies with the source, give the salt a dull grey appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds are often detectable by humans in minute concentrations, sea salt may have a more complex flavor than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled on top of food. When salt is added during cooking however, these flavors would likely be overwhelmed by those of the food ingredients. The refined salt industry cites scientific studies saying that raw sea and rock salts do not contain enough iodine salts to prevent iodine deficiency diseases . Different natural salts have different mineralities depending on their source, giving each one a unique flavour. Fleur de sel , a natural sea salt from the surface of evaporating brine in salt pans, has a unique flavour varying with the region from which it is produced. In traditional Korean cuisine , so-called "" bamboo salt "" is prepared by roasting salt in a bamboo container plugged with mud at both ends. This product absorbs minerals from the bamboo and the mud, and has been claimed to increase the anticlastogenic and antimutagenic properties of doenjang (a fermented bean paste). Kosher or kitchen salt has a larger grain size than table salt and is used in cooking. It can be useful for brining , bread or pretzel making and as a scrubbing agent when combined with oil. Pickling salt is made of ultra-fine grains to speed dissolving to make brine . Gourmet salts may be used for specific tastes. Salt in food [ edit ] Salt is present in most foods , but in naturally occurring foodstuffs such as meats, vegetables and fruit, it is present in very small quantities. It is often added to processed foods (such as canned foods and especially salted foods , pickled foods , and snack foods or other convenience foods ), where it functions as both a preservative and a flavoring . Dairy salt is used in the preparation of butter and cheese products. Before the advent of electrically powered refrigeration , salting was one of the main methods of food preservation . Thus, herring contains 67 mg sodium per 100 g, while kipper , its preserved form, contains 990 mg. Similarly, pork typically contains 63 mg while bacon contains 1,480 mg, and potatoes contain 7 mg but potato crisps 800 mg per 100 g. The main sources of salt in the diet, apart from direct use of sodium chloride, are bread and cereal products, meat products and milk and dairy products. In many East Asian cultures, salt is not traditionally used as a condiment. In its place, condiments such as soy sauce , fish sauce and oyster sauce tend to have a high sodium content and fill a similar role to table salt in western cultures. They are most often used for cooking rather than as table condiments. Sodium consumption and health [ edit ] Main article: Health effects of salt Table salt is made up of just under 40% sodium by weight, so a 6 g serving (1 teaspoon) contains about 2,300 mg of sodium. Sodium serves a vital purpose in the human body: via its role as an electrolyte, it helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one factor involved in the osmotic regulation of water content in body organs ( fluid balance ). Most of the sodium in the Western diet comes from salt. The habitual salt intake in many Western countries is about 10 g per day, and it is higher than that in many countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. The high level of sodium in many processed foods has a major impact on the total amount consumed. In the United States, 75% of the sodium eaten comes from processed and restaurant foods, 11% from cooking and table use and the rest from what is found naturally in foodstuffs. Because consuming too much sodium increases risk of cardiovascular diseases , health organizations generally recommend that people reduce their dietary intake of salt. High sodium intake is associated with a greater risk of stroke , total cardiovascular disease and kidney disease . A reduction in sodium intake by 1,000 mg per day may reduce cardiovascular disease by about 30 percent. In adults and children with no acute illness, a decrease in the intake of sodium from the typical high levels reduces blood pressure. A low sodium diet results in a greater improvement in blood pressure in people with hypertension . The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium (which is contained in 5 g of salt) per day. Guidelines by the United States recommend that people with hypertension, African Americans, and middle-aged and older adults should limit consumption to no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day and meet the potassium recommendation of 4,700 mg/day with a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables. While reduction of sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day is recommended by developed countries, one review recommended that sodium intake be reduced to at least 1,200 mg (contained in 3 g of salt) per day, as a further reduction in salt intake the greater the fall in systolic blood pressure for all age groups and ethinicities. Another review indicated that there is inconsistent/insufficient evidence to conclude that reducing sodium intake to lower than 2,300 mg per day is either beneficial or harmful. One of the two most prominent dietary risks for disability in the world is eating too much sodium. Non-dietary uses [ edit ] Main article: Sodium chloride Only about 6% of the salt manufactured in the world is used in food. Of the remainder, 12% is used in water conditioning processes, 8% goes for de-icing highways and 6% is used in agriculture. The rest (68%) is used for manufacturing and other industrial processes, and sodium chloride is one of the largest inorganic raw materials used by volume. Its major chemical products are caustic soda and chlorine , which are separated by the electrolysis of a pure brine solution. These are used in the manufacture of PVC , plastics , paper pulp and many other inorganic and organic compounds. Salt is also used as a flux in the production of aluminium . For this purpose, a layer of melted salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes iron and other metal contaminants. It is also used in the manufacture of soaps and glycerine , where it is added to the vat to precipitate out the saponified products. As an emulsifier, salt is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber , and another use is in the firing of pottery , when salt added to the furnace vaporises before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material, forming a strong glaze . When drilling through loose materials such as sand or gravel, salt may be added to the drilling fluid to provide a stable ""wall"" to prevent the hole collapsing. There are many other processes in which salt is involved. These include its use as a mordant in textile dying, to regenerate resins in water softening, for the tanning of hides, the preservation of meat and fish and the canning of meat and vegetables. Production [ edit ] See also: List of countries by salt production Food-grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialized countries (7% in Europe), although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of total production. In 2013, total world production of salt was 264 million tonnes , the top five producers being China (71 million), the United States (40 million), India (18 million), Germany (12 million) and Canada (11 million). Brine from salt wells is boiled to produce salt at Bo Kluea , Nan Province , Thailand Salt mounds in Salar de Uyuni , Bolivia The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. A major source of salt is seawater, which has a salinity of approximately 3.5%. This means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts , predominantly sodium ( Na + ) and chloride ( Cl − ) ions , per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water. The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated. The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colours, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity. Elsewhere, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are either mined directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, this was done in shallow open pans which were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is performed in pans under vacuum . The raw salt is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln -dried. Some salt is produced using the Alberger process , which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake. The Ayoreo , an indigenous group from the Paraguayan Chaco , obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree ( Maytenus vitis-idaea ) and other trees. One of the largest salt mining operations in the world is at the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. The mine has nineteen storeys, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of Himalayan salt is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum. In religion [ edit ] Bread and salt at a Russian wedding ceremony Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanic sacrifices, in Hittite rituals and during festivals held by Semites and Greeks at the time of the new moon , salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith. In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water. Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings. In Jainism , devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried. Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in Mahayana Buddhist tradition, and when returning home from a funeral , a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house. In Shinto , salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people ( harae , specifically shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting patrons. In the Hebrew Bible , there are thirty-five verses which mention salt . One of these mentions Lot's wife , who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem , he is said to have "" sown salt on it,"" probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. ""Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg?"" (Job 6:6). In the New Testament , six verses mention salt. In the Sermon on the Mount , Jesus referred to his followers as the "" salt of the earth "". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to ""let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt"" (Colossians 4:6). Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass . Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism ) of the Celtic Consecration ( cf. Gallican Rite ) that is employed in the consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water ""where it is customary"" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. In Judaism , it is recommended to have either a salty bread or to add salt to the bread if this bread is unsalted when doing Kiddush for Shabbat . It is customary to spread some salt over the bread or to dip the bread in a little salt when passing the bread around the table after the Kiddush. To preserve the covenant between their people and God, Jews dip the Sabbath bread in salt. In Wicca , salt is symbolic of the element Earth. It is also believed to cleanse an area of harmful or negative energies. A dish of salt and a dish of water are almost always present on an altar , and salt is used in a wide variety of rituals and ceremonies. References [ edit ] Books Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1999). The Mummies of Ürümchi . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-32019-7 . OCLC 48426519 . Carusi, Cristina (2008). Il sale nel mondo greco, VI a.C.-III d.C.: luoghi di produzione, circolazione commerciale, regimi di sfruttamento nel contesto del Mediterraneo antico [ Salt in the Greek World, from the Sixth Century BC to the Third Century AD: Places of Production, Circulation, and Commercial Exploitation Schemes in the Ancient Mediterranean ] (in Spanish). Edipuglia. ISBN 9788872285428 . Dalton, Dennis (1996). ""Introduction to Civil Disobedience "". Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings . Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0-87220-330-1 . Kurlansky, Mark (2002). Salt: A World History . New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 0-8027-1373-4 . OCLC 48573453 . Livingston, James V. (2005). Agriculture and soil pollution: new research . Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-59454-310-0 . McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (2nd ed.). Scribner. ISBN 9781416556374 . Multhauf, Robert (1996). Neptune's Gift . The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801854699 . Shahidi, Fereidoon; Shi, John; Ho, Chi-Tang (2005). Asian functional foods . Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-5855-2 . Other publications Caldwell, J. H.; Schaller, K. L.; Lasher, R. S.; Peles, E.; Levinson, S. R. (2000). ""Sodium channel Nav1.6 is localized at nodes of Ranvier, dendrites, and synapses"" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 97 (10): 5616–20. doi : 10.1073/pnas.090034797 . PMC 25877 . PMID 10779552 . Dumler, F. (2009). ""Dietary Sodium Intake and Arterial Blood Pressure"". Journal of Renal Nutrition . 19 (1): 57–60. doi : 10.1053/j.jrn.2008.10.006 . PMID 19121772 . Feldman, S. R. (2005). ""Sodium Chloride"". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . doi : 10.1002/0471238961.1915040902051820.a01.pub2 . ISBN 0471238961 . Kostick, Dennis S. (1 November 2011). ""Salt"" (PDF) . 2010 Minerals Yearbook . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Markel, H. (1987). "" "" When it rains it pours"": Endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD"" . American Journal of Public Health . 77 (2): 219–229. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219 . PMC 1646845 . PMID 3541654 . McCarron, D. A.; Geerling, J. C.; Kazaks, A. G.; Stern, J. S. (2009). ""Can Dietary Sodium Intake Be Modified by Public Policy?"". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology . 4 (11): 1878–1882. doi : 10.2215/CJN.04660709 . PMID 19833911 . Millero, F. J.; Feistel, R.; Wright, D. G.; McDougall, T. J. (2008). ""The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale"". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers . 55 : 50. doi : 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001 . Potassium- and sodium ferrocyanides (PDF) (Technical report). European Commission: Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition. 3 December 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016. Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (1994). ""Tree ash as an Ayoreo salt source in the Paraguayan Chaco"". Economic Botany . 48 (2): 159–162. doi : 10.1007/BF02908207 . Selwitz, R. H.; Ismail, A. I.; Pitts, N. B. (2007). ""Dental caries"". The Lancet . 369 (9555): 51–9. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2 . PMID 17208642 . Strazzullo, P.; d'Elia, L.; Kandala, N. -B.; Cappuccio, F. P. (2009). ""Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of prospective studies"" . BMJ . 339 : b4567. doi : 10.1136/bmj.b4567 . PMC 2782060 . PMID 19934192 . Vaidya, B.; Chakera; Pearce (2011). ""Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: Current approaches and future possibilities"" . Drug Design, Development and Therapy . 6 : 1–11. doi : 10.2147/DDDT.S12894 . PMC 3267517 . PMID 22291465 . Weller, Olivier; Dumitroaia, Gheorghe (December 2005). ""The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania"" . Antiquity . 79 (306). Weller, Olivier; Brigand, Robin; Nuninger, Laure (2008). Spatial Analysis of Salt Springs Exploration in Moldavian Pre-Carpatic Prehistory (Romania) (PDF) . Spatial dynamics of settlement and natural resources: toward an integrated analysis over the long term from Prehistory to Middle Ages. University of Burgundy, Dijon, 23–25 June. ArchæDyn. Westphal, G.; Kristen, G.; Wegener, W.; Ambatiello, P.; Geyer, H.; Epron, B.; Bonal, C.; Steinhauser, G.; Götzfried, F. (2010). ""Sodium Chloride"". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . doi : 10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4 . ISBN 3527306730 . External links [ edit ] Food portal The Carol Litchfield Collection on the History of Salt , Hagley Library" -2505224772114054779,train,where does salt come from that we eat,"Salt is processed from salt mines, and by the evaporation of seawater (sea salt) and mineral - rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine ; salt is used in many industrial processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp and many other products. Of the annual global production of around two hundred million tonnes of salt, about 6 % is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency. As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods.",[],ibo ni iyọ̀ tá à ń jẹ ti wá?,Yes,"['Iyọ̀ ti ènìyàn ń jẹ le wá láti oríṣiríṣi ọ̀nà: iyọ̀ àìmó (bi iyo okun), iyọ̀ mímọ (iyo onje), ati iyo oniayodini.']","['Iyọ̀ ti ènìyàn ń jẹ le wá láti oríṣiríṣi ọ̀nà: iyọ̀ àìmó (bi iyo okun), iyọ̀ mímọ (iyo onje), ati iyo oniayodini.']",['P2'],0,0,"Iy?? Iy?? j? alumoni afaralokun tó j?? àkópò sodiomu oniklorini tó ?é pàtàkì fún ìgbádún eranko, ?ùgb??n tí ó le léwu nígbà míràn fún òpò àw?n ogbin orile. Iy?? wà lára àw?n nkan tí wón ? fi sí oúnj? kí ó le dùn, èyí mú kí iy?? j?? ??kan nínú àw?n ?kan tí àw?n ènìyàn ? lò jù láti mú kí oúnj? dùn. Idayobo ni ??nà tí a ? lò láti fi onje pamo. Iy?? ti ènìyàn ? j? le wá láti orí?irí?i ??nà: iy?? àìmó (bi iyo okun), iy?? mím? (iyo onje), ati iyo oniayodini. A lè rí iy?? láti inú omi okun tàbí àw?n òkúta il??. Àw?n ioni inú iy?? bi Klorínì ati sodiomu, se pàtàkì fún ìwàláàyè gbogbo ohun ??dá alààyè. Iy?? ? kópa nínú àmójútó omi inú ara, bí ó tilè j?? wípé jíj? iy?? jù le fa àìlera fún ara, ó le fa ??j?? ríru[1].","This article is about common table salt. For salts in chemistry, see Salt (chemistry) . For table salt used in chemistry, see Sodium chloride . For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation) . Salt deposits beside the Dead Sea Halite (rock salt) from the Wieliczka salt mine , Małopolskie, Poland Salt , table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts ; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite . Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater , where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%. Salt is essential for life in general , and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes . Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings , and salting is an important method of food preservation . Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around 8,000 years ago, when people living in the area of present-day Romania boiled spring water to extract salts; a salt-works in China dates to approximately the same period. Salt was also prized by the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks , the Romans, the Byzantines , the Hittites , Egyptians , and the Indians . Salt became an important article of trade and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along specially built salt roads, and across the Sahara on camel caravans. The scarcity and universal need for salt have led nations to go to war over it and use it to raise tax revenues. Salt is used in religious ceremonies and has other cultural and traditional significance. Salt is processed from salt mines , and by the evaporation of seawater ( sea salt ) and mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine ; salt is used in many industrial processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride , plastics , paper pulp and many other products. Of the annual global production of around two hundred million tonnes of salt, about 6% is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency . As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods. Sodium is an essential nutrient for human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute . Excessive salt consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases , such as hypertension , in children and adults. Such health effects of salt have long been studied. Accordingly, numerous world health associations and experts in developed countries recommend reducing consumption of popular salty foods. The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium, equivalent to 5 grams of salt per day. Contents 1 History 2 Chemistry 3 Edible salt 3.1 Fortified table salt 3.2 Other kinds 3.3 Salt in food 3.4 Sodium consumption and health 4 Non-dietary uses 5 Production 6 In religion 7 References History [ edit ] Main article: History of salt Salt production in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt (1670) All through history, the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. What is now thought to have been the first city in Europe is Solnitsata , in Bulgaria , which was a salt mine, providing the area now known as the Balkans with salt since 5400 BC. Even the name Solnitsata means ""salt works"". While people have used canning and artificial refrigeration to preserve food for the last hundred years or so, salt has been the best-known food preservative, especially for meat, for many thousands of years. A very ancient salt-works operation has been discovered at the Poiana Slatinei archaeological site next to a salt spring in Lunca , Neamț County , Romania. Evidence indicates that Neolithic people of the Precucuteni Culture were boiling the salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage to extract the salt as far back as 6050 BC. The salt extracted from this operation may have had a direct correlation to the rapid growth of this society's population soon after its initial production began. The harvest of salt from the surface of Xiechi Lake near Yuncheng in Shanxi , China, dates back to at least 6000 BC, making it one of the oldest verifiable saltworks. There is more salt in animal tissues, such as meat, blood, and milk, than in plant tissues. Nomads who subsist on their flocks and herds do not eat salt with their food, but agriculturalists, feeding mainly on cereals and vegetable matter, need to supplement their diet with salt. With the spread of civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities. It was of high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. In the Middle East, salt was used to ceremonially seal an agreement, and the ancient Hebrews made a "" covenant of salt "" with God and sprinkled salt on their offerings to show their trust in him. An ancient practice in time of war was salting the earth : scattering salt around in a defeated city to prevent plant growth. The Bible tells the story of King Abimelech who was ordered by God to do this at Shechem , and various texts claim that the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus Africanus ploughed over and sowed the city of Carthage with salt after it was defeated in the Third Punic War (146 BC). Ponds near Maras, Peru , fed from a mineral spring and used for salt production since the time of the Incas . Salt may have been used for barter in connection with the obsidian trade in Anatolia in the Neolithic Era . Salt was included among funeral offerings found in ancient Egyptian tombs from the third millennium BC, as were salted birds, and salt fish. From about 2800 BC, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the Phoenicians in return for Lebanon cedar , glass, and the dye Tyrian purple ; the Phoenicians traded Egyptian salted fish and salt from North Africa throughout their Mediterranean trade empire. Herodotus described salt trading routes across Libya back in the 5th century BC. In the early years of the Roman Empire, roads were built for the transportation of salt from the salt imported at Ostia to the capital. In Africa, salt was used as currency south of the Sahara, and slabs of rock salt were used as coins in Abyssinia . Moorish merchants in the 6th century traded salt for gold, weight for weight [ dubious – discuss ] . The Tuareg have traditionally maintained routes across the Sahara especially for the transportation of salt by Azalai (salt caravans). The caravans still cross the desert from southern Niger to Bilma , although much of the trade now takes place by truck. Each camel takes two bales of fodder and two of trade goods northwards and returns laden with salt pillars and dates. In Gabon, before the arrival of Europeans, the coast people carried on a remunerative trade with those of the interior by the medium of sea salt. This was gradually displaced by the salt that Europeans brought in sacks, so that the coast natives lost their previous profits; as of the author's writing in 1958, sea salt was still the currency best appreciated in the interior. Salzburg , Hallstatt , and Hallein lie within 17 km (11 mi) of each other on the river Salzach in central Austria in an area with extensive salt deposits. Salzach literally means ""salt river"" and Salzburg ""salt castle"", both taking their names from the German word Salz meaning salt and Hallstatt was the site of the world's first salt mine . The town gave its name to the Hallstatt culture that began mining for salt in the area in about 800 BC. Around 400 BC, the townsfolk, who had previously used pickaxes and shovels , began open pan salt making . During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt and salted meat to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in exchange for wine and other luxuries. The word salary comes from the Latin word for salt. The reason for this is unknown; a persistent modern claim that the Roman Legions were sometimes paid in salt is baseless. The word salad literally means ""salted"", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting leaf vegetables . Wars have been fought over salt. Venice fought and won a war with Genoa over the product, and it played an important part in the American Revolution . Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying duties , and towns like Liverpool flourished on the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of Cheshire. Various governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages of Christopher Columbus are said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the oppressive salt tax in France was one of the causes of the French Revolution . After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by Napoleon when he became emperor to pay for his foreign wars, and was not finally abolished until 1945. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led at least 100,000 people on the ""Dandi March"" or "" Salt Satyagraha "", in which protesters made their own salt from the sea thus defying British rule and avoiding paying the salt tax . This civil disobedience inspired millions of common people and elevated the Indian independence movement from an elitist movement to a national struggle. Chemistry [ edit ] SEM image of a grain of table salt Main article: Sodium chloride Salt is mostly sodium chloride , the ionic compound with the formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine . Sea salt and freshly mined salt (much of which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of trace elements (which in these small amounts are generally good for plant and animal health [ citation needed ] ). Mined salt is often refined in the production of table salt; it is dissolved in water, purified via precipitation of other minerals out of solution, and re-evaporated. During this same refining process it is often also iodized . Salt crystals are translucent and cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. The molar mass of salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801 °C (1,474 °F) and its boiling point 1,465 °C (2,669 °F). Its density is 2.17 grams per cubic centimetre and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it separates into Na + and Cl − ions, and the solubility is 359 grams per litre. From cold solutions, salt crystallises as the dihydrate NaCl·2H 2 O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F). Edible salt [ edit ] See also: List of edible salts Comparison of table salt with kitchen salt . Shows a typical salt shaker and salt bowl with salt spread before each on a black background. Salt is essential to the health of humans and other animals, and it is one of the five basic taste sensations . Salt is used in many cuisines around the world, and it is often found in salt shakers on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Salt is also an ingredient in many manufactured foodstuffs. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to 99 percent sodium chloride . Usually, anticaking agents such as sodium aluminosilicate or magnesium carbonate are added to make it free-flowing. Iodized salt , containing potassium iodide , is widely available. Some people put a desiccant , such as a few grains of uncooked rice or a saltine cracker , in their salt shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form. Fortified table salt [ edit ] Some table salt sold for consumption contain additives which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans, and a deficiency of the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine ( hypothyroidism ) and enlargement of the thyroid gland ( endemic goitre ) in adults or cretinism in children. Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide , sodium iodide or sodium iodate . A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation . Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46–77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10–22 ppm. Sodium ferrocyanide , also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent . The additive is considered safe for human consumption. Such anticaking agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. The safety of sodium ferrocyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the Committee on Toxicity in 1988. Other anticaking agents sometimes used include tricalcium phosphate , calcium or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts ( acid salts ), magnesium oxide , silicon dioxide , calcium silicate , sodium aluminosilicate and calcium aluminosilicate . Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of aluminium in the latter two compounds. In ""doubly fortified salt"", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates iron deficiency anaemia , which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is ferrous fumarate . Another additive, especially important for pregnant women, is folic acid (vitamin B 9 ), which gives the table salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries. A lack of fluorine in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of dental caries . Fluoride salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where water fluoridation is not carried out. In France , 35% of the table salt sold contains added sodium fluoride . Other kinds [ edit ] Irregular crystals of sea salt Unrefined sea salt contains small amounts of magnesium and calcium halides and sulfates , traces of algal products , salt-resistant bacteria and sediment particles. The calcium and magnesium salts confer a faintly bitter overtone, and they make unrefined sea salt hygroscopic (i.e., it gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored uncovered). Algal products contribute a mildly ""fishy"" or ""sea-air"" odour, the latter from organobromine compounds . Sediments, the proportion of which varies with the source, give the salt a dull grey appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds are often detectable by humans in minute concentrations, sea salt may have a more complex flavor than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled on top of food. When salt is added during cooking however, these flavors would likely be overwhelmed by those of the food ingredients. The refined salt industry cites scientific studies saying that raw sea and rock salts do not contain enough iodine salts to prevent iodine deficiency diseases . Different natural salts have different mineralities depending on their source, giving each one a unique flavour. Fleur de sel , a natural sea salt from the surface of evaporating brine in salt pans, has a unique flavour varying with the region from which it is produced. In traditional Korean cuisine , so-called "" bamboo salt "" is prepared by roasting salt in a bamboo container plugged with mud at both ends. This product absorbs minerals from the bamboo and the mud, and has been claimed to increase the anticlastogenic and antimutagenic properties of doenjang (a fermented bean paste). Kosher or kitchen salt has a larger grain size than table salt and is used in cooking. It can be useful for brining , bread or pretzel making and as a scrubbing agent when combined with oil. Pickling salt is made of ultra-fine grains to speed dissolving to make brine . Gourmet salts may be used for specific tastes. Salt in food [ edit ] Salt is present in most foods , but in naturally occurring foodstuffs such as meats, vegetables and fruit, it is present in very small quantities. It is often added to processed foods (such as canned foods and especially salted foods , pickled foods , and snack foods or other convenience foods ), where it functions as both a preservative and a flavoring . Dairy salt is used in the preparation of butter and cheese products. Before the advent of electrically powered refrigeration , salting was one of the main methods of food preservation . Thus, herring contains 67 mg sodium per 100 g, while kipper , its preserved form, contains 990 mg. Similarly, pork typically contains 63 mg while bacon contains 1,480 mg, and potatoes contain 7 mg but potato crisps 800 mg per 100 g. The main sources of salt in the diet, apart from direct use of sodium chloride, are bread and cereal products, meat products and milk and dairy products. In many East Asian cultures, salt is not traditionally used as a condiment. In its place, condiments such as soy sauce , fish sauce and oyster sauce tend to have a high sodium content and fill a similar role to table salt in western cultures. They are most often used for cooking rather than as table condiments. Sodium consumption and health [ edit ] Main article: Health effects of salt Table salt is made up of just under 40% sodium by weight, so a 6 g serving (1 teaspoon) contains about 2,300 mg of sodium. Sodium serves a vital purpose in the human body: via its role as an electrolyte, it helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one factor involved in the osmotic regulation of water content in body organs ( fluid balance ). Most of the sodium in the Western diet comes from salt. The habitual salt intake in many Western countries is about 10 g per day, and it is higher than that in many countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. The high level of sodium in many processed foods has a major impact on the total amount consumed. In the United States, 75% of the sodium eaten comes from processed and restaurant foods, 11% from cooking and table use and the rest from what is found naturally in foodstuffs. Because consuming too much sodium increases risk of cardiovascular diseases , health organizations generally recommend that people reduce their dietary intake of salt. High sodium intake is associated with a greater risk of stroke , total cardiovascular disease and kidney disease . A reduction in sodium intake by 1,000 mg per day may reduce cardiovascular disease by about 30 percent. In adults and children with no acute illness, a decrease in the intake of sodium from the typical high levels reduces blood pressure. A low sodium diet results in a greater improvement in blood pressure in people with hypertension . [ needs update ] The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium (which is contained in 5 g of salt) per day. Guidelines by the United States recommend that people with hypertension, African Americans, and middle-aged and older adults should limit consumption to no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day and meet the potassium recommendation of 4,700 mg/day with a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables. While reduction of sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day is recommended by developed countries, one review recommended that sodium intake be reduced to at least 1,200 mg (contained in 3 g of salt) per day, as a further reduction in salt intake the greater the fall in systolic blood pressure for all age groups and ethinicities. Another review indicated that there is inconsistent/insufficient evidence to conclude that reducing sodium intake to lower than 2,300 mg per day is either beneficial or harmful. One of the two most prominent dietary risks for disability in the world is eating too much sodium. Non-dietary uses [ edit ] Main article: Sodium chloride Only about 6% of the salt manufactured in the world is used in food. Of the remainder, 12% is used in water conditioning processes, 8% goes for de-icing highways and 6% is used in agriculture. The rest (68%) is used for manufacturing and other industrial processes, and sodium chloride is one of the largest inorganic raw materials used by volume. Its major chemical products are caustic soda and chlorine , which are separated by the electrolysis of a pure brine solution. These are used in the manufacture of PVC , plastics , paper pulp and many other inorganic and organic compounds. Salt is also used as a flux in the production of aluminium . For this purpose, a layer of melted salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes iron and other metal contaminants. It is also used in the manufacture of soaps and glycerine , where it is added to the vat to precipitate out the saponified products. As an emulsifier, salt is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber , and another use is in the firing of pottery , when salt added to the furnace vaporises before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material, forming a strong glaze . When drilling through loose materials such as sand or gravel, salt may be added to the drilling fluid to provide a stable ""wall"" to prevent the hole collapsing. There are many other processes in which salt is involved. These include its use as a mordant in textile dying, to regenerate resins in water softening, for the tanning of hides, the preservation of meat and fish and the canning of meat and vegetables. Production [ edit ] See also: List of countries by salt production Food-grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialized countries (7% in Europe), although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of total production. In 2013, total world production of salt was 264 million tonnes , the top five producers being China (71 million), the United States (40 million), India (18 million), Germany (12 million) and Canada (11 million). Brine from salt wells is boiled to produce salt at Bo Kluea , Nan Province , Thailand Salt mounds in Salar de Uyuni , Bolivia The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. A major source of salt is seawater, which has a salinity of approximately 3.5%. This means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts , predominantly sodium ( Na + ) and chloride ( Cl − ) ions , per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water. The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated. The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colours, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity. Elsewhere, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are either mined directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, this was done in shallow open pans which were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is performed in pans under vacuum . The raw salt is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln -dried. Some salt is produced using the Alberger process , which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake. The Ayoreo , an indigenous group from the Paraguayan Chaco , obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree ( Maytenus vitis-idaea ) and other trees. One of the largest salt mining operations in the world is at the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. The mine has nineteen storeys, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of Himalayan salt is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum. In religion [ edit ] Bread and salt at a Russian wedding ceremony Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanic sacrifices, in Hittite rituals and during festivals held by Semites and Greeks at the time of the new moon , salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith. In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water. Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings. In Jainism , devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried. Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in Mahayana Buddhist tradition, and when returning home from a funeral , a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house. In Shinto , salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people ( harae , specifically shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting patrons. In the Hebrew Bible , there are thirty-five verses which mention salt . One of these mentions Lot's wife , who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem , he is said to have "" sown salt on it,"" probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. ""Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg?"" (Job 6:6). In the New Testament , six verses mention salt. In the Sermon on the Mount , Jesus referred to his followers as the "" salt of the earth "". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to ""let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt"" (Colossians 4:6). Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass . Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism ) of the Celtic Consecration ( cf. Gallican Rite ) that is employed in the consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water ""where it is customary"" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. In Judaism , it is recommended to have either a salty bread or to add salt to the bread if this bread is unsalted when doing Kiddush for Shabbat . It is customary to spread some salt over the bread or to dip the bread in a little salt when passing the bread around the table after the Kiddush. To preserve the covenant between their people and God, Jews dip the Sabbath bread in salt. In Wicca , salt is symbolic of the element Earth. It is also believed to cleanse an area of harmful or negative energies. A dish of salt and a dish of water are almost always present on an altar , and salt is used in a wide variety of rituals and ceremonies. References [ edit ] Food portal" -3438690951548519284,train,what is jupiter's core made up of,"Jupiter is thought to consist of a dense core with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen. Beyond this basic outline, there is still considerable uncertainty. The core is often described as rocky, but its detailed composition is unknown, as are the properties of materials at the temperatures and pressures of those depths (see below). In 1997, the existence of the core was suggested by gravitational measurements, indicating a mass of from 12 to 45 times that of Earth, or roughly 4 % -- 14 % of the total mass of Jupiter. The presence of a core during at least part of Jupiter 's history is suggested by models of planetary formation that require the formation of a rocky or icy core massive enough to collect its bulk of hydrogen and helium from the protosolar nebula. Assuming it did exist, it may have shrunk as convection currents of hot liquid metallic hydrogen mixed with the molten core and carried its contents to higher levels in the planetary interior. A core may now be entirely absent, as gravitational measurements are not yet precise enough to rule that possibility out entirely.","['mandela', '1999']",kí ni ohun tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀ júpítérì,Yes,['Júpítérì lati bere je haidrojin pelu ikan-ninu-idamerin isupo to je helium; o si tun se e se ko ni inu alapata awon apilese wiwuwo.'],['Júpítérì lati bere je haidrojin pelu ikan-ninu-idamerin isupo to je helium'],['P3'],0,0,"Júpítérì Júpítérì ni pílán????tì karùn-ún láti ??d?? Òòrùn àti pílán????tì tó tóbi jùl? nínú ètò òòrùn.[13] O je omiran efuufu kan pelu isupo kan to fi die din ju ikan-ninu-idaegberun ti Orun lo sugbon isupo lona meji ati abo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun wa lapapo. Júpítérì je kikosoto bi omiran efuufu kan pelu Satu, Uranu ati Neptu. Lakopo, awon planeti merin yi je pipe nigba miran bi planeti Jofia. Awon astronomer ayeijoun mo Júpítérì, be sini o je gbigbo ninu esin ati asa awon eniyan igba na. Awon ara Romu soloruko fun osa Romu to unje Júpítérì.[14] Ni wiwo lati Aye, Júpítérì le de itobi ihan ?2.94, eyi so di ohun tomolejulo keta ni ojusanmo ale leyin Osupa ati Aguala. (Marsi le mole bi Júpítérì fun igba soki ni awon ojuami pato kan ni ojuiyipo re.) Júpítérì lati bere je haidrojin pelu ikan-ninu-idamerin isupo to je hílí??mù; o si tun se e se ko ni inu alapata awon apilese wiwuwo. Nitoripe o un yipo kiakia, iwoiri Júpítérì je bi obiriki afelegbe (o wu die sita ni agedemeji re). Ojuorun ode re je yiyasoto si orisirisi egbe ni ila-idubule otooto, to un fa iji ati rudurudu legbe awon bode to unkanra won. Esi eyi ni Great Red Spot, iji omiran kan to ti je mimo lati orundun 17k nigbati o koko je riri pelu teleskopu. To yika planeti yi ni sistemu oruka planeti ati ayikagberigberin alagbara. Be si tun ni o ni awon osupa 63, ninu won ni awon osupa gbangba merin ti won unje awon osupa Galilie ti won koko je wiwari latowo Galileo Galilei ni 1610. Ganymede, eyi totobijulo ninu awon osupa yi ni diamita totobiju pílán????tì M??kúrì lo. Júpítérì ti je wiwakiri ninu lopolopo igba pelu oko-ofurufu roboti, agaga nigba awon iranlose ifokoja A?áájú-ò?nà ati Voyager ati leyin won pelu Galileo orbiter. Oko iwadi to pese lo si Júpítérì ni oko-ofurufu to unlo si Pluto, Àw?n Òkèèrè Tuntun ni opin os?u? keji? 2007. Oko iwadi yi lo iwolura lati odo Júpítérì lati fun ni isare pupo. Awon iwakiri ojowaju ninu sistemu Jofia ni wiwa omi ti tinyin bo mole ninu osupa Europa. Ìdiramú Júpítérì je kiki elo elefuufu ati olomi. Ohun ni o tobijulo larin awon omiran efuufu mererin ati bakanna planeti totobijulo ninu sistemu orun pelu diamita 142,984 km ni agedemeji re. Ikisi Júpítérì, 1.326 g/cm³, ni ekeji to gajulo larin awon planeti omiran efuufu. Sugbon, ikisi re kereju ti awon planeti onile mererin lo. Ìkósínú Oke ojuorun Júpítérì je bii 88–92% haidrojin ati 8–12% hílí??mù gegebi inuogorun itobi tabi ida awon igbonwo efuufu (see table to the right). Nitoripe atomu hílí??mù kan ni bi isupo lona merin ti atomu Háídrójìn kan, ajoropo yato nigbati a ba wo bi ipin isupo ti atomu kookan mu wa. Nitorie ojuorun je bi 75% haidrojin ati 24% hílí??mù gegebi isupo, pelu bi ikan ninuogorun yioku isupo je awon apilese yioku. Inu re loun ni awon eroja kiki bi be to je pe ipin je 71% Háídrójìn, 24% hílí??mù ati 5% awon apilese yioku bi isupo. Ojuorun re ni iye tasere metani, oru omi, ammonia, ati awon adapo ti won ni silicon. Bakanna awon iye tasere carbon, ethane, Háídrójìn onisulfur, neon, ??ksíjìn, phosphine, ati sulfur. Ipele to bo sode julo ojuorun re ni awon crystal ammonia gigan.[15][16] A tún ti rí ìwò?nba èròjà benzene àti àw?n èròjà hydrocarbon mìíràn nípasè? àw?n àyè?wò tí wó?n ?e nípa ìtàn?án aláwò? pupa àti ìtàn?án aláwò? àlùkò. [17] Iyeipin haidrojin ati hílí??mù ojuorun sunmo daada mo ajokopo elero primordial nebula orun. Sibesibe, neon to wa ni oke ojuorun je ida 20 ninu egbegberun gegebi isupo, to je bi ikan ninu idamera bo se po to ninu Orun.[18] hílí??mù náà ti dín kù, bó til?? j?? pé kìkì n?kan bí ìpín ?g??rin nínú ?g??rùn-ún tí oòrùn ní nínú èròjà hílí??mù ló wà nínú r??. Ìparun yìí lè j?? àbájáde ì???l?? ì???l?? àw?n èròjà w??nyí sí ààrin àgbáyé.[19] Ijantirere awon efuufu alaigera towuwoju ninu ojuorun Júpítérì je bi emeji mo emeta ti Orun. Nipile lori iwo ipele awo, Satu je lilero pe o je bakanna ni ajokopo mo Júpítérì, sugbon awon efuufu omiran Uranu ati Neptu ni haidrojin ati hílí??mù didinku lafiwe.[20] Sugbon, nitori ailewole awon oko iwadi si ojuorun awon planeti ti won jinna ju Júpítérì lo, ko si awon nomba pato to daju fun ijantirere awon apilese towuwoju fun awon planeti wonyi. Àkój? Ìfiwéra bí ayé àti Júpítérì ?e tóbi tó, títí kan ibi pupa ?lá Júpítérì je lona 2.5 isupo apapo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun—eyi supo to be to fi je pe arin iwuwo re pelu Orun wa loke ojude Orun ni 1.068 itande orun lati inu arin Orun. Botilejepe planeti yi tobi ju Aye lo pelu diamita lona 11 ti Aye, kikisi re din ju ti Aye lo daada. Itobinu Júpítérì je adogba mo 1,321 ti Aye, sibesibe planeti na supo lona 318 lasan ju Aye lo.[5][21] Júpítérì ní ràdí??sì tó d??gba p??lú 0.10 ìgbà ti ràdí??sì Oòrùn,[22] ó sì ní ìnira tó d??gba p??lú 0.001 ìgbà ti ìnira Oòrùn, tí ó mú kí w?n f??r???? d??gba nínú ìnira.[[23] Eyo iwon ""isupo Júpítérì"" kan (MJ or MJup) lo unsaba je lilo lati juwe isupo awon ohun miran, agaga awon planeti odeorun ati awon brown dwarfs. Bi be, fun apere, planet odeorun HD 209458 b ni isupo 0.69 MJ, nigbati COROT-7b ni isupo 0.015 MJ.[24] Awon afijuwe elero fihan pe to ba je pe Júpítérì ni iye isupo to poju iye to ni bayi lo, planeti na yio funpomora. Nitoripe fun iyato die ni isupo, itande ko ni fi be yato, ati pe ni bi isupo Júpítérì merin soke inu re yio je jijofunpo gidigidi labe agbara irelura ti yio posi to fi je pe itobinu planeti na yio ""dinku"" botilejepe iye elo ti po si. Nitorie, Jupiter je lilero pe o ni diamita totobi fun iru ajokopo planeti na ati ti itan iyojade le se. Imuse ifunpo siwaju pelu iposi isupo yio tesiwaju titi ti igbanaje irawo to se e ri yio fi sele bo se wa ninu awon brown dwarf onisupo niunla pelu isupo Júpítérì 50.[25] eyi lo fa ti awon atorawo kan se unpe ni ""irawo akuna"", botilejepe ko daju boya awon ona imuse to unfa ida awon planeti bi Júpítérì je ikanna bi ti awon ona imuse ida opolopo awon sistemu irawo. Botilejepe Júpítérì yio fe lati je lona 75 isupo yi ko to le sedadipo haidrojin lati di irawo, arara pupa kikerejulo je bi 30 ninuogorun lasan ni titobijulo itande ju Júpítérì lo.[26][27] Sibesibe, Júpítérì si un setanjade oru/igbona ju iye to ungba latodo Orun lo. Iye oru to un wa lati inu planeti na fe tto dogba mo apapo itanjade orun to un gba.[28] Itanjade oru yioku yi un wa pelu iseise Kevin-Hemholtz nipa irunpo alailekoja. Ona imuse yi unfa ki planeti na o funpo bi 2 cm lodoodun.[29] Nigba to koko je dida, Júpítérì gbona ju bayi lo, o si ni diamita to po lona meji ju bayi lo.[30] Ìdiramú inú Júpítérì je lilero pe o ni inu kiki pelu adalu awon apilese, ipele ayipoka liquid haidrojin onide olomi pelu hílí??mù melo kan, ati ipele ode to kun fun haidrojin igbonwo.[29] Leyin outline die yi, iyoku ko daju. Inu re unsaba je jijuwe bi alapata, sugbon ekunrere akojopo re je aimo, be na lo ri fun awon ini eroja to wa ni awon igbonasi ati itemo awon ibu/ijin na (e wo isale). Ni 1997, iwon irelura lo fi dalaba pe o ni inu,[29] lati safihan isupo lona lati 12 de 45 ti isupo Aye tabi bi 3%–15% gbogbo isupo Júpítérì.[28][31] Pe inuarin wa nigba kan ninu itan Júpítérì je didalaba pelu awon afijuwe iseda planeti to so pe inuarin alapata tan yinyin koko wa to supo to be to lati kojo opo haidrojin ati hílí??mù re latodo nebula orunakoko. Ti a ba gba pe o wa, o le ti funpo bi iwo igbona sita haidrojin onide olomi gbigbona ba se un dalu mo inuarin yiyo to si gbe awon akoonu re lo si ibi giga ninu planeti na. Inuarin le mo si rara bayi nitoripe awon iwon irelura ko daju to lati fihan pe ko je be rararara.[29][32] Aidaju afijuwe na je nitori iye ipoto asise ninu awon paramita wiwon: ikan ninu awon afisodipupo alayirapo (J6) to je lilo lati fi juwe igba irelura planeti na, atanka alagedemeji Júpítérì, ati igbonasi re ni itemo 1 bar. Ireti ni pe iranlose JUNO, ti yio gbera ni 2011, yio se idikun awon asise awon paramita wonyi, lati mulosiwaju wa si isoro inuarin.[33] Agbegbe inuarin je yiyika pelu haidrojin onide kiki, to fe sode de bi 78 ninuogorun atanka planeti na.[28] hílí??mù kikan bi ojo ati neon unro sile latinu ipele yi, lati mu idinku ijantirere awon apilese wonyi wa ninu oke ojuorun.[19][34] Loke ipele haidrojin onide na ni ayika inu alaridenuwo ti haidrojin. Ninu ijin yi, igbonasi po ju igbonasi elewu lo, fun haidrojin to je 33 K lasan[35] (e wo haidrojin).Ni ipo yi, ko si iyato isaye olomi ati elefuufu - haidrojin je sisope o wa ni ipo asan supercritical. Sibesibe, o rorun lati wo haidrojin bi efuufu ni ipele oke to unfe si sale lati isu ipele de ijin to to 1,000 km,[28] ati bi olomi ni awon ipele jijinju. Logidi, ko si bode kedere kankan - efuufu di gbigbona ati kiki bo se unwale felefele.[36][37] Igbonasi ati itemo ninu Júpítérì unposi titi de inuarin. Ni agbegbe phase transition nibi ti haidrojin-to je gbigbegbona koja ojuami ewu—di onide, o je gbigbagbo pe igbonasi je 10,000 K be e sini itemo je 200 GPa. Igbonasi ni bode inuarin je jijeye pe o je 36,000 K beesini itemo inu je bi 3,000–4,500 GPa.[28] Af??f??àyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àyíká Ayé Jupiter Júpítérì lo ni afefeayika planeti totobijulo ninu Sistemu Orun, o gun to 5000 km.[38][39] Nitoripe Júpítérì ko ni ojude, ipile afefeayika re je gbigba bi ojuami ibi ti itemo afefeayika ti dogba mo 10 bars, tabi ona mewa itemo lori Aye.[38] Awon ipele isujo Júpítérì nigbogbo igba je bibomole pelu awon isujo amó?yà onírinrin ati o si se e se pelu ammonium onisulfurhaidrojin. Awon isujo na budo si idaduro-oloru won si je tito si bandi ibiojugbolojo, to unje agbegbe oloru. Awon wonyi si tun je pipin si ibiamure mimole die ati belti diduru die. Ibasepo awon iru iyilopo otooto unfa iji ati isoro. Iyara iji 100 m/s (360 km/h) wopo ni ibiamure ifon.[40] Akiyesi fihan pe awon ibiamure wonyi yato ni fifesi, awo ati ponpon lati odun de odun, sugbon won ti duro kankan to be to fun awon atorawo lati fun won ni oruko idamo.[21] Ipele isujo je bi 50 km ni jijin lasan, be sini o ni o ni iruipele meji: iruipele kiki labe ati agbegbe tinrin hihan die. O si tun se e se ki ipele tinrin isujoomi kan o wa labe ipele ammonia, bo se han pelu isana monamona ti won je gbigbamu ninu afefeojuorun Júpítérì. (Omi je igbonwo olopo kan to le gbe idira kan, bi be o le se iyato idira to ye lati se monamona.)[28] Awon ijuwo idira onina yi le lagbara lona egberun ju monamona Aye lo.[41] Awon isujo omi le da ijiara ti igbona lati inu ungbe kiri.[42] Awo osan ati brown inu isujo Júpítérì wa lati iwusoke awon adapo ti won unyi awo won pada nigbati won ba dojuko imole ultraviolet lati odo Orun. ohun to wa ninu awon adapo wonyi ko daju, botilejepe fosforu, sulfur tabi boya haidrokarbon ni won je gbigbagbo pe won je.[28][43] Awon adapo alawo yi, ti won unje kromofori, undalu po mo awon isujo liloworo iruipele isale. Awon ibiamure je dida nigbati awon ahamo igbonalatinu ti won unbu soke ba da am??níkì tí ? di kírísítálì ti won bo awon isujo isale wonyi .[44] Iteju ipo rirele Júpítérì tumosi pe awon oriopo ungba itankale orun didin nigbogbo igba ju agbegbe alagedemeji planeti na lo. Sugbon igbonalatinu ninu planeti na ungbe okun pupo lo si awon oriopo, eyi un unmu idogba ba awon igbonasi ti won wa ni ipele isujo.[21] Oju Pupa Ninla ati awon vortices miran Ini to gbajumojulo ti Júpítérì ni ni Oju Pupa Ninla, iji olodi-ijiyipo to unsele nigbogbo igba to budo si 22° ariwa agedemeji to tobiju Aye lo. O ti je mimo pe o kere ju o wa lati 1831,[45] o se e se ko je lati 1665.[46] Awon afijuwe onimathimatiki da laba pe iji na je lekanlekan ati pe o se e se ko je ini planeti na to wa ni gbogbo igba.[47] Iji yi tobi to be to fun awon telikopu ni Aye ti won ni aperture of 12 cm tabi titobijubelo le fi seewo.[48] Iji yi to ri bi oval unyipo lonaodiago, pelu akoko bi ojo mefa.[49] Awon The Great Red Spot's egbegbe Oju Pupa Ninla je 24–40,000 km × 12–14,000 km. O tobi to lati gba planeti meji tabi meta to ni diamita Aye.[50] Ojuibigiga pipojulo iji yi je bi 8 km loke ayika awon ori isujo.[51] Awon iru iji bayi wopo ninu afefeojuorun onisoro awon efuufu omiran. Bakanna Júpítérì tun ni awon oval funfun ati brown ovals, ti won kere ti won ko ni oruko. Awon oval funfun ni isupo bibale lafiwe ni afefeojuorun oke. awon Brown ovals je liloworo won si wa ninu ipele isujo deede. Awon iru iji bayi le to fun wakati die tabi sele to opo odunrun. Ko to di pe Voyager fihan pe ini na je iji, eri wa pe oju na ko se e sabase pelu ini jijin kankan lojude planeti na, nitoripe Oju na nyipo ni otooto lafiwe mo afefeojuorun yioku, nigba miran ni kiakia ati nigba miran ni diedie. Nigba itan akoole re o ti rinajo lopo igba yipo planeti na lafiwe si aseami ayipo gbaingbanin labe re yiowu to ba wa. Ni 2000, ini afefeojuorun kan je dida nibi idajiojuorun apaariwa to jo Oju Pupa Ninla, sugbon to kerejulo. Eyi je dida nigbati awon iji bi oval funfun kekere darapo lati da ini kan soso—awon oval fufun kekere meta yi koko je siseakiyesi ni 1938. Oruko ini todarapo ni Oval BA, o si ni oruko alaje Oju Pupo Kekere. Latigbana o ti posi ni kikankikan o si ti yi awo re si pupa lati funfun.[52][53][54] Awon oruka planeti Ày?kà olórí: Rings of Jupiter Júpítérì ni sistemu faint oruka planeti die to ni igesoto meta: an inner toru awon inu particles ti won unje halo, oruka to mole lafiwe, ati oruka gossamer ode.[55] Awon oruka yi da bi pe won je eruku, laije yinyin bi ti awon oruka Saturn.[28] Oruka agba se e se ko je sise lati owo awon eroja to ta kuro lodo awon ajaeyin Adrastea ati Metis. Eroja to je pe yio bo pada sinu osupa na je fifa sinu Júpítérì nitori agbara irelura to ni. Ojuonaiyipo eroja te lo sodo Júpítérì be sini eroja tuntun unje fifikun pelu ifaragbara miran.[56] Lona kanna ni awon osupa Thebe ati Amalthea da iru ohun inu meji ti oruka gossamer.[56] Eri tu wa fun oruka alapata to sopo mo eti ojuonaiyipo Amalthea to se e se ko je idoti ifaragbara osupa na.[57] Ìgbéringbérinàyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àgbá òòfà òòfà Jupiter Aurora on Jupiter. Three bright dots are created by magnetic flux tubes that connect to the Jovian moons Io (on the left), Ganymede (on the bottom) and Europa (also on the bottom). In addition, the very bright almost circular region, called the main oval, and the fainter polar aurora can be seen. Jupiter's broad Papa igberin Júpítérì gbagada ni agbara lona 14 ju ti Aye lo, lati 4.2 gauss (0.42 mT) ni agedemeji de 10–14 gauss (1.0–1.4 mT) ni awon oriopo, eyi so di eyi tolagbara julo ninu Sistemu Orun (ayafi awon ojuorun).[44] Papa yi je gbigbagbo pe ounwa latodo awon iwo eddy—irelo lilo awon eroja conducting materials—larin inu haidrojin onide. Awon ileru ni osupa Io unfon iye gbangba sulfur oloksijinmeji lati da toru efuufu kan leti ojuonaiyipo osupa na. Efuufu na je sisodi ioni ninu igberinojuorun lati da awon ioni sulfur ati ??ksíjìn. Awon wonyi, lapapo mo awon ioni haidrojin to unwa latodo afefeojuorun Júpítérì, da form a plasma sheet ninu pete alagedemeji Júpítérì. Plasma na ninu sheet unjoyipo pelu planeti na lati fa ibajeida papa igberin oriopomeji si aboigberin (magnetodisk). Awon elektroni inu plasma sheet unfa ami rédíò alagbara toun fa ibu larin 0.6–30 MHz.[58] Lati bi 75 itanka Júpítérì lati odo planeti na, ibasepo igberinojuorun na mo iji orun unfa bow shock. Eyi to yi igberinojuorun Júpítérì ka je a magnetopause, to budo si eti inu magnetosheath—agbegbe larin re ati bow shock. Iji orun unsebasepo mo awon agbegbe yi, lati fa igberinojuorun na ni lee side Júpítérì to si unfa sita titi to fi fe de ojuonaiyipo Saturn. Awon osupa Júpítérì merin titobijulo ni gbogbo won yipolojuona to wa ninu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, eyi unda ao bo won lowo iji orun.[28] Igberinojuorun Júpítérì lounfa itujade kikan rédíò lati awon agbegbe oriopo planeti na. Isele ileru inu osupa Jofia Io (e wo isale) untu efuufu sinu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, lati fa torus of particles kakiri planeti na. Bi Io se unrelo ninu toru yi, ibasepo na unfa iru Alfvén to ungbe elo to ti di ioni sinu awon agbegbe oriopo Júpítérì. Nipa bayit, awon iru rédíò unje fifa wa pelu cyclotron maser mechanism, okun re si unje gbigberinna sita legbe ojude to ri bi aro. Nigbati Aye ba rekoja aro yi awon itujade rédíò latodo Júpítérì le ju itujade rédíò orun lo.[59] Ìgbàyípa ati iyirapo Júpítérì nikan soso ni planeti to ni arin isupo pelu Orun to dubule si ode itobisinu Orun, botilejepe eyi je 7% lasa itanka Orun.[60] Nomba-arin ijinna larin Júpítérì ati Orun je 778 million km (bi ona 5.2 nomba-arin ijinna lati Aye de Orun, tabi 5.2 AU) o si unpari ojuonaiyipo kan ni odun 11.86. Eyi je meji-ninu-idamarun akoko ojuonaiyipo Saturn, lati da 5:2 àgbéjáde òpópónà larin awon planeti meji titobijulo yi ninu Sistemu Orun.[61] ojuonaiyipo awodie (elliptical orbit) Júpítérì je te ni 1.31° lafiwe mo Aye. Nitori eccentricity 0.048, ijinna lati Júpítérì ati Orun yato bi 75 million km larin perihelion ati aphelion, tabi ojuami ijinna tosunmojulo ati tojinnajulo planeti na leba ipase ojuonaiyipo ni titelentele. Ojuite ipo Júpítérì kere lafiwe: 3.13° lasan. Nitorie planeti yi ko ni iyipada igba tosekoko, lodi si Aye ati Mars fun apere.[62] Iyirapo Júpítérì ni o yarajulo ninu gbogbo awon planeti inu Sistemu Orun, ounpari iyirapo kan lori ipo re larin wakati mewa odin die; eyi da iwu alagedemeji to se e fojuri pelu teliskopu lati Aye laisisoro. Iyirapo yi unfe centripetal acceleration ni alagedemeji bi 1.67 m/s², lafiwe mo irelura ojude alagedemeji 24.79 m/s²; bi be net acceleration iseku to wa ni ojude alagedemeji je bi 23.12 m/s² lasan. Planeti na ri bi obiriki oblate, to tumosi pe diameter ni agedemeji re gunju diamita larin awon oriopo re lo. Lori Júpítérì, diamita alagedemeji je 9275 km nigigun ju diamita arin awon oriopo re lo.[37] Nitoripe Júpítérì ki i se agbarajo lilekoko, afefeojuorun oke re ni iyirapo olotooto. Iyirapo afefeojuorun oriopo Júpítérì je bi iseju 5 poju ti afefeojuorun alagedemeji; awon sistemu meta lounje lilo gege bi itokasi, agaga nigbati a ba unyaworan iwon irelo awon ini afefeojuorun. ètò I je lati awon ojuibigbooro 10° A de 10° G; akoko re ni eyi tokerejulo ti planeti, ni 9h 50m 30.0s. ètò II lati gbogbo awon ojuibigbooro ni ariwa ati guusu awon wonyi; akoko re je 9h 55m 40.6s. ètò III koko je titumo latowo awon atorawo rédíò, o si baramu mo iyirapo igberinojuorun planeti na; akoko re ni iyirapo onibise Júpítérì.[63] ", 1073589001868839539,train,what is the size of the planet jupiter,"Jupiter 's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined -- this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies above the Sun 's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun 's center. Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense : its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 times as massive. Jupiter 's radius is about 1 / 10 the radius of the Sun, and its mass is 0.001 times the mass of the Sun, so the densities of the two bodies are similar. A `` Jupiter mass '' (M or M) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. So, for example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 M, while Kappa Andromedae b has a mass of 12.8 M.","['the early hours of 6 july 1967', 'social science']",báwo ni pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì júpítérì ṣe tóbi tó,Yes,['Júpítérì je lona 2.5 isupo apapo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun—eyi supo to be to fi je pe arin iwuwo re pelu Orun wa loke ojude Orun ni 1.068\xa0itande orun lati inu arin Orun.'],['Júpítérì je lona 2.5 isupo apapo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun'],['P9'],1,0,"Júpítérì Júpítérì ni pílán????tì karùn-ún láti ??d?? Òòrùn àti pílán????tì tó tóbi jùl? nínú ètò òòrùn.[13] O je omiran efuufu kan pelu isupo kan to fi die din ju ikan-ninu-idaegberun ti Orun lo sugbon isupo lona meji ati abo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun wa lapapo. Júpítérì je kikosoto bi omiran efuufu kan pelu Satu, Uranu ati Neptu. Lakopo, awon planeti merin yi je pipe nigba miran bi planeti Jofia. Awon astronomer ayeijoun mo Júpítérì, be sini o je gbigbo ninu esin ati asa awon eniyan igba na. Awon ara Romu soloruko fun osa Romu to unje Júpítérì.[14] Ni wiwo lati Aye, Júpítérì le de itobi ihan ?2.94, eyi so di ohun tomolejulo keta ni ojusanmo ale leyin Osupa ati Aguala. (Marsi le mole bi Júpítérì fun igba soki ni awon ojuami pato kan ni ojuiyipo re.) Júpítérì lati bere je haidrojin pelu ikan-ninu-idamerin isupo to je hílí??mù; o si tun se e se ko ni inu alapata awon apilese wiwuwo. Nitoripe o un yipo kiakia, iwoiri Júpítérì je bi obiriki afelegbe (o wu die sita ni agedemeji re). Ojuorun ode re je yiyasoto si orisirisi egbe ni ila-idubule otooto, to un fa iji ati rudurudu legbe awon bode to unkanra won. Esi eyi ni Great Red Spot, iji omiran kan to ti je mimo lati orundun 17k nigbati o koko je riri pelu teleskopu. To yika planeti yi ni sistemu oruka planeti ati ayikagberigberin alagbara. Be si tun ni o ni awon osupa 63, ninu won ni awon osupa gbangba merin ti won unje awon osupa Galilie ti won koko je wiwari latowo Galileo Galilei ni 1610. Ganymede, eyi totobijulo ninu awon osupa yi ni diamita totobiju pílán????tì M??kúrì lo. Júpítérì ti je wiwakiri ninu lopolopo igba pelu oko-ofurufu roboti, agaga nigba awon iranlose ifokoja A?áájú-ò?nà ati Voyager ati leyin won pelu Galileo orbiter. Oko iwadi to pese lo si Júpítérì ni oko-ofurufu to unlo si Pluto, Àw?n Òkèèrè Tuntun ni opin os?u? keji? 2007. Oko iwadi yi lo iwolura lati odo Júpítérì lati fun ni isare pupo. Awon iwakiri ojowaju ninu sistemu Jofia ni wiwa omi ti tinyin bo mole ninu osupa Europa. Ìdiramú Júpítérì je kiki elo elefuufu ati olomi. Ohun ni o tobijulo larin awon omiran efuufu mererin ati bakanna planeti totobijulo ninu sistemu orun pelu diamita 142,984 km ni agedemeji re. Ikisi Júpítérì, 1.326 g/cm³, ni ekeji to gajulo larin awon planeti omiran efuufu. Sugbon, ikisi re kereju ti awon planeti onile mererin lo. Ìkósínú Oke ojuorun Júpítérì je bii 88–92% haidrojin ati 8–12% hílí??mù gegebi inuogorun itobi tabi ida awon igbonwo efuufu (see table to the right). Nitoripe atomu hílí??mù kan ni bi isupo lona merin ti atomu Háídrójìn kan, ajoropo yato nigbati a ba wo bi ipin isupo ti atomu kookan mu wa. Nitorie ojuorun je bi 75% haidrojin ati 24% hílí??mù gegebi isupo, pelu bi ikan ninuogorun yioku isupo je awon apilese yioku. Inu re loun ni awon eroja kiki bi be to je pe ipin je 71% Háídrójìn, 24% hílí??mù ati 5% awon apilese yioku bi isupo. Ojuorun re ni iye tasere metani, oru omi, ammonia, ati awon adapo ti won ni silicon. Bakanna awon iye tasere carbon, ethane, Háídrójìn onisulfur, neon, ??ksíjìn, phosphine, ati sulfur. Ipele to bo sode julo ojuorun re ni awon crystal ammonia gigan.[15][16] A tún ti rí ìwò?nba èròjà benzene àti àw?n èròjà hydrocarbon mìíràn nípasè? àw?n àyè?wò tí wó?n ?e nípa ìtàn?án aláwò? pupa àti ìtàn?án aláwò? àlùkò. [17] Iyeipin haidrojin ati hílí??mù ojuorun sunmo daada mo ajokopo elero primordial nebula orun. Sibesibe, neon to wa ni oke ojuorun je ida 20 ninu egbegberun gegebi isupo, to je bi ikan ninu idamera bo se po to ninu Orun.[18] hílí??mù náà ti dín kù, bó til?? j?? pé kìkì n?kan bí ìpín ?g??rin nínú ?g??rùn-ún tí oòrùn ní nínú èròjà hílí??mù ló wà nínú r??. Ìparun yìí lè j?? àbájáde ì???l?? ì???l?? àw?n èròjà w??nyí sí ààrin àgbáyé.[19] Ijantirere awon efuufu alaigera towuwoju ninu ojuorun Júpítérì je bi emeji mo emeta ti Orun. Nipile lori iwo ipele awo, Satu je lilero pe o je bakanna ni ajokopo mo Júpítérì, sugbon awon efuufu omiran Uranu ati Neptu ni haidrojin ati hílí??mù didinku lafiwe.[20] Sugbon, nitori ailewole awon oko iwadi si ojuorun awon planeti ti won jinna ju Júpítérì lo, ko si awon nomba pato to daju fun ijantirere awon apilese towuwoju fun awon planeti wonyi. Àkój? Ìfiwéra bí ayé àti Júpítérì ?e tóbi tó, títí kan ibi pupa ?lá Júpítérì je lona 2.5 isupo apapo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun—eyi supo to be to fi je pe arin iwuwo re pelu Orun wa loke ojude Orun ni 1.068 itande orun lati inu arin Orun. Botilejepe planeti yi tobi ju Aye lo pelu diamita lona 11 ti Aye, kikisi re din ju ti Aye lo daada. Itobinu Júpítérì je adogba mo 1,321 ti Aye, sibesibe planeti na supo lona 318 lasan ju Aye lo.[5][21] Júpítérì ní ràdí??sì tó d??gba p??lú 0.10 ìgbà ti ràdí??sì Oòrùn,[22] ó sì ní ìnira tó d??gba p??lú 0.001 ìgbà ti ìnira Oòrùn, tí ó mú kí w?n f??r???? d??gba nínú ìnira.[[23] Eyo iwon ""isupo Júpítérì"" kan (MJ or MJup) lo unsaba je lilo lati juwe isupo awon ohun miran, agaga awon planeti odeorun ati awon brown dwarfs. Bi be, fun apere, planet odeorun HD 209458 b ni isupo 0.69 MJ, nigbati COROT-7b ni isupo 0.015 MJ.[24] Awon afijuwe elero fihan pe to ba je pe Júpítérì ni iye isupo to poju iye to ni bayi lo, planeti na yio funpomora. Nitoripe fun iyato die ni isupo, itande ko ni fi be yato, ati pe ni bi isupo Júpítérì merin soke inu re yio je jijofunpo gidigidi labe agbara irelura ti yio posi to fi je pe itobinu planeti na yio ""dinku"" botilejepe iye elo ti po si. Nitorie, Jupiter je lilero pe o ni diamita totobi fun iru ajokopo planeti na ati ti itan iyojade le se. Imuse ifunpo siwaju pelu iposi isupo yio tesiwaju titi ti igbanaje irawo to se e ri yio fi sele bo se wa ninu awon brown dwarf onisupo niunla pelu isupo Júpítérì 50.[25] eyi lo fa ti awon atorawo kan se unpe ni ""irawo akuna"", botilejepe ko daju boya awon ona imuse to unfa ida awon planeti bi Júpítérì je ikanna bi ti awon ona imuse ida opolopo awon sistemu irawo. Botilejepe Júpítérì yio fe lati je lona 75 isupo yi ko to le sedadipo haidrojin lati di irawo, arara pupa kikerejulo je bi 30 ninuogorun lasan ni titobijulo itande ju Júpítérì lo.[26][27] Sibesibe, Júpítérì si un setanjade oru/igbona ju iye to ungba latodo Orun lo. Iye oru to un wa lati inu planeti na fe tto dogba mo apapo itanjade orun to un gba.[28] Itanjade oru yioku yi un wa pelu iseise Kevin-Hemholtz nipa irunpo alailekoja. Ona imuse yi unfa ki planeti na o funpo bi 2 cm lodoodun.[29] Nigba to koko je dida, Júpítérì gbona ju bayi lo, o si ni diamita to po lona meji ju bayi lo.[30] Ìdiramú inú Júpítérì je lilero pe o ni inu kiki pelu adalu awon apilese, ipele ayipoka liquid haidrojin onide olomi pelu hílí??mù melo kan, ati ipele ode to kun fun haidrojin igbonwo.[29] Leyin outline die yi, iyoku ko daju. Inu re unsaba je jijuwe bi alapata, sugbon ekunrere akojopo re je aimo, be na lo ri fun awon ini eroja to wa ni awon igbonasi ati itemo awon ibu/ijin na (e wo isale). Ni 1997, iwon irelura lo fi dalaba pe o ni inu,[29] lati safihan isupo lona lati 12 de 45 ti isupo Aye tabi bi 3%–15% gbogbo isupo Júpítérì.[28][31] Pe inuarin wa nigba kan ninu itan Júpítérì je didalaba pelu awon afijuwe iseda planeti to so pe inuarin alapata tan yinyin koko wa to supo to be to lati kojo opo haidrojin ati hílí??mù re latodo nebula orunakoko. Ti a ba gba pe o wa, o le ti funpo bi iwo igbona sita haidrojin onide olomi gbigbona ba se un dalu mo inuarin yiyo to si gbe awon akoonu re lo si ibi giga ninu planeti na. Inuarin le mo si rara bayi nitoripe awon iwon irelura ko daju to lati fihan pe ko je be rararara.[29][32] Aidaju afijuwe na je nitori iye ipoto asise ninu awon paramita wiwon: ikan ninu awon afisodipupo alayirapo (J6) to je lilo lati fi juwe igba irelura planeti na, atanka alagedemeji Júpítérì, ati igbonasi re ni itemo 1 bar. Ireti ni pe iranlose JUNO, ti yio gbera ni 2011, yio se idikun awon asise awon paramita wonyi, lati mulosiwaju wa si isoro inuarin.[33] Agbegbe inuarin je yiyika pelu haidrojin onide kiki, to fe sode de bi 78 ninuogorun atanka planeti na.[28] hílí??mù kikan bi ojo ati neon unro sile latinu ipele yi, lati mu idinku ijantirere awon apilese wonyi wa ninu oke ojuorun.[19][34] Loke ipele haidrojin onide na ni ayika inu alaridenuwo ti haidrojin. Ninu ijin yi, igbonasi po ju igbonasi elewu lo, fun haidrojin to je 33 K lasan[35] (e wo haidrojin).Ni ipo yi, ko si iyato isaye olomi ati elefuufu - haidrojin je sisope o wa ni ipo asan supercritical. Sibesibe, o rorun lati wo haidrojin bi efuufu ni ipele oke to unfe si sale lati isu ipele de ijin to to 1,000 km,[28] ati bi olomi ni awon ipele jijinju. Logidi, ko si bode kedere kankan - efuufu di gbigbona ati kiki bo se unwale felefele.[36][37] Igbonasi ati itemo ninu Júpítérì unposi titi de inuarin. Ni agbegbe phase transition nibi ti haidrojin-to je gbigbegbona koja ojuami ewu—di onide, o je gbigbagbo pe igbonasi je 10,000 K be e sini itemo je 200 GPa. Igbonasi ni bode inuarin je jijeye pe o je 36,000 K beesini itemo inu je bi 3,000–4,500 GPa.[28] Af??f??àyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àyíká Ayé Jupiter Júpítérì lo ni afefeayika planeti totobijulo ninu Sistemu Orun, o gun to 5000 km.[38][39] Nitoripe Júpítérì ko ni ojude, ipile afefeayika re je gbigba bi ojuami ibi ti itemo afefeayika ti dogba mo 10 bars, tabi ona mewa itemo lori Aye.[38] Awon ipele isujo Júpítérì nigbogbo igba je bibomole pelu awon isujo amó?yà onírinrin ati o si se e se pelu ammonium onisulfurhaidrojin. Awon isujo na budo si idaduro-oloru won si je tito si bandi ibiojugbolojo, to unje agbegbe oloru. Awon wonyi si tun je pipin si ibiamure mimole die ati belti diduru die. Ibasepo awon iru iyilopo otooto unfa iji ati isoro. Iyara iji 100 m/s (360 km/h) wopo ni ibiamure ifon.[40] Akiyesi fihan pe awon ibiamure wonyi yato ni fifesi, awo ati ponpon lati odun de odun, sugbon won ti duro kankan to be to fun awon atorawo lati fun won ni oruko idamo.[21] Ipele isujo je bi 50 km ni jijin lasan, be sini o ni o ni iruipele meji: iruipele kiki labe ati agbegbe tinrin hihan die. O si tun se e se ki ipele tinrin isujoomi kan o wa labe ipele ammonia, bo se han pelu isana monamona ti won je gbigbamu ninu afefeojuorun Júpítérì. (Omi je igbonwo olopo kan to le gbe idira kan, bi be o le se iyato idira to ye lati se monamona.)[28] Awon ijuwo idira onina yi le lagbara lona egberun ju monamona Aye lo.[41] Awon isujo omi le da ijiara ti igbona lati inu ungbe kiri.[42] Awo osan ati brown inu isujo Júpítérì wa lati iwusoke awon adapo ti won unyi awo won pada nigbati won ba dojuko imole ultraviolet lati odo Orun. ohun to wa ninu awon adapo wonyi ko daju, botilejepe fosforu, sulfur tabi boya haidrokarbon ni won je gbigbagbo pe won je.[28][43] Awon adapo alawo yi, ti won unje kromofori, undalu po mo awon isujo liloworo iruipele isale. Awon ibiamure je dida nigbati awon ahamo igbonalatinu ti won unbu soke ba da am??níkì tí ? di kírísítálì ti won bo awon isujo isale wonyi .[44] Iteju ipo rirele Júpítérì tumosi pe awon oriopo ungba itankale orun didin nigbogbo igba ju agbegbe alagedemeji planeti na lo. Sugbon igbonalatinu ninu planeti na ungbe okun pupo lo si awon oriopo, eyi un unmu idogba ba awon igbonasi ti won wa ni ipele isujo.[21] Oju Pupa Ninla ati awon vortices miran Ini to gbajumojulo ti Júpítérì ni ni Oju Pupa Ninla, iji olodi-ijiyipo to unsele nigbogbo igba to budo si 22° ariwa agedemeji to tobiju Aye lo. O ti je mimo pe o kere ju o wa lati 1831,[45] o se e se ko je lati 1665.[46] Awon afijuwe onimathimatiki da laba pe iji na je lekanlekan ati pe o se e se ko je ini planeti na to wa ni gbogbo igba.[47] Iji yi tobi to be to fun awon telikopu ni Aye ti won ni aperture of 12 cm tabi titobijubelo le fi seewo.[48] Iji yi to ri bi oval unyipo lonaodiago, pelu akoko bi ojo mefa.[49] Awon The Great Red Spot's egbegbe Oju Pupa Ninla je 24–40,000 km × 12–14,000 km. O tobi to lati gba planeti meji tabi meta to ni diamita Aye.[50] Ojuibigiga pipojulo iji yi je bi 8 km loke ayika awon ori isujo.[51] Awon iru iji bayi wopo ninu afefeojuorun onisoro awon efuufu omiran. Bakanna Júpítérì tun ni awon oval funfun ati brown ovals, ti won kere ti won ko ni oruko. Awon oval funfun ni isupo bibale lafiwe ni afefeojuorun oke. awon Brown ovals je liloworo won si wa ninu ipele isujo deede. Awon iru iji bayi le to fun wakati die tabi sele to opo odunrun. Ko to di pe Voyager fihan pe ini na je iji, eri wa pe oju na ko se e sabase pelu ini jijin kankan lojude planeti na, nitoripe Oju na nyipo ni otooto lafiwe mo afefeojuorun yioku, nigba miran ni kiakia ati nigba miran ni diedie. Nigba itan akoole re o ti rinajo lopo igba yipo planeti na lafiwe si aseami ayipo gbaingbanin labe re yiowu to ba wa. Ni 2000, ini afefeojuorun kan je dida nibi idajiojuorun apaariwa to jo Oju Pupa Ninla, sugbon to kerejulo. Eyi je dida nigbati awon iji bi oval funfun kekere darapo lati da ini kan soso—awon oval fufun kekere meta yi koko je siseakiyesi ni 1938. Oruko ini todarapo ni Oval BA, o si ni oruko alaje Oju Pupo Kekere. Latigbana o ti posi ni kikankikan o si ti yi awo re si pupa lati funfun.[52][53][54] Awon oruka planeti Ày?kà olórí: Rings of Jupiter Júpítérì ni sistemu faint oruka planeti die to ni igesoto meta: an inner toru awon inu particles ti won unje halo, oruka to mole lafiwe, ati oruka gossamer ode.[55] Awon oruka yi da bi pe won je eruku, laije yinyin bi ti awon oruka Saturn.[28] Oruka agba se e se ko je sise lati owo awon eroja to ta kuro lodo awon ajaeyin Adrastea ati Metis. Eroja to je pe yio bo pada sinu osupa na je fifa sinu Júpítérì nitori agbara irelura to ni. Ojuonaiyipo eroja te lo sodo Júpítérì be sini eroja tuntun unje fifikun pelu ifaragbara miran.[56] Lona kanna ni awon osupa Thebe ati Amalthea da iru ohun inu meji ti oruka gossamer.[56] Eri tu wa fun oruka alapata to sopo mo eti ojuonaiyipo Amalthea to se e se ko je idoti ifaragbara osupa na.[57] Ìgbéringbérinàyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àgbá òòfà òòfà Jupiter Aurora on Jupiter. Three bright dots are created by magnetic flux tubes that connect to the Jovian moons Io (on the left), Ganymede (on the bottom) and Europa (also on the bottom). In addition, the very bright almost circular region, called the main oval, and the fainter polar aurora can be seen. Jupiter's broad Papa igberin Júpítérì gbagada ni agbara lona 14 ju ti Aye lo, lati 4.2 gauss (0.42 mT) ni agedemeji de 10–14 gauss (1.0–1.4 mT) ni awon oriopo, eyi so di eyi tolagbara julo ninu Sistemu Orun (ayafi awon ojuorun).[44] Papa yi je gbigbagbo pe ounwa latodo awon iwo eddy—irelo lilo awon eroja conducting materials—larin inu haidrojin onide. Awon ileru ni osupa Io unfon iye gbangba sulfur oloksijinmeji lati da toru efuufu kan leti ojuonaiyipo osupa na. Efuufu na je sisodi ioni ninu igberinojuorun lati da awon ioni sulfur ati ??ksíjìn. Awon wonyi, lapapo mo awon ioni haidrojin to unwa latodo afefeojuorun Júpítérì, da form a plasma sheet ninu pete alagedemeji Júpítérì. Plasma na ninu sheet unjoyipo pelu planeti na lati fa ibajeida papa igberin oriopomeji si aboigberin (magnetodisk). Awon elektroni inu plasma sheet unfa ami rédíò alagbara toun fa ibu larin 0.6–30 MHz.[58] Lati bi 75 itanka Júpítérì lati odo planeti na, ibasepo igberinojuorun na mo iji orun unfa bow shock. Eyi to yi igberinojuorun Júpítérì ka je a magnetopause, to budo si eti inu magnetosheath—agbegbe larin re ati bow shock. Iji orun unsebasepo mo awon agbegbe yi, lati fa igberinojuorun na ni lee side Júpítérì to si unfa sita titi to fi fe de ojuonaiyipo Saturn. Awon osupa Júpítérì merin titobijulo ni gbogbo won yipolojuona to wa ninu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, eyi unda ao bo won lowo iji orun.[28] Igberinojuorun Júpítérì lounfa itujade kikan rédíò lati awon agbegbe oriopo planeti na. Isele ileru inu osupa Jofia Io (e wo isale) untu efuufu sinu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, lati fa torus of particles kakiri planeti na. Bi Io se unrelo ninu toru yi, ibasepo na unfa iru Alfvén to ungbe elo to ti di ioni sinu awon agbegbe oriopo Júpítérì. Nipa bayit, awon iru rédíò unje fifa wa pelu cyclotron maser mechanism, okun re si unje gbigberinna sita legbe ojude to ri bi aro. Nigbati Aye ba rekoja aro yi awon itujade rédíò latodo Júpítérì le ju itujade rédíò orun lo.[59] Ìgbàyípa ati iyirapo Júpítérì nikan soso ni planeti to ni arin isupo pelu Orun to dubule si ode itobisinu Orun, botilejepe eyi je 7% lasa itanka Orun.[60] Nomba-arin ijinna larin Júpítérì ati Orun je 778 million km (bi ona 5.2 nomba-arin ijinna lati Aye de Orun, tabi 5.2 AU) o si unpari ojuonaiyipo kan ni odun 11.86. Eyi je meji-ninu-idamarun akoko ojuonaiyipo Saturn, lati da 5:2 àgbéjáde òpópónà larin awon planeti meji titobijulo yi ninu Sistemu Orun.[61] ojuonaiyipo awodie (elliptical orbit) Júpítérì je te ni 1.31° lafiwe mo Aye. Nitori eccentricity 0.048, ijinna lati Júpítérì ati Orun yato bi 75 million km larin perihelion ati aphelion, tabi ojuami ijinna tosunmojulo ati tojinnajulo planeti na leba ipase ojuonaiyipo ni titelentele. Ojuite ipo Júpítérì kere lafiwe: 3.13° lasan. Nitorie planeti yi ko ni iyipada igba tosekoko, lodi si Aye ati Mars fun apere.[62] Iyirapo Júpítérì ni o yarajulo ninu gbogbo awon planeti inu Sistemu Orun, ounpari iyirapo kan lori ipo re larin wakati mewa odin die; eyi da iwu alagedemeji to se e fojuri pelu teliskopu lati Aye laisisoro. Iyirapo yi unfe centripetal acceleration ni alagedemeji bi 1.67 m/s², lafiwe mo irelura ojude alagedemeji 24.79 m/s²; bi be net acceleration iseku to wa ni ojude alagedemeji je bi 23.12 m/s² lasan. Planeti na ri bi obiriki oblate, to tumosi pe diameter ni agedemeji re gunju diamita larin awon oriopo re lo. Lori Júpítérì, diamita alagedemeji je 9275 km nigigun ju diamita arin awon oriopo re lo.[37] Nitoripe Júpítérì ki i se agbarajo lilekoko, afefeojuorun oke re ni iyirapo olotooto. Iyirapo afefeojuorun oriopo Júpítérì je bi iseju 5 poju ti afefeojuorun alagedemeji; awon sistemu meta lounje lilo gege bi itokasi, agaga nigbati a ba unyaworan iwon irelo awon ini afefeojuorun. ètò I je lati awon ojuibigbooro 10° A de 10° G; akoko re ni eyi tokerejulo ti planeti, ni 9h 50m 30.0s. ètò II lati gbogbo awon ojuibigbooro ni ariwa ati guusu awon wonyi; akoko re je 9h 55m 40.6s. ètò III koko je titumo latowo awon atorawo rédíò, o si baramu mo iyirapo igberinojuorun planeti na; akoko re ni iyirapo onibise Júpítérì.[63] ", -1487407758606398045,train,what number planet is jupiter in the solar system,"Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a mass one - thousandth that of the Sun, but two - and - a-half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants ; the other two giant planets, Uranus and Neptune are ice giants. Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity. The Romans named it after their god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of − 2.94, bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows, and making it on average the third - brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus.","['chioma ajunwa-opara', '49.750°n 6.167°e']",iye ìràwọ̀ wo ni júpítérì wà nínú ètò oòrùn,Yes,['Júpítérì ni pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì karùn-ún láti ọ̀dọ̀ Òòrùn àti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì tó tóbi jùlọ nínú ètò òòrùn. O je omiran efuufu kan pelu isupo kan to fi die din ju ikan-ninu-idaegberun ti Orun lo sugbon isupo lona meji ati abo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun wa lapapo.'],['Júpítérì ni pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì karùn-ún láti ọ̀dọ̀ Òòrùn àti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì tó tóbi jùlọ nínú ètò òòrùn. '],['P1'],1,0,"Júpítérì Júpítérì ni pílán????tì karùn-ún láti ??d?? Òòrùn àti pílán????tì tó tóbi jùl? nínú ètò òòrùn.[13] O je omiran efuufu kan pelu isupo kan to fi die din ju ikan-ninu-idaegberun ti Orun lo sugbon isupo lona meji ati abo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun wa lapapo. Júpítérì je kikosoto bi omiran efuufu kan pelu Satu, Uranu ati Neptu. Lakopo, awon planeti merin yi je pipe nigba miran bi planeti Jofia. Awon astronomer ayeijoun mo Júpítérì, be sini o je gbigbo ninu esin ati asa awon eniyan igba na. Awon ara Romu soloruko fun osa Romu to unje Júpítérì.[14] Ni wiwo lati Aye, Júpítérì le de itobi ihan ?2.94, eyi so di ohun tomolejulo keta ni ojusanmo ale leyin Osupa ati Aguala. (Marsi le mole bi Júpítérì fun igba soki ni awon ojuami pato kan ni ojuiyipo re.) Júpítérì lati bere je haidrojin pelu ikan-ninu-idamerin isupo to je hílí??mù; o si tun se e se ko ni inu alapata awon apilese wiwuwo. Nitoripe o un yipo kiakia, iwoiri Júpítérì je bi obiriki afelegbe (o wu die sita ni agedemeji re). Ojuorun ode re je yiyasoto si orisirisi egbe ni ila-idubule otooto, to un fa iji ati rudurudu legbe awon bode to unkanra won. Esi eyi ni Great Red Spot, iji omiran kan to ti je mimo lati orundun 17k nigbati o koko je riri pelu teleskopu. To yika planeti yi ni sistemu oruka planeti ati ayikagberigberin alagbara. Be si tun ni o ni awon osupa 63, ninu won ni awon osupa gbangba merin ti won unje awon osupa Galilie ti won koko je wiwari latowo Galileo Galilei ni 1610. Ganymede, eyi totobijulo ninu awon osupa yi ni diamita totobiju pílán????tì M??kúrì lo. Júpítérì ti je wiwakiri ninu lopolopo igba pelu oko-ofurufu roboti, agaga nigba awon iranlose ifokoja A?áájú-ò?nà ati Voyager ati leyin won pelu Galileo orbiter. Oko iwadi to pese lo si Júpítérì ni oko-ofurufu to unlo si Pluto, Àw?n Òkèèrè Tuntun ni opin os?u? keji? 2007. Oko iwadi yi lo iwolura lati odo Júpítérì lati fun ni isare pupo. Awon iwakiri ojowaju ninu sistemu Jofia ni wiwa omi ti tinyin bo mole ninu osupa Europa. Ìdiramú Júpítérì je kiki elo elefuufu ati olomi. Ohun ni o tobijulo larin awon omiran efuufu mererin ati bakanna planeti totobijulo ninu sistemu orun pelu diamita 142,984 km ni agedemeji re. Ikisi Júpítérì, 1.326 g/cm³, ni ekeji to gajulo larin awon planeti omiran efuufu. Sugbon, ikisi re kereju ti awon planeti onile mererin lo. Ìkósínú Oke ojuorun Júpítérì je bii 88–92% haidrojin ati 8–12% hílí??mù gegebi inuogorun itobi tabi ida awon igbonwo efuufu (see table to the right). Nitoripe atomu hílí??mù kan ni bi isupo lona merin ti atomu Háídrójìn kan, ajoropo yato nigbati a ba wo bi ipin isupo ti atomu kookan mu wa. Nitorie ojuorun je bi 75% haidrojin ati 24% hílí??mù gegebi isupo, pelu bi ikan ninuogorun yioku isupo je awon apilese yioku. Inu re loun ni awon eroja kiki bi be to je pe ipin je 71% Háídrójìn, 24% hílí??mù ati 5% awon apilese yioku bi isupo. Ojuorun re ni iye tasere metani, oru omi, ammonia, ati awon adapo ti won ni silicon. Bakanna awon iye tasere carbon, ethane, Háídrójìn onisulfur, neon, ??ksíjìn, phosphine, ati sulfur. Ipele to bo sode julo ojuorun re ni awon crystal ammonia gigan.[15][16] A tún ti rí ìwò?nba èròjà benzene àti àw?n èròjà hydrocarbon mìíràn nípasè? àw?n àyè?wò tí wó?n ?e nípa ìtàn?án aláwò? pupa àti ìtàn?án aláwò? àlùkò. [17] Iyeipin haidrojin ati hílí??mù ojuorun sunmo daada mo ajokopo elero primordial nebula orun. Sibesibe, neon to wa ni oke ojuorun je ida 20 ninu egbegberun gegebi isupo, to je bi ikan ninu idamera bo se po to ninu Orun.[18] hílí??mù náà ti dín kù, bó til?? j?? pé kìkì n?kan bí ìpín ?g??rin nínú ?g??rùn-ún tí oòrùn ní nínú èròjà hílí??mù ló wà nínú r??. Ìparun yìí lè j?? àbájáde ì???l?? ì???l?? àw?n èròjà w??nyí sí ààrin àgbáyé.[19] Ijantirere awon efuufu alaigera towuwoju ninu ojuorun Júpítérì je bi emeji mo emeta ti Orun. Nipile lori iwo ipele awo, Satu je lilero pe o je bakanna ni ajokopo mo Júpítérì, sugbon awon efuufu omiran Uranu ati Neptu ni haidrojin ati hílí??mù didinku lafiwe.[20] Sugbon, nitori ailewole awon oko iwadi si ojuorun awon planeti ti won jinna ju Júpítérì lo, ko si awon nomba pato to daju fun ijantirere awon apilese towuwoju fun awon planeti wonyi. Àkój? Ìfiwéra bí ayé àti Júpítérì ?e tóbi tó, títí kan ibi pupa ?lá Júpítérì je lona 2.5 isupo apapo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun—eyi supo to be to fi je pe arin iwuwo re pelu Orun wa loke ojude Orun ni 1.068 itande orun lati inu arin Orun. Botilejepe planeti yi tobi ju Aye lo pelu diamita lona 11 ti Aye, kikisi re din ju ti Aye lo daada. Itobinu Júpítérì je adogba mo 1,321 ti Aye, sibesibe planeti na supo lona 318 lasan ju Aye lo.[5][21] Júpítérì ní ràdí??sì tó d??gba p??lú 0.10 ìgbà ti ràdí??sì Oòrùn,[22] ó sì ní ìnira tó d??gba p??lú 0.001 ìgbà ti ìnira Oòrùn, tí ó mú kí w?n f??r???? d??gba nínú ìnira.[[23] Eyo iwon ""isupo Júpítérì"" kan (MJ or MJup) lo unsaba je lilo lati juwe isupo awon ohun miran, agaga awon planeti odeorun ati awon brown dwarfs. Bi be, fun apere, planet odeorun HD 209458 b ni isupo 0.69 MJ, nigbati COROT-7b ni isupo 0.015 MJ.[24] Awon afijuwe elero fihan pe to ba je pe Júpítérì ni iye isupo to poju iye to ni bayi lo, planeti na yio funpomora. Nitoripe fun iyato die ni isupo, itande ko ni fi be yato, ati pe ni bi isupo Júpítérì merin soke inu re yio je jijofunpo gidigidi labe agbara irelura ti yio posi to fi je pe itobinu planeti na yio ""dinku"" botilejepe iye elo ti po si. Nitorie, Jupiter je lilero pe o ni diamita totobi fun iru ajokopo planeti na ati ti itan iyojade le se. Imuse ifunpo siwaju pelu iposi isupo yio tesiwaju titi ti igbanaje irawo to se e ri yio fi sele bo se wa ninu awon brown dwarf onisupo niunla pelu isupo Júpítérì 50.[25] eyi lo fa ti awon atorawo kan se unpe ni ""irawo akuna"", botilejepe ko daju boya awon ona imuse to unfa ida awon planeti bi Júpítérì je ikanna bi ti awon ona imuse ida opolopo awon sistemu irawo. Botilejepe Júpítérì yio fe lati je lona 75 isupo yi ko to le sedadipo haidrojin lati di irawo, arara pupa kikerejulo je bi 30 ninuogorun lasan ni titobijulo itande ju Júpítérì lo.[26][27] Sibesibe, Júpítérì si un setanjade oru/igbona ju iye to ungba latodo Orun lo. Iye oru to un wa lati inu planeti na fe tto dogba mo apapo itanjade orun to un gba.[28] Itanjade oru yioku yi un wa pelu iseise Kevin-Hemholtz nipa irunpo alailekoja. Ona imuse yi unfa ki planeti na o funpo bi 2 cm lodoodun.[29] Nigba to koko je dida, Júpítérì gbona ju bayi lo, o si ni diamita to po lona meji ju bayi lo.[30] Ìdiramú inú Júpítérì je lilero pe o ni inu kiki pelu adalu awon apilese, ipele ayipoka liquid haidrojin onide olomi pelu hílí??mù melo kan, ati ipele ode to kun fun haidrojin igbonwo.[29] Leyin outline die yi, iyoku ko daju. Inu re unsaba je jijuwe bi alapata, sugbon ekunrere akojopo re je aimo, be na lo ri fun awon ini eroja to wa ni awon igbonasi ati itemo awon ibu/ijin na (e wo isale). Ni 1997, iwon irelura lo fi dalaba pe o ni inu,[29] lati safihan isupo lona lati 12 de 45 ti isupo Aye tabi bi 3%–15% gbogbo isupo Júpítérì.[28][31] Pe inuarin wa nigba kan ninu itan Júpítérì je didalaba pelu awon afijuwe iseda planeti to so pe inuarin alapata tan yinyin koko wa to supo to be to lati kojo opo haidrojin ati hílí??mù re latodo nebula orunakoko. Ti a ba gba pe o wa, o le ti funpo bi iwo igbona sita haidrojin onide olomi gbigbona ba se un dalu mo inuarin yiyo to si gbe awon akoonu re lo si ibi giga ninu planeti na. Inuarin le mo si rara bayi nitoripe awon iwon irelura ko daju to lati fihan pe ko je be rararara.[29][32] Aidaju afijuwe na je nitori iye ipoto asise ninu awon paramita wiwon: ikan ninu awon afisodipupo alayirapo (J6) to je lilo lati fi juwe igba irelura planeti na, atanka alagedemeji Júpítérì, ati igbonasi re ni itemo 1 bar. Ireti ni pe iranlose JUNO, ti yio gbera ni 2011, yio se idikun awon asise awon paramita wonyi, lati mulosiwaju wa si isoro inuarin.[33] Agbegbe inuarin je yiyika pelu haidrojin onide kiki, to fe sode de bi 78 ninuogorun atanka planeti na.[28] hílí??mù kikan bi ojo ati neon unro sile latinu ipele yi, lati mu idinku ijantirere awon apilese wonyi wa ninu oke ojuorun.[19][34] Loke ipele haidrojin onide na ni ayika inu alaridenuwo ti haidrojin. Ninu ijin yi, igbonasi po ju igbonasi elewu lo, fun haidrojin to je 33 K lasan[35] (e wo haidrojin).Ni ipo yi, ko si iyato isaye olomi ati elefuufu - haidrojin je sisope o wa ni ipo asan supercritical. Sibesibe, o rorun lati wo haidrojin bi efuufu ni ipele oke to unfe si sale lati isu ipele de ijin to to 1,000 km,[28] ati bi olomi ni awon ipele jijinju. Logidi, ko si bode kedere kankan - efuufu di gbigbona ati kiki bo se unwale felefele.[36][37] Igbonasi ati itemo ninu Júpítérì unposi titi de inuarin. Ni agbegbe phase transition nibi ti haidrojin-to je gbigbegbona koja ojuami ewu—di onide, o je gbigbagbo pe igbonasi je 10,000 K be e sini itemo je 200 GPa. Igbonasi ni bode inuarin je jijeye pe o je 36,000 K beesini itemo inu je bi 3,000–4,500 GPa.[28] Af??f??àyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àyíká Ayé Jupiter Júpítérì lo ni afefeayika planeti totobijulo ninu Sistemu Orun, o gun to 5000 km.[38][39] Nitoripe Júpítérì ko ni ojude, ipile afefeayika re je gbigba bi ojuami ibi ti itemo afefeayika ti dogba mo 10 bars, tabi ona mewa itemo lori Aye.[38] Awon ipele isujo Júpítérì nigbogbo igba je bibomole pelu awon isujo amó?yà onírinrin ati o si se e se pelu ammonium onisulfurhaidrojin. Awon isujo na budo si idaduro-oloru won si je tito si bandi ibiojugbolojo, to unje agbegbe oloru. Awon wonyi si tun je pipin si ibiamure mimole die ati belti diduru die. Ibasepo awon iru iyilopo otooto unfa iji ati isoro. Iyara iji 100 m/s (360 km/h) wopo ni ibiamure ifon.[40] Akiyesi fihan pe awon ibiamure wonyi yato ni fifesi, awo ati ponpon lati odun de odun, sugbon won ti duro kankan to be to fun awon atorawo lati fun won ni oruko idamo.[21] Ipele isujo je bi 50 km ni jijin lasan, be sini o ni o ni iruipele meji: iruipele kiki labe ati agbegbe tinrin hihan die. O si tun se e se ki ipele tinrin isujoomi kan o wa labe ipele ammonia, bo se han pelu isana monamona ti won je gbigbamu ninu afefeojuorun Júpítérì. (Omi je igbonwo olopo kan to le gbe idira kan, bi be o le se iyato idira to ye lati se monamona.)[28] Awon ijuwo idira onina yi le lagbara lona egberun ju monamona Aye lo.[41] Awon isujo omi le da ijiara ti igbona lati inu ungbe kiri.[42] Awo osan ati brown inu isujo Júpítérì wa lati iwusoke awon adapo ti won unyi awo won pada nigbati won ba dojuko imole ultraviolet lati odo Orun. ohun to wa ninu awon adapo wonyi ko daju, botilejepe fosforu, sulfur tabi boya haidrokarbon ni won je gbigbagbo pe won je.[28][43] Awon adapo alawo yi, ti won unje kromofori, undalu po mo awon isujo liloworo iruipele isale. Awon ibiamure je dida nigbati awon ahamo igbonalatinu ti won unbu soke ba da am??níkì tí ? di kírísítálì ti won bo awon isujo isale wonyi .[44] Iteju ipo rirele Júpítérì tumosi pe awon oriopo ungba itankale orun didin nigbogbo igba ju agbegbe alagedemeji planeti na lo. Sugbon igbonalatinu ninu planeti na ungbe okun pupo lo si awon oriopo, eyi un unmu idogba ba awon igbonasi ti won wa ni ipele isujo.[21] Oju Pupa Ninla ati awon vortices miran Ini to gbajumojulo ti Júpítérì ni ni Oju Pupa Ninla, iji olodi-ijiyipo to unsele nigbogbo igba to budo si 22° ariwa agedemeji to tobiju Aye lo. O ti je mimo pe o kere ju o wa lati 1831,[45] o se e se ko je lati 1665.[46] Awon afijuwe onimathimatiki da laba pe iji na je lekanlekan ati pe o se e se ko je ini planeti na to wa ni gbogbo igba.[47] Iji yi tobi to be to fun awon telikopu ni Aye ti won ni aperture of 12 cm tabi titobijubelo le fi seewo.[48] Iji yi to ri bi oval unyipo lonaodiago, pelu akoko bi ojo mefa.[49] Awon The Great Red Spot's egbegbe Oju Pupa Ninla je 24–40,000 km × 12–14,000 km. O tobi to lati gba planeti meji tabi meta to ni diamita Aye.[50] Ojuibigiga pipojulo iji yi je bi 8 km loke ayika awon ori isujo.[51] Awon iru iji bayi wopo ninu afefeojuorun onisoro awon efuufu omiran. Bakanna Júpítérì tun ni awon oval funfun ati brown ovals, ti won kere ti won ko ni oruko. Awon oval funfun ni isupo bibale lafiwe ni afefeojuorun oke. awon Brown ovals je liloworo won si wa ninu ipele isujo deede. Awon iru iji bayi le to fun wakati die tabi sele to opo odunrun. Ko to di pe Voyager fihan pe ini na je iji, eri wa pe oju na ko se e sabase pelu ini jijin kankan lojude planeti na, nitoripe Oju na nyipo ni otooto lafiwe mo afefeojuorun yioku, nigba miran ni kiakia ati nigba miran ni diedie. Nigba itan akoole re o ti rinajo lopo igba yipo planeti na lafiwe si aseami ayipo gbaingbanin labe re yiowu to ba wa. Ni 2000, ini afefeojuorun kan je dida nibi idajiojuorun apaariwa to jo Oju Pupa Ninla, sugbon to kerejulo. Eyi je dida nigbati awon iji bi oval funfun kekere darapo lati da ini kan soso—awon oval fufun kekere meta yi koko je siseakiyesi ni 1938. Oruko ini todarapo ni Oval BA, o si ni oruko alaje Oju Pupo Kekere. Latigbana o ti posi ni kikankikan o si ti yi awo re si pupa lati funfun.[52][53][54] Awon oruka planeti Ày?kà olórí: Rings of Jupiter Júpítérì ni sistemu faint oruka planeti die to ni igesoto meta: an inner toru awon inu particles ti won unje halo, oruka to mole lafiwe, ati oruka gossamer ode.[55] Awon oruka yi da bi pe won je eruku, laije yinyin bi ti awon oruka Saturn.[28] Oruka agba se e se ko je sise lati owo awon eroja to ta kuro lodo awon ajaeyin Adrastea ati Metis. Eroja to je pe yio bo pada sinu osupa na je fifa sinu Júpítérì nitori agbara irelura to ni. Ojuonaiyipo eroja te lo sodo Júpítérì be sini eroja tuntun unje fifikun pelu ifaragbara miran.[56] Lona kanna ni awon osupa Thebe ati Amalthea da iru ohun inu meji ti oruka gossamer.[56] Eri tu wa fun oruka alapata to sopo mo eti ojuonaiyipo Amalthea to se e se ko je idoti ifaragbara osupa na.[57] Ìgbéringbérinàyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àgbá òòfà òòfà Jupiter Aurora on Jupiter. Three bright dots are created by magnetic flux tubes that connect to the Jovian moons Io (on the left), Ganymede (on the bottom) and Europa (also on the bottom). In addition, the very bright almost circular region, called the main oval, and the fainter polar aurora can be seen. Jupiter's broad Papa igberin Júpítérì gbagada ni agbara lona 14 ju ti Aye lo, lati 4.2 gauss (0.42 mT) ni agedemeji de 10–14 gauss (1.0–1.4 mT) ni awon oriopo, eyi so di eyi tolagbara julo ninu Sistemu Orun (ayafi awon ojuorun).[44] Papa yi je gbigbagbo pe ounwa latodo awon iwo eddy—irelo lilo awon eroja conducting materials—larin inu haidrojin onide. Awon ileru ni osupa Io unfon iye gbangba sulfur oloksijinmeji lati da toru efuufu kan leti ojuonaiyipo osupa na. Efuufu na je sisodi ioni ninu igberinojuorun lati da awon ioni sulfur ati ??ksíjìn. Awon wonyi, lapapo mo awon ioni haidrojin to unwa latodo afefeojuorun Júpítérì, da form a plasma sheet ninu pete alagedemeji Júpítérì. Plasma na ninu sheet unjoyipo pelu planeti na lati fa ibajeida papa igberin oriopomeji si aboigberin (magnetodisk). Awon elektroni inu plasma sheet unfa ami rédíò alagbara toun fa ibu larin 0.6–30 MHz.[58] Lati bi 75 itanka Júpítérì lati odo planeti na, ibasepo igberinojuorun na mo iji orun unfa bow shock. Eyi to yi igberinojuorun Júpítérì ka je a magnetopause, to budo si eti inu magnetosheath—agbegbe larin re ati bow shock. Iji orun unsebasepo mo awon agbegbe yi, lati fa igberinojuorun na ni lee side Júpítérì to si unfa sita titi to fi fe de ojuonaiyipo Saturn. Awon osupa Júpítérì merin titobijulo ni gbogbo won yipolojuona to wa ninu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, eyi unda ao bo won lowo iji orun.[28] Igberinojuorun Júpítérì lounfa itujade kikan rédíò lati awon agbegbe oriopo planeti na. Isele ileru inu osupa Jofia Io (e wo isale) untu efuufu sinu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, lati fa torus of particles kakiri planeti na. Bi Io se unrelo ninu toru yi, ibasepo na unfa iru Alfvén to ungbe elo to ti di ioni sinu awon agbegbe oriopo Júpítérì. Nipa bayit, awon iru rédíò unje fifa wa pelu cyclotron maser mechanism, okun re si unje gbigberinna sita legbe ojude to ri bi aro. Nigbati Aye ba rekoja aro yi awon itujade rédíò latodo Júpítérì le ju itujade rédíò orun lo.[59] Ìgbàyípa ati iyirapo Júpítérì nikan soso ni planeti to ni arin isupo pelu Orun to dubule si ode itobisinu Orun, botilejepe eyi je 7% lasa itanka Orun.[60] Nomba-arin ijinna larin Júpítérì ati Orun je 778 million km (bi ona 5.2 nomba-arin ijinna lati Aye de Orun, tabi 5.2 AU) o si unpari ojuonaiyipo kan ni odun 11.86. Eyi je meji-ninu-idamarun akoko ojuonaiyipo Saturn, lati da 5:2 àgbéjáde òpópónà larin awon planeti meji titobijulo yi ninu Sistemu Orun.[61] ojuonaiyipo awodie (elliptical orbit) Júpítérì je te ni 1.31° lafiwe mo Aye. Nitori eccentricity 0.048, ijinna lati Júpítérì ati Orun yato bi 75 million km larin perihelion ati aphelion, tabi ojuami ijinna tosunmojulo ati tojinnajulo planeti na leba ipase ojuonaiyipo ni titelentele. Ojuite ipo Júpítérì kere lafiwe: 3.13° lasan. Nitorie planeti yi ko ni iyipada igba tosekoko, lodi si Aye ati Mars fun apere.[62] Iyirapo Júpítérì ni o yarajulo ninu gbogbo awon planeti inu Sistemu Orun, ounpari iyirapo kan lori ipo re larin wakati mewa odin die; eyi da iwu alagedemeji to se e fojuri pelu teliskopu lati Aye laisisoro. Iyirapo yi unfe centripetal acceleration ni alagedemeji bi 1.67 m/s², lafiwe mo irelura ojude alagedemeji 24.79 m/s²; bi be net acceleration iseku to wa ni ojude alagedemeji je bi 23.12 m/s² lasan. Planeti na ri bi obiriki oblate, to tumosi pe diameter ni agedemeji re gunju diamita larin awon oriopo re lo. Lori Júpítérì, diamita alagedemeji je 9275 km nigigun ju diamita arin awon oriopo re lo.[37] Nitoripe Júpítérì ki i se agbarajo lilekoko, afefeojuorun oke re ni iyirapo olotooto. Iyirapo afefeojuorun oriopo Júpítérì je bi iseju 5 poju ti afefeojuorun alagedemeji; awon sistemu meta lounje lilo gege bi itokasi, agaga nigbati a ba unyaworan iwon irelo awon ini afefeojuorun. ètò I je lati awon ojuibigbooro 10° A de 10° G; akoko re ni eyi tokerejulo ti planeti, ni 9h 50m 30.0s. ètò II lati gbogbo awon ojuibigbooro ni ariwa ati guusu awon wonyi; akoko re je 9h 55m 40.6s. ètò III koko je titumo latowo awon atorawo rédíò, o si baramu mo iyirapo igberinojuorun planeti na; akoko re ni iyirapo onibise Júpítérì.[63] ", 3541592779174142704,train,who discovered jupiter and when was it discovered,"The observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the Babylonian astronomers of the 7th or 8th century BC. The ancient Chinese also observed the orbit of Suìxīng (歲星) and established their cycle of 12 earthly branches based on its approximate number of years ; the Chinese language still uses its name (simplified as 岁) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the Chinese zodiac, with each year associated with a Tai Sui star and god controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter 's position in the night sky ; these beliefs survive in some Taoist religious practices and in the East Asian zodiac 's twelve animals, now often popularly assumed to be related to the arrival of the animals before Buddha. The Chinese historian Xi Zezong has claimed that Gan De, an ancient Chinese astronomer, discovered one of Jupiter 's moons in 362 BC with the unaided eye. If accurate, this would predate Galileo 's discovery by nearly two millennia. In his 2nd century work the Almagest, the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus constructed a geocentric planetary model based on deferents and epicycles to explain Jupiter 's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38 days, or 11.86 years. In 499, Aryabhata, a mathematician -- astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy, also used a geocentric model to estimate Jupiter 's period as 4332.2722 days, or 11.86 years.","['liberty, equality, and fraternity', 'declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen']","ta ló ṣàwárí júpítérì, ìgbà wo sì ni wọ́n ṣàwárí rẹ̀?",Yes,"['Be si tun ni o ni awon osupa 63, ninu won ni awon osupa gbangba merin ti won unje awon osupa Galilie ti won koko je wiwari latowo Galileo Galilei ni 1610.']",['won je wiwari latowo Galileo Galilei ni 1610.'],['P3'],1,0,"Júpítérì Júpítérì ni pílán????tì karùn-ún láti ??d?? Òòrùn àti pílán????tì tó tóbi jùl? nínú ètò òòrùn.[13] O je omiran efuufu kan pelu isupo kan to fi die din ju ikan-ninu-idaegberun ti Orun lo sugbon isupo lona meji ati abo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun wa lapapo. Júpítérì je kikosoto bi omiran efuufu kan pelu Satu, Uranu ati Neptu. Lakopo, awon planeti merin yi je pipe nigba miran bi planeti Jofia. Awon astronomer ayeijoun mo Júpítérì, be sini o je gbigbo ninu esin ati asa awon eniyan igba na. Awon ara Romu soloruko fun osa Romu to unje Júpítérì.[14] Ni wiwo lati Aye, Júpítérì le de itobi ihan ?2.94, eyi so di ohun tomolejulo keta ni ojusanmo ale leyin Osupa ati Aguala. (Marsi le mole bi Júpítérì fun igba soki ni awon ojuami pato kan ni ojuiyipo re.) Júpítérì lati bere je haidrojin pelu ikan-ninu-idamerin isupo to je hílí??mù; o si tun se e se ko ni inu alapata awon apilese wiwuwo. Nitoripe o un yipo kiakia, iwoiri Júpítérì je bi obiriki afelegbe (o wu die sita ni agedemeji re). Ojuorun ode re je yiyasoto si orisirisi egbe ni ila-idubule otooto, to un fa iji ati rudurudu legbe awon bode to unkanra won. Esi eyi ni Great Red Spot, iji omiran kan to ti je mimo lati orundun 17k nigbati o koko je riri pelu teleskopu. To yika planeti yi ni sistemu oruka planeti ati ayikagberigberin alagbara. Be si tun ni o ni awon osupa 63, ninu won ni awon osupa gbangba merin ti won unje awon osupa Galilie ti won koko je wiwari latowo Galileo Galilei ni 1610. Ganymede, eyi totobijulo ninu awon osupa yi ni diamita totobiju pílán????tì M??kúrì lo. Júpítérì ti je wiwakiri ninu lopolopo igba pelu oko-ofurufu roboti, agaga nigba awon iranlose ifokoja A?áájú-ò?nà ati Voyager ati leyin won pelu Galileo orbiter. Oko iwadi to pese lo si Júpítérì ni oko-ofurufu to unlo si Pluto, Àw?n Òkèèrè Tuntun ni opin os?u? keji? 2007. Oko iwadi yi lo iwolura lati odo Júpítérì lati fun ni isare pupo. Awon iwakiri ojowaju ninu sistemu Jofia ni wiwa omi ti tinyin bo mole ninu osupa Europa. Ìdiramú Júpítérì je kiki elo elefuufu ati olomi. Ohun ni o tobijulo larin awon omiran efuufu mererin ati bakanna planeti totobijulo ninu sistemu orun pelu diamita 142,984 km ni agedemeji re. Ikisi Júpítérì, 1.326 g/cm³, ni ekeji to gajulo larin awon planeti omiran efuufu. Sugbon, ikisi re kereju ti awon planeti onile mererin lo. Ìkósínú Oke ojuorun Júpítérì je bii 88–92% haidrojin ati 8–12% hílí??mù gegebi inuogorun itobi tabi ida awon igbonwo efuufu (see table to the right). Nitoripe atomu hílí??mù kan ni bi isupo lona merin ti atomu Háídrójìn kan, ajoropo yato nigbati a ba wo bi ipin isupo ti atomu kookan mu wa. Nitorie ojuorun je bi 75% haidrojin ati 24% hílí??mù gegebi isupo, pelu bi ikan ninuogorun yioku isupo je awon apilese yioku. Inu re loun ni awon eroja kiki bi be to je pe ipin je 71% Háídrójìn, 24% hílí??mù ati 5% awon apilese yioku bi isupo. Ojuorun re ni iye tasere metani, oru omi, ammonia, ati awon adapo ti won ni silicon. Bakanna awon iye tasere carbon, ethane, Háídrójìn onisulfur, neon, ??ksíjìn, phosphine, ati sulfur. Ipele to bo sode julo ojuorun re ni awon crystal ammonia gigan.[15][16] A tún ti rí ìwò?nba èròjà benzene àti àw?n èròjà hydrocarbon mìíràn nípasè? àw?n àyè?wò tí wó?n ?e nípa ìtàn?án aláwò? pupa àti ìtàn?án aláwò? àlùkò. [17] Iyeipin haidrojin ati hílí??mù ojuorun sunmo daada mo ajokopo elero primordial nebula orun. Sibesibe, neon to wa ni oke ojuorun je ida 20 ninu egbegberun gegebi isupo, to je bi ikan ninu idamera bo se po to ninu Orun.[18] hílí??mù náà ti dín kù, bó til?? j?? pé kìkì n?kan bí ìpín ?g??rin nínú ?g??rùn-ún tí oòrùn ní nínú èròjà hílí??mù ló wà nínú r??. Ìparun yìí lè j?? àbájáde ì???l?? ì???l?? àw?n èròjà w??nyí sí ààrin àgbáyé.[19] Ijantirere awon efuufu alaigera towuwoju ninu ojuorun Júpítérì je bi emeji mo emeta ti Orun. Nipile lori iwo ipele awo, Satu je lilero pe o je bakanna ni ajokopo mo Júpítérì, sugbon awon efuufu omiran Uranu ati Neptu ni haidrojin ati hílí??mù didinku lafiwe.[20] Sugbon, nitori ailewole awon oko iwadi si ojuorun awon planeti ti won jinna ju Júpítérì lo, ko si awon nomba pato to daju fun ijantirere awon apilese towuwoju fun awon planeti wonyi. Àkój? Ìfiwéra bí ayé àti Júpítérì ?e tóbi tó, títí kan ibi pupa ?lá Júpítérì je lona 2.5 isupo apapo gbogbo awon planeti yioku ninu Sistemu Orun—eyi supo to be to fi je pe arin iwuwo re pelu Orun wa loke ojude Orun ni 1.068 itande orun lati inu arin Orun. Botilejepe planeti yi tobi ju Aye lo pelu diamita lona 11 ti Aye, kikisi re din ju ti Aye lo daada. Itobinu Júpítérì je adogba mo 1,321 ti Aye, sibesibe planeti na supo lona 318 lasan ju Aye lo.[5][21] Júpítérì ní ràdí??sì tó d??gba p??lú 0.10 ìgbà ti ràdí??sì Oòrùn,[22] ó sì ní ìnira tó d??gba p??lú 0.001 ìgbà ti ìnira Oòrùn, tí ó mú kí w?n f??r???? d??gba nínú ìnira.[[23] Eyo iwon ""isupo Júpítérì"" kan (MJ or MJup) lo unsaba je lilo lati juwe isupo awon ohun miran, agaga awon planeti odeorun ati awon brown dwarfs. Bi be, fun apere, planet odeorun HD 209458 b ni isupo 0.69 MJ, nigbati COROT-7b ni isupo 0.015 MJ.[24] Awon afijuwe elero fihan pe to ba je pe Júpítérì ni iye isupo to poju iye to ni bayi lo, planeti na yio funpomora. Nitoripe fun iyato die ni isupo, itande ko ni fi be yato, ati pe ni bi isupo Júpítérì merin soke inu re yio je jijofunpo gidigidi labe agbara irelura ti yio posi to fi je pe itobinu planeti na yio ""dinku"" botilejepe iye elo ti po si. Nitorie, Jupiter je lilero pe o ni diamita totobi fun iru ajokopo planeti na ati ti itan iyojade le se. Imuse ifunpo siwaju pelu iposi isupo yio tesiwaju titi ti igbanaje irawo to se e ri yio fi sele bo se wa ninu awon brown dwarf onisupo niunla pelu isupo Júpítérì 50.[25] eyi lo fa ti awon atorawo kan se unpe ni ""irawo akuna"", botilejepe ko daju boya awon ona imuse to unfa ida awon planeti bi Júpítérì je ikanna bi ti awon ona imuse ida opolopo awon sistemu irawo. Botilejepe Júpítérì yio fe lati je lona 75 isupo yi ko to le sedadipo haidrojin lati di irawo, arara pupa kikerejulo je bi 30 ninuogorun lasan ni titobijulo itande ju Júpítérì lo.[26][27] Sibesibe, Júpítérì si un setanjade oru/igbona ju iye to ungba latodo Orun lo. Iye oru to un wa lati inu planeti na fe tto dogba mo apapo itanjade orun to un gba.[28] Itanjade oru yioku yi un wa pelu iseise Kevin-Hemholtz nipa irunpo alailekoja. Ona imuse yi unfa ki planeti na o funpo bi 2 cm lodoodun.[29] Nigba to koko je dida, Júpítérì gbona ju bayi lo, o si ni diamita to po lona meji ju bayi lo.[30] Ìdiramú inú Júpítérì je lilero pe o ni inu kiki pelu adalu awon apilese, ipele ayipoka liquid haidrojin onide olomi pelu hílí??mù melo kan, ati ipele ode to kun fun haidrojin igbonwo.[29] Leyin outline die yi, iyoku ko daju. Inu re unsaba je jijuwe bi alapata, sugbon ekunrere akojopo re je aimo, be na lo ri fun awon ini eroja to wa ni awon igbonasi ati itemo awon ibu/ijin na (e wo isale). Ni 1997, iwon irelura lo fi dalaba pe o ni inu,[29] lati safihan isupo lona lati 12 de 45 ti isupo Aye tabi bi 3%–15% gbogbo isupo Júpítérì.[28][31] Pe inuarin wa nigba kan ninu itan Júpítérì je didalaba pelu awon afijuwe iseda planeti to so pe inuarin alapata tan yinyin koko wa to supo to be to lati kojo opo haidrojin ati hílí??mù re latodo nebula orunakoko. Ti a ba gba pe o wa, o le ti funpo bi iwo igbona sita haidrojin onide olomi gbigbona ba se un dalu mo inuarin yiyo to si gbe awon akoonu re lo si ibi giga ninu planeti na. Inuarin le mo si rara bayi nitoripe awon iwon irelura ko daju to lati fihan pe ko je be rararara.[29][32] Aidaju afijuwe na je nitori iye ipoto asise ninu awon paramita wiwon: ikan ninu awon afisodipupo alayirapo (J6) to je lilo lati fi juwe igba irelura planeti na, atanka alagedemeji Júpítérì, ati igbonasi re ni itemo 1 bar. Ireti ni pe iranlose JUNO, ti yio gbera ni 2011, yio se idikun awon asise awon paramita wonyi, lati mulosiwaju wa si isoro inuarin.[33] Agbegbe inuarin je yiyika pelu haidrojin onide kiki, to fe sode de bi 78 ninuogorun atanka planeti na.[28] hílí??mù kikan bi ojo ati neon unro sile latinu ipele yi, lati mu idinku ijantirere awon apilese wonyi wa ninu oke ojuorun.[19][34] Loke ipele haidrojin onide na ni ayika inu alaridenuwo ti haidrojin. Ninu ijin yi, igbonasi po ju igbonasi elewu lo, fun haidrojin to je 33 K lasan[35] (e wo haidrojin).Ni ipo yi, ko si iyato isaye olomi ati elefuufu - haidrojin je sisope o wa ni ipo asan supercritical. Sibesibe, o rorun lati wo haidrojin bi efuufu ni ipele oke to unfe si sale lati isu ipele de ijin to to 1,000 km,[28] ati bi olomi ni awon ipele jijinju. Logidi, ko si bode kedere kankan - efuufu di gbigbona ati kiki bo se unwale felefele.[36][37] Igbonasi ati itemo ninu Júpítérì unposi titi de inuarin. Ni agbegbe phase transition nibi ti haidrojin-to je gbigbegbona koja ojuami ewu—di onide, o je gbigbagbo pe igbonasi je 10,000 K be e sini itemo je 200 GPa. Igbonasi ni bode inuarin je jijeye pe o je 36,000 K beesini itemo inu je bi 3,000–4,500 GPa.[28] Af??f??àyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àyíká Ayé Jupiter Júpítérì lo ni afefeayika planeti totobijulo ninu Sistemu Orun, o gun to 5000 km.[38][39] Nitoripe Júpítérì ko ni ojude, ipile afefeayika re je gbigba bi ojuami ibi ti itemo afefeayika ti dogba mo 10 bars, tabi ona mewa itemo lori Aye.[38] Awon ipele isujo Júpítérì nigbogbo igba je bibomole pelu awon isujo amó?yà onírinrin ati o si se e se pelu ammonium onisulfurhaidrojin. Awon isujo na budo si idaduro-oloru won si je tito si bandi ibiojugbolojo, to unje agbegbe oloru. Awon wonyi si tun je pipin si ibiamure mimole die ati belti diduru die. Ibasepo awon iru iyilopo otooto unfa iji ati isoro. Iyara iji 100 m/s (360 km/h) wopo ni ibiamure ifon.[40] Akiyesi fihan pe awon ibiamure wonyi yato ni fifesi, awo ati ponpon lati odun de odun, sugbon won ti duro kankan to be to fun awon atorawo lati fun won ni oruko idamo.[21] Ipele isujo je bi 50 km ni jijin lasan, be sini o ni o ni iruipele meji: iruipele kiki labe ati agbegbe tinrin hihan die. O si tun se e se ki ipele tinrin isujoomi kan o wa labe ipele ammonia, bo se han pelu isana monamona ti won je gbigbamu ninu afefeojuorun Júpítérì. (Omi je igbonwo olopo kan to le gbe idira kan, bi be o le se iyato idira to ye lati se monamona.)[28] Awon ijuwo idira onina yi le lagbara lona egberun ju monamona Aye lo.[41] Awon isujo omi le da ijiara ti igbona lati inu ungbe kiri.[42] Awo osan ati brown inu isujo Júpítérì wa lati iwusoke awon adapo ti won unyi awo won pada nigbati won ba dojuko imole ultraviolet lati odo Orun. ohun to wa ninu awon adapo wonyi ko daju, botilejepe fosforu, sulfur tabi boya haidrokarbon ni won je gbigbagbo pe won je.[28][43] Awon adapo alawo yi, ti won unje kromofori, undalu po mo awon isujo liloworo iruipele isale. Awon ibiamure je dida nigbati awon ahamo igbonalatinu ti won unbu soke ba da am??níkì tí ? di kírísítálì ti won bo awon isujo isale wonyi .[44] Iteju ipo rirele Júpítérì tumosi pe awon oriopo ungba itankale orun didin nigbogbo igba ju agbegbe alagedemeji planeti na lo. Sugbon igbonalatinu ninu planeti na ungbe okun pupo lo si awon oriopo, eyi un unmu idogba ba awon igbonasi ti won wa ni ipele isujo.[21] Oju Pupa Ninla ati awon vortices miran Ini to gbajumojulo ti Júpítérì ni ni Oju Pupa Ninla, iji olodi-ijiyipo to unsele nigbogbo igba to budo si 22° ariwa agedemeji to tobiju Aye lo. O ti je mimo pe o kere ju o wa lati 1831,[45] o se e se ko je lati 1665.[46] Awon afijuwe onimathimatiki da laba pe iji na je lekanlekan ati pe o se e se ko je ini planeti na to wa ni gbogbo igba.[47] Iji yi tobi to be to fun awon telikopu ni Aye ti won ni aperture of 12 cm tabi titobijubelo le fi seewo.[48] Iji yi to ri bi oval unyipo lonaodiago, pelu akoko bi ojo mefa.[49] Awon The Great Red Spot's egbegbe Oju Pupa Ninla je 24–40,000 km × 12–14,000 km. O tobi to lati gba planeti meji tabi meta to ni diamita Aye.[50] Ojuibigiga pipojulo iji yi je bi 8 km loke ayika awon ori isujo.[51] Awon iru iji bayi wopo ninu afefeojuorun onisoro awon efuufu omiran. Bakanna Júpítérì tun ni awon oval funfun ati brown ovals, ti won kere ti won ko ni oruko. Awon oval funfun ni isupo bibale lafiwe ni afefeojuorun oke. awon Brown ovals je liloworo won si wa ninu ipele isujo deede. Awon iru iji bayi le to fun wakati die tabi sele to opo odunrun. Ko to di pe Voyager fihan pe ini na je iji, eri wa pe oju na ko se e sabase pelu ini jijin kankan lojude planeti na, nitoripe Oju na nyipo ni otooto lafiwe mo afefeojuorun yioku, nigba miran ni kiakia ati nigba miran ni diedie. Nigba itan akoole re o ti rinajo lopo igba yipo planeti na lafiwe si aseami ayipo gbaingbanin labe re yiowu to ba wa. Ni 2000, ini afefeojuorun kan je dida nibi idajiojuorun apaariwa to jo Oju Pupa Ninla, sugbon to kerejulo. Eyi je dida nigbati awon iji bi oval funfun kekere darapo lati da ini kan soso—awon oval fufun kekere meta yi koko je siseakiyesi ni 1938. Oruko ini todarapo ni Oval BA, o si ni oruko alaje Oju Pupo Kekere. Latigbana o ti posi ni kikankikan o si ti yi awo re si pupa lati funfun.[52][53][54] Awon oruka planeti Ày?kà olórí: Rings of Jupiter Júpítérì ni sistemu faint oruka planeti die to ni igesoto meta: an inner toru awon inu particles ti won unje halo, oruka to mole lafiwe, ati oruka gossamer ode.[55] Awon oruka yi da bi pe won je eruku, laije yinyin bi ti awon oruka Saturn.[28] Oruka agba se e se ko je sise lati owo awon eroja to ta kuro lodo awon ajaeyin Adrastea ati Metis. Eroja to je pe yio bo pada sinu osupa na je fifa sinu Júpítérì nitori agbara irelura to ni. Ojuonaiyipo eroja te lo sodo Júpítérì be sini eroja tuntun unje fifikun pelu ifaragbara miran.[56] Lona kanna ni awon osupa Thebe ati Amalthea da iru ohun inu meji ti oruka gossamer.[56] Eri tu wa fun oruka alapata to sopo mo eti ojuonaiyipo Amalthea to se e se ko je idoti ifaragbara osupa na.[57] Ìgbéringbérinàyíká Ày?kà olórí: Àgbá òòfà òòfà Jupiter Aurora on Jupiter. Three bright dots are created by magnetic flux tubes that connect to the Jovian moons Io (on the left), Ganymede (on the bottom) and Europa (also on the bottom). In addition, the very bright almost circular region, called the main oval, and the fainter polar aurora can be seen. Jupiter's broad Papa igberin Júpítérì gbagada ni agbara lona 14 ju ti Aye lo, lati 4.2 gauss (0.42 mT) ni agedemeji de 10–14 gauss (1.0–1.4 mT) ni awon oriopo, eyi so di eyi tolagbara julo ninu Sistemu Orun (ayafi awon ojuorun).[44] Papa yi je gbigbagbo pe ounwa latodo awon iwo eddy—irelo lilo awon eroja conducting materials—larin inu haidrojin onide. Awon ileru ni osupa Io unfon iye gbangba sulfur oloksijinmeji lati da toru efuufu kan leti ojuonaiyipo osupa na. Efuufu na je sisodi ioni ninu igberinojuorun lati da awon ioni sulfur ati ??ksíjìn. Awon wonyi, lapapo mo awon ioni haidrojin to unwa latodo afefeojuorun Júpítérì, da form a plasma sheet ninu pete alagedemeji Júpítérì. Plasma na ninu sheet unjoyipo pelu planeti na lati fa ibajeida papa igberin oriopomeji si aboigberin (magnetodisk). Awon elektroni inu plasma sheet unfa ami rédíò alagbara toun fa ibu larin 0.6–30 MHz.[58] Lati bi 75 itanka Júpítérì lati odo planeti na, ibasepo igberinojuorun na mo iji orun unfa bow shock. Eyi to yi igberinojuorun Júpítérì ka je a magnetopause, to budo si eti inu magnetosheath—agbegbe larin re ati bow shock. Iji orun unsebasepo mo awon agbegbe yi, lati fa igberinojuorun na ni lee side Júpítérì to si unfa sita titi to fi fe de ojuonaiyipo Saturn. Awon osupa Júpítérì merin titobijulo ni gbogbo won yipolojuona to wa ninu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, eyi unda ao bo won lowo iji orun.[28] Igberinojuorun Júpítérì lounfa itujade kikan rédíò lati awon agbegbe oriopo planeti na. Isele ileru inu osupa Jofia Io (e wo isale) untu efuufu sinu igberinojuorun Júpítérì, lati fa torus of particles kakiri planeti na. Bi Io se unrelo ninu toru yi, ibasepo na unfa iru Alfvén to ungbe elo to ti di ioni sinu awon agbegbe oriopo Júpítérì. Nipa bayit, awon iru rédíò unje fifa wa pelu cyclotron maser mechanism, okun re si unje gbigberinna sita legbe ojude to ri bi aro. Nigbati Aye ba rekoja aro yi awon itujade rédíò latodo Júpítérì le ju itujade rédíò orun lo.[59] Ìgbàyípa ati iyirapo Júpítérì nikan soso ni planeti to ni arin isupo pelu Orun to dubule si ode itobisinu Orun, botilejepe eyi je 7% lasa itanka Orun.[60] Nomba-arin ijinna larin Júpítérì ati Orun je 778 million km (bi ona 5.2 nomba-arin ijinna lati Aye de Orun, tabi 5.2 AU) o si unpari ojuonaiyipo kan ni odun 11.86. Eyi je meji-ninu-idamarun akoko ojuonaiyipo Saturn, lati da 5:2 àgbéjáde òpópónà larin awon planeti meji titobijulo yi ninu Sistemu Orun.[61] ojuonaiyipo awodie (elliptical orbit) Júpítérì je te ni 1.31° lafiwe mo Aye. Nitori eccentricity 0.048, ijinna lati Júpítérì ati Orun yato bi 75 million km larin perihelion ati aphelion, tabi ojuami ijinna tosunmojulo ati tojinnajulo planeti na leba ipase ojuonaiyipo ni titelentele. Ojuite ipo Júpítérì kere lafiwe: 3.13° lasan. Nitorie planeti yi ko ni iyipada igba tosekoko, lodi si Aye ati Mars fun apere.[62] Iyirapo Júpítérì ni o yarajulo ninu gbogbo awon planeti inu Sistemu Orun, ounpari iyirapo kan lori ipo re larin wakati mewa odin die; eyi da iwu alagedemeji to se e fojuri pelu teliskopu lati Aye laisisoro. Iyirapo yi unfe centripetal acceleration ni alagedemeji bi 1.67 m/s², lafiwe mo irelura ojude alagedemeji 24.79 m/s²; bi be net acceleration iseku to wa ni ojude alagedemeji je bi 23.12 m/s² lasan. Planeti na ri bi obiriki oblate, to tumosi pe diameter ni agedemeji re gunju diamita larin awon oriopo re lo. Lori Júpítérì, diamita alagedemeji je 9275 km nigigun ju diamita arin awon oriopo re lo.[37] Nitoripe Júpítérì ki i se agbarajo lilekoko, afefeojuorun oke re ni iyirapo olotooto. Iyirapo afefeojuorun oriopo Júpítérì je bi iseju 5 poju ti afefeojuorun alagedemeji; awon sistemu meta lounje lilo gege bi itokasi, agaga nigbati a ba unyaworan iwon irelo awon ini afefeojuorun. ètò I je lati awon ojuibigbooro 10° A de 10° G; akoko re ni eyi tokerejulo ti planeti, ni 9h 50m 30.0s. ètò II lati gbogbo awon ojuibigbooro ni ariwa ati guusu awon wonyi; akoko re je 9h 55m 40.6s. ètò III koko je titumo latowo awon atorawo rédíò, o si baramu mo iyirapo igberinojuorun planeti na; akoko re ni iyirapo onibise Júpítérì.[63] ", 7390787898940602337,train,how many state do we have in germany,"Germany (German : Deutschland (ˈdɔʏtʃlant)), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listen (help info)), is a sovereign state in central - western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres (137,988 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With nearly 83 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany 's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, with its main centres of Dortmund and Essen. The country 's other major cities are Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Bremen, Dresden, Hannover, and Nuremberg.",[],ìpínlẹ̀ mélòó la ní ní jámánì,Yes,"['Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16 (Bundesländer), awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).']","['Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16 (Bundesländer), awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).']",['P1'],1,0,"J??mánì J??mánì (pípè /?d??rm?ni/ ), fun ibise gege bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? J??mánì (pípè [?b?nd?s?epu?bli?k ?d??t?lant] ),[5] je orile-ede ni orile Arin Yuropu. Awon ipinle Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16, awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).", 4377646523516640166,train,where is germany located on the world map,"Germany is in Western and Central Europe, with Denmark bordering to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, Switzerland to the south - southwest, France, Luxembourg and Belgium lie to the west, and the Netherlands to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 47 ° and 55 ° N and longitudes 5 ° and 16 ° E. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north - northeast, by the Baltic Sea. With Switzerland and Austria, Germany also shares a border on the fresh - water Lake Constance, the third largest lake in Central Europe. German territory covers 357,021 km (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 62nd largest in the world.","['theodore roosevelt jr.', 'over the segregation of japanese children in san francisco schools']",ibo ni jámánì wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Jẹ́mánì (pípè /ˈdʒɜrməni/ ( listen)), fun ibise gege bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Ìjọba Àpapọ̀ ilẹ̀ Jẹ́mánì (, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)),[5] je orile-ede ni orile Arin Europe.']",['orile Arin Europe'],['P1'],0,0,"J??mánì J??mánì (pípè /?d??rm?ni/ ), fun ibise gege bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? J??mánì (pípè [?b?nd?s?epu?bli?k ?d??t?lant] ),[5] je orile-ede ni orile Arin Yuropu. Awon ipinle Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16, awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).", 3741770501229306831,train,is jamaica part of the united states of america,"Many Jamaicans have emigrated to other countries, especially to the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. In the case of the United States, about 20,000 Jamaicans per year are granted permanent residence. The great number of Jamaicans living abroad has become known as the Jamaican diaspora. There has also been emigration of Jamaicans to Cuba. The scale of emigration has been widespread and similar to other Caribbean entities such as Puerto Rico, Guyana, and The Bahamas. It was estimated in 2004 that up to 2.5 million Jamaicans and Jamaican descendants live abroad.",['100% perennial ryegrass'],ṣé jamaica jẹ́ apá kan ní orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Jamáíkà (pípè /dʒəˈmeɪkə/) je orile-ede erekusu ni Antilles Gbangba, to je 234 kilometres (145 miles) ni gigun ati bi 80 kilometres (50 miles) ni fife, ti isodipupo won je 11,100 km2. O budo sinu Okun Karibeani, bi 145 kilometres (90 miles) guusu Kuba, ati 190 kilometres (120 miles) iwoorun Hispaniola, erekusu to je ile fun awon orileabinibi-ileijoba Haiti ati Orile-ede Olominira Dominiki.']",['rara'],['P1'],0,0,"Jamáíkà Jamáíkà ni gigun ati bi 80 kìlómítà (50 máìlì) ni fife, ti isodipupo won je 11,100 km2. O budo sinu Okun Karibeani, bi 145 kìlómítà (90 máìlì) guusu Kuba, ati 190 kìlómítà (120 máìlì) iwoorun Hispaniola, erekusu to je ile fun awon orileabinibi-ileijoba Haiti ati Orile-ede Olominira Dominiki. Awon elede Arawak abinibi eya Taíno ti won gbe nibe pe oruko erekusu ohun ni Xaymaca, to tumosi ""Ile Igi ati Omi"", tabi ""Ile Isun Omi"".[4] Nigba kan bi ini Spein ti won si pe ibe ni Santiago, ni 1655 o di ibiamusin Ilegeesi, ati leyin eyi o di ti Britani, toruko re n je ""Jamaica"". Pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 2.8, o je orile-ede keta eledegeesi to ni awon eniyan pipojulo ni orile Amerika, leyin awon orile-ede Iparapo awon Ipinle ati Kanada. O wa ninu ile Ajoni pelu Queen Elizabeth II bi Olori Orile-ede. Kingston ni ilu titobijulo ati oluilu re. Ìtàn Ày?kà olórí: Ìtàn Jàmáíkà Awon eya abinibi Arawak ati Taino ti won gbera lati Guusu Amerika budo sori erekusu na larin odun 4000 ati 1000 kJ.[5] Nigbati Christopher Columbus de be ni 1494 o ba awon abule to ju 200 lo nibe ti won ni awon olori abule nibe. Ebado guusu Jamaika je ibi ti awon eniyan posijulo nigbana, agaga layika agbegbe ti a mo loni bi Old Harbour.[5] Awon Tainos si je onibugbe Jamaika nigbati awon Geesi gba idari ibe.[5] Jamaican National Heritage Trust nsise lati wari, ki won o si sakosile eri yiowu toba le wa nipa awon Taino/Arawaks.[6] Christopher Columbus gba Jamaica fun Spein leyin to bale sibe ni 1494. O se e se ko je pe ibi ti Columbus bale si ni Dry Harbour, loni to n je Discovery Bay. Maili kan ni iwoorun St. Ann's Bay ni ibi ibudo akoko awon ara Spein lori erekusu na, Sevilla, ti won pati ni 1554 nitori opo awon olosa ti won ja be. Won ko oluilu ibe lo si Ìlú Sípéènì, loni to budo si parish of St. Catherine, lati odun 1534. Leyin eyi won pe ni ""Villa de la Vega"". Ìlú Sípéènì ni o ni Ile isin to pejulo larin awon ibiamusin Britani. Awon ara Ilegeesi fi tipatipa le awon ara Spein kuro ni Ocho Rios ni St. Ann. Sugbon, o di odun 1655, ni Tower Isle, ki awon ara Ilegeesi o to gba ogba ologun awon ara Spein to gbeyin ni Jamaica. Omo Spein to n je Don Cortez Arnoldo de Yassi da abo bo Tower Hill (ibi ti Tower Isle wa) lowo awon ara Ilegeesi fun odun marun, ki o to salo si Kuba. Ibi to gba salo ni won n pe ni ""Runaway Bay"", eyi na wa ni St. Ann. Oruko Montego Bay, to je oluilu parish St. James, wa lati oruko lede Spein manteca bahía (tabi Bay of Lard) fun opo iye pupo boar ti won n lo fun ilé i??? tí w??n ti ? ?e ò?rá.[7] Ara Ilegeesi Admiral William Penn (baba William Penn ti Pennsylvania) ati Ogagun Robert Venables gba erekusu yi ni 1655. Ni 1660, iye awon eniyan ni Jamaika je 4,500 awon alawo funfun ati bi 1,500 melo awon alawo dudu.[9] Lati bi awon odun 1670, awon eniyan alawo dudu ni won je ogunlogo iye awon eniyan nibe.[10] Nigba ti awon ara Ilegeesi gba Jamaika ni 1655 olumusin ara Spein sa kuro nibe won si fi opolopo awon omo eru won lati Afrika seyin. Ki awon ara Ilegeesi o mo baa tun mu won leru, won salo si agbegbe oke alapata ni ori erekusu yi, nibi ti won ti darapo mo awon miran ti awon na ti sa kuro lowo awon ara Spein tele lati lo gbe pelu awon Taínos. Awon eru ti won ti salo wonyi je mimo bi Jamaican Maroons, koja lu awon ara Britani ni orundun 18th. Awon iran won si n je oruko yi titi doni. Nigba oko eru awon Maroon sedasile agbajo alominira larin inu oke ile Jamaica niran deran. Nigba awon odun 200 akoko ijoba Britani, Jamaika di ikan ninu awon orile-ede to siwaju lagbaye to n ta suga ati to n lo eru, nipa sise iye to ju toonu 77,000 suga lo lododun larin 1820 ati 1824. Leyin ipare owo eru (eyi yato si oko eru gan ti won ko pare) ni 1807,[11] awon ara Britani mu awon ara India ati ara Saina wa bi awon oniwofa lati sise. Awon omo-omo awo awon oniwofa lti Asia yi si wa ni Jamaika titi doni. Nigba to fi di ibere orundun 19th, nitoripe Jamaica gbokan le oko eru eyi ki awon eniyan alawodudu (awon ara Afrika) o poju awon eniyan alawofunfun (awon ara Europe) lo ni ipin 20 si 1. Botilejepe awon Ilegeesi ti fi ofinde owo eru, ifayawo won si awon ibiamusin si tun sele nigbana. Ijoba Britani se ofin to lana ipare oko eru, sugbon won tun lana lati se imudara igbe awon eru ibe. Ninu awon ilanna yi ni ifofinde lilo egba ninu oko, ifofinde nina awon obinrin, ikede pe awon eru gbodo je gbigba laye lati gba ilana esin, ipondandan pe awon eru gbodo ni ojo kan ninu ose lati ta awon ogbin oko won, bakanna won si tun fofinde awon oja ojo Aiku. Àwòrán il?? Jàmáíkà Sugbon ni Jamaika, awon ilana yi je lilodi di latowo Ile-igbimo Asofin. Ileigbimo yi so pe awon eru nitelorun ara won, won si lodi si itowobo Ileasofin si oro to n lo ni erekusu ohun, botilejepe opo awon to ni eru n beru pe ijidide awon eru le se. Leyin opolopo aigboran ati iyipada iwuwa ni Britani Olokiki, won fofinde oko eru ni 1834, pelu ifisile patapata lowo idekun eru ni 1838. Iye awon eniyan ibe ni 1834 je 371,070 ninu awon ti 15,000 je alawofunfun, 5,000 je eniyan alawodudu alominira, 40,000 eya adalu, ati 311,070 eru.[9] Ni awon odun 1800, Britani sedasile iye awon ogba eweko. Ikan ninu won ni ?gbà Castleton , to je didakale ni 1862 lati dipo ?gbà Bath (to je dida ni 1779) ti agbara omi baje. ?gbà Bath ni ibi ogbin èso búré?dì ti won je mimuwa si Jamaica lati Pàsífíkì latowo Captain William Bligh. Awon ogba miran tun ni Àgbàlá Cinchona ti won dasile ni 1868 ati ?gbà Hope ti won dasile ni 1874. Ni 1872, Kingston di oluilu erekusu na. Ni 1945, Sir Horace Hector Hearne di Onidajo Agba ati Olutoju Akosile ni Jamaika. O solori Ile-Ejo Gigajulo, Kingston larin 1945 ati 1950/1951. Ibe lo gba lo si Kenya nibi ti won ti yan bi Onidajo Agba. Ààr? oríl??-èdè Jamaica, Michael Manley àti ìyàwó r?? p??lú Ààr? oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà Jimmy Carter in 1977. Diedie Jamaika gba ilominira lopo lowo Iparapo Ileoba be sini ni 1958, o di igberiko ninu Àj? Ìpínl?? West Indies, ile apapo kan ni larin awon Àw?n Ìpínl?? West Indies ti Il?? G????sì. Jamaika gba iominira patapata nigba to fi ile apapo yi sile ni 1962. Okowo to n posi daada bi 6% lodoodun, lo sele ni odun mewa akoko leyin ilominira labe ijoba ti awon Alakoso AgbaAlexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster ati Hugh Shearer solo ri sirere. Ohun to fa iposi yi ni inawolori daada si bauxite/alumina, isebewo, ile-ise elero ati, ni bi die apa ise agbe.", -4758199169089372099,train,where is jamaica situated on the world map,"Jamaica (/ dʒ əˈmeɪkə / (listen)) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, it is the third - largest island of the Greater Antilles and the fourth - largest island country in the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic).",['over the segregation of japanese children in san francisco schools'],ibo ni jamaica wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Jamáíkà (pípè /dʒəˈmeɪkə/) je orile-ede erekusu ni Antilles Gbangba, to je 234 kilometres (145 miles) ni gigun ati bi']",['Jamáíkà je orile-ede erekusu ni Antilles Gbangba'],['P1'],1,0,"Jamáíkà Jamáíkà ni gigun ati bi 80 kìlómítà (50 máìlì) ni fife, ti isodipupo won je 11,100 km2. O budo sinu Okun Karibeani, bi 145 kìlómítà (90 máìlì) guusu Kuba, ati 190 kìlómítà (120 máìlì) iwoorun Hispaniola, erekusu to je ile fun awon orileabinibi-ileijoba Haiti ati Orile-ede Olominira Dominiki. Awon elede Arawak abinibi eya Taíno ti won gbe nibe pe oruko erekusu ohun ni Xaymaca, to tumosi ""Ile Igi ati Omi"", tabi ""Ile Isun Omi"".[4] Nigba kan bi ini Spein ti won si pe ibe ni Santiago, ni 1655 o di ibiamusin Ilegeesi, ati leyin eyi o di ti Britani, toruko re n je ""Jamaica"". Pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 2.8, o je orile-ede keta eledegeesi to ni awon eniyan pipojulo ni orile Amerika, leyin awon orile-ede Iparapo awon Ipinle ati Kanada. O wa ninu ile Ajoni pelu Queen Elizabeth II bi Olori Orile-ede. Kingston ni ilu titobijulo ati oluilu re. Ìtàn Ày?kà olórí: Ìtàn Jàmáíkà Awon eya abinibi Arawak ati Taino ti won gbera lati Guusu Amerika budo sori erekusu na larin odun 4000 ati 1000 kJ.[5] Nigbati Christopher Columbus de be ni 1494 o ba awon abule to ju 200 lo nibe ti won ni awon olori abule nibe. Ebado guusu Jamaika je ibi ti awon eniyan posijulo nigbana, agaga layika agbegbe ti a mo loni bi Old Harbour.[5] Awon Tainos si je onibugbe Jamaika nigbati awon Geesi gba idari ibe.[5] Jamaican National Heritage Trust nsise lati wari, ki won o si sakosile eri yiowu toba le wa nipa awon Taino/Arawaks.[6] Christopher Columbus gba Jamaica fun Spein leyin to bale sibe ni 1494. O se e se ko je pe ibi ti Columbus bale si ni Dry Harbour, loni to n je Discovery Bay. Maili kan ni iwoorun St. Ann's Bay ni ibi ibudo akoko awon ara Spein lori erekusu na, Sevilla, ti won pati ni 1554 nitori opo awon olosa ti won ja be. Won ko oluilu ibe lo si Ìlú Sípéènì, loni to budo si parish of St. Catherine, lati odun 1534. Leyin eyi won pe ni ""Villa de la Vega"". Ìlú Sípéènì ni o ni Ile isin to pejulo larin awon ibiamusin Britani. Awon ara Ilegeesi fi tipatipa le awon ara Spein kuro ni Ocho Rios ni St. Ann. Sugbon, o di odun 1655, ni Tower Isle, ki awon ara Ilegeesi o to gba ogba ologun awon ara Spein to gbeyin ni Jamaica. Omo Spein to n je Don Cortez Arnoldo de Yassi da abo bo Tower Hill (ibi ti Tower Isle wa) lowo awon ara Ilegeesi fun odun marun, ki o to salo si Kuba. Ibi to gba salo ni won n pe ni ""Runaway Bay"", eyi na wa ni St. Ann. Oruko Montego Bay, to je oluilu parish St. James, wa lati oruko lede Spein manteca bahía (tabi Bay of Lard) fun opo iye pupo boar ti won n lo fun ilé i??? tí w??n ti ? ?e ò?rá.[7] Ara Ilegeesi Admiral William Penn (baba William Penn ti Pennsylvania) ati Ogagun Robert Venables gba erekusu yi ni 1655. Ni 1660, iye awon eniyan ni Jamaika je 4,500 awon alawo funfun ati bi 1,500 melo awon alawo dudu.[9] Lati bi awon odun 1670, awon eniyan alawo dudu ni won je ogunlogo iye awon eniyan nibe.[10] Nigba ti awon ara Ilegeesi gba Jamaika ni 1655 olumusin ara Spein sa kuro nibe won si fi opolopo awon omo eru won lati Afrika seyin. Ki awon ara Ilegeesi o mo baa tun mu won leru, won salo si agbegbe oke alapata ni ori erekusu yi, nibi ti won ti darapo mo awon miran ti awon na ti sa kuro lowo awon ara Spein tele lati lo gbe pelu awon Taínos. Awon eru ti won ti salo wonyi je mimo bi Jamaican Maroons, koja lu awon ara Britani ni orundun 18th. Awon iran won si n je oruko yi titi doni. Nigba oko eru awon Maroon sedasile agbajo alominira larin inu oke ile Jamaica niran deran. Nigba awon odun 200 akoko ijoba Britani, Jamaika di ikan ninu awon orile-ede to siwaju lagbaye to n ta suga ati to n lo eru, nipa sise iye to ju toonu 77,000 suga lo lododun larin 1820 ati 1824. Leyin ipare owo eru (eyi yato si oko eru gan ti won ko pare) ni 1807,[11] awon ara Britani mu awon ara India ati ara Saina wa bi awon oniwofa lati sise. Awon omo-omo awo awon oniwofa lti Asia yi si wa ni Jamaika titi doni. Nigba to fi di ibere orundun 19th, nitoripe Jamaica gbokan le oko eru eyi ki awon eniyan alawodudu (awon ara Afrika) o poju awon eniyan alawofunfun (awon ara Europe) lo ni ipin 20 si 1. Botilejepe awon Ilegeesi ti fi ofinde owo eru, ifayawo won si awon ibiamusin si tun sele nigbana. Ijoba Britani se ofin to lana ipare oko eru, sugbon won tun lana lati se imudara igbe awon eru ibe. Ninu awon ilanna yi ni ifofinde lilo egba ninu oko, ifofinde nina awon obinrin, ikede pe awon eru gbodo je gbigba laye lati gba ilana esin, ipondandan pe awon eru gbodo ni ojo kan ninu ose lati ta awon ogbin oko won, bakanna won si tun fofinde awon oja ojo Aiku. Àwòrán il?? Jàmáíkà Sugbon ni Jamaika, awon ilana yi je lilodi di latowo Ile-igbimo Asofin. Ileigbimo yi so pe awon eru nitelorun ara won, won si lodi si itowobo Ileasofin si oro to n lo ni erekusu ohun, botilejepe opo awon to ni eru n beru pe ijidide awon eru le se. Leyin opolopo aigboran ati iyipada iwuwa ni Britani Olokiki, won fofinde oko eru ni 1834, pelu ifisile patapata lowo idekun eru ni 1838. Iye awon eniyan ibe ni 1834 je 371,070 ninu awon ti 15,000 je alawofunfun, 5,000 je eniyan alawodudu alominira, 40,000 eya adalu, ati 311,070 eru.[9] Ni awon odun 1800, Britani sedasile iye awon ogba eweko. Ikan ninu won ni ?gbà Castleton , to je didakale ni 1862 lati dipo ?gbà Bath (to je dida ni 1779) ti agbara omi baje. ?gbà Bath ni ibi ogbin èso búré?dì ti won je mimuwa si Jamaica lati Pàsífíkì latowo Captain William Bligh. Awon ogba miran tun ni Àgbàlá Cinchona ti won dasile ni 1868 ati ?gbà Hope ti won dasile ni 1874. Ni 1872, Kingston di oluilu erekusu na. Ni 1945, Sir Horace Hector Hearne di Onidajo Agba ati Olutoju Akosile ni Jamaika. O solori Ile-Ejo Gigajulo, Kingston larin 1945 ati 1950/1951. Ibe lo gba lo si Kenya nibi ti won ti yan bi Onidajo Agba. Ààr? oríl??-èdè Jamaica, Michael Manley àti ìyàwó r?? p??lú Ààr? oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà Jimmy Carter in 1977. Diedie Jamaika gba ilominira lopo lowo Iparapo Ileoba be sini ni 1958, o di igberiko ninu Àj? Ìpínl?? West Indies, ile apapo kan ni larin awon Àw?n Ìpínl?? West Indies ti Il?? G????sì. Jamaika gba iominira patapata nigba to fi ile apapo yi sile ni 1962. Okowo to n posi daada bi 6% lodoodun, lo sele ni odun mewa akoko leyin ilominira labe ijoba ti awon Alakoso AgbaAlexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster ati Hugh Shearer solo ri sirere. Ohun to fa iposi yi ni inawolori daada si bauxite/alumina, isebewo, ile-ise elero ati, ni bi die apa ise agbe.", -196808681759392316,train,who was the first person to suggest that light is an electromagnetic wave,"James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (/ ˈmækswɛl / ; 13 June 1831 -- 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell 's equations for electromagnetism have been called the `` second great unification in physics '' after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.",['1924'],taló kọ́kọ́ sọ pé ìmọ́lẹ̀ jẹ́ ìgbì tí wọ́n ń pè ní electromagnetic wave,Yes,"['James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) je onimo fisiyiki oniriro ati mathematiiki ara Skotlandi.', 'Aseyori re to se pataki ju ni iro oninagberigberin, to sakojopo gbogbo awon akiyesi, adanwo ati awon isodogba fun itanna, isegberigberin ati optiyiki teletele ti won ko baratan si iru tobaramu. Awon akojopo isodogba re—awon isodogba Maxwell—fihan pe itanna, isegberingberin ati imole na je ifarahanjade isele kanna: papa oninagberingberin.']","['James Clerk Maxwell ', 'awon isodogba Maxwell ti James Clerk Maxwell fihan pe itanna, isegberingberin ati imole na je ifarahanjade isele kanna: papa oninagberingberin.']",['P1'],1,0,"James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell (13 osù ke?fà, o?dún 1831 – 5 osù kankànlá, o?dún 1879) je onimo fisiyiki oniriro ati mathematiiki ara Skotlandi[1]. Aseyori re to se pataki ju ni iro oninagberigberin, to sakojopo gbogbo awon akiyesi, adanwo ati awon isodogba fun itanna, isegberigberin ati optiyiki teletele ti won ko baratan si iru tobaramu.[2] Awon akojopo isodogba re—awon isodogba Maxwell—fihan pe itanna, isegberingberin ati imole na je ifarahanjade isele kanna: papa oninagberingberin. Lati igba yi siwaju, gbogbo awon ofin ati isodogba awon eka wonyi di iru mimuyanju awon isodogba Maxwell. Ise Maxwell ninu isoninagberingberin ti je pipe ni ""isodokan tolokiki keji ninu fisiyiki"",[3] leyin ekinni ti Isaac Newton se. Maxwell fihan pe papa onina ati gberingberin n gba inu aaye koja gege bi oniriru, ati pelu isare imole ti ko yi pada. Nipari, ni odun 1864 Maxwell ko iwe ""A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field"", ninu ibi ti o ti koko damoran pe ni ooto imole je irusilesoke ninu ohun kanna to n fa isele onina ati gberingberin.[4] Maxwell tun seda ipinka Maxwell, ona statistiki lati sapejuwe awon ese iro imurin awon efuufu. Awon iwari mejeji yi lo mu igba fisiyiki odeoni waye, o se ifilele ise ojo iwaju ninu papa bi ijebaratan pataki ati isise ero atasere. Maxwell na lo tun da foto alawo akoko ni 1861, o si tun se ipilese idimule opo ati isopo won bi won se je mimulo ninu awon afara. Opolopo awon onimo fisiyiki gba Maxwell pe o je onimo sayensi igba orundun 19 to ni ipa pataki julo lori fisiyiki igba orundun 20. Awon afikun re si sayensi je iru kanna bi ti awon Isaac Newton ati Albert Einstein.[5] Ninu iwadi igboro fun egberun odun, iwadi lowo awon onimo fisiyiki pataki julo dibo fun Maxwell gege bi onimo fisiyiki eketa tolokiki julo ni gbogbo igba, leyin Newton ati Einstein nikan.[6] Ni asiko ojoibi odun ogorun Maxwell, Einstein fun ra re juwe ise Maxwell gege bi ""eyi to se gbangba julo ati to wulo julo ti fisiyiki ni iriri lati igba Newton.""[7] Einstein fi foto Maxwell si ara ogiri yara ikawe re, pelu foto Michael Faraday ati Newton.[8] Igbesiaye Igba ewe, 1831–39 James Clerk Maxwell je bibi ni 13 osù ke?fà, o?dún 1831 ni 14 Òpópónà India, Edinburgh, fun John Clerk Maxwell, agbejoro, ati Frances Maxwell (omo Cay).[9]","James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) Born ( 1831-06-13 ) 13 June 1831 Edinburgh , Scotland Died 5 November 1879 (1879-11-05) (aged 48) Cambridge , England Resting place Parton, Dumfries and Galloway 55°00′24″N 4°02′21″W  /  55.006693°N 4.039210°W  / 55.006693; -4.039210 Nationality Scottish Citizenship British Alma mater University of Edinburgh University of Cambridge Known for Maxwell's equations Maxwell relations Maxwell distribution Maxwell's demon Maxwell's discs Maxwell speed distribution Maxwell's theorem Maxwell material Generalized Maxwell model Displacement current Maxwell coil Maxwell's wheel Spouse(s) Katherine Clerk Maxwell Awards Smith's Prize (1854) Adams Prize (1857) Rumford Medal (1860) Keith Prize (1869–71) Scientific career Fields Physics and mathematics Institutions Marischal College, Aberdeen King's College, London University of Cambridge Academic advisors William Hopkins Notable students George Chrystal Horace Lamb John Henry Poynting Influences Sir Isaac Newton , Michael Faraday Influenced Albert Einstein Signature James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE ( / ˈ m æ k s w ɛ l / ; 13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics . His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation , bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism , and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the ""second great unification in physics"" after the first one realised by Isaac Newton . With the publication of "" A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field "" in 1865, Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves moving at the speed of light . Maxwell proposed that light is an undulation in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. The unification of light and electrical phenomena led to the prediction of the existence of radio waves . Maxwell helped develop the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution , a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases . He is also known for presenting the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on analysing the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks ( trusses ) like those in many bridges. His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics . Many physicists regard Maxwell as the 19th-century scientist having the greatest influence on 20th-century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein . In the millennium poll – a survey of the 100 most prominent physicists – Maxwell was voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and Einstein. On the centenary of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein described Maxwell's work as the ""most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton"". Contents [ hide ] 1 Life 1.1 Early life, 1831–1839 1.2 Education, 1839–1847 1.3 University of Edinburgh, 1847–1850 1.4 University of Cambridge, 1850–1856 1.5 Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1856–1860 1.6 King's College, London, 1860–1865 1.7 Later years, 1865–1879 1.8 Personal life 2 Scientific legacy 2.1 Electromagnetism 2.2 Colour vision 2.3 Kinetic theory and thermodynamics 2.4 Control theory 3 Legacy 4 Publications 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links Life Early life, 1831–1839 James Clerk Maxwell's birthplace at 14 India Street, Edinburgh, it is now the home of the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation James Clerk Maxwell was born on 13 June 1831 at 14 India Street, Edinburgh , to John Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie , an advocate, and Frances Cay daughter of Robert Hodshon Cay and sister of John Cay . (His birthplace now houses a museum operated by the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation .) His father was a man of comfortable means of the Clerk family of Penicuik , holders of the baronetcy of Clerk of Penicuik . His father's brother was the 6th Baronet . He had been born ""John Clerk"", adding the surname Maxwell to his own after he inherited (as an infant in 1793) the Middlebie country estate near Corsock , Kirkcudbrightshire, from connections to the Maxwell family, themselves members of the peerage . James was a first cousin of both the artist Jemima Blackburn (the daughter of his father's sister) and the civil engineer William Dyce Cay (the son of his mother's brother). Cay and Maxwell were close friends and Cay acted as his best man when Maxwell married. Maxwell's parents met and married when they were well into their thirties; his mother was nearly 40 when he was born. They had had one earlier child, a daughter named Elizabeth, who died in infancy. When Maxwell was young his family moved to Glenlair House , which his parents had built on the 1,500 acres (610 ha) Middlebie estate. All indications suggest that Maxwell had maintained an unquenchable curiosity from an early age. By the age of three, everything that moved, shone, or made a noise drew the question: ""what's the go o' that?"" In a passage added to a letter from his father to his sister-in-law Jane Cay in 1834, his mother described this innate sense of inquisitiveness: He is a very happy man, and has improved much since the weather got moderate; he has great work with doors, locks, keys, etc., and ""show me how it doos"" is never out of his mouth. He also investigates the hidden course of streams and bell-wires, the way the water gets from the pond through the wall.... Education, 1839–1847 Recognising the potential of the young boy, Maxwell's mother Frances took responsibility for James's early education, which in the Victorian era was largely the job of the woman of the house. At eight he could recite long passages of Milton and the whole of the 119th psalm (176 verses). Indeed, his knowledge of scripture was already detailed; he could give chapter and verse for almost any quotation from the psalms. His mother was taken ill with abdominal cancer and, after an unsuccessful operation, died in December 1839 when he was eight years old. His education was then overseen by his father and his father's sister-in-law Jane, both of whom played pivotal roles in his life. His formal schooling began unsuccessfully under the guidance of a 16 year old hired tutor. Little is known about the young man hired to instruct Maxwell, except that he treated the younger boy harshly, chiding him for being slow and wayward. The tutor was dismissed in November 1841 and, after considerable thought, Maxwell was sent to the prestigious Edinburgh Academy . He lodged during term times at the house of his aunt Isabella. During this time his passion for drawing was encouraged by his older cousin Jemima. Edinburgh Academy, where Maxwell was schooled. The 10 year old Maxwell, having been raised in isolation on his father's countryside estate, did not fit in well at school. The first year had been full, obliging him to join the second year with classmates a year his senior. His mannerisms and Galloway accent struck the other boys as rustic. Having arrived on his first day of school wearing a pair of homemade shoes and a tunic, he earned the unkind nickname of "" Daftie "". He never seemed to resent the epithet, bearing it without complaint for many years. Social isolation at the Academy ended when he met Lewis Campbell and Peter Guthrie Tait , two boys of a similar age who were to become notable scholars later in life. They remained lifelong friends. Maxwell was fascinated by geometry at an early age, rediscovering the regular polyhedra before he received any formal instruction. Despite winning the school's scripture biography prize in his second year, his academic work remained unnoticed until, at the age of 13, he won the school's mathematical medal and first prize for both English and poetry. Maxwell's interests ranged far beyond the school syllabus and he did not pay particular attention to examination performance. He wrote his first scientific paper at the age of 14. In it he described a mechanical means of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of twine, and the properties of ellipses , Cartesian ovals , and related curves with more than two foci . His work ""Oval Curves"" was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh by James Forbes , a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh , because Maxwell was deemed too young to present the work himself. The work was not entirely original, since René Descartes had also examined the properties of such multifocal ellipses in the 17th century, but he had simplified their construction. University of Edinburgh, 1847–1850 Old College, University of Edinburgh Maxwell left the Academy in 1847 at age 16 and began attending classes at the University of Edinburgh . He had the opportunity to attend the University of Cambridge , but decided, after his first term, to complete the full course of his undergraduate studies at Edinburgh. The academic staff of the University included some highly regarded names; his first year tutors included Sir William Hamilton , who lectured him on logic and metaphysics , Philip Kelland on mathematics, and James Forbes on natural philosophy . He did not find his classes at the University demanding, and was therefore able to immerse himself in private study during free time at the University and particularly when back home at Glenlair. There he would experiment with improvised chemical, electric, and magnetic apparatus, however his chief concerns regarded the properties of polarised light . He constructed shaped blocks of gelatine , subjected them to various stresses , and with a pair of polarising prisms given to him by William Nicol , viewed the coloured fringes that had developed within the jelly. Through this practice he discovered photoelasticity , which is a means of determining the stress distribution within physical structures. At age 18, Maxwell contributed two papers for the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . One of these, ""On the Equilibrium of Elastic Solids"", laid the foundation for an important discovery later in his life, which was the temporary double refraction produced in viscous liquids by shear stress . His other paper was ""Rolling Curves"" and, just as with the paper ""Oval Curves"" that he had written at the Edinburgh Academy, he was again considered too young to stand at the rostrum to present it himself. The paper was delivered to the Royal Society by his tutor Kelland instead. University of Cambridge, 1850–1856 A young Maxwell at Trinity College, Cambridge . He is holding one of his colour wheels . In October 1850, already an accomplished mathematician, Maxwell left Scotland for the University of Cambridge . He initially attended Peterhouse , however before the end of his first term transferred to Trinity , where he believed it would be easier to obtain a fellowship . At Trinity he was elected to the elite secret society known as the Cambridge Apostles . Maxwell's intellectual understanding of his Christian faith and of science grew rapidly during his Cambridge years. He joined the ""Apostles"", an exclusive debating society of the intellectual elite, where through his essays he sought to work out this understanding. Now my great plan, which was conceived of old, ... is to let nothing be wilfully left unexamined. Nothing is to be holy ground consecrated to Stationary Faith, whether positive or negative. All fallow land is to be ploughed up and a regular system of rotation followed. ... Never hide anything, be it weed or no, nor seem to wish it hidden. ... Again I assert the Right of Trespass on any plot of Holy Ground which any man has set apart. ... Now I am convinced that no one but a Christian can actually purge his land of these holy spots. ... I do not say that no Christians have enclosed places of this sort. Many have a great deal, and every one has some. But there are extensive and important tracts in the territory of the Scoffer, the Pantheist, the Quietist, Formalist, Dogmatist, Sensualist, and the rest, which are openly and solemnly Tabooed. ..."" Christianity – that is, the religion of the Bible – is the only scheme or form of belief which disavows any possessions on such a tenure. Here alone all is free. You may fly to the ends of the world and find no God but the Author of Salvation. You may search the Scriptures and not find a text to stop you in your explorations. ... The Old Testament and the Mosaic Law and Judaism are commonly supposed to be ""Tabooed"" by the orthodox. Sceptics pretend to have read them, and have found certain witty objections ... which too many of the orthodox unread admit, and shut up the subject as haunted. But a Candle is coming to drive out all Ghosts and Bugbears. Let us follow the light. The extent to which Maxwell ""ploughed up"" his Christian beliefs and put them to the intellectual test, can be judged only incompletely from his writings. But there is plenty of evidence, especially from his undergraduate days, that he did deeply examine his faith. Certainly, his knowledge of the Bible was remarkable, so his confidence in the Scriptures was not based on ignorance. In the summer of his third year, Maxwell spent some time at the Suffolk home of the Rev C.B. Tayler , the uncle of a classmate, G.W.H. Tayler. The love of God shown by the family impressed Maxwell, particularly after he was nursed back from ill health by the minister and his wife. On his return to Cambridge, Maxwell writes to his recent host a chatty and affectionate letter including the following testimony, ... I have the capacity of being more wicked than any example that man could set me, and ... if I escape, it is only by God's grace helping me to get rid of myself, partially in science, more completely in society, — but not perfectly except by committing myself to God ... In November 1851, Maxwell studied under William Hopkins , whose success in nurturing mathematical genius had earned him the nickname of "" senior wrangler -maker"". In 1854, Maxwell graduated from Trinity with a degree in mathematics. He scored second highest in the final examination, coming behind Edward Routh and earning himself the title of Second Wrangler. He was later declared equal with Routh in the more exacting ordeal of the Smith's Prize examination. Immediately after earning his degree, Maxwell read his paper ""On the Transformation of Surfaces by Bending"" to the Cambridge Philosophical Society . This is one of the few purely mathematical papers he had written, demonstrating Maxwell's growing stature as a mathematician. Maxwell decided to remain at Trinity after graduating and applied for a fellowship, which was a process that he could expect to take a couple of years. Buoyed by his success as a research student, he would be free, apart from some tutoring and examining duties, to pursue scientific interests at his own leisure. The nature and perception of colour was one such interest which he had begun at the University of Edinburgh while he was a student of Forbes. With the coloured spinning tops invented by Forbes, Maxwell was able to demonstrate that white light would result from a mixture of red, green, and blue light. His paper ""Experiments on Colour"" laid out the principles of colour combination and was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March 1855. Maxwell was this time able to deliver it himself. Maxwell was made a fellow of Trinity on 10 October 1855, sooner than was the norm, and was asked to prepare lectures on hydrostatics and optics and to set examination papers. The following February he was urged by Forbes to apply for the newly vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy at Marischal College , Aberdeen . His father assisted him in the task of preparing the necessary references, but died on 2 April at Glenlair before either knew the result of Maxwell's candidacy. Maxwell accepted the professorship at Aberdeen, leaving Cambridge in November 1856. Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1856–1860 Maxwell proved that the Rings of Saturn were made of numerous small particles. The 25-year-old Maxwell was a good 15 years younger than any other professor at Marischal. He engaged himself with his new responsibilities as head of a department, devising the syllabus and preparing lectures. He committed himself to lecturing 15 hours a week, including a weekly pro bono lecture to the local working men's college. He lived in Aberdeen during the six months of the academic year and spent the summers at Glenlair, which he had inherited from his father. James and Katherine Maxwell, 1869 He focused his attention on a problem that had eluded scientists for 200 years: the nature of Saturn's rings . It was unknown how they could remain stable without breaking up, drifting away or crashing into Saturn. The problem took on a particular resonance at that time because St John's College, Cambridge had chosen it as the topic for the 1857 Adams Prize . Maxwell devoted two years to studying the problem, proving that a regular solid ring could not be stable, while a fluid ring would be forced by wave action to break up into blobs. Since neither was observed, Maxwell concluded that the rings must be composed of numerous small particles he called ""brick-bats"", each independently orbiting Saturn. Maxwell was awarded the £130 Adams Prize in 1859 for his essay ""On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings""; he was the only entrant to have made enough headway to submit an entry. His work was so detailed and convincing that when George Biddell Airy read it he commented ""It is one of the most remarkable applications of mathematics to physics that I have ever seen."" It was considered the final word on the issue until direct observations by the Voyager flybys of the 1980s confirmed Maxwell's prediction. In 1857 Maxwell befriended the Reverend Daniel Dewar, who was then the Principal of Marischal. Through him Maxwell met Dewar's daughter, Katherine Mary Dewar . They were engaged in February 1858 and married in Aberdeen on 2 June 1858. On the marriage record, Maxwell is listed as Professor of Natural Philosophy in Marischal College, Aberdeen. Seven years Maxwell's senior, comparatively little is known of Katherine, although it is known that she helped in his lab and worked on experiments in viscosity . Maxwell's biographer and friend, Lewis Campbell, adopted an uncharacteristic reticence on the subject of Katherine, though describing their married life as ""one of unexampled devotion"". In 1860 Marischal College merged with the neighbouring King's College to form the University of Aberdeen . There was no room for two professors of Natural Philosophy, so Maxwell, despite his scientific reputation, found himself laid off. He was unsuccessful in applying for Forbes's recently vacated chair at Edinburgh, the post instead going to Tait . Maxwell was granted the Chair of Natural Philosophy at King's College, London , instead. After recovering from a near-fatal bout of smallpox in 1860, Maxwell moved to London with his wife. King's College, London, 1860–1865 Commemoration of Maxwell's equations at King's College. One of three identical IEEE Milestone Plaques, the others being at Maxwell's birthplace in Edinburgh and the family home at Glenlair. Maxwell's time at King's was probably the most productive of his career. He was awarded the Royal Society's Rumford Medal in 1860 for his work on colour and was later elected to the Society in 1861. This period of his life would see him display the world's first light-fast colour photograph, further develop his ideas on the viscosity of gases, and propose a system of defining physical quantities—now known as dimensional analysis . Maxwell would often attend lectures at the Royal Institution , where he came into regular contact with Michael Faraday . The relationship between the two men could not be described as being close, because Faraday was 40 years Maxwell's senior and showed signs of senility . They nevertheless maintained a strong respect for each other's talents. Blue plaque, 16 Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington, Maxwell's home, 1860–1865 This time is especially noteworthy for the advances Maxwell made in the fields of electricity and magnetism. He examined the nature of both electric and magnetic fields in his two-part paper "" On physical lines of force "", which was published in 1861. In it he provided a conceptual model for electromagnetic induction , consisting of tiny spinning cells of magnetic flux . Two more parts were later added to and published in that same paper in early 1862. In the first additional part he discussed the nature of electrostatics and displacement current . In the second additional part, he dealt with the rotation of the plane of the polarisation of light in a magnetic field, a phenomenon that had been discovered by Faraday and is now known as the Faraday effect . Later years, 1865–1879 The gravestone at Parton Kirk (Galloway) of James Clerk Maxwell, his parents and his wife This memorial stone to James Clerk Maxwell stands on a green in front of the church, beside the war memorial at Parton (Galloway). In 1865 Maxwell resigned the chair at King's College, London, and returned to Glenlair with Katherine. In his paper ""On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces"" (1870) he discussed the rigidity of various designs of lattice. He wrote the textbook Theory of Heat (1871) and the treatise Matter and Motion (1876). Maxwell was also the first to make explicit use of dimensional analysis , in 1871. In 1871 he returned to Cambridge to become the first Cavendish Professor of Physics . Maxwell was put in charge of the development of the Cavendish Laboratory , supervising every step in the progress of the building and of the purchase of the collection of apparatus. One of Maxwell's last great contributions to science was the editing (with copious original notes) of the research of Henry Cavendish , from which it appeared that Cavendish researched, amongst other things, such questions as the density of the Earth and the composition of water. Maxwell died in Cambridge of abdominal cancer on 5 November 1879 at the age of 48. His mother had died at the same age of the same type of cancer. The minister who regularly visited him in his last weeks was astonished at his lucidity and the immense power and scope of his memory, but comments more particularly, ... his illness drew out the whole heart and soul and spirit of the man: his firm and undoubting faith in the Incarnation and all its results; in the full sufficiency of the Atonement; in the work of the Holy Spirit. He had gauged and fathomed all the schemes and systems of philosophy, and had found them utterly empty and unsatisfying — ""unworkable"" was his own word about them — and he turned with simple faith to the Gospel of the Saviour. As death approached Maxwell told a Cambridge colleague, I have been thinking how very gently I have always been dealt with. I have never had a violent shove all my life. The only desire which I can have is like David to serve my own generation by the will of God, and then fall asleep. Maxwell is buried at Parton Kirk, near Castle Douglas in Galloway close to where he grew up. The extended biography The Life of James Clerk Maxwell , by his former schoolfellow and lifelong friend Professor Lewis Campbell , was published in 1882. His collected works were issued in two volumes by the Cambridge University Press in 1890. Personal life As a great lover of Scottish poetry , Maxwell memorised poems and wrote his own. The best known is Rigid Body Sings , closely based on "" Comin' Through the Rye "" by Robert Burns , which he apparently used to sing while accompanying himself on a guitar. It has the opening lines Gin a body meet a body Flyin' through the air. Gin a body hit a body, Will it fly? And where? A collection of his poems was published by his friend Lewis Campbell in 1882. Descriptions of Maxwell remark upon his remarkable intellectual qualities being matched by social awkwardness. Maxwell was an evangelical Presbyterian and in his later years became an Elder of the Church of Scotland . Maxwell's religious beliefs and related activities have been the focus of a number of papers. Attending both Church of Scotland (his father's denomination) and Episcopalian (his mother's denomination) services as a child, Maxwell later underwent an evangelical conversion in April 1853. One facet of this conversion may have aligned him with an antipositivist position. Scientific legacy Electromagnetism Main articles: Maxwell's equations and Electromagnetism A postcard from Maxwell to Peter Tait Maxwell had studied and commented on electricity and magnetism as early as 1855 when his paper ""On Faraday's lines of force"" was read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society . The paper presented a simplified model of Faraday's work and how electricity and magnetism are related. He reduced all of the current knowledge into a linked set of differential equations with 20 equations in 20 variables. This work was later published as "" On Physical Lines of Force "" in March 1861. Around 1862, while lecturing at King's College, Maxwell calculated that the speed of propagation of an electromagnetic field is approximately that of the speed of light (see speed of light#electromagnetic constants ). He considered this to be more than just a coincidence, commenting, ""We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena."" Working on the problem further, Maxwell showed that the equations predict the existence of waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel through empty space at a speed that could be predicted from simple electrical experiments; using the data available at the time, Maxwell obtained a velocity of 310,740,000 metres per second (1.0195 × 10 9 ft/s). In his 1864 paper "" A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field "", Maxwell wrote, ""The agreement of the results seems to show that light and magnetism are affections of the same substance, and that light is an electromagnetic disturbance propagated through the field according to electromagnetic laws"". His famous twenty equations, in their modern form of four partial differential equations , first appeared in fully developed form in his textbook A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873. Most of this work was done by Maxwell at Glenlair during the period between holding his London post and his taking up the Cavendish chair. Maxwell expressed electromagnetism in the algebra of quaternions and made the electromagnetic potential the centrepiece of his theory. In 1881 Oliver Heaviside replaced Maxwell's electromagnetic potential field by 'force fields' as the centrepiece of electromagnetic theory. Heaviside reduced the complexity of Maxwell's theory down to four differential equations , known now collectively as Maxwell's Laws or Maxwell's equations . According to Heaviside, the electromagnetic potential field was arbitrary and needed to be ""murdered"". The use of scalar and vector potentials is now standard in the solution of Maxwell's equations. A few years later there was a debate between Heaviside and Peter Guthrie Tait about the relative merits of vector analysis and quaternions . The result was the realisation that there was no need for the greater physical insights provided by quaternions if the theory was purely local, and vector analysis became commonplace. Maxwell was proven correct, and his quantitative connection between light and electromagnetism is considered one of the great accomplishments of 19th century mathematical physics . Maxwell also introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field in comparison to force lines that Faraday described. By understanding the propagation of electromagnetism as a field emitted by active particles, Maxwell could advance his work on light. At that time, Maxwell believed that the propagation of light required a medium for the waves, dubbed the luminiferous aether . Over time, the existence of such a medium, permeating all space and yet apparently undetectable by mechanical means, proved impossible to reconcile with experiments such as the Michelson–Morley experiment . Moreover, it seemed to require an absolute frame of reference in which the equations were valid, with the distasteful result that the equations changed form for a moving observer. These difficulties inspired Albert Einstein to formulate the theory of special relativity ; in the process Einstein dispensed with the requirement of a stationary luminiferous aether . Colour vision First durable colour photographic image, demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell in an 1861 lecture As most physicists of the time, Maxwell had a strong interest in psychology. Following the steps of Isaac Newton and Thomas Young , he was particularly interested in the study of colour vision . From 1855 to 1872, Maxwell published at intervals a series of investigations concerning the perception of colour, colour-blindness , and colour theory, and was awarded the Rumford Medal for ""On the Theory of Colour Vision"". Isaac Newton had demonstrated, using prisms, that white lights, such as sunlight , are composed of a number of monochromatic components which could then be recombined into white light. Newton also showed that an orange paint made of yellow and red could look exactly like a monochromatic orange light, although being composed of two monochromatic yellow and red lights. Hence the paradox that puzzled physicists of the time: two complex lights (composed of more than one monochromatic light) could look alike but be physically different, called metameres . Thomas Young later proposed that this paradox could be explained by colours being perceived through a limited number of channels in the eyes, which he proposed to be threefold, the trichromatic colour theory . Maxwell used the recently developed Linear algebra to prove Young's theory. Any monochromatic light stimulating three receptors should be able to be equally stimulated by a set of three different monochromatic lights (in fact, by any set of three different lights). He demonstrated that to be the case, inventing colour matching experiments and Colourimetry . Maxwell was also interested in applying his theory of colour perception, namely in colour photography . Stemming directly from his psychological work on colour perception: if a sum of any three lights could reproduce any perceivable colour, then colour photographs could be produced with a set of three coloured filters. In the course of his 1855 paper, Maxwell proposed that, if three black-and-white photographs of a scene were taken through red, green and blue filters and transparent prints of the images were projected onto a screen using three projectors equipped with similar filters, when superimposed on the screen the result would be perceived by the human eye as a complete reproduction of all the colours in the scene. During an 1861 Royal Institution lecture on colour theory, Maxwell presented the world's first demonstration of colour photography by this principle of three-colour analysis and synthesis. Thomas Sutton , inventor of the single-lens reflex camera , took the picture. He photographed a tartan ribbon three times, through red, green, and blue filters, also making a fourth photograph through a yellow filter, which, according to Maxwell's account, was not used in the demonstration. Because Sutton's photographic plates were insensitive to red and barely sensitive to green, the results of this pioneering experiment were far from perfect. It was remarked in the published account of the lecture that ""if the red and green images had been as fully photographed as the blue,"" it ""would have been a truly-coloured image of the riband. By finding photographic materials more sensitive to the less refrangible rays, the representation of the colours of objects might be greatly improved."" Researchers in 1961 concluded that the seemingly impossible partial success of the red-filtered exposure was due to ultraviolet light, which is strongly reflected by some red dyes, not entirely blocked by the red filter used, and within the range of sensitivity of the wet collodion process Sutton employed. Kinetic theory and thermodynamics Main article: Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Maxwell's demon , a thought experiment where entropy decreases. Maxwell's sketch of the three-dimensional thermodynamic surface later named after him (letter to Thomson , 8 July 1875). Maxwell also investigated the kinetic theory of gases. Originating with Daniel Bernoulli , this theory was advanced by the successive labours of John Herapath , John James Waterston , James Joule , and particularly Rudolf Clausius , to such an extent as to put its general accuracy beyond a doubt; but it received enormous development from Maxwell, who in this field appeared as an experimenter (on the laws of gaseous friction) as well as a mathematician. Between 1859 and 1866, he developed the theory of the distributions of velocities in particles of a gas, work later generalised by Ludwig Boltzmann . The formula, called the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution , gives the fraction of gas molecules moving at a specified velocity at any given temperature. In the kinetic theory , temperatures and heat involve only molecular movement. This approach generalised the previously established laws of thermodynamics and explained existing observations and experiments in a better way than had been achieved previously. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics led him to devise the thought experiment that came to be known as Maxwell's demon , where the second law of thermodynamics is violated by an imaginary being capable of sorting particles by energy. In 1871 he established Maxwell's thermodynamic relations , which are statements of equality among the second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials with respect to different thermodynamic variables. In 1874, he constructed a plaster thermodynamic visualisation as a way of exploring phase transitions, based on the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs 's graphical thermodynamics papers. Control theory Main article: Control theory Maxwell published a paper ""On governors"" in the Proceedings of the Royal Society , vol. 16 (1867–1868). This paper is considered a central paper of the early days of control theory . Here ""governors"" refers to the governor or the centrifugal governor used to regulate steam engines . Legacy Main article: List of things named after James Clerk Maxwell The James Clerk Maxwell Monument in Edinburgh, by Alexander Stoddart . Commissioned by The Royal Society of Edinburgh; unveiled in 2008. His name is honoured in several ways: The maxwell (Mx), a compound derived CGS unit measuring magnetic flux James Clerk Maxwell Prize in Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society IEEE Maxwell Award Maxwell Montes , a mountain range on Venus The Maxwell Gap in the Rings of Saturn The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , the largest submillimetre -wavelength astronomical telescope in the world, with a diameter of 15 metres (49 ft) ] The James Clerk Maxwell Building of the University of Edinburgh , housing the schools of mathematics, physics and meteorology The James Clerk Maxwell building at the Waterloo campus of King's College London , a chair in Physics, and a society for undergraduate physicists are named after him at the university. The James Clerk Maxwell Science Centre of the Edinburgh Academy The Maxwell Centre at the University of Cambridge , dedicated to academia-industry interactions in Physical Sciences and Technology. A statue on Edinburgh's George Street GPU manufacturer Nvidia has named the architecture of its GeForce 900 series after Maxwell A proposed sculpture called the Star of Caledonia is to pay tribute to James Clerk Maxwell ANSYS software for electromagnetic analysis, named Maxwell Publications Maxwell, James Clerk (1873), A treatise on electricity and magnetism Vol I , Oxford : Clarendon Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1873), A treatise on electricity and magnetism Vol II , Oxford : Clarendon Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1881), An Elementary treatise on electricity , Oxford : Clarendon Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1890), The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell Vol I , Dover Publication Maxwell, James Clerk (1890), The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell Vol II , Cambridge, University Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1908), Theory of heat , Longmans Green Co. Three of Maxwell's contributions to Encyclopædia Britannica appeared in the Ninth Edition (1878): Atom , [1] Attraction , [2] , and Ether [3] ; and three in the Eleventh Edition (1911): Capillary Action , [4] Diagram , [5] and Faraday, Michael [6] . References Notes Bibliography Barrett, Terence William; Grimes, Dale Mills (1995). Advanced Electromagnetism: Foundations, Theory and Applications . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810220952 . Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (2015). The Electric Theories of J. Clerk Maxwell . Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science. 314 . Translated by Aversa, Alan. Springer. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-18515-6 . ISBN 978-3-319-18515-6 . Retrieved 2015-07-08 . Campbell, Lewis; Garnett, William (1882). The Life of James Clerk Maxwell (PDF) . Edinburgh: MacMillan. OCLC 2472869 . Eyges, Leonard (1972). The Classical Electromagnetic Field . New York: Dover. Gardner, Martin (2007). The Last Recreations: Hydras, Eggs, and Other Mathematical Mystifications . Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-25827-0 . Glazebrook, R. T. (1896). James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics . 811951455. OCLC 811951455 . Harman, Peter M. (1998). The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00585-X . Harman, Peter M. (2004). ""Maxwell, James"". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/5624 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Mahon, Basil (2003). The Man Who Changed Everything – the Life of James Clerk Maxwell . Wiley. ISBN 0-470-86171-1 . Porter, Roy (2000). Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography . Hodder Arnold H&S. ISBN 978-1-85986-304-6 . OCLC 59409209 . Russo, Remigio (1996). Mathematical Problems in Elasticity . World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2576-8 . Timoshenko, Stephen (1983). History of Strength of Materials . Courier Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-61187-7 . Tolstoy, Ivan (1982). James Clerk Maxwell: A Biography . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80787-8 . OCLC 8688302 . Warwick, Andrew (2003). Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-87374-9 . Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A. (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index (PDF) . II . Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh . ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5 . Wilczek, Frank (2015). ""Maxwell I: God's Esthetics. II: The Doors of Perception"" . A Beautiful Question: Finding Nature’s Deep Design . Allen Lane. pp. 117–164. ISBN 978-0-718-19946-3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Clerk Maxwell . Wikiquote has quotations related to: James Clerk Maxwell Wikisource has original works written by or about: James Clerk Maxwell Works by James Clerk Maxwell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about James Clerk Maxwell at Internet Archive Works by James Clerk Maxwell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) O'Connor, John J. ; Robertson, Edmund F. , ""James Clerk Maxwell"" , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ""Genealogy and Coat of Arms of James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)"" . Numericana. ""The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation"" . ""Maxwell, James Clerk (Maxwell's last will and testament)"" . scotlandspeople.gov.uk. ""The Published Scientific Papers and Books of James Clerk Maxwell"" (PDF) . Clerk Maxwell Foundation. ""Bibliography"" (PDF) . Clerk Maxwell Foundation. James Clerk Maxwell, ""Experiments on colour as perceived by the Eye, with remarks on colour-blindness"" . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , vol. 3, no. 45, pp. 299–301. (digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library )" 7966693892161483710,train,who died in real life from the sopranos,"James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 -- June 19, 2013) was an American actor best known for his role as Tony Soprano, the Italian - American crime boss in HBO 's television series, The Sopranos. He was widely hailed for his performance, winning three Emmy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and one Golden Globe Award.","['anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex whigs and ex free soilers']",tani ó kú nínú real life from the sopranos,Yes,"['James Joseph Gandolfini, Jr. (ojoibi Oṣù Kẹ̀sán 18, 1961 – Kẹfà 19, 2013) je osere ara Amerika.']","['James Joseph Gandolfini, Jr. je osere ara Amerika.']",['P1'],1,0," James Gandolfini James Joseph Gandolfini, Jr. (ojoibi O?ù K??sán 18, 1961 – K?fà 19, 2013) je osere ara Amerika. Fún ipa r?? g??g?? bi ""Toni S??pránò"" Alága àwon ?s?mí tó jé Itálíán-Am??ríkàní nínú eré HBO tí w??n pè ní ""Aw?n S??pránósì"". Ogb??ni Ják??bu Gàndólfínì jr. j? ??y? Emmy Mé?ta, ??y? SAGA Márùn-ún, ??y? GGA ?y? kan. Ipa r?? g??g?? bí ""Toni S??pránò"" tó?ka si g??g?? bí Olósèré tí ó tóbi jù àti tó l??lá jùl? nínú amóhùnmáwòrán wa. Ògb??ni Gàndólfínì p??lú g??g?? bi àgbàj? ènìyàn ??tún Virgil nínu eré True Romance (1993), l??ft??nántì B??bì Douhertì nínu Kríms??n T?de (1995), K??n??lì Wí?tà nínu The L?st Kástù (2001), àti Alákoso ìlu N?w Y??rk nínu Th? Tákíng of P??lhàm 123 (2009). Aw?n eré r?? míràn p??lú G?t Sh?rti (1995), Wh?re the Wild Things Are (2009), ?nough Said (2013). ?gb??ni G?ndolfini gba ??y? Skreen Aktors Guild àti yíyàn Boston Sosiety of Film Kritiks Award fún olósèré tí ó sé àtìl?yìn l??yìn iku r??. Ní ?dún 2007, Ogb??ni G?ndolfini","James Gandolfini Gandolfini in 2010 Born James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. ( 1961-09-18 ) September 18, 1961 Westwood, New Jersey , U.S. Died June 19, 2013 (2013-06-19) (aged 51) Rome , Italy Cause of death Heart attack Alma mater Rutgers University Occupation Actor, producer Years active 1981–2013 Spouse(s) Marcy Wudarski ( m. 1999; div. 2002) Deborah Lin ( m. 2008) Children 2 James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 – June 19, 2013) was an American actor best known for his role as Tony Soprano , the Italian-American crime boss in HBO 's television series , The Sopranos . He was widely hailed for his performance, winning three Emmy Awards , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , and one Golden Globe Award . His notable film roles include mob henchman Virgil in True Romance (1993), Lt. Bobby Dougherty in Crimson Tide (1995), and Mayor of New York in The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009). Other roles are enforcer and stuntman Bear in Get Shorty (1995) and impulsive ""Wild Thing"" Carol in Where the Wild Things Are (2009). For his performance as Albert in Enough Said (2013), Gandolfini posthumously received much critical praise and several accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination and the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor . In 2007, Gandolfini produced Alive Day Memories: Home from Iraq , a documentary in which he interviewed injured Iraq War veterans and in 2010, Wartorn: 1861–2010 examining the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on soldiers and families throughout several wars in American history from 1861 to 2010. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Video games 7 References 8 External links Early life [ edit ] Gandolfini was born in Westwood, New Jersey . His mother, Santa ( née Penna), was a high school lunch lady of Italian ancestry who was born in the United States and raised in Naples . His Italian-born father, James Joseph Gandolfini Sr., was a native of Borgo Val di Taro who worked as a bricklayer and cement mason and later the head janitor at Paramus Catholic High School in New Jersey. James Sr. earned a Purple Heart in World War II . Gandolfini's parents were devout Roman Catholics and spoke Italian at home. Due to the influence of his parents, he developed a strong sense of Italian American identity and visited Italy regularly. He had two sisters. Gandolfini grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey and graduated from Park Ridge High School in 1979, where he played basketball, acted in school plays, and was awarded the title ""Class Flirt"" in his senior yearbook. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication studies from Rutgers University in 1982, where he worked as a bouncer at an on-campus pub. He also worked as a bartender and club manager in Manhattan prior to his acting career. He was introduced to acting as a young man living in New York City, when he accompanied his friend Roger Bart to a Meisner technique acting class, where he studied for two years under Kathryn Gately at The Gately Poole Conservatory. Career [ edit ] Gandolfini and Tony Sirico visit a member of the United States Air Force during a United Service Organizations visit to southwest Asia (March 2010) Gandolfini with Rose McGowan in Kuwait (March 2010) Gandolfini performed in a 1992 Broadway production of On the Waterfront for six weeks. One of his earlier film roles was that of Virgil, a brutal mob enforcer , in the romantic thriller True Romance (1993), for which he said one of his major inspirations was an old friend of his who was a hitman . In the film Terminal Velocity (1994), Gandolfini played Ben Pinkwater, a seemingly mild-mannered insurance man who turns out to be a violent Russian mobster . In 1995 he was in the box office hit Crimson Tide . In that same year in Get Shorty (1995), he appeared as a bearded ex- stuntman with a Southern accent , and in The Juror (1996), he played a mob enforcer with a conscience. Gandolfini received widespread acclaim for his performance as Tony Soprano , the lead character in the HBO drama The Sopranos , a New Jersey mob boss and family man whose constant existential questioning includes regular psychiatric appointments. The show debuted in 1999 and was broadcast until 2007. For his depiction of Soprano, Gandolfini won three Emmys for ""Best Actor in a Drama"" and Entertainment Weekly listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time. In addition to the awards that he won, Gandolfini received numerous nominations and two SAG Awards for being a member of the series' ensemble. In 2007 Gandolfini produced a documentary with HBO focused on injured Iraq War veterans and their devotion to America while surveying the physical and emotional costs of war. Gandolfini interviewed ten surviving soldiers, who revealed their thoughts about the challenges they face reintegrating into society and family life. They also reflected on their memories of the day when they narrowly escaped death and what life may have been like in other circumstances. [ citation needed ] That same year, Gandolfini returned to HBO as the executive producer of the Emmy -nominated documentary special, Alive Day Memories: Home From Iraq , his first project after The Sopranos and the first production for his company Attaboy Films, which was opened in 2006 with producing partner Alexandra Ryan. He returned to the stage in 2009, appearing in Broadway 's God of Carnage with Marcia Gay Harden , Hope Davis , and Jeff Daniels . He received a Tony Award nomination in the category of Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his role in the play, but lost to Geoffrey Rush , who played the lead in Exit the King . He played the Mayor of New York in the 2009 remake of The Taking of Pelham 123 . In 2010 Gandolfini produced another documentary with HBO, which analyzed the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder throughout American history, from 1861 to 2010. It featured interviews with American military officials on their views of PTSD and how they are trying to help soldiers affected by it. Letters from soldiers of the American Civil War and World War I who were affected by PTSD are examined, along with interviews with soldiers affected by PTSD and their families. [ citation needed ] Gandolfini was executive producer of the HBO film about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn , titled Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012). Gandolfini reunited with The Sopranos creator David Chase for Not Fade Away (2012), a music-driven production set in 1960s New Jersey, and the latter's feature film debut. Two films which he completed before his death on June 19, 2013, were released posthumously. The first was Enough Said , a romantic comedy which he co-starred with Julia Louis-Dreyfus . The film was met with positive reviews, particularly for Gandolfini's performance. He received posthumous Best Supporting Actor awards from the Boston Society of Film Critics and the Chicago Film Critics Association as well as multiple nominations, including a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role . His final film performance was in The Drop , a crime drama in which he co-starred with Tom Hardy and Noomi Rapace . Released September 12, 2014, the film was met with positive reviews for Gandolfini's performance. Gandolfini is credited as an executive producer on the HBO miniseries The Night Of which premiered in 2016. Gandolfini was set to star in the miniseries when it was pitched to HBO in 2013, but they ultimately decided not to go ahead with the show. HBO reversed their decision a few months later, and the show was green-lit, with Gandolfini still set to star, however he died before filming began. Actor John Turturro assumed the role intended for Gandolfini. Personal life [ edit ] Gandolfini maintained ties with his Park Ridge, New Jersey hometown by supporting its Octoberwoman Foundation for Breast Cancer Research. He lived in New York City and owned a lot on the Lake Manitoba Narrows. Gandolfini had lived on a 34-acre (14 ha) property in Chester Township, New Jersey . In 2009 he purchased a home in the hills of Tewksbury Township, New Jersey . GQ 's Brett Martin said about Gandolfini: ""In interviews, which the actor did his very best to avoid, the actor would often fall back on some version of 'I'm just a dumb, fat guy from Jersey.'"" Gandolfini and his first wife, Marcy Wudarski, divorced in December 2002. They have a son named Michael (born 2000). On August 30, 2008, after two years of dating, Gandolfini married former model and actress Deborah Lin in her hometown of Honolulu , Hawaii. Their daughter, Liliana Ruth Gandolfini, was born in Los Angeles, California in October 2012. Death [ edit ] Gandolfini died suddenly at the age of 51 in Rome , on June 19, 2013. He was expected to travel to Sicily a few days later to receive an award at the Taormina Film Fest . After he and his family had spent a day of sightseeing in sweltering heat, his 13-year-old son Michael discovered him unconscious at around 10 pm local time, on the bathroom floor at the Boscolo Exedra Hotel in the Piazza della Repubblica . Michael called reception, who in turn called emergency paramedics. Gandolfini reportedly arrived at the hospital at 10:40 pm and was pronounced dead at 11 pm. An autopsy confirmed that he had died of a heart attack . While word of his death spread, politicians such as John McCain and Chris Christie took to the Internet to respond. Christie ordered all New Jersey State buildings to fly flags at half staff on June 24, to honor Gandolfini when his body was returned to the United States. The people of Gandolfini's hometown started a Facebook page to discuss plans to honor him, [ citation needed ] including naming a street after him and renaming the Little Theater at Park Ridge High School after him, where he did his first performances. The day after Gandolfini's death, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band , which has long featured Sopranos co-star Steven Van Zandt on guitar, dedicated a performance of their classic album Born to Run (1975) by doing a rendition for Gandolfini. Gandolfini's body was returned to the United States on June 23, 2013. Family spokesman Michael Kobold thanked both Italian and American authorities for expediting the repatriation process, which normally takes seven days. Broadway dimmed theater marquee lights on the night of Wednesday, June 26 in Gandolfini's honor. Gandolfini's funeral service was held on June 27, 2013, at the Episcopal Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Morningside Heights, Manhattan . He was cremated , and his ashes were given to his family. Legacy [ edit ] TV Guide published a special tribute to Gandolfini in their July 1, 2013, issue following his death, devoting the entire back cover of that issue to his image. In it, columnist Matt Roush cited Gandolfini's work as Tony Soprano as an influence on subsequent cable TV protagonists, saying: ""Without Tony, there's no Vic Mackey of The Shield , no Al Swearengen of Deadwood , no Don Draper of Mad Men (whose creator, Matthew Weiner , honed his craft as a writer on The Sopranos )."" Similar testimonials were given by his costars and colleagues, including Edie Falco , who expressed shock and devastation at his death; [ citation needed ] Sopranos creator David Chase , who praised him as a ""genius"" Bryan Cranston , who stated that his Breaking Bad character Walter White would not have existed without Tony Soprano; and Gandolfini's The Mexican , True Romance and Killing Them Softly co-star Brad Pitt , who expressed admiration for Gandolfini as a ""ferocious actor, a gentle soul and a genuinely funny man"". Three months after his death, it was reported that in Gandolfini's last will and testament , dated December 19, 2012 and filed July 2, 2013 in Manhattan Surrogate's Court , he left a substantial portion of his estimated $70 million estate to his two sisters, widow, and daughter. The will did not state any inheritance for his only son, Michael, because Gandolfini provided for him a separate trust funded by a life insurance policy. In December 2013, following an online petition campaign started by Gandolfini's high school classmate, Lori Fredrics, his hometown renamed its Park Avenue to James Gandolfini Way at a public ceremony attended by several of his former Sopranos co-stars. In 2014, Gandolfini was posthumously inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame . Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1987 Shock! Shock! Shock! Orderly 1991 The Last Boy Scout Marcone's Henchman Uncredited 1992 A Stranger Among Us Tony Baldessari 1993 Money for Nothing Billy Coyle True Romance Virgil Mr. Wonderful Mike Italian Movie Angelo 1994 Angie Vinnie Terminal Velocity Ben Pinkwater 1995 Le Nouveau monde Will Caberra Crimson Tide Lt. Bobby Dougherty Get Shorty Bear Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 1996 The Juror Eddie 1997 Night Falls on Manhattan Joey Allegretto She's So Lovely Kiefer 12 Angry Men Juror #6 Perdita Durango Willie ""Woody"" Dumas Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Diner Cook Uncredited 1998 Fallen Lou The Mighty Kenny Kane A Civil Action Al Love 1999 8mm Eddie Poole A Whole New Day Vincent 2001 The Mexican Winston Baldry L.A. Outfest Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role The Man Who Wasn't There Big Dave Brewster The Last Castle Colonel Winter 2004 Surviving Christmas Tom Valco 2005 Romance & Cigarettes Nick Murder Stories of Lost Souls Vincent Segment: ""A Whole New Day"" 2006 Lonely Hearts Det. Charles Hilderbrandt All the King's Men Tiny Duffy Club Soda The Man 2007 Stories USA The Man Segment ""Club Soda"" 2009 In the Loop Lt. Gen. George Miller The Taking of Pelham 123 Mayor of New York Where the Wild Things Are Carol Voice 2010 Welcome to the Rileys Doug Riley Mint Julep Mr. G 2011 Down the Shore Bailey Euler Violet & Daisy The Guy Cinema Verite Craig Gilbert 2012 Killing Them Softly Mickey Not Fade Away Pat Damiano Zero Dark Thirty CIA Director Leon Panetta Nominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble The Patriot of America Daniel ""Danny"" Cole Voice 2013 The Incredible Burt Wonderstone Doug Munny Nicky Deuce Bobby Eggs Enough Said Albert Posthumous release Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Nominated – London Film Critics Circle Award for Supporting Actor of the Year Nominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor 2014 The Drop Cousin Marv Posthumous release Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1997 Gun Walter Difideli Episode: ""Columbus Day"" 12 Angry Men Juror #6 Television film 1999 – 2007 The Sopranos Tony Soprano 86 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (2000, 2001, 2003) AFI Award for Actor of the Year - Male - TV Series (2001) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama (2000) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series (1999, 2002, 2007) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (1999, 2007) TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama (1999, 2000, 2001) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama (2000, 2001, 2002) Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (1999, 2004, 2007) Nominated – Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor – Drama Series (2008) Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama (1999, 2000, 2001) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series (2000, 2001, 2004, 2006) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006) Nominated – TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama (2003, 2004, 2006) Nominated – Viewers for Quality Television Award for Best Actor (2000) 2002 Sesame Street Himself 1 episode 2004 Saturday Night Live Unidentified New Jersey Resident Episode: ""Ben Affleck/Nelly"" 2008 Alive Day Memories: Home from Iraq Television film; producer Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Nonfiction Special 2010 Wartorn: 1861–2010 Television film; producer PRISM Award for Best Documentary Program – Mental Health 2011 Cinema Verite Craig Gilbert Television film 2012 Hemingway & Gellhorn Television film; producer Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie 2013 Nicky Deuce Bobby Eggs Television film 2016 The Night Of Jack Stone Unaired pilot ; also executive producer (posthumous credit) Video games [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Sopranos: Road to Respect Tony Soprano Voice and likeness References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Gandolfini . James Gandolfini on IMDb James Gandolfini at the TCM Movie Database ""James Gandolfini"" . Find a Grave . Retrieved March 28, 2017 ." 5569169245619458316,train,where is japan located on a world map,"Japan (Japanese : 日本 Nippon (ɲip̚poɴ) or Nihon (ɲihoɴ) ; formally 日本 国 Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku, meaning `` State of Japan '') is a sovereign island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the southwest.",[],ibo ni japan wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Japan (日本, Nihon or Nippon?, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.']",['Japan jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.'],['P1'],1,0,"Japan Japan (?? Nihon or Nippon?, ??? Ja-nippon_nihonkoku.ogg Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) j?? oríl??-èdè erékù?ù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia. Ó pàlà p??lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu. Awon leta ti won fi n ko oruko Japan tumo si ""orisun orun"", eyi lo je idie ti a fi n pe Japan ni ""Ile Iladide Orun"". Japan j?? arkipelago àw?n Erékù?ù 6,852.[11] àw?n erékù?ù ib?? tí ó tóbi jùl? ní Honsh?, Hokkaid?, Ky?sh? àti Shikoku, ti àpap?? w??n j?? èdè m??tàdínl??g??rùún (97%) ìtóbi il?? Japan. Opo awon erekusu wonyi je oloke, opo je onileru; fun apere, ibi gigajulo ni Japan, Oke Fuji, je onileru. Japan je orile-ede ikewa to iye awon eniyajulo, pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 128. Agbegbe Titobiju Tokyo, to ni oluilu de facto Tokyo ati awon ibile ayika re, ni o je agbegbe metropoli titobijulo lagbaye pelu iye eniyan to to egbegberun 30. Iwadi iseoroayeijoun fihan pe awon eniyan ti ungbe ni Japan lati igba to ya bi igba Okutaijoun Oke. Igba akoko ti a ko gbo nipa oruko Japan ninu iwe akoole je ninu awon iwe itan Saina lati orundun 1k SK. Ipa latodo awon orile-ede miran je titele pelu idagbe igba pipe bo se han gbangba ninu itan Japan. Ni igbeyin orundun 19k ati 20k ijabori ninu Ogun Saina ati Japan Akoko, Ogun Rosia Japan, ati Ogun Agbaye 1k gba Japan laye lati fe ile re nigba itoja ogun. Ogun Saina ati Japan Keji odun 1937 tan titi de Ogun Agbaye 2k, to wa sopin ni 1945 leyin ijubombu atomu si Hiroshima ati Nagasaki. Lati igba atunse ibagbepo re ni 1947, Japan ti di oba onibagbepo olokan pelu obaluaye atiileasofin aladiboyan tounje Diet mu. Alagbara itokowo ninla,[12] Japan ni o ni itokowo keta totobijulo lagbaye gegebi GIO oloruko[13] ati gegebi ifiwe agbara iraja. Bakanna o tun je atajalode kerin titobijulo ati arajalatode kerin titobijulo lagbaye. Botilejepe Japan lonibise ti jowo eto re lati gbe ogun, o di ile-ise ologun odeoni mu fun abo ati ise alafia. Leyin Singapore, Japan lo ni ipaniyan to kerejulo lagbaye.[14] Gegebi UN ati WHO se diye, Japan lo ni ireti igbeaye gigunjulo larin gbogbo awon orile-ede lagbaye. Bakanna o tun ni iku omo-owo tokerejulo keta, gegebi UN se so.[15][16]", 8355596537936202428,train,where is japan located on the world map,"Japan (Japanese : 日本 ; Nippon (ɲippoɴ) or Nihon (ɲihoɴ) ; formally 日本 国 Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku, lit. `` State of Japan '') is a sovereign island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest. Coordinates : 35 ° N 136 ° E  /  35 ° N 136 ° E  / 35 ; 136 The kanji that make up Japan 's name mean `` sun origin '', and it is often called the `` Land of the Rising Sun ''. Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety - seven percent of Japan 's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. The population of 127 million is the world 's tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98.5 % of Japan 's total population. About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo, the capital of Japan.","['theodore roosevelt jr.', 'gustav stresemann']",ibo ni japan wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Japan (日本, Nihon or Nippon?, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.', 'Ó pàlà pẹ̀lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu.']","['Japan jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.', 'Ó pàlà pẹ̀lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu.']",['P1'],1,0,"Japan Japan (?? Nihon or Nippon?, ??? Ja-nippon_nihonkoku.ogg Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) j?? oríl??-èdè erékù?ù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia. Ó pàlà p??lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu. Awon leta ti won fi n ko oruko Japan tumo si ""orisun orun"", eyi lo je idie ti a fi n pe Japan ni ""Ile Iladide Orun"". Japan j?? arkipelago àw?n Erékù?ù 6,852.[11] àw?n erékù?ù ib?? tí ó tóbi jùl? ní Honsh?, Hokkaid?, Ky?sh? àti Shikoku, ti àpap?? w??n j?? èdè m??tàdínl??g??rùún (97%) ìtóbi il?? Japan. Opo awon erekusu wonyi je oloke, opo je onileru; fun apere, ibi gigajulo ni Japan, Oke Fuji, je onileru. Japan je orile-ede ikewa to iye awon eniyajulo, pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 128. Agbegbe Titobiju Tokyo, to ni oluilu de facto Tokyo ati awon ibile ayika re, ni o je agbegbe metropoli titobijulo lagbaye pelu iye eniyan to to egbegberun 30. Iwadi iseoroayeijoun fihan pe awon eniyan ti ungbe ni Japan lati igba to ya bi igba Okutaijoun Oke. Igba akoko ti a ko gbo nipa oruko Japan ninu iwe akoole je ninu awon iwe itan Saina lati orundun 1k SK. Ipa latodo awon orile-ede miran je titele pelu idagbe igba pipe bo se han gbangba ninu itan Japan. Ni igbeyin orundun 19k ati 20k ijabori ninu Ogun Saina ati Japan Akoko, Ogun Rosia Japan, ati Ogun Agbaye 1k gba Japan laye lati fe ile re nigba itoja ogun. Ogun Saina ati Japan Keji odun 1937 tan titi de Ogun Agbaye 2k, to wa sopin ni 1945 leyin ijubombu atomu si Hiroshima ati Nagasaki. Lati igba atunse ibagbepo re ni 1947, Japan ti di oba onibagbepo olokan pelu obaluaye atiileasofin aladiboyan tounje Diet mu. Alagbara itokowo ninla,[12] Japan ni o ni itokowo keta totobijulo lagbaye gegebi GIO oloruko[13] ati gegebi ifiwe agbara iraja. Bakanna o tun je atajalode kerin titobijulo ati arajalatode kerin titobijulo lagbaye. Botilejepe Japan lonibise ti jowo eto re lati gbe ogun, o di ile-ise ologun odeoni mu fun abo ati ise alafia. Leyin Singapore, Japan lo ni ipaniyan to kerejulo lagbaye.[14] Gegebi UN ati WHO se diye, Japan lo ni ireti igbeaye gigunjulo larin gbogbo awon orile-ede lagbaye. Bakanna o tun ni iku omo-owo tokerejulo keta, gegebi UN se so.[15][16]", 3778708469880600783,train,who was the girl that played in flashdance,"Jennifer Beals (born December 19, 1963) is an American actress and a former teen model. She is best known for her role as Alexandra `` Alex '' Owens in the 1983 romantic drama film Flashdance, and starred as Bette Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word. Beals earned an NAACP Image Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for the former. She has appeared in more than 50 films.",['2006'],ta ni ọmọbìnrin tí ó ṣeré nínú flashdance,Yes,"['Ó ṣe ìfarahàn àkọ́kọ́ nínú My Bodyguards ní ọdún 1980, kí ó tó gba ìyin pàtàkì fún ipa rẹ̀ nínú Flashdance ní ọdún 1983, èyí sì mu gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ NAACP fún òṣèré tíátà tó tayọ jù lọ, wọ́n tún yàn án fún àmì-èyẹ Golden Globe.']",['Jennifer Beals ṣe gba ìyin pàtàkì fún ipa rẹ̀ nínú Flashdance ní ọdún 1983'],['P1'],1,0,"Jennifer Beals Jennifer Beals (tí a bí ní ?j?? k?kàndínlógún o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 1963)[1] j?? ò?èrébìnrin ará Amerika àti àwòk???e ??d??m?kùnrin tél??. Ó ?e ìfarahàn àk??k?? nínú My Bodyguards ní ?dún 1980, kí ó tó gba ìyin pàtàkì fún ipa r?? nínú Flashdance ní ?dún 1983, èyí sì mu gba àmì-??y? NAACP fún ò?èré tíátà tó tay? jù l?, w??n tún yàn án fún àmì-èy? Golden Globe. Jennifer Beaks Beals ti farahàn nínú ??p??l?p?? àw?n olókìkí bíi Devils in a Blue Dress ní ?dún 1995, The Last Days of Disco ní ?dún 1988, Roger Dodger ní ?dún 2002, The Book of Eli ní ?dún 2010, àti Before I Fall ní ?dún 2017. Lórí t?lifí?????nù, ó ?e ??dá-ìtàn Bette Porter nínú The L Word, ní ?dún 2004 sí ?dún 2009. L??yìn náà, ó farahàn g??g?? bíi ??dá-ìtàn kan pàtàkì nínú The Chicago Code ní ?dún 2011, Proof ní ?dún 2015, Taken ní ?dún 2017, àti The Book of Boba Fett ní ?dún 2021. Ó t??síwájú nínú ìkópa r?? nínú fíìmù The L Word: Generation Q g??g?? bíi Bette Porter ní ìb????r?? o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 2019.","Jennifer Beals Beals at the GLAAD Awards, 2009. Born ( 1963-12-19 ) December 19, 1963 (age 54) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Nationality American Education Francis W. Parker School Yale University Occupation Actress, model Years active 1980–present Known for Alexandra Owens: Flashdance Bette Porter: The L Word Spouse(s) Alexandre Rockwell ( m. 1986; div. 1996) Ken Dixon ( m. 1998) Children 1 Website jennifer-beals .com Jennifer Beals (born December 19, 1963) is an American actress and a former teen model. She is best known for her role as Alexandra ""Alex"" Owens in the 1983 romantic drama film Flashdance , and starred as Bette Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word . Beals earned an NAACP Image Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for the former. She has appeared in more than 50 films. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Web series 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life and education [ edit ] Beals was born on December 19, 1963 in Chicago, Illinois ( south side ), the daughter of Jeanne (née Anderson), an elementary school teacher, and Alfred Beals, who owned grocery stores. Beals' father was black and her mother is Irish-American. She has two brothers, Bobby and Gregory. Her father died when Beals was 10 years old, and her mother married Edward Cohen in 1981. Beals has said her biracial heritage had some effect on her, as she ""always lived sort of on the outside"", with an idea ""of being the other in society"". She got her first job at age 13 at an ice cream store, using her height at the time (she is now 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m), to convince her boss she was 16. Beals was inspired to become an actress by two events: working on a high school production of Fiddler on the Roof and seeing Balm in Gilead with Joan Allen while volunteer-ushering at the Steppenwolf Theatre . Beals graduated from the progressive Francis W. Parker School . She also was chosen to attend the elite Goodman Theatre Young People's Drama Workshop. Beals attended Yale University , receiving a B.A. in American Literature in 1987; she deferred a term so she could film Flashdance . While at Yale, Beals was a resident of Morse College . Career [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Beals in Sweden during promotion for Flashdance , July 1983 Beals had a minor role in the 1980 film My Bodyguard , then came to fame with her starring part in Flashdance . The third-highest grossing U.S. film of 1983, Flashdance is the story of 18-year-old Alex, a welder by day and exotic dancer by night, whose dream is to be accepted someday at an illustrious school of dance. Beals was cast for this key role while still a student at Yale. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and the film received an Academy Award for Best Song. Many of Beals' elaborate dance moves were actually performed by stunt double Marine Jahan . After she filmed Flashdance , Beals resumed her studies, making only one film during that time: playing the titular character The Bride with singer-actor Sting , a gothic horror film loosely based on the 1935 classic Bride of Frankenstein , shot during her summer break. She also appeared in the ""Cinderella"" episode of Faerie Tale Theatre . Beals was asked by Joel Schumacher to do St. Elmo's Fire but turned it down, preferring to stay at Yale. After graduating from Yale in 1987, Beals resumed her acting career, playing the love interest in the boxing film Split Decisions opposite Craig Sheffer . Starring opposite Nicolas Cage , she portrayed a lusty and thirsty vampire in 1989's Vampire's Kiss . Beals was considered for the role of Catwoman in Tim Burton 's 1992 film Batman Returns but she declined the role. In 1995, Beals and Denzel Washington co-starred in Devil in a Blue Dress , a period film based on a Walter Mosley novel featuring L.A. private detective, Easy Rawlins. Beals plays a biracial woman passing for white. That same year she appeared with Tim Roth in two segments of the four-story anthology Four Rooms , one of which was directed by her then-husband, Alexandre Rockwell. Rockwell had previously directed her in the 1992 independent film In the Soup , which was a Grand Prize winner at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2003, she played one of the sequestered jury members in the film adaptation of Runaway Jury . She had a leading role in 2006's The Grudge 2 , sequel to the hit horror film of two years earlier. In 2010, Beals reunited with Denzel Washington in the post-apocalyptic action drama The Book of Eli , where she played a blind woman who is the mother of Mila Kunis ' character and a consort of a local despot played by Gary Oldman . Beals portrayed UCLA Bruins gymnastics Head Coach Valorie Kondos Field , in the Full Out movie about Ariana Berlin . In 2017, the actress played the role of Samantha Kingston's mother, in the film version of Before I Fall . Television [ edit ] In 1992, she appeared in 2000 Malibu Road as attorney Perry Quinn. It was her first ongoing television series; she said she had been leery as she previously had not ""found a character I wanted to live with for several years"". In 2004, Beals made a brief cameo in the final episode of Frasier . In 2007, she appeared in the small TV drama My Name Is Sarah , in which she plays Sarah Winston, a sober woman who joins Alcoholics Anonymous to conduct research for her book but finds herself falling in love with a recovering alcoholic and - as a result - having to deal with her original deception in joining the group. Beals starred in Showtime Network's The L Word , wherein she played Bette Porter , an Ivy League -educated lesbian. At Beals' request, Bette was made biracial, enabling Pam Grier 's Kit Porter character to become Bette's half-sister. Beals' initial research for the part focused more on the woman's profession as an art museum director than on her life as a lesbian; ""I was much more obsessed by the work that Bette did, because she was so obsessed by the work that she did."" The series ran for six seasons and ended in March 2009. She also appears alongside Tim Roth in Lie to Me , as Cal Lightman's ex-wife, Zoe Landau, another biracial character. Beals was the female lead in Fox's TV drama The Chicago Code . Her character Teresa Colvin is Chicago's first female police superintendent. The series was canceled after its first season. Beals turned down an offer to appear on Dancing with the Stars , saying: ""I am not a dancer. They asked me and I said 'no.' You could back up a truck to my door filled with cash and I wouldn't do it."" In 2013, Beals signed on for the main role of the ABC drama pilot Westside produced by McG and developed by Ilene Chaiken . On March 10, 2014, it was announced that Beals would star as Dr. Kathryn Russo (character's name is Dr. Carolyn Tyler) in Proof , a TNT supernatural medical drama about a hard-nosed surgeon, struggling with the loss of her teenage son, who begins to investigate that there may be life after death. The series ran from June 16 through August 18, 2015, and was produced by Kyra Sedgwick . On February 27, 2017 the pilot for the new series Taken aired. Beals plays the leader of a small group of specially trained government operatives. This series is supposed to be the prequel for the character Bryan Mills in Taken and subsequent movies. Web series [ edit ] Beals is also well known for her support of women's rights. In August 2012, she appeared alongside Troian Bellisario in the web series Lauren on the YouTube channel WIGS . Its first season is a three episode arc featuring the stories of women in the army being abused, predominantly by more powerful superiors. The stories focused on the frequently reported cases on sexual abuse and how and why most of the cases went unreported or unsettled. Beals has also appeared in two interviews, discussing her views in relation to Lauren . In January 2013, Troian Bellisario confirmed on her Twitter and Instagram that she and Beals were filming more Lauren web episodes. Lauren returned on May 3, 2013 with a second season of 12 episodes. Personal life [ edit ] Beals was married to Alexandre Rockwell from 1986 to 1996. In 1998, she married Ken Dixon, a Canadian entrepreneur. On October 18, 2005, Beals gave birth to their daughter. Her husband also has two children from a previous marriage. Beals has described herself as a spiritual person. She has expressed interest in the Bible and Catholicism, as well as Judaism, which she once considered conversion to, and is a practicing Buddhist . She has been a vocal advocate for gay rights , saying, ""I think after playing Bette Porter on The L Word for six years I felt like an honorary member of the community."" Beals was a Celebrity Grand Marshal at the 2006 San Francisco Pride Parade . In October 2012, she received the Human Rights Campaign 's Ally For Equality Award, in recognition of her outstanding support for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. Beals is a practitioner of kung-fu , sanshou , and kickboxing . She also enjoys ballet , salsa dancing and belly dancing . Beals is a photographer, and has had shows of her work under her married name, Dixon. She has a book about her time on The L Word featuring her own photographs. In 1989, she spent some time in Haiti photographing the elections. She is also a triathlete . In 2010, Beals served as the Grand Marshal of the McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago, during which she spoke of the two charities important to her, the Matthew Shepard Foundation and The Pablove Foundation . Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1980 My Bodyguard Clifford's Friend Uncredited 1983 Flashdance Alex Owens NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Nominated— Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1985 The Bride Eva Nominated— Razzie Award for Worst Actress 1988 The Gamble Lady Olivia Candioni a.k.a. La Partita 1988 Split Decisions Barbara Uribe 1989 Vampire's Kiss Rachel 1989 Sons Transgender 1990 Dr. M Sonja Vogler 1991 Blood and Concrete Mona 1992 In the Soup Angelica Pena 1992 Day of Atonement Joyce 1993 Caro diario Herself 1993 The Thief and the Cobbler Princess YumYum Voice 1994 Dead on Sight Rebecca Darcy 1994 Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle Gertrude Benchley 1994 The Search for One-eye Jimmy Ellen 1995 Four Rooms Angela 1995 Let It Be Me Emily Taylor 1995 Devil in a Blue Dress Daphne Monet Nominated— NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture 1997 Wishful Thinking Elizabeth 1998 Body and Soul Gina 1998 The Prophecy II Valerie Rosales 1998 The Last Days of Disco Nina 1999 Something More Lisa 1999 Turbulence 2: Fear of Flying Jessica 2000 Militia Julie Sanders 2001 Out of Line Parole Officer Jenny Capitanas 2001 The Anniversary Party Gina Taylor 2002 13 Moons Suzi 2002 Roger Dodger Sophie 2002 They Shoot Divas, Don't They? Sloan McBride 2003 Runaway Jury Vanessa Lembeck 2004 Catch That Kid Molly 2005 Break a Leg Juliet 2005 Desolation Sound Elizabeth Storey 2006 The Grudge 2 Trish 2006 Troubled Waters Special Agent Jennifer Beck 2009 Queen to Play L'Américaine 2010 The Book of Eli Claudia 2010 A Night for Dying Tigers Melanie 2013 Cinemanovels Clementine Independent film 2015 Full Out Coach Val 000000002015-09-26-0000 2015 The Laws of the Universe Part 0 Inkar Limited theatrical release 2016 Manhattan Night Lisa Wren 2017 Before I Fall Mrs. Kingston Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1985 Faerie Tale Theatre Cinderella Episode: ""Cinderella"" 1990 Tinikling ou 'La madonne et le dragon Patty Meredith Television movie 1992 2000 Malibu Road Perry Quinn Main role, 6 episodes 1992 Indecency Ellie Shaw Television movie 1992 Terror Stalks the Class Reunion ( fr ) Virginia Television movie 1993 Night Owl Julia Television movie 1997 The Outer Limits Robin Dysart Episode: "" Bodies of Evidence "" 1997 The Twilight of the Golds Suzanne Stein Television movie Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film 1997–1998 Nothing Sacred Justine Madsen Judd 2 episodes 1998 The Spree Xinia Kelly Television movie 1999 The Hunger Jane Episode: ""And She Laughed"" 2000 Without Malice Samantha Wilkes Television movie 2000 A House Divided Amanda Dickson Television movie Nominated— Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film 2001 The Big House Lorraine Brewster Television movie 2001 After the Storm Mrs. Gavotte Television movie 2001 The Feast of All Saints Dolly Rose Television movie 2002 They Shoot Divas, Don't They? Sloan McBride Television movie 2004–2009 The L Word Bette Porter Main role, 70 episodes Nominated— NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series (2007–2008) Nominated— Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama 2004 Frasier Dr. Anne Ranberg 2 episodes 2007 Law & Order Sofia Archer Episode: ""Charity Case"" 2007 My Name Is Sarah Sarah Winston Television movie 2009–2011 Lie to Me Zoe Landau Recurring role, 6 episodes 2010 The Night Before the Night Before Christmas Angela Fox Television movie 2011 The Chicago Code Teresa Colvin Main role, 13 episodes 2012 Castle CIA Agent Sophia Turner 2 episodes 2012–2013 Lauren Major Jo Stone Main cast, 10 episodes 2012–2013 The Mob Doctor Celeste LaPree Recurring cast, 4 episodes 2013 Westside Lisa Carver Unsold TV pilot 2014 Motive Sophia Balfur Episode: ""They Made Me a Criminal"" 2014 A Wife's Nightmare Liz Television movie 2015 Proof Dr. Carolyn Tyler Lead role 2016 The Night Shift Dr. Syd Jennings Recurring character (season 3) 2017-Present Taken Christina Hart Lead role 2017 The Last Tycoon Margo Taft Recurring character (season 1) References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer Beals . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Jennifer Beals Jennifer Beals on IMDb" -5349256360840444208,train,who was the 39th president of the united states of america,"James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He previously was the 76th Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975, after two terms in the Georgia State Senate from 1963 to 1967. Carter has remained active in public life during his post-presidency, and in 2002 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center.",[],ta ni ààrẹ kẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n ti orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['James Earl ""Jimmy"" Carter, Jr. (ọjọ́ ìbí October 1, 1924) jẹ́ ààrẹ Aare kokandinlogoji orile-ede Amerika láàrin ọdún 1977 sí 1981, ó si gba Ebun Alafia Nobel ní ọdun 2002, òhun nìkan ni Ààrẹ orílè-èdè Amẹ́ríkà tí ó gba ẹ̀bùn yí lẹ́yìn tó kúrò ní ipò.']","['James Earl ""Jimmy"" Carter, Jr. (ọjọ́ ìbí October 1, 1924) jẹ́ ààrẹ Aare kokandinlogoji orile-ede Amerika láàrin ọdún 1977 sí 1981']",['P1'],1,0,"Jimmy Carter James Earl ""Jimmy"" Carter, Jr. (Osù ke?wà, o?jó? kíní, o?dún 1924) j?? ààr? Aare kokandinlogoji orile-ede Amerika láàrin ?dún 1977 sí 1981, ó si gba Ebun Alafia Nobel ní ?dun 2002, òhun nìkan ni Ààr? orílè-èdè Am??ríkà tí ó gba ??bùn yí l??yìn tó kúrò ní ipò. ", -4961814084327470751,train,what type of music is bach famous for,"Bach enriched established German styles through his mastery of counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and his adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly from Italy and France. Bach 's compositions include hundreds of cantatas, both sacred and secular. He composed Latin church music, Passions, oratorios, and motets. He often adopted Lutheran hymns, not only in his larger vocal works, but for instance also in his four - part chorales and his sacred songs. He wrote extensively for organ and for other keyboard instruments. He composed concertos, for instance for violin and for harpsichord, and suites, as chamber music as well as for orchestra. Many of his works employ the genres of canon and fugue.","['wilhelm conrad röntgen, of germany', 'resplendent quetzal']",irú orin wo ni bach gbajúmọ̀ fún,No,"['Bach ni agba awọn olupilẹṣẹ bii Mozart, Beethoven ati Brahms, ni apakan nitori o gbe awọn ọna orin ti akoko rẹ si ipele giga ti imọ -ẹrọ ati pipe.']","['Bach ni agba awọn olupilẹṣẹ bii Mozart, Beethoven ati Brahms, ni apakan nitori o gbe awọn ọna orin ti akoko rẹ si ipele giga ti imọ -ẹrọ ati pipe.']",['P1'],1,0,"Kikun ti Bach: 1746 Johann Sebastian Bach (Oṣu Kẹta Ọjọ 21, 1685 - Oṣu Keje 28, 1750) jẹ olupilẹṣẹ ara Jamani ti akoko Baroque. O gba kaakiri bi ọkan ninu awọn olupilẹṣẹ nla julọ ninu itan -iwọ -oorun. O tun jẹ ọkan ninu awọn olupilẹṣẹ olokiki julọ. Bach ni agba awọn olupilẹṣẹ bii Mozart, Beethoven ati Brahms, ni apakan nitori o gbe awọn ọna orin ti akoko rẹ si ipele giga ti imọ -ẹrọ ati pipe. Nitori didara iṣẹ ọwọ rẹ, awọn akọrin alamọdaju nigbagbogbo ka a si bi olupilẹṣẹ nla julọ ninu itan -iwọ -oorun. Igbesiaye [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] A bi Bach ni Eisenach ni ọdun 1685. Baba rẹ, Johann Ambrosius, olupe ile -ẹjọ ni o kọ lati mu violin. Bach ko tii jẹ ọmọ ọdun mẹwa nigbati baba rẹ ku, o fi i silẹ alainibaba. O lọ lati gbe ni ile arakunrin rẹ; arakunrin rẹ ngbe ni Ohrdruf. Nitori ohun ti o dara julọ, Bach ni iṣẹ ni monastery Michaelis ni Lüneberg ni 1700. Ohùn rẹ yipada ni igba diẹ lẹhinna, ṣugbọn o tẹsiwaju bi akọrin. Lẹhin mu iṣẹ ṣiṣe igba diẹ ni Weimar ni 1703 bi oṣere fayolini, Bach di alamọja ni Neue Kirche ni Arnstadt (1703-1707). Ibasepo rẹ pẹlu igbimọ ile ijọsin ṣoro bi ọdọ olorin nigbagbogbo ṣe foju kọ awọn ojuse rẹ, ni yiyan lati ṣe adaṣe eto ara. Iwe akọọlẹ kan ṣe apejuwe isinmi oṣu mẹrin ti a fun Bach, lati rin irin-ajo lọ si Lubeck nibiti yoo ti mọ ara rẹ pẹlu orin Dietrich Buxtehude. O pada si Arnstadt ni igba pipẹ lẹhin ti o ti nireti, binu si igbimọ naa. Lẹhinna o ṣiṣẹ ni ṣoki ni St. Bach ṣajọ Toccata olokiki rẹ ati Fugue ni D kekere (BWV 565) ati cantatas akọkọ rẹ lakoko ti o wa ni Mühlhausen. Nigbamii o gba iṣẹ fun Duke ti Sachsen-Weimar ni ọdun 1708, ti n ṣiṣẹ bi agbẹjọ ile-ẹjọ ati ṣiṣe ni ẹgbẹ akọrin, nikẹhin o di adari rẹ ni 1714. O kọ ọpọlọpọ awọn akopọ eto ara lakoko asiko yii, pẹlu Orgel-Büchlein rẹ. Bach fi Weimar silẹ ati ni aabo iṣẹ kan ni Oṣu kejila ọdun 1717 bi Kapellmeister ni Cöthen. Ni ọdun 1720, iyawo Bach lojiji ku, o fi silẹ pẹlu awọn ọmọ mẹrin (awọn mẹta miiran ti ku ni ikoko). Laipẹ diẹ lẹhinna, o pade iyawo keji rẹ, soprano Anna Magdalena Wilcke, ẹniti o fẹ ni Oṣu Kejila ọdun 1721. Yoo bi awọn ọmọ 13, botilẹjẹpe marun nikan ni yoo ye igba ewe. Awọn ere orin Brandenburg mẹfa (BWV 1046-51), ati ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣẹ ohun elo miiran, ọjọ lati awọn ọdun Cöthen rẹ. Bach di Kantor ti Ile -iwe Thomas ni Leipzig ni Oṣu Karun ọdun 1723 o si ṣe iṣẹ naa titi o fi kú. O wa ni Leipzig ti o kọ pupọ julọ awọn cantatas rẹ. Bach bajẹ ko ni itẹlọrun pẹlu iṣẹ yii, kii ṣe nitori isanwo kekere rẹ nikan, ṣugbọn nitori awọn iṣẹ ti o nira ati ohun elo buburu. Nitorinaa, o gba awọn iṣẹ miiran, pẹlu didari Ilu Collegium Musicum, akojọpọ awọn alamọja ati awọn akọrin amateur ti o fun awọn ere orin osẹ, ni 1729. O tun di oludari orin ni kootu Dresden ni 1736, ni iṣẹ Frederick Augustus II. Bach bẹrẹ ṣiṣe awọn irin ajo lọ si Berlin ni awọn ọdun 1740, kii ṣe o kere ju nitori ọmọ rẹ, Carl Philipp Emanuel, ṣiṣẹ bi akọrin nibẹ. Aisan pẹlu àtọgbẹ, Bach ku ni Oṣu Keje ọjọ 28, ọdun 1750. Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]", 3319199782898322812,train,where is cyprus located on a world map,"Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. Cyprus is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel, north of Egypt, and southeast of Greece.",[],ibo ni cyprus wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Kíprù tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kíprù je orile-ede erekusu ni Eurasia.'],['Kíprù tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kíprù je orile-ede erekusu ni Eurasia.'],['P1'],1,0,"Kíprù Kíprù tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kíprù je orile-ede erekusu ni Yúrásíà. ", 683929237417462006,train,colombia is in which part of the world,"Colombia (/ kəˈlʌmbiə, - ˈlɒm - / kə - LUM - bee - ə, - LOM - ; Spanish : (koˈlombja) (listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish : República de Colombia (help info)), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the Tairona.",['uganda'],apá wo nínú ayé ni colombia wà,No,"['Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia (Spánì: [República de Colombia] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help), pronounced\xa0[reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]\xa0 ( listen)), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.']",['Kòlómbìà je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.'],['P1'],1,0,"Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia ( Spánì : [ República de Colombia ] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) , pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja] ( listen ) ), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika . Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun pelu Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu pelu Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa pelu Okun Karibeani ; ni ariwailaorun pelu Panama ; ati ni iwoorun pelu Okun Pasifiki . Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela , Jamaica , Haiti , Dominiki Olominira , Honduras , Nicaragua ati Costa Rica . Pelu iye awon eniyan to to egbegberun 45, Kolombia ni iye eniyan 29th titobijulo lagbaye ati ikeji titobijulo ni Guusu Amerika, leyin Brazil . Agbegbe ti a n pe ni Kolombia loni koko je ibugbe awon ara abibibi bi Muisca , Quimbaya , ati Tairona . Awon ara Spein debe ni 1499 won si bere isegun ati iseamusinibe , won fikupa tabi se ikoleru bi 90% awon eniyan ibe, nigbana ni won sedasile Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun (to ni ile odeoni Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, ariwaiwoorun agbegbe ile Brazil ati Panama) pelu oluilu re ni Bogotá . Ilominira latowo Spain waye ni 1819, sugbon ni 1830 "" Gran Colombia "" daru eyi fa ki Venezuela ati Ecuador o pinya soto. Awon ti a mo loni bi Kolombia ati Panama di Orile-ede Olominira ile Grenada Tuntun . Orile-ede tuntun yi sedanwo ijoba isealapapo gege bi Ijosepapo Grenada (1858), ati leyin re bi Iparapo awon Ipinle Kolombia (1863), ki o to dipe won kede Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia nigbeyin ni 1886. Panama pinya ni 1903 labe ifitipatipa sanwo fun ijoba orile-ede Amerika lati ko Ìladò Panamá . Orisun itumo oruko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Oro to n je Kolombia wa lati oruko Christopher Columbus (Spani: Cristóbal Colón ). Francisco de Miranda lo koko lo lati fi tokasi gbogbo ile Agbaye Tuntun . Ni 1819 Gran Kolombia gba bi oruko re nigba to je didasile latinu awon agegbe Viceroyalty of New Granada tele (Kolombia, Panama, Venezuela ati Ekuador loni). Jeografi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Geography of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Natural Regions of Colombia àti Geology of Colombia Shaded relief map of Colombia Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani ; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki . Kolombia wa ni ibi ti an pe ni Oruka Ina Pasifiki , ibi ileaye to ni opo iminle ati okeileru , o tun ni awon oke Andes . Itan [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Igba Isaaju-Kolombia [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Nibi odun 10,000 kJ, awon awujo ode ati akoeran wa nitosi ii ti Bogotá wa loni (ni "" El Abra "" ati ""Tequendama"") ti won sowo pelu ara won ati awon awujo miran ni Afonifoji Odo Magdalena Valley. Bere ni egberundun akoko kJ, awon adipo awon omo Amerindia sedagbasoke sistemu oloselu to n je "" cacicazgo "" pelu opo agba bi piramidi, eyun latoke wa sisale ti awon olori re unje ""cacique"". Ninu Kolombia awon asa meji pelu sistemu cacicazgo lilojujulo ni awon Tayrona ni Agbegbe Karibeani , ati awon Muiska nibi awon ileoke layika Bogotá, awon mejeji ti won je ti ebi ede Chibcha . Awon Muiska ni won je gbigba bi awon ti won ni sistemu oloselu adagbasoke julo ni Guuusu Amerika leyin awon Inka . Iwari, ibori ati imunisin latowo awon ara Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Attack on Cartagena de Indias Awon oluwakiri ara Spein gunle si etiodo guusu Karibeani ni 1499 pelu Rodrigo de Bastidas bi olori won. Christopher Columbus gan na wa oko oju omi koja legbe Karibeani ni 1502. Ni 1508, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bere sini se ijabori awon agbegbe Urabá. Ni 1513, ohun ni ara Europe akoko to de Okun Pasifiki, eyi to pe ni Mar del Sur (""Omi-okun Guusu""), nipa bayi o si ona fun awon ara Spein yioku lati lo si Peru ati Tsile . Gbogbo agbegbe yi ni awon eya bi awon Chibchan ati awon Carib , awon yi ti awon ara Spein bori diedie boya pelu ijagun tabi nipa ibarepo, Nigbakana, awon arun ti awon ara Europe mu wa pelu won, bi sopanna , ati ija ibori ati ipalemo eya eniyan to n sele, fa diedie ki awon olugbe abinibi ibe o idin pupo. Ni orundun 16th awon ara Europe bere si ni mu awon eru wa lati Afrika. Igbominira lowo Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Leyin ibori Kolombia lowo awon ara Spein ati igba pipe imunisin lowo won, opo egbe arinkankan lodide lati gba idawa tabi ilominira patapata agbegbe orile-ede. Opo ni awon wonyi ni awon ara Spein fi jagidijagan ko nile, be sini awon miran ninu won ko ni agbara to lati mu iyipada wa. Egbe arinkankan fun ilominira to gbeyin bere arin 1810, leyin igba ti Saint Domingue ( Haiti loni) gba ilominira ni 1804. Eyi fu itileyin gidi fun awon to solori ijidide ni Kolombia, eyun Simón Bolívar ati Francisco de Paula Santander . Bolívar di Aare akoko orile-ede Kolombia alominira leyin ijabori ni ijaogun Boyacá , leyin ti Bolívar fipo yi sile, Santander to je igbakeji re di Aare ikeji orile-ede Kolombia. Ijidide yi pari layorisirere ni 1819 , nigbati Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun bo si owo Orile-ede Olominira Kolombia ti a sese dasile ngbana bi isokan Ekuador, Kolombia ati Venezuela. Panama nigbana je apa ile Kolombia. Ijoba [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Awon ipin amojuto [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Departments of Colombia àti Municipalities of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: List of cities in Colombia àti Corregimientos of Colombia Kolombia je pipin si awon 32 ipinpa 32 ati agbegbe oluilu kan, ti won mu bi ipinpa kan (Bogotá na tun je oluilu fun ipinpa Cundinamarca ). Awon ipinpa na tun je pinpinlabe si awon munisipal , ikokan won to ni ibujoko munisipal, bakanna awon munisipal tun je pipinsabe si corregimientos . Ipinpa kokan ni ijoba ibile pelu gomina ati ile-igbimo asofin ti won n je didiboyan tara si igba odun merin. Munispal kookan ni baale ati igbimo, be sini corregimiento kookan ni corregidor , tabi olori ibile. Lapapo mo oluilu, awon ilu miran na tun wa ti pe ni agbegbe , nitori ini pataki ti won ni. Awon wonyi ni Barranquilla , Cartagena , Santa Marta , Cúcuta , Popayán , Bucaramanga , Tunja , Turbo , Buenaventura ati Tumaco . Awon apaipin ni ipinabe ibile amojuto, nibi ti awon ilu ni awon olugbe to tobi ti won si wa nitosi ara won (fun apere ni Antioquia ati Cundinamarca). Nibi to ba je pe aon olugbe kere sugbon won ni isoro abo (fun apere Amazonas, Vaupés ati Vichada), ipin amojuto pataki je lilo, bi ""apaipin corregimientos "", to je adapo ilu ati corregimiento . E te klik sori apaipin kan lori maapu lati losi ayoka re. Department Capital city 1 Amazonas Leticia 2 Antioquia Medellín 3 Arauca Arauca 4 Atlántico Barranquilla 5 Bolívar Cartagena 6 Boyacá Tunja 7 Caldas Manizales 8 Caquetá Florencia 9 Casanare Yopal 10 Cauca Popayán 11 Cesar Valledupar 12 Chocó Quibdó 13 Córdoba Montería 14 Cundinamarca Bogotá 15 Guainía Inírida 16 Guaviare San José del Guaviare 17 Huila Neiva Department Capital city 18 La Guajira Riohacha 19 Magdalena Santa Marta 20 Meta Villavicencio 21 Nariño Pasto 22 Norte de Santander Cúcuta 23 Putumayo Mocoa 24 Quindío Armenia 25 Risaralda Pereira 26 San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina San Andrés 27 Santander Bucaramanga 28 Sucre Sincelejo 29 Tolima Ibagué 30 Valle del Cauca Cali 31 Vaupés Mitú 32 Vichada Puerto Carreño 33 Capital District Bogotá Oro okere [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Foreign relations of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Diplomatic missions of Colombia President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe being presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by former President of the United States George W. Bush . Awon oro okere ile Kolombia je latowo Aare ile Kolombia won si unje kikoso latowo Alakoso Oro Okere . Colombia ni awon iranlose diplomati ni gbogbo orile-ede be sini o je sisoju ninu awon agbajo alakopapupo ni awon ibudo yi: Brussels (Iranlose si Isokan Europe ) Geneva (Awon Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) Montevideo (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Latin American Integration Association ati Mercosur ) Nairobi (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) New York (Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo) Paris (Iranlose Ibujoko si UNESCO ) Rome (Iranlose Ibujoko si Food and Agriculture Organization ) Washington, D.C. (Iranlose Ibujoko si Organization of American States ) Kolombia je omo egbe Agbajo awon Orile-ede Andes ati Isokan awon Orile-ede Guusu Amerika . Awon ara Kolombia gbodo gba visa olubewo fun awon orile-ede 180 lati lo si be and do not need tourist visa for 15 countries. Abo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Iselu [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Okowo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Dimografiki [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Eko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Asa [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]", -2691039453545864271,train,where is columbia located on the world map,"Colombia (/ kəˈlʌmbiə / kə - LUM - biə or / kəˈlɒmbiə / kə - LOM - biə ; Spanish : (ko̞ˈlõ̞mbjä) (listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish : República de Colombia (help info)), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Muisca, Quimbaya and the Tairona.",[],ibo ni columbia wà lórí àwòrán ayé,No,"['Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia (Spánì: [República de Colombia] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help), pronounced\xa0[reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]\xa0 ( listen)), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.', 'Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominiki Olominira, Honduras, Nicaragua ati Costa Rica. Pelu iye awon eniyan to to egbegberun 45, Kolombia ni iye eniyan 29th titobijulo lagbaye ati ikeji titobijulo ni Guusu Amerika, leyin Brazil.', 'Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki.']","['Kòlómbìà je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.', 'Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominiki Olominira, Honduras, Nicaragua ati Costa Rica.', 'Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki.']",['P1'],1,0,"Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia ( Spánì : [ República de Colombia ] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) , pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja] ( listen ) ), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika . Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun pelu Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu pelu Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa pelu Okun Karibeani ; ni ariwailaorun pelu Panama ; ati ni iwoorun pelu Okun Pasifiki . Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela , Jamaica , Haiti , Dominiki Olominira , Honduras , Nicaragua ati Costa Rica . Pelu iye awon eniyan to to egbegberun 45, Kolombia ni iye eniyan 29th titobijulo lagbaye ati ikeji titobijulo ni Guusu Amerika, leyin Brazil . Agbegbe ti a n pe ni Kolombia loni koko je ibugbe awon ara abibibi bi Muisca , Quimbaya , ati Tairona . Awon ara Spein debe ni 1499 won si bere isegun ati iseamusinibe , won fikupa tabi se ikoleru bi 90% awon eniyan ibe, nigbana ni won sedasile Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun (to ni ile odeoni Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, ariwaiwoorun agbegbe ile Brazil ati Panama) pelu oluilu re ni Bogotá . Ilominira latowo Spain waye ni 1819, sugbon ni 1830 "" Gran Colombia "" daru eyi fa ki Venezuela ati Ecuador o pinya soto. Awon ti a mo loni bi Kolombia ati Panama di Orile-ede Olominira ile Grenada Tuntun . Orile-ede tuntun yi sedanwo ijoba isealapapo gege bi Ijosepapo Grenada (1858), ati leyin re bi Iparapo awon Ipinle Kolombia (1863), ki o to dipe won kede Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia nigbeyin ni 1886. Panama pinya ni 1903 labe ifitipatipa sanwo fun ijoba orile-ede Amerika lati ko Ìladò Panamá . Orisun itumo oruko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Oro to n je Kolombia wa lati oruko Christopher Columbus (Spani: Cristóbal Colón ). Francisco de Miranda lo koko lo lati fi tokasi gbogbo ile Agbaye Tuntun . Ni 1819 Gran Kolombia gba bi oruko re nigba to je didasile latinu awon agegbe Viceroyalty of New Granada tele (Kolombia, Panama, Venezuela ati Ekuador loni). Jeografi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Geography of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Natural Regions of Colombia àti Geology of Colombia Shaded relief map of Colombia Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani ; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki . Kolombia wa ni ibi ti an pe ni Oruka Ina Pasifiki , ibi ileaye to ni opo iminle ati okeileru , o tun ni awon oke Andes . Itan [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Igba Isaaju-Kolombia [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Nibi odun 10,000 kJ, awon awujo ode ati akoeran wa nitosi ii ti Bogotá wa loni (ni "" El Abra "" ati ""Tequendama"") ti won sowo pelu ara won ati awon awujo miran ni Afonifoji Odo Magdalena Valley. Bere ni egberundun akoko kJ, awon adipo awon omo Amerindia sedagbasoke sistemu oloselu to n je "" cacicazgo "" pelu opo agba bi piramidi, eyun latoke wa sisale ti awon olori re unje ""cacique"". Ninu Kolombia awon asa meji pelu sistemu cacicazgo lilojujulo ni awon Tayrona ni Agbegbe Karibeani , ati awon Muiska nibi awon ileoke layika Bogotá, awon mejeji ti won je ti ebi ede Chibcha . Awon Muiska ni won je gbigba bi awon ti won ni sistemu oloselu adagbasoke julo ni Guuusu Amerika leyin awon Inka . Iwari, ibori ati imunisin latowo awon ara Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Attack on Cartagena de Indias Awon oluwakiri ara Spein gunle si etiodo guusu Karibeani ni 1499 pelu Rodrigo de Bastidas bi olori won. Christopher Columbus gan na wa oko oju omi koja legbe Karibeani ni 1502. Ni 1508, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bere sini se ijabori awon agbegbe Urabá. Ni 1513, ohun ni ara Europe akoko to de Okun Pasifiki, eyi to pe ni Mar del Sur (""Omi-okun Guusu""), nipa bayi o si ona fun awon ara Spein yioku lati lo si Peru ati Tsile . Gbogbo agbegbe yi ni awon eya bi awon Chibchan ati awon Carib , awon yi ti awon ara Spein bori diedie boya pelu ijagun tabi nipa ibarepo, Nigbakana, awon arun ti awon ara Europe mu wa pelu won, bi sopanna , ati ija ibori ati ipalemo eya eniyan to n sele, fa diedie ki awon olugbe abinibi ibe o idin pupo. Ni orundun 16th awon ara Europe bere si ni mu awon eru wa lati Afrika. Igbominira lowo Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Leyin ibori Kolombia lowo awon ara Spein ati igba pipe imunisin lowo won, opo egbe arinkankan lodide lati gba idawa tabi ilominira patapata agbegbe orile-ede. Opo ni awon wonyi ni awon ara Spein fi jagidijagan ko nile, be sini awon miran ninu won ko ni agbara to lati mu iyipada wa. Egbe arinkankan fun ilominira to gbeyin bere arin 1810, leyin igba ti Saint Domingue ( Haiti loni) gba ilominira ni 1804. Eyi fu itileyin gidi fun awon to solori ijidide ni Kolombia, eyun Simón Bolívar ati Francisco de Paula Santander . Bolívar di Aare akoko orile-ede Kolombia alominira leyin ijabori ni ijaogun Boyacá , leyin ti Bolívar fipo yi sile, Santander to je igbakeji re di Aare ikeji orile-ede Kolombia. Ijidide yi pari layorisirere ni 1819 , nigbati Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun bo si owo Orile-ede Olominira Kolombia ti a sese dasile ngbana bi isokan Ekuador, Kolombia ati Venezuela. Panama nigbana je apa ile Kolombia. Ijoba [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Awon ipin amojuto [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Departments of Colombia àti Municipalities of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: List of cities in Colombia àti Corregimientos of Colombia Kolombia je pipin si awon 32 ipinpa 32 ati agbegbe oluilu kan, ti won mu bi ipinpa kan (Bogotá na tun je oluilu fun ipinpa Cundinamarca ). Awon ipinpa na tun je pinpinlabe si awon munisipal , ikokan won to ni ibujoko munisipal, bakanna awon munisipal tun je pipinsabe si corregimientos . Ipinpa kokan ni ijoba ibile pelu gomina ati ile-igbimo asofin ti won n je didiboyan tara si igba odun merin. Munispal kookan ni baale ati igbimo, be sini corregimiento kookan ni corregidor , tabi olori ibile. Lapapo mo oluilu, awon ilu miran na tun wa ti pe ni agbegbe , nitori ini pataki ti won ni. Awon wonyi ni Barranquilla , Cartagena , Santa Marta , Cúcuta , Popayán , Bucaramanga , Tunja , Turbo , Buenaventura ati Tumaco . Awon apaipin ni ipinabe ibile amojuto, nibi ti awon ilu ni awon olugbe to tobi ti won si wa nitosi ara won (fun apere ni Antioquia ati Cundinamarca). Nibi to ba je pe aon olugbe kere sugbon won ni isoro abo (fun apere Amazonas, Vaupés ati Vichada), ipin amojuto pataki je lilo, bi ""apaipin corregimientos "", to je adapo ilu ati corregimiento . E te klik sori apaipin kan lori maapu lati losi ayoka re. Department Capital city 1 Amazonas Leticia 2 Antioquia Medellín 3 Arauca Arauca 4 Atlántico Barranquilla 5 Bolívar Cartagena 6 Boyacá Tunja 7 Caldas Manizales 8 Caquetá Florencia 9 Casanare Yopal 10 Cauca Popayán 11 Cesar Valledupar 12 Chocó Quibdó 13 Córdoba Montería 14 Cundinamarca Bogotá 15 Guainía Inírida 16 Guaviare San José del Guaviare 17 Huila Neiva Department Capital city 18 La Guajira Riohacha 19 Magdalena Santa Marta 20 Meta Villavicencio 21 Nariño Pasto 22 Norte de Santander Cúcuta 23 Putumayo Mocoa 24 Quindío Armenia 25 Risaralda Pereira 26 San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina San Andrés 27 Santander Bucaramanga 28 Sucre Sincelejo 29 Tolima Ibagué 30 Valle del Cauca Cali 31 Vaupés Mitú 32 Vichada Puerto Carreño 33 Capital District Bogotá Oro okere [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Foreign relations of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Diplomatic missions of Colombia President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe being presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by former President of the United States George W. Bush . Awon oro okere ile Kolombia je latowo Aare ile Kolombia won si unje kikoso latowo Alakoso Oro Okere . Colombia ni awon iranlose diplomati ni gbogbo orile-ede be sini o je sisoju ninu awon agbajo alakopapupo ni awon ibudo yi: Brussels (Iranlose si Isokan Europe ) Geneva (Awon Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) Montevideo (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Latin American Integration Association ati Mercosur ) Nairobi (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) New York (Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo) Paris (Iranlose Ibujoko si UNESCO ) Rome (Iranlose Ibujoko si Food and Agriculture Organization ) Washington, D.C. (Iranlose Ibujoko si Organization of American States ) Kolombia je omo egbe Agbajo awon Orile-ede Andes ati Isokan awon Orile-ede Guusu Amerika . Awon ara Kolombia gbodo gba visa olubewo fun awon orile-ede 180 lati lo si be and do not need tourist visa for 15 countries. Abo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Iselu [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Okowo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Dimografiki [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Eko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Asa [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]", -768859180224849276,train,is it south korea or republic of korea,"South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (abbreviated ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Officially, its territory consists of the whole Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands, which are largely mountainous. South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle, as half of them live in high - rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents.",['keynes'],ṣé south korea ni àbí republic of korea,No,"['Kòréà Gúúsù, fun onibise gege bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Korea (ROK) (Àdàkọ:Lang-ko, pípè\xa0[tɛːhanminɡuk̚]\xa0 ( listen)), je orile-ede ni Ilaorun Asia, to budo si ilaji apaguusu Korean Peninsula.']","['Kòréà Gúúsù, fun onibise gege bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Korea je orile-ede ni Ilaorun Asia, to budo si ilaji apaguusu Korean Peninsula.']",['P1'],1,0,"Kòréà Gúúsù , fun onibise gege bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Korea ( ROK ) ( Àdàkọ:Lang-ko , pípè [tɛːhanminɡuk̚] ( listen ) ), je orile-ede ni Ilaorun Asia , to budo si ilaji apaguusu Korean Peninsula . O ni bode mo Saina ni iwoorun, Japan ni ilaorun, ati Ariwa Korea ni ariwa. Oluilu re ni Seoul . Guusu Korea dubule si agbegbe ojuojo lilowooro pelu awon oke. Agbegbe bo itobi to je 100,032 ilopo awon kilomita mole, o si ni iye eniyan to ju egbegberun 50 lo. Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]", 4232198224534073833,train,this african nation is located south of sudan and west of kenya,"Kenya (/ ˈkɛnjə / ; locally (ˈkɛɲa) (listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south - east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north - west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north - east. Kenya covers 581,309 km (224,445 sq mi), and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017.",['john locke'],orílẹ̀ èdè yìí wà ní gúúsù sudan àti ìwọ̀ oòrùn kenya,Yes,"['O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']","['O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']",['P1'],1,0,"K??nyà K??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun. Awon Igberiko, ibile ati awon ipinsi Àw?n Ìpínl?? K??nyà Kenya pinsi awon igberiko 8 ti olori won n je Alakoso Igberiko (Aare lo n yan won). Awon igberiko wonyi na tun je pinpin si awon ibile. Awon ibile 69 lo wa. Awon ibile wonyi na tun je pipin si awon ipinsi 497. Awon ipinsi tu je pipin si 2,427 awon ibudo 2,427 ati omo ibudo 6,612.[11]. Awon igberiko na niwonyi: Igberiko Aarin Igberiko Eti Okun Igberiko Apailaorun Igberiko Nairobi Igberiko Ariwa Apailaorun Igberiko Nyanza Igberiko Rift Valley Igberiko Apaiwoorun", -4466018336157858101,train,what part of africa is kenya located in,"The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West - Central Africa. The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger - Congo, Nilo - Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent, representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents. European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period ; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony. Kenya obtained independence in December 1963, but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, governed by elected governors.","[""general government', 'regional governments"", 'a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status', '£80 million (€94 million)', '2003']",apá wo ní ilẹ̀ áfíríkà ni kenya wà,Yes,"['Kẹ́nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile Kẹ́nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà.', 'O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']","['Kẹ́nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile Kẹ́nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà.', 'O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']",['P1'],1,0,"K??nyà K??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun. Awon Igberiko, ibile ati awon ipinsi Àw?n Ìpínl?? K??nyà Kenya pinsi awon igberiko 8 ti olori won n je Alakoso Igberiko (Aare lo n yan won). Awon igberiko wonyi na tun je pinpin si awon ibile. Awon ibile 69 lo wa. Awon ibile wonyi na tun je pipin si awon ipinsi 497. Awon ipinsi tu je pipin si 2,427 awon ibudo 2,427 ati omo ibudo 6,612.[11]. Awon igberiko na niwonyi: Igberiko Aarin Igberiko Eti Okun Igberiko Apailaorun Igberiko Nairobi Igberiko Ariwa Apailaorun Igberiko Nyanza Igberiko Rift Valley Igberiko Apaiwoorun", 8213604362731225510,train,which ocean lies to one side of kenya,"Kenya (/ ˈkɛnjə / ; locally (ˈkɛɲa) (listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi. Kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south - east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south - west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north - west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north - east. Kenya covers 581,309 km (224,445 sq mi) has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret.","['april 1991', 'tbilisi']",òkun wo ló wà ní ẹ̀gbẹ́ kan ní ilẹ̀ kenya,Yes,"['O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']",['Okun India'],['P1'],1,0,"K??nyà K??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun. Awon Igberiko, ibile ati awon ipinsi Àw?n Ìpínl?? K??nyà Kenya pinsi awon igberiko 8 ti olori won n je Alakoso Igberiko (Aare lo n yan won). Awon igberiko wonyi na tun je pinpin si awon ibile. Awon ibile 69 lo wa. Awon ibile wonyi na tun je pipin si awon ipinsi 497. Awon ipinsi tu je pipin si 2,427 awon ibudo 2,427 ati omo ibudo 6,612.[11]. Awon igberiko na niwonyi: Igberiko Aarin Igberiko Eti Okun Igberiko Apailaorun Igberiko Nairobi Igberiko Ariwa Apailaorun Igberiko Nyanza Igberiko Rift Valley Igberiko Apaiwoorun", -4515673273861716550,train,where are chromosomes found in a plant cell,"In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle. Chromosomes are even more condensed than chromatin and are an essential unit for cellular division. Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny. Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids) joined by a centromere.","['10 december', '1901']",ibo ní àwọn chromosomes tó wà nínú sẹ́ẹ̀lì ewéko wà,Yes,"['Nínú àwọn eukarioti, àwọn krómósómù nínú kóróonú jẹ́ dídìpọ́ látọwọ́ àwọn proteínì sí àdìmú kíkipọ̀ kan tó únjẹ́ kromatínì.', 'Èyí jẹ́ kí àwọn hóró DNA gígùn ó le wọ inú kóróonú àhámọ́.']","['Èyí jẹ́ kí àwọn hóró DNA gígùn ó le wọ inú kóróonú àhámọ́.', 'ó wà nínú àwọn eukarioti']",['P3'],1,0,"Krómósómù Krómósómù j?? àdìmú alátòj? DNA àti proteínì tó wà nínú àw?n àhám??. Ó j?? DNA líl??po kan soso tó ní ??p?? àw?n àbím??, àw?n apil??s?? onílànà àti àw?n ìtèl??nt??l?? núkléótídì míràn. Àw?n krómósómù tún ní àw?n proteínì al??m?? DNA, tí w??n j?? bíi pálí fún DNA àti láti kóìjánu àw?n ìmú?e r??. Àw?n krómósómù yàt?? gidigidi sí ra w?n láàrin orísi àw?n ohun ?l????mí. Hóró DNA le j?? olóbìírípo tàbí onígb??r?, b?? sì ni inú r?? le ní núkléótídì tó p?? tó 100,000 dé 10,000,000,000[1] lórí èw??n gígún kan. Àw?n àhám?? eukarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí w??n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù onígb??r? títóbi nígbàtí àw?n àhám?? prokarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí kò ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù olóòbírípo kékeré, bótil??jípé àw?n ìsàtì sí òfin yìí wà. Bákannáà, àw?n àhám?? tún le ní ju irú kan krómósómù l?; fún àp?re, mitok??ndríà nínú ??p?? àw?n eukarioti àti adáláw?? nínú àw?n ??gbìn ní àw?n krómósómù kékeré ti w?n. Nínú àw?n eukarioti, àw?n krómósómù nínú kóróonú j?? dídìp?? lát?w?? àw?n proteínì sí àdìmú kíkip?? kan tó únj?? kromatínì. Èyí j?? kí àw?n hóró DNA gígùn ó le w? inú kóróonú àhám??. Àdìmú àw?n krómósómù àti kromatínì yàt?? p??lú ìpínyà àhám??. Àw?n krómósómù ?e pàtàkì fún ìpínyà àhám??, w??n sì gb?d?? j?? títúndá, pínpín, àti j?? kíkó sínú àw?n àhám?? ?m? w?n láìsí sòró láti baà ridájú pé orísirísi àbím?? àti ìwàláàyè wà fún àw?n ?m??m? w?n. Àw?n krómósómù le wà bóyá bí i á???po tàbí aláì???po. Àw?n krómósómù aláì???po j?? atínrín onígb??r? kansoso, nígbàtí àw?n krómósómù a???po ní àwòk? méjì tí w??n j? ara w?n (w??n únj?? krómátídì) j?? sísop?? p??lú sentróm??rì.","Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase . (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch. (3) Short (p) arm. (4) Long (q) arm. A chromosome (from ancient Greek : χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means color, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material ( genome ) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division . Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once ( S phase ), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere , resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids . During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome. In this highly condensed form chromosomes are easiest to distinguish and study. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms . Some species such as certain bacteria , which lack histones , also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA . These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer . In prokaryotes (see nucleoids ) and viruses , the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea , by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in the case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. DNA condensation of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division ( mitosis or meiosis ) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis , leading to the progression of cancer . Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. However, others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. Contents [ hide ] 1 History of discovery 2 Prokaryotes 2.1 Structure in sequences 2.2 DNA packaging 3 Eukaryotes 3.1 Chromatin 3.1.1 Interphase chromatin 3.1.2 Metaphase chromatin and division 3.2 Human chromosomes 4 Number in various organisms 4.1 In eukaryotes 4.2 In prokaryotes 5 Karyotype 5.1 Historical note 6 Aberrations 6.1 Sperm aneuploidy 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links History of discovery [ edit ] Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. The word chromosome ( / ˈ k r oʊ m ə ˌ s oʊ m , - ˌ z oʊ m / ) comes from the Greek χρῶμα ( chroma , ""colour"") and σῶμα ( soma , ""body""), describing their strong staining by particular dyes . Schleiden , Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes. The term was coined by von Waldeyer-Hartz , referring to the term chromatin , which was introduced by Walther Flemming . In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-1880s, Theodor Boveri gave the definitive demonstration that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity . His two principles were the continuity of chromosomes and the individuality of chromosomes. [ citation needed ] [ further explanation needed ] It is the second of these principles that was so original. [ citation needed ] Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic load . Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. Boveri influenced two generations of American cytologists: Edmund Beecher Wilson , Nettie Stevens , Walter Sutton and Theophilus Painter were all influenced by Boveri (Wilson, Stevens, and Painter actually worked with him). In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). Ernst Mayr remarks that the theory was hotly contested by some famous geneticists: William Bateson , Wilhelm Johannsen , Richard Goldschmidt and T.H. Morgan , all of a rather dogmatic turn of mind. Eventually, complete proof came from chromosome maps in Morgan's own lab. The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter . By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. His error was copied by others and it was not until 1956 that the true number, 46, was determined by Indonesia-born cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio . Prokaryotes [ edit ] The prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome , but many variations exist. The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores , can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps , to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum . Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi , the cause of Lyme disease , containing a single linear chromosome. Structure in sequences [ edit ] Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication ) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons , and do not usually contain introns , unlike eukaryotes. DNA packaging [ edit ] Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid . The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea , the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled . The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription , regulation, and replication . Eukaryotes [ edit ] Organization of DNA in a eukaryotic cell. See also: Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin . This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus . The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle . Chromosomes are even more condensed than chromatin and are an essential unit for cellular division. Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny . Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids ) joined by a centromere . The major structures in DNA compaction: DNA , the nucleosome , the 10 nm ""beads-on-a-string"" fibre, the 30 nm fibre and the metaphase chromosome. Eukaryotes ( cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere , with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome , and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins ), forming a composite material called chromatin . Chromatin [ edit ] Main article: Chromatin Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein found in the eukaryotic nucleus, which packages chromosomes. The structure of chromatin varies significantly between different stages of the cell cycle , according to the requirements of the DNA. Interphase chromatin [ edit ] During interphase (the period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing), two types of chromatin can be distinguished: Euchromatin , which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein. Heterochromatin , which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. Heterochromatin can be further distinguished into two types: Constitutive heterochromatin , which is never expressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences . Facultative heterochromatin , which is sometimes expressed. Structure of Eukaryotic chromosome : Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids (chromosomal arms) which are joined to each other at a small constricted region called the centromere.( Primary constriction ). These sister chromatids are conjoined twins the result of DNA replication. The centromere helps the chromatids attach to the spindle fibres during cell division, it is also concerned with the anaphase movement of the chromosomes, by which the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to the two opposite poles by their contraction during anaphase. Besides the primary constriction, in certain chromosomes there is a secondary constriction as well. Because a small portion is pinched off from the chromosomal body; this portion is called a 'satellite' and the chromosome is called an SAT chromosome. The two chromatids are made up of very thin chromatin fibres which are made up of 40% DNA and 60% histone proteins Each chromatin fibre consists of one DNA helix coiled around eight histone molecules like a loop; such a complex is called nucleosome and resembles a bead on a string. These nucleosomes pack tighter, during condensation required to get to metaphase. The primary constriction cannot take up most stains, so during cell division this region is a gap in staining. Within the primary constriction there is a clear zone called Centromere. The centromere with the DNA and histone proteins bound to them form a disc shaped structure called kinetochore . the chromonemata is a word that means a chromatid in the early stage of condensation. Metaphase chromatin and division [ edit ] See also: mitosis and meiosis Human chromosomes during metaphase In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin double helix become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material ( transcription stops) and become a compact transportable form. This compact form makes the individual chromosomes visible, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere . The shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit , small) and the longer arms are called q arms ( q follows p in the Latin alphabet; q-g ""grande""; alternatively it is sometimes said q is short for queue meaning tail in French ). This is the only natural context in which individual chromosomes are visible with an optical microscope . Mitotic metaphase chromosomes are best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops. During mitosis, microtubules grow from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell and also attach to the centromere at specialized structures called kinetochores , one of which is present on each sister chromatid . A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can again be transcribed. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus. Human chromosomes [ edit ] Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types: autosomes (body chromosome(s)) and allosome ( sex chromosome (s)). Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. All act in the same way during cell division. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), giving a total of 46 per cell. In addition to these, human cells have many hundreds of copies of the mitochondrial genome . Sequencing of the human genome has provided a great deal of information about each of the chromosomes. Below is a table compiling statistics for the chromosomes, based on the Sanger Institute 's human genome information in the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database . Number of genes is an estimate, as it is in part based on gene predictions . Total chromosome length is an estimate as well, based on the estimated size of unsequenced heterochromatin regions. Estimated number of genes and base pairs (in mega base pairs) on each human chromosome Chromosome Genes Total base pairs % of bases Sequenced base pairs 1 2000 247,199,719 8.0 224,999,719 2 1300 242,751,149 7.9 237,712,649 3 1000 199,446,827 6.5 194,704,827 4 1000 191,263,063 6.2 187,297,063 5 900 180,837,866 5.9 177,702,766 6 1000 170,896,993 5.5 167,273,993 7 900 158,821,424 5.2 154,952,424 8 700 146,274,826 4.7 142,612,826 9 800 140,442,298 4.6 120,312,298 10 700 135,374,737 4.4 131,624,737 11 1300 134,452,384 4.4 131,130,853 12 1100 132,289,534 4.3 130,303,534 13 300 114,127,980 3.7 95,559,980 14 800 106,360,585 3.5 88,290,585 15 600 100,338,915 3.3 81,341,915 16 800 88,822,254 2.9 78,884,754 17 1200 78,654,742 2.6 77,800,220 18 200 76,117,153 2.5 74,656,155 19 1500 63,806,651 2.1 55,785,651 20 500 62,435,965 2.0 59,505,254 21 200 46,944,323 1.5 34,171,998 22 500 49,528,953 1.6 34,893,953 X (sex chromosome) 800 154,913,754 5.0 151,058,754 Y (sex chromosome) 50 57,741,652 1.9 25,121,652 Total 21,000 3,079,843,747 100.0 2,857,698,560 Number in various organisms [ edit ] Main article: List of organisms by chromosome count In eukaryotes [ edit ] These tables give the total number of chromosomes (including sex chromosomes) in a cell nucleus. For example, human cells are diploid and have 22 different types of autosome , each present as two copies, and two sex chromosomes . This gives 46 chromosomes in total. Other organisms have more than two copies of their chromosome types, such as bread wheat , which is hexaploid and has six copies of seven different chromosome types – 42 chromosomes in total. Chromosome numbers in some plants Plant Species # Arabidopsis thaliana (diploid) 10 Rye (diploid) 14 Einkorn wheat (diploid) 14 Maize (diploid or palaeotetraploid) 20 Durum wheat (tetraploid) 28 Bread wheat (hexaploid) 42 Adder's tongue fern (diploid) approx. 1,200 Chromosome numbers (2n) in some animals Species # Common fruit fly 8 Pill millipede ( Arthrosphaera fumosa ) 30 Earthworm ( Octodrilus complanatus ) 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic pig 38 Laboratory mouse 40 Laboratory rat 42 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 44 Syrian hamster 44 Guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) 46 Human 46 Hares 48 Gorillas , chimpanzees 48 Domestic sheep 54 Garden snail 54 Silkworm 56 Elephants 56 Cow 60 Donkey 62 Guinea pig 64 Horse 64 Dog 78 Hedgehog 90 Goldfish 100-104 Kingfisher 132 Chromosome numbers in other organisms Species Large Chromosomes Intermediate Chromosomes Microchromosomes Trypanosoma brucei 11 6 ~100 Domestic pigeon ( Columba livia domestics ) 18 - 59-63 Chicken 8 2 sex chromosomes 60 Normal members of a particular eukaryotic species all have the same number of nuclear chromosomes (see the table). Other eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more variable in number, and there may be thousands of copies per cell. The 23 human chromosome territories during prometaphase in fibroblast cells. Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid. Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes , reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves ( crossover ), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge ( fertilization ), a new diploid organism is formed. Some animal and plant species are polyploid [Xn]: They have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes . Plants important in agriculture such as tobacco or wheat are often polyploid, compared to their ancestral species. Wheat has a haploid number of seven chromosomes, still seen in some cultivars as well as the wild progenitors. The more-common pasta and bread wheat types are polyploid, having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat. In prokaryotes [ edit ] Prokaryote species generally have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies. For example, Buchnera , a symbiont of aphids has multiple copies of its chromosome, ranging from 10–400 copies per cell. However, in some large bacteria, such as Epulopiscium fishelsoni up to 100,000 copies of the chromosome can be present. Plasmids and plasmid-like small chromosomes are, as in eukaryotes, highly variable in copy number. The number of plasmids in the cell is almost entirely determined by the rate of division of the plasmid – fast division causes high copy number. Karyotype [ edit ] Main article: Karyotype Karyogram of a human male In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species . The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics . Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes , the same cannot be said for their karyotypes , which are often highly variable. There may be variation between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization. In some cases, there is significant variation within species. Often there is: 1. variation between the two sexes 2. variation between the germ-line and soma (between gametes and the rest of the body) 3. variation between members of a population, due to balanced genetic polymorphism 4. geographical variation between races 5. mosaics or otherwise abnormal individuals. Also, variation in karyotype may occur during development from the fertilized egg. The technique of determining the karyotype is usually called karyotyping . Cells can be locked part-way through division (in metaphase) in vitro (in a reaction vial) with colchicine . These cells are then stained, photographed, and arranged into a karyogram , with the set of chromosomes arranged, autosomes in order of length, and sex chromosomes (here X/Y) at the end. Like many sexually reproducing species, humans have special gonosomes (sex chromosomes, in contrast to autosomes ). These are XX in females and XY in males. Historical note [ edit ] Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: How many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia , concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism . Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of man is 46 or 48, at first favouring 46. He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. New techniques were needed to definitively solve the problem: Using cells in culture Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine Pretreating cells in a hypotonic solution 0.075 M KCl, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes Squashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram. It took until 1954 before the human diploid number was confirmed as 46. Considering the techniques of Winiwarter and Painter, their results were quite remarkable. Chimpanzees , the closest living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes : in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2 . (See Also: Argument from authority#Inaccurate chromosome number ) Aberrations [ edit ] In Down syndrome, there are three copies of chromosome 21 Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome , although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations , or chromosomal inversions , although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy , may be lethal or may give rise to genetic disorders. Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement. The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders . Human examples include: Cri du chat , which is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. ""Cri du chat"" means ""cry of the cat"" in French; the condition was so-named because affected babies make high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, moderate to severe mental health problems, and are very short. Down syndrome , the most common trisomy, usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 ( trisomy 21 ). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate developmental disability. Edwards syndrome , or trisomy-18, the second most common trisomy. Symptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health problems. Ninety percent of those affected die in infancy. They have characteristic clenched hands and overlapping fingers. Isodicentric 15 , also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15). Jacobsen syndrome , which is very rare. It is also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder. Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with poor expressive language skills. Most have a bleeding disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome . Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile and tend to be taller and have longer arms and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay and dyslexia . Without testosterone treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty. Patau Syndrome , also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat similar to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand. Small supernumerary marker chromosome . This means there is an extra, abnormal chromosome. Features depend on the origin of the extra genetic material. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome, as is Pallister–Killian syndrome . Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and thin and have a higher incidence of dyslexia. Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a ""caved-in"" appearance to the chest. Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome , which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by growth retardation, delayed motor skills development, ""Greek Helmet"" facial features, and mild to profound mental health problems. XYY syndrome . XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings. Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more likely to have learning difficulties. Sperm aneuploidy [ edit ] Exposure of males to certain lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploid spermatozoa. In particular, risk of aneuploidy is increased by tobacco smoking, and occupational exposure to benzene, insecticides, and perfluorinated compounds. Increased aneuploidy is often associated with increased DNA damage in spermatozoa. See also [ edit ] Aneuploidy Chromosome segregation DNA Genetic deletion For information about chromosomes in genetic algorithms , see chromosome (genetic algorithm) Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Lampbrush chromosome List of number of chromosomes of various organisms Locus (explains gene location nomenclature) Maternal influence on sex determination Non-disjunction Sex-determination system XY sex-determination system X-chromosome X-inactivation Y-chromosome Y-chromosomal Aaron Y-chromosomal Adam Polytene chromosome Neochromosome Parasitic chromosome Notes and references [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromosomes . An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes from HOPES : Huntington's Outreach Project for Education at Stanford Chromosome Abnormalities at AtlasGeneticsOncology On-line exhibition on chromosomes and genome (SIB) What Can Our Chromosomes Tell Us? , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Try making a karyotype yourself , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Kimballs Chromosome pages Chromosome News from Genome News Network Eurochromnet , European network for Rare Chromosome Disorders on the Internet Ensembl.org , Ensembl project, presenting chromosomes, their genes and syntenic loci graphically via the web Genographic Project Home reference on Chromosomes from the U.S. National Library of Medicine Visualisation of human chromosomes and comparison to other species Unique - The Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group Support for people with rare chromosome disorders" 4093152238838295194,train,where are chromosomes found in multi cellular organisms,"Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell 's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes.",[],ibo la ti lè rí àwọn chromosomes tó wà nínú àwọn ohun alààyè tó ní ọ̀pọ̀ sẹ́ẹ̀lì?,Yes,"['Àwọn àhámọ́ eukarioti (àwọn àhámọ́ tí wọ́n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù onígbọọrọ títóbi nígbàtí àwọn àhámọ́ prokarioti (àwọn àhámọ́ tí kò ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù olóòbírípo kékeré, bótilẹ̀jípé àwọn ìsàtì sí òfin yìí wà.']",['Àwọn àhámọ́ eukarioti (àwọn àhámọ́ tí wọ́n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù '],['P2'],1,0,"Krómósómù Krómósómù j?? àdìmú alátòj? DNA àti proteínì tó wà nínú àw?n àhám??. Ó j?? DNA líl??po kan soso tó ní ??p?? àw?n àbím??, àw?n apil??s?? onílànà àti àw?n ìtèl??nt??l?? núkléótídì míràn. Àw?n krómósómù tún ní àw?n proteínì al??m?? DNA, tí w??n j?? bíi pálí fún DNA àti láti kóìjánu àw?n ìmú?e r??. Àw?n krómósómù yàt?? gidigidi sí ra w?n láàrin orísi àw?n ohun ?l????mí. Hóró DNA le j?? olóbìírípo tàbí onígb??r?, b?? sì ni inú r?? le ní núkléótídì tó p?? tó 100,000 dé 10,000,000,000[1] lórí èw??n gígún kan. Àw?n àhám?? eukarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí w??n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù onígb??r? títóbi nígbàtí àw?n àhám?? prokarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí kò ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù olóòbírípo kékeré, bótil??jípé àw?n ìsàtì sí òfin yìí wà. Bákannáà, àw?n àhám?? tún le ní ju irú kan krómósómù l?; fún àp?re, mitok??ndríà nínú ??p?? àw?n eukarioti àti adáláw?? nínú àw?n ??gbìn ní àw?n krómósómù kékeré ti w?n. Nínú àw?n eukarioti, àw?n krómósómù nínú kóróonú j?? dídìp?? lát?w?? àw?n proteínì sí àdìmú kíkip?? kan tó únj?? kromatínì. Èyí j?? kí àw?n hóró DNA gígùn ó le w? inú kóróonú àhám??. Àdìmú àw?n krómósómù àti kromatínì yàt?? p??lú ìpínyà àhám??. Àw?n krómósómù ?e pàtàkì fún ìpínyà àhám??, w??n sì gb?d?? j?? títúndá, pínpín, àti j?? kíkó sínú àw?n àhám?? ?m? w?n láìsí sòró láti baà ridájú pé orísirísi àbím?? àti ìwàláàyè wà fún àw?n ?m??m? w?n. Àw?n krómósómù le wà bóyá bí i á???po tàbí aláì???po. Àw?n krómósómù aláì???po j?? atínrín onígb??r? kansoso, nígbàtí àw?n krómósómù a???po ní àwòk? méjì tí w??n j? ara w?n (w??n únj?? krómátídì) j?? sísop?? p??lú sentróm??rì.","Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase . (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch. (3) Short (p) arm. (4) Long (q) arm. A chromosome (from ancient Greek : χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means color, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material ( genome ) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins , bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division . Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once ( S phase ), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids . During metaphase the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome. In this highly condensed form chromosomes are easiest to distinguish and study. In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during segregation. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis , leading to the progression of cancer . Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. However, others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History of discovery 3 Prokaryotes 3.1 Structure in sequences 3.2 DNA packaging 4 Eukaryotes 4.1 Interphase chromatin 4.2 Metaphase chromatin and division 4.3 Human chromosomes 5 Number in various organisms 5.1 In eukaryotes 5.2 In prokaryotes 6 Karyotype 6.1 Historical note 7 Aberrations 7.1 Sperm aneuploidy 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 External links Etymology [ edit ] The word chromosome ( / ˈ k r oʊ m ə ˌ s oʊ m , - ˌ z oʊ m / ) comes from the Greek χρῶμα ( chroma , ""colour"") and σῶμα ( soma , ""body""), describing their strong staining by particular dyes . The term was coined by von Waldeyer-Hartz , referring to the term chromatin , which was introduced by Walther Flemming . Emilio Battaglia (1917-2011) points out that over time many of the most familiar caryological terms have become inadequate or illogical or, in some cases, etymologically incorrect so that they should be replaced by more adequate alternatives suggested by the present scientific progress. The author has been particularly disappointed by the illogicality of the present chromosomal (chromatin-chromosome) terminology based on, or inferred by, two terms, Chromatin (Flemming 1880) and Chromosom (Waldeyer 1888), both inappropriately ascribed to a basically non coloured state. History of discovery [ edit ] Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. Schleiden , Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes. In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-1880s, Theodor Boveri gave the definitive demonstration that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity . His two principles were the continuity of chromosomes and the individuality of chromosomes. [ citation needed ] [ further explanation needed ] It is the second of these principles that was so original. [ citation needed ] Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic load . Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. Boveri influenced two generations of American cytologists: Edmund Beecher Wilson , Nettie Stevens , Walter Sutton and Theophilus Painter were all influenced by Boveri (Wilson, Stevens, and Painter actually worked with him). In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). Ernst Mayr remarks that the theory was hotly contested by some famous geneticists: William Bateson , Wilhelm Johannsen , Richard Goldschmidt and T.H. Morgan , all of a rather dogmatic turn of mind. Eventually, complete proof came from chromosome maps in Morgan's own lab. The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter . By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. His error was copied by others and it was not until 1956 that the true number, 46, was determined by Indonesia-born cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio . Prokaryotes [ edit ] The prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome , but many variations exist. The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores , can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps , to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum . Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi , the cause of Lyme disease , containing a single linear chromosome. Structure in sequences [ edit ] Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication ) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons , and do not usually contain introns , unlike eukaryotes. DNA packaging [ edit ] Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid . The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea , the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA . These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer . In prokaryotes (see nucleoids ) and viruses , the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea , by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in the case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled . The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription , regulation, and replication . Eukaryotes [ edit ] Organization of DNA in a eukaryotic cell. See also: Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is made of nucleosomes ( histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin . Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria . Chromatin is present in most cells , with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells . Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus . During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The structure of chromosomes varies through the cell cycle . During cellular division chromosomes are replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny . Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids ) joined by a centromere . The major structures in DNA compaction: DNA , the nucleosome , the 10 nm ""beads-on-a-string"" fibre, the 30 nm fibre and the metaphase chromosome. Eukaryotes ( cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere , with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome , and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins ), forming a composite material called chromatin . Interphase chromatin [ edit ] During interphase (the period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing), two types of chromatin can be distinguished: Euchromatin , which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein. Heterochromatin , which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. Heterochromatin can be further distinguished into two types: Constitutive heterochromatin , which is never expressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences . Facultative heterochromatin , which is sometimes expressed. Structure of Eukaryotic chromosome Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids (chromosomal arms) which are joined to each other at a small constricted region called the centromere.( Primary constriction ). These sister chromatids are conjoined twins the result of DNA replication. The centromere helps the chromatids attach to the spindle fibres during cell division, it is also concerned with the anaphase movement of the chromosomes, by which the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to the two opposite poles by their contraction during anaphase. Besides the primary constriction, in certain chromosomes there is a secondary constriction as well. Because a small portion is pinched off from the chromosomal body; this portion is called a 'satellite' and the chromosome is called an SAT chromosome. The two chromatids are made up of very thin chromatin fibres which are made up of 40% DNA and 60% histone proteins Each chromatin fibre consists of one DNA helix coiled around eight histone molecules like a loop; such a complex is called nucleosome and resembles a bead on a string. These nucleosomes pack tighter, during condensation required to get to metaphase. The primary constriction cannot take up most stains, so during cell division this region is a gap in staining. Within the primary constriction there is a clear zone called Centromere. The centromere with the DNA and histone proteins bound to them form a disc shaped structure called kinetochore . the chromonemata is a word that means a chromatid in the early stage of condensation. Metaphase chromatin and division [ edit ] See also: mitosis and meiosis Human chromosomes during metaphase In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin double helix become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material ( transcription stops) and become a compact transportable form. This compact form makes the individual chromosomes visible, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere . The shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit , small) and the longer arms are called q arms ( q follows p in the Latin alphabet; q-g ""grande""; alternatively it is sometimes said q is short for queue meaning tail in French ). This is the only natural context in which individual chromosomes are visible with an optical microscope . Mitotic metaphase chromosomes are best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops. During mitosis, microtubules grow from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell and also attach to the centromere at specialized structures called kinetochores , one of which is present on each sister chromatid . A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can again be transcribed. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus. Human chromosomes [ edit ] Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types: autosomes (body chromosome(s)) and allosome ( sex chromosome (s)). Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. All act in the same way during cell division. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), giving a total of 46 per cell. In addition to these, human cells have many hundreds of copies of the mitochondrial genome . Sequencing of the human genome has provided a great deal of information about each of the chromosomes. Below is a table compiling statistics for the chromosomes, based on the Sanger Institute 's human genome information in the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database . Number of genes is an estimate, as it is in part based on gene predictions . Total chromosome length is an estimate as well, based on the estimated size of unsequenced heterochromatin regions. Estimated number of genes and base pairs (in mega base pairs) on each human chromosome Chromosome Genes Total base pairs % of bases Sequenced base pairs 1 2000 247,199,719 8.0 224,999,719 2 1300 242,751,149 7.9 237,712,649 3 1000 199,446,827 6.5 194,704,827 4 1000 191,263,063 6.2 187,297,063 5 900 180,837,866 5.9 177,702,766 6 1000 170,896,993 5.5 167,273,993 7 900 158,821,424 5.2 154,952,424 8 700 146,274,826 4.7 142,612,826 9 800 140,442,298 4.6 120,312,298 10 700 135,374,737 4.4 131,624,737 11 1300 134,452,384 4.4 131,130,853 12 1100 132,289,534 4.3 130,303,534 13 300 114,127,980 3.7 95,559,980 14 800 106,360,585 3.5 88,290,585 15 600 100,338,915 3.3 81,341,915 16 800 88,822,254 2.9 78,884,754 17 1200 78,654,742 2.6 77,800,220 18 200 76,117,153 2.5 74,656,155 19 1500 63,806,651 2.1 55,785,651 20 500 62,435,965 2.0 59,505,254 21 200 46,944,323 1.5 34,171,998 22 500 49,528,953 1.6 34,893,953 X (sex chromosome) 800 154,913,754 5.0 151,058,754 Y (sex chromosome) 50 57,741,652 1.9 25,121,652 Total 21,000 3,079,843,747 100.0 2,857,698,560 Number in various organisms [ edit ] Main article: List of organisms by chromosome count In eukaryotes [ edit ] These tables give the total number of chromosomes (including sex chromosomes) in a cell nucleus. For example, most eukaryotes are diploid , like humans who have 22 different types of autosomes , each present as two homologous pairs, and two sex chromosomes . This gives 46 chromosomes in total. Other organisms have more than two copies of their chromosome types, such as bread wheat , which is hexaploid and has six copies of seven different chromosome types – 42 chromosomes in total. Chromosome numbers in some plants Plant Species # Arabidopsis thaliana (diploid) 10 Rye (diploid) 14 Einkorn wheat (diploid) 14 Maize (diploid or palaeotetraploid) 20 Durum wheat (tetraploid) 28 Bread wheat (hexaploid) 42 Cultivated tobacco (tetraploid) 48 Adder's tongue fern (polyploid) approx. 1,200 Chromosome numbers (2n) in some animals Species # Indian muntjac 7 Common fruit fly 8 Pill millipede ( Arthrosphaera fumosa ) 30 Earthworm ( Octodrilus complanatus ) 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic pig 38 Laboratory mouse 40 Laboratory rat 42 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 44 Syrian hamster 44 Guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) 46 Human 46 Hares 48 Gorillas , chimpanzees 48 Domestic sheep 54 Garden snail 54 Silkworm 56 Elephants 56 Cow 60 Donkey 62 Guinea pig 64 Horse 64 Dog 78 Hedgehog 90 Goldfish 100-104 Kingfisher 132 Chromosome numbers in other organisms Species Large Chromosomes Intermediate Chromosomes Microchromosomes Trypanosoma brucei 11 6 ~100 Domestic pigeon ( Columba livia domestics ) 18 - 59-63 Chicken 8 2 sex chromosomes 60 Normal members of a particular eukaryotic species all have the same number of nuclear chromosomes (see the table). Other eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more variable in number, and there may be thousands of copies per cell. The 23 human chromosome territories during prometaphase in fibroblast cells. Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid. Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes , reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves ( crossover ), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge ( fertilization ), a new diploid organism is formed. Some animal and plant species are polyploid [Xn]: They have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes . Plants important in agriculture such as tobacco or wheat are often polyploid, compared to their ancestral species. Wheat has a haploid number of seven chromosomes, still seen in some cultivars as well as the wild progenitors. The more-common pasta and bread wheat types are polyploid, having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat. In prokaryotes [ edit ] Prokaryote species generally have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies. For example, Buchnera , a symbiont of aphids has multiple copies of its chromosome, ranging from 10–400 copies per cell. However, in some large bacteria, such as Epulopiscium fishelsoni up to 100,000 copies of the chromosome can be present. Plasmids and plasmid-like small chromosomes are, as in eukaryotes, highly variable in copy number. The number of plasmids in the cell is almost entirely determined by the rate of division of the plasmid – fast division causes high copy number. Karyotype [ edit ] Main article: Karyotype Karyogram of a human male In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species . The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics . Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes , the same cannot be said for their karyotypes , which are often highly variable. There may be variation between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization. In some cases, there is significant variation within species. Often there is: 1. variation between the two sexes 2. variation between the germ-line and soma (between gametes and the rest of the body) 3. variation between members of a population, due to balanced genetic polymorphism 4. geographical variation between races 5. mosaics or otherwise abnormal individuals. Also, variation in karyotype may occur during development from the fertilized egg. The technique of determining the karyotype is usually called karyotyping . Cells can be locked part-way through division (in metaphase) in vitro (in a reaction vial) with colchicine . These cells are then stained, photographed, and arranged into a karyogram , with the set of chromosomes arranged, autosomes in order of length, and sex chromosomes (here X/Y) at the end. Like many sexually reproducing species, humans have special gonosomes (sex chromosomes, in contrast to autosomes ). These are XX in females and XY in males. Historical note [ edit ] Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: How many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia , concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism . Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of man is 46 or 48, at first favouring 46. He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. New techniques were needed to definitively solve the problem: Using cells in culture Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine Pretreating cells in a hypotonic solution 0.075 M KCl, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes Squashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram. It took until 1954 before the human diploid number was confirmed as 46. Considering the techniques of Winiwarter and Painter, their results were quite remarkable. Chimpanzees , the closest living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes : in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2 . (See Also: Argument from authority#Inaccurate chromosome number ) Aberrations [ edit ] In Down syndrome, there are three copies of chromosome 21 Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome , although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations , or chromosomal inversions , although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy , may be lethal or may give rise to genetic disorders. Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement. The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders . Human examples include: Cri du chat , which is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. ""Cri du chat"" means ""cry of the cat"" in French; the condition was so-named because affected babies make high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, moderate to severe mental health problems, and are very short. Down syndrome , the most common trisomy, usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 ( trisomy 21 ). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate developmental disability. Edwards syndrome , or trisomy-18, the second most common trisomy. Symptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health problems. Ninety percent of those affected die in infancy. They have characteristic clenched hands and overlapping fingers. Isodicentric 15 , also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15). Jacobsen syndrome , which is very rare. It is also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder. Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with poor expressive language skills. Most have a bleeding disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome . Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile and tend to be taller and have longer arms and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay and dyslexia . Without testosterone treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty. Patau Syndrome , also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat similar to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand. Small supernumerary marker chromosome . This means there is an extra, abnormal chromosome. Features depend on the origin of the extra genetic material. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome, as is Pallister–Killian syndrome . Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and thin and have a higher incidence of dyslexia. Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a ""caved-in"" appearance to the chest. Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome , which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by growth retardation, delayed motor skills development, ""Greek Helmet"" facial features, and mild to profound mental health problems. XYY syndrome . XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings. Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more likely to have learning difficulties. Sperm aneuploidy [ edit ] Exposure of males to certain lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploid spermatozoa. In particular, risk of aneuploidy is increased by tobacco smoking, and occupational exposure to benzene, insecticides, and perfluorinated compounds. Increased aneuploidy is often associated with increased DNA damage in spermatozoa. See also [ edit ] Aneuploidy Chromosome segregation DNA Genetic deletion For information about chromosomes in genetic algorithms , see chromosome (genetic algorithm) Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Lampbrush chromosome List of number of chromosomes of various organisms Locus (explains gene location nomenclature) Maternal influence on sex determination Non-disjunction Sex-determination system XY sex-determination system X-chromosome X-inactivation Y-chromosome Y-chromosomal Aaron Y-chromosomal Adam Polytene chromosome Neochromosome Parasitic chromosome Notes and references [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromosomes . An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes from HOPES : Huntington's Outreach Project for Education at Stanford Chromosome Abnormalities at AtlasGeneticsOncology On-line exhibition on chromosomes and genome (SIB) What Can Our Chromosomes Tell Us? , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Try making a karyotype yourself , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Kimballs Chromosome pages Chromosome News from Genome News Network Eurochromnet , European network for Rare Chromosome Disorders on the Internet Ensembl.org , Ensembl project, presenting chromosomes, their genes and syntenic loci graphically via the web Genographic Project Home reference on Chromosomes from the U.S. National Library of Medicine Visualisation of human chromosomes and comparison to other species Unique - The Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group Support for people with rare chromosome disorders" -4724380200227201076,train,ok google where in the world is croatia,"Croatia (/ kroʊˈeɪʃə / (listen), kroh - AY - shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska (xř̩ʋaːtskaː)), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian : Republika Hrvatska, listen (help info)) is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea. Its capital Zagreb forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions, along with twenty counties. Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and a population of 4.28 million, most of whom are Roman Catholics.","['venkatraman ""venki"" ramakrishnan']",google íbo ni croatia wà láyé,Yes,['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.'],['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Kroatíà Kroatíà tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Yuropu.", -5776250424213089078,train,where is croatia located on the world map,"Croatia is located in Central and Southeast Europe, bordering Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Montenegro to the southeast, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest and Slovenia to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 42 ° and 47 ° N and longitudes 13 ° and 20 ° E. Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding Dubrovnik is a practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters, but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum.",['international labour organization'],ibo ni croatia wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.'],['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Kroatíà Kroatíà tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Yuropu.", -7022584253630598110,train,where is luxembourg located in europe on a map,Coordinates : 49 ° 45 ′ N 6 ° 10 ′ E  /  49.750 ° N 6.167 ° E  / 49.750 ; 6.167,"['osteoblasts', 'hard tissue']",níbo ni luxembourg wà ní yúróòpù lórí àwòrán-àwòrán ilẹ̀,Yes,"['Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (pípè /ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ ( listen) LUKS-əm-berg), lonibise bi Dutsi Agba ile Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (Àdàkọ:Lang-lb, Faransé: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, ), je orile-ede ayikanule ni apaiworun Europe, o ni bode mo Belgium, France, ati Germany.']","['Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (pípè /ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ ( listen) LUKS-əm-berg), lonibise bi Dutsi Agba ile Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (Àdàkọ:Lang-lb, Faransé: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, ), je orile-ede ayikanule ni apaiworun Europe, o ni bode mo Belgium, France, ati Germany.']",['P1'],0,0,"Lúks??mb??rg Lúks??mb??rg (pípè /?l?ks?mb?r?/), lonibise bi Dutsi Agba ile Lúks??mb??rg (Àdàk?:Lang-lb, Faransé: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, ), je orile-ede ayikanule ni apaiworun Yuropu, o ni bode mo Belgium, Faransé, àti Jámánì. Lúks??mb??rg ni olugbe to ju ilaji egbegberun eniyan lo ninu aala to to 2,586 Kilomita ilopomeji (999 sq mi).[1] ","This article is about the country. For the city, see Luxembourg City . For other uses, see Luxembourg (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 49°45′N 6°10′E  /  49.750°N 6.167°E  / 49.750; 6.167 Luxembourg ( / ˈ l ʌ k s əm b ɜːr ɡ / ( listen ) ) ( Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ˈlətsəbuəɕ] ( listen ) ; German : Luxemburg ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City , is, together with Brussels and Strasbourg , one of the three official capitals of the European Union [ citation needed ] and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest juridical authority in the EU. Its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. This is emphasised by the three official languages, Luxembourgish , French , and German . The repeated invasions by its neighbour countries, especially in World War II , resulted in the country's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and, among other things, led to the foundation of the European Union. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe , about the same size as the US state of Rhode Island or the English county of Northamptonshire . In 2016, Luxembourg had a population of 576 249, which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by a Grand Duke , Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg , and is the world's only remaining grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest GDP (PPP) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city. The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963, when count Siegfried I acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , ′little castle′, and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier . Siegfried's descendants increased their territory through marriage, war and vassal relations. At the end of the 13th century, the Counts of Luxembourg reigned over a considerable territory. In 1308, Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg became King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor . The House of Luxembourg produced four Holy Roman Emperors at the high time of the Middle Ages . In 1354, Charles IV elevated the County to the Duchy of Luxembourg . Since Sigismund had no male heir, the Duchy became part of the Burgundian Circle and then one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands . Over the centuries, the City and Fortress of Luxembourg , of great strategic importance situated between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg territories, was gradually built up to be one of the most reputed fortifications in Europe. After belonging to both the France of Louis XIV and the Austria of Maria Theresia , Luxembourg became part of the First French Republic and Empire under Napoleon . The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Grand-Duchy, with its powerful fortress, became an independent state under the personal possession of William I of the Netherlands with a Prussian garrison to guard the city against another invasion from France. In 1839, following the turmoil of the Belgian Revolution , the purely French-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to Belgium and the Luxembourgish-speaking part became what is the present state of Luxembourg. The steel industry exploiting the Red Lands' rich iron-ore grounds in the beginning of the 20th century drove the country's industrialisation. ArcelorMittal , the world's largest steel producer with headquarters in Luxembourg City, is still a reminder of these times. After the decline of the steel industry in the 1970s, the country focused on establishing itself as a global financial centre and developed into the banking hub it is reputed for. Since the beginning of the 21st century, its governments have focused on developing the country into a knowledge economy , with the founding of the University of Luxembourg and a national space programme , projecting the first involvement in a non-manned lunar expedition by 2020. Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, OECD , United Nations , NATO , and Benelux , reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic , political, and military integration. The city of Luxembourg , which is the country's capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions and agencies of the EU. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, which was a first in the country's history. In 2016 Luxembourgish citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the Luxembourgian passport equal 15th in the world, tied with countries such as Canada and Switzerland. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 County 1.2 Duchy 1.3 Nineteenth century 1.4 Twentieth century 2 Politics 2.1 Administrative divisions 2.2 Foreign relations 2.3 Military 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Economy 4.1 Transport 4.2 Communications 4.3 Data centres 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnicity 5.2 Language 5.3 Religion 5.4 Education 5.5 Health 6 Culture 6.1 Sports 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Media 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History [ edit ] Main article: History of Luxembourg Charles IV , the 14th century Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg . Historic map (undated) of Luxembourg city's fortifications Photograph of the fortress of Luxembourg prior to demolition in 1867 County [ edit ] Main article: County of Luxemburg The recorded history of Luxembourg begins with the acquisition of Lucilinburhuc (today Luxembourg Castle ) situated on the Bock rock by Siegfried, Count of Ardennes , in 963 through an exchange act with St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier . Around this fort , a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a state of great strategic value. Duchy [ edit ] Main article: Duchy of Luxemburg In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors . In 1437, the House of Luxembourg suffered a succession crisis, precipitated by the lack of a male heir to assume the throne, which led to the territories being sold by Duchess Elisabeth to Philip the Good of Burgundy . In the following centuries, Luxembourg's fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the Bourbons , Habsburgs , Hohenzollerns and the French. Nineteenth century [ edit ] See also: History of rail transport in Luxembourg After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands . The Congress of Vienna formed Luxembourg as a Grand Duchy within the German Confederation in personal union with the Netherlands, being at the same time a part of the Netherlands and ruled as one of its provinces, with the Fortress of Luxembourg manned by Prussian troops. This arrangement was revised by the 1839 First Treaty of London , from which date Luxembourg's full independence is reckoned. Luxembourg City: The Passerelle, also known as the viaduct or old bridge, over the Pétrusse river valley, opened 1861 At the time of the Belgian Revolution of 1830–1839, and by the 1839 Treaty establishing full independence, Luxembourg's territory was reduced by more than half, as the predominantly francophone western part of the country was transferred to Belgium . In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union ( Zollverein ). This resulted in the opening of the German market, the development of Luxembourg's steel industry , and expansion of Luxembourg's railway network from 1855 to 1875, particularly the construction of the Luxembourg- Thionville railway line, with connections from there to the European industrial regions. While Prussian troops still manned the fortress, in 1861, the Passerelle was opened, the first road bridge spanning the Pétrusse river valley, connecting the Ville Haute and the main fortification on the Bock with Luxembourg railway station , opened in 1859, on the then fortified Bourbon plateau to the south. After the Luxembourg Crisis of 1866 nearly led to war between Prussia and France, the Grand Duchy's independence and neutrality were again affirmed by the 1867 Second Treaty of London , Prussia's troops were withdrawn from the Fortress of Luxembourg and its Bock and surrounding fortifications were dismantled. The King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg , maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III , the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter Wilhelmina , while Luxembourg (then restricted to male heirs by the Nassau Family Pact ) passed to Adolph of Nassau-Weilburg . At the time of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, despite allegations about French use of the Luxembourg railways for passing soldiers from Metz (then part of France) through the Duchy, and for forwarding provisions to Thionville, Luxembourg's neutrality was respected by Germany , and neither France nor Germany invaded the country. But in 1871, as a result of Germany's victory over France, Luxembourg's boundary with Lorraine , containing Metz and Thionville, changed from being a frontier with a part of France to a frontier with territory annexed to the German Empire as Alsace-Lorraine under the Treaty of Frankfurt . This allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there . View to Place de la Constitution and Gëlle Fra monument, from the capital's Metz square at the Adolphe Bridge end of Avenue de la Liberté , connecting with the railway station Twentieth century [ edit ] Frontier with German Empire's Alsace-Lorraine, from 1871 to 1918 In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourg's neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France. This allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation , Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence and political mechanisms. Current cross-border railway network, connecting Luxembourg City with Luxembourg's neighbouring countries, north (Belgium) – south (France) and east (Germany) – west (France) In 1940, after the outbreak of World War II , Luxembourg's neutrality was again violated when the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany entered the country, ""entirely without justification"". In contrast to the First World War, under the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II , the country was treated as German territory and informally annexed to the adjacent province of the Third Reich . A government in exile based in London supported the Allies , sending a small group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion . Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourg's neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, and in 1949 it became a founding member of NATO . In 1951, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Coal and Steel Community , which in 1957 would become the European Economic Community and in 1993 the European Union , and in 1999 Luxembourg joined the Euro currency area. In 2005, a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held. Politics [ edit ] Main articles: Politics of Luxembourg and Law of Luxembourg Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy headed by a constitutional monarch . Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is exercised by the Grand Duke and the cabinet , which consists of several other ministers. The Grand Duke has the power to dissolve the legislature , in which case new elections must be held within three months. However, since 1919, sovereignty has resided with the Nation , exercised by the Grand Duke in accordance with the Constitution and the law. Legislative power is vested in the Chamber of Deputies , a unicameral legislature of sixty members, who are directly elected to five-year terms from four constituencies . A second body, the Council of State ( Conseil d'État ), composed of twenty-one ordinary citizens appointed by the Grand Duke, advises the Chamber of Deputies in the drafting of legislation. The Grand Duchy has three lower tribunals ( justices de paix ; in Esch-sur-Alzette , the city of Luxembourg , and Diekirch ), two district tribunals (Luxembourg and Diekirch) and a Superior Court of Justice (Luxembourg), which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. There is also an Administrative Tribunal and an Administrative Court, as well as a Constitutional Court, all of which are located in the capital. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main articles: Cantons of Luxembourg and Communes of Luxembourg Further information: Administrative divisions of Luxembourg Luxembourg is divided into 12 cantons , which are further divided into 105 communes . Twelve of the communes have city status , of which the city of Luxembourg is the largest. The three Partitions of Luxembourg have greatly reduced Luxembourg's territory. Cantons of Luxembourg Foreign relations [ edit ] Main article: Foreign relations of Luxembourg Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and economic integration . In efforts foreshadowing European integration, Luxembourg and Belgium in 1921 formed the Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create a regime of inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs . Luxembourg is a member of the Benelux Economic Union and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community (now the European Union). It also participates in the Schengen Group (named after the Luxembourg village of Schengen where the agreements were signed), whose goal is the free movement of citizens among member states. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro- NATO , pro-US foreign policy. [ citation needed ] Luxembourg is the site of the European Court of Justice , the European Court of Auditors , the Statistical Office of the European Communities ("" Eurostat "") and other vital EU organs. The Secretariat of the European Parliament is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in Brussels and sometimes in Strasbourg . Military [ edit ] Main article: Luxembourg Army The Army is situated on the ""Härebierg"" which is luxemburgish and translates to ""men's mountain"" A NATO -owned AWACS aircraft. Luxembourg maintains a very small army of about 800 soldiers and 100 civil servants to its defense and to NATO. Being a landlocked country, it has no navy. Luxembourg also lacks an air force, though the 17 NATO AWACS aeroplanes are, for convenience, registered as aircraft of Luxembourg. In accordance with a joint agreement with Belgium, both countries have put forth funding for one A400M military cargo plane. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of Luxembourg The largest towns are Luxembourg , Esch-sur-Alzette , Dudelange , and Differdange . Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in Europe, and ranked 179th in size of all the 194 independent countries of the world ; the country is about 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi) in size, and measures 82 km (51 mi) long and 57 km (35 mi) wide. It lies between latitudes 49° and 51° N , and longitudes 5° and 7° E . To the east, Luxembourg borders the German Bundesländer of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland , and, to the south, it borders the French région of Lorraine . The Grand Duchy borders the Belgian Walloon Region , in particular the latter's provinces of Luxembourg and Liège , part of which comprises the German-speaking Community of Belgium , to the west and to the north, respectively. The northern third of the country is known as the ' Oesling ', and forms part of the Ardennes . It is dominated by hills and low mountains, including the Kneiff near Wilwerdange, which is the highest point, at 560 metres (1,837 ft). Other mountains are the ' Buurgplaaz ' at 559 metres near Huldange and the ' Napoléonsgaard ' at 554 metres near Rambrouch . The region is sparsely populated, with only one town ( Wiltz ) with a population of more than four thousand people. Countryside of Alscheid . The southern two-thirds of the country is called the "" Gutland "", and is more densely populated than the Oesling. It is also more diverse, and can be divided into five geographic sub-regions. The Luxembourg plateau , in south-central Luxembourg, is a large, flat, sandstone formation, and the site of the city of Luxembourg. Little Switzerland , in the east of Luxembourg, has craggy terrain and thick forests. The Moselle valley is the lowest-lying region, running along the southeastern border. The Red Lands , in the far south and southwest, are Luxembourg's industrial heartland and home to many of Luxembourg's largest towns. The border between Luxembourg and Germany is formed by three rivers : the Moselle, the Sauer , and the Our . Other major rivers are the Alzette , the Attert , the Clerve , and the Wiltz . The valleys of the mid-Sauer and Attert form the border between the Gutland and the Oesling. According to the 2012 Environmental Performance Index, Luxembourg is one of the world's best performers in environmental protection, ranking 4th out of 132 assessed countries Luxembourg also ranks 6th among the top ten most livable cities in the world by Mercer's. Climate [ edit ] Luxembourg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb), marked by high precipitation, particularly in late summer. The summers are warm and winters cool. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of Luxembourg Graphical depiction of Luxembourg's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories. Luxembourg's stable and high-income market economy features moderate growth , low inflation , and a high level of innovation. Unemployment is traditionally low, although it had risen to 6.1% by May 2012, due largely to the effect of the 2008 global financial crisis . Consequently, Luxembourg's economy was forecast to have negligible growth in 2012. In 2011, according to the IMF , Luxembourg was the second richest country in the world, with a per capita GDP on a purchasing-power parity (PPP) basis of $80,119. Luxembourg is ranked 13th in The Heritage Foundation 's Index of Economic Freedom , 26th in the United Nations Human Development Index , and 4th in the Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life index . External debt of Luxembourg is extremely high when external debt per capita or debt-to-GDP ratio is taken into consideration. External debt per capita (2014) is $3,696,467 and as a percentage of GDP it is 3443%, the world's highest by both measurements. [ better source needed ] The industrial sector, which was dominated by steel until the 1960s, has since diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. During the past decades, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel production . Services, especially banking and finance , account for the majority of economic output. Luxembourg is the world's second largest investment fund centre (after the United States), the most important private banking centre in the Eurozone and Europe's leading centre for reinsurance companies. Moreover, the Luxembourg government has aimed to attract internet start-ups, with Skype and Amazon being two of the many internet companies that have shifted their regional headquarters to Luxembourg. In April 2009, concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws, as well as its reputation as a tax haven , led to its being added to a ""grey list"" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the G20 . In response, the country soon after adopted OECD standards on exchange of information and was subsequently added into the category of ""jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard"". In March 2010, the Sunday Telegraph reported that most of Kim Jong-Il's $4 billion in secret accounts is in Luxembourg banks. Amazon.co.uk also benefits from Luxembourg tax loopholes by channeling substantial UK revenues as reported by The Guardian in April 2012. Luxembourg ranked third on the Tax Justice Network 's 2011 Financial Secrecy Index of the world's major tax havens, scoring only slightly behind the Cayman Islands . In 2013, Luxembourg is ranked as the 2nd safest tax haven in the world, behind Switzerland . Agriculture is based on small, family-owned farms. Luxembourg has especially close trade and financial ties to Belgium and the Netherlands (see Benelux ), and as a member of the EU it enjoys the advantages of the open European market . With $171 billion in May 2015, the country ranks eleventh in the world in holdings of U.S. Treasury securities . The ranking is however imperfect as some foreign owners entrust the safekeeping of their securities to institutions that are neither in the United States nor in the owner's country of residence. Transport [ edit ] Luxembourg's international airline Luxair is based at Luxembourg Airport , the country's only international airport. Main article: Transport in Luxembourg Luxembourg has efficient road, rail and air transport facilities and services. The road network has been significantly modernised in recent years with 147 km (91 mi) of motorways connecting the capital to adjacent countries. The advent of the high-speed TGV link to Paris has led to renovation of the city's railway station and a new passenger terminal at Luxembourg Airport was opened in 2008. There are plans to introduce trams in the capital and light-rail lines in adjacent areas within the next few years. The number of cars per 1000 persons amount to 680.1 in Luxembourg — higher than all but two states , namely the Principality of Monaco and the British overseas territory of Gibraltar . Communications [ edit ] The telecommunications industry in Luxembourg is liberalised and the electronic communications networks are significantly developed. Competition between the different operators is guaranteed by the legislative framework Paquet Telecom of the Government of 2011 which transposes the European Telecom Directives into Luxembourgian law. This encourages the investment in networks and services. The regulator ILR – Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation ensures the compliance to these legal rules. Luxembourg has modern and widely deployed optical fiber and cable networks throughout the country. In 2010, the Luxembourg Government launched its National strategy for very high-speed networks with the aim to become a global leader in terms of very high-speed broadband by achieving full 1 Gbit/s coverage of the country by 2020. In 2011, Luxembourg had an NGA coverage of 75%. In April 2013, Luxembourg featured the 6th highest download speed worldwide and the 2nd highest in Europe: 32,46 Mbit/s. The country's location in Central Europe, stable economy and low taxes favour the telecommunication industry. It ranks 2nd in the world in the development of the Information and Communication Technologies in the ITU ICT Development Index and 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study 2009 by the University of Oxford and the University of Oviedo . Signs in front of the Centre Drosbach on the Cloche d'or, in the city of Luxembourg . Luxembourg is connected to all major European Internet Exchanges (AMS-IX Amsterdam, DE-CIX Frankfurt, LINX London), datacenters and POPs through redundant optical networks. In addition, the country is connected to the virtual meetme room services (vmmr) of the international data hub operator Ancotel. This enables Luxembourg to interconnect with all major telecommunication operators and data carriers worldwide. The interconnection points are in Frankfurt, London, New York and Hong Kong. Several providers interconnect Luxembourg to the major European data hubs: Teralink ( P&TLuxembourg , also called EPT Luxembourg: incumbent operator) LuxConnect (shareholder : Government) LuxConnect tested the 100G coherent transmission of data signals between Luxembourg and Amsterdam in June 2011. Artelis/Cegecom (alternative telecommunications provider in Luxembourg and Saarland) Satellite connectivity – Teleports ( SES ), Broadcasting Center Europe and P&T Luxembourg Teleport. Luxembourg is connected through an optical DWDM network, called Teralink to several Tier 1 upstream providers like Level3 and Global Crossing. Teralink offers connectivities up to 100 Gbit/s. P&TLuxembourg established a coherent 100Gbit/s IP connection between Frankfurt and Luxembourg with live traffic in 2011. The Internet IPV6 protocol has been introduced to the country by Restena and P&T Luxembourg. Luxembourg has one Internet exchange point and one Carrier Ethernet Exchange point. LU-CIX is Luxembourg's neutral and commercial Internet Exchange Point which was founded in 2009 by Cegecom, Datacentre Luxembourg, Global Media Systems, INEXIO, LuxConnect, P&T Luxembourg and Root eSolutions. It offers a short, fast and efficient route to the major European Internet networks. In 2012, LIX, the neutral Internet exchange operated by the RESTENA Foundation, merged with LU-CIX. In March 2013, LU-CIX launched the 'Central European Peering Hub' in order to provide the opportunity to its members to connect to other IXs' reseller programs, AMS-IX (Amsterdam), LINX (London), DE-CIX (Frankfurt) and France-IX (Paris), etc. LIX is the Luxembourg Ethernet Exchange located in the Tier IV certified eBRC datacentre. The online portal De Guichet of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a single one-stop online shop for citizens and companies to undertake various administrative operations (procedures, online forms, downloadable forms and advice) by Internet. PSA Peugeot Citroën , with P&TLuxembourg as its partner, has introduced an integrated mobile telecommunication solution for the development of its telematic services in Europe. Data centres [ edit ] Some 20 data centres are operating in Luxembourg. Six data centers are Tier IV Design certified: three of ebrc, two of LuxConnect and one of European Data Hub. In a survey on nine international data centers carried out in December 2012 and January 2013 and measuring availability (up-time) and performance (delay by which the data from the requested website was received), the top three positions were held by Luxembourg data centers. Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of Luxembourg Ethnicity [ edit ] The people of Luxembourg are called Luxembourgers . The immigrant population increased in the 20th century due to the arrival of immigrants from Belgium , France , Italy , Germany , and Portugal , with the majority coming from the latter: in 2013 there were about 88,000 inhabitants with Portuguese nationality. In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44.5% of which were of foreign background or foreign nationals; the largest foreign ethnic groups were the Portuguese, comprising 16.4% of the total population, followed by the French (6.6%), Italians (3.4%), Belgians (3.3%) and Germans (2.3%). Another 6.4% were of other EU background, while the remaining 6.1% were of other non-EU background. Since the beginning of the Yugoslav wars , Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , and Serbia . Annually, over 10,000 new immigrants arrive in Luxembourg, mostly from the EU states, as well as Eastern Europe . In 2000 there were 162,000 immigrants in Luxembourg, accounting for 37% of the total population. There were an estimated 5,000 illegal immigrants in Luxembourg in 1999. Language [ edit ] Coin of the former Luxembourg franc in two of the country's three languages: French (obverse, left) and Luxembourgish (reverse, right). Main articles: Languages of Luxembourg , Multilingualism in Luxembourg , and Literature of Luxembourg Three languages are recognised as official in Luxembourg: French, German, and Luxembourgish , a Franconian language of the Moselle region that is also spoken in neighbouring parts of Belgium, France and Germany. Though Luxembourgish is part of the West Central German group of High German languages , more than 5,000 words in the language are of French origin. The first printed sentences in Luxembourgish appeared in a weekly journal, the 'Luxemburger Wochenblatt', in the second edition on 14 April 1821. Apart from being one of the three official languages, Luxembourgish is also considered the national language of the Grand Duchy; it is the mother tongue or ""language of the heart"" for nearly all Luxembourgers. Each of the three languages is used as the primary language in certain spheres. Luxembourgish is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak to each other, but it is not often used as the written language. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing number of novels have been written in Luxembourgish. Most official (written) business is carried out in French. German is usually the first language taught in school and is the language of much of the media and of the Roman Catholic Church . Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in Luxembourgish, before changing to German; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French. Proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school, but half the students leave school without a certified qualification, with the children of immigrants being particularly disadvantaged. In addition to the three official languages, English is taught in the compulsory schooling and much of the population of Luxembourg can speak English, especially in Luxembourg City. Portuguese, the language of the largest immigrant community, is also spoken by large parts of the population, but by relatively few from outside their community. French is the preferred language of the government. Official legislation must be conducted in French. Notre-Dame Cathedral , Luxembourg City Religious Affiliation in Luxembourg 2012 Roman Catholic (67%) Protestant (3%) Orthodox Christian (1%) Other Christian (3%) Muslim (3%) Buddhist (1%) Other religion (1%) Non-religious / Agnostic (14%) Atheist (6%) Unknown (1%) Religion [ edit ] Main article: Religion in Luxembourg Luxembourg is a secular state , but the state recognises certain religions as officially mandated religions. This gives the state a hand in religious administration and appointment of clergy, in exchange for which the state pays certain running costs and wages. Currently, religions covered by such arrangements are Roman Catholicism , Judaism , Greek Orthodoxy , Anglicanism , Russian Orthodoxy , Lutheranism , Calvinism , Mennonitism and Islam . Since 1980 it has been illegal for the government to collect statistics on religious beliefs or practices. An estimation by the CIA Factbook for the year 2000 is that 87% of Luxembourgers are Catholic , including the royal family, the remaining 13% being made up of Muslims, Protestants , Orthodox Christians , Jews , and those of other or no religion. According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study 70.4% are Christian, 2.3% Muslim, 26.8% unaffiliated and 0.5% other religions. According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 44% of Luxembourg citizens responded that ""they believe there is a God "", whereas 28% answered that ""they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"" and 22% that ""they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force"". Education [ edit ] The University of Luxembourg is the only university in the country. See also: List of secondary schools in Luxembourg The University of Luxembourg , the Luxembourg Miami University campus, and the Sacred Heart University Luxembourg are three universities within Luxembourg. Health [ edit ] Main article: Health in Luxembourg Luxembourg sells the most alcohol in Europe per capita. However, the large proportion of alcohol purchased by customers from neighboring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population. Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of Luxembourg and National symbols of Luxembourg Edward Steichen , Luxembourgish photographer and painter Luxembourg has been overshadowed by the culture of its neighbours. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country. There are several notable museums, located mostly in the capital. These include the National Museum of History and Art (NMHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum , and the new Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam). The National Museum of Military History (MNHM) in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the Battle of the Bulge . The city of Luxembourg itself is on the UNESCO World Heritage List , on account of the historical importance of its fortifications. The country has produced some internationally known artists, including the painters Théo Kerg , Joseph Kutter and Michel Majerus , and photographer Edward Steichen , whose The Family of Man exhibition has been placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World register, and is now permanently housed in Clervaux . Movie star Loretta Young was of Luxembourgish descent. Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, the European Capital of Culture was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the Lorraine area in France . The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders physically, psychologically, artistically and emotionally. Luxembourg was represented at the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion. The pavilion was based on the transliteration of the word Luxembourg into Chinese, ""Lu Sen Bao"", which means ""Forest and Fortress"". It represented Luxembourg as the ""Green Heart in Europe"". Sports [ edit ] In his cycling career, Charly Gaul won three Grand Tours . Main article: Sport in Luxembourg Unlike most countries in Europe, sport in Luxembourg is not concentrated upon a particular national sport , but encompasses a number of sports, both team and individual. Despite the lack of a central sporting focus, over 100,000 people in Luxembourg, out of a total population of only 512,353, are licensed members of one sports federation or another. The largest sports venue in the country is d'Coque , an indoor arena and Olympic swimming pool in Kirchberg , north-eastern Luxembourg City, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used for basketball, handball, gymnastics, and volleyball, including the final of the 2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship . The national stadium (also the country's largest) is the Stade Josy Barthel , in western Luxembourg City; named after the country's only official Olympic gold medallist, the stadium has a capacity of 8,054. Notable sportspeople include (see also List of Luxembourgish Sportspeople of the Year ): Alpine skier Marc Girardelli , World Cup overall champion five times between 1985 and 1993 Cyclists Nicolas Frantz , winner of the 1927 and 1928 Tours de France ; Charly Gaul , winner of the 1956 and 1959 Giro d'Italia and of the 1958 Tour de France ; Elsy Jacobs , first ever women's Road World Champion in 1958; and Andy Schleck , winner of the 2010 Tour de France Middle-distance runner Josy Barthel , winner of the men's 1500 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics 1961 world water skiing champion Sylvie Hülsemann Tennis players Gilles Muller , Anne Kremer and Mandy Minella . Football player Jeff Strasser , played in the german Bundesliga from 1999-2006. Cuisine [ edit ] Main article: Luxembourg cuisine Luxembourg cuisine reflects its position on the border between the Latin and Germanic worlds, being heavily influenced by the cuisines of neighboring France and Germany. More recently, it has been enriched by its many Italian and Portuguese immigrants. Most native Luxembourg dishes, consumed as the traditional daily fare, share roots in the country's folk dishes the same as in neighboring Germany . Judd mat Gaardebounen served with boiled potatoes and Diekirch beer Bouneschlupp is considered to be a Luxemburgish national dish Träipen , sometimes treipen , is the Luxembourg variant of black pudding Media [ edit ] The main languages of media in Luxembourg are French and German. The newspaper with the largest circulation is the German-language daily Luxemburger Wort . In addition there are both English and Portuguese radio and national print publications, but accurate audience figures are difficult to gauge since the national media survey by ILRES is conducted in French. Luxembourg is known in Europe for its radio and television stations ( Radio Luxembourg and RTL Group ). It is also the uplink home of SES , carrier of major European satellite services for Germany and Britain. Due to a 1988 law that established a special tax scheme for audiovisual investment, the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily. There are some 30 registered production companies in Luxembourg. Luxembourg won an Oscar in 2014 in the Animated Short Films category with Mr Hublot . See also [ edit ] Outline of Luxembourg Architecture of Luxembourg List of castles in Luxembourg Luxembourg Leaks List of countries by external debt Footnotes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003). Histoire du Luxembourg (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3 . Thewes, Guy (July 2003). Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (PDF) (in French) (Édition limitée ed.). Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. ISBN 2-87999-118-8 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Plan d'action national luxembourgeois en matière de TIC et de haut-débit CEE- Europe's Digital Competitiveness Report –Volume 2: i2010 –ICT Country Profiles- page 40-41 Inauguration of LU-CIX Art and Culture in Luxembourg External links [ edit ] Official website (in French) Luxembourg from UCB Libraries GovPubs ""Luxembourg"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Luxembourg at DMOZ Luxembourg profile from the BBC News Luxembourg's Constitution of 1868 with Amendments through 2009 , English Translation 2012 Wikimedia Atlas of Luxembourg" -6706749939180223039,train,is london the capital of england or the uk,"London (/ ˈlʌndən / (listen) LUN - dən) is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London 's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12 - square - mile (2.9 km) medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, a region governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.","['althea gibson', 'cairo']",ṣé London ni olú ìlú ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ni àbí ilẹ̀ UK,Yes,['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi'],['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi'],['P1'],1,0,"L???d??nù L???d??nù j?? Olú-ìlú oríl?? èdè Ilé-?ba Ì???kan àti Ile Geesi [3][4][2]", -5184882803633316393,train,where is london located in the world map,"Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London 's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12 - square - mile (2.9 km) medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, a region governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.",['the influenza virus rapidly changes'],ibo ni london wà nínú àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi'],['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi'],['P1'],1,1,"L???d??nù L???d??nù j?? Olú-ìlú oríl?? èdè Ilé-?ba Ì???kan àti Ile Geesi [3][4][2]", 5718872762493463865,train,where is liberia located on the world map,"Liberia (/ laɪˈbɪəriə / (listen)), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its west, Guinea to its north and Ivory Coast to its east, the Atlantic Ocean to its south. It covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 4,700,000 people. English is the official language and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95 % of the population. The country 's capital and largest city is Monrovia.","['in south south nigeria,[2]:222 bordering cameroon to the east.']",ibo ni liberia wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Làìbéríà tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Làìbéríà je orile-ede ni Iwoorun Afrika.'],['Làìbéríà tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Làìbéríà je orile-ede ni Iwoorun Afrika.'],['P1'],1,0,"Làìbéríà Làìbéríà tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Làìbéríà je orile-ede ni Iwoorun Afrika. O fi ègbé kan Ilè Sàró tí a mò si Sierra Leone ní ìw? oòrùn, oríl? èdè Guinea ni gúúsù ati oríl? èdè Côte d'Ivoire ní ìlà oòrùn. Etí Òkun Làìbéríà kún fún ijù igi mangrove nìbitì il? nínú loun p?lú èrò kékeré j? kìkì ijù tí ó na apá sí ìtélè ewéko gbígbe. Ilu naa ni o ni 40% ninu eyi ti o seku ni igi Iju Guinea ti Apa Guusu. Afefe ilu Làìbéríà je ti gbigbona ila idameji aye, pelu òjo pupo ni osu karu?n titi di osu ke??wa? ni asiko òjò ati afefe oye lile fun iyoku odun.", -774083059928770644,train,where is lithuania located in the world map,"Lithuania (/ ˌlɪθjuˈeɪniə / (listen) ; Lithuanian : Lietuva (ljɪɛtʊˈvɐ)), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian : Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern - eastern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.8 million people as of 2017, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo - European language family.",['the influenza virus rapidly changes'],ibo ni lithuania wà nínú àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Lithuéníà tabi Lituéníà (Lit.: Lietuva) je orile-ede ni Europe.'],['Lithuéníà tabi Lituéníà je orile-ede ni Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Lithuéníà Lithuéníà tabi Lituéníà (Lit.: Lietuva) je orile-ede ni YuropuK??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun.", 1134036103499186182,train,where is malawi located what countries border it,"Malawi (/ məˈlɔːwi /, / məˈlɑːwi / or / ˈmæləwi / ; Chichewa : (maláβi) or (maláwi)), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. Malawi is over 118,000 km (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 18,091,575 (July 2016 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi 's largest city ; the second largest is Blantyre, the third is Mzuzu and the fourth largest is its old capital Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed `` The Warm Heart of Africa ''.",['osteoblasts'],níbo ni malawi wà àwọn orílẹ̀ èdè wo ló pààlà sí i,Yes,"['O ni bode mo Zambia ni ariwaiwoorun, Tanzania ni ariwailaorun, ati Mozambique ni ilaorun, guusu ati iwoorun.', 'Màláwì ( /məˈlɑːwi/; Chichewa Àdàkọ:IPA-ny), lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Màláwì, je orílẹ̀-èdè àdèmọ́àrinlẹ̀ kan ni guusuilaorun Afrika to je mi mo tele bi Ilẹ̀ Nyasa.']","['Màláwì je orílẹ̀-èdè àdèmọ́àrinlẹ̀ kan ni guusuilaorun Afrika to je mi mo tele bi Ilẹ̀ Nyasa.', 'Malawi ni bode mo Zambia ni ariwaiwoorun, Tanzania ni ariwailaorun, ati Mozambique ni ilaorun, guusu ati iwoorun.']",['P1'],1,0,"Màláwì Màláwì (/m??l??wi/; Àdàk?), lonibise bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Màláwì, je oríl??-èdè àdèm??àrinl?? kan ni guusuilaorun Afrika to je mi mo tele bi Il?? Nyasa. O ni bode mo Zambia ni ariwaiwoorun, Tanzania ni ariwailaorun, ati Mozambique ni ilaorun, guusu ati iwoorun. Orile-ede na je pinpinniya si Tanzania ati Mozambique pelu Omi-adagun Malawi. Malawi tobi to 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) pelu awon alabugbe ti idiye won ju 13,900,000 lo. Oluilu re ni Lilongwe, to tun je ilu totobijulo ni be; ikeji totobijulo ni Blantyre ati iketa ni Mzuzu. Malawi bi oruko re wa lati Maravi, oruko atijo fun awon Nyanja ti won budo si be. Won tun unpe orile-ede yi bi ""?kàn Al??w??r?? Afrika"".[8]", -4873636565175690395,train,who is the mother of jesus in the bible,"Mary was a 1st - century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran.",[],ta ni ìyá jésù nínú bíbélì,Yes,"['Màríà (èdè Aramaiki, èdè Heberu: מרים, Maryām Miriam; èdè Arabu:مريم, Maryam), ti awon omo leyin Kristi n pe ni Mariamo, Maria Wundia tabi Maria Mimo ati nigba miran Madonna, je obinrin Ju ara Nazareth ni Galilee, ti Majemu Tuntun[Mt.\xa01:16,18–25] [Lk.\xa01:26–56] [2:1–7] tokasi gege bi iya Jesu Kristi.']","['Màríà ti awon omo leyin Kristi n pe ni Mariamo, Maria Wundia tabi Maria Mimo ati nigba miran Madonna, je obinrin Ju ara Nazareth ni Galilee, ti Majemu Tuntun tokasi gege bi iya Jesu Kristi.']",['P1'],1,0,"Màríà Màríà (èdè Aramaiki, èdè Heberu, Mary?m Miriam; èdè Arabu, Maryam), ti awon omo leyin Kristi n pe ni Mariamo, Maria Wundia tabi Maria Mimo ati nigba miran Madonna, je obinrin Ju ara Násárétì ni Gálílì, ti Majemu Tuntun[Mátíù 1:16,18–25] [Luku. 1:26–56] [2:1–7] tokasi gege bi iya Jesu Kristi. Awon musulumi na un pe ni Maria Mimo tabi Syeda Mariam, to tumosi Màríà Ìyá Wa. Majemu Tuntun se apejuwe re bi wundia.[3] Awon Elesin Kristi gbagbo pe o loyun Jesu nipa Emi Mimo.", 8094499979496466702,train,where is moldova located on the world map,"Moldova (/ mɒlˈdoʊvə / (listen), sometimes UK : / ˈmɒldəvə /), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian : Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.","['the ""state anthem of the russian federation"" (russian: госуда́рственный гимн росси́йской федера́ции, tr. gosudárstvennyy gimn rossíyskoy federátsii, ipa: [ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnɨj ˈɡʲimn rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨj])']",ibo ni moldova wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.'],['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Moldofa Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Yuropu.", -69495866477910066,train,where is republic of moldova in the world map,"Moldova (/ mɒlˈdoʊvə, mɔːl - / (listen) or sometimes UK : / ˈmɒldəvə /), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian : Republica Moldova, listen (help info)), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south (by way of the disputed territory of Transnistria). The capital city is Chișinău.",['freetown'],ibo ni republic of moldova wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.'],['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Moldofa Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Yuropu.", 2840489436255994123,train,who is the oldest living person in the bible,"Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is a biblical character and a figure in Judaism and Christianity. He is reported to have lived the longest of all characters mentioned in the Hebrew Bible at the age of 969. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.",['southern cross'],ta ni ẹni tó tíì pẹ́ jù lọ láyé nínú bíbélì,Yes,"['(25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku']","['(25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku']",['P1'],1,0,"M??túsélà M??túsélà (""?kunrin to n ta ?fa"", tabi ""nigba ti o ba ku"", ""a o ran an/a ti ran an"") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku","This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch (father) Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah ""Man of the dart/spear"", or alternatively ""his death shall bring judgment"" ) is a biblical character and a figure in Judaism and Christianity . He is reported to have lived the longest of all characters mentioned in the Hebrew Bible at the age of 969. Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that those who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis; in 1 Chronicles 1:3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3:23–38 . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ("" Book of Jasher "") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was ""righteous"". The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations [ edit ] Further information: Biblical longevity Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The Catholic Encyclopedia says ""Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year."" Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted ""months"" to ""years"", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers ""might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10"". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which ""will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years""... ""Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth."" and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had ""dominion"" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them ""pure myth"", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Cultural influence [ edit ] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah's name ""has become a synonym for longevity"". It was used in this sense in the title of Robert Heinlein's novella Methuselah's Children , about a group of people persecuted because of their longevity. Saying that someone is ""as old as Methuselah"" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. The word ""Methuselarity,"" a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played by Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her. In the novel Altered Carbon , which has been adapted into a TV series of the same name , a class of people are known as Meths, in reference to Methuselah, as they can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies. In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. Methuselah's great-granddaughter is a character in Many Waters by Madeleine L'Engle . In the short story, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, at the end of the second chapter when Mr. Button was asked by his son, “What are you going to call me, dad”; after thinking for just a brief moment his father responded,”I think we’ll call you Methuselah.” See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "" Methuselah "". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). ""Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?"" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13." -136026026395627016,train,who is the oldest man in the bible and how old was he,"Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‎ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‎, Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible. Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM (Anno Mundi, after Creation), seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.",[],"ta ni ọkùnrin tó dàgbà jù lọ nínú bíbélì, báwo ló sì ṣe dàgbà tó?",Yes,"['Mẹ̀túsélà (Hébérù: מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח, Modern\xa0Mətušélaḥ / Mətušálaḥ Tiberian\xa0Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ\xa0; ""Man of the dart/spear"", or alternatively ""when he dies/died, it shall be sent/has been sent"") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']","['Mẹ̀túsélà ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']",['P1'],1,0,"M??túsélà M??túsélà (""?kunrin to n ta ?fa"", tabi ""nigba ti o ba ku"", ""a o ran an/a ti ran an"") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku","This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‎ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‎ , Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; ""Man of the dart/spear"", or alternatively ""his death shall bring judgment"" ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM ( Anno Mundi , after Creation), seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Additionally, Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which mentions him in an identical manner. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of the Prophet Muhammad . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Derivative words 5 In fiction 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in one passage in the Hebrew Bible , Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The genealogy is repeated, without the chronology, at 1Chronicles 1:3 , and at Luke 3:37 . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions, the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other. The differences can be summarized as follows: Text Age at son's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Comment Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM, the year of the Flood at the age of 969. Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, six years before the Flood (2262 AM) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, fourteen years after the Flood (2242 AM) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood (1307 AM) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ("" Book of Jasher "") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Interpretations [ edit ] For more details on this topic, see Biblical longevity . Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted ""months"" to ""years"", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers ""might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10"". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16½ years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which ""will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years""... ""Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth."" and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. Another possibility is that the ages are counted in seasons, [ citation needed ] making Enoch 16 at his son's birth, living to 91, and Methuselah 42 at the birth of Lamech and 242 at his death. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had ""dominion"" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them ""pure myth"", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Derivative words [ edit ] The word ""Methuselarity,"" a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. In fiction [ edit ] Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah, grandfather of Noah ( Russell Crowe ) in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. In popular culture [ edit ] The simile ""as old as Methuselah"" is used to describe the age of people or things. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at DMOZ Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "" Methuselah "". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). ""Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?"" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97." -5821967170980710638,train,who lived the longest life in the bible,"Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.",['constantine'],ẹni tó pẹ́ jù lọ láyé nínú bíbélì,Yes,"['Mẹ̀túsélà (Hébérù: מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח, Modern\xa0Mətušélaḥ / Mətušálaḥ Tiberian\xa0Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ\xa0; ""Man of the dart/spear"", or alternatively ""when he dies/died, it shall be sent/has been sent"") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']","['Mẹ̀túsélà ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']",['P1'],1,0,"M??túsélà M??túsélà (""?kunrin to n ta ?fa"", tabi ""nigba ti o ba ku"", ""a o ran an/a ti ran an"") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku","This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch (father) Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah ""Man of the dart/spear"", or alternatively ""his death shall bring judgment"" ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions, the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other. The differences can be summarized as follows: Text Age at son's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Comment Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM, the year of the Flood at the age of 969. Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, six years before the Flood (2262 AM) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, fourteen years after the Flood (2242 AM) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood (1307 AM) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that those who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis; in 1 Chronicles 1:3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3:23–38 . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ("" Book of Jasher "") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was ""righteous"". The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations [ edit ] Further information: Biblical longevity Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The Catholic Encyclopedia says ""Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year."" Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted ""months"" to ""years"", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers ""might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10"". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which ""will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years""... ""Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth."" and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had ""dominion"" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them ""pure myth"", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Cultural influence [ edit ] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah's name ""has become a synonym for longevity"". It was used in this sense in the title of Robert Heinlein's novella Methuselah's Children , about a group of people persecuted because of their longevity. Saying that someone is ""as old as Methuselah"" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. The word ""Methuselarity,"" a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played by Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her. In the novel Altered Carbon , which has been adapted into a TV series of the same name , a class of people are known as Meths, in reference to Methuselah, as they can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies. In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "" Methuselah "". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). ""Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?"" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13." -7307909727184085608,train,who was the oldest man that lived in the bible,"Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‬, Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ, `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.",['23 february 1908'],ta ni bíbélì sọ pé ó dàgbà jù lọ láyé,Yes,"['Mẹ̀túsélà (Hébérù: מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח, Modern\xa0Mətušélaḥ / Mətušálaḥ Tiberian\xa0Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ\xa0; ""Man of the dart/spear"", or alternatively ""when he dies/died, it shall be sent/has been sent"") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']","['Mẹ̀túsélà ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']",['P1'],1,0,"M??túsélà M??túsélà (""?kunrin to n ta ?fa"", tabi ""nigba ti o ba ku"", ""a o ran an/a ti ran an"") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku","This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‬ , Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ , ""Man of the dart/spear"", or alternatively ""his death shall bring judgment"" ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions, the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other. The differences can be summarized as follows: Text Age at son's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Comment Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM, the year of the Flood at the age of 969. Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, six years before the Flood (2262 AM) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, fourteen years after the Flood (2242 AM) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood (1307 AM) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methusaleh is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis; in 1 Chronicles 1:3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3:23–38 . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ("" Book of Jasher "") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was ""righteous"". The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth would and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations [ edit ] For more details on this topic, see Biblical longevity . Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The Catholic Encyclopedia says ""Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year."" Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted ""months"" to ""years"", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers ""might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10"". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which ""will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years""... ""Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth."" and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had ""dominion"" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them ""pure myth"", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Cultural influence [ edit ] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah's name ""has become a synonym for longevity"". Saying that someone is ""as old as Methuselah"" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. The word ""Methuselarity,"" a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her. In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "" Methuselah "". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). ""Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?"" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13." -1975510627873832560,train,is moscow the largest city in the world,"Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. By broader definitions Moscow is among the world 's largest cities, being the 14th largest metro area, the 18th largest agglomeration, the 15th largest urban area, and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide. According to Forbes 2013, Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world 's largest urban economies, being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.",['1884'],ṣé ìlú moscow ni ìlú tó tóbi jù lọ lágbàáyé,Yes,['Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé.'],['Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé.'],['P1'],1,0,"M?sko M?sko ni olú-ìlú R??síà. Ìlú nlá ni. Orí odò Moskva ni ó wà. Odún 1918 ni ó di olú-ìlú USSR nígbà tí wón gbé olú-ìlú yìí kúrò ní Leningrad. Moscow ni ìlú tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé. Ìlú tí ó léwà ni Moscow. Ilé Ìj? Uspenki tí ó wà ní ibè ni wón ti máa n dé àwon tsar (àwon olùdarí Rósíà) lade láyé àtijó. Ibè náà ni Arkhangelski tí wón ti n sin wón wà. Ilé-isé àti Ilé-èko pò ní ibè Lára àwon ilé-èkó ibè ni. Yunifásítì Lomonosov tí ó jé Yunifásítì ìjoba wa ni ibe. Orí òkè Lenin ni wón kó o sí òun sì ni Yunifásítì tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Ibè náà ni USSR Academy of Sciences wa. Mùsíómù, ilé-ìkàwé àti tíátà wà níbè. Àwon Bolshoi Ilé-ì?eré àti Ballet, the State Symphony Ochestra àti the State Folk Dance Company tí ó wà ni Moscow gbayì gan-an ni.", 605115790499974845,train,moscow is the capital city of which country,"Moscow (/ ˈmɒskoʊ / or / ˈmɒskaʊ / ; Russian : Москва́, tr. Moskva, IPA : (mɐˈskva) (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city.","['ghana', 'adopted from the flag of the black star line, a shipping line incorporated by marcus garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922']",ìlú moscow ni olú ìlú orílẹ̀-èdè wo,Yes,['Mọsko ni olú-ìlú Rọ́síà.'],['Mọsko ni olú-ìlú Rọ́síà.'],['P1'],1,0,"M?sko M?sko ni olú-ìlú R??síà. Ìlú nlá ni. Orí odò Moskva ni ó wà. Odún 1918 ni ó di olú-ìlú USSR nígbà tí wón gbé olú-ìlú yìí kúrò ní Leningrad. Moscow ni ìlú tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé. Ìlú tí ó léwà ni Moscow. Ilé Ìj? Uspenki tí ó wà ní ibè ni wón ti máa n dé àwon tsar (àwon olùdarí Rósíà) lade láyé àtijó. Ibè náà ni Arkhangelski tí wón ti n sin wón wà. Ilé-isé àti Ilé-èko pò ní ibè Lára àwon ilé-èkó ibè ni. Yunifásítì Lomonosov tí ó jé Yunifásítì ìjoba wa ni ibe. Orí òkè Lenin ni wón kó o sí òun sì ni Yunifásítì tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Ibè náà ni USSR Academy of Sciences wa. Mùsíómù, ilé-ìkàwé àti tíátà wà níbè. Àwon Bolshoi Ilé-ì?eré àti Ballet, the State Symphony Ochestra àti the State Folk Dance Company tí ó wà ni Moscow gbayì gan-an ni.", -8118869988647387860,train,which of the following country has madrid as it's capital,"Madrid (/ məˈdrɪd /, Spanish : (maˈðɾið), locally (maˈðɾi (θ))) is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole. The city has almost 3.166 million inhabitants with a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the third - largest city in the European Union (EU) after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third - largest in the EU after those of London and Paris. The municipality itself covers an area of 604.3 km (233.3 sq mi).",['frederick sanger'],èwo nínú àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè yìí ni ó ní madrid gẹ́gẹ́ bí olú ìlú rẹ̀,Yes,['Màdìríìdì jẹ́ olúìlú orílẹ̀-èdè Spéìn.'],['Màdìríìdì jẹ́ olúìlú orílẹ̀-èdè Spéìn.'],['P1'],1,0,"Màdìríìdì Màdìríìdì j?? olúìlú oríl??-èdè Spéìn.", -1216544247902518365,train,what is the main idea of the communist manifesto,"The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels ' theories concerning the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, `` The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles ''. It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism. Near the end of the Manifesto, the authors call for `` forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions '', which served as the justification for all communist revolutions around the world.",[],ta ni àwọn tí wọ́n ń ni lára nínú ìwé àkọsílẹ̀ ìjọba kọ́múníìsì,Yes,"['O sagbesile ona ija ipele eniyan (nigba atijo ati lowo) ati awon isoro isekapitalisti, kuku isotele bi isekomunisti yio seri ni ojowaju.']","['O sagbesile ona ija ipele eniyan (nigba atijo ati lowo) ati awon isoro isekapitalisti, kuku isotele bi isekomunisti yio seri ni ojowaju.']",['P1'],1,0,"Manif??stò Kómúnístì Manif??stò ?gb?? Kómúnístì, to unje pipe bi Manif??stò Kómúnístì, je titejade ni os?u? keji?, o?jo?? 21, o?du?n 1848, be sini o je ikan ninu awon iwe kukuru oloselu to nipa julo lagbaye.[1] O je sisakoso latowo Apejo Komunisti o si je kiko latowo awon oludero komunisti Karl Marx ati Friedrich Engels, o selasile idi ati eto Apejo na. O sagbesile ona ija ipele eniyan (nigba atijo ati lowo) ati awon isoro isekapitalisti, kuku isotele bi isekomunisti yio seri ni ojowaju.[2]","The Communist Manifesto First edition, in German Author Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Translator Samuel Moore Country United Kingdom Language German Publication date late-February 1848 The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party ) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London (in German as Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei ) just as the revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political documents. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms. The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels' theories concerning the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, ""The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles"". It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism . Near the end of the Manifesto, the authors call for ""forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions"", which served as the justification for all communist revolutions around the world. In 2013, The Communist Manifesto was registered to UNESCO 's Memory of the World Programme with the Capital, Volume I . Contents [ hide ] 1 Synopsis 2 Writing 3 Publication 3.1 Initial publication and obscurity, 1848–72 3.2 Rise, 1872–1917 3.3 Ubiquity, 1917–present 4 Legacy 5 Influences 6 References 7 Source text 8 Footnotes 9 External links Synopsis [ edit ] The Communist Manifesto is divided into a preamble and four sections, the last of these a short conclusion. The introduction begins by proclaiming ""A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre"". Pointing out that parties everywhere—including those in government and those in the opposition—have flung the ""branding reproach of communism"" at each other, the authors infer from this that the powers-that-be acknowledge communism to be a power in itself. Subsequently, the introduction exhorts Communists to openly publish their views and aims, to ""meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself"". The first section of the Manifesto , ""Bourgeois and Proletarians"", elucidates the materialist conception of history , that ""the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles"". Societies have always taken the form of an oppressed majority living under the thumb of an oppressive minority. In capitalism , the industrial working class , or proletariat , engage in class struggle against the owners of the means of production , the bourgeoisie . As before, this struggle will end in a revolution that restructures society, or the ""common ruin of the contending classes"". The bourgeoisie, through the ""constant revolutionising of production [and] uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions"" have emerged as the supreme class in society, displacing all the old powers of feudalism . The bourgeoisie constantly exploits the proletariat for its labour power , creating profit for themselves and accumulating capital. However, in doing so, the bourgeoisie serves as ""its own grave-diggers""; the proletariat inevitably will become conscious of their own potential and rise to power through revolution, overthrowing the bourgeoisie. ""Proletarians and Communists"", the second section, starts by stating the relationship of conscious communists to the rest of the working class. The communists' party will not oppose other working-class parties, but unlike them, it will express the general will and defend the common interests of the world's proletariat as a whole, independent of all nationalities. The section goes on to defend communism from various objections, including claims that it advocates "" free love "" or disincentivises people from working. The section ends by outlining a set of short-term demands—among them a progressive income tax ; abolition of inheritances and private property ; abolition of child labour ; free public education ; nationalisation of the means of transport and communication; centralisation of credit via a national bank; expansion of publicly owned etc.—the implementation of which would result in the precursor to a stateless and classless society . The third section, ""Socialist and Communist Literature"", distinguishes communism from other socialist doctrines prevalent at the time—these being broadly categorised as Reactionary Socialism; Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism ; and Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism. While the degree of reproach toward rival perspectives varies, all are dismissed for advocating reformism and failing to recognise the pre-eminent revolutionary role of the working class. ""Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties"", the concluding section of the Manifesto , briefly discusses the communist position on struggles in specific countries in the mid-nineteenth century such as France, Switzerland, Poland, and Germany, this last being ""on the eve of a bourgeois revolution"", and predicts that a world revolution will soon follow. It ends by declaring an alliance with the social democrats , boldly supporting other communist revolutions, and calling for united international proletarian action— Working Men of All Countries, Unite! . Writing [ edit ] Only surviving page from the first draft of the Manifesto , handwritten by Marx In spring 1847 Marx and Engels joined the League of the Just , who were quickly convinced by the duo's ideas of ""critical communism"". At its First Congress in 2–9 June, the League tasked Engels with drafting a ""profession of faith"", but such a document was later deemed inappropriate for an open, non-confrontational organisation. Engels nevertheless wrote the "" Draft of the Communist Confession of Faith "", detailing the League's programme. A few months later, in October, Engels arrived at the League's Paris branch to find that Moses Hess had written an inadequate manifesto for the group, now called the League of Communists. In Hess's absence, Engels severely criticised this manifesto, and convinced the rest of the League to entrust him with drafting a new one. This became the draft Principles of Communism , described as ""less of a credo and more of an exam paper."" On 23 November, just before the Communist League's Second Congress (29 November – 8 December 1847), Engels wrote to Marx, expressing his desire to eschew the catechism format in favour of the manifesto, because he felt it ""must contain some history."" On the 28th, Marx and Engels met at Ostend in Belgium, and a few days later, gathered at the Soho , London headquarters of the German Workers' Education Association to attend the Congress. Over the next ten days, intense debate raged between League functionaries; Marx eventually dominated the others and, overcoming ""stiff and prolonged opposition"", in Harold Laski 's words, secured a majority for his programme. The League thus unanimously adopted a far more combative resolution than that at the First Congress in June. Marx (especially) and Engels were subsequently commissioned to draw up a manifesto for the League. Upon returning to Brussels, Marx engaged in ""ceaseless procrastination"", according to his biographer Francis Wheen . Working only intermittently on the manifesto, he spent much of his time delivering lectures on political economy at the German Workers' Education Association, writing articles for the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung , and giving a long speech on free trade . Following this, he even spent a week (17–26 January 1848) in Ghent to establish a branch of the Democratic Association there. Subsequently, having not heard from Marx for nearly two months, the Central Committee of the Communist League sent him an ultimatum on 24 or 26 January, demanding he submit the completed manuscript by 1 February. This imposition spurred Marx on, who struggled to work without a deadline, and he seems to have rushed to finish the job in time. (For evidence of this, historian Eric Hobsbawm points to the absence of rough drafts, only one page of which survives.) In all, the Manifesto was written over 6–7 weeks. Although Engels is credited as co-writer, the final draft was penned exclusively by Marx. From the 26 January letter, Laski infers that even the League considered Marx to be the sole draftsman (and that he was merely their agent, imminently replaceable). Further, Engels himself wrote in 1883 that ""The basic thought running through the Manifesto ... belongs solely and exclusively to Marx."" Although Laski doesn't disagree, he suggests that Engels underplays his own contribution with characteristic modesty, and points out the ""close resemblance between its substance and that of the [ Principles of Communism ]"". Laski argues that while writing the Manifesto , Marx drew from the ""joint stock of ideas"" he developed with Engels, ""a kind of intellectual bank account upon which either could draw freely."" Publication [ edit ] Initial publication and obscurity, 1848–72 [ edit ] A scene from the German March Revolution in Berlin, 1848 In late February 1848, the Manifesto was anonymously published by the Workers' Educational Association ( Communistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein ) at Bishopsgate in the City of London . Written in German, the 23-page pamphlet was titled Manifest der kommunistischen Partei and had a dark-green cover. It was reprinted three times and serialised in the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung , a newspaper for German émigré s. On 4 March, one day after the serialisation in the Zeitung began, Marx was expelled by Belgian police. Two weeks later, around 20 March, a thousand copies of the Manifesto reached Paris, and from there to Germany in early April. In April–May the text was corrected for printing and punctuation mistakes; Marx and Engels would use this 30-page version as the basis for future editions of the Manifesto . Although the Manifesto ' s prelude announced that it was ""to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages"", the initial printings were only in German. Polish and Danish translations soon followed the German original in London, and by the end of 1848, a Swedish translation was published with a new title— The Voice of Communism: Declaration of the Communist Party . In June–November 1850 the Manifesto of the Communist Party was published in English for the first time when George Julian Harney serialised Helen Macfarlane 's translation in his Chartist magazine The Red Republican . (Her version begins, ""A frightful hobgoblin stalks throughout Europe. We are haunted by a ghost, the ghost of Communism."") For her translation, the Lancashire-based Macfarlane probably consulted Engels, who had abandoned his own English translation half way. Harney's introduction revealed the Manifesto ' s hitherto-anonymous authors' identities for the first time. Immediately after the Cologne Communist Trial of late 1852, the Communist League disbanded itself. Soon after the Manifesto was published, Paris erupted in revolution to overthrow King Louis Philippe . The Manifesto played no role in this; a French translation was not published in Paris until just before the working-class June Days Uprising was crushed. Its influence in the Europe-wide revolutions of 1848 was restricted to Germany , where the Cologne-based Communist League and its newspaper Neue Rheinische Zeitung , edited by Marx, played an important role. Within a year of its establishment, in May 1849, the Zeitung was suppressed; Marx was expelled from Germany and had to seek lifelong refuge in London. In 1851, members of the Communist League's central board were arrested by the Prussian police. At their trial in Cologne 18 months later in late 1852 they were sentenced to 3–6 years' imprisonment. For Engels, the revolution was ""forced into the background by the reaction that began with the defeat of the Paris workers in June 1848, and was finally excommunicated 'by law' in the conviction of the Cologne Communists in November 1852"". After the defeat of the 1848 revolutions the Manifesto fell into obscurity, where it remained throughout the 1850s and 1860s. Hobsbawm says that by November 1850 the Manifesto ""had become sufficiently scarce for Marx to think it worth reprinting section III ... in the last issue of his [short-lived] London magazine"". Over the next two decades only a few new editions were published; these include an (unauthorised and occasionally inaccurate) 1869 Russian translation by Mikhail Bakunin in Geneva and an 1866 edition in Berlin—the first time the Manifesto was published in Germany. According to Hobsbawm, ""By the middle 1860s virtually nothing that Marx had written in the past was any longer in print."" However John Cowell-Stepney did publish an abridged version in the Social Economist in August/September 1869, in time for the Basle Congress . Rise, 1872–1917 [ edit ] In the early 1870s, the Manifesto and its authors experienced a revival in fortunes. Hobsbawm identifies three reasons for this. The first is the leadership role Marx played in the International Workingmen's Association (aka the First International). Secondly, Marx also came into much prominence among socialists—and equal notoriety among the authorities—for his support of the Paris Commune of 1871, elucidated in The Civil War in France . Lastly, and perhaps most significantly in the popularisation of the Manifesto , was the treason trial of German Social Democratic Party (SPD) leaders. During the trial prosecutors read the Manifesto out loud as evidence; this meant that the pamphlet could legally be published in Germany. Thus in 1872 Marx and Engels rushed out a new German-language edition, writing a preface that identified that several portions that became outdated in the quarter century since its original publication. This edition was also the first time the title was shortened to The Communist Manifesto ( Das Kommunistische Manifest ), and it became the bedrock the authors based future editions upon. Between 1871 and 1873, the Manifesto was published in over nine editions in six languages; in 1872 it was published in the United States for the first time, serialised in Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly of New York City. However, by the mid 1870s the Communist Manifesto remained Marx and Engels' only work to be even moderately well-known. Over the next forty years, as social-democratic parties rose across Europe and parts of the world, so did the publication of the Manifesto alongside them, in hundreds of editions in thirty languages. Marx and Engels wrote a new preface for the 1882 Russian edition, translated by Georgi Plekhanov in Geneva. In it they wondered if Russia could directly become a communist society , or if she would become capitalist first like other European countries. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels alone provided the prefaces for five editions between 1888 and 1893. Among these is the 1888 English edition, translated by Samuel Moore and approved by Engels, who also provided notes throughout the text. It has been the standard English-language edition ever since. The principal region of its influence, in terms of editions published, was in the ""central belt of Europe"", from Russia in the east to France in the west. In comparison, the pamphlet had little impact on politics in southwest and southeast Europe, and moderate presence in the north. Outside Europe, Chinese and Japanese translations were published, as were Spanish editions in Latin America. This uneven geographical spread in the Manifesto ' s popularity reflected the development of socialist movements in a particular region as well as the popularity of Marxist variety of socialism there. There was not always a strong correlation between a social-democratic party's strength and the Manifesto ' s popularity in that country. For instance, the German SPD printed only a few thousand copies of the Communist Manifesto every year, but a few hundred thousand copies of the Erfurt Programme . Further, the mass-based social-democratic parties of the Second International did not require their rank and file to be well-versed in theory; Marxist works such as the Manifesto or Das Kapital were read primarily by party theoreticians. On the other hand, small, dedicated militant parties and Marxist sects in the West took pride in knowing the theory; Hobsbawm says ""This was the milieu in which 'the clearness of a comrade could be gauged invariably from the number of earmarks on his Manifesto ' "". Ubiquity, 1917–present [ edit ] The Bolshevik (1920) by Boris Kustodiev . Following the 1917 Bolshevik takeover of Russia Marx/Engels classics like the Communist Manifesto were distributed far and wide. Following the October Revolution of 1917 that swept the Vladimir Lenin -led Bolsheviks to power in Russia, the world's first socialist state was founded explicitly along Marxist lines. The Soviet Union , which Bolshevik Russia would become a part of, was a one-party state under the rule of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Unlike their mass-based counterparts of the Second International, the CPSU and other Leninist parties like it in the Third International expected their members to know the classic works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Further, party leaders were expected to base their policy decisions on Marxist-Leninist ideology. Therefore works such as the Manifesto were required reading for the party rank-and-file. Therefore the widespread dissemination of Marx and Engels' works became an important policy objective; backed by a sovereign state, the CPSU had relatively inexhaustible resources for this purpose. Works by Marx, Engels, and Lenin were published on a very large scale, and cheap editions of their works were available in several languages across the world. These publications were either shorter writings or they were compendia such as the various editions of Marx and Engels' Selected Works , or their Collected Works . This affected the destiny of the Manifesto in several ways. Firstly, in terms of circulation; in 1932 the American and British Communist Parties printed several hundred thousand copies of a cheap edition for ""probably the largest mass edition ever issued in English"". Secondly the work entered political-science syllabuses in universities, which would only expand after the Second World War. For its centenary in 1948, its publication was no longer the exclusive domain of Marxists and academicians; general publishers too printed the Manifesto in large numbers. ""In short, it was no longer only a classic Marxist document,"" Hobsbawm noted, ""it had become a political classic tout court ."" Even after the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in the 1990s, the Communist Manifesto remains ubiquitous; Hobsbawm says that ""In states without censorship, almost certainly anyone within reach of a good bookshop, and certainly anyone within reach of a good library, not to mention the internet, can have access to it."" The 150th anniversary once again brought a deluge of attention in the press and the academia, as well as new editions of the book fronted by introductions to the text by academics. One of these, The Communist Manifesto: A Modern Edition by Verso, was touted by a critic in the London Review of Books as being a ""stylish red-ribboned edition of the work. It is designed as a sweet keepsake, an exquisite collector's item. In Manhattan, a prominent Fifth Avenue store put copies of this choice new edition in the hands of shop-window mannequins, displayed in come-hither poses and fashionable décolletage ."" Legacy [ edit ] ""With the clarity and brilliance of genius, this work outlines a new world-conception, consistent materialism, which also embraces the realm of social life; dialectics, as the most comprehensive and profound doctrine of development; the theory of the class struggle and of the world-historic revolutionary role of the proletariat—the creator of a new, communist society."" — Vladimir Lenin on the Manifesto , 1914 A number of late-20th- and 21st-century writers have commented on the Communist Manifesto ' s continuing relevance. In a special issue of the Socialist Register commemorating the Manifesto ' s 150th anniversary, Peter Osborne argued that it was 'the single most influential text written in the nineteenth century.' Academic John Raines in 2002 noted that ""In our day this Capitalist Revolution has reached the farthest corners of the earth. The tool of money has produced the miracle of the new global market and the ubiquitous shopping mall. Read The Communist Manifesto , written more than one hundred and fifty years ago, and you will discover that Marx foresaw it all."" In 2003, the English Marxist Chris Harman stated, ""There is still a compulsive quality to its prose as it provides insight after insight into the society in which we live, where it comes from and where its going to. It is still able to explain, as mainstream economists and sociologists cannot, today's world of recurrent wars and repeated economic crisis, of hunger for hundreds of millions on the one hand and 'overproduction' on the other. There are passages that could have come from the most recent writings on globalisation."" Alex Callinicos , editor of International Socialism , stated in 2010 that ""This is indeed a manifesto for the 21st century."" Writing in The London Evening Standard in 2012, Andrew Neather cited Verso Books ' 2012 re-edition of The Communist Manifesto , with an introduction by Eric Hobsbawm , as part of a resurgence of left-wing-themed ideas which includes the publication of Owen Jones ' best-selling Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class and Jason Barker 's documentary Marx Reloaded . Soviet Union stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Manifesto In contrast, critics such as Revisionist Marxist and reformist socialist Eduard Bernstein distinguished between ""immature"" early Marxism—as exemplified by the Communist Manifesto written by Marx and Engels in their youth—that he opposed for its violent Blanquist tendencies, and later ""mature"" Marxism that he supported. This latter form refers to Marx in his later life acknowledging that socialism could be achieved through peaceful means through legislative reform in democratic societies. Bernstein declared that the massive and homogeneous working-class claimed in the Communist Manifesto did not exist, and that contrary to claims of a proletarian majority emerging, the middle-class was growing under capitalism and not disappearing as Marx had claimed. Bernstein noted that the working-class was not homogeneous but heterogeneous, with divisions and factions within it, including socialist and non-socialist trade unions. Marx himself, later in his life, acknowledged that the middle-class was not disappearing in his work Theories of Surplus Value (1863). The obscurity of the later work means that Marx's acknowledgement of this error is not well known. George Boyer described the Manifesto as ""very much a period piece, a document of what was called the 'hungry' 1840s."" Many have drawn attention to the passage in the Manifesto that seems to sneer at the stupidity of the rustic: ""The bourgeoisie ... draws all nations ... into civilisation ... It has created enormous cities ... and thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy [sic!] of rural life"". As Eric Hobsbawm noted, however: [W]hile there is no doubt that Marx at this time shared the usual townsman's contempt for, as well as ignorance of, the peasant milieu, the actual and analytically more interesting German phrase (""dem Idiotismus des Landlebens entrissen"") referred not to ""stupidity"" but to ""the narrow horizons"", or ""the isolation from the wider society"" in which people in the countryside lived. It echoed the original meaning of the Greek term idiotes from which the current meaning of ""idiot"" or ""idiocy"" is derived, namely ""a person concerned only with his own private affairs and not with those of the wider community"". In the course of the decades since the 1840s, and in movements whose members, unlike Marx, were not classically educated, the original sense was lost and was misread. Influences [ edit ] Marx and Engel’s political influences were wide-ranging, reacting to and taking inspiration from German idealist philosophy, French socialism, and English and Scottish political economy. The Communist Manifesto also takes influence from literature. In Jacques Derrida ’s work, Specters of Marx : The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International , he uses Shakespeare ’s Hamlet to frame a discussion of the history of the International, showing, in the process, the influence that Shakespeare’s work had on Marx and Engel’s writing. In his essay, “Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx,” Christopher N. Warren makes the case that English poet John Milton also had a substantial influence on Marx and Engel’s work. Historians of 19th-century reading habits have confirmed that Marx and Engels would have read these authors, and it is known that Marx loved Shakespeare, in particular. Milton, Warren argues, also shows a notable influence on The Communist Manifesto : “Looking back on Milton’s era, Marx saw a historical dialectic founded on inspiration in which freedom of the press, republicanism, and revolution were closely joined.” Milton’s republicanism , Warren continues, served as ""a useful, if unlikely, bridge"" as Marx and Engels sought to forge a revolutionary international coalition. Communism portal References [ edit ] Adoratsky, V. (1938). The History of the Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels. New York: International Publishers. Boyer, George R. (1998). ""The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto"". Journal of Economic Perspectives . 12 (4): 151–74. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.673.9426 . doi : 10.1257/jep.12.4.151 . JSTOR 2646899 . Hobsbawm, Eric (2011). ""On the Communist Manifesto "". How To Change The World . Little, Brown . pp. 101–20. ISBN 978-1-408-70287-1 . Hunt, Tristram (2009). Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels . Metropolitan Books. Schumpeter, Joseph (1997) [1952]. Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11079-2 . Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). ""The Communist Manifesto in sociology and economics"". Journal of Political Economy . The University of Chicago Press via JSTOR. 57 (3): 199–212. doi : 10.1086/256806 . JSTOR 1826126 . Source text [ edit ] Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels (2004) [1848]. Manifesto of the Communist Party . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved on 14 March 2015. Footnotes [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Manifesto of the Communist Party The Communist Manifesto at the Marxists Internet Archive The Communist Manifesto in 80 world languages Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei : veröffentlicht im Februar 1848 Original 1848 edition in full color scan The Communist Manifesto public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Communist Manifesto , a musical piece composed by Erwin Schulhoff , at YouTube On the Communist Manifesto at modkraft.dk (a collection of links to bibliographical and historical materials, and contemporary analyses)" 2604865211205869563,train,only person to win two nobel prizes in two fields,"Marie Skłodowska Curie (/ ˈkjʊəri / ; French : (kyʁi) ; Polish : (kjiˈri) ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ; 7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized - French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.",[],ẹnìkan ṣoṣo tó gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ nobel méjì ní ẹ̀ka méjì,Yes,['Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) je onimo fisiyiki ati onimo kemistri omo orile-ede Poland to di ara Fransi lojowaju. O je asiwaju ninu papa radiolilagbara ati eni akoko to gba Ebun Nobel meji[1] — ninu fisiyiki ati kemistri. '],['Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie je eni akoko to gba Ebun Nobel meji[1] — ninu fisiyiki ati kemistri. '],['P1'],0,0,"Marie Curie Marie Salomea Sk?odowska-Curie (Ojo keje, osu kankanla, odun 1867 – Ojo Kerin, osu keje, odun 1934) je onimo fisiyiki ati onimo kemistri omo orile-ede Poland to di ara Fransi lojowaju. O je asiwaju ninu papa radiolilagbara ati eni akoko to gba Ebun Nobel meji[1] — ninu fisiyiki ati kemistri. Ohun na lo tun je obinrin akoko to je ojogbon ni Yunifasiti ilu Paris.","This article is about the Polish-French physicist. For other uses, see Marie Curie (disambiguation) . This is a Slavic name. The family name ""Skłodowska"" is sometimes transliterated as ""Sklodowska"". Marie Curie c. 1920 Born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( 1867-11-07 ) 7 November 1867 Warsaw , Congress Poland , Russian Empire Died 4 July 1934 (1934-07-04) (aged 66) Passy, Haute-Savoie , Third French Republic Cause of death Aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation Residence Poland, France Citizenship Poland (by birth) France (by marriage) Alma mater University of Paris ESPCI Known for Radioactivity Polonium Radium Spouse(s) Pierre Curie (1859–1906; m. 1895) Children Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956) Ève Curie (1904–2007) Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) Davy Medal (1903) Matteucci Medal (1904) Elliott Cresson Medal (1909) Albert Medal (1910) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911) Willard Gibbs Award (1921) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Institutions University of Paris Institut du Radium École Normale Supérieure French Academy of Medicine International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation Thesis Recherches sur les substances radioactives (Research on Radioactive Substances) Doctoral advisor Gabriel Lippmann Doctoral students André-Louis Debierne Óscar Moreno Marguerite Perey Émile Henriot Signature Notes She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Marie Skłodowska Curie ( / ˈ k j ʊər i / ; French: [kyʁi] ; Polish: [kʲiˈri] ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris. She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined ), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium . Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I , she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals . While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 polonium , after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute-Savoie ), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I . Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 New life in Paris 1.3 New elements 1.4 Nobel Prizes 1.5 World War I 1.6 Postwar years 1.7 Death 2 Legacy 3 Awards, honours, and tributes 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Nonfiction 7.2 Fiction 8 External links Life Early years Władysław Skłodowski with daughters (from left) Maria, Bronisława , Helena , 1890 Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw , in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire , on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria ( nicknamed Mania ) were Zofia (born 1862, nicknamed Zosia ), Józef (born 1863, nicknamed Józio ), Bronisława (born 1865, nicknamed Bronia ) and Helena (born 1866, nicknamed Hela ). On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65). This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria and her elder siblings, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life. Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski , had been a respected teacher in Lublin , where he taught the young Bolesław Prus , who would become a leading figure in Polish literature. Władysław Skłodowski taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys. After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use. He was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house. Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born. She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old. Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of typhus contracted from a boarder. Maria's father was an atheist ; her mother a devout Catholic. The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic . When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal. After a collapse, possibly due to depression , she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring. Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University (sometimes translated as Floating University ), a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students. Maria Skłodowska (left) with sister Bronisława , ca. 1886 Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later. In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess : first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father. While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski , a future eminent mathematician. His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them. Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University . Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic , he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932. At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława—who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski , a Polish physician and social and political activist—invited Maria to join them in Paris. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds. She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again. All that time she continued to educate herself , reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself. In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw. She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891. She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66 , near Warsaw's Old Town . The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski , who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev . New life in Paris In late 1891, she left Poland for France. In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter , and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the University of Paris , where she enrolled in late 1891. She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger. Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann . Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894. Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry ( Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale [1] ). That same year Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together. Pierre Curie was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI). They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor Józef Wierusz-Kowalski , who had learned that she was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Wierusz-Kowalski thought Pierre Curie had access to. Though Curie did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Skłodowska where she was able to begin work. Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another. Eventually Pierre Curie proposed marriage, but at first Skłodowska did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country. Curie, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to teaching French. Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Skłodowska returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family. She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman . A letter from Pierre Curie convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph.D . At Skłodowska's insistence, Curie had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School. A contemporary quip would call Skłodowska, ""Pierre's biggest discovery."" On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux ( Seine ); neither wanted a religious service. Curie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal gown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit. They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend. New elements Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays , though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence , did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer , a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. Using her husband's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself. This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible. In 1897, her daughter Irène was born. To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure . The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry. The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof. They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. The School did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments. Curie's systematic studies included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite). Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium. She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive. Pierre Curie was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her. The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved. Pierre , Irène , Marie Curie She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority . Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson . Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann . Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin. At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: ""The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium."" She later would recall how she felt ""a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "" polonium "", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires ( Russian , Austrian , and Prussian ). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "" radium "", from the Latin word for ""ray"". In the course of their research, they also coined the word "" radioactivity "". To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth , and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium , and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization . From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium , diseased, tumor -forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. Pierre and Marie Curie, c. 1903 In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death. In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann , Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris . That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre Curie alone was allowed to. Meanwhile, a new industry began developing, based on radium. The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business. Nobel Prizes 1903 Nobel Prize portrait In December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics , ""in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."" At first the committee had intended to honor only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, but a committee member and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler , alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination. Marie Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill. As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905. The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant. Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva , which offered Pierre Curie a position, the University of Paris gave him a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory. Upon Pierre Curie's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906. In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève . She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland. On 19 April 1906, Pierre Curie was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture. Curie was devastated by her husband's death. On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for her late husband and to offer it to Marie. She accepted it, hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband Pierre. She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris. Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute ( Institut du radium , now Curie Institute , Institut Curie ), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris . The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux , director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute. Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute. At First Solvay Conference (1911), Curie (seated, second from right) confers with Henri Poincaré ; standing, fourth from right, is Rutherford ; second from right, Einstein ; far right, Paul Langevin In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie . Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences failed, by one or two votes, to elect her to membership in the Academy. Elected instead was Édouard Branly , an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph . It was only over half a century later, in 1962, that a doctoral student of Curie's, Marguerite Perey , became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia —the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair —which also fueled false speculation that Curie was Jewish. During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right-wing press as a foreigner and atheist. Her daughter later remarked on the French press' hypocrisy in portraying Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honor, but portraying her as a French heroine when she received foreign honors such as her Nobel Prizes. In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910-11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin , a former student of Pierre Curie's, a married man who was estranged from his wife. This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker. When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of her friend, Camille Marbo . 1911 Nobel Prize diploma International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . This award was ""in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each . A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz , encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine. A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment. For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton . She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months. In 1912, the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie. She was appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914. She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities. The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army , and it fully resumed its activities in 1919. World War I Curie in a mobile X-ray vehicle During World War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons. After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developed mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies (""Little Curies""). She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914. Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène , Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. Later, she began training other women as aides. In 1915, Curie produced hollow needles containing ""radium emanation"", a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon , to be used for sterilizing infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply. It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units. Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period. In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government. Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them. She did buy war bonds , using her Nobel Prize money. She said: I am going to give up the little gold I possess. I shall add to this the scientific medals, which are quite useless to me. There is something else: by sheer laziness I had allowed the money for my second Nobel Prize to remain in Stockholm in Swedish crowns. This is the chief part of what we possess. I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans. The state needs it. Only, I have no illusions: this money will probably be lost. She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause. After the war, she summarized her wartime experiences in a book, Radiology in War (1919). Postwar years In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur (1822–95). In 1921, she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney , after interviewing Curie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip. In 1921, U.S. President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States. Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused. In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine . She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia. Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie . Eventually it became one of the world's four major radioactivity-research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory , with Ernest Rutherford ; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna , with Stefan Meyer ; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry , with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner . In August 1922 Marie Curie became a member of the League of Nations ' newly created International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . She sat on the Committee until 1934 and contributed to League of Nations scientific coordination with other prominent researchers such as Albert Einstein , Hendrik Lorentz , and Henri Bergson . In 1923 she wrote a biography of her late husband, titled Pierre Curie . In 1925 she visited Poland to participate in a ceremony laying the foundations for Warsaw's Radium Institute . Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; the Institute opened in 1932, with her sister Bronisława its director. These distractions from her scientific labours, and the attendant publicity, caused her much discomfort but provided resources for her work. In 1930 she was elected to the International Atomic Weights Committee , on which she served until her death. Death 1935 statue, facing the Radium Institute, Warsaw Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934. A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy, Haute-Savoie , from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation. The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and she stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark. Curie was also exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war. Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses (including near-blindness due to cataracts ) and ultimately her death, she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure. She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux , alongside her husband Pierre. Sixty years later, in 1995, in honour of their achievements, the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon, Paris . She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits. In 2015, two other women were also interred on their own merits. Because of their levels of radioactive contamination, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. Even her cookbook is highly radioactive. Her papers are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing. In her last year, she worked on a book, Radioactivity , which was published posthumously in 1935. Legacy Statue, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , Lublin , Poland The physical and societal aspects of the Curies' work contributed to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes: The result of the Curies' work was epoch-making. Radium's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics. On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom. As a result of Rutherford's experiments with alpha radiation, the nuclear atom was first postulated. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked. If Curie's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers, in both her native and her adoptive country, that were placed in her way because she was a woman. This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Giroud 's Marie Curie: A Life , which emphasizes Curie's role as a feminist precursor. She was known for her honesty and moderate life style. Having received a small scholarship in 1893, she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep. She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends, family, students, and research associates. In an unusual decision, Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium-isolation process, so that the scientific community could do research unhindered. She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her. She and her husband often refused awards and medals. Albert Einstein reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame. Awards, honours, and tributes Tomb of Pierre and Marie Curie, Panthéon, Paris As one of the most famous women scientists to date, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of pop culture . In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist , she was voted the ""most inspirational woman in science"". Curie received 25.1 per cent of all votes cast, nearly twice as many as second-place Rosalind Franklin (14.2 per cent). Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie, and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry. An artistic installation celebrating ""Madame Curie"" filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego 's Museum of Contemporary Art . On 7 November, Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle . On 10 December, the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden . Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences . Awards that she received include: Nobel Prize in Physics (1903, with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel) Davy Medal (1903, with Pierre) Matteucci Medal (1904, with Pierre) Actonian Prize (1907) Elliott Cresson Medal (1909) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911) Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society (1921) Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris . The curie (symbol Ci ), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium . Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite , sklodowskite , and cuprosklodowskite . She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic (1912), Poznań University (1922), Kraków 's Jagiellonian University (1924), and the Warsaw Polytechnic (1926). In 1921, in the U.S., she was awarded membership in the Iota Sigma Pi women scientists' society. Her name is included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations , erected in Hamburg , Germany in 1936. Numerous locations around the world are named after her. In 2007, a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies. Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her. The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her. A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCC) is named in her honour. Several institutions bear her name, starting with the two Curie institutes: the Maria Skłodowska–Curie Institute of Oncology , in Warsaw and the Institut Curie in Paris. She is the patron of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , in Lublin , founded in 1944; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI), France's pre-eminent science university. In Britain, Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill. Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie. In 1967, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum was established in Warsaw's "" New Town "", at her birthplace on ulica Freta (Freta Street). Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie , open since 1992. Several works of art bear her likeness. In 1935, Michalina Mościcka, wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki , unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw's Radium Institute. During the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation, the monument was damaged by gunfire; after the war it was decided to leave the bullet marks on the statue and its pedestal. In 1955 Jozef Mazur created a stained glass panel of her, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion , featured in the University at Buffalo Polish Room. A number of biographies are devoted to her. In 1938 her daughter, Ève Curie , published Madame Curie . In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie: A Life . In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie . In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout . Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar-nominated film, Madame Curie , based on her life. More recently, in 1997, a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released, Les Palmes de M. Schutz . It was adapted from a play of the same name. In the film, Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert . Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch , in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life. Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya: The Living History of Marie Curie , a one-woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries, by 2014. Curie's likeness also has appeared on banknotes, stamps and coins around the world. She was featured on the Polish late-1980s 20,000- złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500- franc note, before the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali , the Republic of Togo , Zambia , and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace . It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium . Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named in her honor. See also Charlotte Hoffman Kellogg , friend Eusapia Palladino : Spiritualist medium whose Paris séances were attended by Pierre and Marie Curie. Genius , a television series depicting Einstein's life List of female Nobel laureates List of multiple discoveries List of Poles Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum , Warsaw , Poland Marie Curie Gargoyle (1988), University of Oregon Poles Timeline of women in science Treatise on Radioactivity Marie ""Blanche"" Wittmann , who worked for Marie Curie. Women in chemistry Notes References Further reading Nonfiction Eva Hemmungs Wirtén (2015). Making Marie Curie: Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-23584-4 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Kaczorowska, Teresa (2011). Córka mazowieckich równin, czyli, Maria Skłodowska-Curie z Mazowsza [ Daughter of the Mazovian Plains: Maria Skłodowska–Curie of Mazowsze ] (in Polish). Związek Literatów Polskich, Oddz. w Ciechanowie. ISBN 9788389408365 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Pasachoff, Naomi (1996). Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509214-1 . Curie, Eve (2001). Madame Curie: A Biography . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81038-1 . Curie, Marie (1921). The Discovery of Radium . Poughkeepsie: Vassar College. Quinn, Susan (1996). Marie Curie: A Life . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-201-88794-5 . Giroud, Françoise (1986). Marie Curie, a life . Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-8419-0977-9 . , translated by Lydia Davis Redniss, Lauren (2010). Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-135132-7 . Opfell, Olga S. (1978). The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize . Metuchen, N.J.& London: Scarecrow Press. pp. 147–164. ISBN 978-0-8108-1161-4 . Fiction Olov Enquist, Per (2006). The Book about Blanche and Marie . New York: Overlook. ISBN 978-1-58567-668-2 . A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist featuring Maria Skłodowska-Curie, neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot , and his Salpêtrière patient ""Blanche"" ( Marie ""Blanche"" Wittmann ). The English translation was published in 2006. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marie Curie ( category ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Marie Curie Wikisource has original works written by or about: Marie Curie Out of the Shadows – A study of women physicists The official web page of Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland in English. Detailed Biography at Science in Poland website ; with quotes, photographs, links etc. European Marie Curie Fellowships Marie Curie Fellowship Association Works by Marie Curie at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Marie Curie at Internet Archive Works by Marie Curie at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Marie Sklodowska Curie: Her Life as a Media Compendium Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium Chronology from nobelprize.org Annotated bibliography of Marie Curie from the Alsos Digital Library Obituary, New York Times, 5 July 1934 Mme. Curie Is Dead; Martyr to Science Some places and memories related to Marie Curie Marie Curie on the 500 French Franc and 20000 old Polish zloty banknotes. Marie Curie on IMDb – Animated biography of Marie Curie on DVD from an animated series of world and American history – Animated Hero Classics distributed by Nest Learning. Marie Curie – More than Meets the Eye on IMDb – Live action portrayal of Marie Curie on DVD from the Inventors Series produced by Devine Entertainment. Marie Curie on IMDb – Portrayal of Marie Curie in a television mini series produced by the BBC ""Marie Curie and the Study of Radioactivity"" at American Institute of Physics website. (Site also has a short version for kids entitled ""Her story in brief!"" .) ""Marie Curie Walking Tour of Paris"" . Hypatia . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Works by Marie Curie at Gallica Streets and schools worldwide named after her . Location of her grave on OpenStreetMap . Newspaper clippings about Marie Curie in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)" 5749597967682741356,train,who is the actress in my cousin vinny,"After having minor roles in a few films, she came to international attention in 1992 with the comedy My Cousin Vinny, for which she received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Tomei has appeared in a number of successful movies, including What Women Want (2000), Anger Management (2003), Wild Hogs (2007), and Parental Guidance (2012). Other films, include Untamed Heart (1993), Only You (1994), The Paper (1994), Unhook the Stars (1996), Slums of Beverly Hills (1998), Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead (2007), Cyrus (2010), Love Is Strange (2014) and The Big Short (2015). She received two additional Academy Award nominations for In the Bedroom (2001) and The Wrestler (2008).",['1950'],ta ni òṣèré nínú my cousin vinny,Yes,"['Lẹ́hìn tí ó ṣe àwọn iṣẹ́ kékèké nínú fíìmù kọ̀ọ̀kan, ó wá sí ìdánimọ̀ àgbáyé ní ọdún 1992 pẹ̀lú eré apanilẹ́rìn-ín ""My Cousin Vinny"", tí ó fi gba ẹ̀bùn àmì ẹ̀yẹ fún òṣèré àtìlẹ́yìn obìnrin tó dára jùlọ.']","['Marisa Tomei wá sí ìdánimọ̀ àgbáyé ní ọdún 1992 pẹ̀lú eré apanilẹ́rìn-ín ""My Cousin Vinny"", tí ó fi gba ẹ̀bùn àmì ẹ̀yẹ fún òṣèré àtìlẹ́yìn obìnrin tó dára jùlọ.']",['P2'],1,0,"Marisa Tomei Marisa Tomei ( /to??me?/; tí a bí ní o?ù kejìlá ?j?? k?rin, ?dún 1964)[1] j?? ò?èré obìnrin Il?? Am??ríkà. Ó j?? olùgbà orísirísi iyì, lára r?? ni àmì ??y? Akád??mì, ní àfikún sí àw?n yíyàn tó gbà fún British Academy Film Award, Daytime Emmy Award kan, Golden Globe Award méjì, àti Screen Actors Guild Award m??ta. L??hìn i??? r?? lórí àw?n jara t?lifísàn ""As the World Turns"" (?dún 1983 sí 1985), Tomei wá sí iyì nípas?? i??? r?? lórí ""The Cosby Show"", ""A Different World "" ní ?dún 1987. L??hìn tí ó ?e àw?n i??? kékèké nínú fíìmù k????kan, ó wá sí ìdánim?? àgbáyé ní ?dún 1992 p??lú eré apanil??rìn-ín ""My Cousin Vinny"", tí ó fi gba ??bùn àmì ??y? fún ò?èré àtìl??yìn obìnrin tó dára jùl?. Wo?n tu?n ya?n fu?n e??bu?n aka?de??mi? me?ji? fu?n ""In the Bedroom"" (2001) a?ti ""The Wrestler"" (2008). Tomei ti ha?n ni? a?w?n fi?i?mu? a??ey?ri?, bi?i ""What Women Want"" (2000), ""Anger Management ""(2003), ""Wild Hogs"" (2007), ""The Ides of March"" (2011), a?ti ""Parental Guidance"" (2012). O? tu?n ?e a?fiha?n May Parker ni?nu? Marvel Cinematic Universe, o? tu?n faraha?n ni? ""Captain America: Civil War"" (2016), ""Spider-Man: Homecoming"" (2017), ""Avengers: Endgame"" (2019), ""Spider-Man: Far From Home"" (2019), a?ti ""Spider-Man: No Way Home"" (2021). Tomei ti ?e ala?ba?pi?n t??l?? p??lu? Ile?-i??? i?ta?ge? Naked Angels Theater o? tu?n faraha?n ni? a?w?n ere? bi?i, ""Daughters"" (1986), ""Wait Until Dark"" (1998), ""Top Girls"" (2008), ti? wo??n ya?n fu?n e??bu?n Drama Desk fu?n o??e?re? ti? o? tay? ni? i??e?re?, a?ti ""The Realistic Joneses ""(2014), e?yi? ti? o? gba e??bu?n pa?ta?ki? fu?n ni? Drama Desk Awards.""","Marisa Tomei Tomei at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival Born ( 1964-12-04 ) December 4, 1964 (age 53) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Residence New York City, New York , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1984–present Marisa Tomei ( / m ə ˈ r ɪ s ə t oʊ ˈ m eɪ / ; born December 4, 1964) is an American actress. Following her work on the television series As the World Turns , she came to prominence as a cast member on The Cosby Show spin-off A Different World in 1987. After having minor roles in a few films, she came to international attention in 1992 with the comedy My Cousin Vinny , for which she received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Tomei has appeared in a number of successful movies, including What Women Want (2000), Anger Management (2003), Wild Hogs (2007), and Parental Guidance (2012). Other films, include Untamed Heart (1993), Only You (1994), The Paper (1994), Unhook the Stars (1996), Slums of Beverly Hills (1998), Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007), Cyrus (2010), Love Is Strange (2014) and The Big Short (2015). She received two additional Academy Award nominations for In the Bedroom (2001) and The Wrestler (2008). She has also portrayed Aunt May in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in the films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and in the upcoming Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Tomei has also worked in theater. She was formerly involved with the Naked Angels Theater Company and appeared in plays, such as Daughters (1986), Wait Until Dark (1998), Top Girls (2008), for which she received a nomination for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play , and The Realistic Joneses (2014), for which she received a special award at the Drama Desk Awards . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 My Cousin Vinny and thereafter 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Tomei was born in Brooklyn, New York , the daughter of Adelaide ""Addie"" ( née Bianchi), an English teacher, and Gary A. Tomei, a trial lawyer. She has a younger brother, actor Adam Tomei, and was partly raised by her paternal grandparents. Tomei's parents are both of Italian descent; her father's ancestors came from Tuscany, Calabria, and Campania; while her mother's ancestors are from Tuscany and Sicily. She graduated from Edward R. Murrow High School in 1982. Tomei grew up in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn. While there, she became captivated by the Broadway shows to which her theater-loving parents took her and was drawn to acting as a career. At Andries Hudde Junior High School, she played Hedy LaRue in a school production of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying . After graduating from Edward R. Murrow High School in 1982, she attended Boston University for a year. Career [ edit ] Early career [ edit ] Tomei followed up As the World Turns in 1986 with a role on the sitcom A Different World as Maggie Lauten during the first season. Her film debut was a minor role in the 1984 comedy film The Flamingo Kid , in which she played Mandy, a waitress. She only had one line in the entire film. During this phase, she made her stage debut in 1987 at the age of 22 with the off-Broadway play Daughters , in which she played Cetta. The role earned her rave reviews and the Theatre World Award for outstanding debut on stage. My Cousin Vinny and thereafter [ edit ] Tomei at the 81st Academy Awards , where she received her third nomination for The Wrestler Following several small films, Tomei came to international prominence with her comedic performance in the 1992 film My Cousin Vinny , for which she received critical praise. Critic Vincent Canby wrote, ""Ms. Tomei gives every indication of being a fine comedian, whether towering over Mr. Pesci and trying to look small, or arguing about a leaky faucet in terms that demonstrate her knowledge of plumbing. Mona Lisa is also a first-rate auto mechanic, which comes in handy in the untying of the knotted story."" For her performance, Tomei was named Best Supporting Actress at the 1993 Academy Awards , prevailing over Miranda Richardson , Joan Plowright , Vanessa Redgrave and Judy Davis . American film critic Rex Reed created controversy (and a minor Hollywood myth) when he suggested that Jack Palance had announced the wrong name after opening the envelope. While this allegation was repeatedly disproved – even the Academy officially denied it – Tomei called the story ""extremely hurtful."" A Price Waterhouse accountant explained that if such an event had occurred, ""we have an agreement with the Academy that one of us would step on stage, introduce ourselves, and say the presenter misspoke."" This was borne out by the events at the 2017 Oscars , when La La Land was first announced as the Best Picture winner based on an error in handling the award cards and the real winner was eventually announced as Moonlight . After her Oscar win, Tomei appeared as silent film star Mabel Normand in the film Chaplin , with her then-boyfriend Robert Downey Jr. playing the title character . The following year, she starred in the romantic drama Untamed Heart with Christian Slater , for which they won the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss . Tomei had won the previous year for Best Breakthrough Performance for My Cousin Vinny . The following year, Tomei appeared alongside Downey again in the romantic comedy Only You . She then appeared in Nick Cassavetes 's Unhook the Stars . Of Tomei's performance, The New York Times wrote, ""Ms. Tomei is equally fine as Mildred's younger, hot-tempered neighbor, whose raw working-class feistiness and bluntly profane vocabulary initially repel the genteel older woman."" She received her first Screen Actor's Guild award nomination for Outstanding Female Supporting Actor for her performance. In 1998, she received an American Comedy Award nomination for Funniest Supporting Actress for Tamara Jenkins 's cult film Slums of Beverly Hills . The independent film was well received by critics and the public. The New York Times writes, ""Jenkins makes the most of an especially ingratiating cast, with Ms. Tomei very charming and funny as Rita"" while another critic states Tomei is ""spunky and sexy... more subdued than she usually is."" Tomei spent several years away from high-profile roles and major motion pictures in the late 1990s, before rising again to prominence in the early 2000s. During the 1990s, Tomei made several television appearances. In 1996, she made a guest appearance on the sitcom Seinfeld , playing herself in the two-part episode "" The Cadillac "". In the episode, George Costanza attempts to get a date with her through a friend of Elaine Benes '. She also made an appearance on The Simpsons as movie star Sara Sloane, who falls in love with Ned Flanders . Former Saturday Night Live cast member Jay Mohr wrote in his book Gasping for Airtime that, as guest host in October 1994, Tomei insisted that a proposed sketch, ""Good Morning Brooklyn"", not be used because she did not like the idea of being stereotyped; that stand displeased the writers and performers, given the show's penchant for satirizing celebrities. Tomei did, however, parody her role from My Cousin Vinny , which had considerable Brooklyn influence, in a skit (out of several recurring) spoofing the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder trial. Tomei appeared in the 2000 film What Women Want , which was a commercial success, and had a supporting role in the romantic comedy Someone Like You . In 2001, Tomei appeared in Todd Field 's Best Picture nominee In the Bedroom , earning several awards including a ShoWest Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2002. Variety wrote, ""Tomei is winning in what is surely her most naturalistic and unaffected performance,"" while The New York Times writer Stephen Holden exclaimed, ""Ms. Tomei's ruined, sorrowful Natalie is easily her finest screen role."" In the Bedroom earned Tomei a second Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Tomei also shared a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast . In 2002, she appeared in the Bollywood -inspired film The Guru and voiced the role of Bree Blackburn, the main antagonist in the animated feature film The Wild Thornberrys Movie . Tomei at the first inauguration of Barack Obama , January 2009 In 2003, Tomei appeared in one of her biggest commercial hits, Anger Management . The following year, she appeared in the film Alfie based on the 1966 British film of the same name . In 2005, she was featured in an ad campaign for Hanes with the slogan ""Look who we've got our Hanes on now"", featuring various other celebrities including Michael Jordan , Jennifer Love Hewitt , and Matthew Perry . In 2006, Tomei had a recurring role on Rescue Me , playing Johnny Gavin 's ex-wife Angie. She won a Gracie Allen Award for Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her work in the four episodes in which she appeared. The following year, she appeared in the comedy Wild Hogs . The film was the 13th-highest grossing movie of 2007 ($168,273,550 domestic box office). She also starred in the Sidney Lumet -directed Before the Devil Knows You're Dead . The film was released to critical acclaim. In 2008, Tomei played Cassidy/Pam, a struggling stripper , in the Darren Aronofsky film The Wrestler . She appeared in several nude dance numbers in the film. On working with Tomei, Aronofsky said, ""This role shows how courageous and brave Marisa is. And ultimately she's really sexy. We knew nudity was a big part of the picture, and she wanted to be that exposed and vulnerable."" Numerous critics heralded this performance as a standout in her career. The Hollywood Reporter wrote, ""Tomei delivers one of her most arresting performances, again without any trace of vanity."" Ty Burr of The Boston Globe wrote, ""Tomei gives a brave and scrupulously honest performance, one that's most naked when Pam has her clothes on."" Variety exclaimed, ""Tomei is in top, emotionally forthright form as she charts a life passage similar to Ram's."" For her performance she was nominated for her first BAFTA , second Golden Globe and third Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 2009, Tomei recorded the role of Mary Magdalene in Thomas Nelson's audio Bible production The Word of Promise . Tomei was number 18 on the 2009 FHM list of "" 100 Sexiest Females in the world "". In 2010, Tomei appeared in Cyrus , a comedy-drama co-starring John C. Reilly and Jonah Hill . [ citation needed ] Tomei hosted the 2011 Scientific and Technical Awards , which was followed by an appearance at the 83rd Academy Awards . She starred in the mystery suspense film The Lincoln Lawyer . She also appeared in Salvation Boulevard , which premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival . Tomei's other 2011 films included Crazy, Stupid, Love and the George Clooney film The Ides of March . She is in talks to star in the indie comedy Married and Cheating . In an interview, Lady Gaga stated that she would want Tomei to portray her in a film about the singer. Tomei responded, ""I was thrilled when I heard. I love her. I love her music. And she's an awesome businesswoman. So I was so touched, really. I think it's incredible that she likes my work and that she'd think of me."" Tomei was featured in the second episode of the third season of NBC 's Who Do You Think You Are? , on February 10, 2012. In the episode, she traveled to Tuscany and to the island of Elba to uncover the truth about the 100-year-old murder of her great-grandfather, Francesco Leopoldo Bianchi. Tomei portrays Aunt May in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in Captain America: Civil War (2016), and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). She is set to reprise her role in Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Personal life [ edit ] Between 2008 and 2012, Tomei had a relationship with actor Logan Marshall-Green . They were rumored to be engaged, but a representative for Tomei denied this. Tomei said in 2009, ""I'm not that big a fan of marriage as an institution, and I don't know why women need to have children to be seen as complete human beings."" Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1984 The Flamingo Kid Mandy 1984 The Toxic Avenger Health Club Girl Uncredited 1986 Playing for Keeps Tracy 1991 Oscar Lisa Provolone 1991 Zandalee Remy 1992 My Cousin Vinny Mona Lisa Vito 1992 Equinox Rosie Rivers 1992 Chaplin Mabel Normand 1993 Untamed Heart Caroline 1994 Only You Faith Corvatch 1994 The Paper Martha Hackett 1995 The Perez Family Dorita Evita Perez 1995 Four Rooms Margaret 1996 Unhook the Stars Monica Warren 1997 A Brother's Kiss Missy 1997 Welcome to Sarajevo Nina 1998 Slums of Beverly Hills Rita Abromowitz 2000 Happy Accidents Ruby Weaver 2000 The Watcher Dr. Polly Beilman 2000 What Women Want Lola 2000 King of the Jungle Det. Costello 2000 Dirk and Betty Paris 2001 In the Bedroom Natalie Strout 2001 Someone Like You Liz 2002 The Wild Thornberrys Movie Bree Blackburn Voice role 2002 Just a Kiss Paula 2002 The Guru Lexi 2003 Anger Management Linda 2004 Alfie Julie 2005 Loverboy Sybil Hamilton 2005 Marilyn Hotchkiss' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School Meredith Morrison 2005 Factotum Laura 2006 Danika Danika Merrick 2007 Grace Is Gone Woman at Pool 2007 Wild Hogs Maggie 2007 Before the Devil Knows You're Dead Gina Hanson 2008 War, Inc. Natalie Hegalhuzen 2008 The Wrestler Cassidy / Pam 2010 Cyrus Molly Fawcett 2011 The Lincoln Lawyer Maggie McPherson 2011 Salvation Boulevard Honey Foster 2011 Crazy, Stupid, Love Kate Tafferty 2011 The Ides of March Ida Horowicz 2012 Inescapable Fatima 2012 Parental Guidance Alice Simmons 2014 Love Is Strange Kate Hull 2014 The Rewrite Holly Carpenter 2014 Loitering with Intent Gigi 2015 Spare Parts Gwen Kolinsky 2015 Trainwreck The Dog Owner 2015 Love the Coopers Emma 2015 The Big Short Cynthia Baum 2016 Captain America: Civil War May Parker 2017 Spider-Man: Homecoming May Parker 2018 After Everything Dr. Lisa Harden 2018 The First Purge Dr. May Updale 2018 Behold My Heart Margaret Lang Post-production 2019 Spider-Man: Far From Home May Parker Filming Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1983 As the World Turns Marcy Thompson regular, 1983-1985 1987 ABC Afterschool Special Noelle Crandall Episode: ""Supermom's Daughter"" 1987 Leg Work Donna Ricci Episode: ""Pilot"" 1987 A Different World Maggie Lauten 21 episodes 1990 Parker Krane April Haynes Movie 1994 Saturday Night Live Host Episode: ""Marisa Tomei/ Bonnie Raitt "" 1996 Seinfeld Herself Episode: "" The Cadillac "" 1998 Since You've Been Gone Tori Uncredited [ citation needed ] 1998 My Own Country Mattie Vines Movie 1998 Only Love Evie Webster Josephson Movie 2001 Jenifer Nina Capelli Movie 2003 The Simpsons Sara Sloane (voice) Episode: "" A Star Is Born Again "" 2006 Rescue Me Angie Gavin 4 episodes 2007 The Rich Inner Life of Penelope Cloud Penelope Cloud Movie 2012 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: ""Ed Helms Wears A Grey Shirt & Brown Boots"" 2015 Empire Mimi Whiteman 5 episodes 2018 The Handmaid's Tale Mrs. O'Conner Episode: ""Unwomen"" Stage [ edit ] 1986: Daughters as Cetta (Off-Broadway) 1987: Beirut as Blue (Off-Broadway) 1989: What The Butler Saw as Geraldine Barclay (Off-Broadway) 1992: The Comedy of Errors as Adriana (Delacorte Theater, Central Park, New York City) 1994: Slavs! as Katherine Serafima Gleb (Off-Broadway) 1996: Dark Rapture by Eric Overmeyer as Julie (Off-Broadway) 1996: Demonology as Gina (Off-Broadway) 1998: Wait Until Dark as Susy Hendrix (Broadway) 2003: Salomé as Salome (Broadway) 2008: Top Girls as Isabella Bird/Joyce/Mrs. Kidd (Broadway) 2011: Marie and Bruce as Marie (Off-Broadway) 2014: The Realistic Joneses as Pony Jones (Broadway) 2016: The Rose Tattoo as Serafina ( Williamstown Theatre Festival ) 2017: How to Transcend a Happy Marriage by Sarah Ruhl (Off-Broadway) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Association Category Work Result 1992 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress My Cousin Vinny Won MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Won Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated 1993 MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Christian Slater ) Untamed Heart Won 1996 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Unhook the Stars Nominated 1997 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Service Show Host Marisa Tomei's Salute to Shirley Temple Nominated 1998 American Comedy Awards Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Slums of Beverly Hills Nominated Teen Choice Awards Funniest Scene (shared with Natasha Lyonne ) Nominated 2000 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy What Women Want Nominated 2001 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress In The Bedroom Nominated Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Won Southeastern Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Won Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Supporting Actress Runner-up Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Nominated Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated 2006 Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress Rescue Me Won 2007 Gotham Award Gotham Award for Best Cast Before the Devil Knows You're Dead Won Independent Spirit Award Best Supporting Female Nominated 2008 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress The Wrestler Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Won Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress (3rd place) Won Detroit Film Critics Society Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Won Florida Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Won Hollywood Film Festival Supporting Actress of the Year Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Won Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Won Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated 2009 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Top Girls Nominated 2010 Satellite Awards Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Cyrus Nominated 2016 Critics' Choice Television Award Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Empire Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Big Short Nominated References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marisa Tomei . Marisa Tomei on IMDb Marisa Tomei at the Internet Broadway Database Marisa Tomei at the Internet Off-Broadway Database" 4495857096236577891,train,when was angelou considered a success as a writer,"Maya Angelou (/ ˈændʒəloʊ / (listen) ; born Marguerite Annie Johnson ; April 4, 1928 -- May 28, 2014) was an American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim.","['in the south-central part of the country, nestled in a mountain valley called valle de la ermita']",ìgbà wo ni wọ́n ka angelou sí òǹkọ̀wé tó ṣe àṣeyọrí,Yes,"['Maya Angelou ( /ˈmaɪ.ə ˈændʒəloʊ/; tí orúkọ àbísọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) jẹ́ olùkọ̀wé àti eléwì àpilẹ̀kọ ará ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà. O di gbajúmọ̀ lórí àwọn ìwé tí ó kọ nípa ìgbésí-ayé ara-ẹni rẹ̀ mẹ́fà tó kọ tí wọ́n sì dá lórí ìgbà èwe àti ìgbà ọdọ́ rẹ̀.']",['Maya Angelou di gbajúmọ̀ lórí àwọn ìwé tí ó kọ nípa ìgbésí-ayé ara-ẹni rẹ̀ mẹ́fà tó kọ tí wọ́n sì dá lórí ìgbà èwe àti ìgbà ọdọ́ rẹ̀.'],['P1'],1,0,"Maya Angelou Maya Angelou (/?ma?.? ?ænd??lo?/; tí orúk? àbís? r?? ? j?? Marguerite Annie Johnson; os?u? ke?rin, o?jo?? ke?rin, o?du?n 1928 – os?u? karu?n, o?jo? keji?di?nlo??gbo??n, o?du?n 2014) j?? olùk??wé àti eléwì àpil??k? ará il?? Am??ríkà.[1] O di gbajúm?? lórí àw?n ìwé tí ó k? nípa ìgbésí-ayé ara-?ni r?? m??fà tó k? tí w??n sì dá lórí ìgbà èwe àti ìgbà ?d?? r??. Àk??k?? nínú àw?n ìwé náà ni: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings[2]tí ó k? ní ?dún (1969), èyí dà lórí ìgbà èwe r?? títí dé ?m? ?dún m??tàdínlógún. Ìwé r?? yí j?? kó di gbajúm?? káàkiri ayé, w??n yàn án fún àmì ??y? ??bùn Ìwé Orílè-??d?? Améríkà. O tí gbà ìwé ??rí àmì ??ye bí ?gb??n, b???? sì ni w??n dá orúk? r?? fún ??bùn ??bùn Pulitzer fún ìwé ewì 1971 re, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'Fore I Diiie.[3]","""Angelou"" redirects here. For the English folk rock band, see Angelou (band) . Maya Angelou Angelou reciting her poem "" On the Pulse of Morning "" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration, January 20, 1993 Born Marguerite Annie Johnson ( 1928-04-04 ) April 4, 1928 St. Louis , Missouri , U.S. Died May 28, 2014 (2014-05-28) (aged 86) Winston-Salem, North Carolina , U.S. Occupation Writer poet civil rights activist Period 1951–2014 Subject Memoir poetry Notable works I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings "" On the Pulse of Morning "" Spouses Tosh Angelos ( m. 1951; div. 1954) Paul du Feu ( m. 1974; div. 1983) Children 1 Website www .mayaangelou .com Maya Angelou ( / ˈ æ n dʒ ə l oʊ / ( listen ) ; born Marguerite Annie Johnson ; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist . She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim. She became a poet and writer after a series of occupations as a young adult, including fry cook, sex worker , nightclub dancer and performer, cast member of the opera Porgy and Bess , coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , and journalist in Egypt and Ghana during the decolonization of Africa . She was an actor, writer, director, and producer of plays, movies, and public television programs. In 1982, she was named the first Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina . She was active in the Civil Rights Movement and worked with Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X . Beginning in the 1990s, she made around 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit , something she continued into her eighties. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "" On the Pulse of Morning "" (1993) at the first inauguration of Bill Clinton , making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961. With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson for black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of black culture. Her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide, although attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries. Angelou's most celebrated works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction , but many critics consider them to be autobiographies. She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing and expanding the genre. Her books center on themes such as racism , identity, family and travel. Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Adulthood and early career: 1951–61 1.3 Africa to Caged Bird : 1961–69 1.4 Later career 1.5 Personal life 1.6 Death 2 Works 2.1 Chronology of autobiographies 3 Reception and legacy 3.1 Influence 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Awards and honors 3.4 Uses in education 4 Poetry 5 Style and genre in autobiographies 6 References 6.1 Explanatory notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Works cited 7 External links Life and career Early years Marguerite Annie Johnson was born in St. Louis , Missouri, on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and navy dietitian, and Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. Angelou's older brother, Bailey Jr., nicknamed Marguerite ""Maya"", derived from ""My"" or ""Mya Sister"". When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' ""calamitous marriage"" ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas , alone by train, to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson. In ""an astonishing exception"" to the harsh economics of African Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II because the general store she owned sold needed basic commodities and because ""she made wise and honest investments"". And Angelou's life has certainly been a full one: from the hardscrabble Depression era South to pimp, prostitute, supper club chanteuse, performer in Porgy and Bess , coordinator for Martin Luther King Jr. 's Southern Christian Leadership Conference , journalist in Egypt and Ghana in the heady days of decolonization, comrade of Malcolm X , and eyewitness to the Watts riots . She knew King and Malcolm, Billie Holiday , and Abbey Lincoln . Linguist John McWhorter , The New Republic (McWhorter, p. 36) To know her life story is to simultaneously wonder what on earth you have been doing with your own life and feel glad that you didn't have to go through half the things she has. The Guardian writer Gary Younge , 2009 Four years later, the children's father ""came to Stamps without warning"" and returned them to their mother's care in St. Louis. At the age of eight, while living with her mother, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, a man named Freeman. She told her brother, who told the rest of their family. Freeman was found guilty but was jailed for only one day. Four days after his release, he was murdered, probably by Angelou's uncles. Angelou became mute for almost five years, believing, as she stated, ""I thought, my voice killed him; I killed that man, because I told his name. And then I thought I would never speak again, because my voice would kill anyone."" According to Marcia Ann Gillespie and her colleagues, who wrote a biography about Angelou, it was during this period of silence when Angelou developed her extraordinary memory, her love for books and literature, and her ability to listen and observe the world around her. Shortly after Freeman's murder, Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother. Angelou credits a teacher and friend of her family, Mrs. Bertha Flowers, with helping her speak again. Flowers introduced her to authors such as Charles Dickens , William Shakespeare , Edgar Allan Poe , Douglas Johnson , and James Weldon Johnson , authors who would affect her life and career, as well as black female artists like Frances Harper , Anne Spencer , and Jessie Fauset . When Angelou was 14, she and her brother moved in with their mother once again, who had since moved to Oakland, California . During World War II, Angelou attended the California Labor School . At the age of 16, she became the first black female cable car conductor in San Francisco. She wanted the job badly, admiring the uniforms of the operators — so much so that her mother referred to it as her ""dream job."" Her mother eencouraged to pursue the position, but warned her that she would need to arrive early and work harder than others. In 2014, Angelou received a lifetime achievement award from the Conference of Minority Transportation Officials as part of a session billed “Women Who Move the Nation.” Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her son, Clyde (who later changed his name to Guy Johnson). Adulthood and early career: 1951–61 Angelou's first album, Miss Calypso , produced in 1957, was made possible by the popularity of her nightclub act. In 1951, Angelou married Tosh Angelos, a Greek electrician, former sailor, and aspiring musician, despite the condemnation of interracial relationships at the time and the disapproval of her mother. She took modern dance classes during this time, and met dancers and choreographers Alvin Ailey and Ruth Beckford. Ailey and Angelou formed a dance team, calling themselves ""Al and Rita"", and performed modern dance at fraternal black organizations throughout San Francisco, but never became successful. Angelou, her new husband, and her son moved to New York City so she could study African dance with Trinidadian dancer Pearl Primus , but they returned to San Francisco a year later. After Angelou's marriage ended in 1954, she danced professionally in clubs around San Francisco, including the nightclub the Purple Onion , where she sang and danced to calypso music . Up to that point she went by the name of ""Marguerite Johnson"", or ""Rita"", but at the strong suggestion of her managers and supporters at the Purple Onion, she changed her professional name to ""Maya Angelou"" (her nickname and former married surname). It was a ""distinctive name"" that set her apart and captured the feel of her calypso dance performances. During 1954 and 1955, Angelou toured Europe with a production of the opera Porgy and Bess . She began her practice of learning the language of every country she visited, and in a few years she gained proficiency in several languages. In 1957, riding on the popularity of calypso, Angelou recorded her first album, Miss Calypso , which was reissued as a CD in 1996. She appeared in an off-Broadway review that inspired the 1957 film Calypso Heat Wave , in which Angelou sang and performed her own compositions. Angelou met novelist John Oliver Killens in 1959 and, at his urging, moved to New York to concentrate on her writing career. She joined the Harlem Writers Guild , where she met several major African-American authors, including John Henrik Clarke , Rosa Guy , Paule Marshall , and Julian Mayfield , and was published for the first time. In 1960, after meeting civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and hearing him speak, she and Killens organized ""the legendary"" Cabaret for Freedom to benefit the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and she was named SCLC's Northern Coordinator. According to scholar Lyman B. Hagen, her contributions to civil rights as a fundraiser and SCLC organizer were successful and ""eminently effective"". Angelou also began her pro- Castro and anti- apartheid activism during this time. Africa to Caged Bird : 1961–69 Most of Angelou's time in Africa was spent in Accra, Ghana , shown here in 2008. In 1961, Angelou performed in Jean Genet 's play The Blacks , along with Abbey Lincoln , Roscoe Lee Brown , James Earl Jones , Louis Gossett , Godfrey Cambridge , and Cicely Tyson . Also in 1961, she met South African freedom fighter Vusumzi Make ; they never officially married. She and her son Guy moved with Make to Cairo , where Angelou worked as an associate editor at the weekly English-language newspaper The Arab Observer . In 1962, her relationship with Make ended, and she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident. Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965. She became an administrator at the University of Ghana , and was active in the African-American expatriate community. She was a feature editor for The African Review , a freelance writer for the Ghanaian Times , wrote and broadcast for Radio Ghana , and worked and performed for Ghana's National Theatre. She performed in a revival of The Blacks in Geneva and Berlin. In Accra, she became close friends with Malcolm X during his visit in the early 1960s. Angelou returned to the U.S. in 1965 to help him build a new civil rights organization, the Organization of Afro-American Unity ; he was assassinated shortly afterward. Devastated and adrift, she joined her brother in Hawaii, where she resumed her singing career. She moved back to Los Angeles to focus on her writing career. Working as a market researcher in Watts , Angelou witnessed the riots in the summer of 1965. She acted in and wrote plays, and returned to New York in 1967. She met her lifelong friend Rosa Guy and renewed her friendship with James Baldwin , whom she had met in Paris in the 1950s and called ""my brother"", during this time. Her friend Jerry Purcell provided Angelou with a stipend to support her writing. Angelou's friend James Baldwin was instrumental in the publication of her first autobiography. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march. She agreed, but ""postpones again"", and in what Gillespie calls ""a macabre twist of fate"", he was assassinated on her 40th birthday (April 4). Devastated again, she was encouraged out of her depression by her friend James Baldwin. As Gillespie states, ""If 1968 was a year of great pain, loss, and sadness, it was also the year when America first witnessed the breadth and depth of Maya Angelou's spirit and creative genius"". Despite having almost no experience, she wrote, produced, and narrated Blacks, Blues, Black! , a ten-part series of documentaries about the connection between blues music and black Americans' African heritage, and what Angelou called the ""Africanisms still current in the U.S."" for National Educational Television , the precursor of PBS . Also in 1968, inspired at a dinner party she attended with Baldwin, cartoonist Jules Feiffer , and his wife Judy, and challenged by Random House editor Robert Loomis , she wrote her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , published in 1969. This brought her international recognition and acclaim. Later career Angelou's Georgia, Georgia , produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden, the first screenplay written by a black woman, was released in 1972. She also wrote the film's soundtrack, despite having very little additional input in the filming of the movie. Angelou married Paul du Feu, a Welsh carpenter and ex-husband of writer Germaine Greer , in San Francisco in 1973. Over the next ten years, as Gillespie has stated, ""She [Angelou] had accomplished more than many artists hope to achieve in a lifetime."" Angelou worked as a composer, writing for singer Roberta Flack , and composing movie scores. She wrote articles, short stories, TV scripts, documentaries, autobiographies, and poetry, produced plays, and was named visiting professor at several colleges and universities. She was ""a reluctant actor"", and was nominated for a Tony Award in 1973 for her role in Look Away . As a theater director, in 1988 she undertook a revival of Errol John 's play Moon on a Rainbow Shawl at the Almeida Theatre in London . In 1977, Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini-series Roots . She was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world. In the late 1970s, Angelou met Oprah Winfrey when Winfrey was a TV anchor in Baltimore, Maryland; Angelou would later become Winfrey's close friend and mentor. In 1981, Angelou and du Feu divorced. She returned to the southern United States in 1981 because she felt she had to come to terms with her past there and, despite having no bachelor's degree, accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem , North Carolina, where she was one of a few full-time African-American professors. From that point on, she considered herself ""a teacher who writes"". Angelou taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests, including philosophy, ethics, theology, science, theater, and writing. The Winston-Salem Journal reported that even though she made many friends on campus, ""she never quite lived down all of the criticism from people who thought she was more of a celebrity than an intellect...[and] an overpaid figurehead"". The last course she taught at Wake Forest was in 2011, but she was planning to teach another course in late 2014. Her final speaking engagement at the university was in late 2013. Beginning in the 1990s, Angelou actively participated in the lecture circuit in a customized tour bus, something she continued into her eighties. Maya Angelou speaking at a rally for Barack Obama, 2008 In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "" On the Pulse of Morning "" at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton , becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at President John F. Kennedy 's inauguration in 1961. Her recitation resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadened her appeal ""across racial, economic, and educational boundaries"". The recording of the poem won a Grammy Award . In June 1995, she delivered what Richard Long called her ""second 'public' poem"", titled "" A Brave and Startling Truth "", which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations . Angelou achieved her goal of directing a feature film in 1996, Down in the Delta , which featured actors such as Alfre Woodard and Wesley Snipes . Also in 1996, she collaborated with R&B artists Ashford & Simpson on seven of the eleven tracks of their album Been Found . The album was responsible for three of Angelou's only Billboard chart appearances. In 2000, she created a successful collection of products for Hallmark , including greeting cards and decorative household items. She responded to critics who charged her with being too commercial by stating that ""the enterprise was perfectly in keeping with her role as 'the people's poet'"". More than thirty years after Angelou began writing her life story, she completed her sixth autobiography A Song Flung Up to Heaven , in 2002. Angelou and Hillary Clinton at an event in North Carolina in 2008 Angelou campaigned for the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential primaries , giving her public support to Senator Hillary Clinton . In the run-up to the January Democratic primary in South Carolina , the Clinton campaign ran ads featuring Angelou's endorsement. The ads were part of the campaign's efforts to rally support in the Black community; but Obama won the South Carolina primary, finishing 29 points ahead of Clinton and taking 80% of the Black vote. When Clinton's campaign ended, Angelou put her support behind Senator Barack Obama , who went on to win the election and became the first African-American president of the United States. She stated, ""We are growing up beyond the idiocies of racism and sexism."" In late 2010, Angelou donated her personal papers and career memorabilia to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem . They consisted of more than 340 boxes of documents that featured her handwritten notes on yellow legal pads for I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , a 1982 telegram from Coretta Scott King , fan mail, and personal and professional correspondence from colleagues such as her editor Robert Loomis. In 2011, Angelou served as a consultant for the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C. She spoke out in opposition to a paraphrase of a quotation by King that appeared on the memorial, saying, ""The quote makes Dr. Martin Luther King look like an arrogant twit"", and demanded that it be changed. Eventually, the paraphrase was removed. In 2013, at the age of 85, Angelou published the seventh volume of autobiography in her series, titled Mom & Me & Mom , which focuses on her relationship with her mother. Personal life I make writing as much a part of my life as I do eating or listening to music. Maya Angelou, 1999 I also wear a hat or a very tightly pulled head tie when I write. I suppose I hope by doing that I will keep my brains from seeping out of my scalp and running in great gray blobs down my neck, into my ears, and over my face. Maya Angelou, 1984 Nothing so frightens me as writing, but nothing so satisfies me. It's like a swimmer in the [English] Channel: you face the stingrays and waves and cold and grease, and finally you reach the other shore, and you put your foot on the ground—Aaaahhhh! Maya Angelou, 1989 Evidence suggests that Angelou was partially descended from the Mende people of West Africa. . In 2008, a DNA test revealed that among all of her African ancestors, 45 percent were from the Congo - Angola region and 55 percent were from West Africa . A 2008 PBS documentary found that Angelou's maternal great-grandmother Mary Lee, who had been emancipated after the Civil War , became pregnant by her white former owner, John Savin. Savin forced Lee to sign a false statement accusing another man of being the father of her child. After Savin was indicted for forcing Lee to commit perjury, and despite the discovery that Savin was the father, a jury found him not guilty. Lee was sent to the Clinton County poorhouse in Missouri with her daughter, Marguerite Baxter, who became Angelou's grandmother. Angelou described Lee as ""that poor little Black girl, physically and mentally bruised"". The details of Angelou's life described in her seven autobiographies and in numerous interviews, speeches, and articles tended to be inconsistent. Critic Mary Jane Lupton has explained that when Angelou spoke about her life, she did so eloquently but informally and ""with no time chart in front of her"". For example, she was married at least twice, but never clarified the number of times she had been married, ""for fear of sounding frivolous""; according to her autobiographies and to Gillespie, she married Tosh Angelos in 1951 and Paul du Feu in 1974, and began her relationship with Vusumzi Make in 1961, but never formally married him. Angelou held many jobs, including some in the sex trade , working as a prostitute and madame for lesbians, as she described in her second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name . In a 1995 interview, Angelou said, ""I wrote about my experiences because I thought too many people tell young folks, 'I never did anything wrong. Who, Moi? – never I. I have no skeletons in my closet. In fact, I have no closet.' They lie like that and then young people find themselves in situations and they think, 'Damn I must be a pretty bad guy. My mom or dad never did anything wrong.' They can’t forgive themselves and go on with their lives."" Angelou had one son, Guy, whose birth she described in her first autobiography; one grandson, two great-grandchildren, and, according to Gillespie, a large group of friends and extended family. Angelou's mother Vivian Baxter died in 1991 and her brother Bailey Johnson, Jr., died in 2000 after a series of strokes; both were important figures in her life and her books. In 1981, the mother of her grandson disappeared with her grandson; finding him took four years. In 2009, the gossip website TMZ erroneously reported that Angelou had been hospitalized in Los Angeles when she was alive and well in St. Louis, which resulted in rumors of her death and, according to Angelou, concern among her friends and family worldwide. In 2013, Angelou told her friend Oprah Winfrey that she had studied courses offered by the Unity Church , which were spiritually significant to her. She did not earn a university degree, but according to Gillespie it was Angelou's preference to be called ""Dr. Angelou"" by people outside of her family and close friends. She owned two homes in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and a ""lordly brownstone"" in Harlem , which was purchased in 2004 and was full of her ""growing library"" of books she collected throughout her life, artwork collected over the span of many decades, and well-stocked kitchens. Guardian writer Gary Younge reported that in Angelou's Harlem home were several African wall hangings and her collection of paintings, including ones of several jazz trumpeters, a watercolor of Rosa Parks , and a Faith Ringgold work titled ""Maya's Quilt Of Life"". According to Gillespie, she hosted several celebrations per year at her main residence in Winston-Salem; ""her skill in the kitchen is the stuff of legend—from haute cuisine to down-home comfort food"". The Winston-Salem Journal stated: ""Securing an invitation to one of Angelou’s Thanksgiving dinners, Christmas tree decorating parties or birthday parties was among the most coveted invitations in town."" The New York Times , describing Angelou's residence history in New York City, stated that she regularly hosted elaborate New Year's Day parties. She combined her cooking and writing skills in her 2004 book Hallelujah! The Welcome Table , which featured 73 recipes, many of which she learned from her grandmother and mother, accompanied by 28 vignettes. She followed up in 2010 with her second cookbook, Great Food, All Day Long : Cook Splendidly, Eat Smart , which focused on weight loss and portion control. Beginning with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Angelou used the same ""writing ritual"" for many years. She would wake early in the morning and check into a hotel room, where the staff was instructed to remove any pictures from the walls. She would write on legal pads while lying on the bed, with only a bottle of sherry, a deck of cards to play solitaire , Roget's Thesaurus , and the Bible, and would leave by the early afternoon. She would average 10–12 pages of written material a day, which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening. She went through this process to ""enchant"" herself, and as she said in a 1989 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation , ""relive the agony, the anguish, the Sturm und Drang "". She placed herself back in the time she wrote about, even traumatic experiences such as her rape in Caged Bird , in order to ""tell the human truth"" about her life. Angelou stated that she played cards in order to get to that place of enchantment and in order to access her memories more effectively. She said, ""It may take an hour to get into it, but once I'm in it—ha! It's so delicious!"" She did not find the process cathartic; rather, she found relief in ""telling the truth"". Death Angelou died on the morning of May 28, 2014. She was found by her nurse. Although Angelou had reportedly been in poor health and had canceled recent scheduled appearances, she was working on another book, an autobiography about her experiences with national and world leaders. During her memorial service at Wake Forest University, her son Guy Johnson stated that despite being in constant pain due to her dancing career and respiratory failure, she wrote four books during the last ten years of her life. He said, ""She left this mortal plane with no loss of acuity and no loss in comprehension."" Tributes to Angelou and condolences were paid by artists, entertainers, and world leaders, including President Bill Clinton, and President Barack Obama, whose sister was named after Angelou. Harold Augenbraum , from the National Book Foundation , said that Angelou's ""legacy is one that all writers and readers across the world can admire and aspire to."" The week after Angelou's death, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings rose to number 1 on Amazon.com 's bestseller list. On May 29, 2014, Mount Zion Baptist Church in Winston-Salem, of which Angelou was a member for 30 years, held a public memorial service to honor her. On June 7, a private memorial service was held at Wait Chapel on the campus of Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem. The memorial was shown live on local stations in the Winston-Salem/Triad area and streamed live on the university web site with speeches from her son, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama , and Bill Clinton. On June 15, a memorial was held at Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco, where Angelou was a member for many years. Rev. Cecil Williams , Mayor Ed Lee , and former mayor Willie Brown spoke. On October 5, 2014, a major tribute entitled Maya Angelou: A Celebration , scripted by Margaret Busby and directed by Paulette Randall , took place in London's Royal Festival Hall ; chaired by Jon Snow and Moira Stuart , it featured contributions from artists including Adjoa Andoh , Angel Coulby , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Nicola Hughes , Ella Odedina, NITROvox, Roderick Williams and Ayanna Witter-Johnson. In 2015 a United States Postal Service stamp was issued commemorating Maya Angelou with the Joan Walsh Anglund quote ""A bird doesn’t sing because it has an answer, it sings because it has a song"", though the stamp mistakenly attributes the quote to Angelou. The quote is from Anglund's book of poems A Cup of Sun (1967). On April 4, 2018, Google presented a doodle to honor her 90th birthday. Works Main article: List of Maya Angelou works Angelou wrote a total of seven autobiographies. According to scholar Mary Jane Lupton, Angelou's third autobiography Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas marked the first time a well-known African-American autobiographer had written a third volume about her life. Her books ""stretch over time and place"", from Arkansas to Africa and back to the U.S., and take place from the beginnings of World War II to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. She published her seventh autobiography Mom & Me & Mom in 2013, at the age of 85. Critics have tended to judge Angelou's subsequent autobiographies ""in light of the first"", with Caged Bird receiving the highest praise. Angelou wrote five collections of essays, which writer Hilton Als called her ""wisdom books"" and ""homilies strung together with autobiographical texts"". Angelou used the same editor throughout her writing career, Robert Loomis , an executive editor at Random House ; he retired in 2011 and has been called ""one of publishing's hall of fame editors."" Angelou said regarding Loomis: ""We have a relationship that's kind of famous among publishers."" All my work, my life, everything I do is about survival, not just bare, awful, plodding survival, but survival with grace and faith. While one may encounter many defeats, one must not be defeated. Maya Angelou Angelou's long and extensive career also included poetry, plays, screenplays for television and film, directing, acting, and public speaking. She was a prolific writer of poetry; her volume Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize , and she was chosen by President Bill Clinton to recite her poem ""On the Pulse of Morning"" during his inauguration in 1993. Angelou's successful acting career included roles in numerous plays, films, and television programs, including her appearance in the television mini-series Roots in 1977. Her screenplay, Georgia, Georgia (1972), was the first original script by a black woman to be produced, and she was the first African-American woman to direct a major motion picture, Down in the Delta , in 1998. Chronology of autobiographies I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969): Up to 1944 (age 17) Gather Together in My Name (1974): 1944–48 Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas (1976): 1949–55 The Heart of a Woman (1981): 1957–62 All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986): 1962–65 A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002): 1965–68 Mom & Me & Mom (2013): overview Reception and legacy Influence President Barack Obama presenting Angelou with the Presidential Medal of Freedom , 2011 When I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published in 1969, Angelou was hailed as a new kind of memoirist, one of the first African-American women who were able to publicly discuss their personal lives. According to scholar Hilton Als, up to that point, black female writers were marginalized to the point that they were unable to present themselves as central characters in the literature they wrote. Linguist John McWhorter agreed, seeing Angelou's works, which he called ""tracts"", as ""apologetic writing"". He placed Angelou in the tradition of African-American literature as a defense of black culture, which he called ""a literary manifestation of the imperative that reigned in the black scholarship of the period"". Writer Julian Mayfield, who called Caged Bird ""a work of art that eludes description"", argued that Angelou's autobiographies set a precedent for not only other black women writers, but also African-American autobiography as a whole. Als said that Caged Bird marked one of the first times that a black autobiographer could, as he put it, ""write about blackness from the inside, without apology or defense"". Through the writing of her autobiography, Angelou became recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for blacks and women. It made her ""without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer"", and ""a major autobiographical voice of the time"". As writer Gary Younge said, ""Probably more than almost any other writer alive, Angelou's life literally is her work."" Als said that Caged Bird helped increase black feminist writings in the 1970s, less through its originality than ""its resonance in the prevailing Zeitgeist "", or the time in which it was written, at the end of the American Civil Rights Movement . Als also claimed that Angelou's writings, more interested in self-revelation than in politics or feminism, have freed other female writers to ""open themselves up without shame to the eyes of the world"". Angelou critic Joanne M. Braxton stated that Caged Bird was ""perhaps the most aesthetically pleasing"" autobiography written by an African-American woman in its era. Angelou's poetry has influenced the modern hip-hop music community, including artists such as Kanye West , Common , Tupac Shakur , and Nicki Minaj . Critical reception Reviewer Elsie B. Washington , most likely due to President Clinton's choice of Angelou to recite her poem ""On the Pulse of Morning"" at his 1993 inauguration, called her ""the black woman's poet laureate"". Sales of the paperback version of her books and poetry rose by 300–600% the week after Angelou's recitation. Random House , which published the poem later that year, had to reprint 400,000 copies of all her books to keep up with the demand. They sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992, accounting for a 1200% increase. Angelou famously said, in response to criticism regarding using the details of her life in her work, ""I agree with Balzac and 19th-century writers, black and white, who say, 'I write for money'."" Younge, speaking after the publication of Angelou's third book of essays, Letter to My Daughter (2008), has said, ""For the last couple of decades she has merged her various talents into a kind of performance art—issuing a message of personal and social uplift by blending poetry, song and conversation."" Angelou's books, especially I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , have been criticized by many parents, causing their removal from school curricula and library shelves. According to the National Coalition Against Censorship , parents and schools have objected to Caged Bird ' s depictions of lesbianism, premarital cohabitation, pornography, and violence. Some have been critical of the book's sexually explicit scenes, use of language, and irreverent depictions of religion. Caged Bird appeared third on the American Library Association (ALA) list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 and sixth on the ALA's 2000–2009 list. Awards and honors Main article: List of honors received by Maya Angelou Angelou was honored by universities, literary organizations, government agencies, and special interest groups. Her honors included a Pulitzer Prize nomination for her book of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie, a Tony Award nomination for her role in the 1973 play Look Away , and three Grammys for her spoken word albums. She served on two presidential committees, and was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1994, the National Medal of Arts in 2000, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. Angelou was awarded over fifty honorary degrees. Uses in education Angelou's autobiographies have been used in narrative and multicultural approaches in teacher education . Jocelyn A. Glazier, a professor at George Washington University , has trained teachers how to ""talk about race"" in their classrooms with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Gather Together in My Name . According to Glazier, Angelou's use of understatement, self-mockery, humor, and irony have left readers of Angelou's autobiographies unsure of what she left out and how they should respond to the events she described. Angelou's depictions of her experiences of racism have forced white readers to either explore their feelings about race and their own ""privileged status"", or to avoid the discussion as a means of keeping their privilege. Glazier found that critics have focused on the way Angelou fits within the genre of African-American autobiography and on her literary techniques , but readers have tended to react to her storytelling with ""surprise, particularly when [they] enter the text with certain expectations about the genre of autobiography"". Educator Daniel Challener, in his 1997 book Stories of Resilience in Childhood , analyzed the events in Caged Bird to illustrate resiliency in children. He argued that Angelou's book has provided a ""useful framework"" for exploring the obstacles many children like Maya have faced and how their communities have helped them succeed. Psychologist Chris Boyatzis has reported using Caged Bird to supplement scientific theory and research in the instruction of child development topics such as the development of self-concept and self-esteem, ego resilience, industry versus inferiority, effects of abuse, parenting styles, sibling and friendship relations, gender issues, cognitive development, puberty, and identity formation in adolescence. He found Caged Bird a ""highly effective"" tool for providing real-life examples of these psychological concepts. Poetry Main article: Poetry of Maya Angelou Angelou is best known for her seven autobiographies, but she was also a prolific and successful poet. She was called ""the black woman's poet laureate"", and her poems have been called the anthems of African Americans. Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, and used poetry and other great literature to cope with her rape as a young girl, as described in Caged Bird . According to scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout, literature also affected Angelou's sensibilities as the poet and writer she became, especially the ""liberating discourse that would evolve in her own poetic canon"". Many critics consider Angelou's autobiographies more important than her poetry. Although all her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has not been perceived to be as serious as her prose and has been understudied. Her poems were more interesting when she recited and performed them, and many critics emphasized the public aspect of her poetry. Angelou's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to both the public nature of many of her poems and to Angelou's popular success, and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a verbal, performed one. Zofia Burr has countered Angelou's critics by condemning them for not taking into account Angelou's larger purposes in her writing: ""to be representative rather than individual, authoritative rather than confessional"". Style and genre in autobiographies Main article: Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies Angelou's use of fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, characterization, and development of theme, setting, plot, and language has often resulted in the placement of her books into the genre of autobiographical fiction . Angelou made a deliberate attempt in her books to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. Scholar Mary Jane Lupton argues that all of Angelou's autobiographies conform to the genre's standard structure: they are written by a single author, they are chronological, and they contain elements of character, technique, and theme. Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books; Lupton agrees, stating that Angelou tended to ""diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth"", which parallels the conventions of much of African-American autobiography written during the abolitionist period of U.S. history, when as both Lupton and African-American scholar Crispin Sartwell put it, the truth was censored out of the need for self-protection. Scholar Lyman B. Hagen places Angelou in the long tradition of African-American autobiography, but claims that Angelou created a unique interpretation of the autobiographical form. Angelou at York College in February 2013 According to African-American literature scholar Pierre A. Walker, the challenge for much of the history of African-American literature was that its authors have had to confirm its status as literature before they could accomplish their political goals, which was why Angelou's editor Robert Loomis was able to dare her into writing Caged Bird by challenging her to write an autobiography that could be considered ""high art"". Angelou acknowledged that she followed the slave narrative tradition of ""speaking in the first-person singular talking about the first-person plural, always saying I meaning 'we'"". Scholar John McWhorter calls Angelou's books ""tracts"" that defend African-American culture and fight negative stereotypes. According to McWhorter, Angelou structured her books, which to him seem to be written more for children than for adults, to support her defense of black culture. McWhorter sees Angelou as she depicts herself in her autobiographies ""as a kind of stand-in figure for the black American in Troubled Times"". McWhorter views Angelou's works as dated, but recognizes that ""she has helped to pave the way for contemporary black writers who are able to enjoy the luxury of being merely individuals, no longer representatives of the race, only themselves"". Scholar Lynn Z. Bloom compares Angelou's works to the writings of Frederick Douglass , stating that both fulfilled the same purpose: to describe black culture and to interpret it for their wider, white audiences. According to scholar Sondra O'Neale, Angelou's poetry can be placed within the African-American oral tradition, and her prose ""follows classic technique in nonpoetic Western forms"". O'Neale states that Angelou avoided using a ""monolithic black language"", and accomplished, through direct dialogue, what O'Neale calls a ""more expected ghetto expressiveness"". McWhorter finds both the language Angelou used in her autobiographies and the people she depicted unrealistic, resulting in a separation between her and her audience. As McWhorter states, ""I have never read autobiographical writing where I had such a hard time summoning a sense of how the subject talks, or a sense of who the subject really is"". McWhorter asserts, for example, that key figures in Angelou's books, like herself, her son Guy, and mother Vivian do not speak as one would expect, and that their speech is ""cleaned up"" for her readers. Guy, for example, represents the young black male, while Vivian represents the idealized mother figure, and the stiff language they use, as well as the language in Angelou's text, is intended to prove that blacks can use standard English competently. McWhorter recognizes that much of the reason for Angelou's style was the ""apologetic"" nature of her writing. When Angelou wrote Caged Bird at the end of the 1960s, one of the necessary and accepted features of literature at the time was ""organic unity"", and one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied that criterion. The events in her books were episodic and crafted like a series of short stories, but their arrangements did not follow a strict chronology. Instead, they were placed to emphasize the themes of her books , which include racism, identity, family, and travel. English literature scholar Valerie Sayers has asserted that ""Angelou's poetry and prose are similar"". They both rely on her ""direct voice"", which alternates steady rhythms with syncopated patterns and uses similes and metaphors (e.g., the caged bird). According to Hagen, Angelou's works were influenced by both conventional literary and the oral traditions of the African-American community. For example, she referenced over 100 literary characters throughout her books and poetry. In addition, she used the elements of blues music , including the act of testimony when speaking of one's life and struggles, ironic understatement, and the use of natural metaphors, rhythms, and intonations. Angelou, instead of depending upon plot, used personal and historical events to shape her books. References Explanatory notes Citations Works cited Angelou, Maya (1969). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50789-2 Angelou, Maya (1993). Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-22363-6 Angelou, Maya (2008). Letter to My Daughter . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-8003-5 Braxton, Joanne M., ed. (1999). Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook . New York: Oxford Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511606-9 Braxton, Joanne M. ""Symbolic Geography and Psychic Landscapes: A Conversation with Maya Angelou"", pp. 3–20 Tate, Claudia. ""Maya Angelou: An Interview"", pp. 149–158 Burr, Zofia (2002). Of Women, Poetry, and Power: Strategies of Address in Dickinson, Miles, Brooks, Lorde, and Angelou . Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02769-7 DeGout, Yasmin Y. (2009). ""The Poetry of Maya Angelou: Liberation Ideology and Technique"". In Bloom's Modern Critical Views—Maya Angelou , Harold Bloom, ed. New York: Infobase Publishing , pp. 121–132. ISBN 978-1-60413-177-2 Gillespie, Marcia Ann, Rosa Johnson Butler, and Richard A. Long. (2008). Maya Angelou: A Glorious Celebration . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-51108-7 Hagen, Lyman B. (1997). Heart of a Woman, Mind of a Writer, and Soul of a Poet: A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou . Lanham, Maryland: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7618-0621-9 Lauret, Maria (1994). Liberating Literature: Feminist Fiction in America . New York: Routledge Press. ISBN 978-0-415-06515-3 Long, Richard (2005). ""Maya Angelou"". Smithsonian 36 , (8): pp. 84–85 Lupton, Mary Jane (1998). Maya Angelou: A Critical Companion . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30325-8 McWhorter, John (2002). ""Saint Maya."" The New Republic 226 , (19): pp. 35–41. O'Neale, Sondra (1984). ""Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelou's Continuing Autobiography"", in Black Women Writers (1950–1980): A Critical Evaluation , Mari Evans , ed. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-17124-3 Toppman, Lawrence (1989). ""Maya Angelou: The Serene Spirit of a Survivor"", in Conversations with Maya Angelou , Jeffrey M. Elliot, ed. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87805-362-9 Walker, Pierre A. (October 1995). ""Racial Protest, Identity, Words, and Form in Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"". College Literature 22 , (3): pp. 91–108. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Maya Angelou Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maya Angelou . Official website Maya Angelou discography at Discogs Maya Angelou at Find a Grave Maya Angelou on IMDb Maya Angelou at the Internet Broadway Database Maya Angelou at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Maya Angelou memorial service at Wake Forest University Maya Angelou (some acting credits) at Aveleyman.com Spring, Kelly. ""Maya Angelou"" . National Women's History Museum. 2017. Maya Angelou’s Posthumous Album, ‘Caged Bird Songs,’ Debuts" -7676570495062937551,train,who did the voices of the looney tunes characters,"Melvin Jerome `` Mel '' Blanc (May 30, 1908 -- July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor, actor, radio comedian, and recording artist. He began his 60 - plus - year career performing in radio, but is best remembered for his work in animation as the voices of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner, the Tasmanian Devil, and many of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons during the golden age of American animation. He was, in fact, the voice for all of the major male Warner Bros. cartoon characters except for Elmer Fudd, whose voice was provided (uncredited) by fellow radio actor Arthur Q. Bryan, although Blanc later voiced Fudd as well after Bryan 's death.",['17 march 1861'],ta ló ṣe ohùn àwọn òǹkọ̀wé looney tunes,Yes,"['Melvin Jerome ""Mel"" Blanc (May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) je osere ara Amerika.']","['Melvin Jerome ""Mel"" Blanc je osere ara Amerika.']",['P1'],1,0,"Mel Blanc Melvin Jerome ""Mel"" Blanc je osere ara Amerika. Melvin Jerome (Os?u? karu?n 30, 1908 - O?u Keje 10, 1989) [4] j? o?ere ohun Am?rika kan ati ihuwasi redio ti i?? r? ti k?ja ?dun 60. Lakoko ?jó? Ò?làjú Rédíò, o pese aw?n ohun kik? ati aw?n ipa didun ohun fun aw?n eto redio awada, p?lu aw?n ti Jack Benny, Abbott ati Costello, Burns ati Allen, The Great Gildersleeve, Judy Canova, ati sitcom tir? fun igba di?. Sib?sib?, o di mim? ni agbaye fun i?? r? ni ?jó? Ò?làjú Àw?n Eré Àwòrán Oníhòòhò ti Orílè?-èdè Amé?ríkà bi aw?n ohun ti Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety, Sylvester, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Tasmanian Devil, ati ?p?l?p? aw?n ohun kik? miiran lati Looney Tunes ati Merrie Aw?n ere aladun ti itage.[5] Blanc tun s? ohun kik? Looney Tunes Porky Pig ati Elmer Fudd l?hin ti o r?po aw?n o?ere atil?ba w?n Joe Dougherty ati Arthur Q. Bryan, l?s?s? (botil?j?pe o ?e ohun Elmer l??k??kan lakoko igbesi aye Bryan p?lu).[5] L?hinna o s? aw?n ohun kik? sil? fun aw?n aworan efe t?lifisi?nu Hanna-Barbera, p?lu Barney Rubble ati Dino lori Aw?n Flintstones, ?gb?ni Spacely lori Aw?n Jetsons, A?iri Squirrel lori Atomu Ant/A?iri Squirrel Show, ohun kik? ak?le ti Speed ??Buggy, ati Captain Caveman lori Captain Caveman ati aw?n ang?li ?d?m?kunrin ati Aw?n ?m? w?w? Flintstone.[5] Ti a t?ka si bi ""Eniyan ti ?gb?run Aw?n ohun"", [6] o j? ?kan ninu aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? ninu ile-i?? i?e ohun, ati bi ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ohun ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba.[7] Igbesi aye ib?r? A bi Blanc ni O?u Karun ?j? 30, ?dun 1908, ni San Francisco, California, si Eva (née Katz), a?ikiri Juu ti Lithuania kan, [8] ati Frederick Blank (ti a bi ni New York si aw?n obi Juu Juu ti Jamani)[It?kasi nilo], aburo ti aw?n ?m? meji. O dagba ni agbegbe San Francisco's Western Addition, [9] ati nigbamii ni Portland, Oregon, nibiti o ti l? si ile-iwe giga Lincoln.[10] Ó tètè níf???? sí ohùn àti èdè ìbíl??, èyí tó b??r?? sí í dánra wò nígbà tó wà l??m? ?dún m??wàá. Ó s? pé nígbà tóun wà ní ?m? ?dún m??rìndínlógún [16] ni òun yí orúk? òun pa dà, látorí òfo sí Blanc, torí pé olùk?? kan s? fún òun pé òun máa ?e b????. nkankan ki o si dabi oruk? r?, a ""òfo"". O darap? m? A?? ti DeMolay bi ?d?m?kunrin, ati pe a ti ?e ifil?l? sinu Hall of Fame r? nik?hin.[11] L??yìn tí ó jáde ní ilé ??k?? girama ní ?dún 1927, ó pín àkókò r?? láàrín dídarí ?gb?? ak?rin kan, ó di olùdarí àbík??yìn ní oríl??-èdè náà ní ?m? ?dún 19; ati ?i?e shtick ni aw?n ifihan vaudeville ni ayika Washington, Oregon ati ariwa California. I??-?i?e Redio i?? satunk? Blanc b?r? i?? redio r? ni ?m? ?dun 19 ni ?dun 1927, nigbati o ?e ak?rin ak?k? r? lori eto KGW The Hoot Owls, nibiti agbara r? lati pese aw?n ohun fun aw?n ohun kik? l?p?l?p? ti k?k? fa akiyesi. O gbe l? si Los Angeles ni ?dun 1932, nibiti o ti pade Estelle Rosenbaum (1909 – 2003), ?niti o ?e igbeyawo ni ?dun kan l?hinna, ?aaju ki o to pada si Portland. O gbe l? si KEX ni ?dun 1933 lati ?e ati gbalejo i?afihan Cobweb ati Nuts p?lu iyawo r? Estelle, eyiti o b?r? ni O?u Karun ?j? 15. Eto naa ?ere ni ?j? M?nde si ?j? Satidee lati 11:00 pm si ?ganj?, ati ni akoko ti i?afihan naa pari meji. ?dun nigbamii, o han lati 10:30 pm to 11:00 pm. Igbesi aye ara ?ni Blanc ati iyawo r? Estelle Rosenbaum ?e igbeyawo ni O?u Kini ?j? 4, ?dun 1933, [4] w?n si wa ni iyawo titi o fi ku ni ?dun 1989.[4] ?m?kunrin w?n, Noel Blanc, tun j? o?ere ohun.[4] Blanc j? Freemason g?g?bi ?m? ?gb? ti Mid Day Lodge No.. 188 ni Portland, Oregon.[34][35] O ?e ?m? ?gb? ni ile ayagbe fun ?dun 58. Blanc tun j? Shriner.[36][37][38] Iku Blanc ká gravestone Blanc b?r? siga ni o kere ju idii siga kan fun ?j? kan ni ?m? ?dun m?san o si t?siwaju titi di ?dun 1985, ti jáw?? siga mimu l?hin ay?wo p?lu emphysema.[39] L?hinna a ?e ay?wo r? p?lu arun ai?an ti ?d?foro, ti a tun m? si COPD, l?hin ti idile r? ?ay?wo r? sinu Ile-i?? I?oogun Cedars-Sinai ni Los Angeles ni O?u Karun ?j? 19, ?dun 1989[4] nigbati w?n ?e akiyesi pe o ti n wú gan-an lakoko ti o n ibon i?owo kan. O ti nireti ni ak?k? lati gba pada, [40] ?ugb?n aw?n dokita ?e awari nigbamii pe o ti ni il?siwaju arun i??n-al? ?kan l?hin ilera r? ti buru si. O tun ti ?ubu lati ibusun r? ti o si ?? egungun r? nigba idaduro. Blanc ku ni ?ni ?dun 81 lati aw?n iloluran ti o ni ibatan si aw?n aisan mejeeji ni O?u Keje 10, ?dun 1989 ni 2:30 PM, o f?r? to o?u meji l?hin gbigba w?n si ile-iwosan.[4] O ti wa ni interred ni Hollywood Forever it?? òkú apakan 13, Pinewood apakan, Idite #149 ni Hollywood.[41][42] If? r? s? pe okuta ibojì r? ka ""EYI NI GBOGBO FOLKS"" - gbolohun p?lu eyiti iwa Blanc, Porky Pig, pari aw?n aworan efe Warner Bros. lati 1937 si 1946. IPA Blanc ni a gba bi o?ere ohun ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ere idaraya.[43] Oun ni o?ere ohun ak?k? lati gba kir?diti loju iboju.[44] Iku Blanc ni a ka si ipadanu nla si ile-i?? ere ere nitori ?gb?n r?, iw?n as?ye, ati n?mba pup? ti aw?n ohun kik? ti o t?siwaju ti o ?e afihan, ti aw?n ipa r? ti ?e at?le nipas? ?p?l?p? aw?n talenti ohun miiran. G?g?bi alariwisi fiimu Leonard Maltin ?e akiyesi, “O j? iyal?nu lati m? pe Tweety Bird ati Yosemite Sam j? ?kunrin kanna!”[45] Blanc s? pe Sylvester the Cat ni ohun kik? ti o r?run jul? fun u lati s?, nitori “[o j?] o kan ohùn sis? deede mi p?lu sokiri ni ipari”; ati pé Sami ará Samu?li ni ó le jùl?, nítorí ariwo r?? ati ìríra r??. Dókítà kan tó ?ày??wò ??fun Blanc rí i pé ó ní àw?n okùn ohùn alágbára tí ó níp?n tí kò fi b???? yàt?? síra, tí ó sì j?? kí ó yàt??, tí ó sì fi w??n wé ti ak?rin opera Enrico Caruso.[12] L?hin iku r?, ohun Blanc t?siwaju lati gb? ni aw?n i?el?p? tuntun ti a tu sil?, g?g?bi aw?n gbigbasil? ti Dino the Dinosaur ninu aw?n fiimu i?e-aye Aw?n Flintstones (1994) ati Aw?n Flintstones ni Viva Rock Vegas (2000). Bakanna, aw?n igbasil? ti Blanc bi Jack Benny's Maxwell ni a ?e afihan ni Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003). Laip? di?, aw?n igbasil? pamosi ti Blanc ti j? ifihan ninu aw?n aworan ere k?nputa tuntun ti ipil???-i?ere ""Looney Tunes"" aw?n kukuru ere itage; I Tawt I Taw Puddy Tat (ti o han p?lu ?s? Ay? Meji) ati Daffy's Rhapsody (ti o han p?lu Irin-ajo 2: Erekusu ohun ijinl?).[46][47] Fun aw?n ilowosi r? si ile-i?? redio, Blanc ni iraw? kan lori Hollywood Walk of Fame ni 6385 Hollywood Boulevard. Iwa r? Bugs Bunny ni a tun fun ni irawo kan lori Hollywood Walk of Fame ni O?u kejila ?j? 10, ?dun 1985.[48] Blanc k? ?m? r? Noel ni aaye ti ohun kik?. Noel ?e aw?n ohun kik? baba r? (paapaa Porky Pig) lori di? ninu aw?n eto, ?ugb?n ko di o?ere ohun ni kikun akoko. Warner Bros. ?alaye aif? lati ni o?ere ohun kan ?a?ey?ri Blanc, [49] ati pe o lo ?p?l?p? aw?n o?ere ohun tuntun lati kun aw?n ipa lati aw?n ?dun 1990, p?lu Noel Blanc, Jeff Bergman, Joe Alaskey, Greg Burson, Billy West ati Eric Bauza. ","Mel Blanc Publicity photo (1959) Born Melvin Jerome Blank ( 1908-05-30 ) May 30, 1908 San Francisco , California , U.S. Died July 10, 1989 ( 1989-07-10 ) (aged 81) Los Angeles , California, U.S. Cause of death Heart disease Emphysema Resting place Hollywood Forever Cemetery Nationality American Other names ""The Man of 1000 Voices"" Alma mater Lincoln High School Occupation Voice actor actor radio comedian recording artist Years active 1927–1989 Known for Looney Tunes (1937–1989) The Jack Benny Program (1939–1965) Spouse(s) Estelle Rosenbaum ( m. 1933; his death 1989) Children Noel Blanc Melvin Jerome "" Mel "" Blanc (May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor , actor , radio comedian , and recording artist . He began his 60-plus-year career performing in radio, but is best remembered for his work in animation as the voices of Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Tweety Bird , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam , Foghorn Leghorn , Marvin the Martian , Pepé Le Pew , Speedy Gonzales , Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner , the Tasmanian Devil , and many of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons during the golden age of American animation . He was, in fact, the voice for all of the major male Warner Bros. cartoon characters except for Elmer Fudd , whose voice was provided (uncredited) by fellow radio actor Arthur Q. Bryan , although Blanc later voiced Fudd as well after Bryan's death. He later worked for Hanna-Barbera 's television cartoons, most notably as the voices of Barney Rubble on The Flintstones and Mr. Spacely on The Jetsons . Blanc was also the original voice of Woody Woodpecker for Universal Pictures , and provided vocal effects for the Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by Chuck Jones for MGM . Furthermore, during the golden age of radio , Blanc was a frequent performer on the radio programs of famous comedians from the era, including Jack Benny , Abbott and Costello , Burns and Allen , and Judy Canova . Having earned the nickname ""The Man of a Thousand Voices"", Blanc is regarded as one of the most influential people in the voice-acting industry. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Radio work 2.2 Animation voice work during the golden age of Hollywood 2.3 Voice work for Hanna-Barbera and others 2.4 Car accident and aftermath 3 Later career 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 Filmography 6.1 Radio 6.2 Film 6.3 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life [ edit ] Blanc was born in San Francisco , California to Russian-Jewish parents Frederick and Eva Blank, the younger of two children. He grew up in the neighborhood of Western Addition in San Francisco, and later in Portland, Oregon where he attended Lincoln High School . Growing up, he had a fondness for voices and dialect which he began voicing at the age of 10. He claimed that he changed the spelling of his name when he was 16, from ""Blank"" to ""Blanc"", because a teacher told him that he would amount to nothing and be like his name, a ""blank"". Blanc joined the Order of DeMolay as a young man, and was eventually inducted into its Hall of Fame. After graduating from high school in 1927, he split his time between leading an orchestra, becoming the youngest conductor in the country at the age of 19, and performing shtick in vaudeville shows around Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Career [ edit ] Radio work [ edit ] Blanc began his radio career at the age of 19 in 1927, when he made his acting debut on the KGW program The Hoot Owls , where his ability to provide voices for multiple characters first attracted attention. He moved to Los Angeles in 1932, where he met Estelle Rosenbaum (1909–2003), whom he married a year later, before returning to Portland. He moved to KEX in 1933 to produce and co-host his Cobweb and Nuts show with his wife Estelle, which debuted on June 15. The program played Monday through Saturday from 11:00 pm to midnight, and by the time the show ended two years later, it appeared from 10:30 pm to 11:00 pm. With his wife's encouragement, Blanc returned to Los Angeles and joined Warner Bros.–owned KFWB in Hollywood in 1935. He joined The Johnny Murray Show , but the following year switched to CBS Radio and The Joe Penner Show . The cast of The Jack Benny Program , from left to right: Eddie Anderson , Dennis Day , Phil Harris , Mary Livingstone , Jack Benny , Don Wilson , and Mel Blanc Blanc was a regular on the NBC Red Network show The Jack Benny Program in various roles, including voicing Benny's Maxwell automobile (in desperate need of a tune-up), violin teacher Professor LeBlanc, Polly the Parrot, Benny's pet polar bear Carmichael, the tormented department store clerk, and the train announcer. The first role came from a mishap when the recording of the automobile's sounds failed to play on cue, prompting Blanc to take the microphone and improvise the sounds himself. The audience reacted so positively that Benny decided to dispense with the recording altogether and have Blanc continue in that role. One of Blanc's most memorable characters from Benny's radio (and later TV) programs was ""Sy, the Little Mexican"", who spoke one word at a time. The famous ""Sí ... Sy ... Sue ... sew"" routine was so effective that no matter how many times it was performed, the laughter was always there, thanks to the comedic timing of Blanc and Benny. Blanc continued to work with him on radio until the series ended in 1955 and followed the program into television from Benny's 1950 debut episode through guest spots on NBC specials in the 1970s. They last appeared together on a Johnny Carson Tonight Show in January 1974. A few months later, Blanc spoke highly of Benny on a Tom Snyder Tomorrow show special aired the night of the comedian's death. By 1946, Blanc appeared on over 15 radio programs in supporting roles. His success on The Jack Benny Program led to his own radio show on the CBS Radio Network , The Mel Blanc Show , which ran from September 3, 1946, to June 24, 1947. Blanc played himself as the hapless owner of a fix-it shop, as well as his young cousin Zookie. Blanc also appeared on such other national radio programs as The Abbott and Costello Show , the Happy Postman on Burns and Allen , and as August Moon on Point Sublime . During World War II, he appeared as Private Sad Sack on various radio shows, most notably G.I. Journal . Blanc recorded a song titled ""Big Bear Lake"". Animation voice work during the golden age of Hollywood [ edit ] Play media Private Snafu : Spies , voiced by Blanc in 1943 In December 1936, Mel Blanc joined Leon Schlesinger Productions , which was producing theatrical cartoon shorts for Warner Bros. After sound man Treg Brown was put in charge of cartoon voices, and Carl Stalling became music director, Brown introduced Blanc to animation directors Tex Avery , Bob Clampett , Friz Freleng , and Frank Tashlin , who loved his voices. The first cartoon Blanc worked on was Picador Porky (1937) as the voice of a drunken bull. He soon after received his first starring role when he replaced Joe Dougherty as Porky Pig's voice in Porky's Duck Hunt , which marked the debut of Daffy Duck, also voiced by Blanc. Following this, Blanc became a very prominent vocal artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the ""Looney Tunes"" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in A Wild Hare (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase ""Eh, what's up, doc?""). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon . One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney 's Pinocchio , Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar to Dopey from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ), so all of Blanc's recorded dialogue was deleted except for a solitary hiccup, which was heard three times in the finished film. Blanc also originated the voice (and laugh) of Woody Woodpecker for the theatrical cartoons produced by Walter Lantz for Universal Pictures , but stopped voicing the character after he was signed to an exclusive contract with Warner Bros. During World War II, Blanc served as the voice of the hapless Private Snafu in various war-themed animated shorts. Throughout his career, Blanc, aware of his talents, protected the rights to his voice characterizations contractually and legally. He, and later his estate, never hesitated taking civil action when those rights were violated. Voice actors at the time rarely received screen credits, but Blanc was a notable exception; by 1944, his contract with Warner Bros. stipulated a credit reading ""Voice characterization(s) by Mel Blanc."" According to his autobiography, Blanc asked for and received this screen credit from studio boss Leon Schlesinger after he was denied a salary raise. Initially, Blanc's screen credit was limited only to cartoons where he voiced Bugs Bunny, with any other shorts he worked on being uncredited. In the middle of 1945, the contract was amended to include a screen credit for cartoons featuring Porky Pig and/or Daffy Duck as well, save for any shorts made before that amendment occurred ( Book Revue and Baby Bottleneck are examples, despite being released after the fact). But by the end of 1946, Blanc began receiving a screen credit in any subsequent Warner Bros. cartoon he provided voices from that point on. Voice work for Hanna-Barbera and others [ edit ] In 1960, after the expiration of his exclusive contract with Warner Bros., Blanc continued working for WB, but also began providing voices for the TV cartoons produced by Hanna-Barbera ; his most famous roles during this time were Barney Rubble of The Flintstones and Cosmo Spacely of The Jetsons . His other notable voice roles for Hanna-Barbara included Dino the Dinosaur , Secret Squirrel , Speed Buggy , and Captain Caveman , as well as voices for Wally Gator and The Perils of Penelope Pitstop . Blanc also worked with former ""Looney Tunes"" director Chuck Jones, who by this time was directing shorts with his own company Sib Tower 12 (later MGM Animation/Visual Arts ); doing vocal effects for the Tom and Jerry series from 1963 to 1967. Blanc was the first voice of Toucan Sam in Froot Loops commercials. Blanc reprised some of his Warner Bros. characters when the studio contracted him to make new theatrical cartoons in the mid-to-late 1960s. For these, Blanc voiced Daffy Duck and Speedy Gonzales, the characters who received the most frequent use in these shorts (later, newly introduced characters such as Cool Cat and Merlin the Magic Mouse were voiced by Larry Storch ). Blanc also continued to voice the ""Looney Tunes"" for the bridging sequences of The Bugs Bunny Show , as well as in numerous animated advertisements and several compilation features, such as The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979). Car accident and aftermath [ edit ] On January 24, 1961, Blanc was involved in a near-fatal car accident. He was driving alone when his sports car collided head-on with a car driven by 18-year-old college student Arthur Rolston on Sunset Boulevard . Rolston suffered minor injuries, but Blanc was rushed to the UCLA Medical Center with a triple skull fracture that left him in a coma for two weeks, along with sustaining fractures to both legs and the pelvis. About two weeks after the accident, one of Blanc's neurologists tried a different approach. Blanc was asked, ""How are you feeling today, Bugs Bunny?"" After a slight pause, Blanc answered, in a weak voice, ""Eh... just fine, Doc. How are you?"" The doctor then asked Tweety if he was there, too. ""I tot I taw a puddy tat,"" was the reply. Blanc returned home on March 17. Four days later, Blanc filed a US$500,000 lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. His accident, one of 26 in the preceding two years at the intersection known as Dead Man's Curve , resulted in the city funding the restructuring of curves at the location. Years later, Blanc revealed that during his recovery, his son Noel ""ghosted"" several Warner Bros. cartoons' voice tracks for him. Warner Bros. had also asked Stan Freberg to provide the voice for Bugs Bunny, but Freberg declined, out of respect for Blanc. At the time of the accident, Blanc was also serving as the voice of Barney Rubble in The Flintstones . His absence from the show was relatively brief; Daws Butler provided the voice of Barney for a few episodes, after which the show's producers set up recording equipment in Blanc's hospital room and later at his home to allow him to work from there. Some of the recordings were made while he was in full-body cast as he lay flat on his back with the other Flintstones co-stars gathered around him. He also returned to The Jack Benny Program to film the program's 1961 Christmas show, moving around by crutches and a wheelchair. Blanc in 1976 Later career [ edit ] In the 1970s, Blanc gave a series of college lectures across the US and appeared in commercials for American Express . He also collaborated on a special with the Boston-based Shriners Burns Institute called Ounce of Prevention, which became a 30-minute TV special. Throughout the 1980s, Blanc performed his Looney Tunes characters for bridging sequences in various compilation films of Golden-Age-era Warner Bros. cartoons, such as The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie , Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales , Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island , and Daffy Duck's Quackbusters . His final performance of his ""Looney Tunes"" roles was in Bugs Bunny's Wild World of Sports (1989). After spending most of two seasons voicing the diminutive robot Twiki in Buck Rogers in the 25th Century , Blanc's last original character was Heathcliff , in the early 1980s. In the 1983 live-action film Strange Brew , Blanc voiced the father of Bob and Doug MacKenzie , at the request of comedian Rick Moranis . In the 1988 live-action/animated movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit , Blanc reprised several of his classic ""Looney Tunes"" roles (Bugs, Daffy, Porky, Tweety, and Sylvester), but left Yosemite Sam to Joe Alaskey (who later became one of Blanc's regular replacements until his death in 2016). As Disney produced the film, the company had to obtain permission from Warner Bros. and other studios in order to feature the non-Disney characters in the movie. The film was also notably the only other Disney film Blanc was involved in after Pinocchio more than 45 years prior. Blanc died just a year after the film's release. His final recording session was for Jetsons: The Movie (1990). Death [ edit ] Blanc's gravesite marker Blanc began smoking cigarettes when he was nine years old. He continued his pack-a-day habit until he was diagnosed with emphysema , which pushed him to quit at age 77. On May 19, 1989, Blanc was checked into Cedars-Sinai Medical Center by his family when they noticed he had a bad cough while shooting a commercial; he was originally expected to recover. Blanc's health then took a turn for the worse and doctors found that he had advanced coronary artery disease . He died on July 10 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, at the age of 81. He is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood. Blanc's will stated his desire to have the inscription on his gravestone read, ""THAT'S ALL FOLKS"" (the phrase was a trademark of Blanc's character Porky Pig). Legacy [ edit ] Blanc is regarded as the most prolific voice actor in the history of the industry. He was the first voice actor to receive on-screen credit. Blanc's death was considered a significant loss to the cartoon industry because of his skill, expressive range, and sheer volume of continuing characters he portrayed, which are currently taken up by several other voice talents. Indeed, as movie critic Leonard Maltin once pointed out, ""It is astounding to realize that Tweety Bird and Yosemite Sam are the same man!"" According to Blanc, Sylvester the Cat was the easiest character to voice because ""It's just my normal speaking voice with a spray at the end."" Yosemite Sam was the hardest because of his loudness and raspiness. A doctor who once examined Blanc's throat found that he possessed unusually thick, powerful vocal cords that gave him an exceptional range. The doctor reported that they rivaled those of famed opera singer Enrico Caruso . After his death, Blanc's voice continued to be heard in newly released productions, such as recordings of Dino the Dinosaur in the live-action films The Flintstones (1994) and The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000). Similarly, recordings of Blanc as Jack Benny's Maxwell were featured in Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003). More recently, archive recordings of Blanc have been featured in new CGI -animated ""Looney Tunes"" theatrical shorts; I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (shown with Happy Feet Two ) and Daffy's Rhapsody (shown with Journey 2: The Mysterious Island ). Blanc trained his son Noel in the field of voice characterization. Although the younger Blanc has performed his father's characters (particularly Porky Pig) on some programs, he has chosen not to become a full-time voice artist. For his contributions to the radio industry, Mel Blanc has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6385 Hollywood Boulevard . His character Bugs Bunny also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (the only others to have received this honor are Walt Disney as both himself and Mickey Mouse , Jim Henson as both himself and Kermit the Frog , and Mike Myers as both himself and Shrek ). Filmography [ edit ] Radio [ edit ] Original Air Date Program Role 1933 The Happy-Go-Lucky Hour Additional voices 1937 The Joe Penner Show Additional voices 1938 The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air Mayor of Hamelin, Neptune's Son, Priscilly, Royal Herald, additional voices 1939–1943 Fibber McGee and Molly Hiccuping Man 1939–1955 The Jack Benny Program Sy, Polly the Parrot, Mr. Finque, Nottingham, Train Announcer, Jack Benny's Maxwell, additional voices 1941–1943 The Great Gildersleeve Floyd Munson 1942–1947 The Abbott and Costello Show Mel Blanc, Botsford Twink, Scotty Brown 1942–1948 The Cisco Kid Pan Pancho, additional voices 1943–1947 The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show The Happy Postman 1943–1955 The Judy Canova Show Paw, Pedro, Roscoe E. Wortle 1946–1947 The Mel Blanc Show Mel Blanc, Dr. Christopher Crab, Children, Zookie Film [ edit ] Year Film Role Notes 1937–1969 Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical shorts Numerous voices Includes the Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Daffy Duck and Sylvester series 1940 Pinocchio Gideon (hiccup), Marionette Soldiers Voice 1940–1941 Woody Woodpecker theatrical shorts Woody Woodpecker Voice 1943–1945 Private Snafu WWII shorts Private Snafu , Bugs Bunny , additional characters Voice 1944 Jasper Goes Hunting Bugs Bunny Puppetoon ; cameo Voice 1948 Two Guys From Texas Bugs Bunny Live-action; animated cameo 1949 My Dream Is Yours Bugs Bunny, Tweety Live-action; animated cameos 1949 Neptune's Daughter Pancho Live-action 1950 Champagne for Caesar Caesar (parrot) Voice 1951 Alice in Wonderland Dinah Voice (uncredited) 1959–1965 Loopy De Loop theatrical shorts Crow/Braxton Bear/Skunk/Duck Hunter Voice: He did the following shorts; Common Scents/Bear Hug/Trouble Bruin/Bear Knuckles/Crow's Fete. 1961 Breakfast at Tiffany's Over-eager date Live-action; cameo 1962 Gay Purr-ee Bulldog Voice 1963–1967 Tom and Jerry theatrical shorts Tom and Jerry 's vocal effects Directed by Chuck Jones Voice 1964 Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! Grifter Chizzling , Southern Accented Bear in train, Mugger (grumbling sounds) Voice 1964 Kiss Me, Stupid Dr. Sheldrake Live-action 1966 The Man Called Flintstone Barney Rubble , Dino voice 1970 The Phantom Tollbooth Officer Short Shrift, The Dodecahedron, The Demon of Insincerity Voice 1974 Journey Back to Oz Crow Voice 1979 The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Wile E. Coyote , Pepé Le Pew , Marvin the Martian , additional voices Compilation film Voice 1979-1988 Looney Tunes theatrical shorts and video shorts Numerous voices Voice 1981 The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester , Speedy Gonzales , Yosemite Sam , additional voices Compilation film Voice 1982 Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester, Speedy Gonzales, Yosemite Sam, additional voices Compilation film Voice 1983 Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester, Speedy Gonzales, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Tasmanian Devil , Bugs Bunny Compilation film voice 1983 Strange Brew Father MacKenzie Live-action; voice 1986 Heathcliff: The Movie Heathcliff Voice 1988 Who Framed Roger Rabbit Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester Live-action/animated film; cameos Voice 1988 Daffy Duck's Quackbusters Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester, additional voices Compilation film Voice 1990 Jetsons: The Movie Cosmo Spacely Released posthumously; dedicated to Blanc Voice Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1950–1965 The Jack Benny Program Professor LeBlanc, Sy, Department Store Clerk, Gas Station Man, Mr. Finque, additional characters Live-action 1959 The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis Mr. Ziegler Live-action; episode: ""The Best Dressed Man"" 1960–1989 The Bugs Bunny Show Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester , Speedy Gonzales , Yosemite Sam , Foghorn Leghorn , Wile E. Coyote , additional voices Compilation series 1960–1966 The Flintstones Barney Rubble , Dino , additional voices Voice 1960 Mister Magoo Additional voices 36 episodes 1961 Dennis the Menace Leo Trinkle Episode: ""Miss Cathcart's Friend"" 1962–1963; 1985–1987 The Jetsons Cosmo Spacely , additional voices Voice 1962–1963 Lippy the Lion & Hardy Har Har Hardy Har Har , additional voices Voice 1963 Wally Gator Colonel Zachary Gator Voice; 1 episode 1964 The Beverly Hillbillies Dick Burton Live-action; 1 episode 1964–1965 Breezly and Sneezly Sneezly Seal Voice 1964–1965 Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long Droop-a-Long , additional voices Voice 1964–1966 The Munsters Cuckoo clock Live-action; voice; 6 episodes 1965–1967 The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show Secret Squirrel Voice 1966 The Monkees Monkeemobile engine Voice; 1 episode 1969–1971 The Perils of Penelope Pitstop Yak Yak, The Bully Brothers, Chug-A-Boom Voice 1971–1973 The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show Barney Rubble, additional voices Voice 1972 Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Yosemite Sam, Elmer Fudd , Sylvester, Tweety, Wile E. Coyote, Pepé Le Pew , Foghorn Leghorn, Charlie Dog TV movie 1972–1973 The Flintstone Comedy Hour Barney Rubble, Dino, Zonk, Stub Voice 1973 Speed Buggy Speed Buggy Voice 1973 The New Scooby-Doo Movies Speed Buggy Voice; episode: ""The Weird Winds of Winona"" 1976 Bugs and Daffy's Carnival of the Animals Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig TV special 1977 Bugs Bunny's Easter Special Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Yosemite Sam, Tweety, Sylvester, Pepé Le Pew, Foghorn Leghorn, Porky Pig TV special 1977 Bugs Bunny in Space Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Marvin the Martian TV special 1977–1978 Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics Speed Buggy, Captain Caveman, Barney Rubble Voice 1977–1978 Fred Flintstone and Friends Barney Rubble, additional voices Voice 1977–1980 Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels Captain Caveman Voice 1977 A Flintstone Christmas Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1978 The Flintstones: Little Big League Barney Rubble TV special 1978 How Bugs Bunny Won the West Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Yosemite Sam TV special 1978 A Connecticut Rabbit in King Arthur's Court Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck (as King Arthur ), Yosemite Sam (as Merlin ), Porky Pig (as Varlet), Elmer Fudd (as Sir Elmer of Fudd) TV special 1978 Bugs Bunny's Howl-Oween Special Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester, Tweety, Speedy Gonzales TV special 1978 Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1978–1979 Galaxy Goof-Ups Quack-Up Voice 1979 Bugs Bunny's Valentine Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Cupid TV special 1979 The Bugs Bunny Mother's Day Special Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Foghorn Leghorn, Sylvester, Stork TV special 1979 Fred and Barney Meet The Thing Barney Rubble, Dino, additional voices Voice 1979 The New Fred and Barney Show Barney Rubble, Dino, additional voices Voice 1979–1980 Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo Barney Rubble, Dino, additional voices Voice 1979–1981 Buck Rogers in the 25th Century Twiki Live-action; voice 1979 Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Wile E. Coyote, Yosemite Sam, Sylvester, Tasmanian Devil , Millicent TV special 1979 Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam (as Scrooge ), Porky Pig (as Bob Cratchit ), Tweety (as Tiny Tim ), Foghorn Leghorn, Road Runner , Wile E. Coyote, Tasmanian Devil, Santa Claus TV special 1980 Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over Bugs Bunny, Young Bugs Bunny, Young Elmer Fudd, Marvin the Martian , Hugo , Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner TV special 1980 Daffy Duck's Easter Egg-citement Daffy Duck, Foghorn Leghorn, Sylvester, Speedy Gonzales TV special 1980 The Bugs Bunny Mystery Special Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Tweety, Sylvester, Wile E. Coyote, Porky Pig TV special 1980 3-2-1 Contact Twiki 1 episode 1980 Daffy Duck's Thanks-For-Giving Special Daffy Duck, Duck Dodgers , Porky Pig/Eager Young Space Cadet, Marvin the Martian, Gossamer TV special 1980 The Flintstones: Fred's Final Fling Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1980–1982 Heathcliff Heathcliff Voice 1980–1982 The Flintstone Comedy Show Barney Rubble, Dino, Captain Caveman Voice 1981 Bugs Bunny: All American Hero Bugs Bunny, Clyde Rabbit, Yosemite Sam, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester TV special 1981 The Flintstones: Jogging Fever Barney Rubble TV special 1981 The Flintstones: Wind-Up Wilma Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1981–1982 Trollkins Additional voices Voice 1982 Bugs Bunny's Mad World of Television Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Pepe Le Pew TV special 1982 Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Barney Rubble, additional voices TV special 1982–1984 The Flintstone Funnies Barney Rubble, Captain Caveman Voice 1984–1988 Heathcliff and the Catillac Cats Heathcliff Voice 1986–1988 The Flintstone Kids Dino, Robert Rubble, Captain Caveman, Piggy McGrabit Voice 1986 The Flintstones' 25th Anniversary Celebration Barney Rubble TV special 1987 The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones Barney Rubble, Dino, Cosmo Spacely TV movie 1988 Rockin' with Judy Jetson Cosmo Spacely TV movie 1988 Bugs vs. Daffy: Battle of the Music Video Stars Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Yosemite Sam, Pepe Le Pew, Sylvester TV special 1989 Bugs Bunny's Wild World of Sports Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Yosemite Sam, Elmer Fudd, Foghorn Leghorn, Angus McCrory TV special 1989 Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration Barney Rubble TV special; aired just seven days after his death See also [ edit ] Voice acting References [ edit ] Notes Bibliography That's Not All, Folks! , 1988 by Mel Blanc, Philip Bashe. Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-39089-5 (Softcover), ISBN 0-446-51244-3 (Hardcover) Terrace, Vincent. Radio Programs, 1924–1984 . Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999. ISBN 0-7864-0351-9 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mel Blanc . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mel Blanc Mel Blanc on IMDb Mel Blanc at the TCM Movie Database Mel Blanc at Find a Grave The Mel Blanc Show on the Internet Archive Toonopedia article about Mel Blanc 40 MP3 downloads of The Mel Blanc Show The Mel Blanc Show on Outlaws Old Time Radio Preceded by Joe Dougherty Voice of Porky Pig 1937–1989 Succeeded by Bob Bergen Preceded by none Voice of Daffy Duck 1937–1989 Succeeded by Jeff Bergman Preceded by none Voice of Bugs Bunny 1940–1989 Succeeded by Jeff Bergman Preceded by none Voice of Barney Rubble 1960–1989 Succeeded by Frank Welker" 5741529125747087068,train,where does the mercedes benz name come from,"Mercedes - Benz traces its origins to Daimler - Motoren - Gesellschaft 's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz 's 1886 Benz Patent - Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first gasoline - powered automobile. The slogan for the brand is `` the best or nothing ''.",['ancient greek literature'],ibo ni orúkọ mercedes benz ti wá,Yes,"['Mercedes-Benz wà lábé ilé-isé Daimler AG lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́ (ilé-isé tí a mọ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀rí sí DaimlerChrysler AG tàbí Daimler-Benz) Mercedes-Benz bẹ̀rẹ̀ nígbà Karl Benz ṣe ọkọ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó ń lo epo petrol, ọkọ̀ Benz Patent Motorwagen. àti bí Gottlieb Daimler àti Wilhelm Maybach ṣe sọ ọkọ̀ kan tí wọ́n má ń sọ mọ́ ẹṣin di ọkọ̀ tó ń lọ epo petrol.']","['Mercedes-Benz bẹ̀rẹ̀ nígbà Karl Benz ṣe ọkọ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó ń lo epo petrol, ọkọ̀ Benz Patent Motorwagen. ']",['P1'],1,0,"Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz (Pípè nì J??mánì: [m???tse?d?s ?b?nts]) j?? ilé-isé kan ní Jamini tí ó ? se orí?irí?i ?k??. Mercedes-Benz wà lábé ilé-isé Daimler AG l??w?? l??w?? (ilé-isé tí a m?? t??l??rí sí DaimlerChrysler AG tàbí Daimler-Benz) Mercedes-Benz b??r?? nígbà Karl Benz ?e ?k?? àk??k?? tí ó ? lo epo petrol, ?k?? Benz Patent Motorwagen.[1] àti bí Gottlieb Daimler àti Wilhelm Maybach ?e s? ?k?? kan tí w??n má ? s? m?? ??in di ?k?? tó ? l? epo petrol. Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft ta ?k?? Mercedes àk??k?? ní ?dun 1901. W??n sì ?e ?k?? àk??k?? tí ó lórúko Mercedes-Benz lára jáde ní ?dun 1926, nígbà tí ilé-isé Karl Benz's àti Gottlieb Daimler para pò láti di ilé-isé Daimler-Benz.[1]","This article is about the manufacturer. For the song, see Mercedes Benz (song) . Mercedes-Benz The Best or Nothing Type Brand Industry Automotive industry Predecessor Benz & Cie. (1883-1926) Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (1890-1926) Founded 28 June 1926 ; 91 years ago ( 1926-06-28 ) Founders Karl Benz Gottlieb Daimler Headquarters Stuttgart , Germany Area served Worldwide Key people Dieter Zetsche , Head of Mercedes-Benz Cars Products Automobiles Trucks Buses Internal combustion engines Luxury vehicles Services Financial services Automobile repair Owner Daimler AG Divisions Mercedes-AMG Mercedes-Maybach Website www .mercedes-benz .com /en / Mercedes-Benz ( German: [mɛʁˈtseːdəsˌbɛnts] ) is a global automobile marque and a division of the German company Daimler AG . The brand is known for luxury vehicles , buses, coaches , and lorries. The headquarters is in Stuttgart , Baden-Württemberg . The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz . Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft 's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz 's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen , which is widely regarded as the first gasoline-powered automobile . The slogan for the brand is ""the best or nothing"". Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Subsidiaries and alliances 2.1 Mercedes-AMG 2.2 Mercedes-Maybach 2.3 China 3 Production 3.1 Factories 3.2 Quality rankings 4 Models 4.1 Current model range 4.1.1 Vans 4.1.2 Trucks 4.1.3 Buses 4.2 Significant models produced 4.3 Car nomenclature 4.3.1 2015 and beyond 4.4 Environmental record 4.5 Bicycles 4.6 Electric cars 5 Motorsport 5.1 Formula One 6 Logo history 7 Noted employees 8 Innovations 8.1 Robot cars 9 Tuners 10 Sponsorships 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History [ edit ] Karl Benz . Benz made the 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen , which is widely regarded as the first automobile. Gottlieb Daimler , founder of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft . Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz 's creation of the first petrol -powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen , financed by Bertha Benz and patented in January 1886, and Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach 's conversion of a stagecoach by the addition of a petrol engine later that year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (Daimler Motors Corporation). Emil Jellinek , an Austrian automobile entrepreneur who worked with DMG, created the trademark in 1902, naming the 1901 Mercedes 35 hp after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek . Jellinek was a businessman and marketing strategist who promoted ""horseless"" Daimler automobiles among the highest circles of society in his adopted home, which, at that time, was a meeting place for the ""Haute Volée"" of France and Europe, especially in winter. His customers included the Rothschild family and other well-known personalities. But Jellinek's plans went further: as early as 1901, he was selling Mercedes cars in the New World as well, including to US billionaires Rockefeller, Astor, Morgan and Taylor. At a race in Nice in 1899, Jellinek drove under the pseudonym ""Monsieur Mercédès"", a way of concealing the competitor's real name as was normal in those days. The race ranks as the hour of birth of the Mercedes-Benz brand. In 1901, the name ""Mercedes"" was registered by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) worldwide as a protected trademark. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company. On 28 June 1926, Mercedes-Benz was formed with the merger of Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler's two companies. Gottlieb Daimler was born on 17 March 1834 in Schorndorf. After training as a gunsmith and working in France, he attended the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart from 1857 to 1859. After completing various technical activities in France and England, he started work as a draftsman in Geislingen in 1862. At the end of 1863, he was appointed workshop inspector in a machine tool factory in Reutlingen, where he met Wilhelm Maybach in 1865. [ citation needed ] Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa , Ontario . The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that later became common in other vehicles. Mercedes-Benz is one of the best-known and established automotive brands in the world. For information relating to the famous three-pointed star, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft including the merger into Daimler-Benz. Subsidiaries and alliances [ edit ] As part of the Daimler AG company, the Mercedes-Benz Cars division includes Mercedes-Benz and Smart car production. Mercedes-AMG [ edit ] Mercedes-AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1999. The company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999, and became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning on 1 January 1999. Mercedes-Maybach [ edit ] Daimler's ultra-luxury brand Maybach was under Mercedes-Benz cars division until 2013, when the production stopped due to poor sales volumes. It now exists under the Mercedes-Maybach name, with the models being ultra-luxury versions of Mercedes cars, such as the 2016 Mercedes-Maybach S600. China [ edit ] Daimler cooperates with BYD Auto to make and sell a battery-electric car called Denza in China. In 2016, Daimler announced plans to sell Mercedes-Benz branded all-electric battery cars in China. Production [ edit ] Factories [ edit ] Beside its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are also manufactured or assembled in: Sovereign state Continent Note Algeria Africa Manufactures buses and trucks in cooperation with SNVI ( Actros , Zetros , Unimog , and G-Class , Sprinter ). Argentina South America Manufactures buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van. This is the first Mercedes-Benz factory outside of Germany. Built in 1951. Australia Australia Various models were assembled at the Australian Motor Industries facility in Port Melbourne from 1959 to 1965. Austria Europe G-Class Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Brazil South America Manufactures trucks and buses. Established in 1956. The A-Class (W168) was produced from 1999 to 2005 and the C-Class was produced until 2010 as well. Canada North America Fuel cell plant in Burnaby, British Columbia opened 2012. Colombia South America Assembly of buses, Established in Soacha 2012 and Funza 2015 China Asia Egypt Africa Via Egyptian German Automotive Company E-Class, C-Class and GLK Finland Europe Valmet Automotive , New A-series (W176) is manufactured in Uusikaupunki since late 2013, being the first M-B passenger car ever built in that country. Hungary Europe Manufacturing plant in Kecskemét , making B-class and CLA. Jordan Asia Bus company factory, Elba House, Amman. India Asia Bangalore (MBRDI), Pune (Passenger cars). Chennai ( Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. ) Buses, Trucks & Engine Manufacturing unit. Indonesia Asia / Australia Manufactures E250 Avantgarde and E300AMG E-class vehicles. Iran Asia Malaysia Asia Assembly of C, E and S class vehicles by DRB-HICOM . Mexico North America Mercedes-Benz Mexico fully manufactures some Mercedes and Daimler vehicles completely from locally built parts (C-Class, E-Class, M-Class, International trucks, Axor , Atego , and Mercedes Buses), manufactures other models in complete knock down kits (CL-Class, CLK-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class) and manufactures a select number of models in semi knockdown kits which use both imported components and locally sourced Mexican components (S-Class, CLS-Class, R-Class, GL-Class, Sprinter). Nigeria Africa Assembly of buses, trucks, utility motors and the Sprinter van Russia Eurasia Joint venture Mercedes-Benz Car Trucks Vostok in Naberezhnye Chelny (jointly Kamaz ). Available in trucks Actros , Axor , multi-purpose auto four wheel drive medium trucks Unimog . Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Classic is also produced in Russia. Serbia Europe FAP produces Mercedes-Benz trucks under license. Spain Europe Factory at Vitoria-Gasteiz Mercedes-Benz Vito, Viano and V-Class have been built there. South Africa Africa The assembly plant is located in East London, in the Eastern Cape province, where both right and left hand versions of the C-class are built. South Korea Asia Mercedes-Benz Musso and MB100 ; Ssangyong Rexton models manufactured by SsangYong Motor Company . Thailand Asia Assembly of C, E and S class vehicles by the Thonburi Group Turkey Eurasia Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş. United Kingdom Europe The SLR sports car was built at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking . Brackley , Northamptonshire, is home to the Mercedes Grand Prix factory, and Brixworth , Northamptonshire is the location of Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines United States North America The Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class Sport Utility, the full-sized GL-Class Luxury Sport Utility and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class vehicles are all built at the Mercedes-Benz U.S. International production facility near Tuscaloosa , Alabama. Trucks (6,000 per year in the early eighties) were once assembled in Hampton, VA . Vietnam Asia Assembly of E-Class, C-Class, S-Class, GLK-Class and Sprinter. Established in 1995. Taiwan Asia Assembly of Actros by the Shung Ye Group Quality rankings [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz dealer in Munich, Germany. Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had maintained a reputation for its quality and durability. Objective measures looking at passenger vehicles , such as J. D. Power surveys, demonstrated a downturn in reputation in these criteria in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, a measure of problems after the first 90 days of ownership, according to J. D. Power. In J. D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place and earning several awards for its models. For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial quality rating improved by yet another mark, to fourth place. On top of this accolade, it also received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes’ Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant. J. D. Power's 2011 US Initial Quality and Vehicle Dependability Studies both ranked Mercedes-Benz vehicles above average in build quality and reliability. In the 2011 UK J. D. Power Survey, Mercedes cars were rated above average. A 2014 iSeeCars.com study for Reuters found Mercedes to have the lowest vehicle recall rate. Models [ edit ] See also: List of Mercedes-Benz vehicles Mercedes-Benz A-Class (compact) Mercedes-Benz B-Class (Tourer) Mercedes-Benz C-Class ( D-segment ) Mercedes-Benz E-Class ( Executive car ) Mercedes-Benz S-Class (luxury sedan) Mercedes-Benz SLC-Class ( Roadster ) Mercedes-Benz GLC-Class ( SUV ) Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class (luxury SUV ) Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class (full-size SUV ) Mercedes-Benz X-Class (pickup truck) Current model range [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz offers a full range of passenger, light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Vehicles are manufactured in multiple countries worldwide. The Smart marque of city cars are also produced by Daimler AG. A-Class – Hatchback B-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV) C-Class – Saloon , Estate , Coupé and Cabriolet CLA-Class – 4 Door Coupé and Estate CLS-Class – 4 Door Coupé and Estate E-Class – Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet G-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) GLA-Class – Compact Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)/ Crossover GLC-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) GLE-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) GLS-Class – Large Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) S-Class – Luxury Saloon, Coupé & Cabriolet SL-Class – Grand Tourer SLC-Class – Roadster V-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)/ Van AMG GT – Sports car/ Supercar X-Class - Luxury Pickup Truck Vans [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Mercedes-Benz produces a range of vans; Citan (a rebadged version of the Renault Kangoo ), Vito and Sprinter . Trucks [ edit ] See also: List of Mercedes-Benz trucks Mercedes-Benz Zetros used for snowplowing Unimog , a famous allround vehicle by Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Trucks is now part of the Daimler Trucks division, and includes companies that were part of the DaimlerChrysler merger. Gottlieb Daimler sold the world's first truck in 1886. The first factory to be built outside Germany after WWII was in Argentina. It originally built trucks, many of which were modified independently to buses, popularly named Colectivo . Today, it builds buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van. [ citation needed ] Buses [ edit ] Main article: Mercedes-Benz buses Mercedes-Benz produces a wide range of buses and coaches, mainly for Europe and Asia. The first model was produced by Karl Benz in 1895. Significant models produced [ edit ] 1928: SSK racing car 1930: 770 ""Großer Mercedes"" state and ceremonial car 1934: 500 K 1936: 260 D World's first diesel production car 1936: 170 1938: W195 Speed Record-breaker 1939: 320A A military vehicle 1951: 300 , known as the ""Adenauer Mercedes"" 1953: ""Ponton"" models 1954: 300SL ""Gullwing"" 1956: 190SL 1959: ""Fintail"" models 1960: 220SE Cabriolet 1963: 600 ""Grand Mercedes"" 1963: 230SL ""Pagoda"" 1965: S-Class 1966: 300SEL 6.3 1968: W114 ""new generation"" compact cars 1969: C111 experimental vehicle 1972: W107 350SL 1974: 450SEL 6.9 1977: W123 - Mercedes' first station wagon 1978: 300SD - Mercedes' first turbo diesel 1979: 500SEL and G-Class 1983: 190E 2.3–16 1989: 300SL, 500SL 1990: 500E 1991: 600SEL 1993: C-Class 1995: C43 AMG 1995: SL73 AMG , 7.3 V12 1996: SLK 1997: A-Class and M-Class 2004: SLR McLaren and CLS-Class 2007: BlueTec E320, GL320 Bluetec, ML320 Bluetec, R320 Bluetec 2010: SLS AMG 2013: CLA-Class 2016: AMG GT The Mercedes-Benz 600 or 600S Pullman Guard limousines offer the option of armour-plating and have been used by diplomats worldwide. Car nomenclature [ edit ] Until 1994, Mercedes-Benz utilized an alphanumeric system for categorizing their vehicles, consisting of a number sequence approximately equal to the engine's displacement in liters multiplied by 100, followed by an arrangement of alphabetical suffixes indicating body style and engine type. ""C"" indicates a coupe or cabriolet body style (for example, the CL and CLK models, though the C-Class is an exception, since it is also available as a sedan or station wagon). ""D"" indicates the vehicle is equipped with a diesel engine. ""E"" (for ""Einspritzung"") indicates the vehicle's engine is equipped with petrol fuel injection . Also used for electric models and plug-in hybrids. ""G"" was originally used for the Geländewagen off-road vehicle, but is now applied to Mercedes SUVs in general (G, GLA, GLC, GLE and GLS). ""K"" was used in the 1930s, indicating a supercharger (""Kompressor"") equipped engine. Two exceptions : the SSK and CLK, where K indicates ""Kurz"" (short-wheelbase) (though the SSK had a supercharger). ""L"" indicates ""Leicht"" (lightweight) for sporting models, and ""Lang"" (long-wheelbase) for sedan models. ""R"" indicates ""Rennen"" (racing), used for racing cars (for example, the 300SLR ). ""S"" Sonderklasse ""Special class"" for flagship models, including the S-Class, and the SL-Class, SLR McLaren and SLS sportscars. ""T"" indicates ""Touring"" and an estate (or station wagon) body style. Some models in the 1950s also had lower-case letters (b, c, and d) to indicate specific trim levels. For other models, the numeric part of the designation does not match the engine displacement. This was done to show the model's position in the model range independent of displacement or in the price matrix. For these vehicles, the actual displacement in liters is suffixed to the model designation. An exception was the 190-class with the numeric designation of ""190"" as to denote its entry level in the model along with the displacement label on the right side of the boot (190E 2.3 for 2.3-litre 4-cylinder petrol motor, 190D 2.5 for 2.5-litre 5-cylinder diesel motor, and so forth). Some older models (such as the SS and SSK) did not have a number as part of the designation at all. For the 1994 model year, Mercedes-Benz revised the naming system. Models were divided into ""classes"" denoted by an arrangement of up to three letters (see ""Current model range"" above), followed by a three-digit (or two-digit for AMG models, with the number approximately equal to the displacement in litres multiplied by 10) number related to the engine displacement as before. Variants of the same model such as an estate version or a vehicle with a diesel engine are no longer given a separate letter. The SLR, SLS and GT supercars do not carry a numerical designation. Today, many numerical designations no longer reflect the engine's actual displacement but more of the relative performance and marketing position. Despite its engine displacement in two litres, the powerplant in the A45 AMG produces 355 brake horsepower so the designation is higher as to indicate the greater performance. Another example is the E250 CGI having greater performance than the E200 CGI due to the different engine tuning even though both have 1.8-litre engines. From the marketing perspective, E200 seems more ""upscale"" than E180. Recent AMG models use the ""63"" designation (in honor of the 1960s 6.3-litre M100 engine) despite being equipped with either a 6.2-litre ( M156 ), a 5.5-litre ( M157 ) or even a 4.0-litre engine. Some models carry further designations indicating special features: "" 4MATIC "" indicates the vehicle is equipped with all-wheel-drive . "" BlueTEC "" indicates a diesel engine with selective catalytic reduction exhaust aftertreatment. ""BlueEFFICIENCY"" indicates special fuel economy features (direct injection, start-stop system , aerodynamic modifications, etc.) ""CGI"" (Charged Gasoline Injection) indicates direct gasoline injection . ""CDI"" (Common-rail Direct Injection) indicates a common-rail diesel engine. ""Hybrid"" indicates a petrol- or diesel-electric hybrid . ""NGT"" indicates a natural gas-fueled engine. ""Kompressor"" indicates a supercharged engine. ""Turbo"" indicates a turbocharged engine, only used on A-, B-,E- and GLK-Class models. ""AMG Line"" indicates the interior or engine, depending which car, has been fitted with the luxuries of their AMG sports cars Model designation badges can be removed at the request of the customer. 2015 and beyond [ edit ] Rationalisation of the model nomenclature was announced in November 2014 for future models. The changes consolidate many confusing nomenclature and their placements in the model range such as CL-Class is now called the S-Class Coupé. The naming structure is divided into four categories: core, off-road vehicle/SUV, 4-door coupé, and roadster. AMG GT , and V-Class are unaffected by the change. In October 2016, Mercedes unveiled the X-Class; a pickup truck built on the Nissan Navara . At the 2016 Paris Motor Show , the company announced the EQ , a family of upcoming battery electric vehicles based on a modular platform , expected to represent up to 25% of its global sales by 2025. Core Off-Road Vehicles/SUV 4-Door Coupé Roadster A GLA CLA B C GLC SLC E GLE CLS S GLS SL N/A G N/A N/A Note: The CLA is positioned between the A- and B-Class models, while the CLS sits between the E- and S-Classes. In addition to the revised nomenclature, Mercedes-Benz has new nomenclature for the drive systems. Current New Example Natural Gas Drive c for ""compressed natural gas"" B 200 c BlueTec CDI d for ""diesel"" E 350 d GLA 200 d PLUG-IN HYBRID Electric Drive e for ""electric"" S 500 e B 250 e Fuel Cell f for ""fuel cell"" B 200 f HYBRID BlueTEC HYBRID h for ""hybrid"" S 400 h E 300 h 4MATIC 4MATIC E 400 4MATIC The revised A45 AMG for 2016 model year on has shifted the model designation to the right side while AMG is on the left side. This trend commenced with Mercedes-Maybach with MAYBACH on the left and S500/S600 on the right. Environmental record [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz has developed multi concept cars with alternative propulsion, such as hybrid-electric, fully electric, and fuel-cell powertrains . At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show , Mercedes-Benz showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car , powered by a hybrid-electric drivetrain featuring the DiesOtto engine. In 2009, Mercedes-Benz displayed three BlueZERO concepts at the North American International Auto Show . Each car features a different powertrain - battery-electric, fuel-cell electric, and gasoline-electric hybrid. In the same year, Mercedes also showed the Vision S500 PHEV concept with a 19 miles (31 km) all-electric range and CO 2 emissions of 74 grams/km in the New European Driving Cycle . Since 2002, Mercedes-Benz has developed the F-Cell fuel cell vehicle. The current version, based on the B-Class, has a 250-mile range and is available for lease, with volume production scheduled to begin in 2014. Mercedes has also announced the SLS AMG E-Cell , a fully electric version of the SLS sports car, with deliveries expected in 2013. The Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHYBRID was launched in 2009, and is the first production automotive hybrid in the world to use a lithium-ion battery . In mid-2010, production commenced on the Vito E-Cell all-electric van. Mercedes expects 100 vehicles to be produced by the end of 2010 and a further 2000 by the end of 2011. In 2008, Mercedes-Benz announced that it would have a demonstration fleet of small electric cars in two to three years. Mercedes-Benz and Smart are preparing for the widespread uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) in the UK by beginning the installation of recharging points across their dealer networks. So far 20 Elektrobay recharging units, produced in the UK by Brighton-based Elektromotive , have been installed at seven locations as part of a pilot project, and further expansion of the initiative is planned later in 2010. In the United States, Mercedes-Benz was assessed a record US$30.66 million fine for their decision to not meet the federal corporate average fuel economy standard in 2009. Certain Mercedes-Benz cars, including the S550 and all AMG models sold in the United States, also face an additional gas guzzler tax . However, newer AMG models fitted with the M157 engine will not be subject to the gas-guzzler tax, due to improved fuel economy, and newer models powered by the M276 and M278 engines will have better fuel economy. In 2008, Mercedes also had the worst CO 2 average of all major European manufacturers, ranking 14th out of 14 manufacturers. Mercedes was also the worst manufacturer in 2007 and 2006 in terms of average CO 2 levels, with 181 g and 188 g of CO 2 emitted per km, respectively. In May 2017, Mercedes partnered with Vivint Solar to develop a solar-energy home storage battery. In February 2018, it was announced that Mercedes cabin air filters earned the Asthma and Allergy Friendly Certification. Bicycles [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH introduced three new bicycles in 2005, and the range has developed to include the patent pending Foldingbike in 2007. Other models include the Mercedes-Benz Carbon Bike, Trekking Bike, Fitness Bike and the Trailblazer Bike. Electric cars [ edit ] Mercedes is to open its sixth battery factory in 2018, which makes it a tough competitor to Tesla, Inc. The six factories will be established across 3 continents. The brand also has planned to launch its electric EQ brand with an SUV being set for production in the year 2019. 2022 will be the year in which Daimler has said that the company will have invested $11 billion to ensure that every Mercedes-Benz has a fully electric or hybrid version available on the market. While releasing details of the project, Markus Schäfer said, ""Our electric vehicles will be built in six plants on three continents. We address every market segment: from the smart fortwo seater, to the large SUV. The battery is the key component of e-mobility. As batteries are the heart of our electric vehicles we put a great emphasis on building them in our own factories. With our global battery network we are in an excellent position: As we are close to our vehicle plants we can ensure the optimal supply of production. In case of a short-term high demand in another part of the world our battery factories are also well prepared for export. The electric initiative of Mercedes-Benz Cars is right on track. Our global production network is ready for e-mobility. We are electrifying the future."" Motorsport [ edit ] Main article: Mercedes-Benz in motorsport A DMG Mercedes Simplex 1906 in the Deutsches Museum The two companies which were merged to form the Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new sport of motor racing throughout their separate histories. A single Benz competed in the world's first motor race, the 1894 Paris–Rouen , where Émile Roger finished 14th in 10 hours 1 minute. Throughout its long history, the company has been involved in a range of motorsport activities, including sports car racing and rallying . On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period, notably in the late 1930s, and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster , where a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR rammed another car (An Austin-Healey), took off into the stands, and killed more than 80 spectators. Stirling Moss and co-driver Denis Jenkinson made history by winning the 1955 Mille Miglia road race in Italy during a record-breaking drive with an average speed of almost 98 mph in a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR . Although there was some activity in the intervening years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM), and Formula One with Sauber . The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase British engine builder Ilmor (now Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ), and campaign IndyCars under the USAC / CART rules, eventually winning the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 CART IndyCar World Series Championship with Al Unser, Jr. at the wheel. The 1990s also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT racing, and the Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR , both of which took the company to new heights by dominating the FIA's GT1 class. Mercedes-Benz is currently active in four motorsport categories, Formula Three , DTM , Formula One and GT3 . Formula One [ edit ] Both Mercedes-AMG Formula One cars at the 2013 Malaysian Grand Prix . Main article: Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Mercedes-Benz took part in the world championship in 1954 and 1955, but despite being successful with two championship titles for Juan-Manuel Fangio , the company left the sport after just two seasons. Fangio is considered by many to be the best F1 driver in history. Mercedes-Benz returned as an engine supplier in the 1990s and part-owned Team McLaren for some years, to which it has supplied engines engineered by Ilmor since 1995. This partnership brought success, including drivers championships for Mika Häkkinen in 1998 and 1999, and for Lewis Hamilton in 2008, as well as a constructors championship in 1998. The collaboration with McLaren had been extended into the production of roadgoing cars such as the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren . In 2007, McLaren-Mercedes was fined a record US$100 million for stealing confidential Ferrari technical data. In 2009, Ross Brawn 's newly conceived Formula One team, Brawn GP used Mercedes engines to help win the constructor's championship, and Jenson Button to become champion in the F1 drivers' championship. At the end of the season, Mercedes-Benz sold its 40% stake in McLaren to the McLaren Group and bought 70% of the Brawn GP team jointly with an Abu Dhabi-based investment consortium. Brawn GP was renamed Mercedes GP for the 2010 season and is, from this season on, a works team for Mercedes-Benz. As of 2017, the company currently provides engines to Williams Martini Racing and Sahara Force India F1 Team . In 2014, Mercedes clinched its first F1 Constructor's title with drivers Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg with 3 races to go, after dominating much of the season. Mercedes repeated its dominance in 2015 in similar fashion, losing only 3 races out of 19 once again. Mercedes yet again dominated in 2016, losing only 2 races out of 21. In 2017, Mercedes secured a 4th title. In these four years of dominance, Lewis Hamilton won the F1 drivers' championship in 2014 , 2015 , and 2017 while Nico Rosberg won in 2016 . [ citation needed ] Logo history [ edit ] In June 1909, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) registered both a three-pointed and a four-pointed star as trademarks, but only the three-pointed star was used. To DMG, the star symbolized Gottlieb Daimler's aims for universal motorization: on land, water and in the air. 1902–1909 1909–1916 1916–1926 1926–current 1980–current 1990–current Noted employees [ edit ] Paul Bracq – major designer of automobiles in the 20th century Béla Barényi – car safety pioneer (rigid passenger safety shell), joined Daimler-Benz in 1937 Wilhelm Maybach – automotive pioneer, first met Gottlieb Daimler in 1865 Ferdinand Porsche – founder of Porsche, joined Mercedes in 1923 and developed the Kompressor Bruno Sacco – joined Daimler-Benz as a designer in 1958. Head of Design in 1975, retired in 1999 Rudolf Uhlenhaut – joined Daimler-Benz in 1931, his designs included the Silver Arrows , the 300 SL and 300SLR Adolf Eichmann – former Nazi criminal. Worked in Argentina's factory after WWII Rudolf Caracciola – one of the greatest GP drivers in history drove MB Silver Arrows in competition. Josef Ganz - Technical consultant and ""Godfather"" of the * Mercedes-Benz W136 , with the revolutionary Independent suspension, Swing axle layout. Juan Manuel Fangio - Five time Formula 1 World Champion, honorary president of Mercedes-Benz Argentina from 1987 until his death in 1995. Michael Schumacher - Seven time Formula 1 World Champion, drove for Mercedes in the World Endurance Championship in the 80s and then in their Formula One Team from 2010 till 2012 . Lewis Hamilton - Four-time Formula 1 World Champion, current driver for in their Formula One Team since 2013 who holds the record for most pole positions in F1 since the 2017 Italian Grand Prix. Despite being a Mercedes driver since 2013, Hamilton has competed his entire career using Mercedes engines since 2007 and has been affiliated with Mercedes since he was 13 years old. Nico Rosberg - 2016 Formula 1 World Champion, drove for Mercedes in their Formula One Team from 2010 till 2016 . Rosberg won all his races and achieved all his pole positions with Mercedes and is currently a brand ambassador for Mercedes. Innovations [ edit ] Numerous technological innovations have been introduced on Mercedes-Benz automobiles throughout the many years of their production, including: The internal combustion engine automobile was developed independently by Benz and Daimler & Maybach in 1886 Daimler invented the honeycomb radiator of the type still used on all water-cooled vehicles today Daimler invented the float carburetor which was used until replaced by fuel injection The ""drop chassis"" – the car originally designated the ""Mercedes"" by Daimler was also the first car with a modern configuration, having the carriage lowered and set between the front and rear wheels, with a front engine and powered rear wheels . All earlier cars were ""horseless carriages"", which had high centres of gravity and various engine/drive-train configurations The first passenger road car to have brakes on all four wheels (1924) In 1936, the Mercedes-Benz 260 D was the first diesel-powered passenger car. Mercedes-Benz were the first to offer direct fuel injection on the Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing The ""safety cage"" or "" safety cell "" construction with front and rear crumple zones was first developed by Mercedes-Benz in 1951. This is considered by many as the most important innovation in automobile construction from a safety standpoint [ verification needed ] In 1959, Mercedes-Benz patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a traction control system that worked under both braking and acceleration an Anti-Lock Brake system (ABS) was first offered on the W116 450SEL 6.9. They became standard on the W126 S-Class starting production in 1979 and first sold in most markets in 1980. Airbags were first introduced in the European market, beginning with model year 1981 S-Class. Mercedes-Benz was the first to introduce pre-tensioners to seat belts on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pre-tensioner will tighten the belt instantaneously, removing any 'slack' in the belt, which prevents the occupant from jerking forward in a crash In September 2003, Mercedes-Benz introduced the world's first seven-speed automatic transmission called ' 7G-Tronic ' Electronic Stability Programme (ESP), brake assist , and many other types of safety equipment were all developed, tested, and implemented into passenger cars – first – by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz has not made a large fuss about its innovations, and has even licensed them for use by competitors – in the name of improving automobile and passenger safety. As a result, crumple zones and anti-lock brakes (ABS) are now standard on all modern vehicles. [ verification needed ] Mercedes M156 engine The (W211) E320 CDI which has a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) 3.0-litre V6 common rail diesel engine (producing 224 hp or 167 kW), set three world endurance records. It covered 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in a record time, with an average speed of 224.823 km/h (139.70 mph). Three identical cars did the endurance run (one set above record) and the other two cars set world records for time taken to cover 100,000 kilometres (62,137 mi) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) respectively. After all three cars had completed the run, their combined distance was 300,000 miles (480,000 km) (all records were FIA approved). [ clarification needed ] Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called Pre-Safe to detect an imminent crash – and prepares the car's safety systems to respond optimally. It also calculates the optimal braking force required to avoid an accident in emergency situations, and makes it immediately available for when the driver depresses the brake pedal. Occupants are also prepared by tightening the seat belt, closing the sunroof and windows, and moving the seats into the optimal position. At 181 horsepower per litre, the M133 engine installed in Mercedes-Benz A45 AMG is the most powerful series production four-cylinder turbocharged motor (as of June 2013) and has one of the highest power density for a passenger vehicle. Half a century of vehicle safety innovation helped win Mercedes-Benz the Safety Award at the 2007 What Car? Awards. Robot cars [ edit ] Main article: Driverless car In the 1980s, Mercedes built the world's first robot car, together with the team of Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr University Munich . Encouraged in part by Dickmanns' success, in 1987 the European Union's EUREKA programme initiated the Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly €800 million. In 1995 Dickmanns' re-engineered autonomous S-Class Mercedes took a long trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark, and back. On highways, the robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 km/h (109 mph) (permissible in some areas of the German Autobahn ). In October 2015, the company introduced the Vision Tokyo, a five-seat self-driving electric van powered by a hybrid hydrogen fuel-cell system. The super-sleek van is touted as ""a chill-out zone in the midst of megacity traffic mayhem."" Tuners [ edit ] Several companies have become car tuners (or modifiers) of Mercedes Benz, in order to increase performance and/or luxury to a given model. AMG is Mercedes-Benz's in-house performance-tuning division, specialising in high-performance versions of most Mercedes-Benz cars. AMG engines are all hand-built, and each completed engine receives a tag with the signature of the engineer who built it. AMG has been wholly owned by Mercedes-Benz since 1999. The 2009 SLS AMG , a revival of the 300SL Gullwing, is the first car to be entirely developed by AMG. There are numerous independent tuners including Brabus , Carlsson , Kleemann and Renntech . Sponsorships [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz sponsors the German national football team . In football (soccer) , Mercedes-Benz sponsors the Germany national team . Mercedes-Benz sponsors Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart and provides the naming rights for their stadium, the Mercedes-Benz Arena . The company also holds the naming rights to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome , an American football stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States. On 24 August 2015, Mercedes-Benz was announced as the naming rights sponsor for the Atlanta Falcons ' new home, Mercedes-Benz Stadium , (Mercedes-Benz's US headquarters are in Greater Atlanta ) which opened in August 2017. See also [ edit ] Baden-Württemberg portal Germany portal Cars portal Bertha Benz Mercedes-Benz AMG Diesel emissions scandal References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercedes-Benz . Official website" 5906164718876246582,train,capital and largest city of belarus on the svislach river,"Minsk (Belarusian : Мінск, pronounced (mjinsk) ; Russian : Минск, (mjinsk)) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and the Nyamiha Rivers. As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk raion (district). In 2013, it had a population of 2,002,600. Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and seat of the Executive Secretary.",['christ the redeemer'],olú ìlú àti ìlú tó tóbi jùlọ ní belarus ní odò svislach,Yes,"['Мінск, IPA: [mʲinsk]; Rọ́síà: Минск, [mʲinsk]) ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Belarus.', 'Minsk (Bẹ̀l.']","['Мінск ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Belarus.', 'Minsk ']",['P1'],1,0,"Minsk Minsk ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Belarus. ", 4157699756648510973,train,the pad of fatty tissue that covers the area of the pubic bone is called the,"In human anatomy, and in mammals in general, the mons pubis (pubic mound, also known simply as the mons, and known specifically in females as the mons Venus or mons veneris), is a rounded mass of fatty tissue found over the pubic symphysis of the pubic bones.",['500'],ara tó ní ọ̀rá tí ó bo àgbègbè egungun ìbàdí ni a ń pè ní,Yes,"['Ní ìmọ̀ nípa ẹ̀yà ara ènìyàn, àti ní gbogbo àwọn ẹranko tí ó lè bímọ, mons pubis (tí a tún mọ̀ sí\xa0 mons, àti ní pàtó lara àwọn obìrin sí mons Venus tàbí mons veneris), jẹ́ ibi róbótó tó lọ́rá lókè pubic symphysis ti àwọn egungun pubic. Ní ara àwọn obìrin, ó maa ń ṣarajọ sí iwájú vulva.']","['Ní ìmọ̀ nípa ẹ̀yà ara ènìyàn, àti ní gbogbo àwọn ẹranko tí ó lè bímọ, mons pubis jẹ́ ibi róbótó tó lọ́rá lókè pubic symphysis ti àwọn egungun pubic.']",['P1'],1,0,"Mons pubis Ní ìm?? nípa ??yà ara ènìyàn, àti ní gbogbo àw?n ?ranko tí ó lè bím?, mons pubis (tí a tún m?? sí mons, àti ní pàtó lara àw?n obìrin sí mons Venus tàbí mons veneris),[1][2] j?? ibi róbótó tó l??rá lókè pubic symphysis ti àw?n egungun pubic.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Ní ara àw?n obìrin, ó maa ? ?araj? sí iwájú vulva. Ó pín sí labia majora (""ètè tó f??"") ní ??gb?? méjèèjì furrow tí w??n m?? sí pudendal cleft tí ó yí labia minora, clitoris, urethra, ojú òbò àtí àw?n ??yà míràn nínú vulval vestibule.[2][5][6] Ìtóbisí mons pubis kò rí bákan tí ó sì ní ?e p??lú ìw?n k??míkà ìt??s??nàn ara àti ??rá ara, tí ó sì ?eé rí dáradára lára àw?n obìrin.[1][3] L??yìn tí obìrin ba ti bàlágà, irun máa ? bo ojú ?? tí ó sì máa ? f??.[4][6][7][8] Àw?n ??rá inú mons pubis maa ? gb?g?? sí estrogen, tí ó sì máa ? fa ì?araj? òkìtì tí obirin ba ?????? ? bàlágà.[8] Èyì má a ? ti iwájú labia majora sí ìta kúrò nínú egungun pubic. b?? g??g??,mons pubis má a ? sábà hàn dáradára tí estrogen ara bá ti ? dínkù tí a máa ? rí ti obìrin bá tí ? súmón oj?? orí tí w?n kò lè bím? m??.[9] Orúk? mons pubis j?y? láti èdè Latin fún ""pubic mound"", àti mons Venus tàbí mons veneris j?y? láti èdè Latin fún ""mound of Venus"".[1][2]","Mons pubis Mons pubis (with pubic hair removed) Details Precursor Genital tubercle Identifiers Latin mons pubis TA A09.2.01.002 FMA 20218 Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata ] In human anatomy , and in mammals in general, the mons pubis ( pubic mound , also known simply as the mons , and known specifically in females as the mons Venus or mons veneris ), is a rounded mass of fatty tissue found over the pubic symphysis of the pubic bones . Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Etymology 3 Society and culture 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links Anatomy [ edit ] For women and girls, the mons pubis forms the anterior portion of the vulva . It divides into the labia majora (literally ""larger lips""), on either side of the furrow known as the pudendal cleft , that surrounds the labia minora , clitoris , urethra , vaginal opening , and other structures of the vulval vestibule . The size of the mons pubis varies with the level of hormone and body fat and tends to be larger for women. After puberty , it generally becomes covered with pubic hair and enlarged. The fatty tissue of the mons pubis is sensitive to estrogen, causing a distinct mound to form with the onset of puberty. This pushes the forward portion of the labia majora out and away from the pubic bone. Likewise, the mons pubis often becomes less prominent with the decrease in bodily estrogen experienced during menopause . Etymology [ edit ] The term mons pubis is derived from Latin for ""pubic mound"", and mons Venus or mons veneris is derived from Latin for ""mound of Venus "". Society and culture [ edit ] Aesthetic modification of the mons pubis include hanabira (left) and genital piercings such as the Christina piercing (right) Although not part of external genitalia itself, the pubic mound can be regarded as an erogenous zone and is highly eroticized in many cultures. Throughout history, the complete or partial removal of pubic hair has been common in many societies, and more recently it has become widespread in the Western world. The full removal of pubic hair by use of wax, sugar or shaving, known as ″Brazilian wax″ , has become common practice in recent years. In some circumstances, the mons veneria is subjected to aesthetic ideals beyond hair removal. Correspondingly, plastic surgery is offered which alters the shape of the mons to a desired ideal. Desired ideals may be influenced by personal preferences, current cultural norms, or societal pressures. Permanent forms of decoration to enhance the aesthetic appeal of this area are hanabira , the application of cosmetic scars , or piercings such as the Christina piercing or the Nefertiti piercing . Vajazzling refers to the non-permanent decoration of the mons pubis with crystal ornaments. Bibliography [ edit ] Sloane, Ethel. Biology of Women . Cengage Learning 2002, ISBN 978-0-7668-1142-3 , p. 31 Gray, Henry : Anatomy of the Human Body . Lea & Febiger, 1918 "" Mons pubis "" in Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2010. References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Media related to Mons pubis at Wikimedia Commons Anatomy photo:41:02-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – ""The Female Perineum: The Vulva""" 2441193626401867784,train,when did muhammad ali start his career in boxing,"He was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a major upset. He then announced his conversion to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his `` slave name '', to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.",['nairobi'],ìgbà wo ni muhammad ali bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ nínú ìdíje bọ́ọ̀sì,Yes,"['Ni ọdun 18, o ṣẹgun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Awọn Olimpiiki Igba Irẹdanu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alamọdaju nigbamii ni ọdun yẹn.']",['Ni ọdun 1960'],['P1'],1,0,"Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (orúko àbíso Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; os?u? ki?ni?, o?jo?? 17, o?du?n 1942 - os?u? ke?fa?, o?jo?? 3, o?du?n 2016) j?? aj??s? ará Am??ríkà tó ti f??y??ntì àti onídárayá àk??k?? ágbáyé fún wúwotówúwo ní ????m?ta. A bi Ali si Louisville, Kentucky osi dagba si be pelu. O b?r? ik?k? bi af???ja amateur ni ?j? -ori 12. Ni ?dun 18, o ??gun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Aw?n Olimpiiki Igba Ir?danu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alam?daju nigbamii ni ?dun y?n. O di Musulumi l?yin ?dun 1961. O bori ni a?aju iwuwo iwuwo agbaye lati ?d? Sonny Liston ni ibinu nla ni ?j? Kínní 25, o?du?n 1964, ni ?j? -ori 22. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 6, o?du?n 1964, o kede pe oun ko ni m? m? Cassius Clay ?ugb?n bi Muhammad Ali. Ni 1966, Ali k? lati j? ki o wa sinu ologun, ni sis? aw?n igbagb? ?sin r? ati atako ihuwa si Ogun Vietnam. O j?bi pe o yago fun kik? sil? nitorina o dojuko ?dun marun ninu tubu ati pe o gba aw?n ak?le Boxing r?. O duro kuro ninu tubu bi o ti b?b? fun ipinnu si Ile -?j? Adaj?, eyiti o yi idaj? r? pada ni ?dun 1971, ?ugb?n ko ti ja fun o f?r? to ?dun m?rin o padanu akoko i?? ?i?e giga bi elere idaraya. Aw?n i?e Ali g?g? bi alatako-?kan si Ogun Vietnam j? ki o j? aami fun iran à?à tó lòdì ti o tobi, ati pe o j? eeyan ti o ga pup? ti igberaga ?l?yam?ya fun aw?n ara Am?rika Am?rika lakoko gbigbe aw?n ?t? ara ilu ati jakejado i?? r?. G?g?bi Musulumi, Ali ni aj??ep? lakoko p?lu Elijah Muhammad's Oríl??-èdè Ìsìláàmù (NOI). Nigbamii o k?w? si NOI, ti o faram? Islam Sunni, ati atil?yin i??p? ?ya bi onim?ran i?aaju r? Malcolm X. O kopa ninu ?p?l?p? aw?n ere -idije boxing ni pataki jul? aw?n ija r? p?lu Joe Frazier, p?lu Ija ti ?dun (i??l? af???ja ti o tobi jul? titi di igba naa), Thrilla ni Manila, ati ija r? p?lu George Foreman ti a m? si The Rumble ninu Jungle, eyiti o j? wiwo nipas? igbasil? ti a fojusi aw?n olugbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu ti aw?n oluwo bilionu 1 ni kariaye, di igbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu laaye jul? jul? ni agbaye ni akoko y?n. Ali ?e rere ni iranran ni akoko kan nigbati ?p?l?p? aw?n onija j? ki aw?n alakoso w?n s?r?, ati pe o j? igbagbogbo ni imunibinu ati ajeji. O j? olokiki fun sis? ?r? id?ti, ati igbagbogbo ni a?a-ara p?lu aw?n eto orin ati ?r? ewi ?r?, ifojus?na aw?n eroja ti hip hop. Ni ode oruka, Ali ti ?a?ey?ri bi o?ere olorin ?r?, nibiti o ti gba aw?n yiyan Grammy meji. O tun ?e ifihan bi o?ere ati onk?we, dasile aw?n itan -ak??l? ara ?ni meji. Ali ti f?yìntì lati af???ja ni ?dun 1981 ati idojuk? lori ?sin, alanu ati ijajagbara. Ni ?dun 1984, o ?e agbekal? iwadii aisan ti Àrùn Parkinson, eyiti di? ninu aw?n ijab? ?e ikawe si aw?n ipalara ti o ni ibatan Boxing, botil?j?pe oun ati aw?n dokita alam?ja r? tako eyi. O j? eniyan ti n ?i?? l?w? ni kariaye, ?ugb?n ni aw?n ?dun igb?hin r? ?e aw?n ifarahan gbangba di? bi ipo r? ti buru si, ati pe idile r? t?ju r?. Ali ku ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, ?dun 2016.", -1580637763990313083,validation,when did muhammad ali win an olympic gold medal,"Clay was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a major upset. Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his `` slave name '', to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.","['1960', 'at the 1960 summer olympics in rome']",ìgbà wo ni muhammad ali gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ góòlù òlíńpíìkì,Yes,"['Ni ọdun 18, o ṣẹgun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Awọn Olimpiiki Igba Irẹdanu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alamọdaju nigbamii ni ọdun yẹn.']","['Ni ọdun 1960, o ṣẹgun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo ni òlíńpíìkì']",['P2'],1,0,"Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (orúko àbíso Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; os?u? ki?ni?, o?jo?? 17, o?du?n 1942 - os?u? ke?fa?, o?jo?? 3, o?du?n 2016) j?? aj??s? ará Am??ríkà tó ti f??y??ntì àti onídárayá àk??k?? ágbáyé fún wúwotówúwo ní ????m?ta. A bi Ali si Louisville, Kentucky osi dagba si be pelu. O b?r? ik?k? bi af???ja amateur ni ?j? -ori 12. Ni ?dun 18, o ??gun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Aw?n Olimpiiki Igba Ir?danu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alam?daju nigbamii ni ?dun y?n. O di Musulumi l?yin ?dun 1961. O bori ni a?aju iwuwo iwuwo agbaye lati ?d? Sonny Liston ni ibinu nla ni ?j? Kínní 25, o?du?n 1964, ni ?j? -ori 22. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 6, o?du?n 1964, o kede pe oun ko ni m? m? Cassius Clay ?ugb?n bi Muhammad Ali. Ni 1966, Ali k? lati j? ki o wa sinu ologun, ni sis? aw?n igbagb? ?sin r? ati atako ihuwa si Ogun Vietnam. O j?bi pe o yago fun kik? sil? nitorina o dojuko ?dun marun ninu tubu ati pe o gba aw?n ak?le Boxing r?. O duro kuro ninu tubu bi o ti b?b? fun ipinnu si Ile -?j? Adaj?, eyiti o yi idaj? r? pada ni ?dun 1971, ?ugb?n ko ti ja fun o f?r? to ?dun m?rin o padanu akoko i?? ?i?e giga bi elere idaraya. Aw?n i?e Ali g?g? bi alatako-?kan si Ogun Vietnam j? ki o j? aami fun iran à?à tó lòdì ti o tobi, ati pe o j? eeyan ti o ga pup? ti igberaga ?l?yam?ya fun aw?n ara Am?rika Am?rika lakoko gbigbe aw?n ?t? ara ilu ati jakejado i?? r?. G?g?bi Musulumi, Ali ni aj??ep? lakoko p?lu Elijah Muhammad's Oríl??-èdè Ìsìláàmù (NOI). Nigbamii o k?w? si NOI, ti o faram? Islam Sunni, ati atil?yin i??p? ?ya bi onim?ran i?aaju r? Malcolm X. O kopa ninu ?p?l?p? aw?n ere -idije boxing ni pataki jul? aw?n ija r? p?lu Joe Frazier, p?lu Ija ti ?dun (i??l? af???ja ti o tobi jul? titi di igba naa), Thrilla ni Manila, ati ija r? p?lu George Foreman ti a m? si The Rumble ninu Jungle, eyiti o j? wiwo nipas? igbasil? ti a fojusi aw?n olugbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu ti aw?n oluwo bilionu 1 ni kariaye, di igbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu laaye jul? jul? ni agbaye ni akoko y?n. Ali ?e rere ni iranran ni akoko kan nigbati ?p?l?p? aw?n onija j? ki aw?n alakoso w?n s?r?, ati pe o j? igbagbogbo ni imunibinu ati ajeji. O j? olokiki fun sis? ?r? id?ti, ati igbagbogbo ni a?a-ara p?lu aw?n eto orin ati ?r? ewi ?r?, ifojus?na aw?n eroja ti hip hop. Ni ode oruka, Ali ti ?a?ey?ri bi o?ere olorin ?r?, nibiti o ti gba aw?n yiyan Grammy meji. O tun ?e ifihan bi o?ere ati onk?we, dasile aw?n itan -ak??l? ara ?ni meji. Ali ti f?yìntì lati af???ja ni ?dun 1981 ati idojuk? lori ?sin, alanu ati ijajagbara. Ni ?dun 1984, o ?e agbekal? iwadii aisan ti Àrùn Parkinson, eyiti di? ninu aw?n ijab? ?e ikawe si aw?n ipalara ti o ni ibatan Boxing, botil?j?pe oun ati aw?n dokita alam?ja r? tako eyi. O j? eniyan ti n ?i?? l?w? ni kariaye, ?ugb?n ni aw?n ?dun igb?hin r? ?e aw?n ifarahan gbangba di? bi ipo r? ti buru si, ati pe idile r? t?ju r?. Ali ku ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, ?dun 2016.", 958594070445970894,train,when did nigeria change its currency from pounds to naira,"The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound. This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £ sd currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U + 20A6 ₦ Naira sign.","['salisbury', '/ˌwɑːɡəˈduːɡuː/']",ìgbà wo ni nàìjíríà yí owó rẹ̀ padà láti owó póùn sí náírà,Yes,"['Nàìjíríà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ní lọ owó náírà ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kìíní ọdún 1973, wọ́n pààrọ̀ owó Pọ́nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ń lò tẹ́lẹ̀.']","['Nàìjíríà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ní lọ owó náírà ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kìíní ọdún 1973, wọ́n pààrọ̀ owó Pọ́nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ń lò tẹ́lẹ̀.']",['P2'],1,0,"Náírá Owó náírà (Àmì: ?; Àdàpè: NGN; ) ní owó tí wón ? lò fún títà-rírà ní Nàìjíríà. ?w?? náírà kan j?? ?g??rùn-ún k??b??.[2] Ilé-ìfowópam?? Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà (CBN) nìkan ló lá?? láti ?e owó síta ní Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[3][4] Ìtàn Nàìjíríà b??r?? sí ní l? owó náírà ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní ?dún 1973,[5] w??n pààr?? owó P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ? lò t??l??. Owó yìí ni P??nhùn kan(£1) tí a ?e sí náírà meji.[6] Owó tuntun náà j?? owó àk??k?? tí Nàìjíríà ?e jáde l??yìn òmìnira Nàìjíríà. Owó tí Nàìjíríà ? lò kí ó tó di ìgbà náà ni P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí ìj?ba a k??ni l??rú Naijiria ?e ní ?dun 1959, tí orúk? Èlísáb??tì kejì sì wà lára r??.[7] Obafemi Awolowo l?? mú abá orúk? ""Náírà"" wá, ó y??? lára ""Nàìjíríà"" [8][9] ?ùgb??n , mínísítà tí ó ? rí sí ??r?? owó, Shehu Shagari ni ó gbé owó náà síta ní ?dun 1973. Central Bank ti Nigeria s? pé w??n gbìyànjú láti ?àkóso àfikún ?d??dún kí ó wá síl?? sí ìdá m??wàá. Ní ?dún 2011, CBN fi kún owó-èlé ní ìl??po m??fà, ó gòkè si láti 6.25% sí 12%. Ní ?j?? kkalnlél??gb??n o?ù kìíní, ?dún 2012, CBN pinnu láti ?ètójú owó-èlé náà kí ó ba lè wà ní 12% àti pé kí àfikún sí o? níná ba lè díkù.[10] Ní ?j?? ogún o?ù k?fà, ?dún 2016, náírà nih à?fààní láti léfòó, l??yìn tó tí w??n ti fi sí àhám?? ní ?197 sí US$1 fún ??p??l?p?? o?ù. Wàhálà tó wáyé látàrí owó Nàìjíríà tuntun ??l?? lójijì ní o?ù kejì ní ?dún 2023 nítorí àìtó náírà àti ìgbìyànjú àw?n ìj?ba láti mú kí àw?n ará-ìlú fi tipátipá ná owó tuntun tí w??n ??? gbé jáde. Èyí sì já sí ìfi-??h??nú-hàn káàkiri àdúgbò ní àárín o?ù lejì, ní ?dún 2023.[11][12][13] Coins Ní ?dún 1973, w??n gbé k??ìnsì w?lé, a sì ní k??ìnsì ní k??b?? 1?2, 1, 5, 10 àti 25. K??ìnsì 1?2 àti 1 ní w??n ?e p?lú id?, w??n sì fi k??pà ?e àw?n owó ?lá. Àw?n k??ìnsì k??b?? 1?2 ní w??n ?e sí p??pà ní ?dún náà. Ní ?dún 1991, àw?n k??ìnsì kékèèké bíi k??b?? 1, 10 àti 25 ni w??n ?e p??lú k??pà àti irin. Ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n o?ù kejì, ?dún 2007, w??n ?e àw?n k??ìnsì tuntun síta bíi k??b?? 50, ?1 àti ?2.[14] Owó Naijiria àtij?? Ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní, ?dún 1973, Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà gbé k??b?? 50, ?1, ?5, ?10 àti ?20 jáde sínú p??pà: ní o?ù k?rin ?dún 1984, w??n yí àw?n àw?? orí owó náírà wa padà lahti d??kun kíkó owó j??.[23] Ní ?dún 1991, w??n t? ?50 jáde, w??n si fi k??ìnsìn dípò k??b?? 50 kobo àti ?1 ní ?dún 1991. Èyí sì t??lé ?100 ní ?dún 1999, ?200 ní 2000, ?500 ní 2001 àti ?1,000 ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?wàá, ?dún 2005.[24] Ní o??? kejì, ?dún 2007, àw?n ??yà tuntun fún ?5 sí ?50 b??r?? sí ní jáde. Ní àárín ?dún 2009 nígbà tí Sanusi Lamido Sanusi di Gómìnà CBN,[25] w??n ?èyípadà àw?n ?5, ?10 àti ?50 sí owó náíl??n. Lórih owó ?1,000, w??n ?e kiní kan si l??yìn láti má fàyè ayédèrú. Àw?n àbùdá àdám?? ara owó náà ni àwòrán Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu àti Dr. Clement Isong, tí w??n j? fìgbà kan j?? gómìnà CBN.[26] Lórí ìt??jáde àk??k?? tí w??n ?e fún ?100 ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 1999, àwòrán àpáta Zuma, èyí tí w??n s? pé ó wà ní Agbègbè Olú-ìlú Ìj?ba Àpap?? Nàíjíríà lára owó náà, àm?? Ìpínl?? Niger gan-an ni ó wà. W??n padà y? ìt??ka pé Abuja ni àpáta yìí wà kúrò lára owó náà.[27] Ní ?dún 2012, CBN gbèrò láti ?àt??jáde owó tuntun fún ?5,000. Ilé-ìfowópam?? náà tún pinnu láti ?èyípadà ?5, ?10, ?20 àti ?50 sí k??ìnsìn tó ti padà di ìwé báyìí.[28] Ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?kànlá, ?dún 2014, Central Bank of Nigeria gbèrò láti ?àtún?e sí ?100 ?àj?y?? ìdásíl?? Nàìjíríà fún ?g??rùn-ún ?dún. Owó àtij?? àti tuntun j?ra p??lú àwòrán Olóyè Obafemi Awolowo tó wà níwájú r??, àtún?e tó k?? wà níbè ni àw?? tí w??n pààr??, àti àk?síl?? ""One Nigeria, Great Promise"". L??yìn owó tuntun náà ó ní kiní kékeré kan tí ènìyàn le síkàànì tí á sì gbé wa l? sí ày?ka tí w??n k? lórí ìtàn Nàìjíríà.[29][30] Ní ?dún 2019, ?100 gba àbùdá àdám?? tuntun nígbà tí ìb?w??lùwé Priscilla Ekwere Eleje, tó jé Oludari ti Aw?n i?? Owo fún ilé-ìfowópam?? ti ìj?ba àpap??, tó sì tún j?? obìnrin àk??k?? tó máa k??k?? wà nípò náà.[31] ??w??n gógó Náírà ní ?dun 2023 L??yìn ìgbà tí banki àpapò yí àw?? owó Náírà igba(?200), eedegbeta(?500) ati egberun(?1000) po, owó Náírà ti s??w??n.","For the village in India, see Naira, Srikakulam . Nigerian naira ISO 4217 Code NGN Denominations Subunit 1/100 Kobo Plural Naira Kobo Kobo Symbol ₦ Banknotes 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 & 1000 Naira Coins 50 Kobo, 1 & 2 Naira Demographics User(s) Nigeria Issuance Central bank Central Bank of Nigeria Website www .cenbank .org Printer Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Mint Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Valuation Inflation 8.2% Source 2014 The naira ( sign : ₦ ; code : NGN ) is the currency of Nigeria . It is subdivided into 100 Kobo . The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Nigerian Federation. It controls the volume of money supply in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency & Branch Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the procurement, distribution/supply, processing, reissue and disposal/disintegration of bank notes and coins. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Coins 1.2 Banknotes 2 Second naira 2.1 Coins 2.2 Banknotes 3 Exchange rates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound. This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £sd currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U+20A6 ₦ Naira sign . Rampant inflation has occurred in Nigeria over the existence of naira. The Central Bank of Nigeria claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10%. In 2011, the CBN increased key interest rate for 6 times, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies. As of 20 June 2016, the naira was allowed to float, after being pegged at 197 to the US dollar for several months. Trades speculated the natural range of the naira would be between 280 and 350 to the dollar. Coins [ edit ] Nigeria's coin from colonial era till date, popularly known as ""kobo"" In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of ½, 1, 5, 10 and 25 kobo, with the ½ and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The ½ kobo coins were minted only that year. In 1991, smaller 1, 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper-plated-steel, along with nickel-plated-steel 50 kobo and 1 naira. On 28 February 2007, new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo, 1 and 2 naira, with the 1 and 2 naira bimetallic. Some Nigerians expressed concerns over the usability of the ₦2 coin. The deadline for exchanging the old currency was set at 31 May 2007. The central bank stated that the ½ to 25 kobo coins were withdrawn from circulation with effect from 28 February 2007. ½ kobo 1 kobo 5 kobo 10 kobo 25 kobo 50 kobo 1 naira 2 naira Banknotes [ edit ] On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005. On February 28, 2007, new versions of the 5 to 50 naira banknotes were introduced. Originally the 10, 20 and 50 naira were to be polymer banknotes , but the 5,10 and 50 were delayed to late 2009 and only the 20 was released in polymer. The notes are slightly smaller (130 × 23 mm) and redesigned from the preceding issues. In mid-2009 when Sanusi Lamido Sanusi took over as CBN Governor he eventually changed the 5, 10 and 50 naira to polymer notes. On the 1000 naira notes, there is a subtle shiny strip running down the back of the note. It is a shimmery gold colour showing 1000 naira. The triangular shape in the middle of the front of the note changes its colour from green to blue when tilted. The main feature on the front is the engraved portraits of Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu and Dr Clement Isong , former governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria. On the first prints of the 100 naira notes issued starting December 1, 1999, Zuma Rock was captioned as located in Federal Capital Territory , while actually it is situated in Niger State . Later prints removed the reference to FCT, ABUJA. In 2012 the Central Bank of Nigeria may be contemplating the introduction of new currency denominations of N5,000. The bank has also made plans to convert ₦5, ₦10, ₦20 and ₦50 into coins which are all presently notes. The Central Bank of Nigeria has announced that it will no longer issue banknotes on polymer citing higher costs and environmental issues. On November 12, 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100 naira commemorative note to celebrate the centennial of Nigeria's existence. The notes are similar to its regular issue with the portrait of Chief Obafemi Awolowo on front, but is redesigned to include a new color scheme, revised security features, the text ""One Nigeria, Great Promise"" in microprinting and on the back is a quickresponse code (QRC) which when scanned leads users to a website about Nigeria's history. [ show ] Currently Circulating Banknotes [1] 1999–2005 Series Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue [2] ₦100 151 × 78 mm Red and multicolour Chief Obafemi Awolowo Zuma Rock As portrait(s), ""CBN"", value 1999 1 December 1999 [3] ₦200 Blue and multicolour Sir Ahmadu Bello Pyramid of agricultural commodity and livestock farming 2000 1 November 2000 [4] ₦500 Purple and multicolour Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe Off-shore oil-rig 2001 4 April 2001 [5] ₦1000 Purple Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu , Dr. Clement Isong CBN 's corporate headquarters in Abuja 2005 12 October 2005 2006 Series (Paper and Polymer banknotes) [6] ₦5 130 × 72 mm Mauve Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Nkpokiti dancers Central Bank of Nigeria logo, ""CBN"" 2006 28 February 2007 [7] ₦10 Red Mr. Alvan Ikoku Fulani milk maids [8] ₦20 Green General Murtala Mohammed Ladi Kwali [9] ₦50 Blue Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba men and a woman Local fishermen For table standards, see the banknote specification table . Second naira [ edit ] The naira was scheduled for redenomination in August 2008, although this was cancelled by then-President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ), with 100 old naira to become 1 new naira. The Nigerian Central Bank stated that it will make the naira fully convertible against foreign currencies by 2009. Currently, the amount of foreign currency is regulated through weekly auctions, while the Central Bank sets the exchange rate. The naira appreciated against the dollar through 2007 due to high oil revenues. Also, the then-Bank Governor, Professor Chukwuma Soludo noted the weekly central bank auctions of foreign currency will gradually be phased out, and that the bank would ""only intervene in the market as may be required to achieve defined policy objectives"". Coins [ edit ] Coins were to be issued in denominations of: 1 Kobo (₦0.01) 2 Kobo (₦0.02) 5 Kobo (₦0.05) 10 Kobo (₦0.10) 20 Kobo (₦0.20) Banknotes [ edit ] Banknotes were to be printed in denominations of: 50 Kobo (₦0.50) 1 Naira (₦1) 5 Naira (₦5): 10 Naira (₦10) 20 Naira (₦20) 50 naira (₦50) 100 naira (₦100) 200 naira (₦200) 500 naira (₦500) 1000 naira (₦1000) 50 kobo & 1 naira— are no longer in use. Exchange rates [ edit ] Rate of the Nigerian naira for 1 USD (1994-2005) This table shows the historical value of one U.S. Dollar in Nigerian naira - PM = Parallel Market. [ citation needed ] Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ 1972 0.658 1993 17.30 (21.90 PM) 2014 170-199 1973 0.658 1994 22.33 (56.80 PM) 2015 199-300 1974 0.63 1995 21.89 (71.70 PM) 2016 300-489 1975 0.616 1996 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1976 0.62 1997 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1977 0.647 1998 21.89 (84.70 PM) 1978 0.606 1999 21.89 (88-90 PM) 1979 0.596 2000 85.98 (105.00 PM) 1980 0.550 (0.900 PM) 2001 99-106 (104-122 PM) 1981 0.61 2002 109-113 (122-140 PM) 1982 0.673 2003 114-127 (135-137 PM) 1983 0.724 2004 127-130 (137-144 PM) 1984 0.765 2005 132-136 1985 0.894 (1.70 PM) 2006 128.50-131.80 1986 2.02 (3.90 PM) 2007 120-125 1987 4.02 (5.90 PM) 2008 115.50-120 1988 4.54 (6.70 PM) 2009 145-171 1989 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2010 148.21-154.8 1990 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2011 151.05-165.1 1991 8.04 (9.30 PM) 2012 155.09-161.5 1992 9.91 2013 153.21-162.9 Current NGN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY See also [ edit ] Economy of Nigeria References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Interview with Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria , on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Four Corners television program on the scandal involving the transfer from paper to polymer currency in Nigeria" 8986967526236362018,train,when was 100 naira note introduced in nigeria,"On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005.",[],ìgbà wo ni wọ́n gbé owó naira ọgọ́rùn ún wọlé ní nàìjíríà,Yes,"['Lórí ìtẹ̀jáde àkọ́kọ́ tí wọ́n ṣe fún ₦100 ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kejìlá, ọdún 1999, àwòrán àpáta Zuma, èyí tí wọ́n sọ pé ó wà ní Agbègbè Olú-ìlú Ìjọba Àpapọ̀ Nàíjíríà lára owó náà, àmọ́ Ìpínlẹ̀ Niger gan-an ni ó wà.', 'Èyí sì tẹ̀lé ₦100 ní ọdún 1999, ₦200 ní 2000, ₦500 ní 2001 àti ₦1,000 ní ọjọ́ kejìlá oṣù kẹwàá, ọdún 2005.']","['ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kejìlá, ọdún 1999', 'ní ọdún 2000']","['P11', 'P8']",1,0,"Náírá Owó náírà (Àmì: ?; Àdàpè: NGN; ) ní owó tí wón ? lò fún títà-rírà ní Nàìjíríà. ?w?? náírà kan j?? ?g??rùn-ún k??b??.[2] Ilé-ìfowópam?? Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà (CBN) nìkan ló lá?? láti ?e owó síta ní Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[3][4] Ìtàn Nàìjíríà b??r?? sí ní l? owó náírà ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní ?dún 1973,[5] w??n pààr?? owó P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ? lò t??l??. Owó yìí ni P??nhùn kan(£1) tí a ?e sí náírà meji.[6] Owó tuntun náà j?? owó àk??k?? tí Nàìjíríà ?e jáde l??yìn òmìnira Nàìjíríà. Owó tí Nàìjíríà ? lò kí ó tó di ìgbà náà ni P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí ìj?ba a k??ni l??rú Naijiria ?e ní ?dun 1959, tí orúk? Èlísáb??tì kejì sì wà lára r??.[7] Obafemi Awolowo l?? mú abá orúk? ""Náírà"" wá, ó y??? lára ""Nàìjíríà"" [8][9] ?ùgb??n , mínísítà tí ó ? rí sí ??r?? owó, Shehu Shagari ni ó gbé owó náà síta ní ?dun 1973. Central Bank ti Nigeria s? pé w??n gbìyànjú láti ?àkóso àfikún ?d??dún kí ó wá síl?? sí ìdá m??wàá. Ní ?dún 2011, CBN fi kún owó-èlé ní ìl??po m??fà, ó gòkè si láti 6.25% sí 12%. Ní ?j?? kkalnlél??gb??n o?ù kìíní, ?dún 2012, CBN pinnu láti ?ètójú owó-èlé náà kí ó ba lè wà ní 12% àti pé kí àfikún sí o? níná ba lè díkù.[10] Ní ?j?? ogún o?ù k?fà, ?dún 2016, náírà nih à?fààní láti léfòó, l??yìn tó tí w??n ti fi sí àhám?? ní ?197 sí US$1 fún ??p??l?p?? o?ù. Wàhálà tó wáyé látàrí owó Nàìjíríà tuntun ??l?? lójijì ní o?ù kejì ní ?dún 2023 nítorí àìtó náírà àti ìgbìyànjú àw?n ìj?ba láti mú kí àw?n ará-ìlú fi tipátipá ná owó tuntun tí w??n ??? gbé jáde. Èyí sì já sí ìfi-??h??nú-hàn káàkiri àdúgbò ní àárín o?ù lejì, ní ?dún 2023.[11][12][13] Coins Ní ?dún 1973, w??n gbé k??ìnsì w?lé, a sì ní k??ìnsì ní k??b?? 1?2, 1, 5, 10 àti 25. K??ìnsì 1?2 àti 1 ní w??n ?e p?lú id?, w??n sì fi k??pà ?e àw?n owó ?lá. Àw?n k??ìnsì k??b?? 1?2 ní w??n ?e sí p??pà ní ?dún náà. Ní ?dún 1991, àw?n k??ìnsì kékèèké bíi k??b?? 1, 10 àti 25 ni w??n ?e p??lú k??pà àti irin. Ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n o?ù kejì, ?dún 2007, w??n ?e àw?n k??ìnsì tuntun síta bíi k??b?? 50, ?1 àti ?2.[14] Owó Naijiria àtij?? Ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní, ?dún 1973, Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà gbé k??b?? 50, ?1, ?5, ?10 àti ?20 jáde sínú p??pà: ní o?ù k?rin ?dún 1984, w??n yí àw?n àw?? orí owó náírà wa padà lahti d??kun kíkó owó j??.[23] Ní ?dún 1991, w??n t? ?50 jáde, w??n si fi k??ìnsìn dípò k??b?? 50 kobo àti ?1 ní ?dún 1991. Èyí sì t??lé ?100 ní ?dún 1999, ?200 ní 2000, ?500 ní 2001 àti ?1,000 ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?wàá, ?dún 2005.[24] Ní o??? kejì, ?dún 2007, àw?n ??yà tuntun fún ?5 sí ?50 b??r?? sí ní jáde. Ní àárín ?dún 2009 nígbà tí Sanusi Lamido Sanusi di Gómìnà CBN,[25] w??n ?èyípadà àw?n ?5, ?10 àti ?50 sí owó náíl??n. Lórih owó ?1,000, w??n ?e kiní kan si l??yìn láti má fàyè ayédèrú. Àw?n àbùdá àdám?? ara owó náà ni àwòrán Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu àti Dr. Clement Isong, tí w??n j? fìgbà kan j?? gómìnà CBN.[26] Lórí ìt??jáde àk??k?? tí w??n ?e fún ?100 ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 1999, àwòrán àpáta Zuma, èyí tí w??n s? pé ó wà ní Agbègbè Olú-ìlú Ìj?ba Àpap?? Nàíjíríà lára owó náà, àm?? Ìpínl?? Niger gan-an ni ó wà. W??n padà y? ìt??ka pé Abuja ni àpáta yìí wà kúrò lára owó náà.[27] Ní ?dún 2012, CBN gbèrò láti ?àt??jáde owó tuntun fún ?5,000. Ilé-ìfowópam?? náà tún pinnu láti ?èyípadà ?5, ?10, ?20 àti ?50 sí k??ìnsìn tó ti padà di ìwé báyìí.[28] Ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?kànlá, ?dún 2014, Central Bank of Nigeria gbèrò láti ?àtún?e sí ?100 ?àj?y?? ìdásíl?? Nàìjíríà fún ?g??rùn-ún ?dún. Owó àtij?? àti tuntun j?ra p??lú àwòrán Olóyè Obafemi Awolowo tó wà níwájú r??, àtún?e tó k?? wà níbè ni àw?? tí w??n pààr??, àti àk?síl?? ""One Nigeria, Great Promise"". L??yìn owó tuntun náà ó ní kiní kékeré kan tí ènìyàn le síkàànì tí á sì gbé wa l? sí ày?ka tí w??n k? lórí ìtàn Nàìjíríà.[29][30] Ní ?dún 2019, ?100 gba àbùdá àdám?? tuntun nígbà tí ìb?w??lùwé Priscilla Ekwere Eleje, tó jé Oludari ti Aw?n i?? Owo fún ilé-ìfowópam?? ti ìj?ba àpap??, tó sì tún j?? obìnrin àk??k?? tó máa k??k?? wà nípò náà.[31] ??w??n gógó Náírà ní ?dun 2023 L??yìn ìgbà tí banki àpapò yí àw?? owó Náírà igba(?200), eedegbeta(?500) ati egberun(?1000) po, owó Náírà ti s??w??n.","For the village in India, see Naira, Srikakulam . Nigerian naira ISO 4217 Code NGN Denominations Subunit 1/100 Kobo Plural Naira Kobo Kobo Symbol ₦ Banknotes 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 & 1000 Naira Coins 50 Kobo, 1 & 2 Naira Demographics User(s) Nigeria Issuance Central bank Central Bank of Nigeria Website www .cenbank .org Printer Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Mint Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Valuation Inflation 8.2% Source 2014 The naira ( sign : ₦ ; code : NGN ) is the currency of Nigeria . It is subdivided into 100 Kobo . The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Nigerian Federation. It controls the volume of money supply in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency & Branch Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the procurement, distribution/supply, processing, reissue and disposal/disintegration of bank notes and coins. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Coins 1.2 Banknotes 2 Second naira 2.1 Coins 2.2 Banknotes 3 Exchange rates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound. This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £sd currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U+20A6 ₦ Naira sign . Rampant inflation has occurred in Nigeria over the existence of naira. The Central Bank of Nigeria claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10%. In 2011, the CBN increased key interest rate for 6 times, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies. As of 20 June 2016, the naira was allowed to float, after being pegged at 197 to the US dollar for several months. Trades speculated the natural range of the naira would be between 280 and 350 to the dollar. Coins [ edit ] Nigeria's coin from colonial era till date, popularly known as ""kobo"" In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of ½, 1, 5, 10 and 25 kobo, with the ½ and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The ½ kobo coins were minted only that year. In 1991, smaller 1, 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper-plated-steel, along with nickel-plated-steel 50 kobo and 1 naira. On 28 February 2007, new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo, 1 and 2 naira, with the 1 and 2 naira bimetallic. Some Nigerians expressed concerns over the usability of the ₦2 coin. The deadline for exchanging the old currency was set at 31 May 2007. The central bank stated that the ½ to 25 kobo coins were withdrawn from circulation with effect from 28 February 2007. ½ kobo 1 kobo 5 kobo 10 kobo 25 kobo 50 kobo 1 naira 2 naira Banknotes [ edit ] On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005. On February 28, 2007, new versions of the 5 to 50 naira banknotes were introduced. Originally the 10, 20 and 50 naira were to be polymer banknotes , but the 5,10 and 50 were delayed to late 2009 and only the 20 was released in polymer. The notes are slightly smaller (130 × 23 mm) and redesigned from the preceding issues. In mid-2009 when Sanusi Lamido Sanusi took over as CBN Governor he eventually changed the 5, 10 and 50 naira to polymer notes. On the 1000 naira notes, there is a subtle shiny strip running down the back of the note. It is a shimmery gold colour showing 1000 naira. The triangular shape in the middle of the front of the note changes its colour from green to blue when tilted. The main feature on the front is the engraved portraits of Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu and Dr Clement Isong , former governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria. On the first prints of the 100 naira notes issued starting December 1, 1999, Zuma Rock was captioned as located in Federal Capital Territory , while actually it is situated in Niger State . Later prints removed the reference to FCT, ABUJA. In 2012 the Central Bank of Nigeria may be contemplating the introduction of new currency denominations of N5,000. The bank has also made plans to convert ₦5, ₦10, ₦20 and ₦50 into coins which are all presently notes. The Central Bank of Nigeria has announced that it will no longer issue banknotes on polymer citing higher costs and environmental issues. On November 12, 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100 naira commemorative note to celebrate the centennial of Nigeria's existence. The notes are similar to its regular issue with the portrait of Chief Obafemi Awolowo on front, but is redesigned to include a new color scheme, revised security features, the text ""One Nigeria, Great Promise"" in microprinting and on the back is a quickresponse code (QRC) which when scanned leads users to a website about Nigeria's history. [ show ] Currently Circulating Banknotes [1] 1999–2005 Series Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue [2] ₦100 151 × 78 mm Red and multicolour Chief Obafemi Awolowo Zuma Rock As portrait(s), ""CBN"", value 1999 1 December 1999 [3] ₦200 Blue and multicolour Sir Ahmadu Bello Pyramid of agricultural commodity and livestock farming 2000 1 November 2000 [4] ₦500 Purple and multicolour Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe Off-shore oil-rig 2001 4 April 2001 [5] ₦1000 Purple Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu , Dr. Clement Isong CBN 's corporate headquarters in Abuja 2005 12 October 2005 2006 Series (Paper and Polymer banknotes) [6] ₦5 130 × 72 mm Mauve Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Nkpokiti dancers Central Bank of Nigeria logo, ""CBN"" 2006 28 February 2007 [7] ₦10 Red Mr. Alvan Ikoku Fulani milk maids [8] ₦20 Green General Murtala Mohammed Ladi Kwali [9] ₦50 Blue Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba men and a woman Local fishermen For table standards, see the banknote specification table . Second naira [ edit ] The naira was scheduled for redenomination in August 2008, although this was cancelled by then-President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ), with 100 old naira to become 1 new naira. The Nigerian Central Bank stated that it will make the naira fully convertible against foreign currencies by 2009. Currently, the amount of foreign currency is regulated through weekly auctions, while the Central Bank sets the exchange rate. The naira appreciated against the dollar through 2007 due to high oil revenues. Also, the then-Bank Governor, Professor Chukwuma Soludo noted the weekly central bank auctions of foreign currency will gradually be phased out, and that the bank would ""only intervene in the market as may be required to achieve defined policy objectives"". Coins [ edit ] Coins were to be issued in denominations of: 1 Kobo (₦0.01) 2 Kobo (₦0.02) 5 Kobo (₦0.05) 10 Kobo (₦0.10) 20 Kobo (₦0.20) Banknotes [ edit ] Banknotes were to be printed in denominations of: 50 Kobo (₦0.50) 1 Naira (₦1) 5 Naira (₦5): 10 Naira (₦10) 20 Naira (₦20) 50 naira (₦50) 100 naira (₦100) 200 naira (₦200) 500 naira (₦500) 1000 naira (₦1000) 50 kobo & 1 naira— are no longer in use. Exchange rates [ edit ] Rate of the Nigerian naira for 1 USD (1994-2005) This table shows the historical value of one U.S. Dollar in Nigerian naira - PM = Parallel Market. [ citation needed ] Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ 1972 0.658 1993 17.30 (21.90 PM) 2014 170-199 1973 0.658 1994 22.33 (56.80 PM) 2015 199-300 1974 0.63 1995 21.89 (71.70 PM) 2016 300-489 1975 0.616 1996 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1976 0.62 1997 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1977 0.647 1998 21.89 (84.70 PM) 1978 0.606 1999 21.89 (88-90 PM) 1979 0.596 2000 85.98 (105.00 PM) 1980 0.550 (0.900 PM) 2001 99-106 (104-122 PM) 1981 0.61 2002 109-113 (122-140 PM) 1982 0.673 2003 114-127 (135-137 PM) 1983 0.724 2004 127-130 (137-144 PM) 1984 0.765 2005 132-136 1985 0.894 (1.70 PM) 2006 128.50-131.80 1986 2.02 (3.90 PM) 2007 120-125 1987 4.02 (5.90 PM) 2008 115.50-120 1988 4.54 (6.70 PM) 2009 145-171 1989 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2010 148.21-154.8 1990 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2011 151.05-165.1 1991 8.04 (9.30 PM) 2012 155.09-161.5 1992 9.91 2013 153.21-162.9 Current NGN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY See also [ edit ] Economy of Nigeria References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Interview with Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria , on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Four Corners television program on the scandal involving the transfer from paper to polymer currency in Nigeria" 8668882652111737327,train,where are the netherlands located on a map,"The Netherlands (/ ˈnɛðərləndz / (listen) ; Dutch : Nederland (ˈneːdərˌlɑnt) (listen) ; Frisian : Nederlân), also known informally as Holland, is a country in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million. It is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, alongside with three island territories in the Caribbean (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba). The European portion of the Netherlands exists out of twelve provinces and borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders in the North Sea with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht (forming the Randstad megalopolis) and Eindhoven (leading the Brabantse Stedenrij). Amsterdam is the country 's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the world 's largest outside East Asia. Utrecht is a central node for road and railway communications, commerce and cultural events, while Eindhoven is an innovative city known for its economic attractiveness.","['16,400', 'niacin', 'the church of england', 'canterbury']",níbo ni àwọn netherlands wà lórí àwòrán-ayé,Yes,['Nẹ́dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Europe ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).'],[],['P1'],1,0,"N??dálándì N??dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Yuropu ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale.", -6383901848744715567,train,where is the netherlands located on the world map,"The Netherlands (/ ˈnɛðərləndz / (listen) ; Dutch : Nederland (ˈneːdərˌlɑnt) (listen) ; West Frisian : Nederlân), also known informally as Holland, is a densely populated country in Western Europe, also incorporating three island territories in the Caribbean. It is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The European portion of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders in the North Sea with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country 's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the world 's largest outside east Asia. Utrecht is a central node for road and railway communications, commerce, and cultural events.","['in the middle ear', 'osteoblasts']",níbo ni netherlands wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Nẹ́dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Europe ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).'],['Nẹ́dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Europe ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).'],['P1'],1,0,"N??dálándì N??dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Yuropu ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale.", -1379834177791474943,train,can a irrational number be a real number,"In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being incommensurable, meaning that they share no `` measure '' in common, that is, there is no length (`` the measure ''), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself.",['althea gibson'],ṣé nọ́ńbà tí kò ṣeé díye lé lè jẹ́ nọ́ńbà gidi,Yes,"['Ninu imo mathematiki Nọ́mbà aláìníìpín je nomba gidi ti ko je nomba oniipin, eyun nomba ti ko se e pin dogba laiseku ikankan, nomba ti ko se ko sile bi m/n ti m ati n ba je odidi, ti n ko gbodo je odo.']","['Ninu imo mathematiki Nọ́mbà aláìníìpín je nomba gidi ti ko je nomba oniipin, eyun nomba ti ko se e pin dogba laiseku ikankan, nomba ti ko se ko sile bi m/n ti m ati n ba je odidi, ti n ko gbodo je odo.']",['P1'],1,0,"N??mbà aláìníìpín Ninu imo mathematiki N??mbà aláìníìpín je nomba gidi ti ko je nomba oniipin, eyun nomba ti ko se e pin dogba laiseku ikankan, nomba ti ko se ko sile bi m/n ti m ati n ba je odidi, ti n ko gbodo je odo.","The mathematical constant pi (π) is an irrational number that is much represented in popular culture. The number 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2}}} is irrational. In mathematics , the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers , the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions ) of integers . When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being incommensurable , meaning that they share no ""measure"" in common, that is, there is no length (""the measure""), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself. Among irrational numbers are the ratio π of a circle's circumference to its diameter, Euler's number e , the golden ratio φ , and the square root of two ; in fact all square roots of natural numbers , other than of perfect squares , are irrational. It can be shown that irrational numbers, when expressed in a positional numeral system (e.g. as decimal numbers , or with any other natural basis), do not terminate, nor do they repeat , i.e., do not contain a subsequence of digits, the repetition of which makes up the tail of the representation. For example, the decimal representation of the number π starts with 3.14159265358979, but no finite number of digits can represent π exactly, nor does it repeat. The proof that the decimal expansion of a rational number must terminate or repeat is distinct from the proof that a decimal expansion that terminates or repeats must be a rational number, and although elementary and not lengthy, both proofs take some work. Mathematicians do not generally take ""terminating or repeating"" to be the definition of the concept of rational number. Irrational numbers may also be dealt with via non-terminating continued fractions . As a consequence of Cantor's proof that the real numbers are uncountable and the rationals countable, it follows that almost all real numbers are irrational. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Ancient Greece 1.2 India 1.3 Middle Ages 1.4 Modern period 2 Examples 2.1 Square roots 2.2 General roots 2.3 Logarithms 3 Transcendental and algebraic irrationals 4 Decimal expansions 5 Irrational powers 6 Open questions 7 Set of all irrationals 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History [ edit ] Set of real numbers (R), which include the rationals (Q), which include the integers (Z), which include the natural numbers (N). The real numbers also include the irrationals (R\Q). Ancient Greece [ edit ] The first proof of the existence of irrational numbers is usually attributed to a Pythagorean (possibly Hippasus of Metapontum ), who probably discovered them while identifying sides of the pentagram . The then-current Pythagorean method would have claimed that there must be some sufficiently small, indivisible unit that could fit evenly into one of these lengths as well as the other. However, Hippasus, in the 5th century BC, was able to deduce that there was in fact no common unit of measure, and that the assertion of such an existence was in fact a contradiction. He did this by demonstrating that if the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle was indeed commensurable with a leg, then one of those lengths measured in that unit of measure must be both odd and even, which is impossible. His reasoning is as follows: External video Making sense of irrational numbers - Ganesh Pai , TED-Ed Start with an isosceles right triangle with side lengths of integers a , b , and c . The ratio of the hypotenuse to a leg is represented by c : b . Assume a , b , and c are in the smallest possible terms ( i.e. they have no common factors). By the Pythagorean theorem : c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = b 2 + b 2 = 2 b 2 . (Since the triangle is isosceles, a = b ). Since c 2 = 2 b 2 , c 2 is divisible by 2, and therefore even. Since c 2 is even, c must be even. Since c is even, dividing c by 2 yields an integer. Let y be this integer ( c = 2 y ). Squaring both sides of c = 2 y yields c 2 = (2 y ) 2 , or c 2 = 4 y 2 . Substituting 4 y 2 for c 2 in the first equation ( c 2 = 2 b 2 ) gives us 4 y 2 = 2 b 2 . Dividing by 2 yields 2 y 2 = b 2 . Since y is an integer, and 2 y 2 = b 2 , b 2 is divisible by 2, and therefore even. Since b 2 is even, b must be even. We have just shown that both b and c must be even. Hence they have a common factor of 2. However this contradicts the assumption that they have no common factors. This contradiction proves that c and b cannot both be integers, and thus the existence of a number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Greek mathematicians termed this ratio of incommensurable magnitudes alogos , or inexpressible. Hippasus, however, was not lauded for his efforts: according to one legend, he made his discovery while out at sea, and was subsequently thrown overboard by his fellow Pythagoreans “…for having produced an element in the universe which denied the…doctrine that all phenomena in the universe can be reduced to whole numbers and their ratios.” Another legend states that Hippasus was merely exiled for this revelation. Whatever the consequence to Hippasus himself, his discovery posed a very serious problem to Pythagorean mathematics, since it shattered the assumption that number and geometry were inseparable–a foundation of their theory. The discovery of incommensurable ratios was indicative of another problem facing the Greeks: the relation of the discrete to the continuous. Brought into light by Zeno of Elea , who questioned the conception that quantities are discrete and composed of a finite number of units of a given size. Past Greek conceptions dictated that they necessarily must be, for “whole numbers represent discrete objects, and a commensurable ratio represents a relation between two collections of discrete objects.” However Zeno found that in fact “[quantities] in general are not discrete collections of units; this is why ratios of incommensurable [quantities] appear….[Q]uantities are, in other words, continuous.” What this means is that, contrary to the popular conception of the time, there cannot be an indivisible, smallest unit of measure for any quantity. That in fact, these divisions of quantity must necessarily be infinite . For example, consider a line segment: this segment can be split in half, that half split in half, the half of the half in half, and so on. This process can continue infinitely, for there is always another half to be split. The more times the segment is halved, the closer the unit of measure comes to zero, but it never reaches exactly zero. This is just what Zeno sought to prove. He sought to prove this by formulating four paradoxes , which demonstrated the contradictions inherent in the mathematical thought of the time. While Zeno’s paradoxes accurately demonstrated the deficiencies of current mathematical conceptions, they were not regarded as proof of the alternative. In the minds of the Greeks, disproving the validity of one view did not necessarily prove the validity of another, and therefore further investigation had to occur. The next step was taken by Eudoxus of Cnidus , who formalized a new theory of proportion that took into account commensurable as well as incommensurable quantities. Central to his idea was the distinction between magnitude and number. A magnitude “...was not a number but stood for entities such as line segments, angles, areas, volumes, and time which could vary, as we would say, continuously. Magnitudes were opposed to numbers, which jumped from one value to another, as from 4 to 5.” Numbers are composed of some smallest, indivisible unit, whereas magnitudes are infinitely reducible. Because no quantitative values were assigned to magnitudes, Eudoxus was then able to account for both commensurable and incommensurable ratios by defining a ratio in terms of its magnitude, and proportion as an equality between two ratios. By taking quantitative values (numbers) out of the equation, he avoided the trap of having to express an irrational number as a number. “Eudoxus’ theory enabled the Greek mathematicians to make tremendous progress in geometry by supplying the necessary logical foundation for incommensurable ratios.” This incommensurability is dealt with in Euclid's Elements, Book X, Proposition 9. As a result of the distinction between number and magnitude, geometry became the only method that could take into account incommensurable ratios. Because previous numerical foundations were still incompatible with the concept of incommensurability, Greek focus shifted away from those numerical conceptions such as algebra and focused almost exclusively on geometry. In fact, in many cases algebraic conceptions were reformulated into geometrical terms. This may account for why we still conceive of x 2 or x 3 as x squared and x cubed instead of x second power and x third power. Also crucial to Zeno’s work with incommensurable magnitudes was the fundamental focus on deductive reasoning that resulted from the foundational shattering of earlier Greek mathematics. The realization that some basic conception within the existing theory was at odds with reality necessitated a complete and thorough investigation of the axioms and assumptions that underlie that theory. Out of this necessity, Eudoxus developed his method of exhaustion , a kind of reductio ad absurdum that “…established the deductive organization on the basis of explicit axioms…” as well as “…reinforced the earlier decision to rely on deductive reasoning for proof.” This method of exhaustion is the first step in the creation of calculus. Theodorus of Cyrene proved the irrationality of the surds of whole numbers up to 17, but stopped there probably because the algebra he used couldn't be applied to the square root of 17. It wasn't until Eudoxus developed a theory of proportion that took into account irrational as well as rational ratios that a strong mathematical foundation of irrational numbers was created. India [ edit ] Geometrical and mathematical problems involving irrational numbers such as square roots were addressed very early during the Vedic period in India. There are references to such calculations in the Samhitas , Brahmanas , and the Shulba Sutras (800 BC or earlier). (See Bag, Indian Journal of History of Science, 25(1-4), 1990). It is suggested that the concept of irrationality was implicitly accepted by Indian mathematicians since the 7th century BC, when Manava (c. 750 – 690 BC) believed that the square roots of numbers such as 2 and 61 could not be exactly determined. However, historian Carl Benjamin Boyer writes that ""such claims are not well substantiated and unlikely to be true"". It is also suggested that Aryabhata (5th century AD), in calculating a value of pi to 5 significant figures, used the word āsanna (approaching), to mean that not only is this an approximation but that the value is incommensurable (or irrational). Later, in their treatises, Indian mathematicians wrote on the arithmetic of surds including addition, subtraction, multiplication, rationalization, as well as separation and extraction of square roots. (See Datta, Singh, Indian Journal of History of Science, 28(3), 1993). Mathematicians like Brahmagupta (in 628 AD) and Bhaskara I (in 629 AD) made contributions in this area as did other mathematicians who followed. In the 12th century Bhaskara II evaluated some of these formulas and critiqued them, identifying their limitations. During the 14th to 16th centuries, Madhava of Sangamagrama and the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics discovered the infinite series for several irrational numbers such as π and certain irrational values of trigonometric functions . Jyeṣṭhadeva provided proofs for these infinite series in the Yuktibhāṣā . Middle Ages [ edit ] In the Middle ages , the development of algebra by Muslim mathematicians allowed irrational numbers to be treated as algebraic objects . Middle Eastern mathematicians also merged the concepts of "" number "" and "" magnitude "" into a more general idea of real numbers , criticized Euclid's idea of ratios , developed the theory of composite ratios, and extended the concept of number to ratios of continuous magnitude. In his commentary on Book 10 of the Elements , the Persian mathematician Al-Mahani (d. 874/884) examined and classified quadratic irrationals and cubic irrationals. He provided definitions for rational and irrational magnitudes, which he treated as irrational numbers. He dealt with them freely but explains them in geometric terms as follows: ""It will be a rational (magnitude) when we, for instance, say 10, 12, 3%, 6%, etc., because its value is pronounced and expressed quantitatively. What is not rational is irrational and it is impossible to pronounce and represent its value quantitatively. For example: the roots of numbers such as 10, 15, 20 which are not squares, the sides of numbers which are not cubes etc. "" In contrast to Euclid's concept of magnitudes as lines, Al-Mahani considered integers and fractions as rational magnitudes, and square roots and cube roots as irrational magnitudes. He also introduced an arithmetical approach to the concept of irrationality, as he attributes the following to irrational magnitudes: ""their sums or differences, or results of their addition to a rational magnitude, or results of subtracting a magnitude of this kind from an irrational one, or of a rational magnitude from it."" The Egyptian mathematician Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam (c. 850 – 930) was the first to accept irrational numbers as solutions to quadratic equations or as coefficients in an equation , often in the form of square roots, cube roots and fourth roots . In the 10th century, the Iraqi mathematician Al-Hashimi provided general proofs (rather than geometric demonstrations) for irrational numbers, as he considered multiplication, division, and other arithmetical functions. Iranian mathematician, Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971) provides a definition of rational and irrational magnitudes, stating that if a definite quantity is: ""contained in a certain given magnitude once or many times, then this (given) magnitude corresponds to a rational number. . . . Each time when this (latter) magnitude comprises a half, or a third, or a quarter of the given magnitude (of the unit), or, compared with (the unit), comprises three, five, or three fifths, it is a rational magnitude. And, in general, each magnitude that corresponds to this magnitude ( i.e. to the unit), as one number to another, is rational. If, however, a magnitude cannot be represented as a multiple, a part (l/ n ), or parts ( m / n ) of a given magnitude, it is irrational, i.e. it cannot be expressed other than by means of roots."" Many of these concepts were eventually accepted by European mathematicians sometime after the Latin translations of the 12th century . Al-Hassār , a Moroccan mathematician from Fez specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence during the 12th century, first mentions the use of a fractional bar, where numerators and denominators are separated by a horizontal bar. In his discussion he writes, ""..., for example, if you are told to write three-fifths and a third of a fifth, write thus, 3 1 5 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {3\quad 1}{5\quad 3}}} ."" This same fractional notation appears soon after in the work of Leonardo Fibonacci in the 13th century. Modern period [ edit ] The 17th century saw imaginary numbers become a powerful tool in the hands of Abraham de Moivre , and especially of Leonhard Euler . The completion of the theory of complex numbers in the 19th century entailed the differentiation of irrationals into algebraic and transcendental numbers , the proof of the existence of transcendental numbers, and the resurgence of the scientific study of the theory of irrationals, largely ignored since Euclid . The year 1872 saw the publication of the theories of Karl Weierstrass (by his pupil Ernst Kossak), Eduard Heine ( Crelle's Journal , 74), Georg Cantor (Annalen, 5), and Richard Dedekind . Méray had taken in 1869 the same point of departure as Heine, but the theory is generally referred to the year 1872. Weierstrass's method has been completely set forth by Salvatore Pincherle in 1880, and Dedekind's has received additional prominence through the author's later work (1888) and the endorsement by Paul Tannery (1894). Weierstrass, Cantor, and Heine base their theories on infinite series, while Dedekind founds his on the idea of a cut (Schnitt) in the system of all rational numbers , separating them into two groups having certain characteristic properties. The subject has received later contributions at the hands of Weierstrass, Leopold Kronecker (Crelle, 101), and Charles Méray . Continued fractions , closely related to irrational numbers (and due to Cataldi, 1613), received attention at the hands of Euler, and at the opening of the 19th century were brought into prominence through the writings of Joseph-Louis Lagrange . Dirichlet also added to the general theory, as have numerous contributors to the applications of the subject. Johann Heinrich Lambert proved (1761) that π cannot be rational, and that e n is irrational if n is rational (unless n = 0). While Lambert's proof is often called incomplete, modern assessments support it as satisfactory, and in fact for its time it is unusually rigorous. Adrien-Marie Legendre (1794), after introducing the Bessel–Clifford function , provided a proof to show that π 2 is irrational, whence it follows immediately that π is irrational also. The existence of transcendental numbers was first established by Liouville (1844, 1851). Later, Georg Cantor (1873) proved their existence by a different method , that showed that every interval in the reals contains transcendental numbers. Charles Hermite (1873) first proved e transcendental, and Ferdinand von Lindemann (1882), starting from Hermite's conclusions, showed the same for π. Lindemann's proof was much simplified by Weierstrass (1885), still further by David Hilbert (1893), and was finally made elementary by Adolf Hurwitz and Paul Gordan . Examples [ edit ] Square roots [ edit ] The square root of 2 was the first number proved irrational, and that article contains a number of proofs. The golden ratio is another famous quadratic irrational and there is a simple proof of its irrationality in its article. The square roots of all natural numbers which are not perfect squares are irrational and a proof may be found in quadratic irrationals . General roots [ edit ] The proof above for the square root of two can be generalized using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . This asserts that every integer has a unique factorization into primes. Using it we can show that if a rational number is not an integer then no integral power of it can be an integer, as in lowest terms there must be a prime in the denominator that does not divide into the numerator whatever power each is raised to. Therefore, if an integer is not an exact k th power of another integer then its k th root is irrational. Logarithms [ edit ] Perhaps the numbers most easy to prove irrational are certain logarithms . Here is a proof by contradiction that log 2 3 is irrational. Notice that log 2 3 ≈ 1.58 > 0. Assume log 2 3 is rational. For some positive integers m and n , we have log 2 ⁡ 3 = m n . {\displaystyle \log _{2}3={\frac {m}{n}}.} It follows that 2 m / n = 3 {\displaystyle 2^{m/n}=3} ( 2 m / n ) n = 3 n {\displaystyle (2^{m/n})^{n}=3^{n}} 2 m = 3 n . {\displaystyle 2^{m}=3^{n}.} However, the number 2 raised to any positive integer power must be even (because it is divisible by 2) and the number 3 raised to any positive integer power must be odd (since none of its prime factors will be 2). Clearly, an integer cannot be both odd and even at the same time: we have a contradiction. The only assumption we made was that log 2 3 is rational (and so expressible as a quotient of integers m / n with n ≠ 0). The contradiction means that this assumption must be false, i.e. log 2 3 is irrational, and can never be expressed as a quotient of integers m / n with n ≠ 0. Cases such as log 10 2 can be treated similarly. Transcendental and algebraic irrationals [ edit ] Almost all irrational numbers are transcendental and all real transcendental numbers are irrational (there are also complex transcendental numbers): the article on transcendental numbers lists several examples. e r and π r are irrational if r ≠ 0 is rational; e π is irrational. Another way to construct irrational numbers is as irrational algebraic numbers , i.e. as zeros of polynomials with integer coefficients: start with a polynomial equation p ( x ) = a n x n + a n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + a 1 x + a 0 = 0 {\displaystyle p(x)=a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}=0} where the coefficients a i are integers. Suppose it is known that there exists some real number x with p ( x ) = 0. (For instance, if n is odd and a n is non-zero, then p (− M ) and p ( M ) have opposite signs for sufficiently large absolute values of M , and then, because of the intermediate value theorem , there exists a root in between.) The only possible rational roots of this polynomial equation are of the form r / s where r is a divisor of a 0 and s is a divisor of a n ; there are only finitely many such candidates so they can be checked by hand. If neither of them is a root of p , then x must be irrational. For example, this technique can be used to show that x = (2 1/2 + 1) 1/3 is irrational: we have ( x 3 − 1) 2 = 2 and hence x 6 − 2 x 3 − 1 = 0, and this latter polynomial does not have any rational roots (the only candidates to check are ±1). Because the algebraic numbers form a field , many irrational numbers can be constructed by combining transcendental and algebraic numbers. For example, 3π + 2, π + √ 2 and e √ 3 are irrational (and even transcendental). Decimal expansions [ edit ] The decimal expansion of an irrational number never repeats or terminates (essentially, that is repeating zeroes ), unlike any rational number. The same is true for binary , octal or hexadecimal expansions, and in general for expansions in every positional notation with natural bases. To show this, suppose we divide integers n by m (where m is nonzero). When long division is applied to the division of n by m , only m remainders are possible. If 0 appears as a remainder, the decimal expansion terminates. If 0 never occurs, then the algorithm can run at most m − 1 steps without using any remainder more than once. After that, a remainder must recur, and then the decimal expansion repeats. Conversely, suppose we are faced with a repeating decimal , we can prove that it is a fraction of two integers. For example, consider: A = 0.7 162 162 162 ⋯ . {\displaystyle A=0.7\,162\,162\,162\,\cdots .} Here the repetend is 162 and the length of the repetend is 3. First, we multiply by an appropriate power of 10 to move the decimal point to the right so that it is just in front of a repetend. In this example we would multiply by 10 to obtain: 10 A = 7.162 162 162 ⋯ . {\displaystyle 10A=7.162\,162\,162\,\cdots .} Now we multiply this equation by 10 r where r is the length of the repetend. This has the effect of moving the decimal point to be in front of the ""next"" repetend. In our example, multiply by 10 3 : 10 , 000 A = 7 162.162 162 ⋯ . {\displaystyle 10,000A=7\,162.162\,162\,\cdots .} The result of the two multiplications gives two different expressions with exactly the same ""decimal portion"", that is, the tail end of 10,000 A matches the tail end of 10 A exactly. Here, both 10,000 A and 10 A have .162162162 ... at the end. Therefore, when we subtract the 10 A equation from the 10,000 A equation, the tail end of 10 A cancels out the tail end of 10,000 A leaving us with: 9990 A = 7155. {\displaystyle 9990A=7155.} Then A = 7155 9990 , {\displaystyle A={\frac {7155}{9990}},} is a ratio of integers and therefore a rational number, as required for the proof. Irrational powers [ edit ] Dov Jarden gave a simple non- constructive proof that there exist two irrational numbers a and b , such that a b is rational: Consider √ 2 √ 2 ; if this is rational, then take a = b = √ 2 . Otherwise, take a to be the irrational number √ 2 √ 2 and b = √ 2 . Then a b = (√ 2 √ 2 ) √ 2 = √ 2 √ 2 ·√ 2 = √ 2 2 = 2, which is rational. Although the above argument does not decide between the two cases, the Gelfond–Schneider theorem shows that √ 2 √ 2 is transcendental , hence irrational. This theorem states that if a and b are both algebraic numbers , and a is not equal to 0 or 1, and b is not a rational number, then any value of a b is a transcendental number (there can be more than one value if complex number exponentiation is used). An example that provides a simple constructive proof is ( 2 ) log 2 ⁡ 3 = 3. {\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)^{\log _{\sqrt {2}}3}=3.} The base of the left side is irrational and the right side is rational, so one must prove that the exponent on the left side, log 2 ⁡ 3 {\displaystyle \log _{\sqrt {2}}3} , is irrational. This is so because, by the formula relating logarithms with different bases, log 2 ⁡ 3 = log 2 ⁡ 3 log 2 ⁡ 2 = log 2 ⁡ 3 1 / 2 = 2 log 2 ⁡ 3 {\displaystyle \log _{\sqrt {2}}3={\frac {\log _{2}3}{\log _{2}{\sqrt {2}}}}={\frac {\log _{2}3}{1/2}}=2\log _{2}3} which we can assume, for the sake of establishing a contradiction , equals a ratio m/n of positive integers. Then log 2 ⁡ 3 = m / 2 n {\displaystyle \log _{2}3=m/2n} hence 2 log 2 ⁡ 3 = 2 m / 2 n {\displaystyle 2^{\log _{2}3}=2^{m/2n}} hence 3 = 2 m / 2 n {\displaystyle 3=2^{m/2n}} hence 3 2 n = 2 m {\displaystyle 3^{2n}=2^{m}} , which is a contradictory pair of prime factorizations and hence violates the fundamental theorem of arithmetic (unique prime factorization). A stronger result is the following: Every rational number in the interval ( ( 1 / e ) 1 / e , ∞ ) {\displaystyle ((1/e)^{1/e},\infty )} can be written either as a a for some irrational number a or as n n for some natural number n . Similarly, every positive rational number can be written either as a a a {\displaystyle a^{a^{a}}} for some irrational number a or as n n n {\displaystyle n^{n^{n}}} for some natural number n . Open questions [ edit ] It is not known whether π + e or π − e is irrational or not. In fact, there is no pair of non-zero integers m and n for which it is known whether m π + ne is irrational or not. Moreover, it is not known whether the set { π , e } is algebraically independent over Q . It is not known whether π e , π / e , 2 e , π e , π √ 2 , ln π , Catalan's constant , or the Euler–Mascheroni gamma constant γ are irrational. It is not known if the tetrations n π or n e are rational for any positive integer n . Set of all irrationals [ edit ] Since the reals form an uncountable set, of which the rationals are a countable subset, the complementary set of irrationals is uncountable. Under the usual ( Euclidean ) distance function d ( x , y ) = | x − y |, the real numbers are a metric space and hence also a topological space . Restricting the Euclidean distance function gives the irrationals the structure of a metric space. Since the subspace of irrationals is not closed, the induced metric is not complete . However, being a G-delta set —i.e., a countable intersection of open subsets—in a complete metric space, the space of irrationals is completely metrizable : that is, there is a metric on the irrationals inducing the same topology as the restriction of the Euclidean metric, but with respect to which the irrationals are complete. One can see this without knowing the aforementioned fact about G-delta sets: the continued fraction expansion of an irrational number defines a homeomorphism from the space of irrationals to the space of all sequences of positive integers, which is easily seen to be completely metrizable. Furthermore, the set of all irrationals is a disconnected metrizable space. In fact, the irrationals have a basis of clopen sets so the space is zero-dimensional. See also [ edit ] Brjuno number Computable number Dedekind cut Diophantine approximation Golden Ratio n th root Proof that e is irrational Proof that π is irrational Square root of 2 Square root of 3 Square root of 5 Transcendental number Trigonometric number References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Adrien-Marie Legendre , Éléments de Géometrie , Note IV, (1802), Paris Rolf Wallisser, ""On Lambert's proof of the irrationality of π"", in Algebraic Number Theory and Diophantine Analysis , Franz Halter-Koch and Robert F. Tichy, (2000), Walter de Gruyer External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Irrational numbers . Zeno's Paradoxes and Incommensurability (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2008 Weisstein, Eric W. ""Irrational Number"" . MathWorld . Square root of 2 is irrational" 593794341648937224,train,what is the capital city of kenya wikianswers,"Nairobi (/ naɪˈroʊbi / ; locally (naɪˈroːbi)) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to `` cool water '', a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper has a population of 3,138,369, while the metropolitan area has a population of 6,547,547. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun. Nairobi is famous for being the only city in the world that hosts a national park, the Nairobi national Park.","['19th century', 'age of discovery']",kí ni olú ìlú kenya wikianswers,Yes,['Nairobi ni oluilu orile-Ede Kenya ni iha Ila Orun Afrika.'],['Nairobi ni oluilu orile-Ede Kenya ni iha Ila Orun Afrika.'],['P1'],1,0,"Nairobi Nairobi ni oluilu orile-Ede Kenya ni iha Ila Orun Afrika. ", -5133527763688752386,train,full name of current prime minister of india,"Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati : (ˈnəɾeːnd̪rə d̪aːmoːd̪əɾˈd̪aːs ˈmoːd̪iː) (listen) ; born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who is the 16th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right - wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).",['got to be there'],orúkọ ológun tí ó jẹ́ olórí ìjọba orílẹ̀-èdè Íńdíà,Yes,['Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi ni Mínísítà àgbà India kẹrìnlá àti mínísítà àgbà tí India lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́ lati ọdun 2014.'],['Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi ni Mínísítà àgbà India kẹrìnlá àti mínísítà àgbà tí India lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́ lati ọdun 2014.'],['P1'],1,0,"Narendra Modi Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi ni Mínísítà àgbà India k?rìnlá àti mínísítà àgbà tí India l??w?? l??w?? lati ?dun 2014. O j? oloselu kan lati ?gb?? Bharatiya Janata, agbari-i?? oluy??da ara ilu Hindu kan. Oun ni Olórí Ìj?ba ak?k? ni ita ti Ile-igbim?j? ti Oril?-ede India lati ??gun aw?n ofin it?lera meji p?lu opoju to kun ati ekeji lati pari di? sii ju ?dun marun ni ?fiisi l?hin Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[2] Igbesi aye ib?r? ati i?? Ti a bi si idile Gujarati ni Vadnagar, Modi ?e iranl?w? fun baba r? lati ta tii bi ?m?de ati pe o ti s? pe nigbamii o ta iduro tir?. O ?e agbekal? si RSS ni ?m? ?dun m?j?, b?r? ibasep? pip? p?lu agbari. Modi fi ile sil? l?hin ti pari ile-iwe giga ni apakan nitori igbeyawo ?m?de si Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, eyiti o k? sil? ti o gba ni gbangba ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ?dun s?hin.[3] Modi rin kakiri India fun ?dun meji o si ?ab?wo si ?p?l?p? aw?n ile-i?? ?sin ?aaju ki o to pada si Gujarat. Ni ?dun 1971 o di o?i?? akoko kikun fun RSS. Lakoko ipo pajawiri ti w?n fi pa?? kaakiri oril?-ede ni ?dun 1975, Modi fi agbara mu lati l? pam?. RSS naa fi i si BJP ni ?dun 1985 ati pe o waye ?p?l?p? aw?n ipo laarin aw?n ipo-i?e ?gb? titi di ?dun 2001, dide si ipo ti ak?we gbogbogbo.[4][5] Ib?r? (2014-L?w?l?w?) Modi dari BJP ni idibo gbogbogbo ?dun 2014 eyiti o fun ?gb? naa ni ?p?l?p? ninu ile a?ofin kekere ti India, Lok Sabha, akoko ak?k? fun eyikeyi ?gb? kan lati 1984. Ij?ba Modi ti gbiyanju lati gbe idoko-owo taara ajeji ni aje India. ati dinku inawo lori eto ilera ati aw?n eto iranl?w? ni awuj?. Modi ti gbiyanju lati mu il?siwaju ?i?e ni i??-?i?e ij?ba; o ti ni agbara agbedemeji nipas? didi Igbim? Eto. O b?r? ipolongo imototo ti profaili giga, b?r? ipil??? ariyanjiyan ti aw?n iwe ifowopam? ti oruk? giga, ati dinku tabi paar? aw?n ofin ayika ati i??. Ni at?le i??gun ti ?gb? r? ni idibo gbogbogbo 2019, i?akoso r? fagile ipo pataki ti Jammu ati Kashmir. Ij?ba r? tun ?e agbekal? ofin Atunse ti Ilu-ilu, eyiti o mu ki aw?n ehonu jakejado jakejado oril?-ede naa. Ti a ?e apejuwe bi im?-?r? i?e atun?e oselu si i?elu apa-?tun, Modi j? n?mba ti ariyanjiyan ni ile ati ni kariaye lori aw?n igbagb? ti oril?-ede Hindu r? ati ipa ti o fi ?sun kan lakoko aw?n rudurudu Gujarat 2002, ti a t?ka si bi ?ri ti eto iyasoto iyasoto.", 960840719310116315,train,who become the first president of south africa in 1994,"Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (/ mænˈdɛlə / ; 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.","['the asterism within the constellation of crux, the southern cross', 'asterism within the constellation of crux, the southern cross']",Ta ló di ààrẹ àkọ́kọ́ ní gúúsù áfíríkà ní 1994,Yes,"['Mandela ṣiwájú ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú rẹ̀ nínú àwọn iforojomitorooro tó fa òṣèlú àwaarawa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, tó sì di Ààrẹ orílẹ̀ èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ọdún 1994 títí di 1999.']",['Mandela '],['P1'],1,0,"Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (IPA: ?j?? Kejìdínlógún O?ù Keje ?dún 1918 - ?j?? Karùn-ún O?ù Kejìlá ?dún 2013)[3][4] j?? Ààr? Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di ?dún 1999, b???? sì ni òun ni Ààr? Gúúsù Áfírík[s àk??k?? tó j?? ?ni àdìbòyàn nínú ìdìbò-yani tò?èlú ará ìlú a?ojú yanyan. Kí ó tó di Ààr?, Mandela j?? alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìm?? A?òfin ?m? Oríl??-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). L??dún 1962 ó di ?ni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote ati awon ??sùn mìíràn, w??n sì rán an l??w??n gbere. Mandela lo ?dún m??tàdínl??gb??n (27) ní ??w??n, ó lo ??p?? ?dún yìí ní Robben Island. L??yìn jijowo r?? kúrò l??gbà ??w??n ní ?j?? 11 o?ù kejì ?dún 1990. Mandela ?iwájú ?gb?? ò?èlú r?? nínú àw?n iforojomitorooro tó fa ò?èlú àwaarawa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, tó sì di Ààr? oríl?? èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di 1999. O si ?okùnfà ìf?w??sow??p?? ní Gúúsù Afrika, Bákan náà ni a tún m? Mandela sí Madiba, oyè ??y? tí àw?n Alágbà ìdílé Mandela ? lo. Mandela ti gba ??bùn tó p?? ju 250 l? láàárín ogójì ?dún, nínú w?n ni ??bùn Àlàáfíà Nobel 1993. Ìgbà èwe Nelson Mandela l??dún 1937[5] Nelson Mandela j?? ?m? ??ka kékeré ìran ?ba Thembu dynasty, tó ? j?ba ní agbègbè Transkei ní Ìgbèríko Cape Gúúsù Áfíríkà.[6] W??n bí i ní Mvezo, abúlé kékeré kan tó sún m?? agbègbè Umtata, tó j?? olú-ìlú Transkei.[6] ?m? ìran Khoisan ni ìyá ?lá r??[7]. Bàbá ?lá bàbá r?? ni Ngubengcuka tó j?ba g??g?? bí Inkosi Enkhulu tàbí ?ba àw?n Thembu ?áájú kó tó kú ní ?dún (1832).[8] Ìkan nínú àw?n ?m?kùnrin ?ba ??hún ló ? j?? Mandela, ni bàbá ?lá r?? àti ibi tí orúk? ìdílé r?? ti wá. Síb?? nítorí pé ó j?? ?m? Inkosi's lát??d?? ìyàwó ìran Ixhiba (ìy?n ""ìdílé olowo osi""[9]), àw?n ?m?-?m? ??ka ?bí ?ba r?? kò lè gorí ìt?? ní Thembu. Bàbá Mandela ni Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. Ó j?? Olóyè ní ìlú Mvezo.[10] ?ùgb??n nítorí àìgb??ràn sí ìj?ba amúnisìn lenu, w??n y? Mphakanyiswa kúrò ní ipò oyè r?? w??n sì k? ?bí r?? l? sí Qunu. Síb??, Mphakanyiswa k?? kó ?àìj?? ?m? ?gb?? Adám??ràn Inkosi, b???? sì ni ó kópa gidi láti rí i pé Jongintaba Dalindyebo gun orí ìt?? Thembu. Dalindyebo san ore yi paa fun Mphakanyiswa nípa gbigba Mandela s??d?? bí ?m? nígbà tí Mphakanyiswa kú.[11] Bàbá Mandela f?? ìyàwó m??rin, ó sì bí ?m? m??tàlá (13) ?kùnrin m??rin àti obìnrin m??sàn-án.[11] Mandela j?? ?m? ìyàwó k?ta, Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny j?? ?m?bìnrin Nkedama láti ìran Mpemvu Xhosa, Otun Oba, ninu ile eni ti Mandela ti lo igba omode re.[12] Orúk? àbís? r? Rolihlahla túm?? sí ""fa ??ka igi"", ""oníjàngb??n"".[13][14] Rolihlahla Mandela ló j?? ?m? àk??k?? nínú ?bí r? tó l? sí ilé ??k?? níbi tí olùk?? r?? Miss Mdingane ti fún un lórúk? G????sì ""Nelson"".[15] Nígbà tí Mandela tó ?m? ?dún m??sàn-án, bàbá r?? kú nípa ik?? ??gb? (TB), nítorí èyí Jongintaba, di alágbàt?? r??.[11] Mandela l? sí ilé ??k?? tí ó jìnnà sí ààfin Jogintaba. P??lú bí à?à Thembu ?e là á síl??, ó j?? siso dagba nígbà tó tó ?m? ?dún m??rìndínlógún (16), ó sì relé ??k?? Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela parí ilé ??k?? odo láàárín ?dún méjì, kàkà ?dún m??ta tó y?.[16] Leyi to je yiyan lati jogun ipo baba re gege bi Alamoran Oba, ni odun 1937 Mandela ko lo si Healdtown Comprehensive School, koleji awon elesin Wesley ni Fort Beaufort ti opo awon awon omo oloye ni Thembu ti n lo si ile-eko.[17] Nigba ti o di omo odun mokan-dinlogun (19) o feran lati ja ese ati eresisa ni ile-eko.[12] Leyin to to de koleji, Mandela bere si keko fun iwe-eri Bachelor Ise-Ona ni Fort Hare University, nibi to ti pade Oliver Tambo. Tambo ati Mandela di ore ati elegbe. Mandela tun di ore pelu Kaiser (""K.D."") Matanzima eni to je gege bi oloye Otunba Thembu wa lori ila fun ite ni Transkei,[9] eyi ti yio fa lojo iwaju lati tewogba eto Bantustan. Itileyin re fun awon eto yi fa ilodi larin ohun ati Mandela.[12] Ni eyin odun kn ni koleji Mandela kopa ninu boikotu ti Igbimo awon Asoju Akeko se nitori awon eto yunifasiti, nitorie won le kuro nibe.[18] Lojowaju nigba to wa ni ogba ewon, Mandela keko fun Iwe-eri Bachelor Ofin lati ibi eto okere Yunifasiti Londonu. Dere to kuro ni Fort Hare, Jongintaba so fun Mandela ati Justice (to je omo Jogintaba ati eni to kan lati joba) pe ohun ti seto igbeyawo fun awon mejeeji. Sugbo awon mejeeji nitoripe won ko feran eto igbeyawo yi, won kora won si ko lo si Johannesburg.[19] Nigba to de be, Mandela nibere koko ri ise bi asona ninu koto alumoni.[20] Sugbon, eni to gba sise tete yara le kuro nigba to gbo pe Mandela je alagbato Oba. Mandela leyin na bere ise bi akowe ni ile-ise agbejoro to wa ni Johannesburg, Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, lati odo ore ati alawose re, Walter Sisulu.[20] Bo se unsise ni Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, Mandela pari iwe-eri B.A. re ni Yunifasiti Guusu Afrika pelu ifiranse, leyin na lo wa bere si ni gbeko ofin ni Yunifasiti Witwatersrand, nibi to ti bere si ni sore awon elegbe akoko re ati awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid lojowaju Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz ati Ruth First. Slovo yio wa di Alakoso Oro Ile ninu ijoba Mandela lojowaju, nigbati Schwarz yio di alusoju Guusu Afrika ni Amerika. Ní àsìkò yìí, Mandela gbé ní Alexandra, tó wà ní àríwá Johannesburg.[21] Ìgbés?? Ò?èlú L??yìn tí ?gb?? ò?èlú Egbe Omoorile-ede egbe oseluAfrikaner ninu eto idibo odun 1948, nitoripe awon wonyi fowo mo eto apartheid's apartheid's apartheid's eleya-meya,[22] Mandela bere si ni kopa gidigidi ninu oro oselu. O siwaju ninu Kampein Agidi ti ANC se ni 1952 ati ninu Kongresi awon eniyan ni 1955 ti pinu ti abajade re je ipile eto ilodi si ise eleya-meyaanti apartheid.[23][24] Larin asiko yi, Mandela ati agbejoro re Oliver Tambo da ile-ise agbejoro Mandel's ati Tambo sile lati pese imoran ofin ofe fun opo awon alawodudu ti won ko ni agbejoro.[25] Mahatma Gandhi nipa iha ti Mandela ati bi awon ona ti awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid Guusu Afrika fi koju re.[26][27] (nitori re, Mandela kopa ninu apero oro arofo 29–30 January 2007 ni New Delhi to sajodun odun kewa ti Gandhi se akoso satyagraha (ilodi alainijagidijagan) ni Guusu Afrika).[28]", -4665004535400972637,train,who served 27 years in prison before becoming president of the same nation,"Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F.W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country 's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, Mandela 's administration retained its predecessor 's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary - General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term, and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV / AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.","[""1939', '1945"", 'from 1939 to 1945', '1 september 1939', '1939', 'lasted from 1939 to 1945', ""germany', 'italy', 'japan"", '1937']",ẹni tó lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n lẹ́wọ̀n kó tó di ààrẹ orílẹ̀-èdè kan náà,Yes,"['Mandela lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n, ó lo ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún yìí ní Robben Island.', 'Kí ó tó di Ààrẹ, Mandela jẹ́ alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Ọmọ Orílẹ̀-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). Lọ́dún 1962 ó di ẹni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote ati awon ẹ̀sùn mìíràn, wọ́n sì rán an lẹ́wọ̀n gbere. Mandela lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n, ó lo ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún yìí ní Robben Island.']","['Kí ó tó di Ààrẹ, Mandela jẹ́ alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Ọmọ Orílẹ̀-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). Lọ́dún 1962 ó di ẹni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote Mandela si lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n.', 'Mandela lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n']",['P1'],1,0,"Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (IPA: ?j?? Kejìdínlógún O?ù Keje ?dún 1918 - ?j?? Karùn-ún O?ù Kejìlá ?dún 2013)[3][4] j?? Ààr? Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di ?dún 1999, b???? sì ni òun ni Ààr? Gúúsù Áfírík[s àk??k?? tó j?? ?ni àdìbòyàn nínú ìdìbò-yani tò?èlú ará ìlú a?ojú yanyan. Kí ó tó di Ààr?, Mandela j?? alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìm?? A?òfin ?m? Oríl??-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). L??dún 1962 ó di ?ni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote ati awon ??sùn mìíràn, w??n sì rán an l??w??n gbere. Mandela lo ?dún m??tàdínl??gb??n (27) ní ??w??n, ó lo ??p?? ?dún yìí ní Robben Island. L??yìn jijowo r?? kúrò l??gbà ??w??n ní ?j?? 11 o?ù kejì ?dún 1990. Mandela ?iwájú ?gb?? ò?èlú r?? nínú àw?n iforojomitorooro tó fa ò?èlú àwaarawa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, tó sì di Ààr? oríl?? èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di 1999. O si ?okùnfà ìf?w??sow??p?? ní Gúúsù Afrika, Bákan náà ni a tún m? Mandela sí Madiba, oyè ??y? tí àw?n Alágbà ìdílé Mandela ? lo. Mandela ti gba ??bùn tó p?? ju 250 l? láàárín ogójì ?dún, nínú w?n ni ??bùn Àlàáfíà Nobel 1993. Ìgbà èwe Nelson Mandela l??dún 1937[5] Nelson Mandela j?? ?m? ??ka kékeré ìran ?ba Thembu dynasty, tó ? j?ba ní agbègbè Transkei ní Ìgbèríko Cape Gúúsù Áfíríkà.[6] W??n bí i ní Mvezo, abúlé kékeré kan tó sún m?? agbègbè Umtata, tó j?? olú-ìlú Transkei.[6] ?m? ìran Khoisan ni ìyá ?lá r??[7]. Bàbá ?lá bàbá r?? ni Ngubengcuka tó j?ba g??g?? bí Inkosi Enkhulu tàbí ?ba àw?n Thembu ?áájú kó tó kú ní ?dún (1832).[8] Ìkan nínú àw?n ?m?kùnrin ?ba ??hún ló ? j?? Mandela, ni bàbá ?lá r?? àti ibi tí orúk? ìdílé r?? ti wá. Síb?? nítorí pé ó j?? ?m? Inkosi's lát??d?? ìyàwó ìran Ixhiba (ìy?n ""ìdílé olowo osi""[9]), àw?n ?m?-?m? ??ka ?bí ?ba r?? kò lè gorí ìt?? ní Thembu. Bàbá Mandela ni Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. Ó j?? Olóyè ní ìlú Mvezo.[10] ?ùgb??n nítorí àìgb??ràn sí ìj?ba amúnisìn lenu, w??n y? Mphakanyiswa kúrò ní ipò oyè r?? w??n sì k? ?bí r?? l? sí Qunu. Síb??, Mphakanyiswa k?? kó ?àìj?? ?m? ?gb?? Adám??ràn Inkosi, b???? sì ni ó kópa gidi láti rí i pé Jongintaba Dalindyebo gun orí ìt?? Thembu. Dalindyebo san ore yi paa fun Mphakanyiswa nípa gbigba Mandela s??d?? bí ?m? nígbà tí Mphakanyiswa kú.[11] Bàbá Mandela f?? ìyàwó m??rin, ó sì bí ?m? m??tàlá (13) ?kùnrin m??rin àti obìnrin m??sàn-án.[11] Mandela j?? ?m? ìyàwó k?ta, Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny j?? ?m?bìnrin Nkedama láti ìran Mpemvu Xhosa, Otun Oba, ninu ile eni ti Mandela ti lo igba omode re.[12] Orúk? àbís? r? Rolihlahla túm?? sí ""fa ??ka igi"", ""oníjàngb??n"".[13][14] Rolihlahla Mandela ló j?? ?m? àk??k?? nínú ?bí r? tó l? sí ilé ??k?? níbi tí olùk?? r?? Miss Mdingane ti fún un lórúk? G????sì ""Nelson"".[15] Nígbà tí Mandela tó ?m? ?dún m??sàn-án, bàbá r?? kú nípa ik?? ??gb? (TB), nítorí èyí Jongintaba, di alágbàt?? r??.[11] Mandela l? sí ilé ??k?? tí ó jìnnà sí ààfin Jogintaba. P??lú bí à?à Thembu ?e là á síl??, ó j?? siso dagba nígbà tó tó ?m? ?dún m??rìndínlógún (16), ó sì relé ??k?? Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela parí ilé ??k?? odo láàárín ?dún méjì, kàkà ?dún m??ta tó y?.[16] Leyi to je yiyan lati jogun ipo baba re gege bi Alamoran Oba, ni odun 1937 Mandela ko lo si Healdtown Comprehensive School, koleji awon elesin Wesley ni Fort Beaufort ti opo awon awon omo oloye ni Thembu ti n lo si ile-eko.[17] Nigba ti o di omo odun mokan-dinlogun (19) o feran lati ja ese ati eresisa ni ile-eko.[12] Leyin to to de koleji, Mandela bere si keko fun iwe-eri Bachelor Ise-Ona ni Fort Hare University, nibi to ti pade Oliver Tambo. Tambo ati Mandela di ore ati elegbe. Mandela tun di ore pelu Kaiser (""K.D."") Matanzima eni to je gege bi oloye Otunba Thembu wa lori ila fun ite ni Transkei,[9] eyi ti yio fa lojo iwaju lati tewogba eto Bantustan. Itileyin re fun awon eto yi fa ilodi larin ohun ati Mandela.[12] Ni eyin odun kn ni koleji Mandela kopa ninu boikotu ti Igbimo awon Asoju Akeko se nitori awon eto yunifasiti, nitorie won le kuro nibe.[18] Lojowaju nigba to wa ni ogba ewon, Mandela keko fun Iwe-eri Bachelor Ofin lati ibi eto okere Yunifasiti Londonu. Dere to kuro ni Fort Hare, Jongintaba so fun Mandela ati Justice (to je omo Jogintaba ati eni to kan lati joba) pe ohun ti seto igbeyawo fun awon mejeeji. Sugbo awon mejeeji nitoripe won ko feran eto igbeyawo yi, won kora won si ko lo si Johannesburg.[19] Nigba to de be, Mandela nibere koko ri ise bi asona ninu koto alumoni.[20] Sugbon, eni to gba sise tete yara le kuro nigba to gbo pe Mandela je alagbato Oba. Mandela leyin na bere ise bi akowe ni ile-ise agbejoro to wa ni Johannesburg, Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, lati odo ore ati alawose re, Walter Sisulu.[20] Bo se unsise ni Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, Mandela pari iwe-eri B.A. re ni Yunifasiti Guusu Afrika pelu ifiranse, leyin na lo wa bere si ni gbeko ofin ni Yunifasiti Witwatersrand, nibi to ti bere si ni sore awon elegbe akoko re ati awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid lojowaju Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz ati Ruth First. Slovo yio wa di Alakoso Oro Ile ninu ijoba Mandela lojowaju, nigbati Schwarz yio di alusoju Guusu Afrika ni Amerika. Ní àsìkò yìí, Mandela gbé ní Alexandra, tó wà ní àríwá Johannesburg.[21] Ìgbés?? Ò?èlú L??yìn tí ?gb?? ò?èlú Egbe Omoorile-ede egbe oseluAfrikaner ninu eto idibo odun 1948, nitoripe awon wonyi fowo mo eto apartheid's apartheid's apartheid's eleya-meya,[22] Mandela bere si ni kopa gidigidi ninu oro oselu. O siwaju ninu Kampein Agidi ti ANC se ni 1952 ati ninu Kongresi awon eniyan ni 1955 ti pinu ti abajade re je ipile eto ilodi si ise eleya-meyaanti apartheid.[23][24] Larin asiko yi, Mandela ati agbejoro re Oliver Tambo da ile-ise agbejoro Mandel's ati Tambo sile lati pese imoran ofin ofe fun opo awon alawodudu ti won ko ni agbejoro.[25] Mahatma Gandhi nipa iha ti Mandela ati bi awon ona ti awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid Guusu Afrika fi koju re.[26][27] (nitori re, Mandela kopa ninu apero oro arofo 29–30 January 2007 ni New Delhi to sajodun odun kewa ti Gandhi se akoso satyagraha (ilodi alainijagidijagan) ni Guusu Afrika).[28]", 4591132816791612627,train,name the indian state which lies between nepal and bhutan,"Nepal (/ nəˈpɔːl / (listen) ; Nepali : नेपाल Nepāl (neˈpal)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepali : सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl), is a landlocked country in South Asia located mainly in the Himalayas but also includes parts of the Indo - Gangetic Plain. With an estimated population of 26.4 million, it is 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area. It borders China in the north and India in the south, east, and west while Bangladesh is located within only 27 km (17 mi) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim. A Himalayan state, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the nation 's capital and largest city. Nepal is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language.",['french'],kí ni orúkọ ìpínlẹ̀ india tí ó wà láarín nepal àti bhutan,Yes,"['Nepal jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè àrin-ilẹ̀, ó sì ní bodè mọ́ Ṣáínà ní àríwá àti mọ́ Índíà ní gúúsù, ìlàòrùn àti ìwọ̀òrùn, nígbàtí Bangladesh wà ní 27\xa0km (17\xa0mi) sí etí apágúúsùilàòrùn àti Bhutan jìnnà si látọ̀dò ìpúnlẹ̀ India Sikkim.']","['Nepal jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè àrin-ilẹ̀, ó sì ní bodè mọ́ Ṣáínà ní àríwá àti mọ́ Índíà ní gúúsù, ìlàòrùn àti ìwọ̀òrùn, nígbàtí Bangladesh wà ní 27\xa0km (17\xa0mi) sí etí apágúúsùilàòrùn àti Bhutan jìnnà si látọ̀dò ìpúnlẹ̀ India Sikkim.']",['P1'],1,0,"Nepali Nepali, àlò?i??? bíi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ò?èlú Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nepali,[12] j?? oríl??-èdè kan ní Gúúsù Ásíà. Gbogbo r?? búdòó sí àw?n òkè Himalayas, sùgb??n ó tún ní àw?n apá Indo-Gangetic Plain. Nepali ni oríl??-èdè tótóbijùl? 49k g??g??bí iye èniyàn àti oríl??-èdè tótóbijùl? 93k g??g??bí agbègbè. Nepali j?? oríl??-èdè àrin-il??, ó sì ní bodè m?? ?áínà ní àríwá àti m?? Índíà ní gúúsù, ìlàòrùn àti ìw??òrùn, nígbàtí Bangladesh wà ní 27 km (17 mi) sí etí apágúúsùilàòrùn àti Bhutan jìnnà si lát??dò ìpúnl?? India Sikkim. Orílè?-èdè Nepali ní orí?irí?i ilè?, irú bí àw?n pè?té?lè? tó ló?ràá, àw?n òkè tó ní igbó, àtàw?n òkè mé?j? lára àw?n òkè mé?wàá tó ga jù l? láyé, títí kan Òkè Everest tó ga jù l? láyé. Kathmandu ni olú ìlú àti ìlú tó tóbi jù l?. Orílè?-èdè Nepali jé? orílè?-èdè táw?n èèyàn ti wá látinú onírúurú è?yà, èdè Nepali sì ni wó?n ? s? níbè?.", 7324230097758757684,train,what team did neymar play for in fifa 13,"Neymar was selected as part of Luiz Felipe Scolari 's Brazil squad for the 2013 Confederations Cup on home soil. For the tournament he was assigned the iconic number 10 shirt, having previously worn 11.",[],ẹgbẹ́ wo ni neymar gbá fún nínú fifa 13,Yes,"['O jẹ orukọ rẹ ni Bọọlu afẹsẹgba South America ti Odun ni ọdun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe lọ si Yuroopu lati darapọ mọ Ilu Barcelona ni ọdun 2013.']","['O jẹ orukọ rẹ ni Bọọlu afẹsẹgba South America ti Odun ni ọdun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe lọ si Yuroopu lati darapọ mọ Ilu Barcelona ni ọdun 2013.']",['P2'],0,0,"Neymar Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior (ti a bi 5 Kínní 1992), ti a m? si Neymar Júnior tabi mononymous bi Neymar, j? agbab??lu alam?daju ara ilu Brazil kan ti o ?ere bii iwaju fun ?gb? agbab??lu Pro League Saudi Pro Al Hilal ati ?gb? oril?-ede Brazil . Oluk?ni ibi-af?de ati elere-i?ere olokiki fun a?a i?ere r? ti o wuyi, o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ati o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ti iran r?. Neymar ti gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 100 fun aw?n ?gb? ori?iri?i m?ta, ti o j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere di? lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. [1] Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ?e ak?rin ak?k? r? ti o j? ?m? ?dun 17. Laip? o di o?ere iraw? liigi Brazil, o bori 2011 Copa Libertadores p?lu Santos, j? ak?k? w?n lati ?dun 1963. O j? oruk? r? ni B??lu af?s?gba Apa Guusu Amerika ti Odun ni ?dun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe l? si Yuroopu lati darap? m? Ilu Barcelona ni ?dun 2013. Ni akoko keji r?, g?g? bi apakan ti ik?lu m?ta ti Barcelona p?lu Lionel Messi ati Luis Suárez, ti a pe ni MSN, o gba idije continental ti La Liga, Copa del Rey, ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija UEFA . Ti o ni itara lati j? ?r? orin idojuk? ni ipele ?gb?, Neymar lairotele kuro ni Ilu Barcelona fun Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) ni ?dun 2017 [2] ni gbigbe mili?nu 222 €, eyiti o j? ki o j? o?ere gbowolori jul? lailai .[note 1] In Paris, Neymar was voted Ligue 1 Player of the Year in his debut season, was integral to PSG reaching its first ever Champions League final in 2019–20, and became the highest scoring Brazilian player in Champions League history. Ni Paris, Neymar ni a dibo fun ni Ligue 1 Olù?eré ?dún ni akoko ak?k? r?, o j? apakan pataki ti PSG ti o de ipari Champions League ak?k? r? ni 2019-20, o si di o?ere Brazil ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? Champions League [5] Aw?n ipalara j? akoko ere Neymar ni PSG ati ni ?dun 2023, l?hin aw?n akoko m?fa ati aw?n bori ak?le Ligue 1 marun, o foruk?sil? fun Al Hilal ni adehun ti o wuyi. If?r?wanil?nuwo fun Brazil ti o j? ?m? ?dun 18, Neymar j? agbaboolu giga jul? ni gbogbo igba fun ?gb? oril?-ede r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 79 ni aw?n ere 128. O gba 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ti o gba boolu goolu . Ni ak?k? FIFA World Cup, aw?n 2014 àtúnse, o ti a npè ni ni Dream Team . Ikopa r? ni 2015 Copa América ni a ge kuru nipas? idaduro, ?aaju ki o to di olori Brazil si idije goolu Olympic ak?k? w?n ni b??lu aw?n ?kunrin ni 2016 Summer Olimpiiki, nini t?l? iy?risi ami fadaka kan ni ?da 2012 . Lehin ti o ti k? olori-ogun sil?, o ?e ifihan ni 2018 World Cup, ati l?hin ti o padanu 2019 Copa América nipas? ipalara, ?e iranl?w? fun Brazil lati pari ipari-ije ni idije 2021, ninu eyiti o gba aami-eye ti o dara jul? ti o dara jul? p?lu Messi. Ni 2022 World Cup, o darap? m? Pelé ati Ronaldo g?g?bi aw?n ara ilu Brazil nikan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n idije Agbaye m?ta. Neymar ti gba ami-?ri Samba Gold m?fa kan, ti o fun o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ni Yuroopu. Neymar pari k?ta fun FIFA Ballon d'Or ni 2015 ati 2017, ti a ti fun un ni FIFA Puskás Award, ti a ti daruko ninu aw?n FIFA FIFPro World11 ati aw?n UEFA Team ti Odun lemeji, ati aw?n UEFA Champions League Squad ti aw?n akoko m?ta. igba. Pa ipolowo, o wa ni ipo laarin aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul? ni agbaye. SportsPro s? ? ni elere idaraya ti o ni ?ja jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2012 ati 2013, ati ESPN t?ka si bi elere-ije olokiki k?rin-jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2016. Ni ?dun 2017, Akoko p?lu r? ninu atok? ?d??dun ti aw?n eniyan 100 ti o ni ipa jul? ni agbaye . [6] Ni ?dun 2018, b??lu af?s?gba France ?e ipo Neymar ni agbab??lu af?s?gba k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul? ni agbaye. Ni ?dun to nb?, Forbes ?e ipo r? ni elere idaraya-k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul?, [7] sis? aaye kan sil? si k?rin ni ?dun 2020. [8] ", -7389946477033124570,train,which team did neymar play for before barcelona,"Neymar came into prominence at an early age at Santos, where he made his professional debut aged 17. He helped the club win two successive Campeonato Paulista championships, a Copa do Brasil, and the 2011 Copa Libertadores, Santos ' first continental title since 1963. Neymar was twice named the South American Footballer of the Year, in 2011 and 2012, before relocating to Europe to join Barcelona. As part of Barça 's attacking trio with Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez, he won the continental treble of La Liga, the Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League in the 2014 -- 15 season, followed the next year by the domestic double. He came third for the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2015. In August 2017, Neymar moved from Barcelona to Paris Saint - Germain in a transaction worth € 222 million, making him the world 's most expensive player.","[""exodus 20:1–17', 'deuteronomy 5:4–20""]",ẹgbẹ́ wo ni neymar ń gbá bó̩ò̩lù fún ṣáájú barcelona,Yes,"['Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ṣe akọrin akọkọ rẹ ti o jẹ ọmọ ọdun 17.']","['Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ṣe akọrin akọkọ rẹ ti o jẹ ọmọ ọdun 17.']",['P2'],1,0,"Neymar Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior (ti a bi 5 Kínní 1992), ti a m? si Neymar Júnior tabi mononymous bi Neymar, j? agbab??lu alam?daju ara ilu Brazil kan ti o ?ere bii iwaju fun ?gb? agbab??lu Pro League Saudi Pro Al Hilal ati ?gb? oril?-ede Brazil . Oluk?ni ibi-af?de ati elere-i?ere olokiki fun a?a i?ere r? ti o wuyi, o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ati o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ti iran r?. Neymar ti gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 100 fun aw?n ?gb? ori?iri?i m?ta, ti o j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere di? lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. [1] Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ?e ak?rin ak?k? r? ti o j? ?m? ?dun 17. Laip? o di o?ere iraw? liigi Brazil, o bori 2011 Copa Libertadores p?lu Santos, j? ak?k? w?n lati ?dun 1963. O j? oruk? r? ni B??lu af?s?gba Apa Guusu Amerika ti Odun ni ?dun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe l? si Yuroopu lati darap? m? Ilu Barcelona ni ?dun 2013. Ni akoko keji r?, g?g? bi apakan ti ik?lu m?ta ti Barcelona p?lu Lionel Messi ati Luis Suárez, ti a pe ni MSN, o gba idije continental ti La Liga, Copa del Rey, ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija UEFA . Ti o ni itara lati j? ?r? orin idojuk? ni ipele ?gb?, Neymar lairotele kuro ni Ilu Barcelona fun Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) ni ?dun 2017 [2] ni gbigbe mili?nu 222 €, eyiti o j? ki o j? o?ere gbowolori jul? lailai .[note 1] In Paris, Neymar was voted Ligue 1 Player of the Year in his debut season, was integral to PSG reaching its first ever Champions League final in 2019–20, and became the highest scoring Brazilian player in Champions League history. Ni Paris, Neymar ni a dibo fun ni Ligue 1 Olù?eré ?dún ni akoko ak?k? r?, o j? apakan pataki ti PSG ti o de ipari Champions League ak?k? r? ni 2019-20, o si di o?ere Brazil ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? Champions League [5] Aw?n ipalara j? akoko ere Neymar ni PSG ati ni ?dun 2023, l?hin aw?n akoko m?fa ati aw?n bori ak?le Ligue 1 marun, o foruk?sil? fun Al Hilal ni adehun ti o wuyi. If?r?wanil?nuwo fun Brazil ti o j? ?m? ?dun 18, Neymar j? agbaboolu giga jul? ni gbogbo igba fun ?gb? oril?-ede r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 79 ni aw?n ere 128. O gba 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ti o gba boolu goolu . Ni ak?k? FIFA World Cup, aw?n 2014 àtúnse, o ti a npè ni ni Dream Team . Ikopa r? ni 2015 Copa América ni a ge kuru nipas? idaduro, ?aaju ki o to di olori Brazil si idije goolu Olympic ak?k? w?n ni b??lu aw?n ?kunrin ni 2016 Summer Olimpiiki, nini t?l? iy?risi ami fadaka kan ni ?da 2012 . Lehin ti o ti k? olori-ogun sil?, o ?e ifihan ni 2018 World Cup, ati l?hin ti o padanu 2019 Copa América nipas? ipalara, ?e iranl?w? fun Brazil lati pari ipari-ije ni idije 2021, ninu eyiti o gba aami-eye ti o dara jul? ti o dara jul? p?lu Messi. Ni 2022 World Cup, o darap? m? Pelé ati Ronaldo g?g?bi aw?n ara ilu Brazil nikan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n idije Agbaye m?ta. Neymar ti gba ami-?ri Samba Gold m?fa kan, ti o fun o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ni Yuroopu. Neymar pari k?ta fun FIFA Ballon d'Or ni 2015 ati 2017, ti a ti fun un ni FIFA Puskás Award, ti a ti daruko ninu aw?n FIFA FIFPro World11 ati aw?n UEFA Team ti Odun lemeji, ati aw?n UEFA Champions League Squad ti aw?n akoko m?ta. igba. Pa ipolowo, o wa ni ipo laarin aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul? ni agbaye. SportsPro s? ? ni elere idaraya ti o ni ?ja jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2012 ati 2013, ati ESPN t?ka si bi elere-ije olokiki k?rin-jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2016. Ni ?dun 2017, Akoko p?lu r? ninu atok? ?d??dun ti aw?n eniyan 100 ti o ni ipa jul? ni agbaye . [6] Ni ?dun 2018, b??lu af?s?gba France ?e ipo Neymar ni agbab??lu af?s?gba k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul? ni agbaye. Ni ?dun to nb?, Forbes ?e ipo r? ni elere idaraya-k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul?, [7] sis? aaye kan sil? si k?rin ni ?dun 2020. [8] ","Not to be confused with Nilmar . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is da Silva and the second or paternal family name is Santos . Neymar Neymar with Brazil in 2016 Personal information Full name Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior Date of birth ( 1992-02-05 ) 5 February 1992 (age 25) Place of birth Mogi das Cruzes , Brazil Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Paris Saint-Germain Number 10 Youth career 1999–2003 Portuguesa Santista 2003–2009 Santos Senior career* Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2009–2013 Santos 84 (53) 2013–2017 Barcelona 112 (68) 2017– Paris Saint-Germain 6 (6) National team ‡ 2009 Brazil U17 3 (1) 2011 Brazil U20 7 (9) 2012–2016 Brazil U23 14 (8) 2010– Brazil 81 (52) Honours [show] Brazil Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team 2012 London Team U-20 South American Championship 2011 Peru FIFA Confederations Cup Winner 2013 Brazil * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 30 September 2017. ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 11 October 2017 Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior ( Portuguese pronunciation: [nejˈmaʁ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈsɐ̃tus ˈʒũɲoʁ] ; born 5 February 1992), commonly known as Neymar or Neymar Jr. , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for French club Paris Saint-Germain and the Brazil national team . Neymar came into prominence at an early age at Santos , where he made his professional debut aged 17. He helped the club win two successive Campeonato Paulista championships, a Copa do Brasil , and the 2011 Copa Libertadores , Santos' first continental title since 1963. Neymar was twice named the South American Footballer of the Year , in 2011 and 2012 , before relocating to Europe to join Barcelona . As part of Barça's attacking trio with Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez , he won the continental treble of La Liga, the Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League in the 2014–15 season, followed the next year by the domestic double . He came third for the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2015 . In August 2017, Neymar moved from Barcelona to Paris Saint-Germain in a transaction worth €222 million, making him the world's most expensive player . With 52 goals in 81 matches for Brazil since debuting at age 18, Neymar is the fourth-highest goalscorer for his national team. He was a key player in Brazil's victories at the 2011 South American Youth Championship , which he finished as the leading goalscorer, and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , where he won the Golden Ball as player of the tournament. His participation in the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 Copa América was cut short by injury and a suspension respectively, but the next year he captained Brazil to their first Olympic gold medal in men's football at the 2016 Summer Olympics . Known for his dribbling , finishing, and ability with both feet, Neymar has earned comparisons to former Brazil and Santos forward Pelé . Off the pitch, he ranks among the world's most prominent sportsmen; SportsPro named him the most marketable athlete in the world in 2012 and 2013, and ESPN cited him as the world's fourth-most famous athlete in 2016. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Santos 2.1.1 Youth 2.1.2 2009: Debut season 2.1.3 2010: Campeonato Paulista success 2.1.4 2011: Puskás Award 2.1.5 2012: South America's best player 2.1.6 2013: Final season 2.2 Barcelona 2.2.1 Transfer investigation 2.2.2 2013–14: Adapting to Spain 2.2.3 2014–15: The treble and individual success 2.2.4 2015–16: Domestic double 2.2.5 2016–17: Final season 2.3 Paris Saint-Germain 2.3.1 Contract breach lawsuit 2.3.2 2017–18 season 3 International career 3.1 2011 South American Youth Championship and Copa América 3.2 2012 Summer Olympics and first hat-trick 3.3 2013 Confederations Cup 3.4 2014 World Cup 3.5 2015 Copa América 3.6 2016 Summer Olympics 4 Style of play 4.1 Comparisons 5 Outside football 5.1 Personal life and charity work 5.2 Wealth and sponsorships 5.3 Media 5.4 Music 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 7 Honours 7.1 Club 7.2 International 7.3 Individual 8 References 9 External links Early life Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior was born in Mogi das Cruzes , São Paulo , to Neymar Santos, Sr. and Nadine da Silva. He inherited his name from his father, who is a former footballer and became his son's advisor as Neymar's talents began to grow. Neymar comments on his father's role: ""My father has been by my side since I was little. He takes care of things, my finances and my family."" Growing up, Neymar combined his love of futsal with street football . In 2003, Neymar moved with his family to São Vicente , where he began playing for youth side Portuguesa Santista . Then, later in 2003, they moved to Santos , where Neymar joined Santos FC . With the success of his youth career and added income, the family bought their first property, a house next to the Vila Belmiro. Their quality of family life improved, as at age 15, Neymar was earning 10,000 reais per month and at 16, 125,000 reais per month. At 17, he signed his first full professional contract, was upgraded to the Santos first team, and began signing his first sponsorship deals. Club career Santos Youth Neymar began playing football at an early age and he was soon spotted by Santos FC who offered him a contract in 2003, where he was inducted into their youth academy , which has, in the past, produced Brazilian internationals like Coutinho , Clodoaldo , Diego , Elano and Alex . He also joined the likes of Pepe , Pelé and Robinho in starting out his career at the club, nicknamed Peixe . While in the youth academy, Neymar met Paulo Henrique Ganso , becoming good friends in the process. Aged 14, Neymar travelled to Spain to join the Real Madrid youth team, at the time when Real had stars like Ronaldo , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos and Robinho. 2009: Debut season Neymar made his professional debut on 7 March 2009, despite being only 17 years old; he was brought on for the last thirty minutes, in a 2–1 win against Oeste . The following week he scored his first goal for Santos against Mogi Mirim . One month later, on 11 April, Neymar scored the decisive goal in a 2–1 win against Palmeiras in the 2009 Campeonato Paulista semi-final first leg . In the final, however, Santos suffered a 4–2 aggregate defeat to the Corinthians . In his first season, Neymar racked up 14 goals in 48 games. 2010: Campeonato Paulista success ""The 18-year-old is a magnificent prospect. He is sleek and skilful, able to beat the defender on either side, capable of combining well, and full of tricks he can put to productive use in and around the penalty area."" —South American football journalist Tim Vickery on Neymar in 2010. Neymar continued his ascendancy in 2010, and, on 15 April 2010, he scored five goals for Santos in an 8–1 rout of Guarani in the qualifying stages of the Brazilian Cup. Following the 2010 Campeonato Paulista in which Neymar scored 14 goals in 19 games, the club were crowned champions after a 5–5 aggregate win over Santo André in the finals. Neymar was subsequently given the award for the best player in the competition. Neymar's performances for Santos have drawn comparisons to other Brazilians, including Robinho and Brazilian legend Pelé. In 2010, Santos rejected a £12 million bid for him from English Premier League team West Ham United , and later an offer from another English club, Chelsea , reported to be in the region of £20 million. Despite Santos unwillingness to sell and Neymar himself insisting ""I'm focused only on Santos"", his agent, Wagner Ribeiro, indicated that Neymar’s career was elsewhere, stating ""He wants to become the best player in the world. The chances of him doing that while playing in Brazil are zero."" Although one year later Neymar admitted, in an interview with the Daily Telegraph , that he had been happy with Chelsea's interest in him as it was a ""dream"" of his ""to play in Europe"", while also stating that at the time it had been the right decision to stay in Brazil. On 30 November 2010, Santos sold a 5% share of future transfer fees that he would receive to an investment group, Terceira Estrela Investimentos S.A. (TEISA), for R$ 3,549,900 (€1.5 million). The previous year, his family had sold a 40% stake in Neymar's sporting rights to the DIS Esporte group who had been a long-term strategic partner of Santos' football club. Despite his first two seasons being highly successful, having ended the 2010 season with an impressive 42 goals in 60 games, problems had been identified, namely Neymar's apparent taste for diving when tackled, rather than attempting to continue his run, and his attitude. The latter came to the forefront during a match with Atlético Goianiense , on 15 September 2010, when the Santos' manager, Dorival Júnior , appointed another player to take the penalty awarded for a foul on Neymar. His decision was based on the fact that Neymar had missed a crucial penalty during the Copa do Brasil final of that year, even if Santos went on to win. Reacting to this, Neymar turned his back on his manager, had to be calmed down by a linesman and argued with his captain, Edu Dracena . The fallout from this event was that Dorival Júnior wished to have Neymar suspended for two weeks, but the board sided with the player and promptly sacked the manager. Despite Neymar's apologies over the incident, some doubts still remain about his attitude. In December 2010, aged just 18, Neymar came third for the 2010 South American Footballer of the Year , behind Andrés D'Alessandro and Juan Sebastián Verón . 2011: Puskás Award Neymar playing for Santos against FC Barcelona in the final of the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup . Neymar scored six goals during Santos run to the 2011 Copa Libertadores Finals , tying him for third top goalscorer, including the clinching goal of Santos' 4–3 aggregate win over Cerro Porteño in the semifinals. In the two-legged final, Santos faced Uruguayan side Peñarol and drew the first leg 0–0 in Montevideo . At home in the second leg, Neymar opened the scoring in the 46th minute as Santos held on for a 2–1 win and Neymar won Man of the Match honours. The win brought Santos their first Copa Libertadores triumph since 1963, when Brazilian legend Pelé was playing for the club. In September 2011, Santos club president Luís Ribeiro threatened to report Real Madrid to FIFA following reports that they had attempted to sign Neymar to a pre-contract agreement, and denied that such an agreement was in place. On 9 November 2011, Neymar and Santos agreed to a contract extension that would see the player stay with the club until after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. The deal reportedly increased Neymar's wages by 50%, to the levels that top European clubs would be paying him. On 14 December 2011, Neymar scored the opening goal for Santos as they defeated Kashiwa Reysol 3–1 in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup at the Toyota Stadium in Toyota , Japan, but failed to score against Barcelona in the final on 18 December 2011, where Santos were defeated 4–0, finishing as runners-up in the competition. He won the 2011 FIFA Puskás Award for scoring a solo goal in the Brasileirão Série A against Flamengo , in a 5–4 loss. On 31 December 2011, he won the 2011 South American Footballer of the Year award for the first time, by a record margin, following in the footsteps of Diego Maradona , Romário , Pelé and Zico . 2012: South America's best player On 5 February 2012, when he turned 20, Neymar scored his 100th goal as a professional football player, against Palmeiras in the Campeonato Paulista . On 25 February 2012 – he scored two goals, one of which was from 25-yards – and created two assists to help his side to a 6–1 win over Ponte Preta . On 7 March 2012, Neymar netted a hat-trick as Santos saw off Brazilian rivals Internacional 3–1 in the Copa Libertadores Group stage match. On 29 March, he scored a brace against Guaratinguetá in a 5–0 victory. In the fixture against São Paulo on 29 April 2012, Neymar scored a hat-trick with the match ending 3–1. Thereafter, he went on to score twice in the first and second legs in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista Finals against Guarani , which ended 7–2 on aggregate. Neymar finished the 2012 Campeonato Paulista with 20 goals and was voted the Best player and Best Forward, and Santos were crowned champions. He was joint top scorer in the Copa Libertadores with eight goals, after Santos were beaten over two legs by eventual champions Corinthians in the semi-finals. On 25 August 2012, he scored a brace in the 2–1 away win at Palmeiras. On 3 November 2012, in the Brasileiro Série A away fixture at Cruzeiro , Neymar scored a hat-trick and assisted Felipe Anderson 's goal, to help his side to a 4–0 win. Neymar finished off the 2012 season in style, first setting-up Victor Andrade 's equaliser, then scoring twice, to give Santos a 3–1 home win over Palmeiras on 1 December 2012. Neymar was voted the Best Player of the 2012 Recopa Sudamericana , Neymar scoring in the second leg to win the title 2–0 on aggregate. He finished the 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A with 14 goals and being voted the Best forward. Neymar finished the 2012 season, being award the Golden Ball , Arthur Friedenreich Award and Armando Nogueira Trophy. He was one of three finalists in the 2012 FIFA Puskás Award and finished runners-up behind Miroslav Stoch . He won the 2012 South American Footballer of the Year , retaining his award and winning it ahead of the likes of Ronaldinho . Reports emerged in 2011 that Santos reached an agreement with Barcelona to sign him at a later stage. Neymar, however, rejected this in an interview, saying that he had ""no agreement with Barcelona or anyone else"". 2013: Final season Neymar started the 2013 Campeonato Paulista scoring twice in the first match, which ended a 3–1 win over São Bernardo on 19 January 2013. Four days later on 23 January 2013, Neymar scored again against Botafogo in a 3–0 win. On 3 February 2013, in the Paulista fixture against São Paulo, where Santos won 3–1, with Neymar scoring and making two assists. on 18 March 2013, Neymar told that he had a ""dream of playing in Europe, for a big club like Barcelona, Real Madrid and Chelsea."" But he went on to say, ""There's no point in speculating when I'll leave Santos. I'll leave when I want to."" Neymar scored all four goals, had another disallowed and hit the post as Santos beat União Barbarense 4–0 in the Paulista on 13 April. On 25 April 2013, his agent and father revealed that Neymar intended to leave for Europe before the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Ahead of his last match for Santos, on 26 May against Flamengo, Neymar was in tears during the national anthem. Barcelona See also: Transfer (association football) § 2013: Transfer of Neymar from Santos to Barcelona Neymar during his unveiling at Barcelona in June 2013. On 24 May 2013, Santos announced that they had received two offers for Neymar. The following day, Neymar announced he would sign with Barcelona on 27 May 2013 and join the team after playing in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Neither Neymar nor the clubs released details on the transfer fee or personal terms, save to say he signed a five-year deal. On 3 June 2013, Neymar was unveiled by Barcelona after passing medical tests and signing a contract that would keep him at the club through June 2018. Neymar was presented at the Camp Nou in front of 56,500 fans, a record turnout for a Brazilian player. Club vice-president Josep Maria Bartomeu initially said Neymar's transfer fee was €57.1 million and his release clause set at €190 million. Barcelona's doctor suggested he might need to gain weight to be able to cope physically in Spanish football. Transfer investigation In January 2014, the prosecutor's office in Madrid began investigating the transfer fee that Barcelona paid for Neymar. The documents submitted to the authorities on request contained contradictory information. On 23 January 2014, Rosell resigned from his position as president. A day later, the details of the transfer were revealed by Barcelona; the transfer had in fact cost them €86.2 million ( £ 71.5 million), with Neymar's parents confirmed to have received a €40 million sum. In the aftermath, Barcelona and Bartomeu were charged with tax fraud . 2013–14: Adapting to Spain On 30 July 2013, Barcelona drew 2–2 against Lechia Gdańsk in a pre-season friendly; Neymar made his unofficial debut when he came on as a substitute. He scored his first goal for the club in a 7–1 win against a Thailand XI on 7 August. Neymar made his competitive debut for Barcelona during the opening game of the 2013–14 La Liga season as a 63rd-minute substitute for Alexis Sánchez in a 7–0 win against Levante . On 21 August, he scored his first competitive goal for the club in the first leg of the 2013 Supercopa de España against Atlético Madrid : seven minutes after coming on as a substitute for Pedro , he headed Dani Alves ' cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw at the Vicente Calderón Stadium as Barcelona won on the away goals rule for his first trophy at the club. On 18 September, he made his UEFA Champions League debut, assisting a Gerard Piqué goal as Barça beat Ajax 4–0 in their opening match of the 2013–14 tournament . Six days later, Neymar scored his first goal in La Liga in Barcelona's 4–1 defeat of Real Sociedad at Camp Nou. On 26 October, he made his first El Clásico appearance, scoring the opening goal and assisting the team's winning goal scored by Alexis Sánchez as Barcelona beat Real Madrid 2–1 at Camp Nou. On 11 December, Neymar recorded his first three Champions League goals as he scored a hat-trick in a 6–1 win over Celtic in Barcelona's final Group H match. 2014–15: The treble and individual success Neymar playing for Barcelona against Villarreal in La Liga, 1 February 2015. Neymar opened the scoring in Barcelona's 3–2 win On 13 September 2014, after appearing as a substitute, Neymar scored his first two goals of the 2014–15 season , helping Barcelona beat Athletic Bilbao 2–0. On 27 September, he scored a hat-trick against Granada in a 6–0 win and went on to score in his next three La Liga matches, including the opening goal in a 1–3 loss to Real Madrid at Estadio Santiago Bernabéu . On 24 January 2015, Neymar scored twice and assisted two more goals in a 6–0 win at Elche . On 28 January, he scored his 20th goal of the season in a 3–2 Copa del Rey quarter-final win over Atlético Madrid. On 4 March, Neymar scored twice in Barcelona's 3–1 Copa del Rey semi-final win over Villarreal to qualify the club for its 37th Spanish Cup final . On 21 April, Neymar took his tally to 30 goals for the season by scoring twice in Barcelona's 2–0 Champions League quarter-final win over Paris Saint-Germain to qualify the club for the semi-finals. In May, the closing month of the season, Neymar scored the last goal in a 3–0 win against Bayern Munich in the first leg of the Champions League semi-final. A week later, he scored both the team's goals in a 3–2 second leg defeat at the Allianz Arena to ensure Barça would qualify for the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final . He also opened the scoring with a header in a 2–0 league win versus Real Sociedad, a result which gave Barça a four-point lead over Real Madrid with only two matches remaining. After securing the league title on 17 May with a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón, Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3–1 at Camp Nou in the 2015 Copa del Rey Final on 30 May, with Neymar scoring the second goal for Barça . With Barcelona's victory likely, he performed tricks with the ball in the final stages of the game, which was deemed unsporting by opponent Andoni Iraola . Barcelona manager Luis Enrique claimed that it had to be understood that such behaviour was acceptable in Brazil, while Neymar himself did not apologise. On 6 June 2015, Neymar scored the third goal for Barça in the 3–1 Champions League Final defeat of Italian champions Juventus at Berlin 's Olympiastadion , ensuring the club won its fifth European Cup . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league, domestic cup and European Cup twice. On a personal note, he became the eighth player in football's history to win both the Copa Libertadores and the UEFA Champions League, and the first player to score in final victories in both competitions. Neymar ended the season with 39 goals in all competitions and 10 in the Champions League, making him joint highest scorer with Cristiano Ronaldo and teammate Lionel Messi in the latter competition. He was the first player apart from those two to top the competition's scoring list, since compatriot Kaká in 2006–07 . Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Luis Suárez and Neymar, dubbed ""MSN"", ended with 122 goals, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history. 2015–16: Domestic double Wikinews has related news: Footballers Neymar, Zlatan, Nolito sign contracts Due to having the mumps , Neymar was expected to miss the 2015 UEFA Super Cup and the 2015 Supercopa de España . On 17 October, Neymar scored four goals in Barcelona's 5–2 home win over Rayo Vallecano in La Liga, taking his total to eight goals for the season. On 21 November, Neymar scored one and provided a back heel assist for Andrés Iniesta in Barcelona's 4–0 away win against Real Madrid. He scored twice in a 4–0 home win over Real Sociedad on 28 November, taking his La Liga total to 14 goals in 12 games. On 30 November, Neymar was shortlisted for the 2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or alongside Messi and Ronaldo, and subsequently came third. On 22 May 2016, Neymar scored a late goal in Barcelona's 2–0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final at the Vicente Calderón, as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season, following their treble victory from the previous season. 2016–17: Final season On 2 April 2017, Neymar scored his 100th goal for Barcelona in his 177th appearance for the club, netting in a 4–1 win over Granada . On 27 May, Neymar scored in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final , his 105th goal for the club, as Barcelona defeated Alavés 3–1 at the Vicente Calderón in Madrid. Paris Saint-Germain On 3 August 2017, Barcelona announced that Neymar's legal representatives made a payment of €222 million to the club ( most expensive transfer ever ), equal to the release clause of his contract. The club informed UEFA so that they can determine any disciplinary responsibilities that may arise from this case. According to the BBC , in Spain, the release clause must be activated by the footballer himself. The situation was unusual that the fee was paid to the club directly after La Liga had refused to receive the payment. Neymar joined French club Paris Saint-Germain on a contract that will run until 2022. He was offered the number 10 jersey by Javier Pastore as a ""welcome gift"". Contract breach lawsuit On 27 August 2017, FC Barcelona filed a lawsuit against Neymar, demanding he return the contract renewal bonus he received as well as €8.5 million in damages and an additional 10% for the arrears. They claimed they are owed money that Neymar received as part of a renewal bonus when he signed a new contract in 2016. The club also requested Paris Saint-Germain to take on the responsibility for the payment of the fees if the player cannot do so himself. Neymar's lawyers announced that they will contest the case. 2017–18 season He made his debut for Les Rouge-et-Bleu on 13 August, netting a goal for himself and also setting up another in a 3–0 away victory over Guingamp . Neymar added two more goals to his tally in the next Ligue 1 fixture against Toulouse . Forming a prolific attacking trio alongside 18-year-old French prodigy Kylian Mbappé and Uruguayan striker Edinson Cavani , Neymar scored one each in PSG's two opening games of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage , with the team winning 5–0 at Celtic and 3–0 at home over Bayern Munich respectively. International career Neymar at a press conference for Brazil . Following Neymar's performances for Brazil's under-17 team at the 2009 U-17 World Cup in which he scored a goal in the opening match against Japan , former Brazilian football players Pelé and Romário reportedly urged coach Dunga to take Neymar to the 2010 World Cup . Although the widespread opinion that Neymar deserved a place in Dunga's squad went as far as a 14,000 signature petition, and despite the huge pressure on Dunga to pick Neymar, he was omitted from both the squad of 23, and the stand-by list. Although Dunga described Neymar as ""extremely talented"", he claimed that he had not been tested sufficiently on the international level to earn a World Cup spot and he had failed to impress enough while on international duty. Neymar celebrates his goal for Brazil against Scotland , on 27 March 2011, with André Santos and Ramires . On 26 July 2010, Neymar was selected for the first time in the Brazil senior team by new head coach Mano Menezes for a friendly match against the United States to be played in East Rutherford, New Jersey . On 10 August 2010 he made his debut with the national team in that game, aged 18 years old, starting the match and wearing the number 11 jersey. He scored on his debut after 28 minutes, a header coming from an André Santos cross in a 2–0 win for Brazil. On 1 March 2011, Neymar said: ""Being on the Brazilian team is a privilege, There are some marvelous players and I'm very happy to be among them."" On 27 March 2011, he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Scotland at the Emirates Stadium . During the match against Scotland , a banana was thrown onto the pitch after he scored from the penalty spot, which led Neymar to complain about 'constant jeering and an atmosphere of racism', implying that Scottish fans exhibited racism. While Scottish officials explained that Neymar had been booed solely for perceived injury-feigning, a German student who was in the stadium amongst Brazil supporters said that he threw the banana with no racist intentions. This led to the Scottish Football Association asking the Brazilian Football Confederation for an apology for the accusations made to the Scottish fans. Neymar refused to apologize or retract his words, claiming he ""did not accuse any person or any group of supporters"". 2011 South American Youth Championship and Copa América Neymar was the leading goal scorer of the 2011 South American Youth Championship with nine goals, including two in the final, in Brazil's 6–0 win against Uruguay. He also took part at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina , where he scored two goals in the first-round game against Ecuador . He was selected 'Man of the Match' in Brazil's first match against Venezuela , which ended a 1–1 draw. Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals in a penalty shoot-out against Paraguay (2–2 a.e.t. ), with Neymar being substituted in the 80th minute. 2012 Summer Olympics and first hat-trick Neymar preparing to take a free-kick against Belarus at Old Trafford during the 2012 Summer Olympics On 11 May 2012, Neymar was selected for the squad of the Brazil Olympic football team to participate in the London 2012 Olympic Games . In Brazil's first warm-up match on 20 July 2012, against the host nation Great Britain at Riverside Stadium , Neymar was involved in both goals of a 2–0 win, first making an assist with a free-kick into the six-yard box for Sandro 's header, before converting a penalty. On 26 July 2012, Neymar scored his first goal of the 2012 Summer Olympics in Brazil's opening fixture against Egypt , which ended a 3–2 victory for Brazil. In the following match against Belarus at Old Trafford in Manchester, Neymar scored a free-kick from 25-yards into the top-right corner of the goal and set up goals for Alexandre Pato 's header with a cross from the right and Oscar with a back heel as Brazil secured their place in the quarter-finals with a 3–1 win. Afterwards he said: ""I scored and made two assists so for me it was perfect"". On 5 August 2012, in the quarter-final encounter against Honduras , Neymar scored a penalty, his third goal of the tournament and assisted in Leandro Damião 's second goal on the match, to help Brazil to a 3–2 victory at St James' Park and book a place in the semi-finals. On 11 August, Brazil lost 2-1 to Mexico in the final at Wembley Stadium in London. Neymar scored his first full international hat-trick on 10 September 2012, in an 8–0 win over China at the Estádio José do Rego Maciel in Recife . On 19 September, Neymar scored the winner against Argentina in a 2–1 win in the first leg of the 2012 Superclásico de las Américas at the Estádio Serra Dourada in Goiânia , Brazil. 2013 Confederations Cup Neymar playing against Spain's Gerard Piqué in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Final Neymar was selected as part of Luiz Felipe Scolari 's Brazil squad for the 2013 Confederations Cup on home soil. For the tournament he was assigned the iconic number 10 shirt, having previously worn 11. Neymar scored the first goal of the tournament in a 3–0 win over Japan at the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha on 15 June. In their second match, Neymar scored after nine minutes and crossed for Jô 's late goal to give Brazil a 2–0 win over Mexico . He scored in his third consecutive match, with a powerful free kick from the edge of the penalty area, as Brazil beat Italy 4–2, and received his third consecutive man-of-the-match award. On 30 June, Neymar was involved in Fred 's opening goal and then subsequently scored Brazil's second in the 3–0 final victory over Spain . Neymar's performances saw him receive the Golden Ball for player of the tournament. 2014 World Cup Neymar prepares to take a free kick during Brazil's opening match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup against Croatia. On 5 March 2014, Neymar scored a hat-trick in a friendly win against South Africa in Johannesburg . He made headlines for his conduct after the final whistle when a young South African boy ran onto the pitch. As security staff began to escort the boy from the field, Neymar intervened and introduced him to his Brazil teammates before they all lifted him in the air during their celebrations. On 2 June, Neymar was named to participate with Team Brazil in the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Going into the tournament, as the team's star player, Neymar was the man expected to win Brazil its sixth World Cup on home soil. One week prior to the team's opening match, Neymar scored once and made two assists in a 4–0 friendly win over Panama . Neymar evading a tackle against Mexico at the 2014 World Cup Neymar earned his 50th international cap in the opening match of the tournament, on 12 June against Croatia in São Paulo . In the 26th minute, with Croatia leading 1–0, Neymar elbowed Croatian midfielder Luka Modrić , after which Neymar was issued a yellow card . Many critics agreed that Neymar's punishment was too lenient and that he should have been issued a red card . He equalised before half-time with a shot from outside the box and gave Brazil the lead in the second half with a penalty kick, following a controversial decision by the referee, in an eventual 3–1 win. In the third group match, he again scored twice as the Seleção defeated Cameroon 4–1 to reach the knockout stage . In the round of 16 against Chile , the match finished 1–1 after 120 minutes and was decided by a penalty shoot-out with Neymar scoring what proved to be the winning kick for Brazil. ""Even though he is still young, Neymar is well aware of what he means for the world of football and for the Brazilian game in particular. He is the one player the Brazilian people believe in and he has everything to make history. I think because of his age, though he still has others to topple, Neymar will become top goalscorer in Brazil's history, surpassing Pelé. It wouldn't hurt if he leapfrogged me in the list. I left my mark on history and now it's his turn."" —Brazil legend Romário in 2014 on the prospect of Neymar becoming Brazil's all time record goalscorer. In the quarter-final defeat of Colombia , while challenging for the ball, Neymar was kneed in the back by Juan Camilo Zúñiga and had to be removed from the pitch on a stretcher. A hospital scan revealed that Neymar had suffered a fractured vertebra in his spine and he missed the rest of the World Cup. Earlier in the match, Neymar assisted Thiago Silva 's opening goal with a cross from a corner kick. It was the second time in the tournament that a Neymar corner had led to a goal for Brazil, after his cross created David Luiz 's goal in the previous round against Chile. On 11 July, Neymar was named on the 10-man shortlist for FIFA's Golden Ball award for the tournament's best player. He won the Bronze Boot as the tournament's third top goalscorer and was named in the World Cup All Star XI . 2015 Copa América With captain Thiago Silva ruled out through injury, new coach Dunga decided to make Neymar captain and confirmed on 5 September that the forward would stay on as skipper on a permanent basis. On 14 October 2014, Neymar scored four goals in one game for the first time in his international career, scoring all of Brazil's goals in 4–0 friendly win against Japan at the National Stadium, Singapore . At the age of just 22 years, Neymar had scored 40 goals in 58 internationals, and had become the fifth highest goalscorer for his national team. On 26 March 2015, Neymar scored Brazil's second goal in a 3–1 friendly win over France in Paris. On 14 June 2015, in Brazil's opening Copa América fixture, Neymar scored the equaliser and assisted the stoppage-time winning goal by Douglas Costa as Brazil came from 0–1 down to beat Peru 2–1 in Temuco . After Brazil's second match, a 0–1 loss to Colombia in Santiago , Neymar was booked for handball, resulting in a suspension. After the final whistle, he was red carded for deliberately kicking the ball at Pablo Armero , and as a result was pushed over by Colombian striker Carlos Bacca , who was also dismissed. CONMEBOL issued Neymar with a four-match ban, ruling him out for the remainder of the tournament, in addition to a $10,000 fine. 2016 Summer Olympics Neymar preparing to strike the winning penalty kick for Brazil against Germany in the Olympic final The CBF had wanted Neymar to play at the Copa América Centenario and the Olympics in Rio during the summer of 2016, but after a request from Barcelona manager Luis Enrique, he was rested from the first tournament. In late June 2016, he was subsequently one of the three over-23 players to be included in Brazil's squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics on home soil, and was named the team's captain by the Olympic side's manager Rogério Micale . In Brazil's quarter-final clash with Colombia on 13 August, Neymar scored Brazil's first goal of the match, from a direct free kick , and also set up his nation's second goal in an eventual 2–0 win. In Brazil's semi-final clash with Honduras on 18 August, Neymar scored twice, Brazil's first and last goals of the match, in a 6–0 win. In the final against Germany at the Maracanã in Rio on 20 August, Neymar opened the scoring with a free-kick after 27 minutes. The game finished 1–1 after Max Meyer equalised in the second-half. Brazil beat Germany 5–4 on penalties, and Neymar scored the winning penalty to bring Brazil its first Olympic gold medal in men's football. Both during and prior to the tournament, he had been subjected to criticism over his conduct on and off the pitch, with several former Brazil players suggesting that he was not fit to captain the national team. Neymar subsequently renounced the captaincy following their Olympic victory. Style of play Neymar (right) greets future teammate Lionel Messi after the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Final . As a teenager, Neymar was inspired by Messi. Neymar primarily plays as either a central striker , second striker , winger or occasionally as an attacking midfielder , and has been described as ""a true phenomenon"". He often plays as a left sided forward for both club and country in the team's 4–3–3 formation, drifting infield, due to his energetic pace and playmaking skills; this position allows him to shoot with his stronger foot, or create chances for teammates . Neymar's dribbling skills, tricks and playmaking ability are reminiscent of compatriot Ronaldinho . His main traits are his creativity, vision, passing, finishing, dribbling, feints and technique, being described as both ""electric"" and ""explosive"". Although naturally right-footed, he is capable of scoring with both feet, as well as with his head, and is an accurate free-kick and penalty taker. He commented on his attributes saying: ""I'm always trying to perfect everything – dribbling, shooting, headers and control. You can always improve"". Neymar stated that he has been inspired by Lionel Messi , Cristiano Ronaldo , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Wayne Rooney . Neymar, playing for Brazil in 2011, has been compared to compatriots Pelé and Ronaldinho . Brazilian playmaker Ronaldinho had also tipped Neymar on becoming the best player in the world: “Neymar is young though, and I can't explain how special he will become. In the next two or three seasons he will become the best player."" Another Brazilian star, retired World Cup winner Ronaldo also believes that Neymar can become the best in the world: ""Logically, Messi is better right now but Neymar is a great talent who will show the world that he will be number one"". Former Real Madrid sporting director Jorge Valdano has also praised Neymar, stating: ""I like Neymar a lot. Many of his individual actions result in a goal and often it's a move that only seems to be happening with him on the pitch."" FC Barcelona star Xavi also stated that Neymar ""is a great player, has a very good attitude, and will go on to be the best player in the world."" However, Neymar also has been known and criticised for his excessive diving when tackled by another player. For which Pelé has told: ""He is a player with a body that can't take a lot of hits. [...] A lot of times he will fall because he can't do anything else, but he was overdoing it."" He continued: ""Even when he is fouled, he can't make a spectacle out of it"". Comparisons The media have often drawn comparisons between Neymar and Brazilian legend Pelé , as Neymar possesses similar attributes and also like Pelé came from the Santos Youth Academy and turned heads with his skill. Neymar has said that Pelé is his ""role model"" but also saying: ""I don't like to make a comparison with Pelé"". On 11 April 2012, during the celebrations for the 100 years of Santos, when asked by journalists about Lionel Messi , Pelé said he felt that Neymar was better: ""Now everyone is talking about Messi; he is a star. But [to be the best ever] he must first become better than Neymar,"" Pelé said. ""At the moment Messi is just more experienced."" Neymar's increasing reputation led both the media and former great players to draw comparisons between Neymar and Barcelona forward Lionel Messi, which Neymar has commented on saying: ""Messi is above everyone, there is no use comparing me with him. [...] He is the best player in the world and I always get inspired when I watch good football."" Ronaldo stated: “Neymar is a great talent, the best we have in Brazil. He is very similar to Messi.” Zico said: “I see Neymar like a [Cristiano] Ronaldo or a Messi, the type who appears and makes things happen.” After his hat-trick against Internacional 3–1 in Copa Libertadores and Messi's five goals scored in the Champions League, Neymar said: ""I am a Messi fan. I was told what he did today. I support him to score a lot of nice goals so I can keep copying and imitating him."" Outside football Personal life and charity work Neymar expresses his Christian faith after winning the gold medal with Brazil at the 2016 Summer Olympics Neymar has a son, Davi Lucca, with former girlfriend Carolina Dantas. Neymar was quoted as saying: ""I cried when I learned that I would be his father. At first, I felt fear. Then joy. It is a new responsibility and I am now enjoying it."" He later described the birth of his baby boy as: ""2.8 kilograms of pure happiness"" and also said: ""Mother and baby are in good condition just after childbirth"". He has a very close sibling relationship with his sister Rafaella Beckran, and cemented this platonic closeness by tattooing her face on his arm, while Beckran tattooed her brothers eyes on her arm. Neymar is a Christian , and follows the Pentacostal branch of the religion. Neymar has spoken about his faith saying: ""Life only makes sense when our highest ideal is to serve Christ !"" Additionally, he has sometimes worn a headband with the words ""100% Jesus."" . Neymar reportedly also tithes (10%) his income to his church and has named Kaká as his religious role model. Each year, Neymar organizes a charity match with fellow Brazilian footballer Nenê in Nenê's hometown of Jundiaí , with the purpose of raising food for needy families. Wealth and sponsorships Neymar has signed many sponsorship deals since his reputation rapidly grew from the age of 17. In March 2011, he signed an 11-year contract with American sportswear company Nike . In the same month, Panasonic paid US$2.4 million to secure Neymar's services for two years. Prior to signing for Barcelona, France Football had ranked Neymar 13th in its list of the world's richest players in 2012, with total earnings of $18.8 million for the previous 12 months. He has signed other sponsorships from Volkswagen , Tenys Pé Baruel, Lupo, Ambev , Claro , Unilever and Santander . All of his sponsorships have earned him a total of an estimated €20 million per year. On 8 May 2013, Neymar was rated by SportsPro magazine as the most marketable athlete in the world, ahead of Lionel Messi (2nd) and Cristiano Ronaldo (8th). In November 2012 advertising agency Loducca, created Neymar's own personal brand logo, featuring the N, J and R (Neymar Junior) with the N styled to match Neymar’s shirt number 11. Neymar starred in a 2014 advert for Beats with other global football stars including Thierry Henry and Luis Suárez , with the theme of 'The Game Before The Game' and the players pre-game ritual of listening to music. Media Neymar at the Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey during a match between the New York Red Bulls and the LA Galaxy Neymar was featured on the front covers of the video games Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 on the North American version, after Konami Digital Entertainment announced that he had joined Pro Evolution Soccer. Neymar joined Cristiano Ronaldo as a featured cover athlete. Neymar appeared on the cover of Time magazine in February 2013, the first Brazilian athlete to be so honoured. The issue included an article by Bobby Ghosh entitled ""The Next Pelé"" and subtitled ""How the career of Brazilian football star Neymar explains his country's economy"". Controversy erupted because of a cover by Brazilian football magazine Placar that depicted Neymar on a cross. The title read ""A Crucificação de Neymar"" (the Crucifixion of Neymar) and subtitled: ""the Brazilian ace turns scapegoat in a sport where everyone plays dirty"". In April 2013, Brazilian cartoonist Mauricio de Sousa released a Monica's Gang comic book featuring a younger version of Neymar (called Neymar Jr ) as the main character. In May 2013, SportsPro magazine named Neymar as the most marketable athlete on the planet for the second consecutive year. He topped the list ahead of Lionel Messi , Rory McIlroy , Usain Bolt and Cristiano Ronaldo, among other sportspeople. The list measures the monetary value, the age, the force in domestic markets, the charisma and their market potential in the next three years. In March 2015, Neymar had the fourth highest social media rank in the world among sportspeople, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and David Beckham, with 52 million Facebook fans. In ESPN 's list of active sportspeople in 2016, Neymar was ranked the fourth most famous athlete in the world. To mark the World Cup commencing in Brazil, in June 2014, Neymar appeared with supermodel Gisele Bündchen on the front cover of Vogue 's Brazilian edition. In November 2014, Neymar appeared in FIFA's ""11 against Ebola "" campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world, including Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan ""Together, we can beat Ebola"", FIFA's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts, with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it. In June 2016, actor Vin Diesel confirmed that Neymar would be a part of the action film xXx: Return of Xander Cage , appearing as himself. He appeared in the film's first trailer, released on 20 July 2016. In April 2017, Neymar was included in the Time 100 , Time magazine's list of the most influential people in the world. Music Neymar has become an icon in promoting Brazilian modern pop music, particularly Música sertaneja . The video in which Neymar dances in the Santos locker room dancing in front of teammates carrying his recorder making the round of the players and making them react to the tune of Michel Teló 's hit "" Ai se eu te pego! "" went viral . He made a point of performing his dance antics to the song after scoring goals in football games and appeared live with Teló in one of the latter's concerts. He also supported sertanejo singer Gusttavo Lima performing live with Lima on renditions of the singer's hits "" Balada "" and ""Fazer Beber"". In 2012, he made cameo appearances in the music video for yet another sertanejo hit "" Eu Quero Tchu, Eu Quero Tcha "" by João Lucas & Marcelo . In 2013, Neymar appeared on a rap music video, ""País do Futebol"" by MC Guimê . Career statistics Club As of 30 September 2017 Club Season League Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Santos 2009 Série A 33 10 3 1 — — 12 3 48 14 2010 31 17 8 11 — 2 0 19 14 60 42 2011 21 13 — — 13 6 13 5 47 24 2012 17 14 — — 14 9 16 20 47 43 2013 1 0 4 1 — — 18 12 23 13 Total 103 54 15 13 — 29 15 78 54 225 136 Barcelona 2013–14 La Liga 26 9 3 1 — 10 4 2 1 41 15 2014–15 33 22 6 7 — 12 10 — 51 39 2015–16 34 24 5 4 — 9 3 1 0 49 31 2016–17 30 13 6 3 — 9 4 0 0 45 20 Total 123 68 20 15 — 40 21 3 1 186 105 Paris Saint-Germain 2017–18 Ligue 1 6 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 — 8 8 Total 6 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 — 8 8 Career total 232 128 35 28 0 0 71 38 81 55 419 249 Notes International See also: List of international goals scored by Neymar As of 11 October 2017 National team Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Brazil 2010 0 0 2 1 2 1 2011 4 2 9 5 13 7 2012 0 0 12 9 12 9 2013 5 4 14 6 19 10 2014 5 4 9 11 14 15 2015 4 1 5 3 9 4 2016 6 4 0 0 6 4 2017 6 2 0 0 6 2 Total 30 17 51 35 81 52 Notes Honours Club Santos Campeonato Paulista : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Copa do Brasil : 2010 Copa Libertadores : 2011 Recopa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 Supercopa de España : 2013 UEFA Champions League : 2014–15 FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 International Brazil South American Youth Championship : 2011 FIFA Confederations Cup : 2013 Olympic Gold Medal : 2016 Individual Awards Neymar with the Golden Ball award for best player at the 2013 Confederations Cup World Soccer Young Player of the Year : 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Best Player : 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Championship Squad : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Brazilian Silver Ball : 2010, 2011 Brazilian Golden Ball : 2011 Bola de Ouro : 2012 FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball : 2011 South American Footballer of the Year : 2011 , 2012 FIFA Puskás Award : 2011 Copa Libertadores MVP: 2011 FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe : 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Dream Team : 2013 FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot : 2014 FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2014 Samba Gold : 2014, 2015 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season : 2014–15 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2015 FIFPro World XI 2nd team: 2013, 2014, 2016 Performances Copa do Brasil top scorer: 2010 South American Youth Championship top scorer: 2011 Campeonato Paulista top scorer: 2012 Copa Libertadores top scorer: 2012 (tied with Matías Alustiza ) UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2014–15 (tied with Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ) References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neymar . Official website (in Portuguese) Neymar profile at the Paris Saint-Germain F.C. website Neymar at BDFutbol Neymar at Soccerbase Neymar at Soccerway Neymar at National-Football-Teams.com Neymar – FIFA competition record Neymar – UEFA competition record Neymar – French league stats at LFP Neymar at ESPN FC" -2789393320339400009,train,in which country does the limpopo river system have its mouth,"The port town of Xai - Xai, Mozambique is on the river near the mouth. Below the Olifants, the river is permanently navigable to the sea, though a sandbar prevents access by large ships except at high tide.",['19 april 1984'],orílẹ̀-èdè wo ni odò limpopo ní ẹnu rẹ̀,Yes,"['Odò Límpopó gbera ni aringbongan apaguusu Afrika, o si unsan lo si owo ilaorun de inu Okun India.']","['Odò Límpopó gbera ni aringbongan apaguusu Afrika, o si unsan lo si owo ilaorun de inu Okun India.']",['P1'],1,0,"Odò Límpopó Odò Límpopó gbera ni aringbongan apaguusu Afrika, o si unsan lo si owo ilaorun de inu Okun India. O gun to bi kìlómítà 1,750 (1,087 mi), pelu itobi adogun omi 415,000 ìl??po méjì kìlómítà (160,200 sq mi). ","Limpopo River Vhembe River Limpopo River in Mozambique Countries South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Mozambique Source confluence Marico and Crocodile - location Botswana/South Africa border - elevation 872 m (2,861 ft) Mouth Indian Ocean - location Gaza Province , Mozambique Length 1,750 km (1,087 mi) Basin 415,000 km 2 (160,232 sq mi) Discharge - average 170 m 3 /s (6,003 cu ft/s) Course and watershed of the Limpopo River The Limpopo river as seen from Crook's Corner in the Kruger National Park. Straight ahead of the river is Mozambique. Across the river is Zimbabwe. Limpopo River Location of the Limpopo River's mouth The Limpopo River rises in central southern Africa , and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean . The term Limpopo is the modified version of the original Sepedi name diphororo tša meetse , meaning ""gushing strong waterfalls"". The river is approximately 1,750 kilometres (1,087 mi) long, with a drainage basin 415,000 square kilometres (160,200 sq mi) in size. The mean discharge measured over a year is 170 m 3 /s (6,200 cu ft/s ) at its mouth. The Limpopo is the second largest river in Africa that drains to the Indian Ocean, after the Zambezi River . The first European to sight the river was Vasco da Gama , who anchored off its mouth in 1498 and named it Espiritu Santo River. Its lower course was explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine in 1868–69, and Captain J F Elton travelled down its middle course in 1870. Contents [ hide ] 1 Course 2 Tributaries 2.1 Left hand 2.2 Right hand 3 Basin characteristics 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Course [ edit ] The Limpopo River flows in a great arc, first zigzagging north and then north-east, then turning east and finally south-east. It serves as a border for about 640 kilometres (398 mi), separating South Africa to the southeast from Botswana to the northwest and Zimbabwe to the north. Two of its tributaries, the Marico River and the Crocodile River join, at which point the name changes to Limpopo River. There are several rapids as the river falls off Southern Africa 's inland escarpment . The Notwane River is a major tributary of the Limpopo, rising on the edge of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana and flowing in a north-easterly direction. The main tributary of the Limpopo, the Olifants River (Elephant River), contributes around 1,233 million m 3 of water per year. Other major tributaries include the Shashe River , Mzingwane River , Crocodile River , Mwenezi River and Luvuvhu River . In the north-eastern corner of South Africa the river borders the Kruger National Park . The port town of Xai-Xai , Mozambique is on the river near the mouth. Below the Olifants, the river is permanently navigable to the sea, though a sandbar prevents access by large ships except at high tide. Tributaries [ edit ] Left hand [ edit ] Notwane River Bonwapitse River Mahalapswe River Lotsane River Motloutse River Shashe River Umzingwani River Bubi River Mwenezi River Changane River Right hand [ edit ] Marico River Crocodile River Matlabas River Mokolo River Palala River Mogalakwena River Kolope River Sand River (Limpopo) Nwanedi River Luvuvhu River Olifants River (Limpopo) Basin characteristics [ edit ] The waters of the Limpopo flow sluggishly, with considerable silt content. Rainfall is seasonal and unreliable: in dry years, the upper parts of the river flow for 40 days or less. The upper part of the drainage basin, in the Kalahari Desert, is arid but conditions become less arid further downriver. The next reaches drain the Waterberg Massif , a biome of semi- deciduous forest and low-density human population. About 14 million people live in the Limpopo basin. The fertile lowlands support a denser population. Flooding during the rainy season is an occasional problem in the lower reaches. During February 2000 heavy rainfalls (due to a cyclone) caused the catastrophic 2000 Mozambique flood . The highest concentration of hippopotamus in the Limpopo River is found between the Mokolo and the Mogalakwena Rivers . There is a lot of mining activity in the Limpopo River basin with about 1,900 mines, not counting about 1,700 abandoned mines. History [ edit ] Vasco da Gama on his first expedition, was probably the first Europeans to sight the river, when he anchored off the mouth in 1498. However, there has been human habitation in the region since time immemorial — sites in the Makapans Valley near Mokopane contain Australopithecus fossils from 3.5 million years ago. St Vincent Whitshed Erskine , later Surveyor General for South Africa, was the first European to travel down the length of the Limpopo river to its mouth in 1868. [ citation needed ] Sign at the viewing deck of the Limpopo River at Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa, featuring a quote from Rudyard Kipling The British author Rudyard Kipling popularized the Limpopo in his short story ""The Elephant's Child"", in the Just So Stories , in which he described ""the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees ,"" where the ""Bi-Coloured Python Rock-Snake"" dwells. A Zambezi shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) was caught hundreds of kilometres upriver at the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers in July 1950. Zambezi sharks tolerate fresh water and can travel far up the Limpopo. In 2013, approximately 15,000 crocodiles were released into the Limpopo River from flood gates at the nearby Rakwena Crocodile Farm. See also [ edit ] Limpopo Water Management Area Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park List of international border rivers Drainage basin A References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limpopo River . Climate change implications for water resources in the Limpopo River Basin , study by IFPRI Green and blue water accounting in the Limpopo and Nile Basins , study by IFPRI Limpopo Watercourse Commission (LIMCOM) www.limcom.org Limpopo River Awareness Kit FROC - Reference frequency of occurrence of fish species in South Africa Coordinates : 25°10′S 33°35′E  /  25.167°S 33.583°E  / -25.167; 33.583" -6872699349432410846,train,in which year did the second world war start,"World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history ; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.","['most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina, against the urinary bladder']",ọdún wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀,Yes,['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['P1'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.", 6867316304110071081,train,the reason for the start of world war 2,"The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931.",['alfred nobel'],kíni ìdí tí ogun àgbáyé kejì fi bẹ̀rẹ̀,Yes,"['A gbọ́ wípé ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè ilé-iṣẹ́ ológun Nazi ti ilẹ̀ Germany kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì tí àjọ ìṣọ̀kan United Kingdom àti orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé náà sì ṣígun kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Germany lẹ́ni tí ó ń gbèjà orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì ní ọjọ́ kẹta tí Germany kọlu Pólándì.']","['A gbọ́ wípé ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè ilé-iṣẹ́ ológun Nazi ti ilẹ̀ Germany kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì tí àjọ ìṣọ̀kan United Kingdom àti orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé náà sì ṣígun kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Germany lẹ́ni tí ó ń gbèjà orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì ní ọjọ́ kẹta tí Germany kọlu Pólándì.']",['P2'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.", 699932178068229951,train,what date did the second world war end,"The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops, the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies.","['people', 'elected officials', '1787', 'founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people']",ọjọ́ wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì parí,Yes,['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['P1'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.", -389507143306091509,train,what was the official beginning of world war ii in europe,"The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931.","['dignity', 'strength']",ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní yúróòpù,Yes,"['A gbọ́ wípé ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè ilé-iṣẹ́ ológun Nazi ti ilẹ̀ Germany kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì tí àjọ ìṣọ̀kan United Kingdom àti orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé náà sì ṣígun kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Germany lẹ́ni tí ó ń gbèjà orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì ní ọjọ́ kẹta tí Germany kọlu Pólándì.']",['ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939'],['P1'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.", 5443551122892213163,train,when did the war start and end ww2,"World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. The vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history ; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the first use of nuclear weapons in history.","['her performance in cactus flower', 'bhimrao ramji ambedkar']",ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbà wo ni ó sì parí ww2,Yes,['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['P1'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.", -8307438775283324874,train,when did world war 2 begin and end,"World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history ; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.",['entebbe'],ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀ tí ó sì parí,Yes,['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],"['P1', ' ']",1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.", 8472402705973301977,train,when did world war 2 started and finished,"World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources.","['deborah kaye ""debbie"" allen', 'deborrah kaye ""debbie"" allen']",ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbà wo ni ó sì parí,Yes,['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.'],['P1'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.", -5318225022240237686,train,what happened at the beginning of world war 1,"On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb supporter of Yugoslav nationalism, assassinated the Austro - Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand while he was visiting Sarajevo. The instability caused by competing Russian and Austro - Hungarian objectives in the Balkans meant this led to a diplomatic crisis, which ended with Austria - Hungary issuing an ultimatum to Serbia. Interlocking alliances meant the crisis ultimately involved all the major European powers as well as their respective colonial empires and the conflict rapidly spread across the globe.",['jennifer aniston and ginnifer goodwin'],Kí ló ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']","['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia]']",['P5'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 7595408124927346937,train,what month did the first world war start,"World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the `` war to end all wars '', more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.","['197 stolen bases in total,[150] including 19 steals of home']",oṣù wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀,Yes,"['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']",['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918].'],['P11'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", -6313840154555749861,train,what was the major reason for united states entry into world war 1,"In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, realizing it would mean American entry. The German Foreign Minister, in the Zimmermann Telegram, invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States. In return, the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public, and Americans saw it as casus belli. Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars, by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe. He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference. After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany, which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917.","['about 510 million km2 (197 million sq mi)', 'about 12,742 km', 'about 150 million km (93 million mi)']",kí ni ìdí pàtàkì tí orílẹ̀ - èdè amẹ́ríkà fi wọ ogun àgbáyé kìíní,Yes,['Ní osù kẹrin ọdún 1917 ni ile America náà kéde ogun lé ilẹ̀ Germany lórí látàrí bí wọn ṣe kọlu àwọn ara ilẹ̀ America nínú ọkọ̀ ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà.'],['Ní osù kẹrin ọdún 1917 ni ile America náà kéde ogun lé ilẹ̀ Germany lórí látàrí bí wọn ṣe kọlu àwọn ara ilẹ̀ America nínú ọkọ̀ ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà.'],['P10'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 5820423124490534452,train,what was the outbreak of world war 1,"Between 1908 and 1914, the Balkans had been destabilised by the combination of a weakened Ottoman Empire, the 1912 -- 1913 Balkan Wars and competing Russian and Austro - Hungarian objectives. On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro - Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. On 23 July, Austria - Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia ; interlocking alliances quickly drew in all the major European powers with their respective colonial empires and the conflict rapidly spread across the globe.","['solids', 'carbon-carbon']",kí ló fa ogun àgbáyé kìíní?,Yes,['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.'],['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.'],['P3'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 6080851244331895431,train,what were the major countries that fought in world war 1,"The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary. Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers, as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers.",[],àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè wo ló jà nínú ogun àgbáyé kìíní?,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']","['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia]']",['P5'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 1819638394805362777,train,what were they fighting about in world war 1,"The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks, the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world.",[],kí ni wọ́n ń jà fún nínú ogun àgbáyé kìíní,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']","['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']",['P5'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", -5688542078286374402,train,when and where did the first world war start,"The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia and, as a result, entangled - international - alliances, formed over the previous decades, were invoked. Within weeks the major powers were at war, and the conflict soon spread around the world.",['jonas salk'],ìgbà wo àti ibo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní ti bẹ̀rẹ̀,Yes,"['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914 [28/8/1914].']","['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914.']",['P6'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 8767437803517955128,train,when did the first world war 1 start and end,"World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.",['entebbe'],ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀ tó sì parí,Yes,"['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']","['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918 lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']",['P11'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", -3025851384574595624,train,when did the first world war break out,"World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later.",['entebbe'],ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bè̩rè̩,Yes,"['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']",['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914'],['P11'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 6373905017149823426,train,when did the first world war start and finish,"World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.",['. located'],ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀ tó sì parí,Yes,"['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀. ']","['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀. ']",['P11'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", -5781136137025928531,train,when did the first world war started and ended,"World War I (often abbreviated to WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.",['entebbe'],ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀ tó sì parí,Yes,"['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']",['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918].'],['P11'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 1848860534528373300,train,when did world war 1 start and when did it end,"World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the `` War to End All Wars '', more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.","['. located', 'memphis']","ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀, ìgbà wo ló sì parí",Yes,"['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']",['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918].'],['P11'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", -2208673702574733361,train,where did world war 1 take place first,"World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the `` war to end all wars '', it led to the mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, while it is also considered a contributory factor in a number of genocides and the 1918 influenza epidemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by grueling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War about twenty years later.",['four'],níbo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní ti wáyé ní àkọ́kọ́,Yes,['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.'],['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.'],['P3'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 1359904725128854268,train,who fought against whom in world war 1,"The conflict initially involved two opposing coalitions : France, Russia and Britain, in the Triple Entente, against the Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria - Hungary. These two had combined with Italy in the 1882 Triple Alliance but as it was primarily defensive in nature, Italy was able to remain neutral in 1914. In reality, many of the terms were informal or secret and sometimes contradicted by other agreements ; shortly after renewing the Triple Alliance in 1902, Italy secretly agreed with France to remain neutral if it was attacked by Germany. The coalitions expanded as the war widened : the Entente added Italy, Japan and the United States to form the Allied Powers, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria as the Central Powers.","['jennifer aniston and ginnifer goodwin', 'brasília', 'south america']",àwọn wo ló bára wọn jà nínú ogun àgbáyé kìíní,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']","['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia]']",['P5'],0,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 1912299099159536744,train,why did the first world war broke out,"The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia and, as a result, entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks the major powers were at war, and the conflict soon spread around the world.",[],kí nìdí tí ogun àgbáyé kìíní fi bẹ̀rẹ̀?,Yes,"['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914 [28/8/1914].']","['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914']",['P6'],1,0,"Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun"". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní ""?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso"". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.", 3930458522072706286,train,causes of nigerian civil war of 1967 pdf,"The Nigerian Civil War, commonly known as the Biafran War (6 July 1967 -- 15 January 1970), was a war fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra. Biafra represented nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern - dominated federal government. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain 's formal decolonisation of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over oil production in the Niger Delta played a vital strategic role.",[],àwọn ohun tó fa ogun abẹ́lé nàìjíríà ti ọdún 1967 pdf,Yes,['Bákan náà Ìjẹ gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo rọ̀bì tó lérè gọbọi lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun abẹ́lé náà.'],['Ìjẹ gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo rọ̀bì tó lérè gọbọi lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun abẹ́lé náà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].", -2914368888452716505,train,review the nigeria biafra civil war of 1967 through 1970,"The Nigerian Civil War, commonly known as the Biafran War, (6 July 1967 -- 15 January 1970), was a war fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra. Biafra represented nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern - dominated federal government. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain 's formal decolonisation of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup, and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over oil production in the Niger Delta played a vital strategic role.",['2009'],s̩e àtúnyẹ̀wò ogun abẹ́lé ní nàìjíríà láti ọdún 1967 sí 1970,Yes,['Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.'],['Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].", -236905696163077985,train,what are the reason for nigerian civil war,"The Nigerian Civil War, commonly known as the Biafran War (6 July 1967 -- 15 January 1970), was a war fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra. Biafra represented nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern - dominated federal government. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain 's formal decolonization of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over the lucrative oil production in the Niger Delta played a vital strategic role.","['about 510 million km2 (197 million sq mi)', '71%']",kí ni ìdí tí ogun abẹ́lé ní nàìjíríà fi wáyé,Yes,"['Ogún Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ọjọ́ Kẹfà Oṣù Okúdù Ọdún 1967 sí ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀dógún oṣù Ṣẹ́ẹ́rẹ́: tí a tún mọ̀ sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) jẹ́ Ogun Abẹ́lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìjọba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínlẹ̀ tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti fẹ́ gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ọdún 1967.', 'Èròngbà àwọn olùfẹ́ ẹ̀yà Ìgbò tí wọ́n rò pé àwọn kò lè bá ìjọba àpapọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ṣe pọ̀ mọ torí pé àwọn Mùsùlùmí ẹ̀yà\xa0 Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Orílẹ̀èdè Nàìjíríà tí jẹ gàba ní Biafra.', 'Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.']","['ó wáyé láàárín ìjọba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínlẹ̀ tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti fẹ́ gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ọdún 1967.', 'Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.', 'Èròngbà àwọn olùfẹ́ ẹ̀yà Ìgbò tí wọ́n rò pé àwọn kò lè bá ìjọba àpapọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ṣe pọ̀ mọ torí pé àwọn Mùsùlùmí ẹ̀yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Orílẹ̀èdè Nàìjíríà tí jẹ gàba ní Biafra.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].", 3290312955226554408,train,when did the civil war start in nigeria,"Shortly after extending its blockade to include oil, the Nigerian government launched a `` police action '' to retake the secessionist territory. The war began on the early hours of 6 July 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. The Biafra strategy had succeeded. The federal government had started the war, and the East was one defending itself. The Nigerian Army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Colonel Mohammed Shuwa and the local military units were formed as the 1st Infantry Division. The division was led mostly by northern officers. After facing unexpectedly fierce resistance and high casualties, the right - hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka which fell on 14 July, while the left - hand column made for Garkem, which was captured on 12 July.","['on the gulf of gonâve', 'eurasia']",ìgbà wo ni ogun abẹ́lé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní nàìjíríà,Yes,"['Ogún Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ọjọ́ Kẹfà Oṣù Okúdù Ọdún 1967 sí ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀dógún oṣù Ṣẹ́ẹ́rẹ́: tí a tún mọ̀ sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) jẹ́ Ogun Abẹ́lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìjọba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínlẹ̀ tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti fẹ́ gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ọdún 1967.']",['Ogún Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ọjọ́ Kẹfà Oṣù Okúdù Ọdún 1967 sí ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀dógún oṣù Ṣẹ́ẹ́rẹ́.'],['P1'],1,0,"Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].", -7580648853531090118,train,name the cover of air around the earth,"The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth 's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation).","['the union of soviet socialist republics[9] (ussr, russian: ссср)']",sọ orúkọ òfuurufú tó yí ayé ká,Yes,"['Ojúọ̀run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ultraviolet solar radiation, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale.', 'Ojuorun aye ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu.']","['Ojúọ̀run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtànṣán oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale.', 'Ojuorun aye ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ojú??run ayé Ojú??run ayé ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu. Ojú??run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtàn?án oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale. Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran. Bakana afefe tun ni iye orisi omi oru, to fe to 1%. Ojuorun ni iposi to to quintillion marun (5x10^18) kg, idameta ninu merin won wa ni tosi bi 11 km ojude. Ojuorun n tinrin si bi o se n goke si lai si bode kan pato larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Giga 120 km ni ibi ti awon ipa tojuorun ti n han lara ni asiko ipadawole tojuorun fun oko-ofurufu. Ala Kármán ni 100 km bakanna tun je gbigba gege bi ala larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Ikopapo Afefe je kikopapo nitrijini, oksijini ati argoni ti lapapo won je ""awon efuufu pataki"" ojuorun. Àwon efuufu yioku ni a mo si ""efuufu tasere"", lara won ni awon efuufu ogba-alakaba bi omi oru, karboni oloksijinimeji, methani, nitrous oxide ati ossonu. Afefe jijo ni iye tasere opolopo awon adapo alegbogi miran. Opolopo awon ohun ounkoko aladaba le w ninu afijuwe afefe ti ko mo, bi eruku, l??búl??bú òdòdó ati spores, sea spray, eérú òkè ay?náyèéfín ati meteoroidi. Orisirisi awon amúd??tí ile-ise elero na tun le wa, bi klorini bi apilese tabi adapo, fluorini (ninu adapo), merikuri ti apilese, ati sulferi ninu adapo bi sulferi oloksijinimeji (SO2). Opoimule ojuorun Awon ipele tosekoko Ojuorun aye se pin si ipele pataki marun. Awon ipele yii pin si boya igbonasi npo tabi ndin pelu igasoke. Lati kukurujulo de gigajulo, awon ipele ohun ni yii: Ojuoruntomoru (troposphere) Ojuoruntomoru bere lati ojude titi de larin 7 km ni poles ati 17 km ni ibididogba, pelu iyato nitori ojuojo. Ojuoruntomoru gbona nitori igbelo okun lati ojude, bi bayi apa kukurujulo ojuoruntomoru lo loworojulo, be sini igbonasi nresile pelu igasoke. 80% iposi ojuorun wa ni ojuoruntomoru.","""Air"" redirects here. For other uses, see Air (disambiguation) . ""Qualities of air"" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, surrounding Earth in a visibly blue layer when seen from space on board the ISS at an altitude of 335 km (208 mi). Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038% of the atmosphere (0.043% with CO 2 at 2014 concentration). Numbers are mainly from 1987, with CO 2 and methane from 2009, and do not represent any single source. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation ). By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen , 20.95% oxygen , 0.93% argon , 0.04% carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 18 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition. The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology). Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1.1 Exosphere 2.1.2 Thermosphere 2.1.3 Mesosphere 2.1.4 Stratosphere 2.1.5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article: Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. Major constituents of dry air, by volume Gas Volume (A) Name Formula in ppmv (B) in % Nitrogen N 2 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 2 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 2 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 4 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere: Water vapor (C) H 2 O 10–50,000 (D) 0.001%–5% (D) notes: (A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, also see volume (thermodynamics) (B) ppmv: parts per million by volume (C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere (D) Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft). The volume fraction of the main constituents of the Earth's atmosphere as a function of height according to the MSIS-E-90 atmospheric model. Structure of the atmosphere Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. Principal layers In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are: Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles) Exosphere Main article: Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind. The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth. Thermosphere Main article: Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen , for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi). Mesosphere Main article: Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F ; 190 K ). Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. Lightning-induced discharges known as transient luminous events (TLEs) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric thunderclouds . The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft. Stratosphere Main article: Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C. The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft. Troposphere Main article: Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), although this altitude varies from about 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) at the geographic poles to 17 km (11 mi; 56,000 ft) at the Equator , with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height. Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence, the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos , meaning ""turn""). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) of the troposphere. Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth. The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause. Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element. [ clarification needed ] The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K), depending on the reference. Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects. Pressure and thickness Main article: Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/ e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account. In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows: 50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft). 90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft). 99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line . By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 and 13 km (33,000 and 43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft). Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km. Temperature and speed of sound Main articles: Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure. Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each ""decade"" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729) Main article: Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law ). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites. The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 10 15 ) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , ""The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 16 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003 × 10 18 kg."" Optical properties See also: Sunlight Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere. Scattering Main article: Scattering When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. Absorption Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O 2 and O 3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water (H 2 O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave ""windows"" of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves. Emission Main article: Emission (electromagnetic radiation) Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "" black body "" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C ; 10,340 °F ), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H 2 O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2 O. Refractive index See also: Scintillation (astronomy) The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface. The refractive index of air depends on temperature, giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article: Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere See also: History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases. A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions dissolved in water and reacted with metals such as calcium and magnesium during weathering of crustal rocks to form carbonates that were deposited as sediments. Water-related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable ""second atmosphere"". The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the "" faint young Sun paradox "". The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event ), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago. Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O 2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian. The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian , oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is great enough for this rapid development of animals. Air pollution Main article: Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO 2 in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May. The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer. Following the peak in vegetation, the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 due to photosynthesis is apparent, particularly over the boreal forests . Images from space On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space. The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere. Limb view, of Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere. This image shows the Moon at the centre, with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange-colored troposphere. The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause, which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange- and blue-colored atmosphere. The silvery-blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth's troposphere. Earth's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969. See also Aerial perspective Air (classical element) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere (on atmospheres in general) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility (ARM) (in the U.S.) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere (CIRA) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility (travel) Kyoto Protocol Leaching (agriculture) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth's atmosphere Ozone layer References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions." -4952535286989502061,train,what are the three main parts of the atmosphere,"The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth 's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25 % of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5 % by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution.",['the supporters of william of orange'],kí ni àwọn apá mẹ́ta tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ nínú àyíká,Yes,"['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']","['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ojú??run ayé Ojú??run ayé ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu. Ojú??run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtàn?án oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale. Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran. Bakana afefe tun ni iye orisi omi oru, to fe to 1%. Ojuorun ni iposi to to quintillion marun (5x10^18) kg, idameta ninu merin won wa ni tosi bi 11 km ojude. Ojuorun n tinrin si bi o se n goke si lai si bode kan pato larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Giga 120 km ni ibi ti awon ipa tojuorun ti n han lara ni asiko ipadawole tojuorun fun oko-ofurufu. Ala Kármán ni 100 km bakanna tun je gbigba gege bi ala larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Ikopapo Afefe je kikopapo nitrijini, oksijini ati argoni ti lapapo won je ""awon efuufu pataki"" ojuorun. Àwon efuufu yioku ni a mo si ""efuufu tasere"", lara won ni awon efuufu ogba-alakaba bi omi oru, karboni oloksijinimeji, methani, nitrous oxide ati ossonu. Afefe jijo ni iye tasere opolopo awon adapo alegbogi miran. Opolopo awon ohun ounkoko aladaba le w ninu afijuwe afefe ti ko mo, bi eruku, l??búl??bú òdòdó ati spores, sea spray, eérú òkè ay?náyèéfín ati meteoroidi. Orisirisi awon amúd??tí ile-ise elero na tun le wa, bi klorini bi apilese tabi adapo, fluorini (ninu adapo), merikuri ti apilese, ati sulferi ninu adapo bi sulferi oloksijinimeji (SO2). Opoimule ojuorun Awon ipele tosekoko Ojuorun aye se pin si ipele pataki marun. Awon ipele yii pin si boya igbonasi npo tabi ndin pelu igasoke. Lati kukurujulo de gigajulo, awon ipele ohun ni yii: Ojuoruntomoru (troposphere) Ojuoruntomoru bere lati ojude titi de larin 7 km ni poles ati 17 km ni ibididogba, pelu iyato nitori ojuojo. Ojuoruntomoru gbona nitori igbelo okun lati ojude, bi bayi apa kukurujulo ojuoruntomoru lo loworojulo, be sini igbonasi nresile pelu igasoke. 80% iposi ojuorun wa ni ojuoruntomoru.","""Air"" redirects here. For other uses, see Air (disambiguation) . ""Qualities of air"" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space onboard ISS at a height of 402–424 km (250–263 mi) Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038% of the atmosphere (0.043% with CO 2 at 2014 concentration). Numbers are mainly from 1987, with CO 2 and methane from 2009, and do not represent any single source. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation ). By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen , 20.95% oxygen , 0.93% argon , 0.04% carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 18 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition. The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology). Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents [ hide ] 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1.1 Exosphere 2.1.2 Thermosphere 2.1.3 Mesosphere 2.1.4 Stratosphere 2.1.5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article: Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. Major constituents of dry air, by volume Gas Volume (A) Name Formula in ppmv (B) in % Nitrogen N 2 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 2 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 2 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 4 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere: Water vapor (C) H 2 O 10–50,000 (D) 0.001%–5% (D) notes: (A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, also see volume (thermodynamics) (B) ppmv: parts per million by volume (C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere (D) Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft). Structure of the atmosphere Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. Principal layers In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are: Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles) Exosphere Main article: Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth. Thermosphere Main article: Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen , for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi). Mesosphere Main article: Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F ; 190 K ). Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. A type of lightning referred to as either sprites or ELVES occasionally forms far above tropospheric thunderclouds. The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft. Stratosphere Main article: Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C. The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft. Troposphere Main article: Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km, although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km (30,000 ft) at the poles to 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator , with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height. Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos , meaning ""turn""). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere. Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth. The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause. Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element. [ clarification needed ] The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K), depending on the reference. Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects. Pressure and thickness Main article: Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/ e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account. In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows: 50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft). 90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft). 99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line . By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km (33,000 ft) and 13 km (43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft). Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km. Temperature and speed of sound Main articles: Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure. Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each ""decade"" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729) Main article: Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law ). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites. The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 10 15 ) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , ""The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 16 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003 × 10 18 kg."" Optical properties See also: Sunlight Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere. Scattering Main article: Scattering When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. Absorption Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O 2 and O 3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water (H 2 O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave ""windows"" of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves. Emission Main article: Emission (electromagnetic radiation) Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "" black body "" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C ; 10,340 °F ), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H 2 O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2 O. Refractive index See also: Scintillation (astronomy) The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface. The refractive index of air depends on temperature, giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article: Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere See also: History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia . As the solar nebula dissipated, these gases escaped, partly driven off by the solar wind . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases. A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments. [ clarification needed ] Researchers have found water-related sediments dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable ""second atmosphere"". An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the "" faint young Sun paradox "". The geological record however shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth - with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event ), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago. Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O 2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian. The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian , oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is high enough for this rapid development of animals. Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO 2 in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May. The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer. Following the peak in vegetation, the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 due to photosynthesis is apparent, particularly over the boreal forests . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Air pollution Main article: Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. Images from space On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space. The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere. Limb view, of Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere. This image shows the Moon at the centre, with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange-colored troposphere. The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause, which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange- and blue-colored atmosphere. The silvery-blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth's troposphere. Earth's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969. See also Aerial perspective Air (classical element) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere (on atmospheres in general) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) (in the U.S.) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere (CIRA) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility (travel) Kyoto Protocol Leaching (agriculture) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth's atmosphere Ozone layer References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions." 3933909096633877269,train,what gases are in the earth's atmosphere today,"By volume, dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen, 20.95 % oxygen, 0.93 % argon, 0.04 % carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1 % at sea level, and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres.",['dutch eredivisie afc ajax'],àwọn gáàsì wo ló wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé lónìí,Yes,"['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']","['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']",['P1'],1,0,"Ojú??run ayé Ojú??run ayé ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu. Ojú??run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtàn?án oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale. Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran. Bakana afefe tun ni iye orisi omi oru, to fe to 1%. Ojuorun ni iposi to to quintillion marun (5x10^18) kg, idameta ninu merin won wa ni tosi bi 11 km ojude. Ojuorun n tinrin si bi o se n goke si lai si bode kan pato larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Giga 120 km ni ibi ti awon ipa tojuorun ti n han lara ni asiko ipadawole tojuorun fun oko-ofurufu. Ala Kármán ni 100 km bakanna tun je gbigba gege bi ala larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Ikopapo Afefe je kikopapo nitrijini, oksijini ati argoni ti lapapo won je ""awon efuufu pataki"" ojuorun. Àwon efuufu yioku ni a mo si ""efuufu tasere"", lara won ni awon efuufu ogba-alakaba bi omi oru, karboni oloksijinimeji, methani, nitrous oxide ati ossonu. Afefe jijo ni iye tasere opolopo awon adapo alegbogi miran. Opolopo awon ohun ounkoko aladaba le w ninu afijuwe afefe ti ko mo, bi eruku, l??búl??bú òdòdó ati spores, sea spray, eérú òkè ay?náyèéfín ati meteoroidi. Orisirisi awon amúd??tí ile-ise elero na tun le wa, bi klorini bi apilese tabi adapo, fluorini (ninu adapo), merikuri ti apilese, ati sulferi ninu adapo bi sulferi oloksijinimeji (SO2). Opoimule ojuorun Awon ipele tosekoko Ojuorun aye se pin si ipele pataki marun. Awon ipele yii pin si boya igbonasi npo tabi ndin pelu igasoke. Lati kukurujulo de gigajulo, awon ipele ohun ni yii: Ojuoruntomoru (troposphere) Ojuoruntomoru bere lati ojude titi de larin 7 km ni poles ati 17 km ni ibididogba, pelu iyato nitori ojuojo. Ojuoruntomoru gbona nitori igbelo okun lati ojude, bi bayi apa kukurujulo ojuoruntomoru lo loworojulo, be sini igbonasi nresile pelu igasoke. 80% iposi ojuorun wa ni ojuoruntomoru.","""Air"" redirects here. For other uses, see Air (disambiguation) . ""Qualities of air"" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space onboard ISS at a height of 402–424 km (250–263 mi) Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038% of the atmosphere (0.043% with CO 2 at 2014 concentration). Numbers are mainly from 1987, with CO 2 and methane from 2009, and do not represent any single source. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation ). By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen , 20.95% oxygen , 0.93% argon , 0.04% carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 18 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition. The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology). Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents [ hide ] 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1.1 Exosphere 2.1.2 Thermosphere 2.1.3 Mesosphere 2.1.4 Stratosphere 2.1.5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article: Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. Major constituents of dry air, by volume Gas Volume (A) Name Formula in ppmv (B) in % Nitrogen N 2 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 2 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 2 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 4 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere: Water vapor (C) H 2 O 10–50,000 (D) 0.001%–5% (D) notes: (A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, also see volume (thermodynamics) (B) ppmv: parts per million by volume (C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere (D) Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft). Structure of the atmosphere Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. Principal layers In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are: Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles) Exosphere Main article: Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth. Thermosphere Main article: Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen , for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi). Mesosphere Main article: Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F ; 190 K ). Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. A type of lightning referred to as either sprites or ELVES occasionally forms far above tropospheric thunderclouds. The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft. Stratosphere Main article: Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C. The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft. Troposphere Main article: Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km, although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km (30,000 ft) at the poles to 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator , with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height. Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos , meaning ""turn""). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere. Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth. The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause. Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element. [ clarification needed ] The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K), depending on the reference. Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects. Pressure and thickness Main article: Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/ e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account. In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows: 50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft). 90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft). 99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line . By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km (33,000 ft) and 13 km (43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft). Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km. Temperature and speed of sound Main articles: Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure. Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each ""decade"" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729) Main article: Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law ). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites. The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 10 15 ) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , ""The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 16 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003 × 10 18 kg."" Optical properties See also: Sunlight Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere. Scattering Main article: Scattering When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. Absorption Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O 2 and O 3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water (H 2 O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave ""windows"" of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves. Emission Main article: Emission (electromagnetic radiation) Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "" black body "" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C ; 10,340 °F ), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H 2 O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2 O. Refractive index See also: Scintillation (astronomy) The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface. The refractive index of air depends on temperature, giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article: Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere See also: History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia . As the solar nebula dissipated, these gases escaped, partly driven off by the solar wind . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases. A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments. [ clarification needed ] Researchers have found water-related sediments dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable ""second atmosphere"". An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the "" faint young Sun paradox "". The geological record however shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth - with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event ), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago. Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O 2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian. The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian , oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is high enough for this rapid development of animals. Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO 2 in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May. The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer. Following the peak in vegetation, the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 due to photosynthesis is apparent, particularly over the boreal forests . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Air pollution Main article: Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. Images from space On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space. The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere. Limb view, of Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere. This image shows the Moon at the centre, with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange-colored troposphere. The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause, which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange- and blue-colored atmosphere. The silvery-blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth's troposphere. Earth's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969. See also Aerial perspective Air (classical element) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere (on atmospheres in general) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) (in the U.S.) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere (CIRA) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility (travel) Kyoto Protocol Leaching (agriculture) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth's atmosphere Ozone layer References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions." -7254832273368040804,train,where was olaudah equiano born barbados england africa brazil,"According to his memoir, Equiano recounted an incident when an attempted kidnapping of children was foiled by adults in his Igbo village, Isseke (Anambra State), in the southeastern part of present - day Nigeria. When he was around the age of eleven, he and his sister were left alone to look after their family premises -- as was common when adults went out of the house to work. They were both kidnapped and taken far away from their hometown of Essaka, separated and sold to slave traders. After changing ownership several times, Equiano met his sister again, but they were separated once more, and he was taken across a large river to the coast, where he was held by European slave traders. He was transported with 244 other enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados in the West Indies. He and a few other slaves were sent further away to the British colony of Virginia. Literary scholar Vincent Carretta argued in his 2005 biography of Equiano that the activist could have been born in colonial South Carolina rather than Africa based on his discovery of a 1759 parish baptismal record that lists Equiano 's place of birth as Carolina and a 1773 ship 's muster that indicates South Carolina. A number of scholars agree with Carretta, while his conclusion is disputed by other scholars who believe the weight of evidence supports Equiano 's account of coming from Africa.","['1868', '1965']",níbo ni a bí olaudah equiano sí bárbádọ̀s ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì áfríkà brasil,Yes,"['1745 – 31 March 1797), jẹ́ ọmọ bíbí Igbo tí wọ́n kó lẹ́rú nígbà okowò ẹrú.']","['Cape Town ni ilu ẹlẹẹkeji ti o pọ julọ ni Guusu Afirika, ati olu ilu orilẹ-ede naa.']",['P1'],1,0,"Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano[1](c. 1745 – 31 osu? ke?ta, o?du?n 1797),[2] j?? ?m? bíbí Igbo tí w??n kó l??rú nígbà okowò ?rú[3]. Igbèsi Ayè Àràkunrin naa Equiano ni a bini Essaka, Eboe ni il? Benin ni ?dun 1745 to si kere jul? ninu aw?n ?m? ti baba r? bi. Equiano ni aw?n ?ga r? ninu oko ?ru s? ni lóruk? lèèmeji, oun j? Michael nigba to wa ninu ?k? óju ?mi ti aw?n ?ru to gbè l? si il?? america atipè ?ni to ra l?ru lak?k? s? ni Jacob[4][5]. Mary Guerin ati aburó r? to j? m?l?bi fun ?gà to ra Equiano l?ru k? ni èdè g??si. Ni ó?u keji?la? ?dun 1762, pascal ta Equiano l?ru fun Captain James Doran ti Charming Sally ni Gravesend nibi to ti l? si Caribbean l?yin naa ni Montserrat ni a?w?n erekusu ti Leeward nibi ti w?n ti ta arakunrin naa fun Robert King to j? olokowo ni Caribbean ?ugbon to wa lati ilu Philadelphia[6][7]. Ni ?j? keje, ó?u ke?rin ?dun 1792, Equiano f? Sussanah Cullen ni ilè ij?sin ti St Andrew ni Soham, Cambridgeshire ti w?n si bi ?m? óbinrin meji; Anna Maria (1793-1797) ati Joanna (1795-1857) ti w?n ?è irib? ?mi ni i?jo? ti Soham. Iyawó Equiano Susannah ku ni ó?u keji? ?dun 1796 ni ?m? ?dun m?rin lèèl?gb?n. ?m? óbinrin Equiano agba ku ni ?m? ?dun m?rin ni ?dun 1797 ti w?n sin si i?jo? ti St Andrew ni Chesterton, Cambridge. Joanna Vassa t? j? ?m? óbinrin keji ti equiano bi f? Henry Bromley ni 1821 ti w?n si aw?n mejèèji si it? ti Abney Park ni Stoke Newington, London[8]. Equiano ku ni ?j? kan lèèl?gb?n ó?u ke?ta ni ?dun 1797 ti w?n si s? nipa iku r? ninu iwè iroyin ti il? british ati AmeriKa. W?n si arakunrin naa si Whitefield Tabernacle ni ?j? k?fa ó?u ke?rin ?dun 1797[9]. Idanil?la Ó?èrè l?kunrin il? Gambia Louis Mahoney ?èrè lóri Equiano ninu television ti BBC lori ijagbara ati ominira tita ati rira ?ru ni ?dun 1975[10]. Crater to wa ni Mercury ni a s? ni ""Equiano"" ni ?dun 1976[11]. Ni ó?u kanka?nla?, ?dun 1996 e?gbe?? Equiano ni w?n da sil? ni ilú london lati fi y? arakuneim naa si[12]. Equiano ni ?è afihan r? ninu ere agbelewó ti Amazing grace lati ?d? ólórin il? senegal Youssou N'Dour ni ?dun 2006. Ni ó?u keje, Equiano ni i?jo? ti England y? si fun ijagbara ninu óminira tita ati rira ?ru[13]. Ni ?dun 2008, ere equiano ni aw?n ?m? ilè iwè ti Edmund waller m? si Telegraph Hill, lower park ni New cross ni ilú London[14]. Ni ?dun 2022, cambridge y? Equiano si p?lu sis? afara Riverside si afara Equiano[15][16]. Ni ?dun 2022, ere agbelewó nipa igbesi aye Olaudah Equiano waye lati ?d? Redio ti BBC[17].","""Gustavus Vassa"" redirects here. For the Swedish king, see Gustav I of Sweden . Olaudah Equiano Born c. 1745 Isseke, in Ihiala L.G.A present-day Anambra State , Nigeria; or South Carolina Died 31 March 1797 (aged 52) Middlesex Other names Gustavus Vassa, Gustavus Weston, Jacob, Michael Occupation Explorer, writer, merchant, abolitionist Known for Influence over British abolitionists; his autobiography Spouse(s) Susannah Cullen (1792–1796; her death) Children Joanna Vassa Anna Maria Vassa Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 – 31 March 1797), known in his lifetime as Gustavus Vassa ( / ˈ v æ s ə / ), was a writer and abolitionist from the Igbo region of what is today southeastern Nigeria according to his memoir, or from South Carolina according to other sources. Enslaved as a child, he was taken to the Caribbean and sold as a slave to a captain in the Royal Navy, and later to a Quaker trader. Eventually, he earned his own freedom in 1766 by intelligent trading and careful savings. He was a prominent abolitionist in the British movement to end the Atlantic slave trade . His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life Of Olaudah Equiano , published in 1789, helped in the creation of the Slave Trade Act 1807 which ended the transatlantic slave trade for Britain and its colonies . In London, Equiano (identifying as Gustavus Vassa during his lifetime) was part of the Sons of Africa , an abolitionist group composed of well-known Africans living in Britain , and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s. He published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), which depicted the horrors of slavery. It went through nine editions and aided passage of the British Slave Trade Act of 1807 , which abolished the African slave trade. As a freedman in London, he supported the British abolitionist movement. Equiano had a stressful life; he had suffered suicidal thoughts before he became a Protestant Christian and found peace in his faith. After settling in London, Equiano married an English woman named Susannah Cullen in 1792 and they had two daughters. He died in 1797 in Middlesex. Equiano's death was recognized in American as well as British newspapers. Plaques commemorating his life have been placed at buildings where he lived in London. Since the late 20th century, when his autobiography was published in a new edition, he has been increasingly studied by a range of scholars, including many from his homeland, Igboland , in the eastern part of Nigeria. Other scholars have suggested Equiano was born in South Carolina, and was renamed Gustavus Vassa by a British trader while en route to England. Contents 1 Early life and enslavement 2 Release 3 Freedom 4 Pioneer of the abolitionist cause 5 Memoir 6 Later years 7 Marriage and family 8 Last days and will 9 Controversy related to memoir 10 Legacy and honors 10.1 Representation in other media 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life and enslavement [ edit ] According to his memoir, Equiano recounted an incident when an attempted kidnapping of children was foiled by adults in his Igbo village, Isseke (Anambra State), in the southeastern part of present-day Nigeria. When he was around the age of eleven, he and his sister were left alone to look after their family premises – as was common when adults went out of the house to work. They were both kidnapped and taken far away from their hometown of Essaka, separated and sold to slave traders . After changing ownership several times, Equiano met his sister again, but they were separated once more, and he was taken across a large river to the coast, where he was held by European slave traders. He was transported with 244 other enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados in the West Indies . He and a few other slaves were sent further away to the British colony of Virginia . Literary scholar Vincent Carretta argued in his 2005 biography of Equiano that the activist could have been born in colonial South Carolina rather than Africa based on his discovery of a 1759 parish baptismal record that lists Equiano's place of birth as Carolina and a 1773 ship's muster that indicates South Carolina. A number of scholars agree with Carretta, while his conclusion is disputed by other scholars who believe the weight of evidence supports Equiano's account of coming from Africa. In Virginia, Equiano was bought in 1754 by Michael Pascal, a lieutenant in the Royal Navy . Pascal renamed the boy ""Gustavus Vassa"", after the Swedish noble who had become Gustav I of Sweden , king in the sixteenth century. Equiano had already been renamed twice: he was called Michael while on board the slave ship that brought him to the Americas; and Jacob, by his first owner. This time, Equiano refused and told his new owner that he would prefer to be called Jacob. His refusal, he says, ""gained me many a cuff"" – and eventually he submitted to the new name. He used this name for the rest of his life, including on all official records. He only used Equiano in his autobiography. Pascal took Equiano with him when he returned to England and had him accompany him as a valet during the Seven Years' War with France. Also trained in seamanship, Equiano was expected to assist the ship's crew in times of battle; his duty was to haul gunpowder to the gun decks. Pascal favoured Equiano and sent him to his sister-in-law in Great Britain so that he could attend school and learn to read and write. At this time, Equiano converted to Christianity. He was baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster , on 9 February 1759, when he was described in the parish register as ""a Black, born in Carolina, 12 years old"". His godparents were Mary Guerin and her brother, Maynard, who were cousins of his master Pascal. They had taken an interest in him and helped him to learn English. Later, when Equiano's origins were questioned after his book was published, the Guerins testified to his lack of English when he first came to London. Pascal sold Equiano to Captain James Doran of the Charming Sally at Gravesend , from where he was transported back to the Caribbean, to Montserrat , in the Leeward Islands . There, he was sold to Robert King, an American Quaker merchant from Philadelphia who traded in the Caribbean. Release [ edit ] Robert King set Equiano to work on his shipping routes and in his stores. In 1765, when Equiano was about 20 years old, King promised that for his purchase price of 40 pounds (equivalent to £5,000 in 2016) he could buy his freedom. King taught him to read and write more fluently, guided him along the path of religion, and allowed Equiano to engage in profitable trading for his own account, as well as on his owner's behalf. Equiano sold fruits, glass tumblers, and other items between Georgia and the Caribbean islands. King allowed Equiano to buy his freedom, which he achieved in 1766. The merchant urged Equiano to stay on as a business partner. However, Equiano found it dangerous and limiting to remain in the British colonies as a freedman . While loading a ship in Georgia, he was almost kidnapped back into enslavement. Freedom [ edit ] By about 1768, Equiano had gone to England. He continued to work at sea, travelling sometimes as a deckhand based in England. In 1773 on the British Royal Navy ship Racehorse , he travelled to the Arctic in an expedition to find a northern route to India. On that voyage he worked with Dr. Charles Irving, who had developed a process to distill seawater and later made a fortune from it. Two years later, Irving recruited Equiano for a project on the Mosquito Coast in Central America, where he was to use his African background to help select slaves and manage them as labourers on sugar cane plantations. Irving and Equiano had a working relationship and friendship for more than a decade, but the plantation venture failed. Equiano expanded his activities in London, learning the French horn and joining debating societies, including the London Corresponding Society . He continued his travels, visiting Philadelphia in 1785 and New York in 1786. Pioneer of the abolitionist cause [ edit ] Equiano settled in London, where in the 1780s he became involved in the abolitionist movement . The movement to end the slave trade had been particularly strong among Quakers, but the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was founded in 1787 as a non-denominational group, with Anglican members, in an attempt to influence parliament directly. At the time, Quakers were prohibited from being elected as MPs. Equiano had become a Methodist , having been influenced by George Whitefield 's evangelism in the New World. As early as 1783, Equiano informed abolitionists such as Granville Sharp about the slave trade; that year he was the first to tell Sharp about the Zong massacre , which was being tried in London as litigation for insurance claims. (It became a cause célèbre for the abolitionist movement and contributed to its growth.) Equiano was befriended and supported by abolitionists, many of whom encouraged him to write and publish his life story. He was supported financially in this effort by philanthropic abolitionists and religious benefactors. His lectures and preparation for the book were promoted by, among others, Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon . Memoir [ edit ] Plaque at Riding House Street , London, noting the place where Equiano lived and published his narrative. Entitled The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano , or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), the book rapidly went through nine editions in his lifetime. It is one of the earliest-known examples of published writing by an African writer to be widely read in England. By 1792, it was a best seller: it has been published in Russia, Germany, Holland, and the United States. It was the first influential slave narrative of what became a large literary genre. But Equiano's experience in slavery was quite different from that of most slaves; he did not participate in field work, he served his owners personally and went to sea, was taught to read and write, and worked in trading. Equiano's personal account of slavery, his journey of advancement, and his experiences as a black immigrant caused a sensation on publication. The book fueled a growing anti-slavery movement in Great Britain, Europe, and the New World. His account surprised many with the quality of its imagery, description, and literary style. Some readers felt shame at learning of the suffering he had endured. In his account, Equiano gives details about his hometown Essaka and the laws and customs of the Eboe people. After being captured as a boy, he described communities he passed through as a captive on his way to the coast. His biography details his voyage on a slave ship, and the brutality of slavery in the colonies of West Indies , Virginia, and Georgia . Equiano commented on the reduced rights that freed people of colour had in these same places, and they also faced risks of kidnapping and enslavement. Equiano had embraced Christianity at the age of 14 and its importance to him is a recurring theme in his autobiography; he identified as a Protestant of the Church of England . He was baptized while in London. Several events in Equiano's life led him to question his faith. He was severely distressed in 1774 by the kidnapping of his friend, a black cook named John Annis, who was taken forcibly off the English ship Anglicania on which they were both serving. His friend's kidnapper, a Mr. Kirkpatrick, did not abide by the decision in the Somersett Case (1772), that slaves could not be taken from England without their permission, as common law did not support the institution. Kirkpatrick had Annis transported to Saint Kitts , where he was punished severely and worked as a plantation labourer until he died. With the aid of Granville Sharp , Equiano tried to get Annis released before he was shipped from England, but was unsuccessful. He heard that Annis was not free from suffering until he died in slavery. Despite his questioning, he affirms his faith in Christianity, as seen in the penultimate sentence of his work that quotes the prophet Micah: ""After all, what makes any event important, unless by its observation we become better and wiser, and learn 'to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly before God?'"" In his account, Equiano also told of his settling in London. He married an English woman and lived with her in Soham , Cambridgeshire , where they had two daughters. He became a leading abolitionist in the 1780s, lecturing in numerous cities against the slave trade. Equiano records his and Granville Sharp 's central roles in the anti-slave trade movement, and their effort to publicize the Zong massacre , which became known in 1783. Reviewers have found that his book vividly demonstrated the full and complex humanity of Africans as much as the inhumanity of slavery. The book was considered an exemplary work of English literature by a new African author. Equiano did so well in sales that he achieved independence from his benefactors. He travelled extensively throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland promoting the book. He worked to improve economic, social and educational conditions in Africa. Specifically, he became involved in working in Sierra Leone , a colony founded in 1792 for freed slaves by Britain in West Africa. Later years [ edit ] During the American Revolutionary War , Britain had recruited blacks to fight with it by offering freedom to those who left rebel masters. In practice, it also freed women and children, and attracted thousands of slaves to its lines in New York City, which it occupied, and in the South, where its troops occupied Charleston. When British troops were evacuated at the end of the war, its officers also evacuated these American slaves. They were resettled in the Caribbean, in Nova Scotia and in London. Britain refused to return the slaves, which the United States sought in peace negotiations. In the years following United States' gaining independence, in 1783 Equiano became involved in helping the Black Poor of London, who were mostly those African-American slaves freed during and after the American Revolution by the British. There were also some freed slaves from the Caribbean, and some who had been brought by their owners to England, and freed later after the decision that Britain had no basis in common law for slavery. The black community numbered about 20,000. After the Revolution some 3,000 former slaves had been transported from New York to Nova Scotia, where they became known as Black Loyalists , among other Loyalists also resettled there. Many of the freedmen found it difficult to make new lives in London and Canada. Equiano was appointed to an expedition to resettle London's Black Poor in Freetown , a new British colony founded on the west coast of Africa, at present-day Sierra Leone . The blacks from London were joined by more than 1,200 Black Loyalists who chose to leave Nova Scotia . They were aided by John Clarkson , younger brother of abolitionist Thomas Clarkson . Jamaican maroons , as well as slaves liberated from illegal ships after Britain abolished the slave trade, also settled at Freetown in the early decades. Equiano was dismissed from the new settlement after protesting against financial mismanagement and he returned to London. Equiano was a prominent figure in London and often served as a spokesman for the black community. He was one of the leading members of the Sons of Africa , a small abolitionist group composed of free Africans in London. They were closely allied with the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade . Equiano's comments on issues were frequently published in newspapers such as the Public Advertiser and the Morning Chronicle . He had much more of a public voice than most Africans or Black Loyalists , and he seized various opportunities to use it. Marriage and family [ edit ] A disputed portrait previously identified as Equiano in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum , Exeter After settling in England, Equiano decided to marry and have a family. On 7 April 1792, he married Susannah Cullen, a local woman, in St Andrew's Church in Soham , Cambridgeshire . The original marriage register containing the entry for Vassa and Cullen is held today by the Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies at the County Record Office in Cambridge . He included his marriage in every edition of his autobiography from 1792 onwards. Critics have suggested he believed that his marriage symbolised an expected commercial union between Africa and Great Britain. The couple settled in the area and had two daughters, Anna Maria (1793–1797) and Joanna (1795–1857). Susannah died in February 1796, aged 34, and Equiano died a year after that on 31 March 1797, aged 52 (sources differ on his age. [ who? ] ). Soon after, the elder daughter died at the age of four, leaving the younger child Joanna Vassa to inherit Equiano's estate, valued at the considerable sum of £950 (equivalent to £90,000 in 2016). A guardianship would have been established for her. Joanna Vassa married the Rev. Henry Bromley, and they ran a Congregational Chapel at Clavering near Saffron Walden in Essex . They moved to London in the middle of the 19th century. They are both buried at the Congregationalists ' non-denominational Abney Park Cemetery , in Stoke Newington North London . Last days and will [ edit ] Equiano died on 31 March 1797 and was buried at Whitefield's Methodist chapel on 6 April. One of his last addresses appears to have been at the Plaisterers' Hall in the City of London , where he drew up his will on 28 May 1796. He moved to John Street, Tottenham Court Road , close to Whitefield's Methodist chapel . (It was renovated in the 1950s for use by Congregationalists , now the site of the American International Church .) Lastly, he lived in Paddington Street, Middlesex , where he died. Equiano's death was reported in newspaper obituaries. At this time, due to having lost the British colonies after long warfare and especially the violent excesses of the French Revolution , British society was tense because of fears of open revolution. Reformers were considered more suspect than in other periods. Equiano aged 51 had been an active member of the London Corresponding Society , which campaigned to extend the vote to working men. Equiano's will provided for projects he considered important. In case of his surviving daughter's death before reaching the age of majority (21), he bequeathed half his wealth to the Sierra Leone Company for continued assistance to West Africans, and half to the London Missionary Society , which promoted education overseas. This organization had formed in November 1796 at the Spa Fields Chapel of the Countess of Huntingdon in north London . By the early 19th century, The Missionary Society had become well known worldwide as non-denominational; many of its members were Congregational. Controversy related to memoir [ edit ] Following publication in 1967 of a newly edited version of his memoir by Paul Edwards , interest in Equiano was revived; additional editions of his work have been published since then. Nigerian scholars have also begun studying him. He was especially valued as a pioneer in asserting ""the dignity of African life in the white society of his time."" In researching his life, some scholars since the late 20th century have disputed Equiano's account of his origins. In 1999, Vincent Carretta, a professor of English editing a new version of Equiano's memoir, found two records that led him to question the former slave's account of being born in Africa. He first published his findings in the journal Slavery and Abolition. At a 2003 conference in England, Carretta defended himself against Nigerian academics, like Obiwu , who accused him of ""pseudo-detective work"" and indulging ""in vast publicity gamesmanship"". In his 2005 biography, Carretta suggested that Equiano may have been born in South Carolina rather than Africa, as he was twice recorded from there. Carretta wrote: Equiano was certainly African by descent. The circumstantial evidence that Equiano was also African-American by birth and African-British by choice is compelling but not absolutely conclusive. Although the circumstantial evidence is not equivalent to proof, anyone dealing with Equiano's life and art must consider it. According to Carretta, Vassa's baptismal record and a naval muster roll document him as from South Carolina . Carretta interpreted these anomalies as possible evidence that Equiano had made up the account of his African origins, and adopted material from others. But, Paul Lovejoy, Alexander X. Byrd, and Douglas Chambers note how many general and specific details Carretta can document from sources that related to the slave trade in the 1750s as described by Equiano, including the voyages from Africa to Virginia, sale to Captain Michael Henry Pascal in 1754, and others. They conclude he was more likely telling what he understood as fact than creating a fictional account; his work is shaped as an autobiography. Lovejoy wrote that: circumstantial evidence indicates that he was born where he said he was, and that, in fact, The Interesting Narrative is reasonably accurate in its details, although, of course, subject to the same criticisms of selectivity and self-interested distortion that characterize the genre of autobiography. Lovejoy uses the name of Vassa in his article, since that was what the man used throughout his life, in ""his baptism, his naval records, marriage certificate and will"". He emphasizes that Vassa only used his African name in his autobiography. Other historians also argue that the fact that many parts of Equiano's account can be proven lends weight to accepting his account of African birth. As historian Adam Hochschild has written: In the long and fascinating history of autobiographies that distort or exaggerate the truth. ...Seldom is one crucial portion of a memoir totally fabricated and the remainder scrupulously accurate; among autobiographers... both dissemblers and truth-tellers tend to be consistent. He also noted that ""since the 'rediscovery' of Vassa's account in the 1960s, 'scholars have valued it as the most extensive account of an eighteenth-century slave's life' and the difficult passage from slavery to freedom."" Legacy and honors [ edit ] The Equiano Society was formed in London in November 1996. Its main objective is to publicise and celebrate the life and work of Olaudah Equiano. Equiano lived at 13 Tottenham Street, London, in 1788; in 1789 he moved to what was then 10 Union Street and is now 73 Riding House Street. A City of Westminster commemorative green plaque was unveiled there on 11 October 2000 as part of Black History Month celebrations. Student musicians from Trinity College of Music played a fanfare specially composed by Professor Ian Hall for the unveiling. Equiano is honoured as a holy man in the Anglican Church , and honoured annually in a lesser festival on 30 July, along with Thomas Clarkson and William Wilberforce , who all worked for abolition of the slave trade and slavery. In 2007, the year of the celebration in Britain of the bicentenary of the abolition of the slave trade, Equiano's life and achievements were included in the National Curriculum , together with William Wilberforce . In December 2012 it was reported, by The Daily Mail newspaper, that both would be dropped from the curriculum, along with other social reformers, in favour of a ""back to basics"" curriculum. In January 2013 Operation Black Vote launched a petition to request Education Secretary Michael Gove to keep both Equiano and Mary Seacole in the National Curriculum . American Rev. Jesse Jackson and others wrote a letter to The Times protesting against the mooted removal of both figures from the National Curriculum. A statue of Equiano, made by pupils of Edmund Waller School, was erected in Telegraph Hill Lower Park, Brockley , London in 2008. The head of Equiano is included in Martin Bond's 1997 the sculpture Wall of the Ancestors in Deptford , London U.S. author Ann Cameron adapted Equiano's autobiography for children, leaving most of the text in Equiano's own words; the book was published in 1995 the U.S. by Random House as The Kidnapped Prince: The Life of Olaudah Equinano, with an introduction by the U.S. historian, Henry Louis Gates. On 16 October 2017, Google Doodle honoured Equiano by celebrating the 272nd year since his birth. Representation in other media [ edit ] A 28-minute documentary, Son of Africa: The Slave Narrative of Olaudah Equiano (1996), produced by the BBC and directed by Alrick Riley, uses dramatic reconstruction, archival material and interviews to provide the social and economic context for his life and the slave trade. Numerous works about Equiano have been produced for and since the 2007 bicentenary of Britain's abolition of the slave trade: Equiano was portrayed by the Senegalese singer and musician Youssou N'Dour in the film Amazing Grace (2006). African Snow (2007), a play by Murray Watts , takes place in the mind of John Newton , a captain in the slave trade who later became an Anglican cleric and hymnwriter. It was first produced at the York Theatre Royal as a co-production with Riding Lights Theatre Company , transferring to the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End and a National Tour. Newton was played by Roger Alborough and Equiano by Israel Oyelumade . Kent historian Dr. Robert Hume wrote a children's book, Equiano: The Slave with the Loud Voice (2007), illustrated by Cheryl Ives. David and Jessica Oyelowo appeared as Olaudah and his wife in Grace Unshackled – The Olaudah Equiano Story (2007), a BBC 7 radio adaptation of Equiano's autobiography. The British jazz artist Soweto Kinch 's first album, Conversations with the Unseen (2003), contains a track entitled Equiano's Tears . Equiano was portrayed by Jeffery Kissoon in Margaret Busby 's 2007 play An African Cargo , staged at the Greenwich Theatre . Equiano is portrayed by Danny Sapani in the BBC series Garrow's Law (2010). The Nigerian writer Chika Unigwe has written a fictional memoir of Equiano: The Black Messiah , originally published in Dutch: De zwarte messias (2013). See also [ edit ] Ottobah Cugoano , an African abolitionist active in Britain in the late 18th century Phillis Wheatley , recognized in the eighteenth century as the first African-American poet; first African-American woman to publish a book List of slaves References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource. For the history of the Narrative's publication, see James Green, ""The Publishing History of Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative,"" Slavery and Abolition 16, no. 3 (1995): 362-375. S. E. Ogude, ""Facts into fiction: Equiano's narrative reconsidered"", Research into African Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1982 S. E. Ogude, ""Olaudah Equiano and the tradition of Defoe "", African Literature Today, Vol. 14, 1984 James Walvin, An African's Life: The Life and Times of Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797 (London: Continuum, 1998) Luke Walker, Olaudah Equiano: The Interesting Man (Wrath and Grace Publishing, 2017) External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Olaudah Equiano Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olaudah Equiano . Frederick Quinn, ""Olaudah Equiano"" , Dictionary of African Christian Biography , article reproduced with permission from African Saints: Saints, Martyrs, and Holy People from the Continent of Africa, copyright © 2002 by Frederick Quinn, New York: Crossroads Publishing Company Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African , Brycchan Carey website, Carey 2003–2005. Includes Carey's comprehensive collection of resources for the study of Equiano. The Nativity section [1] includes a detailed comparison of differing data related to his place of birth. The Equiano Project , The Equiano Society and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery Part I: ""Olaudah Equiano"" , Africans in America , PBS ""Historic figures: Olaudah Equiano"" , BBC Works by Olaudah Equiano at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Olaudah Equiano at Internet Archive Works by Olaudah Equiano at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)" 2362720410923090213,train,water is one of the components that is,"Water is the transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms, and that is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula is H O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is the name of the liquid state of H O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.",['columbia records'],omi jẹ ọkan ninu awọn eroja ti o jẹ,Yes,"['Omi ò lóòórùn, kò ní àwọ̀ àti bẹ́ẹ̀ ni kò ní adùn, ó jẹ́ èròjà tó pọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ilẹ̀ àti òkun.']","['Omi ò lóòórùn, kò ní àwọ̀ àti bẹ́ẹ̀ ni kò ní adùn, ó jẹ́ èròjà tó pọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ilẹ̀ àti òkun.']",['P1'],1,0,"Omi Omi j?? ohun tí ó ?e pàtàkì fún gbogbo ohun ?l??mìí. Omi ò lóòórùn, kò ní àw?? àti b???? ni kò ní adùn, ó j?? èròjà tó p?? nínú af??f??, il?? àti òkun. Omi tún wà nínú ara gbogbo ohun ?l??mìí tí ó ma ? yòrò. [1] ""Omi"" ni orúk? àdàpè tí àw?n G????sì ? pèé ní H20 [2] ní ipò ?í?àn. Ní ipò yìí omi lè di ohun tí ? r?? bíi òjò, tàbí ohun tí af??f?? ? gbé bí kùrukùru. A lè rí ìkùukùu nígbà tí omi àti omi dídì bá ?ù p?? lójú sánmà. Nígbà tí omi náà bá ?èpínyà, omi dídì oníkírísítálì lè já b?? g??g?? bí yìnyín. À ? pè omi onípò gáàsì ní oruku omi. Omi máa ? yí ipò r?? ní ìpele k????kan ti ìyípoyípo omi. Bí ìyípopyípo omi ?e ? ??l?? rèé: Kùrukùru omi yóò gòkè l? sójú sánmà, yóò wá di òjò. Òjò náà yóò wá r??, yóò sì w?nú àw?n adágún, àw?n ??sà, àti àw?n odò, yóò sì “rin il?? ayé gbingbin.” L??yìn èyí, omi sábà máa ? w?nú òkun l????kan sí i. Pàtàkì omi fún ??làjú ènìyàn ??sà Èkó Ní ìgbà ìgbàanì, etí odò tàbí ìladò ni ??lájú máa ? gbòòrò: Mesopotámíà wà láàárín odò méjì tó ?e pàtàkì — Odò Tígírísì àti Odò Yúfírétì; Odò Náílì ?e kókó fún Íjíbítì ìgbàanì. ??làjú àfonífojì Indus ìjímìjí (c. 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE) dàgbàsókè l??bàá Odò Indus àti àw?n odò míì tí ? ?àn láti òkè Himalaya. W??n k?? Ìlú Róòmù ìgbàanì ní bèrè Odò Táíbà tó wà lóríl??-èdè Ítálì. Àw?n ìgboro ìlú ?lá ìgbàlóde bíi Èkó, L???d??nù, Tokyo, Parisi, Montreal, Rotterdam, Shanghai, Buenos Aires, New York àti ?ìkágò ti gbòòrò lápá kan nítorí w??n lá?fààní sí omi. Àw?n erékù?ù tó ní èbúté aláìléwu, g??g?? bí Singapore, ti d?l??r?? nítorí ìdí ??hún bákan náà. Ní ?kùn il?? aláìtó omi g??g?? bíi apá àríwá Áfíríkà àti Il?? Lárúbáwá, à?fààní omi tó ?eé mu ti ? ?e kókó fún ìdàgbàsókè ènìyàn. [3] Ìlera àti Ìbàyíkáj?? ?ni tó ? ta omi tó ?eé mu ""Omi tó ?eé mu"" là ? pè omi tí kò lárùn nínú. Bí omi kò bá ?eé mu, àá s?? ?, tàbí kí a sè é kí a tó mu ún. N?kan bí àád??ta ??k?? l??nà 660 ènìyàn wà tí kò lá?fààní sí omi tó ?eé mu.[4] Omi tí a ò lè mu ?ùgb??n tí a lè lò ó láti w?? là ? pè é ní ''omi tí kò léwu'' tàbí ''omi tó dára''. Kiloríìnì ni w??n máa ? fi sínú omi kí a lè lò ó láti w?? tàbí mu ún. Ìgbàgb?? àti ??sìn nípa omi Ojúb? ???un létí Odò ???un Nínú ??sìn púp??, w??n ka omi sí ohun mím??. Lílo omi fún ìm??ra wà nínú àw?n ??sìn mélòó kan, bí àp??r?: ??sìn Ìmàle, ??sìn Kírísítì, Ìsìn Júù, Ì????e, ??sìn Hí?dù àti b???? b???? l?. Ní ??sìn Kírísítì, w??n máa ? ?e ìrìb?mi g??g?? bíi ìyàsímím??. ??sìn Ìmàle ? ?e ghusl kí w??n tó gbàdúrà. [5] Ní Ì????e, àw?n òrì?à olómi wà. Àw?n tí w??n ? sìn w??p?? jù l? j??: ???un, Yem?ja àti Olókun. Òrì?à ???un àti Yem?ja j?? obìnrin, ?ùgb??n Olókun ò j?? obìnrin tàbí ?kùnrin. Orúk? Odò ???un tó wà ní Ìpínl?? ???un ni w??n fày? láti orúk? òrì?à y?n. Odò ???un ni àw?n olùj??sìn ???un máa ? ?ay?y? ???un Ò?ogbo l??d??dún.", 6803679970243176623,train,where is the french open played in paris,"The French Open (French : Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis), also called Roland - Garros (French : (ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos)), is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland - Garros in Paris, France. The venue is named after the French aviator Roland Garros. It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three being the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. The French Open is currently the only Grand Slam event held on clay, and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season. Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship, the slow - playing surface and the best - of - five - set men 's singles matches (without a tiebreak in the final set), the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world.",['turkey'],ibo ni wọ́n ti ń gbá French open ní paris,Yes,"['Ìdíje French Open(Ṣíṣí Faransé) (Faransé: Internationaux de France de Tennis), tí a tún mọ̀ sí Roland-Garros (Faransé: [ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos]), jẹ́ gbajúgbajà ìdíje bọ́ọ̀lù Orí pápá Alámọ̀ tennis tournament tí ó máa ń wáyé láàárín ọ̀sẹ̀ méjì ní pápá ìṣeré Stade Roland-Garros Ní ìpínlẹ̀ Paris, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé, ní òpin oṣù karùn-ún ọdọọdún. ']","['ní pápá ìṣeré Stade Roland-Garros Ní ìpínlẹ̀ Paris, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé,']",['P1'],0,0,"Ìdíje French Open Ìdíje French Open(?í?í Faransé) (Faransé: Internationaux de France de Tennis), tí a tún m?? sí Roland-Garros (Faransé: [??l?? ?a?os]), j?? gbajúgbajà ìdíje b????lù Orí pápá Alám?? tennis tournament tí ó máa ? wáyé láàárín ??s?? méjì ní pápá ì?eré Stade Roland-Garros Ní ìpínl?? Paris, ní oríl??-èdè Faransé, ní òpin o?ù karùn-ún ?d??dún. Bí ó til?? j?? pé ìdíje náà máa ? wáyé g??g?? bí àlàkal?? láàrin o?ù karùn-ún sí o?ù k?fà, àw?n ìgbà kan wà tí kò wáyé ní ìgbà náà fún àw?n ìdí bí í: Àw?n ìdíje ?dún 1946 àti ?dún 1947 wáyé ní o?ù keje l?yìn ìdíje Wimbledon àti ràl??rál?? ohun àgbáyé keta aftermath of World War II; Ti ?dún 2020 wáyé ní òpin o?ù kesàn-án leyin ìdíje US Open nítorí àrùn Àjàkál?? àrùn kárí-ayé covid-19; Ti ?dún 2021 yìí náà j?? sísún síwájú nítorí àrùn yìí bákan náà fún bí ??s?? kan. Ìdíje yìí àti pápá ì?eré r?? ni w??n fi s?rí Roland Garros tí ó j?? oním?? nípa ?k?? òfurufú. Ìdíje French Open j?? gbóògì láàrin àw?n ìdíje orí pápá Alám?? lágbàáyé. Òun ni ó ?e ipò Kejì nínú m??rin tí ó j?? pàtàkì bíi irú r??. Àw?n m??ta yòókù ni ìdíje Australian Open, Wimbledon, atì Ìdíje US Open. Ìdíje French Open nìkan ni ìdíje pàtàkì tí w??n ? ?e ni orí Am??. Títí di ?dún 1975, ìdíje yìí nìkan ni w?n ò tíì ma gbá ní Orí pápá oníkoríko. Nínú àláál?? méjèèje tí w??n fi ? m? ìdíje tí ó yanrantí, ìdíje French Open yìí ni wón lérò pé ó gba agbára jùl?.","""French Championships"" redirects here. For other uses, see French Championship (disambiguation) . This article is about the tennis tournament. For the golf tournament, see Open de France . For the badminton tournament, see French Open (badminton) . Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis Official website Founded 1891 ; 127 years ago ( 1891 ) Editions 122 (2018) Location Paris , XVI e France Venue Tennis Club de Paris, at Auteuil (some of the years 1895–1908) Île de Puteaux (some of the years 1891–1908) Racing Club de France (some of the years 1891–1908 and also all years 1910–1924, 1926) Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux (1909) Stade Français (1925, 1927) Stade Roland Garros (since 1928) Surface Sand – outdoors (some of the years 1891–1908) Clay – outdoors (1908–present) Prize money € 39,197,000 (2018) Men's Draw 128S / 128Q / 64D Current champions Rafael Nadal (singles) Nicolas Mahut Pierre-Hugues Herbert (doubles) Most singles titles 11 Rafael Nadal Most doubles titles 6 Roy Emerson Women's Draw 128S / 96Q / 64D Current champions Simona Halep (singles) Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková (doubles) Most singles titles 7 Chris Evert Most doubles titles 7 Martina Navratilova Mixed doubles Draw 32 Current champions Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig Most titles (male) 3 Ken Fletcher / Jean-Claude Barclay Most titles (female) 4 Margaret Smith Court Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Last completed 2018 French Open The French Open ( French : Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis ), also called Roland-Garros ( French: [ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos] ), is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France. The venue is named after the French aviator Roland Garros . It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . The French Open is currently the only Grand Slam event held on clay, and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season. Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship, the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men's singles matches (without a tiebreak in the final set), the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world. Contents 1 History 2 Surface characteristics 3 Expansion vs. relocation 4 Ball boys and ball girls 5 Prize money and ranking points 6 Champions 6.1 Past champions 6.2 Current champions 7 Records 8 Television coverage 8.1 France 8.2 United Kingdom 8.3 United States 8.4 Other areas 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History [ edit ] Officially named in French Championnats Internationaux de France de tennis and Tournoi de Roland-Garros (the ""French International Championships of Tennis"" or ""Roland Garros Tournament"" in English), the tournament is referred to in English as the ""French Open"" and alternatively as ""Roland Garros"", which is the designation used by the tournament itself in all languages. French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined together with a hyphen . Therefore, the names of the stadium and the tournament are hyphenated as Roland-Garros . In 1891 the Championnat de France , which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships , began. They were only open to tennis players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was a Briton—H. Briggs—who was a Paris resident. The first women's singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the women's doubles in 1907. This ""French club members only"" tournament was played until 1924, using four different venues during that period: Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux , played on sand laid out on a bed of rubble. The Racing Club de France (in the Bois de Boulogne , Paris), played on clay . For one year, 1909, it was played at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux , on clay. Tennis Club de Paris (club opened in 1895), at Auteuil , Paris, played on clay. Another tournament, the World Hard Court Championships , is sometimes considered the precursor to the French Open as it was open to international competitors. It was held on clay courts at Stade Français in Saint-Cloud from 1912 to 1914, then, after World War I , was contested there again in 1920, 1921 and 1923, with the 1922 tournament held at Brussels , Belgium. Winners of this tournament included world No. 1's such as Tony Wilding from New Zealand (1913, 1914) and Bill Tilden from the US (1921). In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the Paris Olympic Games. In 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the ILTF. It was held at the Stade Français in Saint-Cloud (site of the previous World Hardcourt Championships) in 1925 and 1927, on clay courts. In 1926 the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, site of the previous French Championship, also on clay. After the Mousquetaires or Philadelphia Four ( René Lacoste , Jean Borotra , Henri Cochet , and Jacques Brugnon ) won the Davis Cup on American soil in 1927, the French decided to defend the cup in 1928 at a new tennis stadium at Porte d'Auteuil. The Stade de France had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I pilot , Roland Garros . The new Stade de Roland Garros , and its Center Court (which was named Court Philippe Chatrier in 1988) hosted that Davis Cup challenge. In 1928, the French Internationals were moved there, and the event has been held there ever since. During World War II the tournament was held from 1941 through 1945 on the same grounds but these editions are not recognized by the French governing body, Fédération Française de Tennis . In 1946 and 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, making it the third Grand Slam event of the year. In 1968, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go open , allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete. Court number 2 at the French Open. Since 1981, new prizes have been presented: the Prix Orange (for the player demonstrating the best sportsmanship and cooperative attitude with the press), the Prix Citron (for the player with the strongest character and personality) and the Prix Bourgeon (for the tennis player revelation of the year). In another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the tournament's opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place, where the profits go to different charity associations. In March 2007, it was announced that the event would provide equal prize money for both men and women in all rounds for the first time. In 2010, it was announced that the French Open was considering a move away from Roland Garros as part of a continuing rejuvenation of the tournament. Plans to renovate and expand Roland Garros have put aside any such consideration, and the tournament remains in its long time home. Surface characteristics [ edit ] Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce when compared to grass courts or hard courts . For this reason, clay courts take away some of the advantages of big servers and serve-and-volleyers, which makes it hard for these types of players to dominate on the surface. For example, Pete Sampras , known for his huge serve and who won 14 Grand Slam titles, never won the French Open – his best result was reaching the semi-finals in 1996 . Other notable players who have won multiple Grand Slam events but have never won the French Open include John McEnroe , Frank Sedgman , John Newcombe , Venus Williams , Stefan Edberg , Boris Becker , Jimmy Connors , Louise Brough , and Virginia Wade ; McEnroe and Edberg lost their sole French Open finals appearances in five sets. On the other hand, players whose games are more suited to slower surfaces, such as Rafael Nadal , Björn Borg , Ivan Lendl , Mats Wilander , Justine Henin and Chris Evert , have found great success at this tournament. In the Open Era , the only male players who have won both the French Open and Wimbledon , played on faster grass courts, are Rod Laver , Jan Kodeš , Björn Borg , Andre Agassi , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer . Borg's French Open—Wimbledon double was achieved three times consecutively (1978, 1979, 1980) and regarded by Wimbledon officials as ""the most difficult double in tennis."" The feat took 28 years to be repeated and was done 3 times consecutively, twice by Rafael Nadal (2008, 2010) and once by Roger Federer (2009). Expansion vs. relocation [ edit ] From 2004–2008 there were off and on plans to build a covered stadium with a roof. There have also been various proposals to expand the facility or to move the French Open to a completely new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. In 2011 it was decided to keep the tournament at Roland-Garros. The expansion project calls for a new stadium to be built alongside the historical Auteuil's greenhouses and expansion of old stadiums and the tournament village. In May 2015, the city council voted against the expansion project, but on 9 June 2015 Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo announced the signing of the construction permits, with work scheduled to begin in September of that year and concluding in 2019. In December 2015, the Paris Administrative Court once again halted renovation work. The French Tennis Federation is appealing the decision. Opponents, however, vow to continue to fight the expansion plans in the courts. Ball boys and ball girls [ edit ] At the 2010 French Open there were 250 ""ramasseurs de balles"" which in English translates literally as ""gatherers of balls"". They are aged between 12 and 16 years old, and dress in matching shirts and shorts. The 250 ball boys and ball girls are chosen to take part in the French Open by an application and selection process, which in 2010 had approximately 2,500 applicants from across France. Upon selection the ball boys and ball girls participate in preparatory training in the weeks leading up to the French Open to ensure that they are prepared for the day they set foot on the tennis court in front of a global audience. Prize money and ranking points [ edit ] Suzanne Lenglen Court at Roland Garros. For 2018, the prize money purse was increased to €39,197,000. If a player makes it to the indicated round, they will receive the points and money listed (provided they don't make it to a further round). Men and women often receive different point values based on the rules of their respective tours. Players receive prize money and points as follows: Prize Money (2018) Event W F SF QF 4R 3R 2R 1R Singles Points (M/F) 2000 1200 / 1300 720 / 780 360 / 430 180 / 240 90 / 130 45 / 70 10/10 Prize money €2,200,000 €1,120,000 €560,000 €380,000 €222,000 €130,000 €79,000 €40,000 Doubles Points (M/F) 2000 1200 / 1300 720 / 780 360 / 430 180 / 240 90 / 130 – – Prize money * €560,000 €280,000 €139,000 €76,000 €41,000 €22,000 €11,000 – Mixed Doubles Points NA NA NA NA NA NA – – Prize money * €120,000 €60,000 €30,000 €17,000 €9,500 €4,750 – – *per team Champions [ edit ] Past champions [ edit ] Men's Singles , winner of the Coupe des Mousquetaires Women's Singles , winner of the Coupe Suzanne Lenglen Men's Doubles , winners of the Coupe Jacques Brugnon Women's Doubles , winners of the Coupe Simone Mathieu Mixed Doubles , winners of the Coupe Marcel Bernard The trophies, designed and made by Maison Mellerio dits Meller , are all made of pure silver with finely etched decorations on their side. Each new singles winner gets his or her name written on the base of the trophy. Winners receive custom-made pure silver replicas of the trophies they have won. Current champions [ edit ] Rafael Nadal was the winner of the Men's Singles in 2018. It was his seventeenth Grand Slam singles title and a record-extending 11th title at Roland Garros. Simona Halep was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title. Pierre-Hugues Herbert was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his third Grand Slam title. Nicolas Mahut was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his third Grand Slam title. Barbora Krejčíková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title. Kateřina Siniaková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title. Latisha Chan was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam in mixed doubles title. Ivan Dodig was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was his first Grand Slam in mixed doubles title. Event Champion Runner-up Score 2018 Men's Singles Rafael Nadal Dominic Thiem 6–4, 6–3, 6–2 2018 Women's Singles Simona Halep Sloane Stephens 3–6, 6–4, 6–1 2018 Men's Doubles Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Oliver Marach Mate Pavić 6–2, 7–6 (7–4) 2018 Women's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková Eri Hozumi Makoto Ninomiya 6–3, 6–3 2018 Mixed Doubles Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig Gabriela Dabrowski Mate Pavić 6–1, 6–7 (5–7) , [10–8] Records [ edit ] Record Era Player(s) Num. Years Men since 1891 Winner of most men's singles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 8 1903–1904, 1907–1909, 1912–1914 1925–1967: Henri Cochet 4 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932 Note: Also won World Hard Court Championship in 1922 After 1967: Rafael Nadal 11 2005–2008, 2010–2014, 2017–2018 Winner of most consecutive men's singles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Paul Aymé 4 1897–1900 1925–1967: Frank Parker Jaroslav Drobný Tony Trabert Nicola Pietrangeli 2 1948–1949 1951–1952 1954–1955 1959–1960 After 1967: Rafael Nadal 5 2010–2014 Winner of most men's doubles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 13 1902–1909, 1911–1914, 1920 1925–1967: Roy Emerson 6 1960, 1962 with Neale Fraser , 1961 with Rod Laver , 1963 with Manuel Santana , 1964 with Ken Fletcher , 1965 with Fred Stolle After 1967: Daniel Nestor Max Mirnyi 4 2007 with Mark Knowles , 2010 with Nenad Zimonjić , 2011, 2012 with Max Mirnyi 2005, 2006 with Jonas Björkman , 2011, 2012 with Daniel Nestor Winner of most consecutive men's doubles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Maurice Germot 10 1906–1914, 1920 1925–1967: Roy Emerson 6 1960–1965 After 1967: Daniel Nestor 3 2010–2012 Winner of most mixed doubles titles – Men Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 7 1904–1906, 1908–1909, 1914 and 1920 with Suzanne Lenglen 1925-today: Ken Fletcher Jean-Claude Barclay 3 1963–1965 with Margaret Court 1968, 1971, 1973 with Françoise Dürr Winner of most titles (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – men Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 29 1902–1920 (8 singles, 14 doubles, 7 mixed) 1925-today: Rafael Nadal 11 2005–2008, 2010–2014, 2017–2018 (11 singles) Women since 1897 Winner of most women's singles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Suzanne Lenglen 6 1920–1923, 1925–1926 Note: Also won World Hard Court Championship in 1914, 1921–1923 After 1967: Chris Evert 7 1974–1975, 1979–1980, 1983, 1985–1986 Winner of most consecutive women's singles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Jeanne Matthey Suzanne Lenglen 4 1909–1912 1920–1923 After 1967: / Monica Seles Justine Henin 3 1990–1992 2005–2007 Winner of most women's doubles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Simonne Mathieu 6 1933, 1934 with Elizabeth Ryan , 1936–1937, 1938 with Billie Yorke , 1939 with Jadwiga Jędrzejowska After 1967: / Martina Navratilova 7 1975 with Chris Evert, 1982 with Anne Smith , 1984–1985, 1987, 1988 with Pam Shriver , 1986 with Andrea Temesvári Winner of most consecutive women's doubles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Françoise Dürr 5 1967–1971 After 1967: / Martina Navratilova Gigi Fernández 5 1984–1987, 1988 with Pam Shriver , 1986 with Andrea Temesvári 1991 with Jana Novotná , 1992–95 with Natasha Zvereva Winner of most mixed doubles titles – women Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Suzanne Lenglen 7 1914, 1920 with Max Decugis , 1921–1923, 1925, 1926 with Jacques Brugnon After 1967: Françoise Dürr 3 1968, 1971, 1973 with Jean-Claude Barclay Winner of most titles (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – women Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Suzanne Lenglen 15 1919–1926 (6 singles, 2 doubles, 7 mixed) After 1967: / Martina Navratilova 11 1974–1988 (2 singles, 7 doubles, 2 mixed) Miscellaneous Youngest winner Men: Michael Chang 17 years and 3 months Women: / Monica Seles 16 years and 6 months Oldest winner Men: Andre Vacherot 40 years and 9 months Women: Zsuzsa Körmöczy 33 years and 10 months Unseeded Winners Men: Marcel Bernard Mats Wilander Gustavo Kuerten Gastón Gaudio 1946 1982 1997 2004 Women: Margaret Scriven Jeļena Ostapenko 1933 2017 Television coverage [ edit ] 2010 French Open – Court Philippe Chatrier Broadcast rights to the French Open (as of 2016) are as follows: France [ edit ] FranceTV Sports & EuroSport 1&2. France Télévisions and Eurosport hold the broadcast rights to the French Open in 2016. United Kingdom [ edit ] ITV Sport and Eurosport holds broadcasting rights to show the French Open tennis tournaments until 2021. The bulk of the daily coverage is broadcast on ITV4 although both singles finals plus other weekend matches are shown on ITV . John Inverdale hosts the coverage. Commentators include Jim Courier , Amélie Mauresmo , Sam Smith , Mark Petchey , Nick Mullins and Fabrice Santoro . Studio presentation for the French Open on Eurosport is hosted by Annabel Croft with the segment Hawk-Eye presented by former British Number 2 Jason Goodall . (Goodall was briefly ranked ahead of Chris Bailey , Nick Brown , Andrew Castle , Nick Fulwood , Mark Petchey , and James Turner , in May 1989). United States [ edit ] Tennis Channel & NBC. NBC 's coverage of the French Open began in 1975 . Tennis Channel owns pay television rights to the tournament. Coverage of morning window (U.S. time) matches were sub-licensed to ESPN for broadcast by ESPN2 from 2007 through 2015. In August 2015, ESPN announced that it would discontinue its sub-licensing and drop coverage of the French Open beginning in 2016, with network staff citing that because of the structure of the arrangement, its coverage ""did not fit our successful model at the other three Majors""—where ESPN is the exclusive rightsholder. Tennis Channel chose to retain these rights under its new owner Sinclair Broadcast Group , nearly doubling the amount of coverage Tennis Channel will air from Roland Garros. Other than a three-year stint on CBS , NBC has remained the American television network home of the French Open since 1983 . NBC shows weekend morning early-round matches in the afternoon via tape-delay . If a match is still being played, it is shown live. Other broadcasters cannot show NBC's tape-delayed matches. NBC also shows a tape-delayed version of the men's semifinal, broadcasting it in the late morning of the same day. It broadcasts both singles finals. Other areas [ edit ] Europe – Eurosport until 2021 Canada – RDS (French) & TSN (English) Caribbean – ESPN Caribbean Latin America – ESPN (except Brazil) Brazil – BandSports Southern Africa – SuperSport Middle East – beIN Sports Indian Subcontinent – Star Sports Select Pan-Asia region – Fox Sports Australia – Fox Sports and SBS Sport New Zealand – Sky NZ Fiji & Pacific Islands – Fox Sports Japan – WOWOW See also [ edit ] List of French Open men's singles champions List of French Open women's singles champions List of French Open men's doubles champions List of French Open women's doubles champions List of French Open mixed doubles champions Singles Finals , records and statistics Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roland Garros . Official website (in French) Roland Garros on France2 (in French) Roland Garros on ina.fr : more than 600 hours of audio/visual archives Photos of Roland Garros French Open – All winners and runners-up. Reference book Preceded by Australian Open Grand Slam Tournament May–June Succeeded by Wimbledon Coordinates : 48°50′49.8″N 2°14′57.3″E  /  48.847167°N 2.249250°E  / 48.847167; 2.249250" -4248904774140551640,train,how long has the usa been a country,"Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country. By the end of that century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower.","['named after the umayyad general tariq ibn-ziyad', 'in the irish sea between the islands of great britain and ireland', 'rock of gibraltar']",Láti ìgbà wo ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà ti jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè,Yes,"['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won.']","['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776']","['P3, P5']",0,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", 4364593256170757403,train,how many states is there in united states,"The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/ əˈmɛrɪkə /), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.","['benazir bhutto', 'desert', '27 april 1994', 'sub-saharan nation in west africa']",ìpínlẹ̀ mélòó ló wà ní orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']","['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']",['P1'],1,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", -5765501564543816788,train,how old is the united state of america,"Paleo - Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the abolition of slavery. By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 moon landing. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower.","['the roman republic', 'the hands of the representatives', '1787', 'representative government']",ọdún mélòó ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won.']","['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776']","['P3, P5']",0,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", 413815511228756531,train,is it united states or the united states,"The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 325 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.",[],ṣé orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà ni àbí orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']","['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira ']",['P1'],1,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", -4834160629824355536,train,is the united states a nation or country,"The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation. The federal republic is a representative democracy, `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law ''. The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), and other international organizations. The United States is a highly developed country, with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP. The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world. The United States is the world 's largest importer and the second largest exporter of goods, by value. Although its population is only 4.3 % of the world total, the U.S. holds 33 % of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country. The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. The United States is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending, and is a leading political, cultural, and scientific force internationally.","['2007', 'south bank of the yamuna river in the indian city of agra']",ṣé orílẹ̀-èdè ni amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']","['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']",['P1'],1,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", 6448800323237146672,train,what's the size of the united states,"The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km), the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and just fractionally smaller than the entire continent of Europe 's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 325 million people, the U.S. is the third-most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.",['1981'],báwo ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà ṣe tóbi tó,Yes,"['Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe.']","['O ni 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2). Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe.']",['P2'],1,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", 6988307166286252252,train,when was the us founded as a country,"Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to attain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788. The first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties.",[],ìgbà wo ni a dá orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà sílẹ̀,Yes,"['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won.']","['Ó jade ni 2003', 'Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776']",['P3'],0,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", -5679322121196968163,train,where is the united states located on the world map,"The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/ əˈmɛrɪkə /), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 325 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.",[],ibo ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Ilẹ̀ re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. '],['Ilẹ̀ re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. '],['P1'],0,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", -6841634213076963398,train,where is usa located in the world map,"The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/ əˈmɛrɪkə /), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. Forty - eight states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.","['web browser', 'a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the world wide web']",ibo ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu.'],['O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu.'],['P1'],1,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", 2215804087347955132,validation,is the united states a country or nation,"The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/ əˈmɛrɪkə /), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.",['country'],ṣé orílẹ̀-èdè ni amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']","['Amẹ́ríkà jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla.']",['P1'],0,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", 2215804087347955132,validation,is the united states a country or nation,"Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the outlawing of slavery. By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 moon landing. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower.",['country'],ṣé orílẹ̀-èdè ni amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']","['Amẹ́ríkà jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla.']",['P1'],0,0,"Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi ""Amerika"" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi ""Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" to je gbigba mu latowo ""Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika"" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, ""Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'"". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, ""Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika"" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba ""Orile-ede Amerika"" tabi ""Amerika"" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo ""U.S."" tabi ""USA"". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]", -4130186124767255727,train,what is the name of russian national anthem,"The `` State Anthem of the Russian Federation '' (Russian : Госуда́рственный гимн Росси́йской Федера́ции, tr. Gosudárstvennyy gimn Rossíyskoy Federátsii, IPA : (ɡəsʊˈdarstvjɪnɨj ˈɡjimn rɐˈsjijskəj fjɪdjɪˈratsɨj)) is the name of the official national anthem of Russia. It uses the same music as the State Anthem of the Soviet Union, composed by Alexander Alexandrov, and new lyrics by Sergey Mikhalkov, who had collaborated with Gabriel El - Registan on the original anthem. The Soviet anthem was used from 1944, replacing `` The Internationale '' with a more Sovietcentric and Russiacentric song. The anthem, mentioning Stalin by name, was used without lyrics after 1956, following Stalin 's death. A second version of the lyrics was written by Mikhalkov in 1970 and adopted in 1977, placing less emphasis on World War II and more on the victory of communism.","['represent the thirteen british colonies that declared independence from the kingdom of great britain, and became the first states in the u.s.', 'the thirteen british colonies that declared independence from the kingdom of great britain, and became the first states in the u.s.', 'thirteen british colonies', 'fifty', 'represent the 50 states of the united states of america', 'in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars', 'thirteen british colonies\', \'the ""union""', 'april 4, 1818', 'the thirteen british colonies that declared independence from the kingdom of great britain', '50', 'the ""union""', '13', 'british colonies that declared independence from the kingdom of great britain', 'the 13 stripes represent the thirteen british colonies that declared independence from the kingdom of great britain', ""red', 'white', 'blue"", 'old glory blue', 'the thirteen british colonies']",kí ni orúkọ orin orílẹ̀-èdè russia,Yes,"['Orin-iyin Orile-ede Ajosepo Rosia (Rọ́síà: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации, ""Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii"") ni oruko orin-iyin orile-ede ile Rosia.']",['Orin-iyin Orile-ede Ajosepo Rosia ni oruko orin-iyin orile-ede ile Rosia.'],['P1'],1,0,"Orin-iyin Orile-ede Ajosepo Rosia Orin-iyin Orile-ede Ajosepo Rosia (R??síà: ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????, ""Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii"") ni oruko orin-iyin orile-ede ile Rosia.","Госуда́рственный гимн Росси́йской Федера́ции English: State Anthem of the Russian Federation Gosudárstvennyy Gimn Rossíyskoy Federátsii The official arrangement of the Russian national anthem, completed in 2001. National anthem of Russia Lyrics Sergey Mikhalkov , 2000 Music Alexander Alexandrov , 1939 Adopted December 25, 2000 (music) December 30, 2000 (lyrics) Audio sample ""National anthem of the Russian Federation"" (instrumental) file help v t e Vocal By the Moscow Kremlin Choir Problems playing this file? See media help . ""National anthem of the Russian Federation"" One verse Problems playing this file? See media help . Russian national anthem U.S.-performed rendition, one verse. Problems playing this file? See media help . The "" State Anthem of the Russian Federation "" ( Russian : Госуда́рственный гимн Росси́йской Федера́ции , tr. Gosudárstvennyy gimn Rossíyskoy Federátsii , IPA: [ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnɨj ˈɡʲimn rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨj] ) is the name of the official national anthem of Russia . It uses the same music as the State Anthem of the Soviet Union , composed by Alexander Alexandrov , and new lyrics by Sergey Mikhalkov , who had collaborated with Gabriel El-Registan on the original anthem. The Soviet anthem was used from 1944, replacing "" The Internationale "" with a more Sovietcentric and Russiacentric song. The anthem, mentioning Stalin by name, was used without lyrics after 1956, following Stalin's death. A second version of the lyrics was written by Mikhalkov in 1970 and adopted in 1977, placing less emphasis on World War II and more on the victory of communism . The Russian SFSR was the only republic of the USSR without its own anthem . The lyric-free "" Patrioticheskaya Pesnya "", composed by Mikhail Glinka , was officially adopted in 1990 by the Supreme Soviet of Russia and confirmed in 1993, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , by the President of the Russian Federation , Boris Yeltsin . This anthem proved to be unpopular with the Russian public and with many politicians and public figures, because of its tune and lack of lyrics, and consequently its inability to inspire Russian athletes during international competitions. The government sponsored contests to create lyrics for the unpopular anthem, but none of the entries were adopted. Glinka's anthem was replaced soon after Yeltsin's successor as President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin , first took office on 7 May 2000. The federal legislature established and approved the music of the National Anthem of the Soviet Union , with newly written lyrics, in December 2000, and became the second anthem used by Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The government sponsored a contest to find lyrics, eventually settling upon a new composition by Mikhalkov; according to the government, the lyrics were selected to evoke and eulogize the history and traditions of Russia. Yeltsin criticized Putin for supporting the reintroduction of the Soviet-era national anthem even though opinion polls showed that many Russians favored this decision. Public perception of the anthem is mixed among Russians . A 2009 poll showed that 56% of respondents felt proud when hearing the national anthem, and that 25% liked it. Contents 1 Historic anthems 2 Post-1944 Soviet anthem 2.1 Music 2.2 Lyrics 3 ""Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"" 3.1 Call for lyrics 4 Modern adoption 5 Public perception 6 Regulations 7 Official lyrics 8 References 9 External links Historic anthems [ edit ] Before "" The Prayer of the Russians "" ( Russian : Моли́тва ру́сских , tr. Molítva rússkikh ) was chosen as the national anthem of Imperial Russia in 1816, various church hymns and military marches were used to honor the country and the Tsars. Songs used include "" Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! "" ( Russian : Гром побе́ды, раздава́йся! , tr. Grom pobédy, pazdaváysya! ) and ""How Glorious is our Lord"" ( Russian : Коль сла́вен , tr. Kol′ sláven ). ""The Prayer of the Russians"" was adopted around 1816, and used lyrics by Vasily Zhukovsky set to the music of the British anthem, "" God Save the King "". Russia's anthem was also influenced by the anthems of France and the Netherlands, and by the British patriotic song "" Rule, Britannia! "". In 1833, Zhukovsky was asked to set lyrics to a musical composition by Prince Alexei Lvov called ""The Russian People's Prayer"", known more commonly as "" God Save the Tsar! "" ( Russian : Бо́же, Царя́ храни́! , tr. Bózhe, Tsaryá khraní! ). It was well received by Nicholas I , who chose the song to be the next anthem of Imperial Russia. The song resembled a hymn, and its musical style was similar to that of other anthems used by European monarchs. ""God Save the Tsar!"" was performed for the first time on 8 December 1833, at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow . It was later played at the Winter Palace on Christmas Day, by order of Nicholas I. Public singing of the anthem began at opera houses in 1834, but it was not widely known across the Russian Empire until 1837. God Save the Tsar! was used until the February Revolution , when the Russian monarchy was overthrown. Upon the overthrow, in March 1917, the "" Worker's Marseillaise "" ( Russian : Рабо́чая Марселье́за , tr. Rabóchaya Marsel′yeza ), Pyotr Lavrov 's modification of the French anthem "" La Marseillaise "", was used as an unofficial anthem by the Russian Provisional Government . The modifications Lavrov made to ""La Marseillaise"" included a change in meter from 2/2 to 4/4 and music harmonization to make it sound more Russian. It was used at governmental meetings, welcoming ceremonies for diplomats and state funerals. After the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government in the 1917 October Revolution , the anthem of international revolutionary socialism, ""L'Internationale"" (usually known as "" The Internationale "" in English), was adopted as the new anthem. The lyrics had been written by Eugène Pottier , and Pierre Degeyter had composed the music in 1871 to honor the creation of the Second Socialist International organization; in 1902, Arkadij Jakovlevich Kots translated Pottier's lyrics into Russian. Kots also changed the grammatical tense of the song, to make it more decisive in nature. The first major use of the song was at the funeral of victims of the February Revolution in Petrograd. Lenin also wanted ""The Internationale"" to be played more often because it was more socialist, and could not be confused with the French anthem; other persons in the new Soviet government believed ""La Marseillaise"" to be too bourgeois. ""The Internationale"" was used as the anthem of Soviet Russia from 1918, adopted by the newly created Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, and was used until 1944. Post-1944 Soviet anthem [ edit ] Main article: State Anthem of the Soviet Union Music [ edit ] 1983 Soviet stamp honoring the 100th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Alexandrov The music of the national anthem, created by Alexander Alexandrov , had previously been incorporated in several hymns and compositions. The music was first used in the Hymn of the Bolshevik Party, created in 1939. When the Comintern was dissolved in 1943, the government argued that ""The Internationale"", which was historically associated with the Comintern, should be replaced as the National Anthem of the Soviet Union . Alexandrov's music was chosen as the new anthem by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin after a contest in 1943. Stalin praised the song for fulfilling what a national anthem should be, though he criticized the song's orchestration. In response, Alexandrov blamed the problems on Viktor Knushevitsky, who was responsible for orchestrating the entries for the final contest rounds. When writing the Bolshevik party anthem, Alexandrov incorporated pieces from the song "" Life Has Become Better "" ( Russian : Жить Ста́ло Лу́чше , tr. Zhit′ Stálo Lúchshe ), a musical comedy that he composed. This comedy was based on a slogan Stalin first used in 1935. Over 200 entries were submitted for the anthem contest, including some by famous Soviet composers Dmitri Shostakovich , Aram Khachaturian and Iona Tuskiya . Later, the rejected joint entry by Khachaturian and Shostakovich became Song of the Red Army , and Khachaturian went on to compose the Anthem of the Armenian SSR . There was also an entry from Boris Alexandrov , the son of Alexander. His rejected entry, ""Long Live Our State"" (Да здравствует наша держава), became a popular patriotic song and was adopted as the anthem of Transnistria . During the 2000 debate on the anthem, Boris Gryzlov , the leader of the Unity faction in the Duma, noted that the music which Alexandrov wrote for the Soviet anthem was similar to Vasily Kalinnikov 's 1892 overture, "" Bylina "". Supporters of the Soviet anthem mentioned this in the various debates held in the Duma on the change of anthem, but there is no evidence that Alexandrov consciously used parts of ""Bylina"" in his composition. Another musical work has also been discovered, with identical or near-identical music, that long predates Alexandrov's 1943 involvement with the Anthem of the USSR. A Ukrainian Scouting (Plast) anthem from c. 1912 , with music composed by Yury Pyasetsky (Юрій Пясецький) known as ""Plastovy Obit"" ( Ukrainian : Пластовий Обіт , lit. 'The Plast Oath'), to lyrics by Plast founder Oleksander Tysovsky (Олександр Тисовський) has been noted by Plast members to bear an extremely close or identical resemblance to the later Russian/Soviet anthem. The music and words are found in various Plast handbooks and songbooks, and a performance of this song in 2012 can be viewed on YouTube. The first line reads: ""V pozhezhakh vsesvitnykh, u lunakh kryvavykh"" ( Ukrainian : В пожежах всесвітних, у лунах кривавих , lit. 'In the fires of the world, in the moon of the bloody'). The Piasetsky-Tysovsky anthem actually glorifies the Ukrainian independence movement, which had the support of the Plast organization. Lyrics [ edit ] Lyrics composer Sergey Mikhalkov in 2002 meeting President Putin ""Russian National Anthem lyrics"" — once was the world's smallest book After selecting the music by Alexandrov for the national anthem, Stalin needed new lyrics. He thought that the song was short and, because of the Great Patriotic War , that it needed a statement about the impending defeat of Germany by the Red Army . The poets Sergey Mikhalkov and Gabriel El-Registan were called to Moscow by one of Stalin's staffers, and were told to fix the lyrics to Alexandrov's music. They were instructed to keep the verses the same, but to find a way to change the refrains which described ""a Country of Soviets"". Because of the difficulty of expressing the concepts of the Great Patriotic War in song, that idea was dropped from the version which El-Registan and Mikhalkov completed overnight. After a few minor changes to emphasize the Russian Motherland, Stalin approved the anthem and had it published on 7 November 1943, including a line about Stalin ""inspir[ing] us to keep the faith with the people"". The revised anthem was announced to all of the USSR on January 1, 1944 and became official on March 15, 1944. After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet government examined his legacy. The government began the de-Stalinization process, which included downplaying the role of Stalin and moving his corpse from Lenin's Mausoleum to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . In addition, the anthem lyrics composed by Mikhalkov and El-Registan were officially scrapped by the Soviet government in 1956. The anthem was still used by the Soviet government, but without any official lyrics. In private, this anthem became known the ""Song Without Words"". Mikhalkov wrote a new set of lyrics in 1970, but they were not submitted to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet until May 27, 1977. The new lyrics, which eliminated any mention of Stalin, were approved on 1 September, and were made official with the printing of the new Soviet Constitution in October 1977. In the credits for the 1977 lyrics, Mikhalkov was mentioned, but references to El-Registan, who died in 1945, were dropped for unknown reasons. ""Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"" [ edit ] Main article: Patrioticheskaya Pesnya With the impending collapse of the Soviet Union in early 1990, a new national anthem was needed to help define the reorganized nation and to reject the Soviet past. The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR , Boris Yeltsin , was advised to revive ""God Save The Tsar"" with modifications to the lyrics. However, he instead selected a piece composed by Mikhail Glinka . The piece, known as "" Patriotícheskaya Pésnya "" ( Russian : Патриоти́ческая пе́сня , lit. The Patriotic Song ), was a wordless piano composition discovered after Glinka's death. ""Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"" was performed in front of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on November 23, 1990. The song was decreed by the Supreme Soviet to be the new Russian anthem that same day. This anthem was intended to be permanent, which can be seen from the parliamentary draft of the Constitution, approved and drafted by Supreme Soviet, Congress of People's Deputies and its Constitutional Commission (with latter formally headed by President of Russia ). The draft, among other things, reads that: The National Anthem of the Russian Federation is the Patriotic Song composed by Mikhail Glinka. The text of the National Anthem of the Russian Federation shall be endorsed by the federal law But conflict between President and Congress made passage of that draft less likely: the Congress shifted onto more and more rewriting of the 1978 Russian Constitution , while President pushed forward with new draft Constitution, which doesn't define state symbols. After 1993 Russian constitutional crisis and just one day before the constitutional referendum (i.e. on December 11, 1993) Yeltsin, then President of the Russian Federation , issued a presidential decree on December 11, 1993, retaining ""Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"" the official anthem for Russia., but this decree was provisional, since the draft Constitution (which was passed a day later) explicitly referred this matter to legislation, enacted by parliament. According to Article 70 of the Constitution , state symbols (which are an anthem, flag and coat of arms ) required further definition by future legislation. As it was a constitutional matter, it had to be passed by a two-thirds majority in the Duma. Between 1994 and 1999, many votes were called for in the State Duma to retain ""Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"" as the official anthem of Russia. However, it faced stiff opposition from members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , who wanted the Soviet anthem restored. Because any anthem had to be approved by a two-thirds supermajority , this disagreement between Duma factions for nearly a decade prevented passage of an anthem. Call for lyrics [ edit ] When ""Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"" was used as the national anthem, it never had official lyrics. The anthem struck a positive chord for some people because it did not contain elements from the Soviet past, and because the public considered Glinka to be a patriot and a true Russian. However, the lack of lyrics doomed ""Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"". Various attempts were made to compose lyrics for the anthem, including a contest that allowed any Russian citizen to participate. A committee set up by the government looked at over 6000 entries, and 20 were recorded by an orchestra for a final vote. The eventual winner was Viktor Radugin's ""Be glorious, Russia!"" ( Russian : Сла́вься, Росси́я! , translit. Sláv'sya, Rossíya! ). However, none of the lyrics were officially adopted by Yeltsin or the Russian government. One of the reasons that partially explained the lack of lyrics was the original use of Glinka's composition: the praise of the Tsar and of the Russian Orthodox Church. Other complaints raised about the song were that it was hard to remember, uninspiring, and musically complicated. It was one of the few national anthems that lacked official lyrics during this period. The only other wordless national anthems in the period from 1990 to 2000 were "" My Belarusy "" of Belarus (until 2002), "" Marcha Real "" of Spain , and "" Intermeco "" of Bosnia and Herzegovina Modern adoption [ edit ] Play media Performance of the Hymn of the Russian Federation by the Presidential Orchestra and Kremlin Choir at the inauguration of President Dmitry Medvedev at The Kremlin on 7 May 2008. Seen here is then Prime Minister Vladimir Putin . The anthem debate intensified in October 2000 when Yeltsin's successor, Vladimir Putin , was approached by Russian athletes who were concerned that they had no words to sing for the anthem during the medal ceremonies at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games . Putin brought public attention to the issue and put it before the State Council. CNN also reported that members of the Spartak Moscow football club complained that the wordless anthem ""affected their morale and performance"". Two years earlier, during the 1998 World Cup , members of the Russian team commented that the wordless anthem failed to inspire ""great patriotic effort"". In a November session of the Federation Council , Putin stated that establishing the national symbols (anthem, flag and coat of arms ) should be a top priority for the country. Putin pressed for the former Soviet anthem to be selected as the new Russian anthem, but strongly suggested that new lyrics be written. He did not say how much of the old Soviet lyrics should be retained for the new anthem. Putin submitted the bill ""On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation"" to the Duma for their consideration on 4 December. The Duma voted 381–51–1 in favor of adopting Alexandrov's music as the national anthem on 8 December 2000. Following the vote, a committee was formed and tasked with exploring lyrics for the national anthem. After receiving over 6,000 manuscripts from all sectors of Russian society, the committee selected lyrics by Mikhalkov for the anthem. Before the official adoption of the lyrics, the Kremlin released a section of the anthem, which made a reference to the flag and coat of arms: Its mighty wings spread above us The Russian eagle is hovering high The Fatherland's tricolor symbol Is leading Russia's peoples to victory — Kremlin source, Play media Instrumental performance of the Russian national anthem at the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade in Moscow 's Red Square , resplendent with a 21 gun salute The above lines were omitted from the final version of the lyrics. After the bill was approved by the Federation Council on 20 December, ""On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation"" was signed into law by President Putin on 25 December, officially making Alexandrov's music the national anthem of Russia. The law was published two days later in the official government Newspaper of record Rossiyskaya Gazeta . The new anthem was first performed on 30 December, during a ceremony at the Great Kremlin Palace in Moscow at which Mikhalkov's lyrics were officially made part of the national anthem. Not everyone agreed with the adoption of the new anthem. Yeltsin argued that Putin should not have changed the anthem merely to ""follow blindly the mood of the people"". Yeltsin also felt that the restoration of the Soviet anthem was part of a move to reject post-communist reforms that had taken place since Russian independence and the dissolution of the Soviet Union . This was one of Yeltsin's few public criticisms of Putin. The liberal political party Yabloko stated that the re-adoption of the Soviet anthem ""deepened the schism in [Russian] society"". The Soviet anthem was supported by the Communist Party and by Putin himself. The other national symbols used by Russia in 1990, the white-blue-red flag and the double-headed eagle coat of arms, were also given legal approval by Putin in December, thus ending the debate over the national symbols. After all of the symbols were adopted, Putin said on television that this move was needed to heal Russia's past and to fuse the period of the Soviet Union with Russia's history. He also stated that, while Russia's march towards democracy would not be stopped, the rejection of the Soviet era would have left the lives of their mothers and fathers bereft of meaning. It took some time for the Russian people to familiarize themselves with the anthem's lyrics; athletes were only able to hum along with the anthem during the medal ceremonies at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Public perception [ edit ] A 2001 stamp released by Russian Post with the lyrics of the new anthem The Russian national anthem is set to the melody of the Soviet anthem (used since 1944). As a result, there have been several controversies related to its use. For instance, some—including cellist Mstislav Rostropovich —have vowed not to stand during the anthem. Russian cultural figures and government officials were also troubled by Putin's restoration of the Soviet anthem, even with different lyrics. A former adviser to both Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev , the last President of the Soviet Union , stated that, when ""Stalin's hymn"" was used as the national anthem of the Soviet Union, horrific crimes took place. At the 2007 funeral of Yeltsin, the Russian anthem was played as his coffin was laid to rest at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. While it was common to hear the anthem during state funerals for Soviet civil and military officials, honored citizens of the nation, and Soviet leaders, as was the case for Alexei Kosygin , Leonid Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko , writing in The Daily Telegraph Boris Berezovsky felt that playing the anthem at Yeltsin's funeral ""abused the man who brought freedom"" to the Russian people. The Russian government states that the ""solemn music and poetic work"" of the anthem, despite its history, is a symbol of unity for the Russian people. Mikhalkov's words evoke ""feelings of patriotism, respect for the history of the country and its system of government."" In a 2009 poll conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center and publicized just two days before Russia's flag day (22 August), 56% of respondents stated that they felt proud when hearing the national anthem. However, only 39% could recall the words of the first line of the anthem. This was an increase from 33% in 2007. According to the survey, between 34 and 36% could not identify the anthem's first line. Overall, only 25% of respondents said they liked the anthem. In the previous year, the Russian Public Opinion Research Center found out that 56% of Russians felt pride and admiration at the anthem, even though only 40% (up from 19% in 2004) knew the first words of the anthem. It was also noted in the survey that the younger generation was the most familiar with the words. In September 2009, a line from the lyrics used during Stalin's rule reappeared at the Moscow Metro station Kurskaya-Koltsevaya : ""We were raised by Stalin to be true to the people, inspiring us to feats of labour and heroism."" While groups have threatened legal action to reverse the re-addition of this phrase on a stone banner at the vestibule's rotunda, it was part of the original design of Kurskaya station and had been removed during de-Stalinization. Most of the commentary surrounding this event focused on the Kremlin's attempt to ""rehabilitate the image"" of Stalin by using symbolism sympathetic to or created by him. The Communist Party strongly supported the restoration of Alexandrov's melody, but some members proposed other changes to the anthem. In March 2010, Boris Kashin , a CPRF member of the Duma, advocated for the removal of any reference to God in the anthem. Kashin's suggestion was also supported by Alexander Nikonov , a journalist with SPID-INFO and an avowed atheist. Nikonov argued that religion should be a private matter and should not be used by the state. Kashin found that the cost for making a new anthem recording will be about 120,000 rubles . The Russian Government quickly rejected the request because it lacked statistical data and other findings. Nikonov asked the Constitutional Court of Russia in 2005 if the lyrics were compatible with Russian law. Regulations [ edit ] Federal law of 25 December 2000 on the national anthem of Russia Regulations for the performance of the national anthem are set forth in the law signed by President Putin on 25 December 2000. While a performance of the anthem may include only music, only words, or a combination of both, the anthem must be performed using the official music and words prescribed by law. Once a performance has been recorded, it may be used for any purpose, such as in a radio or television broadcast. The anthem may be played for solemn or celebratory occasions, such as the annual Victory Day parade in Moscow, or the funerals of heads of state and other significant figures. When asked about playing the anthem during the Victory Day parades, Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov stated that because of the acoustics of the Red Square, only an orchestra would be used because voices would be swallowed by the echo. The anthem is mandatory at the swearing-in of the President of Russia , for opening and closing sessions of the Duma and the Federation Council , and for official state ceremonies. It is played on television and radio at the beginning and end of the broadcast day. If programming is continuous, the anthem is played once at 0600 hours and again at midnight. The anthem is also played on New Year's Eve after the New Year Address by the President. It is played at sporting events in Russia and abroad, according to the protocol of the organisation hosting the games. According to the law, when the anthem is played officially , everybody must stand up (in case the national flag is raising, facing to the flag), men must remove their headgear (in practice, excluding those in military uniform and clergymen). Uniformed personnel must give a military salute when the anthem plays. The anthem is performed in 4/4 ( common time ) or in 2/4 (half time) in the key of C major , and has a tempo of 76 beats per minute. Using either time signature, the anthem must be played in a solemn and singing manner (Russian: Торжественно and Распевно ). The government has released different notations for orchestras, brass bands and wind bands. According to Russian copyright law , state symbols and signs are not protected by copyright. As such, the anthem's music and lyrics may be used and modified freely. Although the law calls for the anthem to be performed respectfully and for performers to avoid causing offence, it does not define what constitutes offensive acts or penalties. Standing for the anthem is required by law but the law does not specify a penalty for refusing to stand. Official lyrics [ edit ] Russian [2] Transliteration ( BGN/PCGN ) IPA transcription Literal English translation 1. Россия – священная наша держава, Россия – любимая наша страна. Могучая воля, великая слава – Твоё достоянье на все времена! Rossiya – svyashchennaya nasha derzhava, Rossiya – lyubimaya nasha strana. Moguchaya volya, velikaya slava – Tvoyo dostoyan'ye na vse vremena! [rɐˈsʲijə svʲɪˈɕːɛnːəjə ˈnaʂə dʲɪrˈʐavə] [rɐˈsʲijə lʲʉˈbʲiməjə ˈnaʂə strɐˈna] [mɐˈɡutɕɪjə ˈvolʲə vʲɪˈlʲikəjə ˈslavə] [tvɐˈjɵ dəstɐˈjænʲjə nɐ ˈfsʲɛ vrʲɪmʲɪˈna] Russia – our sacred state, Russia – our beloved country. A mighty will, a great glory – Yours forever for all time! Славься, Отечество наше свободное, Братских народов союз вековой, Предками данная мудрость народная! Славься, страна! Мы гордимся тобой! Slav'sya, Otechestvo nashe svobodnoye, Bratskikh narodov soyuz vekovoy, Predkami dannaya mudrost' narodnaya! Slav'sya, strana! My gordimsya toboy! [ˈslafʲsʲə ɐˈtʲetɕɪstvə ˈnaʂɨ svɐˈbodnəjə] [ˈbratskʲɪx nɐˈrodəf sɐˈjus vʲɪkɐˈvoj] [ˈprʲɛtkəmʲɪ ˈdanːəjə ˈmudrəsʲtʲ nɐˈrodnəjə] [ˈslafʲsʲə strɐˈna ˈmɨ ɡɐrˈdʲimsʲə tɐˈboj] Be glorious, our free Fatherland, Ancient union of brotherly peoples, Ancestor-given wisdom of the people! Be glorious, our country! We are proud of you! 2. От южных морей до полярного края Раскинулись наши леса и поля. Одна ты на свете! Одна ты такая – Хранимая Богом родная земля! Славься … Ot yuzhnykh morey do polyarnogo kraya Raskinulis' nashi lesa i polya. Odna ty na svete! Odna ty takaya – Khranimaya Bogom rodnaya zemlya! [ɐt ˈjuʐnɨx mɐˈrʲej də pɐˈlʲarnəvə ˈkrajə] [rɐsˈkʲinʊlʲɪsʲ ˈnaʂɨ lʲɪˈsa ˈi pɐˈlʲa] [ɐdˈna ˈtɨ nɐ ˈsvʲetʲɪ ɐdˈna ˈtɨ ˈtakəjə] [xrɐˈnʲiməjə ˈboɡəm rɐdˈnajə zʲɪmˈlʲa] From the southern seas to the polar lands Spread are our forests and fields. You are unique in the world, one of a kind – This native land protected by God! (chorus) 3. Широкий простор для мечты и для жизни Грядущие нам открывают года. Нам силу даёт наша верность Отчизне. Так было, так есть и так будет всегда! Славься … Shirokiy prostor dlya mechty i dlya zhizni. Gryadushchiye nam otkryvayut goda. Nam silu dayot nasha vernost' Otchizne. Tak bylo, tak yest' i tak budet vsegda! [ʂɨˈrokʲɪj prɐˈstor dlʲa mʲɪtɕˈtɨ ˈi dlʲa ˈʐɨzʲnʲɪ] [ɡrʲɪˈduɕːɪjə ˈnam ɐtkrɨˈvajʊt ɡɐˈda] [ˈnam ˈsʲilʊ dɐˈjɵt ˈnaʂə ˈvʲɛrnəsʲtʲ ɐˈtɕːizʲnʲɪ] [ˈtaɡ ˈbɨlə ˈtak ˈjesʲtʲ ˈi ˈtaɡ ˈbudʲɪt fsʲɪɡˈda] Wide expanse for dreams and for living Are opened for us by the coming years Our loyalty to Fatherland gives us strength. So it was, so it is, and so it always will be! (chorus) References [ edit ] Citations Bibliography Banerji, Arup (2008). Writing History in the Soviet Union: Making the Past Work . Berghahn Books. ISBN 81-87358-37-8 . Bohlman, Philip Vilas (2004). The Music of European Nationalism: Cultural Identity and Modern History . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-363-2 . Bova, Russell (2003). Russia and Western Civilization . M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0977-9 . Brackman, Roman (2000). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5050-0 . Condee, Nancy (1995). Soviet Hieroglyphics: Visual Culture in Late Twentieth-Century Russia . Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31402-X . Fey, Laurel E. (2005). Shostakovich: A Life . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518251-4 . Figes, Orlando; Kolonitskii, Boris (1999). Interpreting the Russian Revolution: the language and symbols of 1917 . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08106-0 . Franklin, Simon; Widdis, Emma; Jahn, Hubertus; Cross, Anthony; Frolova-Walker, Marina ; Gasparov, Boris; Kelly, Catriona; Hughes, Lindsey; Sandler, Stephanie (2004). National identity in Russian culture: an introduction . University of Cambridge Press. ISBN 0-521-83926-2 . [ permanent dead link ] Gasparov, Boris (2005). Five Operas and a Symphony: Word and Music in Russian Culture . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10650-3 . Голованова, Марина П.; Шергин, В. С. (2003). Государственные символы России (State Symbols of Russia) (in Russian). Росмэн-Пресс. ISBN 5-353-01286-0 . Graubard, Stephen (1998). ""Ethnic National in the Russian Federation"" . A New Europe for the Old? . Transaction Publishers. 126 (3). ISBN 0-7658-0465-4 . Retrieved 2009-12-19 . Haynes, John (2003). New Soviet Man . Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6238-1 . Hunter, Shireen (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security . M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1283-0 . Ioffe, Olimpiad Solomonovich (1988). ""Chapter IV: Law of Creative Activity"" . Soviet Civil Law . BRILL. 36 (36). ISBN 90-247-3676-5 . Retrieved 2009-12-18 . Keep, John; Litvin, Alter (2004). Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35109-6 . Korosteleva, Elena; Lawson, Colin; Marsh, Rosalind (2002). Contemporary Belarus Between Democracy and Dictatorship . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1613-5 . Kubik, Jan (1994). The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power . Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01084-7 . Kuhlmann, Jurgen (2003). Military and Society in 21st Century Europe: A Comparative Analysis . Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4449-8 . Montefiore, Simon (2005). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar . Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-7678-9 . Nichols, Thomas (2001). The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic . Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. ISBN 0-312-29337-2 . Sandved, Kjell Bloch (1963). The World of Music, Volume 2 . Abradale Press. Sakwa, Richard (2008). Russian Politics and Society . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41528-6 . Scoon, Paul (2003). Survival for Service: My Experiences as Governor General of Grenada . Macmillan Caribbean. ISBN 0-333-97064-0 . Service, Robert (2006). Russia: Experiment with a People . Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02108-8 . Shevtsova, Lilia (2005). Putin's Russia . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ISBN 0-87003-213-5 . Shostakovich, Dimitri ; Volkov, Solomon (2002). Testimony: The Memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich . Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0-87910-998-1 . Соболева, Надежда; Казакевич, А. Н (2006). Символы и святыни Российской державы [ The Symbols and Shrines of Russian Power ] (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. ISBN 5-373-00604-1 . Stites, Richard (1991). Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505537-3 . Studwell, William Emmett (1996). The National and Religious Song Reader: Patriotic, Traditional, and Sacred Songs from Around the World . Routledge. ISBN 0-7890-0099-7 . Volkov, Solomon (2008). The Magical Chorus: A History of Russian Culture from Tolstoy to Solzhenitsyn . tr. Antonina W. Bouis . Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-4272-2 . Wesson, Robert (1978). Lenin's Legacy . Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-6922-6 . Waxman, Mordecai; Ginor, Tseviyah Ben-Yosef; Ginor, Zvia (1998). Yakar le'Mordecai . KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 0-88125-632-3 . Wortman, Richard (2006). Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12374-5 . Legislation Правительство Российской Федерации. Указ Президента РФ от 11.12.93 N 2127 ""О Государственном гимне Российской Федерации"" [ archived August 19, 2011]. (in Russian) . Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation – About the National Anthem of the Russian Federation ; 2000-12-25 [Retrieved 2015-01-27]. Kremlin.ru. Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 30.12.2000 N 2110 ; 2000-12-30 [ archived June 4, 2011; Retrieved 2009-12-20]. (in Russian) . Правительство Российской Федерации. Part IV of Civil Code No. 230-FZ of the Russian Federation. Article 1259. Objects of Copyright ; 2006-12-18 [ archived October 1, 2009; Retrieved 2009-12-20]. (in Russian) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Anthem of Russia and Soviet Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article: Hymn of the Russian Federation (in Russian) Download at Government of Russia's website President of Russia State Insignia – National Anthem Download Arrangement for symphony orchestra and mixed choir Download Arrangement for wind orchestra Музыкальное обеспечение парада на Красной площади возложено на не имеющий мировых аналогов Сводный военный оркестр Военные песни и Гимны Музыка парада 1945 г. Александров А.В. — Гимн Российской Федерации (Сводный оркестр Министерства обороны), First Link Александров А.В. — Гимн Российской Федерации (Сводный оркестр Министерства обороны), Second Link Russian Anthems museum – an extensive collection of audio recordings including some 30 recordings of the current anthem and recordings of other works mentioned in this article Haunting Europe – an overview, with audio, of the history of the Russian and Soviet national anthems throughout the twentieth century Streaming audio, lyrics and information about the National Anthem of Russia The National Anthem of Russia – Rock Version The National Anthem of Russia – Soul Version" -404999908778043534,train,ok google what's the capital of canada,"Ottawa (/ ˈɒtəwə / (listen), / - wɑː / ; French pronunciation : ​ (ɔtawa)) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 964,743 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth - largest city and the fifth - largest CMA in Canada.",['1960'],google kí ni olú ìlú canada,No,['Ottawa ni oluilu orile-ede Kanada.'],['Ottawa ni oluilu orile-ede Kanada.'],['P1'],1,0,Ottawa ni oluilu orile-ede Kanada . Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ], -6740011142372596526,train,what is the name of the capital city of canada,"Ottawa (/ ˈɒtəwə / (listen), / - wɑː / ; French pronunciation : ​ (ɔtawa)) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth - largest city and the fifth - largest CMA in Canada.","['beneath the france–switzerland border near geneva, switzerland']",kí ni orúkọ olú ìlú canada,No,['Ottawa ni oluilu orile-ede Kanada.'],['Ottawa ni oluilu orile-ede Kanada.'],['P1'],1,0,Ottawa ni oluilu orile-ede Kanada . Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ], -1910862419822972998,train,how do you pronounce the capital of burkina faso,"Ouagadougou (/ ˌwɑːɡəˈduːɡuː / ; French pronunciation : ​ (waɡaduɡu) ; Mossi : (ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ)) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It is also the country 's largest city, with a population of 1,475,223 (as of 2006). The city 's name is often shortened to Ouaga. The inhabitants are called ouagalais. The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies.",['rational numbers'],báwo lo ṣe ń pe olú ìlú burkina faso,Yes,['Ouagadougou je oluilu orile-ede Burkina Faso .'],['Ouagadougou je oluilu orile-ede Burkina Faso .'],['P1'],1,0,"Ouagadougou Ouagadougou je oluilu orile-ede Burkina Faso . ","Ouagadougou ( / ˌ w ɑː ɡ ə ˈ d uː ɡ uː / ; French pronunciation: ​ [waɡaduɡu] ; Mossi : [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ] ) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It is also the country's largest city , with a population of 1,475,223 ( as of 2006 [update] ). The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles. It is served by an international airport and it is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast . There is no rail service to Kaya . There is a paved highway to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. Ouagadougou was the site of Ouagadougou grand market, one of the largest markets in West Africa, which burned in 2003 and has since been reopened. Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ), the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 2016 AQIM and Al-Mourabitoun attacks 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Government 5 Social life and education 5.1 Education 5.2 Sport, culture, and leisure 5.3 Art and crafts 6 Health 7 Transport 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 8 Economy 9 International relations 9.1 Twin towns – Sister cities 10 Tourism 10.1 Parks 10.2 Other sites 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links History [ edit ] See also: Timeline of Ouagadougou Europe, Africa and the Near East in 1200 AD, showing the Kingdom of Wagadugu (in West Africa, just to the right of the area labeled '25') and its neighbors. The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area. They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri, a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Faso 's history, led his tribe to victory. He then renamed the area from ""Kumbee-Tenga"", as the Ninsi had called it, to ""Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga"", meaning ""head war chief's village"". Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name. The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and was the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors (Moro-Naba) from 1681. The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. The French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory (basically the same area as contemporary independent Burkina Faso) in 1919. In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city. The population of Ouagadougou doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since. 2016 AQIM and Al-Mourabitoun attacks [ edit ] Main article: 2016 Ouagadougou attacks On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel in the heart of Ouagadougou. 28 people were killed, while at least 56 were wounded; a total of 176 hostages were released after a government counter-attack into the next morning as the siege ended. Three perpetrators were also killed. Geography [ edit ] Ouagadougou, situated on the central plateau (12.4° N 1.5° W), grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba . Being an administrative center of colonial rule, it became an important urban center in the post-colonial era. First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou became a veritable communal center in 1995. Climate [ edit ] See also: Burkina Faso § Geography and climate The climate of Ouagadougou is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , that closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with a rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in) per year. The rainy season stretches from May to October, its height from June to September, with a mean average temperature of 28 °C (82 °F). The cold season runs from December to January, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to May, can reach 43 °C (109 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator, its hottest months' temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the second most populous city. [ hide ] Climate data for Ouagadougou (1971–2000, extremes 1902–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.8 (103.6) 42.3 (108.1) 43.8 (110.8) 46.1 (115) 44.5 (112.1) 41.3 (106.3) 38.8 (101.8) 36.6 (97.9) 38.6 (101.5) 41.0 (105.8) 40.5 (104.9) 40.1 (104.2) 46.1 (115) Average high °C (°F) 32.9 (91.2) 35.8 (96.4) 38.3 (100.9) 39.3 (102.7) 37.7 (99.9) 34.7 (94.5) 32.1 (89.8) 31.1 (88) 32.5 (90.5) 35.6 (96.1) 35.9 (96.6) 33.4 (92.1) 34.9 (94.8) Average low °C (°F) 16.5 (61.7) 19.1 (66.4) 23.5 (74.3) 26.4 (79.5) 26.1 (79) 24.1 (75.4) 22.8 (73) 22.2 (72) 22.4 (72.3) 23.0 (73.4) 19.6 (67.3) 16.9 (62.4) 21.9 (71.4) Record low °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 10.4 (50.7) 14.8 (58.6) 16.2 (61.2) 17.0 (62.6) 17.0 (62.6) 15.0 (59) 17.9 (64.2) 17.6 (63.7) 17.6 (63.7) 13.0 (55.4) 9.5 (49.1) 8.5 (47.3) Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.1 (0.004) 0.5 (0.02) 5.9 (0.232) 26.5 (1.043) 66.8 (2.63) 97.5 (3.839) 176.2 (6.937) 214.2 (8.433) 121.2 (4.772) 33.5 (1.319) 1.2 (0.047) 0.2 (0.008) 743.8 (29.283) Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 0 0 1 3 8 10 14 16 11 5 0 0 68 Average relative humidity (%) 24 21 22 36 50 64 72 80 77 60 38 29 48 Mean monthly sunshine hours 287 263 264 256 277 264 240 223 217 273 288 284 3,136 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization , Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967, and sun, 1961–1990) Government [ edit ] Town Hall of Ouagadougou The first municipal elections were held in 1956. [ citation needed ] Ouagadougou is governed by a mayor who is elected for a five-year term, two senior councillors, and 90 councillors. The city is divided into five arrondissements, consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area, which is about 219.3 square kilometres (84.7 sq mi). The population of this area is estimated to be 1,475,000 inhabitants, 48% of which are men and 52% women. The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total, and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometer, according to 2006 census. Concerning city management, the communes of Ouagadougou have made the decision to invest in huge projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the growing affluence of the villages allow for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it. The Arrondissements of Ouagadougou Arrondissement Population (Census 2006) Baskuy 180,512 Bogodogo 374,473 Boulmiougou 366,182 Nongremassom 188,329 Sig-Noghin 163,859 Social life and education [ edit ] Education [ edit ] Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest college is the state University of Ouagadougou which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students). The official language in the city is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994. International schools include: Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou (French school) International School of Ouagadougou Sport, culture, and leisure [ edit ] The Maison du Peuple A wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball, is played by Ouagadougou inhabitants. There are sports tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities. There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap . Art and crafts [ edit ] Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO. Health [ edit ] Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG), but there are also private hospitals. Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the ""pharmacopée"". Transport [ edit ] Ouagadougou train station Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds. The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year. Ouagadougou's citizens also travel in green cabs , which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA , but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA . [ citation needed ] Air transport [ edit ] Ouagadougou Airport (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe. Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina ) in Ouagadougou. Rail [ edit ] Further information: Rail transport in Burkina Faso Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014 Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan. There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016. Economy [ edit ] Trade in Ouagadougou streets. The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial center of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry. The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label ""Atelier Augusti."" Ouagadougou is an important commercial center. It is a center where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city. The economy is dominated by the informal sector, which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses. The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs. International relations [ edit ] See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Burkina Faso Twin towns – Sister cities [ edit ] Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities: Quebec City , Canada Lyon , France Grenoble , France Turin , Italy Kumasi , Ghana San Miniato , Italy Briton Ferry , Wales Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium Ankara , Turkey Kuwait City , Kuwait Taipei , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Tourism [ edit ] Parks [ edit ] The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km 2 (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed ""Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo"", meaning ""the urban park of the forest of knowledge"". Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the ""L'Unité Pédagogique"", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 hectares (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history. ""Jardin de l'amitié Ouaga-Loudun"" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the center of the city, near the ""Nation Unies' crossroads"". Other sites [ edit ] Ouaga 2000: An upscale neighborhood catering to wealthy locals, expatriates and tourists on the southern fringe of Ouagadougou. Originally built to house the 1996 French Africa Summit. Site of many hotels, embassies, courthouses and other government buildings, including Kosyam Palace , seat of the Burkinabé President . ""Naba Koom"": a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water. The 6-metre (20 ft) high statue faces the railway station, welcoming travellers into Ouaga. The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Faso’s history. ""Laongo"": 30 km (19 mi) east of the city, features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors. The exhibit displays works of art from five continents. ""La Place du Grand Lyon"": a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Faso's capital and Lyon in France. It is located near the French cultural Center George Melies and features an imposing lion. A zoo called ""Parc Animalier de Ziniaré"": located 30 km (19 mi) east of the city in the hometown of the president. National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso. Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles and other cultural items. Located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city See also [ edit ] List of cities in Burkina Faso Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] See also: Bibliography of the history of Ouagadougou External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ouagadougou . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ouagadougou . Official website of the government of Ouagadougou (in French) The plan of Ouagdougou Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages Plan de Ouagadougou (2004)" -371742001223558953,train,when was saul paul first mentioned in the bible,"Paul is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age and in the mid-30s to the mid-50s AD he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. He took advantage of his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to minister to both Jewish and Roman audiences. According to writings in the New Testament and prior to his conversion, Paul was dedicated to persecuting the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem. In the narrative of the Acts of the Apostles (often referred to simply as Acts), Paul was traveling on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to `` arrest them and bring them back to Jerusalem '' when the resurrected Jesus appeared to him in a great light. He was struck blind, but after three days his sight was restored by Ananias of Damascus and Paul began to preach that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah and the Son of God. Approximately half of the book of Acts deals with Paul 's life and works.","[""the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging', 'driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking"", '194', '194 member states: all of them member states of the united nations except for the cook islands and niue']",ìgbà wo ni orúkọ sọ́ọ̀lù pọ́ọ̀lù kọ́kọ́ fara hàn nínú bíbélì,Yes,"['Gégé bí ìwé májẹ̀mú tuntun ìṣe àwọn Àpọ́sítélì ṣe ṣàlàyé, Páálù je Farisí. Ó sì kópa nínú sí isenunibinu ìjọba Róòmù sí àwọn Kristẹni àkọ́kọ́, ní Jerúsálẹ́mù kí ó tó di pé ó di ẹni ìgbàlà.[note 1] Ìgbà di ẹ̀ lẹ́yìn ìgbà tí ó fi owó sí isekupa Stefani, Páálù ń rìn ìrìn àjò lọ sí Damásíkù láti wá àwọn Kristẹni àti láti ""kó wọn ní ìdè wá sí Jerúsálẹ́mù""(ESV). Ní àárín ọjọ́, imole ńlá tàn sí Paalu àti àwọn tó yi ká, èyí mú kí ó ṣubú, tí Jesu sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ lọ́wọ́ rẹ̀ wí pé ""kí ló dé tí ó fi ń ṣe inúnibíni sí mi"".']","['Gégé bí ìwé májẹ̀mú tuntun ìṣe àwọn Àpọ́sítélì ṣe ṣàlàyé, Páálù je Farisí. ']",['P1'],1,0,"Páálù Páálù (tí àw?n míràn m?? sí Saalu ara Tarsus; Páálù àp??sítélì[2] tàbí Páálù ?ni mím??,[3] j?? ??kan lára àw?n Àp??sítélì mejemu titun tí ó polongo i??? ìrán??? Jesu Kristi.[4] Páálù wà lára àw?n ènìyàn nígbà ayé àw?n Àp??sítélì tí wón kà se pataki ní ìtàn.[3][5] Ó dá ??p??l?p?? ìj? sílè ní É?íà àti Yuropu.[6] Gégé bí ìwé máj??mú tuntun ì?e àw?n Àp??sítélì ?e ?àlàyé, Páálù je Farisí.[7] Ó sì kópa nínú sí isenunibinu ìj?ba Róòmù sí àw?n Krist?ni àk??k??,[8] ní Jerúsál??mù kí ó tó di pé ó di ?ni ìgbàlà.[note 1] Ìgbà di ?? l??yìn ìgbà tí ó fi owó sí isekupa Stefani,[9] Páálù ? rìn ìrìn àjò l? sí Damásíkù láti wá àw?n Krist?ni àti láti ""kó w?n ní ìdè wá sí Jerúsál??mù""(ESV).[10] Ní àárín ?j??, imole ?lá tàn sí Paalu àti àw?n tó yi ká, èyí mú kí ó ?ubú, tí Jesu sì b??r?? l??w?? r?? wí pé ""kí ló dé tí ó fi ? ?e inúnibíni sí mi"".[11][12] Ojú Paalu kò láti ríran,[13] à si pà?? fun láti wo ìlú náà. Iriran Paalu padà bò sípò l??yìn ìj? m??ta nígbà tí Ananíà ará Damásíkù gbàdúrà fun. Léyìn n kan wò yín, w??n ?e itebomi fún Paalu, ó sì b??r?? sí polongo pé Jesu ni olùgbàlà àti ?m? Olorun.[14] Bi idasi-meji ìwé ì?e àw?n Àp??sítélì s??r?? nípa ìgbé ayé Paalu. Àw?n míràn gbàgb?? pé Paalu ni ó ko m??rìnlá nínú àw?n ìwé metadinlogbon ti Máj??mú Láéláé.[15] Bí ó ti lè j?? wípé àríyànjiyàn wà láàrin àw?n ??j??gb??n lórí bóyá òhun ló k? àw?n míràn nínú àw?n ìwé yìí àbí òun k??.", 3539814717809271363,train,who is the current pope of the world,"Pope Francis (Latin : Franciscus ; Italian : Francesco ; Spanish : Francisco ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio ; 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State. Francis is the first Jesuit pope, the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first pope from outside Europe since the Syrian Gregory III, who reigned in the 8th century.","['april 11, 1899', 'in 1898, following the spanish–american war', 'treaty of paris', '1898']",ta ni póòpù àgbáyé báyìí,Yes,"['Pópù Fransisi 1k (Látìnì: Franciscus PP., Spánì: [Francisco] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help); abiso Jorge Mario Bergoglio ni 17 December 1936) ni Popu lowolowo.']",['Pópù Fransisi abiso Jorge Mario Bergoglio ni Popu lowolowo.'],['P1'],1,0,"Pópù Fransisi 1k Pópù Fransisi 1k (Látìnì: Franciscus PP.,) abiso Jorge Mario Bergoglio ni o?jó? ke?tàdínlógún, osù kejìlá, o?dún 1936) ni Popu lowolowo.", 112026774897399534,train,who is the worldwide leader of the catholic church and where does he live,"Pope Francis (Latin : Franciscus ; Italian : Francesco ; Spanish : Francisco ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio ; 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope of the Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as Bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi. Francis is the first Jesuit pope, the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, the first to choose a name not used by a predecessor since Lando in 913 AD, and the first pope from outside Europe since the Syrian Gregory III, who reigned in the 8th century.",['hunt'],Taní olórí ìjọ kátólíìkì kárí ayé àti níbo ló ń gbé,Yes,"['Pópù Fransisi 1k (Látìnì: Franciscus PP., Spánì: [Francisco] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help); abiso Jorge Mario Bergoglio ni 17 December 1936) ni Popu lowolowo.']",['Pópù Fransisi abiso Jorge Mario Bergoglio ni 17 December 1936) ni Popu lowolowo.'],['P1'],1,0,"Pópù Fransisi 1k Pópù Fransisi 1k (Látìnì: Franciscus PP.,) abiso Jorge Mario Bergoglio ni o?jó? ke?tàdínlógún, osù kejìlá, o?dún 1936) ni Popu lowolowo.", -6947398545896683467,train,is puerto rico a united states of america state,"Puerto Rico (Spanish for `` Rich Port ''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit. `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '') and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea.","['1884', 'outdoor grass courts']",ṣé ìlú puerto rico jẹ́ ìpínlẹ̀ kan ní orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Free Associated State of Puerto Rico)[lower-alpha 2] ati nigbakan bi Porto Riko,[lower-alpha 3] je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.']",['Porto Riko je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.'],['P1'],1,0,"Pú??rtò Ríkò Pú??rtò Ríkò, fun ise ijoba bi Kajola ile Puerto Riko (Spánì: ""Ìpínl?? Òmìnira Puerto Rico"") ati nigbakan bi Porto Riko, [8][9][10] je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.", 6213988367572990536,train,is puerto rico part of the us territory,"Puerto Rico (pɔrtə ɹikoʊ, Spanish : pwɛrtɔ rikɔ) (Spanish for `` Rich Port ''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit. `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '') and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea.","['the indian city of agra', 'the mughal emperor, shah jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658), to house the tomb of his favourite wife, mumtaz mahal', 'tomb']",Ṣé Puerto Rico jẹ́ apá kan ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"[' ""Free Associated State of Puerto Rico"")[lower-alpha 2] ati nigbakan bi Porto Riko,[lower-alpha 3][8][9][10] je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.']",['Porto Riko je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.'],['P1'],0,0,"Pú??rtò Ríkò Pú??rtò Ríkò, fun ise ijoba bi Kajola ile Puerto Riko (Spánì: ""Ìpínl?? Òmìnira Puerto Rico"") ati nigbakan bi Porto Riko, [8][9][10] je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.", -8631492026226628315,train,what is puerto rico called to the us,"Puerto Rico (Spanish for `` Rich Port ''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit. `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '') and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida.",['sikkim'],kí ni wọ́n ń pè ní puerto rico ní orílẹ̀ - èdè amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Free Associated State of Puerto Rico)[lower-alpha 2] ati nigbakan bi Porto Riko,[lower-alpha 3] je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.']","['Porto Riko, je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.']",['P1'],1,0,"Pú??rtò Ríkò Pú??rtò Ríkò, fun ise ijoba bi Kajola ile Puerto Riko (Spánì: ""Ìpínl?? Òmìnira Puerto Rico"") ati nigbakan bi Porto Riko, [8][9][10] je agbegbe aikorapo ile Orile-ede Amerika to budo si ariwa-ilaorun Omi-okun Karibeani.", 3431790327777526583,train,who is the first woman president of india national congress,"Pratibha Devisingh Patil (pronunciation (help info)) (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th President of India from 2007 to 2012. A member of the Indian National Congress, Patil is the only woman to hold the office. She previously served as the Governor of Rajasthan from 2004 to 2007.",['ivory coast'],ta ni obìnrin àkọ́kọ́ tí ó jẹ́ ààrẹ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú india national congress,Yes,"['Pratibha Devisingh Patil (Híndì: प्रतिभा देवीसिंह पाटिल) (ojoibi December 19, 1934) ni Aare orile-ede India lati 2007.']",['Pratibha Devisingh Patil ni Aare orile-ede India lati 2007.'],['P1'],1,0,"Pratibha Devisingh Patil Pratibha Devisingh Patil (ojoibi osun kankanla, ojo 19, odun 1934) ni Aare orile-ede India lati odun 2007. Ohun ni obìnrin akoko ti yio di Aare ile India.","Her Excellency Pratibha Patil प्रतिभा पाटिल 12th President of India In office 25 July 2007 – 25 July 2012 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari Preceded by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee Governor of Rajasthan In office 8 November 2004 – 23 June 2007 Preceded by Madan Lal Khurana Succeeded by Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Personal details Born Pratibha Devisingh Patil ( 1934-12-19 ) 19 December 1934 (age 82) Nadgaon , Bombay Presidency , British India (now in Maharashtra , India ) Political party Indian National Congress Other political affiliations United Progressive Alliance Spouse(s) Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat (1965–present) Alma mater Pune University University of Mumbai Website www .pratibhapatil .info Pratibha Devisingh Patil ( pronunciation ( help · info ) ) (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th President of India from 2007 to 2012. A member of the Indian National Congress , Patil is the only woman to hold the office. She previously served as the Governor of Rajasthan from 2004 to 2007. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Presidency 3.1 Election 3.2 In office 4 Business interests 5 Positions held 6 References 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Pratibha Devisingh Patil is the daughter of Narayan Rao Patil. She was born on 19 December 1934 in the village of Nadgaon , in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra , India. She was educated initially at R. R. Vidyalaya, Jalgaon , and subsequently was awarded a master's degree in Political Science and Economics by Mooljee Jetha College , Jalgaon (then under Pune University ), and then a Bachelor of Law degree by Government Law College, Mumbai , affiliated to the University of Mumbai . Patil then began to practice law at the Jalgaon District Court, while also taking interest in social issues such as improving the conditions faced by Indian women. Patil married Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat on 7 July 1965. The couple have a daughter and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat , who is also a politician. Political career [ edit ] The BBC has described Patil's political career prior to assuming presidential office as ""long and largely low-key"". In 1962, at the age of 27, she was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon constituency . Thereafter she won in the Muktainagar (formerly Edlabad) constituency on four consecutive occasions between 1967 and 1985, before becoming a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1990. In the 1991 elections for the 10th Lok Sabha , she was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Amravati constituency . A period of retirement from politics followed later in that decade. Patil had held various Cabinet portfolios during her period in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and she had also held official positions while in both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. In addition, she had been for some years the president of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee and also held office as Director of the National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies and as a Member of the Governing Council of the National Co-operative Union of India. On 8 November 2004 she was appointed as the 24th Governor of Rajasthan, the first woman to hold that office and according to the BBC was ""a low-profile"" incumbent. Presidency [ edit ] President Patil speaking at the Doon School 's Platinum Jubilee in October 2010. Election [ edit ] Main article: Indian presidential election, 2007 Patil was announced as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) candidate on 14 June 2007. She emerged as a compromise candidate after the left-wing parties of the alliance would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh . Patil had been loyal to the INC and the Nehru-Gandhi family for decades and this was considered to be a significant factor in her selection by INC leader Sonia Gandhi , although Patil said that she had no intention of being a ""rubber-stamp president"". In the same month that she was selected, Patil was accused of shielding her brother, G. N. Patil, in the 2005 Vishram Patil murder case . Vishram Patil had narrowly defeated G. N. Patil in an election to be the President of the District Congress Committee of Jalgaon and in September of that year had been murdered. Vishram Patil's widow eventually accused G. N. Patil of involvement in the crime and claimed that Pratibha Patil had influenced the criminal investigation and that the issue needed to be examined before presidential immunity became active. Her accusations were rejected by the courts in 2009 but in 2015 G. N. Patil was charged. No reference to the alleged involvement of Pratibha Patil was made at this time. Due to the presidential role being largely a figurehead position, the selection of candidate is often arranged by consensus among the various political parties and the candidate runs unopposed. Contrary to the normal pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the election. The BBC described the situation as ""the latest casualty of the country's increasingly partisan politics and [it] highlights what is widely seen as an acute crisis of leadership"". It ""degenerated into unseemly mud slinging between the ruling party and the opposition"". Her challenger was Bhairon Singh Shekhawat , the incumbent vice-president and a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) veteran. Shekhawat stood as an independent candidate and was supported by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a group led by the BJP, although the Shiv Sena party, which was a part of NDA, supported her because of her Marathi origin. Those opposed to Patil becoming president claimed that she lacked charisma, experience and ability. They also highlighted her time spent away from high-level politics and queried her belief in the supernatural, such as her claim to have received a message from Dada Lekhraj , a dead guru . Various specific issues were raised, such as a comment made by her in 1975 that those suffering from hereditary diseases should be sterilised. Another alleged that while a Member of Parliament for Amravati she diverted Rs 3.6 million from her MPLADS fund to a trust run by her husband. This was in violation of Government rules which barred MPs from providing funds to organisations run by their relatives. The parliamentary affairs minister denied any wrongdoing on Patil's part, and noted that the funds utilized under MPLADS are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India . Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes and took office as India's first woman president on 25 July 2007. In office [ edit ] Patil's term as the President of India saw various controversies. She commuted the death sentences of 35 petitioners to life, a record. The presidential office, however, defended this by saying that the President had granted clemency to the petitioners after due consideration and examining the advice of the Home Ministry. Patil was noted for having spent more money on foreign trips, and having taken a greater number of foreign trips, than any prior president. Sometimes accompanied by as many as 11 members of her family, there had been 12 foreign trips spanning 22 countries by May 2012, when she was away on her 13th trip. Those completed travels had cost Rs 205 crore (2.05 billion). The Ministry of External Affairs said that taking family members ""was not abnormal"". The office of president has a five-year term and Patil retired from the role in July 2012. Patil allegedly used public funds to build a retirement mansion on a 260,000 square feet (24,000 m 2 ) plot of military land in Pune . Tradition is that a retiring president either takes residence in government accommodation in Delhi or moves back to their residence in their home state; her use of government money to build a retirement home at the end of the presidential term was unprecedented. Other controversies that arose after her retirement included her desire to claim both an official government car and fuel allowance for the running of a private car, despite rules clearly stipulating that this was an either/or situation. She also took possession of many gifts that had been given to her in her official role and was later forced to return them. Business interests [ edit ] Patil set up Vidya Bharati Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, an educational institute which runs a chain of schools and colleges in Amravati, Jalgaon, pune and Mumbai. She also set up Shram Sadhana Trust , which runs hostels for working women in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune; and an engineering college for rural students in Jalgaon district. She also co-founded a cooperative sugar factory known as Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana at Muktainagar . In addition, Patil founded a cooperative bank, Pratibha Mahila Sahakari Bank , that ceased trading in February 2003 when its licence was cancelled by the Reserve Bank of India . Among other failings, the bank had given illegal loans to her relatives that exceeded the bank's share capital. It had also given a loan to her sugar mill which was never repaid. The bank waived these loans, and this drove it into liquidation. The government liquidator of the bank, P. D. Nigam, said, ""The fact that relatives of the founder chairperson (Pratibha Patil) were among those indiscriminately granted loans and that some illegal loan waivers were done has come up in our audit."" Six of the top ten defaulters in the bank were linked to her relatives. The INC claimed that Patil had not been involved with the bank since 1994 but The Indian Express reported that it had official documents showing her involvement as late as 2002. Positions held [ edit ] Patil has held various official offices during her career. These are: Period Position 1967–72 Deputy Minister, Public Health, Prohibition, Tourism, Housing & Parliamentary Affairs, Government of Maharashtra 1972–74 Cabinet Minister, Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra 1974–75 Cabinet Minister, Public Health & Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra 1975–76 Cabinet Minister, Prohibition, Rehabilitation and Cultural Affairs, Government of Maharashtra 1977–78 Cabinet Minister, Education, Government of Maharashtra 1979–1980 Leader of the Opposition, Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 1982–85 Cabinet Minister, Urban Development and Housing, Government of Maharashtra 1983–85 Cabinet Minister, Civil Supplies and Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra 1986–1988 Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha 1986–88 Chairman, Committee of Privileges, Rajya Sabha; Member, Business Advisory Committee, Rajya Sabha 1991–1996 Chairman, House Committee, Lok Sabha 8 November 2004 – 23 June 2007 Governor of Rajasthan 25 July 2007 – 25 July 2012 President of India References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pratibha Patil . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pratibha Patil President of India Official Site ex-President of India Pratibha Patil's Official Site ex-President Pratibha Patil's Personal Site (www.pratibha patil.info) Thakurdesai, Prerana; Sahgal, Priya (9 July 2007). ""Embarrassing Choice: Scandals and mud-slinging have turned the presidential polls into an unseemly affair"" . India Today . Retrieved 2016-01-11 . Lok Sabha Preceded by Sudam Deshmukh Member of Parliament for Amravati 1991–1996 Succeeded by Anant Gudhe Political offices Preceded by Madan Lal Khurana Governor of Rajasthan 2004–2007 Succeeded by Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Preceded by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam President of India 2007–2012 Succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee" 1568597902237127470,train,rome is the capital city of italy true false,"Rome (/ ˈroʊm / ROHM ; Italian : Roma (ˈroːma) (listen), Latin : Rōma) is the capital of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale). Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region. With 2,876,051 residents in 1,285 km (496.1 sq mi), it is also the country 's most populated comune. It is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents. Rome is located in the central - western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber. The Vatican City is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.","['1956', '28']",rome ni olú ìlú italy tòótọ́ tàbí irọ́,Yes,['Romu je oluilu orile-ede Italia ati ilu to tobijulo ati ti eniyan posijulo nibe.'],['Romu je oluilu orile-ede Italia ati ilu to tobijulo ati ti eniyan posijulo nibe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Romu Romu je oluilu orile-ede Italia ati ilu to tobijulo ati ti eniyan posijulo nibe. ", 4998874475272787958,train,what region of the world is russia in,"Russia (/ ˈrʌʃə / (listen) ; Russian : Росси́я, tr. Rossiya ; IPA : (rɐˈsjijə)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian : Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya ; IPA : (rɐˈsijskəjə fjɪdjɪˈratsɨjə)), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one - eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern ; about 77 % of the population live in European Russia. Russia 's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world ; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Ufa, and Kazan.",['five'],agbègbè wo ni ilẹ̀ russia wà,Yes,"['Rosia ni bode mo awon orile-ede wonyi (latiariwaiwoorun de guusuilaorun): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ati Poland (lati egbe Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Saina, Mongolia, ati North Korea.', 'Rọ́síà (pìpè [ˈrʌʃə], Rọ́síà: Росси́я, Rossiya) tabi orile-ede Ìparapọ̀ Rọ́sìà (Rọ́síà: Российская Федерация, pípè\xa0[rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈraʦəjə]\xa0 ( listen)), je orileijoba ni apaariwa Eurasia.']","['Rosia ni bode mo awon orile-ede wonyi (latiariwaiwoorun de guusuilaorun): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ati Poland (lati egbe Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Saina, Mongolia, ati North Korea.', 'Rọ́síà je orileijoba ni apaariwa Eurasia.']",['P1'],1,0,"R??síà R??síà (pìpè [?r???], R??síà: Rossiya) tabi orile-ede Ìparap?? R??sìà[6] (R??síà, pípè [r??s?ijsk?j? f??d???ra??j?] ), je orileijoba ni apaariwa Eurasia. O je orile-ede olominira sistemu aare die alasepapo to ni ipinle ijoba 83. Rosia ni bode mo awon orile-ede wonyi (latiariwaiwoorun de guusuilaorun): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ati Poland (lati egbe Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Saina, Mongolia, ati North Korea. O tun ni bode omi mo Japan (lati egbe Okun-omi Okhotsk) ati Amerika (lati egbe Bering Strait). ", -226868018569830278,train,who is founder of redeemed christian church of god,"RCCG was founded in 1952 by Rev. Josiah Olufemi Akindayomi (1909 -- 1980) after he had been involved in a number of other churches. Rev. Akindayomi chose Enoch Adeboye as the next General overseer. Enoch Adeboye was a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Lagos, Nigeria, as at the time he joined the church in 1973. Adeboye initially became one of the interpreters translating Akindayomi 's sermons from Yoruba to English. He was ordained a pastor of the church in 1975, and his appointment as leader (General overseer) of the church was formalized by the posthumous reading of Akindayomi 's sealed pronouncement. In 1990, Redeemed Christian Church of God Bible School is founded.","[""africa', 'southeast asia', 'south and middle america"", 'robert finley', 'liberia']",tani ẹni tó dá ìjọ redeemed christian church of god sílẹ̀,Yes,"['Rev. Josiah Olufemi Akindayomi (tí wọ́n bí ní ọdún 1909, tó sì kú ní ọdún 1980) dá ìjọ RCCG sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1952. Reverend Akindayomi yan Enoch Adébóyè gẹ́gẹ́ bíi alábòójútó ìjọ náà.']","['Rev. Josiah Olufemi Akindayomi (tí wọ́n bí ní ọdún 1909, tó sì kú ní ọdún 1980) dá ìjọ RCCG sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1952. ']",['P3'],1,0,"Redeemed Christian Church of God Redeemed Christian Church of God ( RCCG ) j?? ìj? p???tík??sítì ?lá kan ní Ìpínl?? Èkó, ní oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà. Enoch Adébóyè ti j?? alábòójútó ìj? náà láti ?dún 1981. Ìj? náà tó wà ní Èkó ní àw?n olùj??sìn tó ? l? bíi 50,000 ní ?dún 2022. [1] Olú ilé ìj?sìn Redeem t??l?? Ìtàn ?ni ??w?? Josiah Olufemi Akindayomi (tí w??n bí ní ?dún 1909, tó sì kú ní ?dún 1980) dá ìj? RCCG síl?? ní ?dún 1952.[2] [3] ?ni ??w?? Akindayomi yan Enoch Adébóyè g??g?? bíi alábòójútó ìj? náà. Adeboye j?? olùk?? ??k?? mathematics ní University of Lagos, ó sì dara p?? m?? ìj? ní ?dún 1973. W??n k??k?? gba Adeboye g??g?? bíi ògbuf?? láti máa tú àw?n ìwásù Akindayomi láti èdè G????sì sí èdè Yoruba. W??n yàn án g??g?? bíi olù???-àgùntàn láti mójútó ìj? náà ní ?dún 1975. Yíyàn tí w??n yàn án sípò yìí t??lé ìfilehl?? tí Akindayomi fi lél??. Ní ?dún 1990, ilé-ìwé fún ??k?? Bíbélì fún ìj? Redeemed Christian Church of God j?? dídá síl??. awon iwaasu Akindayomi lati ede Yoruba si geesi. O j? oluso-aguntan ti ile ij?sin ni ?dun 1975. Ìyàn r?? g??g?? bí a?áájú (Alábòójútó Gbogbogbòò) ti ??????ì j?? ìtòl??s??s? nípa kíka ìkéde tí Akindayomi ti di èdìdì l??yìn ikú. Ni ?dun 1990, Ile-iwe Bibeli ti Onigbarapada ti ?l?run j? idasile. [4]","The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG) Classification Protestant Orientation Pentecostal Theology Evangelical Governance Enoch Adeboye , General Overseer (1981–Date) Region Worldwide Founder Josiah Akindayomi Origin 1952 Lagos , British Nigeria 1-5 Redemption Way, Ebute-Metta, Lagos (formerly 1a, Cemetery Street). Members 5 million Official website rccg.org The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG) is a Pentecostal megachurch and denomination founded in Lagos , Nigeria. The General overseer (most senior pastor) is Enoch Adeboye , ordained in 1981. As of March, 2017, RCCG had a presence in 196 countries of the world. The church in Lagos has an average church attendance of 50,000. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Fundamental beliefs 3 Church status 4 Major Church events/activities 5 Pastors' Seed Family (PSF) 6 Mini Photo Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History [ edit ] RCCG was founded in 1952 by Rev. Josiah Olufemi Akindayomi (1909–1980) after he had been involved in a number of other churches. Rev. Akindayomi chose Enoch Adeboye as the next General overseer. Enoch Adeboye was a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Lagos, Nigeria, as at the time he joined the church in 1973. Adeboye initially became one of the interpreters translating Akindayomi's sermons from Yoruba to English. He was ordained a pastor of the church in 1975, and his appointment as leader(General overseer) of the church was formalized by the posthumous reading of Akindayomi's sealed pronouncement. In 1990, Redeemed Christian Church of God Bible School is founded. Andrew Rice, writing in The New York Times , calls the RCCG ""one of [Africa's] most vigorously expansionary religious movements, a homegrown Pentecostal denomination that is crusading to become a global faith"". The church's leaders preach that in the future ""In every household there will be at least one member of Redeemed Christian Church of God in the whole world."" In 2016, the weekly worship attendance of the church in Lagos averaged 50,000. Fundamental beliefs [ edit ] The official RCCG website outlines its beliefs in the Bible and the Holy Trinity, that the Devil exists, that God formed man in his image, in repentance, in cleansing from sins by God's grace, in sanctification, water baptism, Holy Spirit baptism, restitution and that it is possible for God to heal without medicine (by His divine intervention e.g. through prayer). The church is a strong advocate of peace and holiness (""Follow peace with all [men], and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord. Hebrews 12:14 - KJV). The church forbids ""worldliness"" (such as reveling and lewd dancing) and rebellion against church authority. The church is also against debt to finance either the church or its activities. It encourages abstention from all evil and reverence to parents and constituted authorities. Church status [ edit ] The church international headquarters is located at Kilometre 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria. As of March 2017, RCCG had a presence in 196 nations of the world, and the church is still rapidly expanding, utilizing evangelism as a core tool along with church planting. The international church is structured in different areas throughout the world. The local churches are now grouped into regions, with 25 Regions in Nigeria. Elsewhere in Africa, RCCG has a presence in Benin , Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa , Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe, among several other countries. In Europe, the church has a presence in Austria, England, Scotland, Wales, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Portugal, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Serbia and Switzerland. In the United States, it has a presence in Arizona, Michigan, Mississippi, Illinois, Texas, Tennessee, Florida, New York, New England, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, Georgia, Oregon, Minnesota, Oklahoma, California, North Carolina, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Colorado, and West Virginia. In the Caribbean, it has a presence in Haiti, Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. In Canada it has a presence in Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick. The RCCG in the United States and Canada together form the RCCGNA(RCCG North America), which has its headquarters in Dallas , Texas. In Asia and the Pacific it has a presence in Australia (Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Canberra, Newcastle, Adelaide and Perth), New Zealand, Fiji, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Singapore, Cambodia and in the Philippines. In India it has a presence in New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata. It also has a presence in Hong Kong, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. In Pakistan it has a presence in Lahore, Kasur, Sahiwal, Mureed Ke, Mian Chanu. In the Middle East, the church has parishes in Qatar (two parishes), Kuwait, Lebanon and in all the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. Major Church events/activities [ edit ] A major RCCG evangelistic outreach event is the ""Let's go fishing"" program, which holds primarily during the major Christian festive seasons of Christmas and Easter. The events are typically held at previously unevangelized communities. An RCCG church is usually started at the location for the benefit of the new converts and the larger community. The most popular of the church's activities is the monthly Holy Ghost service attended by millions of people from within Nigeria and abroad . Live broadcasts are transmitted on TV, Radio & also streamed over the internet. The program is regularly attended by RCCG and non RCCG members, as well as people from other faiths. The immediate past venue of the monthly Holy Ghost Services was the 1 km 2 main auditorium, located at the popular Redemption Camp on the outskirts of Lagos in Ogun State, Nigeria. Starting in November, 2016, the venue of the monthly Holy Ghost services is now at the new 3 km X 3 km auditorium(in an area popularly referred to as Ṣìmáwá), which is still located on the expansive grounds of the Redemption Camp. Starting with the November 2016 Holy Ghost Service (as well as subsequent services), the 1 km 2 auditorium is being used as a primary viewing center. Among other reasons, the ever-growing crowd of worshipers that attend services at the Redemption Camp, especially during the church's Annual Convention that holds in August and the Holy Ghost Congress in December, warranted the construction of and relocation(of the services) to the much larger auditorium, which upon completion will measure 3 kilometres by 3 kilometres in size(area: 9 km 2 ). Holy Ghost services are also held at different times in other locations around the world including the U.K.(where it's known as the Festival of Life), the U.S., in Asia, and on other continents. The RCCG runs bible colleges and school of disciples headquartered in Nigeria, with many campuses in the UK, Europe, Middle East (Qatar) and a few other continents. The church also runs monthly programmes like Divine Encounter and Shiloh Hour. It also holds weekends which are primarily meant for departments of the church to celebrate and pray for themselves. Pastors' Seed Family (PSF) [ edit ] There is a relatively new movement in The RCCG called the Pastors' Seed Family (PSF). It is a forum for the wards/children of Pastors and Ministers in the RCCG to come together as a body to share areas of common interest, encourage and develop one another in all spheres. It commenced in 2008 during the Annual Convention of the church and since then, holds its meetings at the International Youth Centre of the Redemption Camp during the Special Holy Ghost Service in March, Annual Convention in August and the Holy Ghost Congress in December every year. There are awareness programmes and inaugurated chapters in Nigeria , United Kingdom , Ireland , North America, Canada , Kenya , Zambia and South Africa . The UK chapter already has its annual conference which first held in April, 2015. The coordinator of RCCG PSF International is Leke Adeboye, a child of Pastor Enoch Adeboye . Leke is also the Senior Special Assistant to the General Overseer of the church. Mini Photo Gallery [ edit ] RCCG Redeemed Christian Church of God Headquarters, Lagos, Nigeria. Main Entrance, Redemption Camp, Nigeria. Redeemed Christian Church of God, (Power Connections) Leeds, UK. Redeemed Christian Church of God (Everlasting Father's Assembly) Leeds, UK See also [ edit ] List of the largest evangelical megachurches Christianity in Nigeria African Initiated Church References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Official Web Site RCCG Philippines RCCG Sweden RCCG Turku, Finland RCCG Philippines, Asia RCCG Europe Mission RCCG Parish, London PSF RCCG Winners' Chapel - Detroit Grand Rapids Parish Meet The Adeboye Family" 2213817700760617034,train,who is generally considered to be the father of western philosophy,"René Descartes (/ deɪˈkɑːrt /, UK also / ˈdeɪkɑːrt / ; French : (ʁəne dekaʁt) ; Latinized : Renatus Cartesius ; adjectival form : `` Cartesian '' ; 31 March 1596 -- 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Dubbed the father of modern Western philosophy, much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. A native of the Kingdom of France, he spent about 20 years (1629 -- 49) of his life in the Dutch Republic after serving for a while in the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces. He is generally considered one of the most notable intellectual representatives of the Dutch Golden Age.",['saddam hussein'],tani ẹni tí wọ́n sábà máa ń kà sí bàbá ìmọ̀ ọgbọ́n orí ìwọ̀ oòrùn ayé,Yes,"['René Descartes (ìpè Faransé: \u200b[ʁəne dekaʁt]; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) (Kiko ni Latin: Renatus Cartesius; oro aponle: ""Kartesi"" tabi ""Cartesian"" ni geesi),[2] je amoye ara Fransi, onimo mathimatiki, onimo fisksi, ati olukowe to gbe opo igbesiaye agbalagba re ni orile-ede Hollandi Olominira. Won ti pe ni bi ""Baba Imoye Odeoni"", beesini opo Imooye apaiwoorun je bi esi si awon iwe to ko, ti won si tun unje gbigbeka momomo doni.']","['René Descartes (ìpè Faransé: \u200b[ʁəne dekaʁt]; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) (Kiko ni Latin: Renatus Cartesius; oro aponle: ""Kartesi"" tabi ""Cartesian"" ni geesi),[2] je amoye ara Fransi, onimo mathimatiki, onimo fisksi, ati olukowe to gbe opo igbesiaye agbalagba re ni orile-ede Hollandi Olominira. Won ti pe ni bi ""Baba Imoye Odeoni"", beesini opo Imooye apaiwoorun je bi esi si awon iwe to ko, ti won si tun unje gbigbeka momomo doni.']",['P1'],0,0,"René Descartes René Descartes (ìpè Faransé: ?[??ne deka?t]; o?jo?? 31 os?u? ke?ta, o?du?n 1596 – o?jo?? 11 os?u? keji? o?du?n 1650) (Kiko ni Latin: Renatus Cartesius; oro aponle: ""Kartesi"" tabi ""Cartesian"" ni geesi),[2] je amoye ara Fransi, onimo mathimatiki, onimo fisksi, ati olukowe to gbe opo igbesiaye agbalagba re ni orile-ede Hollandi Olominira. Won ti pe ni bi ""Baba Imoye Odeoni"", beesini opo Imooye apaiwoorun je bi esi si awon iwe to ko, ti won si tun unje gbigbeka momomo doni. Agaga, iwe re Meditations on First Philosophy si je doni iwe pataki ni awon ipin-apa imoye ni awon yunifasiti. Ipa Descartes ninu mathimatiki han kedere; ohun lo seda sistemu ajofonako Kartesi—ungba irisi jeometri laaye lati je gbigbekale ni isedogba aljebra. Ohun lo je sisawin bi baba jeometri alatuwo. Descartes na tun je ikan ninu awon to se bere Ijidide Sayensi.", -3130759101138317850,train,rio de janeiro on map of south america,"Rio de Janeiro is on the far western part of a strip of Brazil 's Atlantic coast (between a strait east to Ilha Grande, on the Costa Verde, and the Cabo Frio), close to the Tropic of Capricorn, where the shoreline is oriented east -- west. Facing largely south, the city was founded on an inlet of this stretch of the coast, Guanabara Bay (Baía de Guanabara), and its entrance is marked by a point of land called Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar) -- a `` calling card '' of the city.",['ghana'],ìlú rio de janeiro lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀ gúúsù amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Rio de Janeiro (""Odo January"", Pípè:\xa0/ˈriːoʊ dɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Pípè ni Potogí:\xa0[ˈxiu dʒi ʒaˈneiɾu]) je oluilu Ipinle Rio de Janeiro, ilu to tobijulo keji ni ile Brasil ati agbegbe ilu to tobijulo keta ni Guusu Amerika. Rio de Janeiro ti je oluilu Brasil fun bi ogorun meji lati 1763 titi di 1822 ni igba imunisin awon ara Portugal, ati nigbati Brasil di ominira ni 1822 titi di 1960.']",['Rio de Janeiro ilu to tobijulo keji ni ile Brasil ati agbegbe ilu to tobijulo keta ni Guusu Amerika. '],['P1'],1,0,"Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (Pípè: /?ri?o? d? ???n??ro?/; Pípè ni Potogí: [?xiu d?i ?a?nei?u]) je oluilu Ipinle Rio de Janeiro, ilu to tobijulo keji ni ile Brasil ati agbegbe ilu to tobijulo keta ni Guusu Amerika.[1][2][3] Rio de Janeiro ti je oluilu Brasil fun bi ogorun meji lati 1763 titi di 1822 ni igba imunisin awon ara Portugal, ati nigbati Brasil di ominira ni 1822 titi di 1960. O tun je oluilu ti tele fun Ile-Oba Portugal (1808–1821). O gbajumo gege bi ""Rio"" ni soki, alaje re ni A Cidade Maravilhosa, tabi ""Ilu Alara"". ", 4921264593693045063,train,the capital of brazil is rio de janeiro,"Rio de Janeiro (/ ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ, - deɪ ʒə -, - də dʒ ə - / ; Portuguese pronunciation : (ˈʁi. ud (ʒi) ʒɐˈnejɾu) ; River of January), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 's third-most populous state. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named `` Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea '', by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.","['1956', '28']",Rio de Janeiro ni olú ìlú Brazil,Yes,"['Rio de Janeiro (""Odo January"", Pípè:\xa0/ˈriːoʊ dɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Pípè ni Potogí:\xa0[ˈxiu dʒi ʒaˈneiɾu]) je oluilu Ipinle Rio de Janeiro, ilu to tobijulo keji ni ile Brasil ati agbegbe ilu to tobijulo keta ni Guusu Amerika. Rio de Janeiro ti je oluilu Brasil fun bi ogorun meji lati 1763 titi di 1822 ni igba imunisin awon ara Portugal, ati nigbati Brasil di ominira ni 1822 titi di 1960.']","['Rio de Janeiro je oluilu Ipinle Rio de Janeiro, ilu to tobijulo keji ni ile Brasil ati agbegbe ilu to tobijulo keta ni Guusu Amerika.']",['P1'],1,0,"Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (Pípè: /?ri?o? d? ???n??ro?/; Pípè ni Potogí: [?xiu d?i ?a?nei?u]) je oluilu Ipinle Rio de Janeiro, ilu to tobijulo keji ni ile Brasil ati agbegbe ilu to tobijulo keta ni Guusu Amerika.[1][2][3] Rio de Janeiro ti je oluilu Brasil fun bi ogorun meji lati 1763 titi di 1822 ni igba imunisin awon ara Portugal, ati nigbati Brasil di ominira ni 1822 titi di 1960. O tun je oluilu ti tele fun Ile-Oba Portugal (1808–1821). O gbajumo gege bi ""Rio"" ni soki, alaje re ni A Cidade Maravilhosa, tabi ""Ilu Alara"". ", 8769797379746242156,train,what part of the world is syria in,"Syria (Arabic : سوريا ‎ Sūriyā), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية ‎ al - Jumhūrīyah al - ʻArabīyah as - Sūrīyah) is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria 's capital and largest city is Damascus. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Syrian Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Circassians, Mandeans and Turks. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Isma'ilis, Mandeans, Shiites, Salafis, Yazidis, and Jews. Sunni make up the largest religious group in Syria.","['martin luther king jr.,']",apá wo nínú ayé ni síríà wà,Yes,"['Síríà (/ˈsɪriə/\xa0 ( listen) SI-ree-ə; Lárúbáwá: سورية\u200e Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Àdàkọ:Lang-syr; Àdàkọ:Lang-ku), lonibise bi Orileominira Arabu Siria (Lárúbáwá: الجمهورية العربية السورية\u200e Al-Jumhūriyyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (ìrànwọ́·ìkéde)), jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní Apá ìwòorùn Asia, ó ní ibodè pẹlú Lebanon àti Omi-òkun Mediteraneani ní ìwọ̀oọ̀rùn, Turkey ní àríwá, Iraq ní ìlàoòrùn, Jordan ní gúúsù, àti Israel ní gúúsù-ìwọ̀oòrùn.']","['Síríà jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní Apá ìwòorùn Asia, ó ní ibodè pẹlú Lebanon àti Omi-òkun Mediteraneani ní ìwọ̀oọ̀rùn, Turkey ní àríwá, Iraq ní ìlàoòrùn, Jordan ní gúúsù, àti Israel ní gúúsù-ìwọ̀oòrùn.']",['P1'],1,0,"Síríà Síríà (/?s?ri?/ SI-ree-?; Lárúbáwá: S?riyya tabi S?ry?; Àdàk?:Lang-syr; Àdàk?:Lang-ku), lonibise bi Orileominira Arabu Siria (Lárúbáwá (ìrànw??·ìkéde)), j?? oríl??-èdè ní Apá ìwòorùn Asia, ó ní ibodè p?lú Lebanoni àti Omi-òkun Mediteraneani ní ìw??o??rùn, Turkey ní àríwá, Iraqi ní ìlàoòrùn, Jordani ní gúúsù, àti Israeli ní gúúsù-ìw??oòrùn.[5][6]", 3548820614032205052,train,where is the country of san marino located,"San Marino (/ sæn məˈriːnoʊ / (listen) ; Italian : (san maˈriːno)), officially the Republic of San Marino (Italian : Repubblica di San Marino), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its size is just over 61 km (24 sq mi), with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Serravalle. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.",['to move a nucleus toward the ratio of neutrons to protons that has the least energy for a given total number of nucleons'],níbo ni orílẹ̀-èdè san marino wà,Yes,['San Màrínò je orile-ede ni orile Europe.'],['San Màrínò je orile-ede ni orile Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"San Màrínò San Màrínò je orile-ede ni orile Yúróòpù.","This article is about San Marino, Europe. For other uses, see San Marino (disambiguation) . San Marino ( / s æ n m ə ˈ r iː n oʊ / ( listen ) ; Italian: [san maˈriːno] ), officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ), is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy , situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains . Its size is just over 61 km 2 (24 sq mi), with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe . The country takes its name from Marinus , a stonemason originating from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In A.D. 257 [ clarification needed ] , Marinus according to legend participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in A.D. 301; thus, San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . San Marino is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ), a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century, that dictate the country’s political system, among other matters. The country is considered to have the earliest written governing documents, or constitution, still in effect. The country's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , services and tourism . It is among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP (per capita) , with a figure comparable to the most developed European regions. San Marino is considered to have a highly stable economy, with one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt and a budget surplus. It is the only country with more vehicles than people . In diplomatic terms, following the leadership of Italy it is among the core members of the Uniting for Consensus group. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Government 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.1.1 Municipalities 3.1.2 Curacies 3.2 Military 3.2.1 Crossbow Corps 3.2.2 Guard of the Rock 3.2.3 Guard of the Grand and General Council 3.2.4 Company of Uniformed Militia 3.2.5 Military Ensemble 3.2.6 Gendarmerie 4 Economy 4.1 Taxation 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Conventions with Italy 5 Population 5.1 Demographics 5.2 Notable people 5.3 Religion 6 Transport 6.1 Public transport 6.2 Railway 7 Culture 7.1 University 7.2 Sport 7.3 Cuisine 7.4 UNESCO 7.5 Music 7.6 Public holidays and festivals 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History [ edit ] Main article: History of San Marino Illustration of Saint Marinus , the founder of the Republic of San Marino, and prominent cultural figure Saint Marinus left the island of Rab in present-day Croatia with his lifelong friend Leo, and went to the city of Rimini as a stonemason. After the Diocletianic Persecution following his Christian sermons, he escaped to the nearby Monte Titano , where he built a small church and thus founded what is now the city and state of San Marino, which is sometimes still called the ""Titanic Republic"". The official date of the founding of what is now known as the Republic is 3 September 301. In 1631, its independence was recognized by the Papacy . The advance of Napoleon 's army in 1797 presented a brief threat to the independence of San Marino, but the country was saved from losing its liberty thanks to one of its Regents, Antonio Onofri , who managed to gain the respect and friendship of Napoleon. Thanks to his intervention, Napoleon, in a letter delivered to Gaspard Monge , scientist and commissary of the French Government for Science and Art, promised to guarantee and protect the independence of the Republic, even offering to extend its territory according to its needs. The offer was declined by the Regents, fearing future retaliation from other states' revanchism . The San Marino constitution, or more precisely statutes, of 1600 During the later phase of the Italian unification process in the 19th century, San Marino served as a refuge for many people persecuted because of their support for unification. In recognition of this support, Giuseppe Garibaldi accepted the wish of San Marino not to be incorporated into the new Italian state. The government of San Marino made United States President Abraham Lincoln an honorary citizen. He wrote in reply, saying that the republic proved that ""government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring."" During World War I , when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile view of Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station. Italy tried to forcibly establish a detachment of Carabinieri in the republic and then cut the republic's telephone lines when it did not comply. Two groups of ten volunteers joined Italian forces in the fighting on the Italian front , the first as combatants and the second as a medical corps operating a Red Cross field hospital. The existence of this hospital later caused Austria-Hungary to suspend diplomatic relations with San Marino. From 1923 to 1943, San Marino was under the rule of the Sammarinese Fascist Party (PFS). British troops at Monte Titano during the battle of San Marino, September 1944 During World War II , San Marino remained neutral, although it was wrongly reported in an article from The New York Times that it had declared war on the United Kingdom on 17 September 1940. The Sammarinese government later transmitted a message to the British government stating that they had not declared war on the United Kingdom. Three days after the fall of Benito Mussolini in Italy, PFS rule collapsed and the new government declared neutrality in the conflict. The Fascists regained power on 1 April 1944 but kept neutrality intact. Despite that, on 26 June 1944, San Marino was bombed by the Royal Air Force , in the belief that San Marino had been overrun by German forces and was being used to amass stores and ammunition. The Sammarinese government declared on the same day that no military installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had been allowed to enter. San Marino accepted thousands of civilian refugees when Allied forces went over the Gothic Line . In September 1944, it was briefly occupied by German forces, who were defeated by Allied forces in the Battle of San Marino . San Marino had the world's first democratically elected communist government – a coalition between the Sammarinese Communist Party and the Sammarinese Socialist Party , which held office between 1945 and 1957. San Marino is the world's smallest republic , although when Nauru gained independence in 1968 it challenged that claim, Nauru's land mass being only 21 km 2 (8.1 sq mi). However Nauru's jurisdiction over its surrounding waters covers 431,000 km 2 (166,000 sq mi), an area thousands of times greater than the territory of San Marino. San Marino became a member of the Council of Europe in 1988 and of the United Nations in 1992. It is neither a member of the European Union , nor of the Eurozone although it uses the euro as its currency. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of San Marino The fortress of Guaita on Mount Titano Map of San Marino San Marino is an enclave (landlocked) surrounded by Italy in Southern Europe, on the border between the regioni of Emilia Romagna and Marche and about 10 km (6.21 mi) from the Adriatic coast at Rimini. Its hilly topography, with no flat ground, is part of the Apennine mountain range. The highest point in the country, the summit of Monte Titano , is 749 m (2,457 ft ) above sea level . There are no bodies of water of any significant size. San Marino is the third smallest country in Europe , with only Vatican City and Monaco being smaller. It is also the fifth smallest country in the world. Climate [ edit ] The climate is Mediterranean with continental influences, having warm summers and cool winters that are typical of inland areas of the central Italian peninsula. [ hide ] Climate data for San Marino Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 7 (45) 9 (48) 14 (57) 17 (63) 23 (73) 28 (82) 30 (86) 30 (86) 25 (77) 20 (68) 13 (55) 8 (46) 19 (66) Daily mean °C (°F) 4 (39) 5.5 (41.9) 10 (50) 13 (55) 18.5 (65.3) 23 (73) 25 (77) 25 (77) 20.5 (68.9) 16 (61) 10 (50) 5.5 (41.9) 14.7 (58.3) Average low °C (°F) 1 (34) 2 (36) 6 (43) 9 (48) 14 (57) 18 (64) 20 (68) 20 (68) 16 (61) 12 (54) 7 (45) 3 (37) 11 (51) Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.0 (1.339) 37.6 (1.48) 34.2 (1.346) 51.5 (2.028) 41.6 (1.638) 36.0 (1.417) 34.5 (1.358) 49.2 (1.937) 85.6 (3.37) 69.8 (2.748) 59.2 (2.331) 75.4 (2.969) 608.6 (23.961) Source: World Weather Online Government [ edit ] Main article: Politics of San Marino See also: Foreign relations of San Marino , Constitution of San Marino , Capital punishment in San Marino , San Marino passport , Law enforcement in San Marino , and Elections in San Marino The Palazzo Pubblico , seat of the government of San Marino Four former Captains Regent: from left to right, Mirko Tomassoni , Alessandro Rossi , Alessandro Mancini , and Alberto Selva San Marino has the political framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic : the Captains Regent are both heads of state and heads of government , and there is a pluriform multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Grand and General Council . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. San Marino was originally led by the Arengo , initially formed from the heads of each family. In the 13th century, power was given to the Grand and General Council. In 1243, the first two Captains Regent were nominated by the Council. As of 2016 [update] , this method of nomination is still in use. The legislature of the republic is the Grand and General Council ( Consiglio grande e generale ). The Council is a unicameral legislature with 60 members. There are elections every five years by proportional representation in all nine administrative districts. These districts (townships) correspond to the old parishes of the republic. Citizens 18 years or older are eligible to vote. Beside general legislation, the Grand and General Council approves the budget and elects the Captains Regent, the State Congress (composed of ten Secretaries with executive power), the Council of Twelve (which forms the judicial branch during the period of legislature of the Council), the Advising Commissions, and the Government Unions. The council also has the power to ratify treaties with other countries. The council is divided into five different Advising Commissions consisting of fifteen councillors who examine, propose, and discuss the implementation of new laws that are on their way to being presented on the floor of the council. Every six months, the council elects two Captains Regent to be the heads of state. The Regents are chosen from opposing parties so that there is a balance of power. They serve a six-month term. The investiture of the Captains Regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October in every year. Once this term is over, citizens have three days in which to file complaints about the Captains' activities. If they warrant it, judicial proceedings against the ex-head(s) of state can be initiated. The practice of having two heads of state, like Roman consuls, chosen in frequent elections, is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic . The Council is equivalent to the Roman Senate ; the Captains Regent, to the consuls of ancient Rome . It is thought the inhabitants of the area came together as Roman rule collapsed to form a rudimentary government for their own protection from foreign rule. San Marino is a multi-party democratic republic. A new election law in 2008 raised the threshold for small parties entering Parliament, causing political parties to organise themselves into two alliances: the right-wing Pact for San Marino , led by the San Marinese Christian Democratic Party ; and the left-wing Reforms and Freedom , led by the Party of Socialists and Democrats , a merger of the Socialist Party of San Marino and the former communist Party of Democrats . The 2008 general election was won by the Pact for San Marino with 35 seats in the Grand and General Council against Reforms and Freedom's 25. On 1 October 2007, Mirko Tomassoni was elected as among the heads of state, making him the first disabled person ever to have been elected as captain regent . San Marino has had more female heads of state than any other country: 15 as of October 2014, including three who served twice. With regard to the legal profession, while the Order of Lawyers and Notaries of the Republic of San Marino [Ordine degli Avvocati e Notai della Repubblica di San Marino] exists, there is no clear indication as to how demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the legal field. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Municipalities [ edit ] Administrative divisions of San Marino San Marino is divided into the following nine municipalities , known locally as castelli (meaning ""castles""): San Marino (City of San Marino, officially Città di San Marino ) is the capital. There are also eight minor municipalities: Acquaviva Borgo Maggiore Chiesanuova Domagnano Faetano Fiorentino Montegiardino Serravalle The largest settlement of the Republic is Dogana , which is not an autonomous castello , but rather belongs to the Castello of Serravalle . In a similar way to an Italian comune , each castello includes a main settlement, called capoluogo , which is the seat of the castello , and some even smaller localities known as frazioni . Curacies [ edit ] The republic is made up of 43 parishes named curacies (It: curazie ): Cà Berlone , Cà Chiavello , Cà Giannino , Cà Melone , Cà Ragni , Cà Rigo , Cailungo , Caladino , Calligaria , Canepa , Capanne , Casole , Castellaro , Cerbaiola , Cinque Vie , Confine , Corianino , Crociale , Dogana , Falciano , Fiorina , Galavotto , Gualdicciolo , La Serra , Lesignano , Molarini , Montalbo , Monte Pulito , Murata , Pianacci , Piandivello , Poggio Casalino , Poggio Chiesanuova , Ponte Mellini , Rovereta , San Giovanni sotto le Penne , Santa Mustiola , Spaccio Giannoni , Teglio , Torraccia , Valdragone , Valgiurata and Ventoso . Military [ edit ] Main article: Military of San Marino San Marino's military forces are among the smallest in the world. National defence is, by arrangement, the responsibility of Italy's armed forces . Different branches have varied functions, including: performing ceremonial duties; patrolling borders; mounting guard at government buildings; and assisting police in major criminal cases. The police are not included in the military of San Marino. Crossbow Corps [ edit ] Once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now a ceremonial force of approximately 80 volunteers. Since 1295, the Crossbow Corps has provided demonstrations of crossbow shooting at festivals. Its uniform is medieval in design. While still a statutory military unit, the Crossbow Corps has no military function today. Guard of the Rock [ edit ] Guards of the Rock The Guard of the Rock is a front-line military unit in the San Marino armed forces, a state border patrol, with responsibility for patrolling borders and defending them. In their role as Fortress Guards they are responsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico in San Marino City , the seat of national government. In this role they are the forces most visible to tourists, and are known for their colourful ceremony of Changing the Guard . Under the 1987 statute the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as ""Criminal Police Officers"" (in addition to their military role) and assist the police in investigating major crime. The uniform of the Guard of the Rock is a distinctive red and green. Guard of the Grand and General Council [ edit ] The Guard of the Grand and General Council commonly known as The Guard of the Council or locally as the ""Guard of Nobles"", formed in 1740, is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Due to its striking blue, white, and gold uniform, it is perhaps the best-known part of the Sammarinese military, and appears on countless postcard views of the republic. The functions of the Guard of the Council are to protect the Captains Regents , and to defend the Grand and General Council during its formal sessions. They also act as ceremonial bodyguards to government officials at both state and church festivals. Company of Uniformed Militia [ edit ] In former times, all families with two or more adult male members were required to enroll half of them in the Company of Uniformed Militia. This unit remains the basic fighting force of the armed forces of San Marino, but is largely ceremonial. It is a matter of civic pride for many Sammarinese to belong to the force, and all citizens with at least six years residence in the republic are entitled to enroll. The uniform is dark blue, with a kepi bearing a blue and white plume. The ceremonial form of the uniform includes a white cross-strap, and white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs. Military Ensemble [ edit ] Formally this is part of the Army Militia, and is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists of approximately 50 musicians. The uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. Military Ensemble music accompanies most state occasions in the republic. Gendarmerie [ edit ] Established in 1842, the Gendarmerie of San Marino is a militarised law enforcement agency. Its members are full-time and have responsibility for the protection of citizens and property, and the preservation of law and order. The entire military corps of San Marino depends upon the co-operation of full-time forces and their retained (volunteer) colleagues, known as the Corpi Militari Volontari , or Voluntary Military Force. Economy [ edit ] Main articles: Economy of San Marino , Sammarinese euro coins , and List of banks in San Marino Tourism, together with banking, is the country's main source of revenue. Although San Marino is not a European Union member, it is allowed to use the euro as its currency by arrangement with the Council of the European Union ; it is also granted the right to use its own designs on the national side of the euro coins . Before the euro, the Sammarinese lira was pegged to, and exchangeable with, the Italian lira . The small number of Sammarinese euro coins , as was the case with the lira before it, are primarily of interest to coin collectors . San Marino's per capita GDP of US$55,449 and standard of living are comparable to that of Denmark . Key industries include banking , electronics , and ceramics . The main agricultural products are wine and cheese . San Marino imports mainly staple goods from Italy. San Marino's postage stamps , which are valid for mail posted in the country, are mostly sold to philatelists and are an important source of income. San Marino is a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation . Taxation [ edit ] The corporate profits tax rate in San Marino is 19%. Capital gains are subject to a five percent tax; interest is subject to a 13% withholding tax . In 1972, a value-added tax (VAT) system was introduced in Italy, and was applied in San Marino, in accordance with the 1939 friendship treaty. In addition, a tax on imported goods, to be levied by San Marino, was established. Such taxes, however, were not, and are not, applied to national products. Until 1996, goods manufactured and sold in San Marino were not subject to indirect taxation. Under the European Union customs agreement , San Marino continues to levy taxes, the equivalent of an import duty, on imported goods. Also, a general VAT was introduced, in replacement of the Italian VAT. Tourism [ edit ] Main article: Tourism in San Marino The tourism sector contributes over 22% of San Marino's GDP , with approximately 2 million tourists having visited in 2014. Conventions with Italy [ edit ] San Marino and Italy have engaged in conventions since 1862, dictating some economic activities in San Marino's territory. Cultivation of tobacco and production of goods, which are subject to Italy's government monopoly , are forbidden in San Marino. Direct import is forbidden: all goods coming from a third party have to travel through Italy before reaching the country. Although it is allowed to print its own postal stamps, San Marino is not allowed to coin its own currency and is obliged to use Italy's mint . Gambling is legal and regulated; however, casinos were outlawed prior to 2007. There is currently one legally operating casino. In exchange for these limitations, Italy provides San Marino with an annual stipend, and at cost, sea salt (not more than 250 tonnes per year), tobacco (40 tonnes), cigarettes (20 tonnes) and matches (unlimited amount). At the border there are no formalities with Italy. However, at the tourist office visitors can purchase officially cancelled souvenir stamps for their passports . Population [ edit ] Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of San Marino San Marino has a population of approximately 33,000, with 4,800 foreign residents, most of whom are Italian citizens. Another 12,000 Sammarinese live abroad (5,700 in Italy, 3,000 in the USA, 1,900 in France and 1,600 in Argentina ). The first census since 1976 was held in 2010. Results were expected by the end of 2011. However, 13% of families did not return their forms. The primary language spoken is Italian ; Romagnol is also widely spoken. San Marino has a life expectancy among the longest in the world. Notable people [ edit ] Giovanni Battista Belluzzi (1506 in San Marino – 1554) a Sammarinese architect Francesco Maria Marini (di Pesaro) (1630–1686) who composed some of the finest pieces of the era Little Tony (singer) (1941 – 2013) a pop and rock musician Pasquale Valentini (born 1953 in San Marino) a Sammarinese politician who has held multiple ministerial posts Massimo Bonini (born 1959 in San Marino) a Sammarinese football player who played for Juventus Simone Pacini (born 1981 in San Marino) a Sammarinese footballer who plays for local club Folgore as a midfielder Manuel Poggiali (born 1983 in San Marino) a Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion Alex De Angelis (born 1984 in San Marino) a Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion. Davide Simoncini (born 30 August 1986 in San Marino) is a Sammarinese footballer who plays as a defender for San Marino club A.C. Libertas and San Marino national football team Aldo Junior Simoncini (born 30 August 1986 in San Marino) is a Sammarinese footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for San Marino club A.C. Libertas and San Marino national football team Alessandro Bianchi (born 19 July 1989 in San Marino) is a San Marino international footballer who plays as a forward Simone Benedettini (born 1997 in San Marino) is a Sammarinese footballer who plays as a goalkeeper Valentina Monetta (born 1 March 1975 in San Marino) is a Sammarinese singer who represented San Marino four times in the Eurovision Song Contest Religion [ edit ] Main article: Religion in San Marino San Marino Cathedral San Marino is a predominantly Catholic state —over 97% of the population profess the Roman Catholic faith, but it is not the established religion . Approximately half of those who profess to be Catholic practice the faith. There is no episcopal see in San Marino, although its name is part of the present diocesan title. Historically, the various parishes in San Marino were divided between two Italian dioceses , mostly in the Diocese of Montefeltro , and partly in the Diocese of Rimini . In 1977, the border between Montefeltro and Rimini was readjusted so that all of San Marino fell within the diocese of Montefeltro. The bishop of Montefeltro-San Marino resides in Pennabilli , in Italy's province of Pesaro e Urbino . However, there is a provision under the income tax rules that the taxpayers have the right to request for allocation of 0.3% of their income tax to the Catholic Church or to ""other"" charities. The churches include the two religious groups of the Waldensian Church and Jehovah's Witnesses . The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro was until 1977 the historic diocese of Montefeltro. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia . The current diocese includes all the parishes of San Marino. The earliest mention of Montefeltro , as Mona Feretri , is in the diplomas by which Charlemagne confirmed the donation of Pepin . The first known bishop of Montefeltro was Agatho (826), whose residence was at San Leo . Under Bishop Flaminios Dondi (1724) the see was again transferred to San Leo, but later it returned to Pennabilli. The historic diocese was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Urbino . Since 1988, there is formally an apostolic nunciature to the republic, but it is vested in the nuncio to Italy. There has been a Jewish presence in San Marino for at least 600 years. The first mention of Jews in San Marino dates to the late 14th century, in official documents recording the business transactions of Jews. There are many documents throughout the 15th to 17th centuries describing Jewish dealings and verifying the presence of a Jewish community in San Marino. Jews were permitted official protection by the government. During World War II , San Marino provided a haven for more than 100,000 Italians and Jews (approximately 10 times the Sammarinese population at the time) from Nazi persecution. Today, only a few Jews remain. Religions in San Marino (2011) Religion % Roman Catholic 97.2% Protestant 1.1% Other Christian 0.7% Jewish 0.1% Other 0.1% Not religious 0.7% No answer 0.1% Transport [ edit ] Main article: Transport in San Marino There are 220 km (140 mi) of roads in the country, the main road being the San Marino Highway . Authorities license private vehicles with distinctive Sammarinese license plates , which are white with blue figures and the coat of arms, usually a letter followed by up to four numbers. Many vehicles also carry the international vehicle identification code (in black on a white oval sticker), which is ""RSM"". There are no public airports in San Marino, but there is a small private airstrip located in Torraccia and an international heliport located in Borgo Maggiore . Most tourists who arrive by air land at Federico Fellini International Airport close to the city of Rimini , then make the transfer by bus. Two rivers flow through San Marino, but there is no major water transport, and no port or harbour. Public transport [ edit ] San Marino has limited public transport facilities. There is a regular bus service between Rimini and the city of San Marino that is popular with both tourists and workers commuting to San Marino from Italy. This service stops at approximately 20 locations in Rimini and within San Marino, with its two terminus stops at Rimini railway station and San Marino coach station. A limited licensed taxi service operates nationwide. There are seven licensed taxi companies operating in the republic, and Italian taxis regularly operate within San Marino when carrying passengers picked up in Italian territory. Aerial tramway to Monte Titano There is a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) aerial tramway connecting the City of San Marino on top of Monte Titano with Borgo Maggiore , a major town in the republic, with the second largest population of any Sammarinese settlement. From here a further connection is available to the nation's largest settlement, Dogana , via the local bus service. Two aerial tramway cars (gondolas) operate, with service provided at roughly 15-minute intervals throughout the day. A third vehicle is available on the system, a service car for the use of engineers maintaining the tramway. Railway [ edit ] Today, there is no railway in San Marino, but for a short period before World War II , it had a single narrow-gauge line, connecting the country with the Italian rail network at Rimini. Because of the difficulties in accessing the capital, City of San Marino, with its mountain-top location, the terminus station was planned to be located in the village of Valdragone , but was extended to reach the capital through a steep and winding track comprising many tunnels. The railway was opened on 12 June 1932. An advanced system for its time, it was an electric railway, powered from overhead cables. It was well built and had a high frequency of passengers, but was almost completely destroyed during World War II. Many facilities such as bridges, tunnels, and stations remain visible today, and some have been converted to parks, public footpaths, or traffic routes. Culture [ edit ] Part of a series on the Culture of San Marino History People Languages Cuisine Festivals Religion Music and performing arts [show] Music Media [show] Television Sport Monuments [show] World Heritage Sites Symbols [show] Flag Coat of arms v t e A painting in the Museo di Stato di San Marino by Pompeo Batoni The Three Towers of San Marino are located on the three peaks of Monte Titano in the capital. They are depicted on both the Flag of San Marino and its coat of arms . The three towers are: Guaita , the oldest of the three (it was constructed in the 11th century); the 13th-century Cesta , located on the highest of Monte Titano's summits; and the 14th-century Montale , on the smallest of Monte Titano's summits, still privately owned. University [ edit ] The Università degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino ( University of the Republic of San Marino ) is the main university, which includes the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino (Advanced School of Historical Studies), a distinguished research and advanced international study centre governed by an international Scientific Committee coordinated by professor Luciano Canfora. Other important institutes are the Istituto Musicale Sammarinese (Sammarinese Musical Institute) and the Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino or Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze San Marino (International Academy of Sciences San Marino). The latter is known for adopting Esperanto as the language for teaching and for scientific publications; further, it makes wide use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning). Italian author Umberto Eco had attempted to create a ""university without physical structures"" in San Marino. Sport [ edit ] Main article: Sport in San Marino See also: San Marino at the Olympics and Football in San Marino In San Marino football is the most popular sport. Basketball and volleyball are also popular. The three sports have their own federations, the San Marino Football Federation , the San Marino Basketball Federation and the San Marino Volleyball Federation . Despite being the most popular sport, the San Marino national football team has had little success, being made up of part-timers, never qualifying for a major tournament, and recording only one win in over 25 years of its history, a 1–0 victory in 2004 against Liechtenstein . They have drawn four more, with their most notable result being a 1993 0–0 draw with Turkey during the European qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup . Despite being among the worst teams in the world, they used to hold the record for the fastest goal scored in international football (since broken by Christian Benteke ), with David Gualtieri scoring 8.3 seconds after the start of a match against the England national football team in 1993, which they went on to lose 7–1, in the final round of the same World Cup qualifiers. 2005 San Marino Grand Prix held in Imola , Italy A Formula One race, the San Marino Grand Prix , was named after the state, although it did not take place there. Instead, it was held at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the Italian town of Imola , about 100 km (60 mi) northwest of San Marino. This international event was removed from the calendar in 2007 . The San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix was reinstated in the schedule in 2007 and takes place at the Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli , as does San Marino's round of the World Superbike Championship . San Marino has a professional baseball team which plays in Italy's top division . It has participated in the European Cup tournament for the continent's top club sides several times, hosting the event in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2007 . It won the championship in 2006 and was a runner-up in 2010 . Together with Italy, San Marino will host the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship , with teams playing at the Stadio Olimpico in Serravalle . San Marino has had little success at the Olympic Games , winning no medals. Cuisine [ edit ] Main article: Sammarinese cuisine A piadina , a dish characteristic of the Italian region of Romagna and of its enclave of San Marino The cuisine of San Marino is extremely similar to Italian , especially that of the adjoining Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions, but it has a number of its own unique dishes and products. Its best known is probably the Torta Tre Monti (""Cake of the Three Mountains"" or ""Cake of the Three Towers""), a wafer layered cake covered in chocolate depicting the Three Towers of San Marino . The country also has a small wine industry. UNESCO [ edit ] The site San Marino: Historic Centre and Mount Titano became part of the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008. The decision was taken during the 32nd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee composed of 21 Countries convened in Québec, Canada. Music [ edit ] Main articles: Music of San Marino and San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest The country has a long and rich musical tradition, closely linked to that of Italy, but which is also highly independent in itself. In the 17th century, composers including the Sammarinese Francesco Maria Marini di Pesaro wrote some of the finest pieces of the era. San Marino has taken part in the Eurovision Song Contest eight times, achieving its first final in 2014 with the third participation of Valentina Monetta and the song "" Maybe "". Public holidays and festivals [ edit ] Date Name Explanation 1 January New Year's Day Festival marking the beginning of the new year 6 January Epiphany Commemorates the visit of the three wise men or magi to the infant Jesus 5 February Feast of Saint Agatha Commemoration of Saint Agatha, patroness of the Republic, as well as liberation from foreign rule Variable, the first Sunday after the full moon and the March equinox . Easter Resurrection of Jesus Variable, the Monday after Easter day Easter Monday Monday after Easter day 25 March Anniversary of the Arengo Anniversary of the Arengo and the Festa delle Milizie (Feast of the Militants) 1 May Labour Day Celebration of workers and employees Variable , the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi Commemoration of the body and blood of Jesus Christ 28 July Liberation from Fascism Commemoration of the fall of the Sammarinese Fascist Party 15 August Ferragosto (Assumption) Commemoration of the Virgin Mary's assumption into heaven 3 September The Feast of San Marino and the Republic National feast of San Marino, celebrating the origin of the Republic in 301 1 November All Saints' Day Feast dedicated to all saints 2 November Commemoration of all those who died at war Remembrance of all those who gave their lives for San Marino in war 8 December Immaculate Conception Remembrance of the Virgin Mary's conception without original sin 24 December Christmas Eve Day before the commemoration of the birth of Jesus 25 December Christmas Birth of Jesus 26 December Saint Stephen's Day Commemoration of the death of Saint Stephen , the first Christian martyr 31 December New Year's Eve Celebration which closes and marks the end of the year See also [ edit ] Europe portal Associazione Guide Esploratori Cattolici Sammarinesi City-state Index of San Marino-related articles Outline of San Marino Telecommunications in San Marino References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Marino . Geographic data related to San Marino at OpenStreetMap Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Marino . Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article San Marino . Chief of State and Cabinet Members Secretary of State for External Relations and Politics ""San Marino"" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . San Marino from UCB Libraries GovPubs San Marino at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) San Marino profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of San Marino San Marino – San Marino Tourism Site Meteo San Marino National Center Of Meteorology and Climatology of San Marino, Local Forecast and Webcams Musei di Stato della Repubblica di San Marino History of San Marino: Primary Documents from EUdocs San Marino from allcountries.eu Visit San Marino – Official San Marino Tourism Site Contrada Omagnano (in Italian) General information of San Marino: Politics, Institutions and very other San Marino: excerpt from a 1769 Guidebook Coordinates : 43°56′30″N 12°27′30″E  /  43.94167°N 12.45833°E  / 43.94167; 12.45833" 8963359284238552792,train,who is the novel award winning poet laureate,"Seamus Justin Heaney, MRIA (/ ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni / ; 13 April 1939 -- 30 August 2013), was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature.",[],ta ni òǹkọ̀wé tó gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ òǹkọ̀wé,Yes,"['Seamus Heaney (ojoibi 13 April 1939, pípè /ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/) je ara Irelandi, to je olukowe ati olukoni to gba Ebun Nobel Litireso ni 1995 ati Ebun T. S. Eliot ni 2006.']","['Seamus Heaney je ara Irelandi, to je olukowe ati olukoni to gba Ebun Nobel Litireso ni 1995 ati Ebun T. S. Eliot ni 2006.']",['P1'],1,0,"Seamus Heaney Seamus Heaney (ojoibi 13, Osun ke?rin 1939, pípè /??e?m?s ?hi?ni/) je ara Irelandi, to je olukowe ati olukoni to gba Ebun Nobel Litireso ni 1995 ati Ebun T. S. Eliot ni 2006. Lowolowo o ungbe ni Dublin.[1][2]","Seamus Heaney MRIA Seamus Heaney (2009) Born ( 1939-04-13 ) 13 April 1939 Castledawson , Northern Ireland Died 30 August 2013 ( 2013-08-30 ) (aged 74) Dublin , Republic of Ireland Occupation Poet, playwright, translator Nationality Irish Period 1966–2013 Notable works Death of a Naturalist (1966) North (1975) Field Work (1979) The Spirit Level (1996) Beowulf (translation, 1999) District and Circle (2006) Human Chain (2010) Notable awards Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize , 1968 E. M. Forster Award , 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature , 1995 Commandeur de l' Ordre des Arts et Lettres , 1996 Saoi of Aosdána , 1997 Golden Wreath of Poetry , 2001 T. S. Eliot Prize , 2006 The Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry Lifetime Recognition Award, 2012 Spouse Marie Devlin (1965–2013) Children Michael Christopher Catherine Ann Seamus Justin Heaney , MRIA ( / ˈ ʃ eɪ m ə s ˈ h iː n i / ; 13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013), was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature . Born near Castledawson and Toomebridge , Northern Ireland , the family moved to nearby Bellaghy when he was a boy. Heaney became a lecturer at St. Joseph's College in Belfast in the early 1960s, after attending Queen's University and began to publish poetry. He lived in Sandymount , Dublin from 1976 until his death. He also lived part-time in the United States from 1981 to 2006. Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime. Heaney was a professor at Harvard from 1981 to 1997, and its Poet in Residence from 1988 to 2006. From 1989 to 1994, he was also the Professor of Poetry at Oxford . In 1996, was made a Commandeur de l' Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . Other awards that he received include the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (1968), the E. M. Forster Award (1975), the PEN Translation Prize (1985), the Golden Wreath of Poetry (2001), the T. S. Eliot Prize (2006) and two Whitbread Prizes (1996 and 1999). In 2011, he was awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize and in 2012, a Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust . His literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland . American poet Robert Lowell described him as ""the most important Irish poet since Yeats "", and many others, including the academic John Sutherland , have said that he was ""the greatest poet of our age"". Robert Pinsky has stated that ""with his wonderful gift of eye and ear Heaney has the gift of the story-teller."" Upon his death in 2013, The Independent described him as ""probably the best-known poet in the world."" One of his best known works is Death of a Naturalist , published in 1966. His body is buried at the Cemetery of St. Mary's Church, Bellaghy, Northern Ireland . The headstone bears the epitaph ""Walk on air against your better judgement"", from one of his poems, ""The Gravel Walks"". Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1957–1969 2.2 1970–84 2.3 1985–99 2.4 2000s 2.5 2010s 2.6 Death 3 Work 3.1 Naturalism 3.2 Politics 3.3 Translation 3.4 Plays and prose 3.5 Use in school syllabuses 4 Influence 5 Publications 5.1 Poetry: main collections 5.2 Poetry: selected editions 5.3 Prose: main collections 5.4 Prose: selected editions 5.5 Plays 5.6 Translations 5.7 Limited editions and booklets (poetry and prose) 6 Critical studies of Heaney 7 Selected discography 8 Major prizes and honours 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life [ edit ] From Mid-Term Break Wearing a poppy bruise on the left temple, He lay in the four foot box as in a cot. No gaudy scars, the bumper knocked him clear. A four foot box, a foot for every year. “ ” from ""Mid-term break"", Death of a Naturalist (1966) Heaney was born on 13 April 1939, at the family farmhouse called Mossbawn, between Castledawson and Toomebridge ; he was the first of nine children. In 1953, his family moved to Bellaghy , a few miles away, which is now the family home. His father, Patrick Heaney (d. October 1986), was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney. Patrick was a farmer, but his real commitment was to cattle dealing, to which he was introduced by the uncles who had cared for him after the early death of his own parents. Heaney's mother, Margaret Kathleen McCann (1911–1984), who bore nine children, came from the McCann family. Her uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill , and her aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owner's family. Heaney commented that his parentage contained both the Ireland of the cattle-herding Gaelic past and the Ulster of the Industrial Revolution ; he considered this to have been a significant tension in his background. Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School; when he was twelve years old, he won a scholarship to St. Columb's College , a Roman Catholic boarding school situated in Derry . Heaney's brother, Christopher, was killed in a road accident at the age of four while Heaney was studying at St. Columb's. The poems "" Mid-Term Break "" and "" The Blackbird of Glanmore "" are related to his brother's death. Career [ edit ] 1957–1969 [ edit ] For more details on his works during this period, see Death of a Naturalist and Door into the Dark . Seamus Heaney in 1970 From ""Digging"" My grandfather cut more turf in a day Than any other man on Toner's bog. Once I carried him milk in a bottle Corked sloppily with paper. He straightened up To drink it, then fell to right away Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods Over his shoulder, going down and down For the good turf. Digging. The cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap Of soggy peat, the curt cuts of an edge Through living roots awaken in my head. But I've no spade to follow men like them. Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests. I'll dig with it. “ ” from ""Digging"", Death of a Naturalist (1966) In 1957, Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queen's University Belfast . During his time in Belfast, he found a copy of Ted Hughes 's Lupercal, which spurred him to write poetry. ""Suddenly, the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life,"" he said. He graduated in 1961 with a First Class Honours degree. During teacher training at St Joseph's Teacher Training College in Belfast (now merged with St Mary's, University College ), Heaney went on a placement to St Thomas' secondary Intermediate School in west Belfast. The headmaster of this school was the writer Michael McLaverty from County Monaghan , who introduced Heaney to the poetry of Patrick Kavanagh . With McLaverty's mentorship, Heaney first started to publish poetry in 1962. Hillan describes how McLaverty was like a foster father to the younger Belfast poet. In the introduction to McLaverty's Collected Works, Heaney summarised the poet's contribution and influence: ""His voice was modestly pitched, he never sought the limelight, yet for all that, his place in our literature is secure."" Heaney's poem Fosterage , in the sequence Singing School from North (1975), is dedicated to him. In 1963, Heaney became a lecturer at St Joseph's, and in the spring of 1963, after contributing various articles to local magazines, he came to the attention of Philip Hobsbaum , then an English lecturer at Queen's University. Hobsbaum set up a Belfast Group of local young poets (to mirror the success he had with the London group), and Heaney was able to meet other Belfast poets such as Derek Mahon and Michael Longley . In August 1965, he married Marie Devlin, a school teacher and native of Ardboe , County Tyrone . (Also a writer, Devlin published Over Nine Waves (1994), a collection of traditional Irish myths and legends.) Heaney's first book, Eleven Poems, was published in November 1965 for the Queen's University Festival. In 1966, Faber and Faber published his first major volume, called Death of a Naturalist . This collection was met with much critical acclaim and won several awards, including the Gregory Award for Young Writers and the Geoffrey Faber Prize. Also in 1966, Heaney was appointed as a lecturer in Modern English Literature at Queen's University Belfast . That year his first son, Michael, was born. A second son, Christopher, was born in 1968. That same year, with Michael Longley , Heaney took part in a reading tour called Room to Rhyme, which increased awareness of the poet's work. In 1969, his second major volume, Door into the Dark , was published. 1970–84 [ edit ] For more details on his works during this period, see Wintering Out , North (poetry collection) , Field Work (poetry collection) , and Selected Poems 1965-1975 . After a spell as guest lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley , Heaney returned in 1971 to Queen's University. In 1972, Heaney left his lectureship at Belfast, moved to Wicklow in the Republic of Ireland, and began writing on a full-time basis. In the same year, he published Wintering Out . Over the next few years, Heaney began to give readings throughout Ireland, Great Britain and the United States. In 1975, Heaney published his fourth volume, North . A pamphlet of prose poems entitled Stations was published the same year. He became Head of English at Carysfort College in Dublin in 1976, and he moved with his family to Sandymount in that city. His next volume, Field Work , was published in 1979. Selected Poems 1965-1975 and Preoccupations: Selected Prose 1968–1978 were published in 1980. When Aosdána , the national Irish Arts Council, was established in 1981, Heaney was among those elected into its first group. (He was subsequently elected a Saoi , one of its five elders and its highest honour, in 1997). Also in 1981, Heaney traveled to the United States as a visiting professor at Harvard University , where he was affiliated with Adams House . He was awarded two honorary doctorates, from Queen's University and from Fordham University in New York City (1982). At the Fordham commencement ceremony on May 23, 1982, Heaney delivered his address as a 46-stanza poem entitled ""Verses for a Fordham Commencement."" Born and educated in Northern Ireland , Heaney stressed that he was Irish and not British. Following the success of the Field Day Theatre Company 's production of Brian Friel 's Translations , the founders Brian Friel and Stephen Rea decided to make the company a permanent group. Heaney joined the company's expanded Board of Directors in 1981. In autumn 1984, his mother, Margaret, died. 1985–99 [ edit ] For more details on his works during this period, see Station Island (poetry) , The Haw Lantern , The Cure at Troy , and The Spirit Level (poetry collection) . Marie and Seamus Heaney at the Dominican Church, Kraków , Poland, 4 October 1996 Heaney received a tenure position at Harvard, becoming Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard University (formerly Visiting Professor), serving 1985–1997, and the Ralph Waldo Emerson Poet in Residence at Harvard 1998–2006. In 1986, Heaney received a Litt.D. from Bates College . His father, Patrick, died in October the same year. The loss of both parents within two years affected Heaney deeply, and he expressed his grief in poems. In 1988, a collection of his critical essays, The Government of the Tongue , was published. In 1985 Heaney wrote the poem ""From the Republic of Conscience"" at the request of Amnesty International Ireland. He wanted to ""celebrate United Nations Day and the work of Amnesty."" The poem inspired the title of Amnesty International's highest honor, the Ambassador of Conscience Award . In 1988, Heaney donated his lecture notes to the Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Book Library (MARBL) of Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia, after giving the notable Ellmann Lecture in Modern Literature there. In 1989, Heaney was elected Professor of Poetry at the University of Oxford , which he held for a five-year term to 1994. The chair does not require residence in Oxford. Throughout this period, he was dividing his time between Ireland and the United States. He also continued to give public readings. So well attended and keenly anticipated were these events that those who queued for tickets with such enthusiasm were sometimes dubbed ""Heaneyboppers"", suggesting an almost teenybopper fan base. In 1990, The Cure at Troy , his play based on Sophocles 's Philoctetes , was published to much acclaim. The next year, he published another volume of poetry, Seeing Things (1991). Heaney was named an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society , Trinity College, Dublin , and was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (1991). In 1993, Heaney guest-edited The Mays Anthology , a collection of new writing from students at the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge . That same year, he was awarded the Dickinson College Arts Award and returned to the Pennsylvania college to deliver the commencement address and receive an honorary degree. He was scheduled to return to Dickinson again to receive the Harold and Ethel L. Stellfox Award—for a major literary figure—at the time of his death in 2013. Irish poet Paul Muldoon was named recipient of the award that year, partly in recognition of the close connection between the two poets. Heaney was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995 for what the Nobel committee described as ""works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past."" He was on holiday in Greece with his wife when the news broke. Neither journalists nor his own children could reach him until he arrived at Dublin Airport two days later, although an Irish television camera traced him to Kalamata . Asked how he felt to have his name added to the Irish Nobel pantheon of William Butler Yeats , George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett , Heaney responded: ""It's like being a little foothill at the bottom of a mountain range. You hope you just live up to it. It's extraordinary."" He and his wife Marie were immediately taken from the airport to Áras an Uachtaráin for champagne with President Mary Robinson . Heaney's 1996 collection The Spirit Level won the Whitbread Book of the Year Award ; he repeated the success in 1999 with Beowulf: A New Translation . Heaney was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1996 and was admitted in 1997. In the same year, Heaney was elected Saoi of Aosdána . In 1998, Heaney was elected Honorary Fellow of Trinity College Dublin. 2000s [ edit ] The Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry , which was officially opened at Queen's University Belfast in 2004 In 2000, Heaney was awarded an honorary doctorate and delivered the commencement address at the University of Pennsylvania . In 2002, Heaney was awarded an honorary doctorate from Rhodes University and delivered a public lecture on ""The Guttural Muse"". In 2003, the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry was opened at Queen's University Belfast . It houses the Heaney Media Archive, a record of Heaney's entire oeuvre, along with a full catalogue of his radio and television presentations. That same year, Heaney decided to lodge a substantial portion of his literary archive at Emory University as a memorial to the work of William M. Chace, the university's recently retired president. The Emory papers represented the largest repository of Heaney's work (1964–2003). He donated these to help build their large existing archive of material from Irish writers including Yeats, Paul Muldoon , Ciaran Carson , Michael Longley and other members of The Belfast Group . In 2003, when asked if there was any figure in popular culture who aroused interest in poetry and lyrics, Heaney praised American rap artist Eminem from Detroit, saying, ""He has created a sense of what is possible. He has sent a voltage around a generation. He has done this not just through his subversive attitude but also his verbal energy."" Heaney wrote the poem "" Beacons at Bealtaine "" to mark the 2004 EU Enlargement . He read the poem at a ceremony for the 25 leaders of the enlarged European Union , arranged by the Irish EU presidency . In August 2006, Heaney suffered a stroke . Although he recovered and joked, ""Blessed are the pacemakers"" when fitted with a heart monitor, he cancelled all public engagements for several months. He was in County Donegal at the time of the 75th birthday of Anne Friel, wife of playwright Brian Friel . He read the works of Henning Mankell , Donna Leon and Robert Harris while in hospital. Among his visitors was former President Bill Clinton . Heaney's District and Circle won the 2006 T. S. Eliot Prize . In 2008, he became artist of honour in Østermarie , Denmark, and Seamus Heaney Stræde (street) was named after him. In 2009, Heaney was presented with an Honorary-Life Membership award from the University College Dublin (UCD) Law Society, in recognition of his remarkable role as a literary figure. Faber and Faber published Dennis O'Driscoll 's book Stepping Stones: Interviews with Seamus Heaney in 2008; this has been described as the nearest thing to an autobiography of Heaney. In 2009, Heaney was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature. He spoke at the West Belfast Festival 2010 in celebration of his mentor, the poet and novelist Michael McLaverty , who had helped Heaney to first publish his poetry. 2010s [ edit ] In 2010, Faber published Human Chain , Heaney's twelfth collection. Human Chain was awarded the Forward Poetry Prize for Best Collection, one of the major poetry prizes Heaney had never previously won, despite having been twice shortlisted. The book, published 44 years after the poet's first, was inspired in part by Heaney's stroke in 2006, which left him ""babyish"" and ""on the brink"". Poet and Forward judge Ruth Padel described the work as ""a collection of painful, honest and delicately weighted poems ... a wonderful and humane achievement."" Writer Colm Tóibín described Human Chain as ""his best single volume for many years, and one that contains some of the best poems he has written... is a book of shades and memories, of things whispered, of journeys into the underworld, of elegies and translations, of echoes and silences."" In October 2010, the collection was shortlisted for the T. S. Eliot Prize . Heaney was named one of ""Britain's top 300 intellectuals"" by The Observer in 2011, though the newspaper later published a correction acknowledging that ""several individuals who would not claim to be British"" had been featured, of which Heaney was one. That same year, he contributed translations of Old Irish marginalia for Songs of the Scribe , an album by Traditional Singer in Residence of the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry, Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin . In December 2011, he donated his personal literary notes to the National Library of Ireland . Even though he admitted he would likely have earned a fortune by auctioning them, Heaney personally packed up the boxes of notes and drafts and, accompanied by his son Michael, delivered them to the National Library. In June 2012, Heaney accepted the Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry's Lifetime Recognition Award and gave a speech in honour of the award. Heaney was compiling a collection of his work in anticipation of Selected Poems 1988-2013 at the time of his death. The selection includes poems and writings from Seeing Things , The Spirit Level , the translation of Beowulf , Electric Light , District and Circle , and Human Chain (fall 2014). In February 2014, Emory University premiered Seamus Heaney: The Music of What Happens , the first major exhibition to celebrate the life and work of Seamus Heaney since his death. The exhibit holds a display of the surface of Heaney's personal writing desk that he used in the 1980s as well as old photographs and personal correspondence with other writers. Heaney died in August 2013, during the exhibition's curatorial process. Though the exhibit's original vision to celebrate Heaney's life and work remains at the forefront, there is a small section commemorating his death and its influence. In September 2015, it was announced that Heaney's family would posthumously publish his translation of Book VI of The Aeneid in 2016. Death [ edit ] Heaney died in the Blackrock Clinic in Dublin on 30 August 2013, aged 74, following a short illness. After a fall outside a restaurant in Dublin, he entered hospital for a medical procedure, but died at 7:30 the following morning before it took place. His funeral was held in Donnybrook , Dublin, on the morning of 2 September 2013, and he was buried in the evening at his home village of Bellaghy , in the same graveyard as his parents, young brother, and other family members. His son Michael revealed at the funeral mass that his father texted his final words, "" Noli timere "" (Latin: ""Do not be afraid""), to his wife, Marie, minutes before he died. The day after his death, a crowd of 81,553 spectators applauded Heaney for three minutes at an All-Ireland Gaelic football semi-final match on 1 September. His funeral was broadcast live the following day on RTÉ television and radio and was streamed internationally at RTÉ's website. RTÉ Radio 1 Extra transmitted a continuous broadcast, from 8 a.m. to 9:15 p.m. on the day of the funeral, of his Collected Poems album, recorded by Heaney in 2009. His poetry collections sold out rapidly in Irish bookshops immediately following his death. Many tributes were paid to Heaney. President Michael D. Higgins said: ...we in Ireland will once again get a sense of the depth and range of the contribution of Seamus Heaney to our contemporary world, but what those of us who have had the privilege of his friendship and presence will miss is the extraordinary depth and warmth of his personality...Generations of Irish people will have been familiar with Seamus' poems. Scholars all over the world will have gained from the depth of the critical essays, and so many rights organisations will want to thank him for all the solidarity he gave to the struggles within the republic of conscience. President Higgins also appeared live from Áras an Uachtaráin on the Nine O'Clock News in a five-minute segment in which he paid tribute to Seamus Heaney. Bill Clinton , former President of the United States, said: Both his stunning work and his life were a gift to the world. His mind, heart, and his uniquely Irish gift for language made him our finest poet of the rhythms of ordinary lives and a powerful voice for peace...His wonderful work, like that of his fellow Irish Nobel Prize winners Shaw, Yeats, and Beckett, will be a lasting gift for all the world. José Manuel Barroso , European Commission president, said: I am greatly saddened today to learn of the death of Seamus Heaney, one of the great European poets of our lifetime. ... The strength, beauty and character of his words will endure for generations to come and were rightly recognised with the Nobel Prize for Literature. Harvard University issued a statement: ""We are fortunate and proud to have counted Seamus Heaney as a revered member of the Harvard family. For us, as for people around the world, he epitomised the poet as a wellspring of humane insight and artful imagination, subtle wisdom and shining grace. We will remember him with deep affection and admiration."" Poet Michael Longley , a close friend of Heaney, said: ""I feel like I've lost a brother."" Thomas Kinsella said he was shocked, but John Montague said he had known for some time that the poet was not well. Playwright Frank McGuinness called Heaney ""the greatest Irishman of my generation: he had no rivals."" Colm Tóibín wrote: ""In a time of burnings and bombings Heaney used poetry to offer an alternative world."" Gerald Dawe said he was ""like an older brother who encouraged you to do the best you could do."" Theo Dorgan said, ""[Heaney's] work will pass into permanence."" Everywhere I go there is real shock at this. Seamus was one of us."" His publisher, Faber and Faber , noted that ""his impact on literary culture is immeasurable."" Playwright Tom Stoppard said, ""Seamus never had a sour moment, neither in person nor on paper"". Andrew Motion , a former UK Poet Laureate and friend of Heaney, called him ""a great poet, a wonderful writer about poetry, and a person of truly exceptional grace and intelligence."" Many memorial events were held, including a commemoration at Emory University, Harvard University, Oxford University and the Southbank Centre, London. Leading US poetry organisations also met in New York to commemorate the death. Work [ edit ] From ""Joy Or Night"": In order that human beings bring about the most radiant conditions for themselves to inhabit, it is essential that the vision of reality which poetry offers should be transformative, more than just a printout of the given circumstances of its time and place. The poet who would be most the poet has to attempt an act of writing that outstrips the conditions even as it observes them. “ ” —from "" Joy Or Night: Last Things in the Poetry of W. B. Yeats and Philip Larkin "", W. D. Thomas Memorial Lecture delivered by Seamus Heaney at University College of Swansea on 18 January 1993. Naturalism [ edit ] According to the BBC, at one time, Heaney's books made up two-thirds of the sales of living poets in the UK. His work often deals with the local surroundings of Ireland, particularly in Northern Ireland, where he was born and lived until young adulthood. Speaking of his early life and education, he commented, ""I learned that my local County Derry experience, which I had considered archaic and irrelevant to 'the modern world', was to be trusted. They taught me that trust and helped me to articulate it."" Death of a Naturalist (1966) and Door into the Dark (1969) mostly focus on the details of rural, parochial life. In a number of volumes, beginning with Door into the Dark (1969) and Wintering Out (1972), Heaney also spent a significant amount of time writing on the northern Irish bog. Particularly of note is the collection of bog body poems in North (1975), featuring mangled bodies preserved in the bog. In a review by Ciaran Carson, he said that the bog poems made Heaney into ""the laureate of violence—a mythmaker, an anthropologist of ritual killing...the world of megalithic doorways and charming noble barbarity."" Poems such as ""Bogland"" and ""Bog Queen"" addressed political struggles directly for the first time, as well as maintained a natural aesthetic. Politics [ edit ] Allusions to sectarian difference, widespread in Northern Ireland through his lifetime, can be found in his poems. His books Wintering Out (1973) and North (1975) seek to interweave commentary on the Troubles with a historical context and wider human experience. While some critics accused Heaney of being ""an apologist and a mythologiser"" of the violence, Blake Morrison suggests the poet has written poems directly about the Troubles as well as elegies for friends and acquaintances who have died in them; he has tried to discover a historical framework in which to interpret the current unrest; and he has taken on the mantle of public spokesman, someone looked to for comment and guidance... Yet he has also shown signs of deeply resenting this role, defending the right of poets to be private and apolitical, and questioning the extent to which poetry, however ""committed"", can influence the course of history. Shaun O'Connell in the New Boston Review notes that ""those who see Seamus Heaney as a symbol of hope in a troubled land are not, of course, wrong to do so, though they may be missing much of the undercutting complexities of his poetry, the backwash of ironies which make him as bleak as he is bright."" O'Connell notes in his Boston Review critique of Station Island : Again and again Heaney pulls back from political purposes; despite its emblems of savagery, Station Island lends no rhetorical comfort to Republicanism. Politic about politics, Station Island is less about a united Ireland than about a poet seeking religious and aesthetic unity. Heaney is described by critic Terry Eagleton as ""an enlightened cosmopolitan liberal"", refusing to be drawn. Eagleton suggests: ""When the political is introduced... it is only in the context of what Heaney will or will not say."" Reflections on what Heaney identifies as ""tribal conflict"" favour the description of people's lives and their voices, drawing out the ""psychic landscape"". His collections often recall the assassinations of his family members and close friends, lynchings and bombings. Colm Tóibín wrote, ""throughout his career there have been poems of simple evocation and description. His refusal to sum up or offer meaning is part of his tact."" Heaney published ""Requiem for the Croppies "", a poem that commemorates the Irish rebels of 1798, on the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising . He read the poem to both Catholic and Protestant audiences in Ireland. He commented, ""To read 'Requiem for the Croppies' wasn't to say ‘up the IRA ’ or anything. It was silence-breaking rather than rabble-rousing."" He stated, ""You don't have to love it. You just have to permit it."" He turned down the offer of laureateship of the United Kingdom , partly for political reasons, commenting, ""I’ve nothing against the Queen personally: I had lunch at the Palace once upon a time."" He stated that his ""cultural starting point"" was ""off-centre"". A much-quoted statement was when he objected to being included in The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry (1982). Although he was born in Northern Ireland, his response to being included in the British anthology was delivered in his poem ""An Open Letter"": Don't be surprised if I demur, for, be advised My passport's green. No glass of ours was ever raised To toast The Queen. Translation [ edit ] He was concerned, as a poet and a translator, with the English language as it is spoken in Ireland but also as spoken elsewhere and in other times; he explored Anglo-Saxon influences in his work and study. Critic W. S. Di Piero noted Whatever the occasion, childhood, farm life, politics and culture in Northern Ireland, other poets past and present, Heaney strikes time and again at the taproot of language, examining its genetic structures, trying to discover how it has served, in all its changes, as a culture bearer, a world to contain imaginations, at once a rhetorical weapon and nutriment of spirit. He writes of these matters with rare discrimination and resourcefulness, and a winning impatience with received wisdom. Heaney's first translation was of the Irish lyric poem Buile Suibhne , published as Sweeney Astray: A Version from the Irish (1984). He took up this character and connection in poems published in Station Island (1984). Heaney's prize-winning translation of Beowulf (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000, Whitbread Book of the Year Award) was considered groundbreaking in its use of modern language melded with the original Anglo-Saxon ""music"". Plays and prose [ edit ] His plays include The Cure at Troy: A Version of Sophocles' Philoctetes (1991). Heaney's 2004 play, The Burial at Thebes , suggests parallels between Creon and the foreign policies of the Bush administration . Heaney's engagement with poetry as a necessary engine for cultural and personal change is reflected in his prose works The Redress of Poetry (1995) and Finders Keepers: Selected Prose, 1971–2001 (2002). ""When a poem rhymes,"" Heaney wrote, ""when a form generates itself, when a metre provokes consciousness into new postures, it is already on the side of life. When a rhyme surprises and extends the fixed relations between words, that in itself protests against necessity. When language does more than enough, as it does in all achieved poetry, it opts for the condition of overlife, and rebels at limit."" He continues: ""The vision of reality which poetry offers should be transformative, more than just a printout of the given circumstances of its time and place"". Often overlooked and underestimated in the direction of his work is his profound poetic debts to and critical engagement with 20th-century Eastern European poets, and in particular Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz . Use in school syllabuses [ edit ] Heaney's work is used extensively on school syllabuses internationally, including the anthologies The Rattle Bag (1982) and The School Bag (1997) (both edited with Ted Hughes ). Originally entitled The Faber Book of Verse for Younger People on the Faber contract, Hughes and Heaney decided the main purpose of The Rattle Bag was to offer enjoyment to the reader: ""Arbitrary riches."" Heaney commented ""the book in our heads was something closer to The Fancy Free Poetry Supplement. "" It included work that they would have liked to encountered sooner in their own lives, as well as nonsense rhymes, ballad-type poems, riddles, folk songs and rhythmical jingles. Much familiar canonical work was not included, since they took it for granted that their audience would know the standard fare. Fifteen years later, The School Bag aimed at something different. The foreword stated that they wanted ""less of a carnival, more like a checklist."" It included poems in English, Irish, Welsh, Scots and Scots Gaelic, together with work reflecting the African-American experience. Two of his poems entitled 'Storm on the Island' and 'Follower' feature on the new GCSE English Literature course as part of the anthology poetry cluster. Influence [ edit ] Heaney influenced a wide range of poets, including Natasha Trethewey , Kevin Young and Tracy K. Smith . Heaney collaborated with American composer Mohammed Fairouz , who composed Anything Can Happen (2012), a setting of the poetry of Heaney and Biblical verses in Arabic, and on campus on 14 April 2012. Heaney is a favorite of Joe Biden , the former Vice President of the United States , who often quoted his poetry. Publications [ edit ] Poetry: main collections [ edit ] 1966: Death of a Naturalist , Faber & Faber 1969: Door into the Dark , Faber & Faber 1972: Wintering Out , Faber & Faber 1975: North , Faber & Faber 1979: Field Work , Faber & Faber 1984: Station Island , Faber & Faber 1987: The Haw Lantern , Faber & Faber 1991: Seeing Things , Faber & Faber 1996: The Spirit Level , Faber & Faber 2001: Electric Light , Faber & Faber 2006: District and Circle , Faber & Faber 2010: Human Chain , Faber & Faber Poetry: selected editions [ edit ] 1980: Selected Poems 1965–1975 , Faber & Faber 1990: New Selected Poems 1966–1987 , Faber & Faber 1998: Opened Ground: Poems 1966–1996 , Faber & Faber 2014: New Selected Poems 1988–2013 , Faber & Faber Prose: main collections [ edit ] 1980: Preoccupations: Selected Prose 1968–1978 , Faber & Faber 1988: The Government of the Tongue , Faber & Faber 1995: The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures , Faber & Faber Prose: selected editions [ edit ] 2002: Finders Keepers: Selected Prose 1971–2001 , Faber & Faber Plays [ edit ] 1990: The Cure at Troy: A version of Sophocles' Philoctetes , Field Day 2004: The Burial at Thebes: A version of Sophocles' Antigone , Faber & Faber Translations [ edit ] 1983: Sweeney Astray: A version from the Irish , Field Day 1992: Sweeney's Flight (with Rachel Giese, photographer), Faber & Faber 1993: The Midnight Verdict : Translations from the Irish of Brian Merriman and from the Metamorphoses of Ovid , Gallery Press 1995: Laments , a cycle of Polish Renaissance elegies by Jan Kochanowski , translated with Stanisław Barańczak , Faber & Faber 1999: Beowulf , Faber & Faber 1999: Diary of One Who Vanished , a song cycle by Leoš Janáček of poems by Ozef Kalda , Faber & Faber 2002: Hallaig , Sorley MacLean Trust 2002: Arion , a poem by Alexander Pushkin , translated from the Russian, with a note by Olga Carlisle, Arion Press 2004: The Testament of Cresseid , Enitharmon Press 2004: Columcille The Scribe , The Royal Irish Academy 2009: The Testament of Cresseid & Seven Fables , Faber & Faber 2013: The Last Walk , Gallery Press 2016: ""Aeneid: Book VI"", Faber & Faber Limited editions and booklets (poetry and prose) [ edit ] 1965: Eleven Poems , Queen's University 1968: The Island People , BBC 1968: Room to Rhyme , Arts Council N.I. 1969: A Lough Neagh Sequence , Phoenix 1970: Night Drive , Gilbertson 1970: A Boy Driving His Father to Confession , Sceptre Press 1973: Explorations , BBC 1975: Stations , Ulsterman Publications 1975: Bog Poems , Rainbow Press 1975: The Fire i' the Flint , Oxford University Press 1976: Four Poems , Crannog Press 1977: Glanmore Sonnets , Editions Monika Beck 1977: In Their Element , Arts Council N.I. 1978: Robert Lowell: A Memorial Address and an Elegy , Faber & Faber 1978: The Makings of a Music , University of Liverpool 1978: After Summer , Gallery Press 1979: Hedge School , Janus Press 1979: Ugolino , Carpenter Press 1979: Gravities , Charlotte Press 1979: A Family Album , Byron Press 1980: Toome , National College of Art and Design 1981: Sweeney Praises the Trees , Henry Pearson 1982: A Personal Selection , Ulster Museum 1982: Poems and a Memoir , Limited Editions Club 1983: An Open Letter , Field Day 1983: Among Schoolchildren , Queen's University 1984: Verses for a Fordham Commencement , Nadja Press 1984: Hailstones , Gallery Press 1985: From the Republic of Conscience , Amnesty International 1985: Place and Displacement , Dove Cottage 1985: Towards a Collaboration , Arts Council N.I. 1986: Clearances , Cornamona Press 1988: Readings in Contemporary Poetry , DIA Art Foundation 1988: The Sounds of Rain , Emory University 1988: The Dark Wood , Colin Smythe 1989: An Upstairs Outlook , Linen Hall Library 1989: The Place of Writing , Emory University 1990: The Tree Clock , Linen Hall Library 1991: Squarings , Hieroglyph Editions 1992: Dylan the Durable , Bennington College 1992: The Gravel Walks , Lenoir Rhyne College 1992: The Golden Bough , Bonnefant Press 1993: Keeping Going , Bow and Arrow Press 1993: Joy or Night , University of Swansea 1994: Extending the Alphabet , Memorial University of Newfoundland 1994: Speranza in Reading , University of Tasmania 1995: Oscar Wilde Dedication , Westminster Abbey 1995: Charles Montgomery Monteith , All Souls College 1995: Crediting Poetry: The Nobel Lecture , Gallery Press 1996: Commencement Address , UNC Chapel Hill 1997: Poet to Blacksmith , Pim Witteveen 1997: An After Dinner Speech , Atlantic Foundation 1998: Audenesque , Maeght 1999: The Light of the Leaves , Bonnefant Press 1999: Ballynahinch Lake , Sonzogni 2001: Something to Write Home About , Flying Fox 2001: Towers, Trees, Terrors , Università degli Studi di Urbino 2002: The Whole Thing: on the Good of Poetry , The Recorder 2002: Hope and History , Rhodes University 2002: A Keen for the Coins , Lenoir Rhyne College 2003: Eclogues in Extremis , Royal Irish Academy 2003: Squarings , Arion Press 2004: Anything can Happen , Town House Publishers 2004: Room to Rhyme , University of Dundee 2005: A Tribute to Michael McLaverty , Linen Hall Library 2005: The Door Stands Open , Irish Writers Centre 2005: A Shiver , Clutag Press 2007: The Riverbank Field , Gallery Press 2008: Articulations , Royal Irish Academy 2008: One on a Side , Robert Frost Foundation 2009: Spelling It Out , Gallery Press 2010: Writer & Righter , Irish Human Rights Commission 2012: Stone From Delphi , Arion Press Critical studies of Heaney [ edit ] 1993: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney, ed. by Elmer Andrews, ISBN 0-231-11926-7 1993: Seamus Heaney: The Making of the Poet by Michael Parker, ISBN 0-333-47181-4 1995: The Achievement of Seamus Heaney by John Wilson Foster, Lilliput Press, Dublin, ISBN 1-874675-71-6 1995: Critical essays on Seamus Heaney, ed. by Robert F. Garratt, ISBN 0-7838-0004-5 1998: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney: A Critical Study by Neil Corcoran, ISBN 0-571-17747-6 2000: Seamus Heaney by Helen Vendler , ISBN 0-674-00205-9 , Harvard University Press 2000: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney , ed. by Elmer Kennedy-Andrews, Icon Books Ltd., Cambridge CB2 4QF UK ISBN 1-84046-137-3 2003: Seamus Heaney and the Place of Writing by Eugene O'Brien, University Press of Florida, ISBN 0-8130-2582-6 2004: Seamus Heaney Searches for Answers by Eugene O'Brien, Pluto Press, London, ISBN 0-7453-1734-0 2007 ""Seamus Heaney: Poet, Critic, Translator"" edited by Ashby Bland Crowder and Jason David Hall, Palgrave Macmillan, Basinnstoke ISBN 978-0-230-00342-2 2007: Seamus Heaney and the Emblems of Hope by Karen Marguerite Moloney, ISBN 978-0-8262-1744-8 2007: Seamus Heaney: Creating Irelands of the Mind by Eugene O'Brien, Liffey Press, Dublin, ISBN 1-904148-02-6 2008 ""Seamus Heaney's Rhythmic Contract"" by Jason David Hall, Palgrave Macmillan, Basinenstoke ISBN 978-0-230-57488-5 2009: The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney, edited by Bernard O'Donoghue, ISBN 0-5215-4755-5 2010: Poetry and Peace: Michael Longley, Seamus Heaney, and Northern Ireland by Richard Rankin Russell, ISBN 978-0-268-04031-4 2010: Defending Poetry: Art and Ethics in Joseph Brodsky, Seamus Heaney, and Geoffrey Hill by David-Antoine Williams 2010: ""Working Nation(s): Seamus Heaney's ‘Digging’ and the Work Ethic in Post-Colonial and Minority Writing"", by Ivan Cañadas 2011: ""Seamus Heaney and Beowulf ,"" by M.J. Toswell, in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin , ed. by Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 18–22. 2012: In Gratitude for all the Gifts: Seamus Heaney and Eastern Europe , by Magdalena Kay, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 9781442644984 2016: ""Seamus Heaney as Aesthetic Thinker: A Study of the Prose"", by Eugene O'Brien. New York; Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3460-7 . 2016: ""'The Soul Exceeds its Circumstances': The Later Poetry of Seamus Heaney"", edited by Eugene O'Brien. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-10020-9 Selected discography [ edit ] 2001 Beowulf – Seamus Heaney 2003 The Poet & The Piper – Seamus Heaney & Liam O'Flynn 2009 Collected Poems – Recording of Heaney reading all of his collected poems Heaney translated Old Irish marginalia for Songs of the Scribe by Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin, Traditional Singer in Residence at the Seamus Heaney Centre for poetry at Queen's University Belfast . Major prizes and honours [ edit ] 1966 Eric Gregory Award 1967 Cholmondeley Award 1968 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize 1975 E. M. Forster Award 1975 Duff Cooper Memorial Prize 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 Commandeur de l' Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 1997 Elected Saoi of Aosdána 1998 St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates 2001 Golden Wreath of Poetry , the main international award given by Struga Poetry Evenings to a world-renowned living poet for life achievement in the field of poetry 2004 Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement 2005 Irish PEN Award 2006 T. S. Eliot Prize for District and Circle 2007 Poetry Now Award for District and Circle 2009 David Cohen Prize 2011 Poetry Now Award for Human Chain 2011 Griffin Poetry Prize finalist for Human Chain 2011 Bob Hughes Lifetime Achievement Award 2012 Griffin Poetry Prize , Lifetime Recognition Award See also [ edit ] Poetry portal List of Nobel laureates in Literature List of people on stamps of Ireland References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Seamus Heaney Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seamus Heaney . Heaney's Nobel acceptance speech Works by or about Seamus Heaney in libraries ( WorldCat catalog) Seamus Heaney on IMDb Seamus Heaney at the Poetry Foundation Seamus Heaney at the Poetry Archive Seamus Heaney at the Academy for American Poets Portraits of Heaney at the National Portrait Gallery, London BBC Your Paintings in partnership PCF . Painting by Peter Edwards ""Seamus Heaney collected news and commentary"" . The Guardian . Henri Cole (Fall 1997). ""Seamus Heaney, The Art of Poetry No. 75"" . The Paris Review . Lannan Foundation reading and conversation with Dennis O'Driscoll, 1 October 2003. (Audio / video - 40 mins). Prose transcript . 1998 Whiting Writers' Award Keynote Speech Seamus Heaney: Man of Words and Grace November–December 2013. ""History and the homeland"" video from The New Yorker . 15 October 2008. Paul Muldoon , interviews Heaney. (1 hr). Archival material at Leeds University Library" -3911577480705471939,train,who won the nobel prize for literature in 1995,"Seamus Justin Heaney MRIA (/ ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni / ; 13 April 1939 -- 30 August 2013) was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. Among his best - known works is Death of a Naturalist (1966), his first major published volume.","['1994', '2002']",taló gba ẹ̀bùn nobel fún ìwé kíkọ lọ́dún 1995,Yes,"['Seamus Heaney (ojoibi 13 April 1939, pípè /ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/) je ara Irelandi, to je olukowe ati olukoni to gba Ebun Nobel Litireso ni 1995 ati Ebun T. S. Eliot ni 2006.']","['Seamus Heaney (ojoibi 13 April 1939) je ara Irelandi, to je olukowe ati olukoni to gba Ebun Nobel Litireso ni 1995 ati Ebun T. S. Eliot ni 2006.']",['P1'],1,0,"Seamus Heaney Seamus Heaney (ojoibi 13, Osun ke?rin 1939, pípè /??e?m?s ?hi?ni/) je ara Irelandi, to je olukowe ati olukoni to gba Ebun Nobel Litireso ni 1995 ati Ebun T. S. Eliot ni 2006. Lowolowo o ungbe ni Dublin.[1][2]","Seamus Heaney MRIA Seamus Heaney (2009) Born ( 1939-04-13 ) 13 April 1939 Castledawson , Northern Ireland Died 30 August 2013 (2013-08-30) (aged 74) Blackrock , Dublin Occupation Poet, playwright, translator Nationality Irish Period 1966–2013 Notable works Death of a Naturalist (1966) North (1975) Field Work (1979) The Spirit Level (1996) Beowulf (translation, 1999) District and Circle (2006) Human Chain (2011) Notable awards Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize , 1968 E. M. Forster Award , 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature , 1995 Commandeur de l' Ordre des Arts et Lettres , 1996 Saoi of Aosdána , 1997 Golden Wreath of Poetry , 2001 T. S. Eliot Prize , 2006 The Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry Lifetime Recognition Award, 2012 Spouse Marie Devlin (1965–2013) Children Michael Christopher Catherine Ann Seamus Justin Heaney MRIA ( / ˈ ʃ eɪ m ə s ˈ h iː n i / ; 13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013) was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature . Among his best-known works is Death of a Naturalist (1966), his first major published volume. Heaney was born in the townland of Tamniaran between Castledawson and Toomebridge , Northern Ireland . His family moved to nearby Bellaghy when he was a boy. He became a lecturer at St. Joseph's College in Belfast in the early 1960s, after attending Queen's University and began to publish poetry. He lived in Sandymount , Dublin , from 1976 until his death. He also lived part-time in the United States from 1981 to 2006. Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime. Heaney was a professor at Harvard from 1981 to 1997, and its Poet in Residence from 1988 to 2006. From 1989 to 1994, he was also the Professor of Poetry at Oxford . In 1996, was made a Commandeur de l' Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . Other awards that he received include the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (1968), the E. M. Forster Award (1975), the PEN Translation Prize (1985), the Golden Wreath of Poetry (2001), the T. S. Eliot Prize (2006) and two Whitbread Prizes (1996 and 1999). In 2011, he was awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize and in 2012, a Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust . His literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland . American poet Robert Lowell described him as ""the most important Irish poet since Yeats "", and many others, including the academic John Sutherland , have said that he was ""the greatest poet of our age"". Robert Pinsky has stated that ""with his wonderful gift of eye and ear Heaney has the gift of the story-teller."" Upon his death in 2013, The Independent described him as ""probably the best-known poet in the world"". His body is buried at the Cemetery of St. Mary's Church, Bellaghy, Northern Ireland . The headstone bears the epitaph ""Walk on air against your better judgement"", from one of his poems, ""The Gravel Walks"". Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1957–1969 2.2 1970–84 2.3 1985–99 2.4 2000s 2.5 2010s 3 Death 4 Work 4.1 Naturalism 4.2 Politics 4.3 Translation 4.4 Plays and prose 4.5 Use in school syllabuses 5 Legacy 6 Publications 6.1 Poetry: main collections 6.2 Poetry: selected editions 6.3 Prose: main collections 6.4 Prose: selected editions 6.5 Plays 6.6 Translations 6.7 Limited editions and booklets (poetry, prose, and translatons) 7 Critical studies of Heaney 8 Selected discography 9 Major prizes and honours 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early life [ edit ] From Mid-Term Break Wearing a poppy bruise on the left temple, He lay in the four foot box as in a cot. No gaudy scars, the bumper knocked him clear. A four foot box, a foot for every year. from ""Mid-term break"", Death of a Naturalist (1966) Heaney was born on 13 April 1939, at the family farmhouse called Mossbawn, between Castledawson and Toomebridge ; he was the first of nine children. In 1953, his family moved to Bellaghy , a few miles away, which is now the family home. His father, Patrick Heaney (d. October 1986), was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney. Patrick was a farmer, but his real commitment was to cattle dealing, to which he was introduced by the uncles who had cared for him after the early death of his own parents. Heaney's mother, Margaret Kathleen McCann (1911–1984), who bore nine children, came from the McCann family. Her uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill , and her aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owner's family. Heaney commented that his parentage contained both the Ireland of the cattle-herding Gaelic past and the Ulster of the Industrial Revolution ; he considered this to have been a significant tension in his background. Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School; when he was twelve years old, he won a scholarship to St. Columb's College , a Roman Catholic boarding school situated in Derry . Heaney's younger brother, Christopher, was killed in a road accident while Heaney was studying at St. Columb's. The poems "" Mid-Term Break "" and "" The Blackbird of Glanmore "" are related to his brother's death. Career [ edit ] 1957–1969 [ edit ] Further information on his works during this period: Death of a Naturalist and Door into the Dark Seamus Heaney in 1970 From ""Digging"" My grandfather cut more turf in a day Than any other man on Toner's bog. Once I carried him milk in a bottle Corked sloppily with paper. He straightened up To drink it, then fell to right away Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods Over his shoulder, going down and down For the good turf. Digging. The cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap Of soggy peat, the curt cuts of an edge Through living roots awaken in my head. But I've no spade to follow men like them. Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests. I'll dig with it. from ""Digging"", Death of a Naturalist (1966) In 1957, Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queen's University Belfast . During his time in Belfast, he found a copy of Ted Hughes 's Lupercal, which spurred him to write poetry. ""Suddenly, the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life,"" he said. He graduated in 1961 with a First Class Honours degree. During teacher training at St Joseph's Teacher Training College in Belfast (now merged with St Mary's, University College ), Heaney went on a placement to St Thomas' secondary Intermediate School in west Belfast. The headmaster of this school was the writer Michael McLaverty from County Monaghan , who introduced Heaney to the poetry of Patrick Kavanagh . With McLaverty's mentorship, Heaney first started to publish poetry in 1962. Hillan describes how McLaverty was like a foster father to the younger Belfast poet. In the introduction to McLaverty's Collected Works, Heaney summarised the poet's contribution and influence: ""His voice was modestly pitched, he never sought the limelight, yet for all that, his place in our literature is secure."" Heaney's poem Fosterage , in the sequence Singing School from North (1975), is dedicated to him. In 1963, Heaney became a lecturer at St Joseph's, and in the spring of 1963, after contributing various articles to local magazines, he came to the attention of Philip Hobsbaum , then an English lecturer at Queen's University. Hobsbaum set up a Belfast Group of local young poets (to mirror the success he had with the London group), and Heaney was able to meet other Belfast poets such as Derek Mahon and Michael Longley . In August 1965, he married Marie Devlin, a school teacher and native of Ardboe , County Tyrone . (Also a writer, Devlin published Over Nine Waves (1994), a collection of traditional Irish myths and legends.) Heaney's first book, Eleven Poems, was published in November 1965 for the Queen's University Festival. In 1966, Faber and Faber published his first major volume, called Death of a Naturalist . This collection was met with much critical acclaim and won several awards, including the Gregory Award for Young Writers and the Geoffrey Faber Prize. Also in 1966, Heaney was appointed as a lecturer in Modern English Literature at Queen's University Belfast . That year his first son, Michael, was born. A second son, Christopher, was born in 1968. That same year, with Michael Longley , Heaney took part in a reading tour called Room to Rhyme, which increased awareness of the poet's work. In 1969, his second major volume, Door into the Dark , was published. 1970–84 [ edit ] Further information on his works during this period: Wintering Out , North (poetry collection) , Field Work (poetry collection) , and Selected Poems 1965-1975 After a spell as guest lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley , Heaney returned in 1971 to Queen's University. In 1972, Heaney left his lectureship at Belfast, moved to Wicklow in the Republic of Ireland, and began writing on a full-time basis. In the same year, he published Wintering Out . Over the next few years, Heaney began to give readings throughout Ireland, Great Britain and the United States. In 1975, Heaney published his fourth volume, North . A pamphlet of prose poems entitled Stations was published the same year. He became Head of English at Carysfort College in Dublin in 1976, and he moved with his family to Sandymount in that city. His next volume, Field Work , was published in 1979. Selected Poems 1965-1975 and Preoccupations: Selected Prose 1968–1978 were published in 1980. When Aosdána , the national Irish Arts Council, was established in 1981, Heaney was among those elected into its first group. (He was subsequently elected a Saoi , one of its five elders and its highest honour, in 1997). Also in 1981, Heaney traveled to the United States as a visiting professor at Harvard University , where he was affiliated with Adams House . He was awarded two honorary doctorates, from Queen's University and from Fordham University in New York City (1982). At the Fordham commencement ceremony on 23 May 1982, Heaney delivered his address as a 46-stanza poem entitled ""Verses for a Fordham Commencement."" Born and educated in Northern Ireland , Heaney stressed that he was Irish and not British. Following the success of the Field Day Theatre Company 's production of Brian Friel 's Translations , the founders Brian Friel and Stephen Rea decided to make the company a permanent group. Heaney joined the company's expanded Board of Directors in 1981. In autumn 1984, his mother, Margaret, died. 1985–99 [ edit ] Further information on his works during this period: Station Island (poetry) , The Haw Lantern , The Cure at Troy , and The Spirit Level (poetry collection) Marie and Seamus Heaney at the Dominican Church, Kraków , Poland, 4 October 1996 Heaney received a tenure position at Harvard, becoming Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard University (formerly Visiting Professor), serving 1985–1997, and the Ralph Waldo Emerson Poet in Residence at Harvard 1998–2006. In 1986, Heaney received a Litt.D. from Bates College . His father, Patrick, died in October the same year. The loss of both parents within two years affected Heaney deeply, and he expressed his grief in poems. In 1988, a collection of his critical essays, The Government of the Tongue , was published. In 1985 Heaney wrote the poem ""From the Republic of Conscience"" at the request of Amnesty International Ireland. He wanted to ""celebrate United Nations Day and the work of Amnesty"". The poem inspired the title of Amnesty International's highest honor, the Ambassador of Conscience Award . In 1988, Heaney donated his lecture notes to the Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Book Library (MARBL) of Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia, after giving the notable Ellmann Lecture in Modern Literature there. In 1989, Heaney was elected Professor of Poetry at the University of Oxford , which he held for a five-year term to 1994. The chair does not require residence in Oxford. Throughout this period, he was dividing his time between Ireland and the United States. He also continued to give public readings. So well attended and keenly anticipated were these events that those who queued for tickets with such enthusiasm were sometimes dubbed ""Heaneyboppers"", suggesting an almost teenybopper fan base. In 1990, The Cure at Troy , his play based on Sophocles 's Philoctetes , was published to much acclaim. The next year, he published another volume of poetry, Seeing Things (1991). Heaney was named an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society , Trinity College, Dublin , and was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (1991). In 1993, Heaney guest-edited The Mays Anthology , a collection of new writing from students at the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge . That same year, he was awarded the Dickinson College Arts Award and returned to the Pennsylvania college to deliver the commencement address and receive an honorary degree. He was scheduled to return to Dickinson again to receive the Harold and Ethel L. Stellfox Award—for a major literary figure—at the time of his death in 2013. Irish poet Paul Muldoon was named recipient of the award that year, partly in recognition of the close connection between the two poets. Heaney was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995 for what the Nobel committee described as ""works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"". He was on holiday in Greece with his wife when the news broke. Neither journalists nor his own children could reach him until he arrived at Dublin Airport two days later, although an Irish television camera traced him to Kalamata . Asked how he felt to have his name added to the Irish Nobel pantheon of William Butler Yeats , George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett , Heaney responded: ""It's like being a little foothill at the bottom of a mountain range. You hope you just live up to it. It's extraordinary."" He and his wife Marie were immediately taken from the airport to Áras an Uachtaráin for champagne with President Mary Robinson . Heaney's 1996 collection The Spirit Level won the Whitbread Book of the Year Award ; he repeated the success in 1999 with Beowulf: A New Translation . Heaney was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1996 and was admitted in 1997. In the same year, Heaney was elected Saoi of Aosdána . In 1998, Heaney was elected Honorary Fellow of Trinity College Dublin. 2000s [ edit ] The Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry , which was officially opened at Queen's University Belfast in 2004 In 2000, Heaney was awarded an honorary doctorate and delivered the commencement address at the University of Pennsylvania . In 2002, Heaney was awarded an honorary doctorate from Rhodes University and delivered a public lecture on ""The Guttural Muse"". In 2003, the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry was opened at Queen's University Belfast . It houses the Heaney Media Archive, a record of Heaney's entire oeuvre, along with a full catalogue of his radio and television presentations. That same year, Heaney decided to lodge a substantial portion of his literary archive at Emory University as a memorial to the work of William M. Chace, the university's recently retired president. The Emory papers represented the largest repository of Heaney's work (1964–2003). He donated these to help build their large existing archive of material from Irish writers including Yeats, Paul Muldoon , Ciaran Carson , Michael Longley and other members of The Belfast Group . In 2003, when asked if there was any figure in popular culture who aroused interest in poetry and lyrics, Heaney praised American rap artist Eminem from Detroit, saying, ""He has created a sense of what is possible. He has sent a voltage around a generation. He has done this not just through his subversive attitude but also his verbal energy."" Heaney wrote the poem "" Beacons at Bealtaine "" to mark the 2004 EU Enlargement . He read the poem at a ceremony for the 25 leaders of the enlarged European Union , arranged by the Irish EU presidency . In August 2006, Heaney suffered a stroke . Although he recovered and joked, ""Blessed are the pacemakers"" when fitted with a heart monitor, he cancelled all public engagements for several months. He was in County Donegal at the time of the 75th birthday of Anne Friel, wife of playwright Brian Friel . He read the works of Henning Mankell , Donna Leon and Robert Harris while in hospital. Among his visitors was former President Bill Clinton . Heaney's District and Circle won the 2006 T. S. Eliot Prize . In 2008, he became artist of honour in Østermarie , Denmark, and Seamus Heaney Stræde (street) was named after him. In 2009, Heaney was presented with an Honorary-Life Membership award from the University College Dublin (UCD) Law Society, in recognition of his remarkable role as a literary figure. Faber and Faber published Dennis O'Driscoll 's book Stepping Stones: Interviews with Seamus Heaney in 2008; this has been described as the nearest thing to an autobiography of Heaney. In 2009, Heaney was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature. He spoke at the West Belfast Festival 2010 in celebration of his mentor, the poet and novelist Michael McLaverty , who had helped Heaney to first publish his poetry. 2010s [ edit ] In 2010, Faber published Human Chain , Heaney's twelfth collection. Human Chain was awarded the Forward Poetry Prize for Best Collection, one of the major poetry prizes Heaney had never previously won, despite having been twice shortlisted. The book, published 44 years after the poet's first, was inspired in part by Heaney's stroke in 2006, which left him ""babyish"" and ""on the brink"". Poet and Forward judge Ruth Padel described the work as ""a collection of painful, honest and delicately weighted poems ... a wonderful and humane achievement."" Writer Colm Tóibín described Human Chain as ""his best single volume for many years, and one that contains some of the best poems he has written... is a book of shades and memories, of things whispered, of journeys into the underworld, of elegies and translations, of echoes and silences."" In October 2010, the collection was shortlisted for the T. S. Eliot Prize . Heaney was named one of ""Britain's top 300 intellectuals"" by The Observer in 2011, though the newspaper later published a correction acknowledging that ""several individuals who would not claim to be British"" had been featured, of which Heaney was one. That same year, he contributed translations of Old Irish marginalia for Songs of the Scribe , an album by Traditional Singer in Residence of the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry, Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin . In December 2011, he donated his personal literary notes to the National Library of Ireland . Even though he admitted he would likely have earned a fortune by auctioning them, Heaney personally packed up the boxes of notes and drafts and, accompanied by his son Michael, delivered them to the National Library. In June 2012, Heaney accepted the Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry's Lifetime Recognition Award and gave a speech in honour of the award. Heaney was compiling a collection of his work in anticipation of Selected Poems 1988-2013 at the time of his death. The selection includes poems and writings from Seeing Things , The Spirit Level , the translation of Beowulf , Electric Light , District and Circle , and Human Chain (fall 2014). In February 2014, Emory University premiered Seamus Heaney: The Music of What Happens , the first major exhibition to celebrate the life and work of Seamus Heaney since his death. The exhibit holds a display of the surface of Heaney's personal writing desk that he used in the 1980s as well as old photographs and personal correspondence with other writers. Heaney died in August 2013, during the exhibition's curatorial process. Though the exhibit's original vision to celebrate Heaney's life and work remains at the forefront, there is a small section commemorating his death and its influence. In September 2015, it was announced that Heaney's family would posthumously publish his translation of Book VI of The Aeneid in 2016. Death [ edit ] Seamus Heaney died in the Blackrock Clinic in Dublin on 30 August 2013, aged 74, following a short illness. After a fall outside a restaurant in Dublin, he entered hospital for a medical procedure, but died at 7:30 the following morning before it took place. His funeral was held in Donnybrook , Dublin, on the morning of 2 September 2013, and he was buried in the evening at his home village of Bellaghy , in the same graveyard as his parents, young brother, and other family members. His son Michael revealed at the funeral mass that his father texted his final words, "" Noli timere "" (Latin: ""Do not be afraid""), to his wife, Marie, minutes before he died. The day after his death, a crowd of 81,553 spectators applauded Heaney for three minutes at an All-Ireland Gaelic football semi-final match on 1 September. His funeral was broadcast live the following day on RTÉ television and radio and was streamed internationally at RTÉ's website. RTÉ Radio 1 Extra transmitted a continuous broadcast, from 8 a.m. to 9:15 p.m. on the day of the funeral, of his Collected Poems album, recorded by Heaney in 2009. His poetry collections sold out rapidly in Irish bookshops immediately following his death. Many tributes were paid to Heaney. President Michael D. Higgins said: ...we in Ireland will once again get a sense of the depth and range of the contribution of Seamus Heaney to our contemporary world, but what those of us who have had the privilege of his friendship and presence will miss is the extraordinary depth and warmth of his personality...Generations of Irish people will have been familiar with Seamus' poems. Scholars all over the world will have gained from the depth of the critical essays, and so many rights organisations will want to thank him for all the solidarity he gave to the struggles within the republic of conscience. President Higgins also appeared live from Áras an Uachtaráin on the Nine O'Clock News in a five-minute segment in which he paid tribute to Seamus Heaney. Bill Clinton , former President of the United States, said: Both his stunning work and his life were a gift to the world. His mind, heart, and his uniquely Irish gift for language made him our finest poet of the rhythms of ordinary lives and a powerful voice for peace...His wonderful work, like that of his fellow Irish Nobel Prize winners Shaw, Yeats, and Beckett, will be a lasting gift for all the world. José Manuel Barroso , European Commission president, said: I am greatly saddened today to learn of the death of Seamus Heaney, one of the great European poets of our lifetime. ... The strength, beauty and character of his words will endure for generations to come and were rightly recognised with the Nobel Prize for Literature. Harvard University issued a statement: ""We are fortunate and proud to have counted Seamus Heaney as a revered member of the Harvard family. For us, as for people around the world, he epitomised the poet as a wellspring of humane insight and artful imagination, subtle wisdom and shining grace. We will remember him with deep affection and admiration."" Poet Michael Longley , a close friend of Heaney, said: ""I feel like I've lost a brother."" Thomas Kinsella said he was shocked, but John Montague said he had known for some time that the poet was not well. Playwright Frank McGuinness called Heaney ""the greatest Irishman of my generation: he had no rivals."" Colm Tóibín wrote: ""In a time of burnings and bombings Heaney used poetry to offer an alternative world."" Gerald Dawe said he was ""like an older brother who encouraged you to do the best you could do"". Theo Dorgan said, ""[Heaney's] work will pass into permanence."" Everywhere I go there is real shock at this. Seamus was one of us."" His publisher, Faber and Faber , noted that ""his impact on literary culture is immeasurable."" Playwright Tom Stoppard said, ""Seamus never had a sour moment, neither in person nor on paper"". Andrew Motion , a former UK Poet Laureate and friend of Heaney, called him ""a great poet, a wonderful writer about poetry, and a person of truly exceptional grace and intelligence."" Many memorial events were held, including a commemoration at Emory University, Harvard University, Oxford University and the Southbank Centre, London. Leading US poetry organisations also met in New York to commemorate the death. Work [ edit ] From ""Joy Or Night"": In order that human beings bring about the most radiant conditions for themselves to inhabit, it is essential that the vision of reality which poetry offers should be transformative, more than just a printout of the given circumstances of its time and place. The poet who would be most the poet has to attempt an act of writing that outstrips the conditions even as it observes them. —from "" Joy Or Night: Last Things in the Poetry of W. B. Yeats and Philip Larkin "", W. D. Thomas Memorial Lecture delivered by Seamus Heaney at University College of Swansea on 18 January 1993. Naturalism [ edit ] According to the BBC, at one time, Heaney's books made up two-thirds of the sales of living poets in the UK. His work often deals with the local surroundings of Ireland, particularly in Northern Ireland, where he was born and lived until young adulthood. Speaking of his early life and education, he commented, ""I learned that my local County Derry experience, which I had considered archaic and irrelevant to 'the modern world', was to be trusted. They taught me that trust and helped me to articulate it."" Death of a Naturalist (1966) and Door into the Dark (1969) mostly focus on the details of rural, parochial life. In a number of volumes, beginning with Door into the Dark (1969) and Wintering Out (1972), Heaney also spent a significant amount of time writing on the northern Irish bog. Particularly of note is the collection of bog body poems in North (1975), featuring mangled bodies preserved in the bog. In a review by Ciaran Carson, he said that the bog poems made Heaney into ""the laureate of violence—a mythmaker, an anthropologist of ritual killing...the world of megalithic doorways and charming noble barbarity."" Poems such as ""Bogland"" and ""Bog Queen"" addressed political struggles directly for the first time, as well as maintaining a natural aesthetic. Politics [ edit ] Allusions to sectarian difference, widespread in Northern Ireland through his lifetime, can be found in his poems. His books Wintering Out (1973) and North (1975) seek to interweave commentary on the Troubles with a historical context and wider human experience. While some critics accused Heaney of being ""an apologist and a mythologiser"" of the violence, Blake Morrison suggests the poet has written poems directly about the Troubles as well as elegies for friends and acquaintances who have died in them; he has tried to discover a historical framework in which to interpret the current unrest; and he has taken on the mantle of public spokesman, someone looked to for comment and guidance... Yet he has also shown signs of deeply resenting this role, defending the right of poets to be private and apolitical, and questioning the extent to which poetry, however ""committed"", can influence the course of history. Shaun O'Connell in the New Boston Review notes that ""those who see Seamus Heaney as a symbol of hope in a troubled land are not, of course, wrong to do so, though they may be missing much of the undercutting complexities of his poetry, the backwash of ironies which make him as bleak as he is bright."" O'Connell notes in his Boston Review critique of Station Island : Again and again Heaney pulls back from political purposes; despite its emblems of savagery, Station Island lends no rhetorical comfort to Republicanism. Politic about politics, Station Island is less about a united Ireland than about a poet seeking religious and aesthetic unity. Heaney is described by critic Terry Eagleton as ""an enlightened cosmopolitan liberal"", refusing to be drawn. Eagleton suggests: ""When the political is introduced... it is only in the context of what Heaney will or will not say."" Reflections on what Heaney identifies as ""tribal conflict"" favour the description of people's lives and their voices, drawing out the ""psychic landscape"". His collections often recall the assassinations of his family members and close friends, lynchings and bombings. Colm Tóibín wrote, ""throughout his career there have been poems of simple evocation and description. His refusal to sum up or offer meaning is part of his tact."" Heaney published ""Requiem for the Croppies "", a poem that commemorates the Irish rebels of 1798, on the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising . He read the poem to both Catholic and Protestant audiences in Ireland. He commented, ""To read 'Requiem for the Croppies' wasn't to say ‘up the IRA ’ or anything. It was silence-breaking rather than rabble-rousing."" He stated, ""You don't have to love it. You just have to permit it."" He turned down the offer of laureateship of the United Kingdom , partly for political reasons, commenting, ""I’ve nothing against the Queen personally: I had lunch at the Palace once upon a time."" He stated that his ""cultural starting point"" was ""off-centre"". A much-quoted statement was when he objected to being included in The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry (1982). Although he was born in Northern Ireland, his response to being included in the British anthology was delivered in his poem ""An Open Letter"": Don't be surprised if I demur, for, be advised My passport's green. No glass of ours was ever raised To toast The Queen. Translation [ edit ] He was concerned, as a poet and a translator, with the English language as it is spoken in Ireland but also as spoken elsewhere and in other times; he explored Anglo-Saxon influences in his work and study. Critic W. S. Di Piero noted Whatever the occasion, childhood, farm life, politics and culture in Northern Ireland, other poets past and present, Heaney strikes time and again at the taproot of language, examining its genetic structures, trying to discover how it has served, in all its changes, as a culture bearer, a world to contain imaginations, at once a rhetorical weapon and nutriment of spirit. He writes of these matters with rare discrimination and resourcefulness, and a winning impatience with received wisdom. Heaney's first translation was of the Irish lyric poem Buile Suibhne , published as Sweeney Astray: A Version from the Irish (1984). He took up this character and connection in poems published in Station Island (1984). Heaney's prize-winning translation of Beowulf (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000, Whitbread Book of the Year Award) was considered groundbreaking in its use of modern language melded with the original Anglo-Saxon ""music"". Plays and prose [ edit ] His plays include The Cure at Troy: A Version of Sophocles' Philoctetes (1991). Heaney's 2004 play, The Burial at Thebes , suggests parallels between Creon and the foreign policies of the Bush administration . Heaney's engagement with poetry as a necessary engine for cultural and personal change is reflected in his prose works The Redress of Poetry (1995) and Finders Keepers: Selected Prose, 1971–2001 (2002). ""When a poem rhymes,"" Heaney wrote, ""when a form generates itself, when a metre provokes consciousness into new postures, it is already on the side of life. When a rhyme surprises and extends the fixed relations between words, that in itself protests against necessity. When language does more than enough, as it does in all achieved poetry, it opts for the condition of overlife, and rebels at limit."" He continues: ""The vision of reality which poetry offers should be transformative, more than just a printout of the given circumstances of its time and place"". Often overlooked and underestimated in the direction of his work is his profound poetic debts to and critical engagement with 20th-century Eastern European poets, and in particular Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz . Use in school syllabuses [ edit ] Heaney's work is used extensively on school syllabuses internationally, including the anthologies The Rattle Bag (1982) and The School Bag (1997) (both edited with Ted Hughes ). Originally entitled The Faber Book of Verse for Younger People on the Faber contract, Hughes and Heaney decided the main purpose of The Rattle Bag was to offer enjoyment to the reader: ""Arbitrary riches."" Heaney commented ""the book in our heads was something closer to The Fancy Free Poetry Supplement. "" It included work that they would have liked to encountered sooner in their own lives, as well as nonsense rhymes, ballad-type poems, riddles, folk songs and rhythmical jingles. Much familiar canonical work was not included, since they took it for granted that their audience would know the standard fare. Fifteen years later, The School Bag aimed at something different. The foreword stated that they wanted ""less of a carnival, more like a checklist."" It included poems in English, Irish, Welsh, Scots and Scots Gaelic, together with work reflecting the African-American experience. Two of his poems entitled 'Storm on the Island' and 'Follower' feature on the new GCSE English Literature course as part of the anthology poetry cluster. Legacy [ edit ] The Seamus Heaney HomePlace is a literary and arts center which commemorates the legacy of Seamus Heaney. It is located in Bellaghy, County Londonderry , Northern Ireland. Publications [ edit ] Poetry: main collections [ edit ] 1966: Death of a Naturalist , Faber & Faber 1969: Door into the Dark , Faber & Faber 1972: Wintering Out , Faber & Faber 1975: North , Faber & Faber 1979: Field Work , Faber & Faber 1984: Station Island , Faber & Faber 1987: The Haw Lantern , Faber & Faber 1991: Seeing Things , Faber & Faber 1996: The Spirit Level , Faber & Faber 2001: Electric Light , Faber & Faber 2006: District and Circle , Faber & Faber 2010: Human Chain , Faber & Faber Poetry: selected editions [ edit ] 1980: Selected Poems 1965–1975 , Faber & Faber 1990: New Selected Poems 1966–1987 , Faber & Faber 1998: Opened Ground: Poems 1966–1996 , Faber & Faber 2014: New Selected Poems 1988–2013 , Faber & Faber 2018: 100 Poems , Faber & Faber Prose: main collections [ edit ] 1980: Preoccupations: Selected Prose 1968–1978 , Faber & Faber 1988: The Government of the Tongue , Faber & Faber 1995: The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures , Faber & Faber Prose: selected editions [ edit ] 2002: Finders Keepers: Selected Prose 1971–2001 , Faber & Faber Plays [ edit ] 1990: The Cure at Troy: A version of Sophocles' Philoctetes , Field Day 2004: The Burial at Thebes: A version of Sophocles' Antigone , Faber & Faber Translations [ edit ] 1983: Sweeney Astray: A version from the Irish , Field Day 1992: Sweeney's Flight (with Rachel Giese, photographer), Faber & Faber 1993: The Midnight Verdict : Translations from the Irish of Brian Merriman and from the Metamorphoses of Ovid , Gallery Press 1995: Laments , a cycle of Polish Renaissance elegies by Jan Kochanowski , translated with Stanisław Barańczak , Faber & Faber 1999: Beowulf , Faber & Faber 1999: Diary of One Who Vanished , a song cycle by Leoš Janáček of poems by Ozef Kalda , Faber & Faber 2009: The Testament of Cresseid & Seven Fables , Faber & Faber 2016: ""Aeneid: Book VI"", Faber & Faber Limited editions and booklets (poetry, prose, and translatons) [ edit ] 1965: Eleven Poems , Queen's University 1968: The Island People , BBC 1968: Room to Rhyme , Arts Council N.I. 1969: A Lough Neagh Sequence , Phoenix 1970: Night Drive , Gilbertson 1970: A Boy Driving His Father to Confession , Sceptre Press 1973: Explorations , BBC 1975: Stations , Ulsterman Publications 1975: Bog Poems , Rainbow Press 1975: The Fire i' the Flint , Oxford University Press 1976: Four Poems , Crannog Press 1977: Glanmore Sonnets , Editions Monika Beck 1977: In Their Element , Arts Council N.I. 1978: Robert Lowell: A Memorial Address and an Elegy , Faber & Faber 1978: The Makings of a Music , University of Liverpool 1978: After Summer , Gallery Press 1979: Hedge School , Janus Press 1979: Ugolino , Carpenter Press 1979: Gravities , Charlotte Press 1979: A Family Album , Byron Press 1980: Toome , National College of Art and Design 1981: Sweeney Praises the Trees , Henry Pearson 1982: A Personal Selection , Ulster Museum 1982: Poems and a Memoir , Limited Editions Club 1983: An Open Letter , Field Day 1983: Among Schoolchildren , Queen's University 1984: Verses for a Fordham Commencement , Nadja Press 1984: Hailstones , Gallery Press 1985: From the Republic of Conscience , Amnesty International 1985: Place and Displacement , Dove Cottage 1985: Towards a Collaboration , Arts Council N.I. 1986: Clearances , Cornamona Press 1988: Readings in Contemporary Poetry , DIA Art Foundation 1988: The Sounds of Rain , Emory University 1988: The Dark Wood , Colin Smythe 1989: An Upstairs Outlook , Linen Hall Library 1989: The Place of Writing , Emory University 1990: The Tree Clock , Linen Hall Library 1991: Squarings , Hieroglyph Editions 1992: Dylan the Durable , Bennington College 1992: The Gravel Walks , Lenoir Rhyne College 1992: The Golden Bough , Bonnefant Press 1993: Keeping Going , Bow and Arrow Press 1993: Joy or Night , University of Swansea 1994: Extending the Alphabet , Memorial University of Newfoundland 1994: Speranza in Reading , University of Tasmania 1995: Oscar Wilde Dedication , Westminster Abbey 1995: Charles Montgomery Monteith , All Souls College 1995: Crediting Poetry: The Nobel Lecture , Gallery Press 1996: Commencement Address , UNC Chapel Hill 1997: Poet to Blacksmith , Pim Witteveen 1997: An After Dinner Speech , Atlantic Foundation 1998: Audenesque , Maeght 1999: The Light of the Leaves , Bonnefant Press 1999: Ballynahinch Lake , Sonzogni 2001: Something to Write Home About , Flying Fox 2001: Towers, Trees, Terrors , Università degli Studi di Urbino 2002: The Whole Thing: on the Good of Poetry , The Recorder 2002: Hope and History , Rhodes University 2002: A Keen for the Coins , Lenoir Rhyne College 2002: Hallaig , Sorley MacLean Trust 2002: Arion , a poem by Alexander Pushkin , translated from the Russian, with a note by Olga Carlisle, Arion Press 2003: Eclogues in Extremis , Royal Irish Academy 2003: Squarings , Arion Press 2004: Anything can Happen , Town House Publishers 2004: Room to Rhyme , University of Dundee 2004: The Testament of Cresseid , Enitharmon Press 2004: Columcille The Scribe , The Royal Irish Academy 2005: A Tribute to Michael McLaverty , Linen Hall Library 2005: The Door Stands Open , Irish Writers Centre 2005: A Shiver , Clutag Press 2007: The Riverbank Field , Gallery Press 2008: Articulations , Royal Irish Academy 2008: One on a Side , Robert Frost Foundation 2009: Spelling It Out , Gallery Press 2010: Writer & Righter , Irish Human Rights Commission 2012: Stone From Delphi , Arion Press 2013: The Last Walk , Gallery Press Critical studies of Heaney [ edit ] 1993: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney, ed. by Elmer Andrews, ISBN 0-231-11926-7 1993: Seamus Heaney: The Making of the Poet by Michael Parker, ISBN 0-333-47181-4 1995: The Achievement of Seamus Heaney by John Wilson Foster, Lilliput Press, Dublin, ISBN 1-874675-71-6 1995: Critical essays on Seamus Heaney, ed. by Robert F. Garratt, ISBN 0-7838-0004-5 1998: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney: A Critical Study by Neil Corcoran, ISBN 0-571-17747-6 2000: Seamus Heaney by Helen Vendler , ISBN 0-674-00205-9 , Harvard University Press 2000: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney , ed. by Elmer Kennedy-Andrews, Icon Books Ltd., Cambridge CB2 4QF UK ISBN 1-84046-137-3 2002: The Bottomless Centre. The Uses of History in the Poetry of Seamus Heaney, by Jerzy Jarniewicz ISBN 83-7171-603-6 2003: Seamus Heaney and the Place of Writing by Eugene O'Brien, University Press of Florida, ISBN 0-8130-2582-6 2004: Seamus Heaney Searches for Answers by Eugene O'Brien, Pluto Press, London, ISBN 0-7453-1734-0 2007 ""Seamus Heaney: Poet, Critic, Translator"" edited by Ashby Bland Crowder and Jason David Hall, Palgrave Macmillan, Basinnstoke ISBN 978-0-230-00342-2 2007: Seamus Heaney and the Emblems of Hope by Karen Marguerite Moloney, ISBN 978-0-8262-1744-8 2007: Seamus Heaney: Creating Irelands of the Mind by Eugene O'Brien, Liffey Press, Dublin, ISBN 1-904148-02-6 2008 ""Seamus Heaney's Rhythmic Contract"" by Jason David Hall, Palgrave Macmillan, Basinenstoke ISBN 978-0-230-57488-5 2009: The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney, edited by Bernard O'Donoghue, ISBN 0-5215-4755-5 2010: Poetry and Peace: Michael Longley, Seamus Heaney, and Northern Ireland by Richard Rankin Russell, ISBN 978-0-268-04031-4 2010: Defending Poetry: Art and Ethics in Joseph Brodsky, Seamus Heaney, and Geoffrey Hill by David-Antoine Williams 2010: ""Working Nation(s): Seamus Heaney's ‘Digging’ and the Work Ethic in Post-Colonial and Minority Writing"", by Ivan Cañadas 2011: ""Seamus Heaney and Beowulf ,"" by M.J. Toswell, in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin , ed. by Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 18–22. 2012: In Gratitude for all the Gifts: Seamus Heaney and Eastern Europe , by Magdalena Kay, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 9781442644984 2016: ""Seamus Heaney as Aesthetic Thinker: A Study of the Prose"", by Eugene O'Brien. New York; Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3460-7 . 2016: ""'The Soul Exceeds its Circumstances': The Later Poetry of Seamus Heaney"", edited by Eugene O'Brien. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-10020-9 Selected discography [ edit ] 2001 Beowulf – Seamus Heaney 2003 The Poet & The Piper – Seamus Heaney & Liam O'Flynn 2009 Collected Poems – Recording of Heaney reading all of his collected poems Heaney translated Old Irish marginalia for Songs of the Scribe by Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin, Traditional Singer in Residence at the Seamus Heaney Centre for poetry at Queen's University Belfast . Major prizes and honours [ edit ] 1966 Eric Gregory Award 1967 Cholmondeley Award 1968 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize 1975 E. M. Forster Award 1975 Duff Cooper Memorial Prize 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 Commandeur de l' Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 1997 Elected Saoi of Aosdána 1998 St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates 2001 Golden Wreath of Poetry , the main international award given by Struga Poetry Evenings to a world-renowned living poet for life achievement in the field of poetry 2004 Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement 2005 Irish PEN Award 2006 T. S. Eliot Prize for District and Circle 2007 Poetry Now Award for District and Circle 2009 David Cohen Prize 2011 Poetry Now Award for Human Chain 2011 Griffin Poetry Prize finalist for Human Chain 2011 Bob Hughes Lifetime Achievement Award 2012 Griffin Poetry Prize , Lifetime Recognition Award See also [ edit ] Poetry portal List of Nobel laureates in Literature List of people on stamps of Ireland References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Seamus Heaney Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seamus Heaney . Heaney's Nobel acceptance speech Works by or about Seamus Heaney in libraries ( WorldCat catalog) Seamus Heaney on IMDb Seamus Heaney at the Poetry Foundation Seamus Heaney at the Poetry Archive Seamus Heaney at the Academy for American Poets Portraits of Heaney at the National Portrait Gallery, London BBC Your Paintings in partnership PCF . Painting by Peter Edwards ""Seamus Heaney collected news and commentary"" . The Guardian . Henri Cole (Fall 1997). ""Seamus Heaney, The Art of Poetry No. 75"" . The Paris Review . Lannan Foundation reading and conversation with Dennis O'Driscoll, 1 October 2003. (Audio / video - 40 mins). Prose transcript . 1998 Whiting Writers' Award Keynote Speech Seamus Heaney: Man of Words and Grace November–December 2013. ""History and the homeland"" video from The New Yorker . 15 October 2008. Paul Muldoon , interviews Heaney. (1 hr). Archival material at Leeds University Library" -3932712044680001989,train,who became known throughout south america as the liberator,"Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad de Bolívar y Palacios (Spanish : (siˈmon boˈliβar) (listen) ; 24 July 1783 -- 17 December 1830), generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador, was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule.",[],tani ẹni tí gbogbo èèyàn mọ̀ ní gúúsù amẹ́ríkà sí olùdáǹdè,Yes,"['Simón Bolívar je mimo ni Latin America bi akoni, ogboju, olujidide ati atuninigbekun.']","['Simón Bolívar je mimo ni Latin America bi akoni, ogboju, olujidide ati atuninigbekun.']",['P3'],0,0,"Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, to gbajumo bi Simón Bolívar (Pípè: [si?mon bo?li?ar]; os?u? keje, o?jo?? 24, o?du?n 1783 – os?u? ko?ka?nla?, o?jo?? 17, o?du?n 1830) je ara Venezuela olori ologun ati oloselu. Lapamo pelu José de San Martín, o ko ipa pataki ninu iyorisirere ikija fun ilominira Latin America kuro lowo Ileobaluaye Spein. Leyin ijabori re lori Oba Spein, Bolívar kopa ninu ifidimule isokan awon orile-ede alominira akoko ni Latin America, to je Gran Kolombia, to si je Aare re lati 1819 de 1830. Simón Bolívar je mimo ni Latin America bi akoni, ogboju, olujidide ati atuninigbekun. Nigba igbesiaye soki re o lewaju Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, ati Venezuela lo si ilominira, o si kopa lati se ifidimule fun oro oselu ni Amerika elede Spani. Fun idi eyi won n pe ni ""George Washington ti Guusu Amerika"".[1][2] [3]", -8970656836706062039,train,who is considered the great liberator of south america,"Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad de Bolívar y Palacios (Spanish : (siˈmon boˈliβar) (listen) ; 24 July 1783 -- 17 December 1830), generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador, was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule.",['kuwait'],tani ẹni tí wọ́n kà sí olùdáǹdè ńlá ti gúúsù amẹ́ríkà,Yes,"['Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, to gbajumo bi Simón Bolívar (Pípè: [siˈmon boˈliβar]; July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) je ara Venezuela olori ologun ati oloselu. Lapamo pelu José de San Martín, o ko ipa pataki ninu iyorisirere ikija fun ilominira Latin America kuro lowo Ileobaluaye Spein. Leyin ijabori re lori Oba Spein, Bolívar kopa ninu ifidimule isokan awon orile-ede alominira akoko ni Latin America, to je Gran Kolombia, to si je Aare re lati 1819 de 1830. Simón Bolívar je mimo ni Latin America bi akoni, ogboju, olujidide ati atuninigbekun. Nigba igbesiaye soki re o lewaju Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, ati Venezuela lo si ilominira, o si kopa lati se ifidimule fun oro oselu ni Amerika elede Spani. Fun idi eyi won n pe ni ""George Washington ti Guusu Amerika"".[1][2] [3]']","['Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, to gbajumo bi Simón Bolívar (Pípè: [siˈmon boˈliβar]; July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) je ara Venezuela olori ologun ati oloselu. Simón Bolívar je mimo ni Latin America bi akoni, ogboju, olujidide ati atuninigbekun. Nigba igbesiaye soki re o lewaju Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, ati Venezuela lo si ilominira, o si kopa lati se ifidimule fun oro oselu ni Amerika elede Spani. ']","['P1,2,3']",0,0,"Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, to gbajumo bi Simón Bolívar (Pípè: [si?mon bo?li?ar]; os?u? keje, o?jo?? 24, o?du?n 1783 – os?u? ko?ka?nla?, o?jo?? 17, o?du?n 1830) je ara Venezuela olori ologun ati oloselu. Lapamo pelu José de San Martín, o ko ipa pataki ninu iyorisirere ikija fun ilominira Latin America kuro lowo Ileobaluaye Spein. Leyin ijabori re lori Oba Spein, Bolívar kopa ninu ifidimule isokan awon orile-ede alominira akoko ni Latin America, to je Gran Kolombia, to si je Aare re lati 1819 de 1830. Simón Bolívar je mimo ni Latin America bi akoni, ogboju, olujidide ati atuninigbekun. Nigba igbesiaye soki re o lewaju Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, ati Venezuela lo si ilominira, o si kopa lati se ifidimule fun oro oselu ni Amerika elede Spani. Fun idi eyi won n pe ni ""George Washington ti Guusu Amerika"".[1][2] [3]", -8686753283540506476,train,who was sinclair lewis and what did he do,"Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 -- January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short - story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded `` for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters. '' His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H.L. Mencken wrote of him, `` (If) there was ever a novelist among us with an authentic call to the trade... it is this red - haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds. '' He has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a postage stamp in the Great Americans series.","['united states', 'commonwealth of puerto rico', '1950', '1952']","ta ni sinclair lewis, kí ló sì ṣe",No,['Sinclair Lewis je olukowe to gba Ebun Nobel ninu Litireso.'],['Sinclair Lewis je olukowe to gba Ebun Nobel ninu Litireso.'],['P1'],1,0,Sinclair Lewis Sinclair Lewis je olukowe to gba Ebun Nobel ninu Litireso . Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ],"Sinclair Lewis Lewis in 1930 Born Harry Sinclair Lewis ( 1885-02-07 ) February 7, 1885 Sauk Centre, Minnesota , United States Died January 10, 1951 (1951-01-10) (aged 65) Rome , Italy Occupation Novelist , playwright , short story writer Nationality American Alma mater Yale University Notable awards Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 Spouse Grace Livingston Hegger (1914–1925) (divorced) Dorothy Thompson (1928–1942) (divorced) Children Two Signature Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist , short-story writer, and playwright . In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature , which was awarded ""for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters."" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, ""[If] there was ever a novelist among us with an authentic call to the trade ... it is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds."" He has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a postage stamp in the Great Americans series . Contents [ hide ] 1 Childhood and education 2 Early career 3 Marriage and family 4 Commercial success 5 Nobel Prize 6 Later years 6.1 Death 7 Works 7.1 Novels 7.2 Short stories 7.2.1 The Short Stories of Sinclair Lewis (1904–1949) 7.3 Articles 7.4 Plays 7.5 Screenplay 7.6 Poems 7.7 Books 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Childhood and education [ edit ] The writer's boyhood home at 812 Sinclair Lewis Avenue, Sauk Centre, Minnesota , is now a museum Born February 7, 1885, in the village of Sauk Centre, Minnesota , Sinclair Lewis began reading books at a young age and kept a diary. He had two siblings, Fred (born 1875) and Claude (born 1878). His father, Edwin J. Lewis, was a physician and a stern disciplinarian who had difficulty relating to his sensitive, unathletic third son. Lewis's mother, Emma Kermott Lewis, died in 1891. The following year, Edwin Lewis married Isabel Warner, whose company young Lewis apparently enjoyed. Throughout his lonely boyhood, the ungainly Lewis—tall, extremely thin, stricken with acne and somewhat pop-eyed—had trouble gaining friends and pined after various local girls. At the age of 13 he unsuccessfully ran away from home, wanting to become a drummer boy in the Spanish–American War . In late 1902 Lewis left home for a year at Oberlin Academy (the then-preparatory department of Oberlin College ) to qualify for acceptance by Yale University . While at Oberlin, he developed a religious enthusiasm that waxed and waned for much of his remaining teenage years. He entered Yale in 1903 but did not receive his bachelor's degree until 1908, having taken time off to work at Helicon Home Colony , Upton Sinclair 's cooperative -living colony in Englewood , New Jersey , and to travel to Panama . Lewis's unprepossessing looks, ""fresh"" country manners and seemingly self-important loquacity made it difficult for him to win and keep friends at Oberlin and Yale. He did initiate a few relatively long-lived friendships among students and professors, some of whom recognized his promise as a writer. Early career [ edit ] Sinclair Lewis in 1914 Lewis's earliest published creative work—romantic poetry and short sketches—appeared in the Yale Courant and the Yale Literary Magazine , of which he became an editor. After graduation Lewis moved from job to job and from place to place in an effort to make ends meet, write fiction for publication and to chase away boredom. While working for newspapers and publishing houses (and for a time at the Carmel-by-the-Sea , California writers' colony), he developed a facility for turning out shallow, popular stories that were purchased by a variety of magazines. He also earned money by selling plots to Jack London , including one for the latter's unfinished novel The Assassination Bureau, Ltd . Lewis's first published book was Hike and the Aeroplane , a Tom Swift -style potboiler that appeared in 1912 under the pseudonym Tom Graham. Sinclair Lewis's first serious novel, Our Mr. Wrenn: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man , appeared in 1914, followed by The Trail of the Hawk: A Comedy of the Seriousness of Life (1915) and The Job (1917). That same year also saw the publication of another potboiler, The Innocents: A Story for Lovers , an expanded version of a serial story that had originally appeared in Woman's Home Companion . Free Air , another refurbished serial story, was published in 1919. Marriage and family [ edit ] In 1914 Lewis married Grace Livingston Hegger (1887–1981), an editor at Vogue magazine. They had one son, Wells Lewis (1917–1944), named after British author H. G. Wells . Serving as a U.S. Army lieutenant during World War II , Wells Lewis was killed in action on October 29 amid Allied efforts to rescue the ""Lost Battalion"" in France. Dean Acheson , the future Secretary of State , was a neighbor and family friend in Washington, and observed that Sinclair's literary ""success was not good for that marriage, or for either of the parties to it, or for Lewis's work"" and the family moved out of town. Lewis divorced Grace in 1925. On May 14, 1928, he married Dorothy Thompson , a political newspaper columnist. Later in 1928, he and Dorothy purchased a second home in rural Vermont. They had a son, Michael Lewis, in 1930. Their marriage had virtually ended by 1937, and they divorced in 1942. Michael Lewis became an actor, who suffered with alcoholism, and died in 1975 of Hodgkin's lymphoma . Michael had two sons, John Paul and Gregory Claude, with wife Bernadette Nanse, and a daughter, Lesley, with wife Valerie Cardew. Commercial success [ edit ] Upon moving to Washington, D.C. , Lewis devoted himself to writing. As early as 1916, he began taking notes for a realistic novel about small-town life. Work on that novel continued through mid-1920, when he completed Main Street , which was published on October 23, 1920. His biographer Mark Schorer wrote that the phenomenal success of Main Street ""was the most sensational event in twentieth-century American publishing history"". Lewis's agent had the most optimistic projection of sales at 25,000 copies. In its first six months, Main Street sold 180,000 copies, and within a few years, sales were estimated at two million. According to biographer Richard Lingeman, "" Main Street made [Lewis] rich—earning him perhaps three million current [2005] dollars"". Sinclair Lewis's former residence in Washington, D.C. Lewis followed up this first great success with Babbitt (1922), a novel that satirized the American commercial culture and boosterism . The story was set in the fictional Midwestern town of Zenith, Winnemac , a setting to which Lewis returned in future novels, including Gideon Planish and Dodsworth . Lewis continued his success in the 1920s with Arrowsmith (1925), a novel about the challenges faced by an idealistic doctor. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , which Lewis declined, still upset that Main Street had not won the prize. It was adapted as a 1931 Hollywood film directed by John Ford and starring Ronald Colman which was nominated for four Academy Awards . Next Lewis published Elmer Gantry (1927), which depicted an evangelical minister as deeply hypocritical. The novel was denounced by many religious leaders and banned in some U.S. cities. It was adapted for the screen more than a generation later as the basis of the 1960 movie starring Burt Lancaster , who earned a Best Actor Oscar for his performance. Lewis next published Dodsworth (1929), a novel about the most affluent and successful members of American society. He portrayed them as leading essentially pointless lives in spite of great wealth and advantages. The book was adapted for the Broadway stage in 1934 by Sidney Howard , who also wrote the screenplay for the 1936 film version directed by William Wyler , which was a great success at the time. The film is still highly regarded; in 1990, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry , and in 2005 Time magazine named it one of the ""100 Best Movies"" of the past 80 years. During the late 1920s and 1930s, Lewis wrote many short stories for a variety of magazines and publications. "" Little Bear Bongo "" (1930) is a tale about a bear cub who wants to escape the circus in search of a better life in the real world, first published in Cosmopolitan magazine. The story was acquired by Walt Disney Pictures in 1940 for a possible feature film. World War II sidetracked those plans until 1947. Disney used the story (now titled ""Bongo"") as part of its feature Fun and Fancy Free . Nobel Prize [ edit ] In 1930 Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer from the United States to receive the award, after he had been nominated by Henrik Schück , member of the Swedish Academy . In the Academy's presentation speech, special attention was paid to Babbitt . In his Nobel Lecture, Lewis praised Theodore Dreiser , Willa Cather , Ernest Hemingway , and other contemporaries, but also lamented that ""in America most of us—not readers alone, but even writers—are still afraid of any literature which is not a glorification of everything American, a glorification of our faults as well as our virtues,"" and that America is ""the most contradictory, the most depressing, the most stirring, of any land in the world today."" He also offered a profound criticism of the American literary establishment: ""Our American professors like their literature clear and cold and pure and very dead."" Later years [ edit ] Sinclair Lewis examines Lewis Browne 's new novel as they begin their 1943 lecture tour After winning the Nobel Prize, Lewis wrote eleven more novels, ten of which appeared in his lifetime. The best remembered is It Can't Happen Here (1935), a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency. After praising Dreiser as ""pioneering,"" that he ""more than any other man, marching alone, usually unappreciated, often hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and gentility in American fiction to honesty and boldness and passion of life"" in his Nobel Lecture in December 1930, in March 1931 Lewis publicly accused Dreiser of plagiarizing a book by Dorothy Thompson, Lewis's wife, which led to a well-publicized fight, wherein Dreiser repeatedly slapped Lewis. Thompson initially made the accusation in 1928 regarding her work ""The New Russia"" and Dreiser's ""Dreiser Goes to Russia"", though the New York Times also linked the dispute to competition between Dreiser and Lewis over the Nobel Prize. Dreiser fired back that Sinclair's 1928 novel Arrowsmith (adapted later that year as a feature film ) was unoriginal and that Dreiser himself was first approached to write it, which was disputed by the wife of Arrowsmith 's subject, microbiologist Dr. Paul de Kruif . The feud carried on for some months. In 1944, however, Lewis campaigned to have Dreiser recognized by the American Academy of Arts and Letters . After an alcoholic binge in 1937, Lewis checked in for treatment to the Austen Riggs Center , a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts . His doctors gave him a blunt assessment that he needed to decide ""whether he was going to live without alcohol or die by it, one or the other."" Lewis checked out after ten days, lacking any ""fundamental understanding of his problem,"" as one of his physicians wrote to a colleague. In the autumn of 1940, Lewis visited his old acquaintance, William Ellery Leonard , in Madison, Wisconsin. Leonard arranged a meeting with the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a tour of the campus. Lewis immediately became enthralled with the university and the city and offered to remain and teach a course in creative writing in the upcoming semester. For a month he was quite enamored of his professorial role. Suddenly, on November 7, after giving only five classes to his select group of 24 students, he announced that he had taught them all that he knew. He left Madison the next day. In the 1940s, Lewis and rabbi-turned-popular author Lewis Browne frequently appeared on the lecture platform together, touring the United States and debating before audiences of as many as 3,000 people, addressing such questions as ""Has the Modern Woman Made Good?"", ""The Country Versus the City"", ""Is the Machine Age Wrecking Civilization?"", and ""Can Fascism Happen Here?"". The pair were described as ""the Gallagher and Shean of the lecture circuit"" by Lewis biographer Richard Lingeman. In the early 1940s, Lewis lived in Duluth, Minnesota. During this time, he wrote the novel Kingsblood Royal (1947), set in the fictional city of Grand Republic, Minnesota, an enlarged and updated version of Zenith. It is based on the Sweet Trials in Detroit in which an African-American doctor was denied the chance to purchase a house in a ""white"" section of the city. Kingsblood Royal was a powerful and very early contribution to the civil rights movement . In 1943, Lewis went to Hollywood to work on a script with Dore Schary , who had just resigned as executive head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's low-budget film department to concentrate on writing and producing his own films. The resulting screenplay was Storm In the West , ""a traditional American western"" — except for the fact that it was also an allegory of World War II, with primary villain Hygatt (Hitler) and his henchmen Gribbles (Goebbels) and Gerrett (Goering) plotting to take over the Franson Ranch, the Poling Ranch, and so on. The screenplay was deemed too political by MGM studio executives and was shelved, and the film was never made. Storm In the West was finally published in 1963, with a foreword by Schary detailing the work's origins, the authors' creative process, and the screenplay's ultimate fate. Sinclair Lewis had been a frequent visitor to Williamstown, Massachusetts. In 1946, he rented Thorvale Farm on Oblong Road. While working on his novel Kingsblood Royal , he purchased this summer estate and upgraded the Georgian mansion along with a farmhouse and many outbuildings. By 1948, Lewis had created a gentleman’s farm consisting of 720 acres of agricultural and forest land. His intended residence in Williamstown was short-lived because of his medical problems. Death [ edit ] Lewis died in Rome from advanced alcoholism on January 10, 1951, aged 65. His body was cremated and his remains were buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Sauk Centre, Minnesota. His final novel World So Wide (1951) was published posthumously. William Shirer , a friend and admirer of Lewis, disputes accounts that Lewis died of alcoholism per se . He reported that Lewis had a heart attack and that his doctors advised him to stop drinking if he wanted to live. Lewis did not stop, and perhaps could not; he died when his heart stopped. In summing up Lewis' career, Shirer concludes: It has become rather commonplace for so-called literary critics to write off Sinclair Lewis as a novelist. Compared to ... Fitzgerald , Hemingway , Dos Passos , and Faulkner ... Lewis lacked style. Yet his impact on modern American life ... was greater than all of the other four writers together. Works [ edit ] Novels [ edit ] 1912: Hike and the Aeroplane (juvenile, as Tom Graham) 1914: Our Mr. Wrenn: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man 1915: The Trail of the Hawk: A Comedy of the Seriousness of Life 1917: The Job: An American Novel 1917: The Innocents: A Story for Lovers 1919: Free Air Serialized in The Saturday Evening Post , May 31, June 7, June 14 and 21, 1919 1920: Main Street: The Story of Carol Kennicott 1922: Babbitt Excerpted in Hearst's International , October 1922 1925: Arrowsmith 1926: Mantrap Serialized in Collier's , February 20, March 20 and April 24, 1926 1927: Elmer Gantry 1928: The Man Who Knew Coolidge: Being the Soul of Lowell Schmaltz, Constructive and Nordic Citizen 1929: Dodsworth 1933: Ann Vickers Serialized in Redbook , August, November and December 1932 1934: Work of Art 1935: It Can't Happen Here 1938: The Prodigal Parents 1940: Bethel Merriday 1943: Gideon Planish 1943: Harri serialized in Good Housekeeping, August, September 1943 ISBN 978-1523653508 1945: Cass Timberlane: A Novel of Husbands and Wives Appeared in Cosmopolitan , July 1945. 1947: Kingsblood Royal 1949: The God-Seeker 1951: World So Wide (posthumous) Short stories [ edit ] 1907: ""That Passage in Isaiah"", The Blue Mule , May 1907 1907: ""Art and the Woman"", The Gray Goose , June 1907 1911: ""The Way to Rome"", The Bellman , May 13, 1911 1915: ""Commutation: $9.17"", The Saturday Evening Post , October 30, 1915 1915: ""The Other Side of the House"", The Saturday Evening Post , November 27, 1915 1916: ""If I Were Boss"", The Saturday Evening Post , January 1 and 8, 1916 1916: ""I'm a Stranger Here Myself"", The Smart Set , August 1916 1916: ""He Loved His Country"", Everybody's Magazine , October 1916 1916: ""Honestly If Possible"", The Saturday Evening Post , October 14, 191 1917: ""Twenty-Four Hours in June"", The Saturday Evening Post , February 17, 1917 1917: ""The Innocents"", Woman's Home Companion , March 1917 1917: ""A Story with a Happy Ending"", The Saturday Evening Post , March 17, 1917 1917: ""Hobohemia"", The Saturday Evening Post , April 7, 1917 1917: ""The Ghost Patrol"", The Red Book Magazine , June 1917 Adapted for the silent film The Ghost Patrol (1923) 1917: ""Young Man Axelbrod"", The Century , June 1917 1917: ""A Woman by Candlelight"", The Saturday Evening Post , July 28, 1917 1917: ""The Whisperer"", The Saturday Evening Post , August 11, 1917 1917: ""The Hidden People"", Good Housekeeping , September 1917 1917: ""Joy-Joy"", The Saturday Evening Post , October 20, 1917 1918: ""A Rose for Little Eva"", McClure's , February 1918 1918: ""Slip It to ’Em"", Metropolitan Magazine , March 1918 1918: ""An Invitation to Tea"", Every Week , June 1, 1918 1918: ""The Shadowy Glass"", The Saturday Evening Post , June 22, 1918 1918: ""The Willow Walk"", The Saturday Evening Post , August 10, 1918 1918: ""Getting His Bit"", Metropolitan Magazine , September 1918 1918: ""The Swept Hearth"", The Saturday Evening Post , September 21, 1918 1918: ""Jazz"", Metropolitan Magazine , October 1918 1918: ""Gladvertising"", The Popular Magazine , October 7, 1918 1919: ""Moths in the Arc Light"", The Saturday Evening Post , January 11, 1919 1919: ""The Shrinking Violet"", The Saturday Evening Post , February 15, 1919 1919: ""Things"", The Saturday Evening Post , February 22, 1919 1919: ""The Cat of the Stars"", The Saturday Evening Post , April 19, 1919 1919: ""The Watcher Across the Road"", The Saturday Evening Post , May 24, 1919 1919: ""Speed"", The Red Book Magazine , June 1919 1919: ""The Shrimp-Colored Blouse"", The Red Book Magazine , August 1919 1919: ""The Enchanted Hour"", The Saturday Evening Post , August 9, 1919 1919: ""Danger — Run Slow"", The Saturday Evening Post , October 18 and 25, 1919 1919: ""Bronze Bars"", The Saturday Evening Post , December 13, 1919 1920: ""Habaes Corpus"", The Saturday Evening Post , January 24, 1920 1920: ""Way I See It"", The Saturday Evening Post , May 29, 1920 1920: ""The Good Sport"", The Saturday Evening Post , December 11, 1920 1921: ""A Matter of Business"", Harper’s , March 1921 1921: ""Number Seven to Sagapoose"", The American Magazine , May 1921 1921: ""The Post-Mortem Murder"", The Century , May 1921 1923: ""The Hack Driver"", The Nation , August 29, 1923 1929: ""He Had a Brother"", Cosmopolitan , May 1929 1929: ""There Was a Prince"", Cosmopolitan , June 1929 1929: ""Elizabeth, Kitty and Jane"", Cosmopolitan , July 1929 1929: ""Dear Editor"", Cosmopolitan , August 1929 1929: ""What a Man!"", Cosmopolitan , September 1929 1929: ""Keep Out of the Kitchen"", Cosmopolitan , October 1929 1929: ""A Letter from the Queen"", Cosmopolitan , December 1929 1930: ""Youth"", Cosmopolitan , February 1930 1930: ""Noble Experiment"", Cosmopolitan , August 1930 1930: "" Little Bear Bongo "", Cosmopolitan , September 1930 Adapted for the animated feature film Fun and Fancy Free (1947) 1930: ""Go East, Young Man"", Cosmopolitan , December 1930 1931: ""Let’s Play King"", Cosmopolitan , January, February and March 1931 1931: ""Pajamas"", Redbook , April 1931 1931: ""Ring Around a Rosy"", The Saturday Evening Post , June 6, 1931 1931: ""City of Mercy"", Cosmopolitan , July 1931 1931: ""Land"", The Saturday Evening Post , September 12, 1931 1931: ""Dollar Chasers"", The Saturday Evening Post , October 17 and 24, 1931 1935: ""The Hippocratic Oath"", Cosmopolitan , June 1935 1935: ""Proper Gander"", The Saturday Evening Post , July 13, 1935 1935: ""Onward, Sons of Ingersoll!"", Scribner’s , August 1935 1936: ""From the Queen"", Argosy , February 1936 1941: ""The Man Who Cheated Time"", Good Housekeeping , March 1941 1941: ""Manhattan Madness"", The American Magazine , September 1941 1941: ""They Had Magic Then!"", Liberty , September 6, 1941 1943: ""All Wives Are Angels"", Cosmopolitan , February 1943 1943: ""Nobody to Write About"", Cosmopolitan , July 1943 1943: ""Green Eyes—A Handbook of Jealousy"", Cosmopolitan , September and October 1943 The Short Stories of Sinclair Lewis (1904–1949) [ edit ] Samuel J. Rogal edited The Short Stories of Sinclair Lewis (1904–1949) , a seven-volume set published in 2007 by Edwin Mellen Press . The first attempt to collect all of Lewis's short stories. Volume 1 (June 1904 – January 1916) ISBN 9780773454873 Volume 2 (August 1916 – October 1917) ISBN 9780773454897 Volume 3 (January 1918 – February 1919) ISBN 9780773454910 Volume 4 (February 1919 – May 1921) ISBN 9780773454194 Volume 5 (August 1923 – April 1931) ISBN 9780773453562 Volume 6 (June 1931 – March 1941) ISBN 9780773453067 Volume 7 (September 1941 – May 1949) ISBN 9780773452763 Articles [ edit ] 1915: ""Nature, Inc."", The Saturday Evening Post , October 2, 1915 1917: ""For the Zelda Bunch"", McClure's , October 1917 1918: ""Spiritualist Vaudeville"", Metropolitan Magazine , February 1918 1919: ""Adventures in Autobumming: Gasoline Gypsies"", The Saturday Evening Post , December 20, 1919 1919: ""Adventures in Autobumming: Want a Lift?"", The Saturday Evening Post , December 27, 1919 1920: ""Adventures in Autobumming: The Great American Frying Pan"", The Saturday Evening Post , January 3, 1920 Plays [ edit ] 1919: Hobohemia 1934: Jayhawker: A Play in Three Acts (with Lloyd Lewis) 1936: It Can't Happen Here (with John C. Moffitt) 1938: Angela Is Twenty-Two (with Fay Wray ) Adapted for the feature film This Is the Life (1944) Screenplay [ edit ] 1943: Storm In the West (with Dore Schary – unproduced) Poems [ edit ] 1907: ""The Ultra-Modern"", The Smart Set , July 1907 1907: ""Dim Hours of Dusk"", The Smart Set , August 1907 1907: ""Disillusion"", The Smart Set , December 1907 1909: ""Summer in Winter"", People’s Magazine , February 1909 1912: ""A Canticle of Great Lovers"", Ainslee's Magazine , July 1912 Books [ edit ] 1915: Tennis As I Play It (ghostwritten for Maurice McLoughlin ) 1926: John Dos Passos' Manhattan Transfer 1929: Cheap and Contented Labor: The Picture of a Southern Mill Town in 1929 1935: Selected Short Stories of Sinclair Lewis 1952: From Main Street to Stockholm: Letters of Sinclair Lewis, 1919–1930 (edited by Alfred Harcourt and Oliver Harrison) 1953: A Sinclair Lewis Reader: Selected Essays and Other Writings, 1904–1950 (edited by Harry E. Maule and Melville Cane ) 1962: I'm a Stranger Here Myself and Other Stories (edited by Mark Schorer) 1962: Sinclair Lewis: A Collection of Critical Essays (edited by Mark Schorer) 1985: Selected Letters of Sinclair Lewis (edited by John J. Koblas and Dave Page) 1997: If I Were Boss: The Early Business Stories of Sinclair Lewis (edited by Anthony Di Renzo) 2000: Minnesota Diary, 1942–46 (edited by George Killough) 2005: Go East, Young Man: Sinclair Lewis on Class in America (edited by Sally E. Parry) 2005: The Minnesota Stories of Sinclair Lewis (edited by Sally E. Parry) See also [ edit ] Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home The Palmer House (Sauk Centre) References [ edit ] Sources [ edit ] Lingeman, Richard R. Sinclair Lewis: Rebel From Main Street. New York: Borealis Books, 2002. Schorer, Mark. Sinclair Lewis: An American Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961. Further reading [ edit ] Lingeman, Richard ed. Sinclair Lewis: Main Street & Babbitt ( Library of America , 1992) ISBN 978-0-940450-61-5 Lingeman, Richard ed. Sinclair Lewis: Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry, Dodsworth (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1-931082-08-2 D. J. Dooley, The Art of Sinclair Lewis , 1967. Martin Light, The Quixotic Vision of Sinclair Lewis , 1975. Modern Fiction Studies , vol. 31.3, Autumn 1985, special issues on Sinclair Lewis. Sinclair Lewis at 100: Papers Presented at a Centennial Conference , 1985. Martin Bucco, Main Street: The Revolt of Carol Kennicott , 1993. James M. Hutchisson, The Rise of Sinclair Lewis, 1920–1930 , 1996. Glen A. Love, Babbitt: An American Life Stephen R. Pastore, Sinclair Lewis: A Descriptive Bibliography , 1997. Stephen R. Pastore, Sinclair Lewis: A Descriptive Bibliography , 2d ed. 2009. Ryan Poll. Main Street and Empire . 2012. External links [ edit ] Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article: Sinclair Lewis (in the public domain in Canada ) Sinclair Lewis at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Works by Sinclair Lewis at Project Gutenberg Works by Sinclair Lewis at Faded Page (Canada) Works by Sinclair Lewis at Project Gutenberg Australia Works by or about Sinclair Lewis at Internet Archive Works by Sinclair Lewis at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Sinclair Lewis on IMDb Sinclair Lewis at the Internet Broadway Database Sinclair Lewis Society Autobiography for the Nobel Foundation NBC Biographies in Sound #43 They Knew Sinclair Lewis ""Sinclair Lewis: The Man From Main Street"" WBGU -PBS documentary" 5652984776631810060,train,where is slovakia located on a map of europe,"Slovakia (/ sloʊˈvækiə, slə -, - ˈvɑː - / (listen) ; Slovak : Slovensko (ˈsloʋensko) (listen)), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovak : Slovenská republika, listen (help info)), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks. The capital and largest city is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak.","['1600 pennsylvania avenue nw', 'at 1600 pennsylvania avenue nw in washington, d.c.', 'october 13, 1792', '""president\\\'s palace"", ""presidential mansion"", or ""president\\\'s house""', 'sandstone', '1901', 'washington, d.c.', 'john adams']",ibo ni slovakia wà lórí àwòrán ilẹ̀ yúróòpù,No,['Slofákíà tabi orile-ede Slofaki Olominira je orile-ede ni Europe.'],['Slofákíà tabi orile-ede Slofaki Olominira je orile-ede ni Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,Slofákíà tabi orile-ede Slofaki Olominira je orile-ede ni Europe . Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ], -1886251926169298464,train,what is the organism that causes strep throat,"Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus (GAS). Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, red tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. A headache, and nausea or vomiting may also occur. Some develop a sandpaper - like rash which is known as scarlet fever. Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days.","['any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object', 'india']",kí ni kòkòrò tó máa ń fa àìsàn ọ̀fun,Yes,"['Ọna-ọfun to ndun ni eyiti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa(Strep throat)jẹ aisan ti awọn kokoro to nfa arun ti a npe ni “ẹgbẹ bakiteria streptokokal ti A” nfa. Ọna-ọfun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa nyọ ọna-ọfun, awọn belubelu (awọn gilandi ribiti meji ti o wa ni ọna-ọfun, ni ẹyin ẹnu), ati bi o ba ṣee ṣe apoti ohùn (larynx)lẹnu.']",['Ọna-ọfun to ndun ni eyiti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa(Strep throat) jẹ aisan ti awọn kokoro to nfa arun ti a npe ni “ẹgbẹ bakiteria streptokokal ti A” nfa. '],['P1'],1,0,"Streptococcal pharyngitis ?na-?fun to ndun ni eyiti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa j? aisan ti aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti a npe ni “?gb? bakiteria streptokokal ti A” nfa.[1] ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa ny? ?na-?fun, aw?n belubelu (aw?n gilandi ribiti meji ti o wa ni ?na-?fun, ni ?yin ?nu), ati bi o ba ?ee ?e apoti ohùn l?nu. Aw?n aami aisan ti o w?p? ní ninu ibà, ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni(ti a tun npe ni ??fun to ndun ni, ati aw?n nodu ?j? funfun ti o wu ni ?rùn. ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa nfa ida m?tadinlogoji ninu ?g?run (37%) ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni laarin aw?n ?m?de.[2] ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa ntan nipas? ifarakora p?kip?ki p?lu alaisan kan. Lati rii daju wipe eniyan kan ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa eyiti o ndun ni, ay?wo kan ti a npe ni mimu aw?n nkan ?l?mi dagba lori nkan amu nkan ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati inu ?na-?fun fun iwadi ?e pataki. Lai ?e ay?wo yii papa ?w?, a le m? nipa ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan nfa nipas? aw?n aami aisan. Ni eyiti o j? b?? tabi ti a m? daju, aw?n apakokoro (aw?n oogun ti o npa bakiteria) le d?kun aisan naa lati ma l’ewu gan-an ati lati mu ara pada b? s’ipo ni kiakia.[3] Aw?n aami aisan Aami aisan ti o w?p? fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ni ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni, ibà ti o ju 38°C (100.4°F) l?, ?yún (olomi y?lo tabi alaw?-ewé) lori belubelu, ati aw?n gilandi ti o wu ninu ?rùn.[3] Aw?n aami aisan miiran tun le wa: Ori ti o ndun ni (?f?ri)[4] Èébì bíbì tabi èébì ti o ngbe ni[4] Inu ti o ndun ni(Inu riro)[4] I?an ti o ndun ni[5] Èélá (aw?n wiwu di? ti o p?n) ni ara tabi ninu ?nu tabi ni ?na-?fun (eyiti kò w?p? ?ugb?n aami aisan ti o daju ni pato) [3] ?ni ti o ba ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa yoo fi aw?n aami aisan han laarin ?j? kinni si ik?ta l?yin ti o ni ifarakora p?lu alaisan kan.[3] Àdàk? Okunfa Aw?n kokoro to nfa arun (tabi bakiteria) ti a npe ni ?gb? streptokokus ti bita A (GAS)lo nse okunfa ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa.[6] Aw?n kokoro miiran to nfa arun tun le fa ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni.[3][5] ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa ntan nipas? ifarakora p?kip?ki ni taara p?lu alaisan kan. ?p?? eniyan, bii aw?n ti o wa ni ?m?-ogun tabi aw?n ile-iwe maa mu bi aisan naa ti ntan kaakiri lati p? sii.[5][7] Aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti a ko le f’oju ri ti w?n ti gb? tan ti a si ri ninu erup? ko le s? eniyan di aláàár??. Aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti ko tii gb?, bii eyiti a ri lori pako-oyinbo (bur??i), le j? ki eniyan ?e àár??fun bi ?j? m??doogun.[5] Ko w?p? ki aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti a ko f’oju ri yii lati gbe ninu ounj? ki w?n si mu aw?n ti w?n j? ounj? naa ?e àár??.[5] Ida mejila ninu ?g?run aw?n ?m?de ti ko ni aw?n aami aisan kan fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ngbe GAS aw?n kokoro ti o nfa arun kaakiri ninu ?fun w?n.[2] Fifi idi ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa mul? Points ?i?e e ?e kokoro to nfa ?na-?fun to ndun ni Abojuto 1 tabi eyiti ti o kere si eyi <10% Ko nilo oogun apakokoro tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan 2 11–17% Oogun apakokoro ti o dale lori mimu nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun tabi RADT 3 28–35% 4 tabi 5 52% Oogun apakokoro ti o daju nipa iriri Akoj? abuda ti a npe ni iye S?nt?r ti atun?e ni a nlo lati m? bi a ti n?e abojut? aw?n eniyan ti w?n ni ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni. Eyi dale lori abuda ?na ay?wo ti iwadi nipa im? ijinl? ti oyinbo marun, iye S?nt? naa n?e it?kasi bi ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni ?e le waye si.[3] Aami kan ni a fun ?k??kan aw?n abuda w?nyii:[3] Ko si ik? kankan Aw?n gilandi ti o wu ti o si r?? ninu ?rùn Iw?n gbigbona ti o ju 38°C (100.4°F)l? ?yún tabi wiwu aw?n gilandi ninu ?rùn (belubelu) ?j? ori ti o kere si m??dogun (15) (aami kan ni a y? kuro fun ?j? ori ti o ju ??rinlel’ogoji (44) l?) Ay?wo I?? iwadi nipa im? ijinl? Ay?wo kan ti a npe ni mimu nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun ni ?na ti o ?e koko ju l?.[8] lati m? boya eniyan kan ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju ri. Ay?wo yii maa nm? ni ?na ti o daniloju ida 90 si 95 ninu aw?n ti o ?e aisan ti a y?wo.[3] Ay?wo kan ti a npe ni ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan (eyiti a tun npe ni ayewo mim? antigini ni kankan , tabi RADT) tun ?e e lo. Ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan yara ju mimu nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun lo sugb?n o maa nm? aisan daju ninu ida aad?rin ninu ?g?run aw?n eniyan ti ay?wo. Aw?n ay?wo mejeeji le m? ni ?gb??gba nigbati eniyan ko ba ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju ri nfa (ni ida mejidinl?g?run aw?n eniyan ti a y?wo ).[3] Ay?wo nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun ti o ri b?? (ni ?r? miiran, eyiti o mo wipe eniyan ?e aisan) tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan, p?lu aw?n aami aisan ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju ri nfa, nfidi wiwa aisan naa mul?.[9] A ko gb?d? maa ?e ay?wo nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan loorekoore fun aw?n eniyan ti ko ni aami aisan. Ida aw?n eniyan kan l’awujo ni kokoro aifoju lasan ri streptokokal bakiteria naa ninu ?fun w?n lai si abajade ewu kankan.[9] Aw?n aisan miiran ti a tun le si mu fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa Àdàk?:Tun wo Aw?n aami aisan ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa fi ara j? aw?n aami aisan miiran. Fun idi eyi, mim? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri m? lai lo nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfa ni kankan le soro.[3] Ik?? wiwu, fi fun ikun-imu, igb?-?rin ati oju pip?n ti o nta ni ni afikun p?lu ibà ati ?na-?fun to ndun ni le f?? j? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri ti fair?si (virus)fa ju ki o j? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa l?.[3] Wiwa aw?n gilandi ti o wu ninu ?run p?lu ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni, iba ati aw?n gilandi ti o tobi (aw?n belubelu) ninu ?rùn le tun waye ninu aw?n aisan miiran ti a npe ni mononucleosis tó lè ranni.[10] Did?kun Yiy? aw?n belubelu kuro le j? ?na ti o loye lati d?kun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ninu aw?n eniyan to maa nsaba ni aisan naa.[11][12] ?i?e aisan p?lu ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri fun igba m?ta tabi ju b?? l? ninu ?dun kan ni a ri bii idi lati y? aw?n belubelu kuro, ni titi di ?dun 2003.[13] Kikiyesara nigbati eniyan nduro naa tun t?na.[11] Tit?ju ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’ju ri nfa eyiti a ko t?ju maa nsaba yanju ara r? laarin ?j? melo kan.[3] It?ju p?lu oogun (aw?n apakokoro) maa ndin pip? aw?n aami aisan ku fun bii wakati m?rindinlogun.[3] Idi ak?k? fun tit?ju p?lu aw?n apakokoro ni lati din ewu nini aisan ti o l’ewu gan-an, bii ibà ti o l’ewu (ti a m? ni ibà r??gun-r??gun)tabi akoj? ?yún ninu ?fun (ti a m? si retropharyngeal abscesses) ku[3]. Aw?n oogun w?nyii munadoko bi a ba lòó laarin ?j? m?san ti aw?n aami aisan b?r?.[6] Abojuto irora Oogun lati din irora ku, bii oogun ti o ndin wiwu ku tabi ogun ti o ndin ibà ku (parasitam?, tabi as?taminofeni), le ranil?w? lati ?akoso irora ti o ni asop?m? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa.[14] Aw?n sit?ri?du naa tun wulo [6][15], g?g? bii kirimu tabi olomi ti a npe ni lidokaini.[16] A le lo asipirini fun aw?n agbalagba ?ugb?n a ko gbani nim?ran r? fun aw?n ?m?de nitori o nmu ewu nini aisan ti o mu ewu ba ?mi ?ni ti a npe ni akoj? aisan Reye gberu.[6] Oogun apakokoro Oogun apakokoro ààyò ni oril?-ede Am?rika fun tit?ju ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ni p?nisilini V. Oogun yii gbayi nitori ailewu r?, owo r? ti ko w?n ati mimunadoko r?.[3] Oogun ti a npe ni amosilini ni w?n yan ni Europe.[17] Ni India, ni ibiti ewu nini ibà r??gun-r??gun ti ga gan-an, oogun alab?r? ti a npe ni b?nsatini p?nisilini G ni ààyò ak?k? fun abojuto.[6] Oogun apakokoro ti o t?na maa ndin iye igba aami aisan ku (eyiti o j? ?j? m?ta si marun)fun bi ?j? kan. Aw?n oogun w?nyii tun maa ndin titan kaaakiri aisan naa ku.[9] A ma a k? aw?n oogun naa fun lilo l?pol?p? igba lati gbiyanju lati din aw?n ewu ti ko w?p? bii ibà ti o le gan-an,ara to njanij?, tabi aw?n arun ku.[18] Aw?n anfani ?i?e abojuto ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri p?lu oogun apakokoro ni a gb?d? mu d?gba p?lu aw?n ewu ti o le waye p?lu lilo w?n[5]. A ko nilo lati fun aw?n agbalagba ti ara w?n da saka ti w?n ni ihuwasi ara si aw?n oogun eyiti ko dara ni oogun apakokoro fun it?ju.[18] Aw?n oogun apakokoro ni a k? fun lilo fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ni ipo ti o ga gan-an ju eyiti a lero l? nitori bi o ti ?e l’ewu si ati bi o ?e ntan kaakiri.[19] Oogun eritiromaisini (ati aw?n oogun miiran ti a npe ni makrolidi) ni a gba aw?n eniyan ti ara w?n ni ikorira ti o le si p?nisilini niyanju lati lo.[3] Ak?k?, ori?i oogun ti a npe ni s?falosporini ?ee lo fun aw?n ti ara w?n ni ikorira ti ko fi b?? l’ewu.[3] Aw?n arun ti kokoro streptokokal ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa tun le fa wiwu aw?n kidirin. Aw?n oogun apakokoro ko le din nini eyi ku.[6] Ìwò Aw?n aami aisan ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa nsan nipa ?i?e abojuto r? tabi ai?e abojuto r?, laarin ?j? m?ta si marun.[9] ?i?e abojuto p?lu oogun apakokoro maa ndin ewu aw?n aisan ti o l’ewu ku ati titan kaakiri aisan naa. Aw?n ?m?de le pade si ile-iwe l?yin wakati m?rinlelogun ti w?n ba ti lo oogun apakokoro.[3] Aw?n i?oro ti o l’ewu gan-an w?nyii le waye nitori ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa: Aw?n ibà ti o le gan-an, bii ibà r??gun-r??gun[4] tabi ibà Àlàárì [20] Aisan ti o nko ewu ba ?mi ?ni ti a npe ni akoj? aisan ti o waye nipas? idiji maj?l? [20][21] Wiwu aw?n kidirin[22] Aisan kan ti a npe ni akoj? aisan PANDAS [22], i?oro p?lu aj?sara ti o maa nfa nigba miiran aw?n aami aisan ti o l’ewu gan-an nipa ihuwasi, lojiji. Aw?n awo?e ati titan kaakiri aisan naa ?na-?fun to ndun ni(tabi faringitisi), i?ori ti o gbòòrò ninu eyiti ti ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri wa, ni a ?e awari r? ninu aw?n eniyan milli?nu m?kanla l’?d??dun ni oril?-ede Am?rika.[3] Fair?si ni o ma nfa ?p?l?p? i??l? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa. ?ugb?n, ?gb? bakiteria ti kokoro ti a ko f’oju ri ti bita A maa nfa ninu ?g?run ida 15 si 30 ?fun ti o ndun ni laarin aw?n ?m?de ati 5 si 20 laarin aw?n agbalagba.[3] Aw?n i??l? maa nsaba waye nigba ti jijab? yinyin baa nkas? nl? ti ?rinrin si ???? nb?r?.[3]","Streptococcal pharyngitis Synonyms Streptococcal tonsillitis, streptococcal sore throat, strep A culture positive case of streptococcal pharyngitis with typical tonsillar exudate in a 16-year-old. Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever, sore throat, large lymph nodes Usual onset 1–3 days after exposure Duration 7–10 days Causes Group A streptococcus Diagnostic method Throat culture , strep test Prevention Handwashing Treatment Paracetamol (acetaminophen), NSAIDs , antibiotics Frequency 5 to 40% of sore throats Streptococcal pharyngitis , also known as strep throat , is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus (GAS). Common symptoms include fever , sore throat , red tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. A headache, and nausea or vomiting may also occur. Some develop a sandpaper-like rash which is known as scarlet fever . Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days. Strep throat is spread by respiratory droplets from an infected person. It may be spread directly or by touching something that has droplets on it and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. Some people may carry the bacteria without symptoms. It may also be spread by skin infected with group A strep. The diagnosis is made based on the results of a rapid antigen detection test or throat culture in those who have symptoms. Prevention is by washing hands and not sharing eating utensils. There is no vaccine for the disease. Treatment with antibiotics is only recommended in those with a confirmed diagnosis. Those infected should stay away from other people for at least 24 hours after starting treatment. Pain can be treated with paracetamol (acetaminophen) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as ibuprofen . Strep throat is a common bacterial infection in children. It is the cause of 15–40% of sore throats among children and 5–15% among adults. Cases are more common in late winter and early spring. Potential complications include rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess . Contents [ hide ] 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Laboratory testing 3.2 Differential diagnosis 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 5.1 Pain medication 5.2 Antibiotics 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms The typical signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis are a sore throat , fever of greater than 38 °C (100 °F), tonsillar exudates ( pus on the tonsils ), and large cervical lymph nodes . Other symptoms include: headache , nausea and vomiting , abdominal pain , muscle pain , or a scarlatiniform rash or palatal petechiae , the latter being an uncommon but highly specific finding. Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days. Strep throat is unlikely when any of the symptoms of red eyes , hoarseness, runny nose, or mouth ulcers are present. It is also unlikely when there is no fever. Mouth wide open showing the throat A throat infection which on culture tested positive for group A streptococcus. Note the large tonsils with white exudate . Mouth wide open showing the throat Note the petechiae , or small red spots, on the soft palate . This is an uncommon but highly specific finding in streptococcal pharyngitis. A set of large tonsils in the back of the throat, covered in white exudate. A culture positive case of streptococcal pharyngitis with typical tonsillar exudate in an 8-year-old. Cause Strep throat is caused by group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS or S. pyogenes ). Other bacteria such as non–group A β-hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis . It is spread by direct, close contact with an infected person; thus crowding, as may be found in the military and schools, increases the rate of transmission. Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious, although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days. Contaminated food can result in outbreaks, but this is rare. Of children with no signs or symptoms, 12% carry GAS in their pharynx, and, after treatment, approximately 15% of those remain positive, and are true ""carriers"". Diagnosis Modified Centor score Points Probability of Strep Management 1 or fewer <10% No antibiotic or culture needed 2 11–17% Antibiotic based on culture or RADT 3 28–35% 4 or 5 52% Empiric antibiotics A number of scoring systems exist to help with diagnosis; however, their use is controversial due to insufficient accuracy. The modified Centor criteria are a set of five criteria; the total score indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection. One point is given for each of the criteria: Absence of a cough Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes Temperature >38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Tonsillar exudate or swelling Age less than 15 (a point is subtracted if age >44) A score of one may indicated no treatment or culture is needed, or it may indicate the need to perform further testing if other high risk factors exist, such as a family member having the disease. The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate when given after a positive test. Testing is not needed in children under three as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare, unless a child has a sibling with the disease. Laboratory testing A throat culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis, with a sensitivity of 90–95%. A rapid strep test (also called rapid antigen detection testing or RADT) may also be used. While the rapid strep test is quicker, it has a lower sensitivity (70%) and statistically equal specificity (98%) as a throat culture. In areas of the world where rheumatic fever is uncommon, a negative rapid strep test is sufficient to rule out the disease. A positive throat culture or RADT in association with symptoms establishes a positive diagnosis in those in which the diagnosis is in doubt. In adults, a negative RADT is sufficient to rule out the diagnosis. However, in children a throat culture is recommended to confirm the result. Asymptomatic individuals should not be routinely tested with a throat culture or RADT because a certain percentage of the population persistently ""carries"" the streptococcal bacteria in their throat without any harmful results. Differential diagnosis See also: Acute pharyngitis As the symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis overlap with other conditions, it can be difficult to make the diagnosis clinically. Coughing, nasal discharge, diarrhea , and red, irritated eyes in addition to fever and sore throat are more indicative of a viral sore throat than of strep throat. The presence of marked lymph node enlargement along with sore throat, fever, and tonsillar enlargement may also occur in infectious mononucleosis . Prevention Tonsillectomy may be a reasonable preventive measure in those with frequent throat infections (more than three a year). However, the benefits are small and episodes typically lessen in time regardless of measures taken. Recurrent episodes of pharyngitis which test positive for GAS may also represent a person who is a chronic carrier of GAS who is getting recurrent viral infections. Treating people who have been exposed but who are without symptoms is not recommended. Treating people who are carriers of GAS is not recommended as the risk of spread and complications is low. Treatment Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis usually resolves within a few days. Treatment with antibiotics shortens the duration of the acute illness by about 16 hours. The primary reason for treatment with antibiotics is to reduce the risk of complications such as rheumatic fever and retropharyngeal abscesses . Antibiotics prevent acute rheumatic fever if given within 9 days of the onset of symptoms. Pain medication Pain medication such as NSAIDs and paracetamol (acetaminophen) helps in the management of pain associated with strep throat. Viscous lidocaine may also be useful. While steroids may help with the pain, they are not routinely recommended. Aspirin may be used in adults but is not recommended in children due to the risk of Reye syndrome . Antibiotics The antibiotic of choice in the United States for streptococcal pharyngitis is penicillin V , due to safety, cost, and effectiveness. Amoxicillin is preferred in Europe. In India, where the risk of rheumatic fever is higher, intramuscular benzathine penicillin G is the first choice for treatment. Appropriate antibiotics decrease the average 3–5 day duration of symptoms by about one day, and also reduce contagiousness. They are primarily prescribed to reduce rare complications such as rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess . The arguments in favor of antibiotic treatment should be balanced by the consideration of possible side effects, and it is reasonable to suggest that no antimicrobial treatment be given to healthy adults who have adverse reactions to medication or those at low risk of complications. Antibiotics are prescribed for strep throat at a higher rate than would be expected from how common it is. Erythromycin and other macrolides or clindamycin are recommended for people with severe penicillin allergies . First-generation cephalosporins may be used in those with less severe allergies and some evidence supports cephalosporins as superior to penicillin. Streptococcal infections may also lead to acute glomerulonephritis ; however, the incidence of this side effect is not reduced by the use of antibiotics. Prognosis The symptoms of strep throat usually improve within three to five days, irrespective of treatment. Treatment with antibiotics reduces the risk of complications and transmission; children may return to school 24 hours after antibiotics are administered. The risk of complications in adults is low. In children, acute rheumatic fever is rare in most of the developed world. It is, however, the leading cause of acquired heart disease in India, sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of Australia. Complications arising from streptococcal throat infections include: Acute rheumatic fever Scarlet fever Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome Glomerulonephritis PANDAS syndrome Peritonsillar abscess Cervical lymphadenitis Mastoiditis The economic cost of the disease in the United States in children is approximately $350 million annually. Epidemiology Pharyngitis , the broader category into which Streptococcal pharyngitis falls, is diagnosed in 11 million people annually in the United States. It is the cause of 15–40% of sore throats among children and 5–15% in adults. Cases usually occur in late winter and early spring. References External links Classification D ICD - 10 : J02.0 ICD - 9-CM : 034.0 DiseasesDB : 12507 External resources MedlinePlus : 000639 eMedicine : med/1811 Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app ." -8786760779617873356,train,where does the bacteria that causes strep throat come from,"Strep throat is caused by group A beta - hemolytic streptococcus (GAS or S. pyogenes). Other bacteria such as non -- group A beta - hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis. It is spread by direct, close contact with an infected person ; thus crowding, as may be found in the military and schools, increases the rate of transmission. Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious, although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days. Contaminated food can result in outbreaks, but this is rare. Of children with no signs or symptoms, 12 % carry GAS in their pharynx, and, after treatment, approximately 15 % of those remain positive, and are true `` carriers ''.","['osteoblasts', 'hard tissue']",níbo ni kòkòrò àrùn tó ń fa àìsàn ọ̀fun ti ń wá,Yes,['Awọn kokoro to nfa arun(tabi bakiteria)ti a npe ni ẹgbẹ streptokokus ti bita A (A beta-hemolytic streptococcus) (GAS)lo nse okunfa ọna-ọfun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa. Awọn kokoro miiran to nfa arun tun le fa ọna-ọfun ti o ndun ni. Ọna-ọfun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa ntan nipasẹ ifarakora pẹkipẹki ni taara pẹlu alaisan kan.'],['Awọn kokoro to nfa arun(tabi bakiteria)ti a npe ni ẹgbẹ streptokokus ti bita A lo nse okunfa ọna-ọfun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa. '],['P6'],1,0,"Streptococcal pharyngitis ?na-?fun to ndun ni eyiti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa j? aisan ti aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti a npe ni “?gb? bakiteria streptokokal ti A” nfa.[1] ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa ny? ?na-?fun, aw?n belubelu (aw?n gilandi ribiti meji ti o wa ni ?na-?fun, ni ?yin ?nu), ati bi o ba ?ee ?e apoti ohùn l?nu. Aw?n aami aisan ti o w?p? ní ninu ibà, ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni(ti a tun npe ni ??fun to ndun ni, ati aw?n nodu ?j? funfun ti o wu ni ?rùn. ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa nfa ida m?tadinlogoji ninu ?g?run (37%) ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni laarin aw?n ?m?de.[2] ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa ntan nipas? ifarakora p?kip?ki p?lu alaisan kan. Lati rii daju wipe eniyan kan ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa eyiti o ndun ni, ay?wo kan ti a npe ni mimu aw?n nkan ?l?mi dagba lori nkan amu nkan ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati inu ?na-?fun fun iwadi ?e pataki. Lai ?e ay?wo yii papa ?w?, a le m? nipa ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan nfa nipas? aw?n aami aisan. Ni eyiti o j? b?? tabi ti a m? daju, aw?n apakokoro (aw?n oogun ti o npa bakiteria) le d?kun aisan naa lati ma l’ewu gan-an ati lati mu ara pada b? s’ipo ni kiakia.[3] Aw?n aami aisan Aami aisan ti o w?p? fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ni ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni, ibà ti o ju 38°C (100.4°F) l?, ?yún (olomi y?lo tabi alaw?-ewé) lori belubelu, ati aw?n gilandi ti o wu ninu ?rùn.[3] Aw?n aami aisan miiran tun le wa: Ori ti o ndun ni (?f?ri)[4] Èébì bíbì tabi èébì ti o ngbe ni[4] Inu ti o ndun ni(Inu riro)[4] I?an ti o ndun ni[5] Èélá (aw?n wiwu di? ti o p?n) ni ara tabi ninu ?nu tabi ni ?na-?fun (eyiti kò w?p? ?ugb?n aami aisan ti o daju ni pato) [3] ?ni ti o ba ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa yoo fi aw?n aami aisan han laarin ?j? kinni si ik?ta l?yin ti o ni ifarakora p?lu alaisan kan.[3] Àdàk? Okunfa Aw?n kokoro to nfa arun (tabi bakiteria) ti a npe ni ?gb? streptokokus ti bita A (GAS)lo nse okunfa ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa.[6] Aw?n kokoro miiran to nfa arun tun le fa ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni.[3][5] ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa ntan nipas? ifarakora p?kip?ki ni taara p?lu alaisan kan. ?p?? eniyan, bii aw?n ti o wa ni ?m?-ogun tabi aw?n ile-iwe maa mu bi aisan naa ti ntan kaakiri lati p? sii.[5][7] Aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti a ko le f’oju ri ti w?n ti gb? tan ti a si ri ninu erup? ko le s? eniyan di aláàár??. Aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti ko tii gb?, bii eyiti a ri lori pako-oyinbo (bur??i), le j? ki eniyan ?e àár??fun bi ?j? m??doogun.[5] Ko w?p? ki aw?n kokoro to nfa arun ti a ko f’oju ri yii lati gbe ninu ounj? ki w?n si mu aw?n ti w?n j? ounj? naa ?e àár??.[5] Ida mejila ninu ?g?run aw?n ?m?de ti ko ni aw?n aami aisan kan fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ngbe GAS aw?n kokoro ti o nfa arun kaakiri ninu ?fun w?n.[2] Fifi idi ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa mul? Points ?i?e e ?e kokoro to nfa ?na-?fun to ndun ni Abojuto 1 tabi eyiti ti o kere si eyi <10% Ko nilo oogun apakokoro tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan 2 11–17% Oogun apakokoro ti o dale lori mimu nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun tabi RADT 3 28–35% 4 tabi 5 52% Oogun apakokoro ti o daju nipa iriri Akoj? abuda ti a npe ni iye S?nt?r ti atun?e ni a nlo lati m? bi a ti n?e abojut? aw?n eniyan ti w?n ni ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni. Eyi dale lori abuda ?na ay?wo ti iwadi nipa im? ijinl? ti oyinbo marun, iye S?nt? naa n?e it?kasi bi ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni ?e le waye si.[3] Aami kan ni a fun ?k??kan aw?n abuda w?nyii:[3] Ko si ik? kankan Aw?n gilandi ti o wu ti o si r?? ninu ?rùn Iw?n gbigbona ti o ju 38°C (100.4°F)l? ?yún tabi wiwu aw?n gilandi ninu ?rùn (belubelu) ?j? ori ti o kere si m??dogun (15) (aami kan ni a y? kuro fun ?j? ori ti o ju ??rinlel’ogoji (44) l?) Ay?wo I?? iwadi nipa im? ijinl? Ay?wo kan ti a npe ni mimu nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun ni ?na ti o ?e koko ju l?.[8] lati m? boya eniyan kan ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju ri. Ay?wo yii maa nm? ni ?na ti o daniloju ida 90 si 95 ninu aw?n ti o ?e aisan ti a y?wo.[3] Ay?wo kan ti a npe ni ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan (eyiti a tun npe ni ayewo mim? antigini ni kankan , tabi RADT) tun ?e e lo. Ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan yara ju mimu nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun lo sugb?n o maa nm? aisan daju ninu ida aad?rin ninu ?g?run aw?n eniyan ti ay?wo. Aw?n ay?wo mejeeji le m? ni ?gb??gba nigbati eniyan ko ba ni ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju ri nfa (ni ida mejidinl?g?run aw?n eniyan ti a y?wo ).[3] Ay?wo nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun ti o ri b?? (ni ?r? miiran, eyiti o mo wipe eniyan ?e aisan) tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan, p?lu aw?n aami aisan ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju ri nfa, nfidi wiwa aisan naa mul?.[9] A ko gb?d? maa ?e ay?wo nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfaa ni kankan loorekoore fun aw?n eniyan ti ko ni aami aisan. Ida aw?n eniyan kan l’awujo ni kokoro aifoju lasan ri streptokokal bakiteria naa ninu ?fun w?n lai si abajade ewu kankan.[9] Aw?n aisan miiran ti a tun le si mu fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa Àdàk?:Tun wo Aw?n aami aisan ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa fi ara j? aw?n aami aisan miiran. Fun idi eyi, mim? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri m? lai lo nkan ?l?mi ti a mu dagba lori nkan amu ?l?mi dagba l’ode ara lati ?na-?fun tabi ay?wo kokoro to nfa ni kankan le soro.[3] Ik?? wiwu, fi fun ikun-imu, igb?-?rin ati oju pip?n ti o nta ni ni afikun p?lu ibà ati ?na-?fun to ndun ni le f?? j? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri ti fair?si (virus)fa ju ki o j? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa l?.[3] Wiwa aw?n gilandi ti o wu ninu ?run p?lu ?na-?fun ti o ndun ni, iba ati aw?n gilandi ti o tobi (aw?n belubelu) ninu ?rùn le tun waye ninu aw?n aisan miiran ti a npe ni mononucleosis tó lè ranni.[10] Did?kun Yiy? aw?n belubelu kuro le j? ?na ti o loye lati d?kun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ninu aw?n eniyan to maa nsaba ni aisan naa.[11][12] ?i?e aisan p?lu ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri fun igba m?ta tabi ju b?? l? ninu ?dun kan ni a ri bii idi lati y? aw?n belubelu kuro, ni titi di ?dun 2003.[13] Kikiyesara nigbati eniyan nduro naa tun t?na.[11] Tit?ju ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’ju ri nfa eyiti a ko t?ju maa nsaba yanju ara r? laarin ?j? melo kan.[3] It?ju p?lu oogun (aw?n apakokoro) maa ndin pip? aw?n aami aisan ku fun bii wakati m?rindinlogun.[3] Idi ak?k? fun tit?ju p?lu aw?n apakokoro ni lati din ewu nini aisan ti o l’ewu gan-an, bii ibà ti o l’ewu (ti a m? ni ibà r??gun-r??gun)tabi akoj? ?yún ninu ?fun (ti a m? si retropharyngeal abscesses) ku[3]. Aw?n oogun w?nyii munadoko bi a ba lòó laarin ?j? m?san ti aw?n aami aisan b?r?.[6] Abojuto irora Oogun lati din irora ku, bii oogun ti o ndin wiwu ku tabi ogun ti o ndin ibà ku (parasitam?, tabi as?taminofeni), le ranil?w? lati ?akoso irora ti o ni asop?m? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa.[14] Aw?n sit?ri?du naa tun wulo [6][15], g?g? bii kirimu tabi olomi ti a npe ni lidokaini.[16] A le lo asipirini fun aw?n agbalagba ?ugb?n a ko gbani nim?ran r? fun aw?n ?m?de nitori o nmu ewu nini aisan ti o mu ewu ba ?mi ?ni ti a npe ni akoj? aisan Reye gberu.[6] Oogun apakokoro Oogun apakokoro ààyò ni oril?-ede Am?rika fun tit?ju ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ni p?nisilini V. Oogun yii gbayi nitori ailewu r?, owo r? ti ko w?n ati mimunadoko r?.[3] Oogun ti a npe ni amosilini ni w?n yan ni Europe.[17] Ni India, ni ibiti ewu nini ibà r??gun-r??gun ti ga gan-an, oogun alab?r? ti a npe ni b?nsatini p?nisilini G ni ààyò ak?k? fun abojuto.[6] Oogun apakokoro ti o t?na maa ndin iye igba aami aisan ku (eyiti o j? ?j? m?ta si marun)fun bi ?j? kan. Aw?n oogun w?nyii tun maa ndin titan kaaakiri aisan naa ku.[9] A ma a k? aw?n oogun naa fun lilo l?pol?p? igba lati gbiyanju lati din aw?n ewu ti ko w?p? bii ibà ti o le gan-an,ara to njanij?, tabi aw?n arun ku.[18] Aw?n anfani ?i?e abojuto ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri p?lu oogun apakokoro ni a gb?d? mu d?gba p?lu aw?n ewu ti o le waye p?lu lilo w?n[5]. A ko nilo lati fun aw?n agbalagba ti ara w?n da saka ti w?n ni ihuwasi ara si aw?n oogun eyiti ko dara ni oogun apakokoro fun it?ju.[18] Aw?n oogun apakokoro ni a k? fun lilo fun ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa ni ipo ti o ga gan-an ju eyiti a lero l? nitori bi o ti ?e l’ewu si ati bi o ?e ntan kaakiri.[19] Oogun eritiromaisini (ati aw?n oogun miiran ti a npe ni makrolidi) ni a gba aw?n eniyan ti ara w?n ni ikorira ti o le si p?nisilini niyanju lati lo.[3] Ak?k?, ori?i oogun ti a npe ni s?falosporini ?ee lo fun aw?n ti ara w?n ni ikorira ti ko fi b?? l’ewu.[3] Aw?n arun ti kokoro streptokokal ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa tun le fa wiwu aw?n kidirin. Aw?n oogun apakokoro ko le din nini eyi ku.[6] Ìwò Aw?n aami aisan ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa maa nsan nipa ?i?e abojuto r? tabi ai?e abojuto r?, laarin ?j? m?ta si marun.[9] ?i?e abojuto p?lu oogun apakokoro maa ndin ewu aw?n aisan ti o l’ewu ku ati titan kaakiri aisan naa. Aw?n ?m?de le pade si ile-iwe l?yin wakati m?rinlelogun ti w?n ba ti lo oogun apakokoro.[3] Aw?n i?oro ti o l’ewu gan-an w?nyii le waye nitori ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa: Aw?n ibà ti o le gan-an, bii ibà r??gun-r??gun[4] tabi ibà Àlàárì [20] Aisan ti o nko ewu ba ?mi ?ni ti a npe ni akoj? aisan ti o waye nipas? idiji maj?l? [20][21] Wiwu aw?n kidirin[22] Aisan kan ti a npe ni akoj? aisan PANDAS [22], i?oro p?lu aj?sara ti o maa nfa nigba miiran aw?n aami aisan ti o l’ewu gan-an nipa ihuwasi, lojiji. Aw?n awo?e ati titan kaakiri aisan naa ?na-?fun to ndun ni(tabi faringitisi), i?ori ti o gbòòrò ninu eyiti ti ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri wa, ni a ?e awari r? ninu aw?n eniyan milli?nu m?kanla l’?d??dun ni oril?-ede Am?rika.[3] Fair?si ni o ma nfa ?p?l?p? i??l? ?na-?fun to ndun ni ti kokoro ti a ko le f’oju lasan ri nfa. ?ugb?n, ?gb? bakiteria ti kokoro ti a ko f’oju ri ti bita A maa nfa ninu ?g?run ida 15 si 30 ?fun ti o ndun ni laarin aw?n ?m?de ati 5 si 20 laarin aw?n agbalagba.[3] Aw?n i??l? maa nsaba waye nigba ti jijab? yinyin baa nkas? nl? ti ?rinrin si ???? nb?r?.[3]","Streptococcal pharyngitis Synonyms Streptococcal tonsillitis, streptococcal sore throat, strep A culture positive case of streptococcal pharyngitis with typical tonsillar exudate in a 16-year-old. Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever, sore throat, large lymph nodes Usual onset 1–3 days after exposure Duration 7–10 days Causes Group A streptococcus Diagnostic method Throat culture , strep test Prevention Handwashing Treatment Paracetamol (acetaminophen), NSAIDs , antibiotics Frequency 5 to 40% of sore throats [ edit on Wikidata ] Streptococcal pharyngitis , also known as strep throat , is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus (GAS). Common symptoms include fever , sore throat , red tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. A headache, and nausea or vomiting may also occur. Some develop a sandpaper-like rash which is known as scarlet fever . Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days. Strep throat is spread by respiratory droplets from an infected person. It may be spread directly or by touching something that has droplets on it and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. Some people may carry the bacteria without symptoms. It may also be spread by skin infected with group A strep. The diagnosis is made based on the results of a rapid antigen detection test or throat culture in those who have symptoms. Prevention is by washing hands and not sharing eating utensils. There is no vaccine for the disease. Treatment with antibiotics is only recommended in those with a confirmed diagnosis. Those infected should stay away from other people for at least 24 hours after starting treatment. Pain can be treated with paracetamol (acetaminophen) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as ibuprofen . Strep throat is a common bacterial infection in children. It is the cause of 15–40% of sore throats among children and 5–15% among adults. Cases are more common in late winter and early spring. Potential complications include rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess . Contents [ hide ] 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Laboratory testing 3.2 Differential diagnosis 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 5.1 Pain medication 5.2 Antibiotics 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms The typical signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis are a sore throat , fever of greater than 38 °C (100 °F), tonsillar exudates ( pus on the tonsils ), and large cervical lymph nodes . Other symptoms include: headache , nausea and vomiting , abdominal pain , muscle pain , or a scarlatiniform rash or palatal petechiae , the latter being an uncommon but highly specific finding. Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days. Strep throat is unlikely when any of the symptoms of red eyes , hoarseness, runny nose, or mouth ulcers are present. It is also unlikely when there is no fever. Mouth wide open showing the throat A throat infection which on culture tested positive for group A streptococcus. Note the large tonsils with white exudate . Mouth wide open showing the throat Note the petechiae , or small red spots, on the soft palate . This is an uncommon but highly specific finding in streptococcal pharyngitis. A set of large tonsils in the back of the throat, covered in white exudate. A culture positive case of streptococcal pharyngitis with typical tonsillar exudate in an 8-year-old. Cause Strep throat is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS or S. pyogenes). Other bacteria such as non–group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis . It is spread by direct, close contact with an infected person; thus crowding, as may be found in the military and schools, increases the rate of transmission. Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious, although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days. Contaminated food can result in outbreaks, but this is rare. Of children with no signs or symptoms, 12% carry GAS in their pharynx, and, after treatment, approximately 15% of those remain positive, and are true ""carriers"". Diagnosis Modified Centor score Points Probability of Strep Management 1 or fewer <10% No antibiotic or culture needed 2 11–17% Antibiotic based on culture or RADT 3 28–35% 4 or 5 52% Empiric antibiotics A number of scoring systems exist to help with diagnosis; however, their use is controversial due to insufficient accuracy. The modified Centor criteria are a set of five criteria; the total score indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection. One point is given for each of the criteria: Absence of a cough Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes Temperature >38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Tonsillar exudate or swelling Age less than 15 (a point is subtracted if age >44) A score of one may indicated no treatment or culture is needed, or it may indicate the need to perform further testing if other high risk factors exist, such as a family member having the disease. The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate when given after a positive test. Testing is not needed in children under three as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare, unless a child has a sibling with the disease. Laboratory testing A throat culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis, with a sensitivity of 90–95%. A rapid strep test (also called rapid antigen detection testing or RADT) may also be used. While the rapid strep test is quicker, it has a lower sensitivity (70%) and statistically equal specificity (98%) as a throat culture. In areas of the world where rheumatic fever is uncommon, a negative rapid strep test is sufficient to rule out the disease. A positive throat culture or RADT in association with symptoms establishes a positive diagnosis in those in which the diagnosis is in doubt. In adults, a negative RADT is sufficient to rule out the diagnosis. However, in children a throat culture is recommended to confirm the result. Asymptomatic individuals should not be routinely tested with a throat culture or RADT because a certain percentage of the population persistently ""carries"" the streptococcal bacteria in their throat without any harmful results. Differential diagnosis See also: Acute pharyngitis As the symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis overlap with other conditions, it can be difficult to make the diagnosis clinically. Coughing, nasal discharge, diarrhea , and red, irritated eyes in addition to fever and sore throat are more indicative of a viral sore throat than of strep throat. The presence of marked lymph node enlargement along with sore throat, fever, and tonsillar enlargement may also occur in infectious mononucleosis . Prevention Tonsillectomy may be a reasonable preventive measure in those with frequent throat infections (more than three a year). However, the benefits are small and episodes typically lessen in time regardless of measures taken. Recurrent episodes of pharyngitis which test positive for GAS may also represent a person who is a chronic carrier of GAS who is getting recurrent viral infections. Treating people who have been exposed but who are without symptoms is not recommended. Treating people who are carriers of GAS is not recommended as the risk of spread and complications is low. Treatment Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis usually resolves within a few days. Treatment with antibiotics shortens the duration of the acute illness by about 16 hours. The primary reason for treatment with antibiotics is to reduce the risk of complications such as rheumatic fever and retropharyngeal abscesses ; antibiotics are effective if given within 9 days of the onset of symptoms. Pain medication Pain medication such as NSAIDs and paracetamol (acetaminophen) helps in the management of pain associated with strep throat. Viscous lidocaine may also be useful. While steroids may help with the pain, they are not routinely recommended. Aspirin may be used in adults but is not recommended in children due to the risk of Reye syndrome . Antibiotics The antibiotic of choice in the United States for streptococcal pharyngitis is penicillin V , due to safety, cost, and effectiveness. Amoxicillin is preferred in Europe. In India, where the risk of rheumatic fever is higher, intramuscular benzathine penicillin G is the first choice for treatment. Appropriate antibiotics decrease the average 3–5 day duration of symptoms by about one day, and also reduce contagiousness. They are primarily prescribed to reduce rare complications such as rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess . The arguments in favor of antibiotic treatment should be balanced by the consideration of possible side effects, and it is reasonable to suggest that no antimicrobial treatment be given to healthy adults who have adverse reactions to medication or those at low risk of complications. Antibiotics are prescribed for strep throat at a higher rate than would be expected from how common it is. Erythromycin and other macrolides or clindamycin are recommended for people with severe penicillin allergies . First-generation cephalosporins may be used in those with less severe allergies and some evidence supports cephalosporins as superior to penicillin. Streptococcal infections may also lead to acute glomerulonephritis ; however, the incidence of this side effect is not reduced by the use of antibiotics. Prognosis The symptoms of strep throat usually improve within three to five days, irrespective of treatment. Treatment with antibiotics reduces the risk of complications and transmission; children may return to school 24 hours after antibiotics are administered. The risk of complications in adults is low. In children, acute rheumatic fever is rare in most of the developed world. It is, however, the leading cause of acquired heart disease in India, sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of Australia. Complications arising from streptococcal throat infections include: Acute rheumatic fever Scarlet fever Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome Glomerulonephritis PANDAS syndrome Peritonsillar abscess Cervical lymphadenitis Mastoiditis The economic cost of the disease in the United States in children is approximately $350 million annually. Epidemiology Pharyngitis , the broader category into which Streptococcal pharyngitis falls, is diagnosed in 11 million people annually in the United States. It is the cause of 15–40% of sore throats among children and 5–15% in adults. Cases usually occur in late winter and early spring. References External links Classification V · T · D ICD - 10 : J02.0 ICD - 9-CM : 034.0 DiseasesDB : 12507 External resources MedlinePlus : 000639 eMedicine : med/1811 Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app ." -2932476510761250751,train,what is the official name of switzerland answers,"Switzerland (/ ˈswɪtsərlənd /), officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The federal republic is situated in Western - Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285 km (15,940 sq mi) (land area 39,997 km (15,443 sq mi)). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.",['fort mchenry'],kí ni orúkọ tí ìjọba switzerland ń dáhùn,Yes,['Swítsàlandì tabi Orile-èdè Ìdàpapọ̀ ilẹ̀ Swítsàlandì je orile-ede ni apa iwoorun Europe.'],['Swítsàlandì tabi Orile-èdè Ìdàpapọ̀ ilẹ̀ Swítsàlandì je orile-ede ni apa iwoorun Europe.'],['P1'],1,0,"Swítsàlandì Swítsàlandì tabi Orile-èdè Ìdàpap?? il?? Swítsàlandì je orile-ede ni apa iwoorun Yuropu. ", -2107060162958710603,train,how many are the elements of the periodic table,"As of 2016, the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016.",[],mélòó ni àwọn èròjà inú tábìlì ìgbàlódé,Yes,"['Tabili ise (standard) isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi January 27, 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo (synthesized) apilese 117 ko ti je be).']","['Tabili ise (standard) isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi January 27, 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo (synthesized) apilese 117 ko ti je be).', 'Tabili ise isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi January 27, 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo apilese 117 ko ti je be).']",['P2'],1,0,"Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo. Bo tile je pe iru tabili yi ti wa tele, eni ti gbogbo eniyan gba pe o da ni onimo khemistry Ararussia Dimitri Mandeleev ni odun 1869. Mandeleev fe tabili yi lati s'afihan (""igba"") isele bi a se n da awon apilese mo. Atunse ti bo si iyasile tabili yi, be ni o si ti fe si bi a ba se n seawari awon apilese tuntun be sini a ti se iko apere elero tuntun la ti se alaye iwuwa egbo.[1] Tabili igba ti je pataki nisinyi ninu imo eko Khemistry, nipa lati pin si owoowo, la si ona to mogbon wa ati lati safiwe awon orisirisi iru iwa egbo. Be na sini tabili yi n je lilo ninu eko Fisiki, Biology, imoero ati Ileise ero. Tabili ise isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi os?u kini, ?j? 27, ?dun 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo apilese 117 ko ti je be). Aw?n ak?sil? Lanthanides tun wa lara aw?n ohun ti w?n n pe ni ""aw?n eroja il? to ?ara ?t?"", iy?n ?r? ti ko bode mu mó?. Nipa ?gb? ?gb? ti aw?n eroja w?nyi, wo nibi. Aw?n irin alkali, aw?n irin il? alkali, aw?n irin iyipada, aw?n actinides, lanthanides, ati aw?n irin talaka ni gbogbo w?n m? lapap? bi “irin”. Aw?n halogen ati aw?n gaasi ?l?la naa ki i ?e irin.", 7331675792181559344,train,total number of elements on the periodic table,"All the elements from atomic numbers 1 (hydrogen) through 118 (oganesson) have been either discovered or synthesized, completing the first seven rows of the periodic table. The first 98 elements exist in nature, although some are found only in trace amounts and others were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature. Atomic numbers for elements 99 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors. The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued : these elements would begin an eighth row, and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible candidates for this extension. Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories.",[],gbogbo iye àwọn èròjà inú tábìlì ìgbàlódé,Yes,"['Tabili ise (standard) isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi January 27, 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo (synthesized) apilese 117 ko ti je be).']",['Tabili ise isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan '],['P2'],1,0,"Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo. Bo tile je pe iru tabili yi ti wa tele, eni ti gbogbo eniyan gba pe o da ni onimo khemistry Ararussia Dimitri Mandeleev ni odun 1869. Mandeleev fe tabili yi lati s'afihan (""igba"") isele bi a se n da awon apilese mo. Atunse ti bo si iyasile tabili yi, be ni o si ti fe si bi a ba se n seawari awon apilese tuntun be sini a ti se iko apere elero tuntun la ti se alaye iwuwa egbo.[1] Tabili igba ti je pataki nisinyi ninu imo eko Khemistry, nipa lati pin si owoowo, la si ona to mogbon wa ati lati safiwe awon orisirisi iru iwa egbo. Be na sini tabili yi n je lilo ninu eko Fisiki, Biology, imoero ati Ileise ero. Tabili ise isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi os?u kini, ?j? 27, ?dun 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo apilese 117 ko ti je be). Aw?n ak?sil? Lanthanides tun wa lara aw?n ohun ti w?n n pe ni ""aw?n eroja il? to ?ara ?t?"", iy?n ?r? ti ko bode mu mó?. Nipa ?gb? ?gb? ti aw?n eroja w?nyi, wo nibi. Aw?n irin alkali, aw?n irin il? alkali, aw?n irin iyipada, aw?n actinides, lanthanides, ati aw?n irin talaka ni gbogbo w?n m? lapap? bi “irin”. Aw?n halogen ati aw?n gaasi ?l?la naa ki i ?e irin.", -4705900018076264882,train,what is the periodic table of the elements,"The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. This ordering shows periodic trends, such as elements with similar behaviour in the same column. It also shows four rectangular blocks with some approximately similar chemical properties. In general, within one row (period) the elements are metals on the left, and non-metals on the right.","['13', 'the royal arsenal complex']",kí ni àkọsílẹ̀ ìgbà àti ìgbà àwọn ohun alààyè,Yes,['Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo. '],['Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo.'],['P1'],0,0,"Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo. Bo tile je pe iru tabili yi ti wa tele, eni ti gbogbo eniyan gba pe o da ni onimo khemistry Ararussia Dimitri Mandeleev ni odun 1869. Mandeleev fe tabili yi lati s'afihan (""igba"") isele bi a se n da awon apilese mo. Atunse ti bo si iyasile tabili yi, be ni o si ti fe si bi a ba se n seawari awon apilese tuntun be sini a ti se iko apere elero tuntun la ti se alaye iwuwa egbo.[1] Tabili igba ti je pataki nisinyi ninu imo eko Khemistry, nipa lati pin si owoowo, la si ona to mogbon wa ati lati safiwe awon orisirisi iru iwa egbo. Be na sini tabili yi n je lilo ninu eko Fisiki, Biology, imoero ati Ileise ero. Tabili ise isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi os?u kini, ?j? 27, ?dun 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo apilese 117 ko ti je be). Aw?n ak?sil? Lanthanides tun wa lara aw?n ohun ti w?n n pe ni ""aw?n eroja il? to ?ara ?t?"", iy?n ?r? ti ko bode mu mó?. Nipa ?gb? ?gb? ti aw?n eroja w?nyi, wo nibi. Aw?n irin alkali, aw?n irin il? alkali, aw?n irin iyipada, aw?n actinides, lanthanides, ati aw?n irin talaka ni gbogbo w?n m? lapap? bi “irin”. Aw?n halogen ati aw?n gaasi ?l?la naa ki i ?e irin.", 7401982262279672992,train,what is the purpose of the perodic table,"Importantly, the organization of the periodic table can be utilized to derive relationships between various element properties, but also predicted chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was first to publish a recognizable periodic table in 1869, developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then - known elements. He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within this table. Most of his forecasts proved to be correct. Mendeleev 's idea has been slowly expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and by developing new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour. The modern periodic table now provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical reactions, and continues to be widely adopted in chemistry, nuclear physics and other sciences.","['core', '71%', 'the argyle diamond mine in australia']",kí ni ìdí tí wọ́n fi ń lo tábìlì ìṣẹ́jú,Yes,['Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo.'],['Tábìlì àyè àwọn ẹ́límẹ̀ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo.'],['P1'],0,0,"Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo. Bo tile je pe iru tabili yi ti wa tele, eni ti gbogbo eniyan gba pe o da ni onimo khemistry Ararussia Dimitri Mandeleev ni odun 1869. Mandeleev fe tabili yi lati s'afihan (""igba"") isele bi a se n da awon apilese mo. Atunse ti bo si iyasile tabili yi, be ni o si ti fe si bi a ba se n seawari awon apilese tuntun be sini a ti se iko apere elero tuntun la ti se alaye iwuwa egbo.[1] Tabili igba ti je pataki nisinyi ninu imo eko Khemistry, nipa lati pin si owoowo, la si ona to mogbon wa ati lati safiwe awon orisirisi iru iwa egbo. Be na sini tabili yi n je lilo ninu eko Fisiki, Biology, imoero ati Ileise ero. Tabili ise isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi os?u kini, ?j? 27, ?dun 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo apilese 117 ko ti je be). Aw?n ak?sil? Lanthanides tun wa lara aw?n ohun ti w?n n pe ni ""aw?n eroja il? to ?ara ?t?"", iy?n ?r? ti ko bode mu mó?. Nipa ?gb? ?gb? ti aw?n eroja w?nyi, wo nibi. Aw?n irin alkali, aw?n irin il? alkali, aw?n irin iyipada, aw?n actinides, lanthanides, ati aw?n irin talaka ni gbogbo w?n m? lapap? bi “irin”. Aw?n halogen ati aw?n gaasi ?l?la naa ki i ?e irin.", 3928683696838990425,train,what is the total number of elements in the periodic table,"All the elements from atomic numbers 1 (hydrogen) through 118 (oganesson) have been either discovered or synthesized, completing the first seven rows of the periodic table. The first 98 elements exist in nature, although some are found only in trace amounts and others were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature. Elements 99 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors. The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued : these elements would begin an eighth row, and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible candidates for this extension. Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories.","[""kaduna nzeogwu', 'emmanuel ifeajuna"", 'alkali metals', 'mutinous nigerian soldiers led by kaduna nzeogwu and emmanuel ifeajuna']",kí ni iye gbogbo àwọn eroja inú tábìlì ìgbàlódé?,Yes,"['Tabili ise (standard) isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi January 27, 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo (synthesized) apilese 117 ko ti je be).']","['Tabili ise sinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi January 27, 2008 nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo apilese 117 ko ti je be.']",['P2'],1,0,"Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì Tábìlì àyè àw?n ??lím??ntì je ona eleto agbehan awon apilese egbo. Bo tile je pe iru tabili yi ti wa tele, eni ti gbogbo eniyan gba pe o da ni onimo khemistry Ararussia Dimitri Mandeleev ni odun 1869. Mandeleev fe tabili yi lati s'afihan (""igba"") isele bi a se n da awon apilese mo. Atunse ti bo si iyasile tabili yi, be ni o si ti fe si bi a ba se n seawari awon apilese tuntun be sini a ti se iko apere elero tuntun la ti se alaye iwuwa egbo.[1] Tabili igba ti je pataki nisinyi ninu imo eko Khemistry, nipa lati pin si owoowo, la si ona to mogbon wa ati lati safiwe awon orisirisi iru iwa egbo. Be na sini tabili yi n je lilo ninu eko Fisiki, Biology, imoero ati Ileise ero. Tabili ise isinyi ni 117 apilese ti a le fihan gege bi os?u kini, ?j? 27, ?dun 2008 (nigbati apilese 118 ti je imudipo apilese 117 ko ti je be). Aw?n ak?sil? Lanthanides tun wa lara aw?n ohun ti w?n n pe ni ""aw?n eroja il? to ?ara ?t?"", iy?n ?r? ti ko bode mu mó?. Nipa ?gb? ?gb? ti aw?n eroja w?nyi, wo nibi. Aw?n irin alkali, aw?n irin il? alkali, aw?n irin iyipada, aw?n actinides, lanthanides, ati aw?n irin talaka ni gbogbo w?n m? lapap? bi “irin”. Aw?n halogen ati aw?n gaasi ?l?la naa ki i ?e irin.", -2778661659574448238,train,where is tanzania located on the world map,"Tanzania (/ ˌtænzəˈniːə /), officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a sovereign state in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south ; and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa 's highest mountain, is in north - eastern Tanzania.",['national park service'],ibo ni tanzania wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Tànsáníà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Ìṣọ̀kan ilẹ̀ Tànsáníà (pípè /ˌtænzəˈniːə/; Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania) je orile-ede ni Ilaoorun Afrika to ni bode mo Kenya ati Uganda ni ariwa, Rwanda, Burundi ati orile-ede Olominira Toseluarailu ile Kongo ni iwoorun, ati Zambia, Malawi ati Mozambique ni guusu.']","['Tànsáníà je orile-ede ni Ilaoorun Afrika to ni bode mo Kenya ati Uganda ni ariwa, Rwanda, Burundi ati orile-ede Olominira Toseluarailu ile Kongo ni iwoorun, ati Zambia, Malawi ati Mozambique ni guusu.']",['P1'],1,0,"Tànsáníà Tànsáníà tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ì???kan il?? Tànsáníà (pípè /?tænz??ni??/; Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania)[11] je orile-ede ni Ilaoorun Afrika to ni bode mo Kenya ati Uganda ni ariwa, Rwanda, Burundi ati orile-ede Olominira Toseluarailu ile Kongo ni iwoorun, ati Zambia, Malawi ati Mozambique ni guusu. Awon bode Tansania ni ilaorun ja si Okun India.", -2582373111859778553,train,who believed science should be brought to bear in writing history,"Thucydides (/ θj uː ˈsɪdɪdiːz / ; Greek : Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs (thuːkydídɛːs) ; c. 460 -- c. 400 BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth - century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of `` scientific history '' by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence - gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work.",[],ẹni tó gbà pé ó yẹ kí ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì wúlò nínú kíkọ ìtàn,Yes,"['Thukydidis je mimo bi baba ""itan onisayensi"" nitori awon ona to lo lati sakojo idi ati igbeyewo nipa itori ati ifa lai menu ba ipa awon olorun, gege bo se je lilasile ninu ibere si ise re.']","['Thukydidis je mimo bi baba ""itan onisayensi"" ']",['P1'],1,0,"Thukydidis Thukydidis (Thucydides) (c. 460 BC – c. 395 BC) je Griiki olukoitan ati olukowe Itan Ogun awon ara Peloponesi, to so nipa ogun orundun 5 kJ larin Sparta ati Athens titi de odun 411 kJ. Thukydidis je mimo bi baba ""itan onisayensi"" nitori awon ona to lo lati sakojo idi ati igbeyewo nipa itori ati ifa lai menu ba ipa awon olorun, gege bo se je lilasile ninu ibere si ise re.[1] Won tun pe bi baba eka-eko realisimu oloselu, to n fojuwo awon ibasepo larin awon orile-ede pe won da lori agbara kuku eto.[2] ","For other uses, see Thucydides (disambiguation) . Thucydides Plaster cast bust of Thucydides (in the Pushkin Museum ) from a Roman copy (located at Holkham Hall ) of an early fourth-century BC Greek original Native name Θουκυδίδης Born c. 460 BC Halimous (modern Alimos ) Died c. 400 BC (aged approximately 60) Athens Occupation Historian , general Notable work History of the Peloponnesian War Relatives Olorus (father) Thucydides ( / θj uː ˈ s ɪ d ɪ d iː z / ; Greek : Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs [tʰuːkydídɛːs] ; c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was an Athenian historian and general . His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "" scientific history "" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work. He also has been called the father of the school of political realism , which views the political behavior of individuals and the subsequent outcomes of relations between states as ultimately mediated by and constructed upon the emotions of fear and self-interest . His text is still studied at universities and military colleges worldwide. The Melian dialogue is regarded as a seminal work of international relations theory , while his version of Pericles' Funeral Oration is widely studied by political theorists, historians, and students of the classics . More generally, Thucydides developed an understanding of human nature to explain behaviour in such crises as plagues , massacres , and civil war . Contents [ hide ] 1 Life 1.1 Evidence from the Classical period 1.2 Later sources 1.3 The History of the Peloponnesian War 2 Philosophical outlook and influences 3 Critical interpretation 4 Versus Herodotus 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References and further reading 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources 8 External links Life [ edit ] In spite of his stature as a historian, modern historians know relatively little about Thucydides's life. The most reliable information comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War , which expounds his nationality, paternity, and native locality. Thucydides informs us that he fought in the war, contracted the plague, and was exiled by the democracy . He may have also been involved in quelling the Samian Revolt . Evidence from the Classical period [ edit ] Thucydides identifies himself as an Athenian , telling us that his father's name was Olorus and that he was from the Athenian deme of Halimous . He survived the Plague of Athens , which killed Pericles and many other Athenians. He also records that he owned gold mines at Scapte Hyle (literally ""Dug Woodland""), a coastal area in Thrace , opposite the island of Thasos . The ruins of Amphipolis as envisaged by E. Cousinéry in 1831: the bridge over the Strymon , the city fortifications, and the acropolis Because of his influence in the Thracian region, Thucydides wrote, he was sent as a strategos (general) to Thasos in 424 BC. During the winter of 424–423 BC, the Spartan general Brasidas attacked Amphipolis , a half-day's sail west from Thasos on the Thracian coast, instigating the Battle of Amphipolis . Eucles , the Athenian commander at Amphipolis, sent to Thucydides for help. Brasidas, aware the presence of Thucydides on Thasos and his influence with the people of Amphipolis, and afraid of help arriving by sea, acted quickly to offer moderate terms to the Amphipolitans for their surrender, which they accepted. Thus, when Thucydides arrived, Amphipolis was already under Spartan control. Amphipolis was of considerable strategic importance, and news of its fall caused great consternation in Athens. It was blamed on Thucydides, although he claimed that it was not his fault and that he had simply been unable to reach it in time. Because of his failure to save Amphipolis, he was exiled : I lived through the whole of it, being of an age to comprehend events, and giving my attention to them in order to know the exact truth about them. It was also my fate to be an exile from my country for twenty years after my command at Amphipolis ; and being present with both parties, and more especially with the Peloponnesians by reason of my exile, I had leisure to observe affairs somewhat particularly. Using his status as an exile from Athens to travel freely among the Peloponnesian allies, he was able to view the war from the perspective of both sides. Thucydides claimed that he began writing his history as soon as the war broke out, because he thought it would be one of the greatest wars waged among the Greeks in terms of scale: ""Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war, and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it."" This is all that Thucydides wrote about his own life, but a few other facts are available from reliable contemporary sources. Herodotus wrote that the name Olorus , Thucydides's father's name, was connected with Thrace and Thracian royalty. Thucydides was probably connected through family to the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades and his son Cimon , leaders of the old aristocracy supplanted by the Radical Democrats . Cimon's maternal grandfather's name also was Olorus, making the connection exceedingly likely. Another Thucydides lived before the historian and was also linked with Thrace, making a family connection between them very likely as well. Finally, Herodotus confirms the connection of Thucydides's family with the mines at Scapté Hýlē. Combining all the fragmentary evidence available, it seems that his family had owned a large estate in Thrace , one that even contained gold mines, and which allowed the family considerable and lasting affluence. The security and continued prosperity of the wealthy estate must have necessitated formal ties with local kings or chieftains, which explains the adoption of the distinctly Thracian royal name Óloros into the family. Once exiled, Thucydides took permanent residence in the estate and, given his ample income from the gold mines, he was able to dedicate himself to full-time history writing and research, including many fact-finding trips. In essence, he was a well-connected gentleman of considerable resources who, after involuntarily retiring from the political and military spheres, decided to fund his own historical investigations. Later sources [ edit ] The remaining evidence for Thucydides's life comes from rather less reliable, later ancient sources. According to Pausanias , someone named Oenobius was able to get a law passed allowing Thucydides to return to Athens, presumably sometime shortly after the city's surrender and the end of the war in 404 BC. Pausanias goes on to say that Thucydides was murdered on his way back to Athens. Many doubt this account, seeing evidence to suggest he lived as late as 397 BC. Plutarch claims that his remains were returned to Athens and placed in Cimon 's family vault. The abrupt end to Thucydides's narrative, which breaks off in the middle of the year 411 BC, has traditionally been interpreted that he died while writing the book, although other explanations have been put forward. Bust of Pericles Inferences about Thucydides's character can only be drawn (with due caution) from his book. His sardonic sense of humour is evident throughout, as when, during his description of the Athenian plague , he remarks that old Athenians seemed to remember a rhyme which said that with the Dorian War would come a ""great death"". Some claimed that the rhyme originally mentioned a [death by] ""famine"" or ""starvation"" ( λιμός , limos ), and was only remembered later as [death by] ""pestilence"" ( λοιμός , loimos ) due to the current plague. Thucydides then remarks that should another Dorian War come, this time attended with a great dearth, the rhyme will be remembered as ""dearth,"" and any mention of ""death"" forgotten. Thucydides admired Pericles , approving of his power over the people and showing a marked distaste for the demagogues who followed him. He did not approve of the democratic commoners nor the radical democracy that Pericles ushered in, but considered democracy acceptable when guided by a good leader. Thucydides's presentation of events is generally even-handed; for example, he does not minimize the negative effect of his own failure at Amphipolis . Occasionally, however, strong passions break through, as in his scathing appraisals of the democratic leaders Cleon and Hyperbolus . Sometimes, Cleon has been connected with Thucydides's exile. It has been argued that Thucydides was moved by the suffering inherent in war and concerned about the excesses to which human nature is prone in such circumstances, as in his analysis of the atrocities committed during the civil conflict on Corcyra , which includes the phrase ""war is a violent teacher"" ( πόλεμος βίαιος διδάσκαλος ). The History of the Peloponnesian War [ edit ] Main article: History of the Peloponnesian War The Acropolis in Athens Ruins at Sparta Thucydides believed that the Peloponnesian War represented an event of unmatched importance. As such, he began to write the History at the onset of the war in 431. His intention was to write an account which would serve as ""a possession for all time"". The History breaks off near the end of the twenty-first year of the war and does not elaborate on the final conflicts of the war. This facet of the work suggests that Thucydides died whilst writing his history and more so, that his death was unexpected. After his death, Thucydides's History was subdivided into eight books: its modern title is the History of the Peloponnesian War . His great contribution to history and historiography is contained in this one dense history of the 27-year war between Athens and Sparta , each alongside their respective allies. This subdivision was most likely made by librarians and archivists, themselves being historians and scholars, most likely working in the Library of Alexandria . The History of the Peloponnesian War continued to be modified well beyond the end of the war in 404, as exemplified by a reference at Book I.1.13 to the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC), seven years after the last events in the main text of Thucydides' history. Thucydides is generally regarded as one of the first true historians. Like his predecessor Herodotus , known as ""the father of history"", Thucydides places a high value on eyewitness testimony and writes about events in which he probably took part. He also assiduously consulted written documents and interviewed participants about the events that he recorded. Unlike Herodotus, whose stories often teach that a hubris invites the wrath of the deities, Thucydides does not acknowledge divine intervention in human affairs. Thucydides exerted wide historiographical influence on subsequent Hellenistic and Roman historians, although the exact description of his style in relation to many successive historians remains unclear. Readers in antiquity often placed the continuation of the stylistic legacy of the History in the writings of Thucydides' putative intellectual successor Xenophon . Such readings often described Xenophon's treatises as attempts to ""finish"" Thucydides's History . Many of these interpretations, however, have garnered significant scepticism among modern scholars, such as Dillery, who spurn the view of interpreting Xenophon qua Thucydides, arguing that the latter's ""modern"" history (defined as constructed based on literary and historical themes) is antithetical to the former's account in the Hellenica , which diverges from the Hellenic historiographical tradition in its absence of a preface or introduction to the text and the associated lack of an ""overarching concept"" unifying the history. A noteworthy difference between Thucydides's method of writing history and that of modern historians is Thucydides's inclusion of lengthy formal speeches that, as he states, were literary reconstructions rather than quotations of what was said—or, perhaps, what he believed ought to have been said. Arguably, had he not done this, the gist of what was said would not otherwise be known at all—whereas today there is a plethora of documentation—written records, archives, and recording technology for historians to consult. Therefore, Thucydides's method served to rescue his mostly oral sources from oblivion. We do not know how these historical figures spoke. Thucydides's recreation uses a heroic stylistic register. A celebrated example is Pericles' funeral oration , which heaps honour on the dead and includes a defence of democracy: The whole earth is the sepulchre of famous men; they are honoured not only by columns and inscriptions in their own land, but in foreign nations on memorials graven not on stone but in the hearts and minds of men. ( 2:43 ) Stylistically, the placement of this passage also serves to heighten the contrast with the description of the plague in Athens immediately following it, which graphically emphasizes the horror of human mortality, thereby conveying a powerful sense of verisimilitude: Though many lay unburied, birds and beasts would not touch them, or died after tasting them [...]. The bodies of dying men lay one upon another, and half-dead creatures reeled about the streets and gathered round all the fountains in their longing for water. The sacred places also in which they had quartered themselves were full of corpses of persons who had died there, just as they were; for, as the disaster passed all bounds, men, not knowing what was to become of them, became equally contemptuous of the property of and the dues to the deities. All the burial rites before in use were entirely upset, and they buried the bodies as best they could. Many from want of the proper appliances, through so many of their friends having died already, had recourse to the most shameless sepultures: sometimes getting the start of those who had raised a pile, they threw their own dead body upon the stranger's pyre and ignited it; sometimes they tossed the corpse which they were carrying on the top of another that was burning, and so went off. ( 2:52 ) Thucydides omits discussion of the arts, literature, or the social milieu in which the events in his book take place and in which he grew up. He saw himself as recording an event, not a period, and went to considerable lengths to exclude what he deemed frivolous or extraneous. Philosophical outlook and influences [ edit ] Paul Shorey calls Thucydides ""a cynic devoid of moral sensibility"". In addition, he notes that Thucydides conceived of human nature as strictly determined by one's physical and social environments, alongside basic desires. Thucydides' work indicates an influence from the teachings of the Sophists that contributes substantially to the thinking and character of his History . Possible evidence includes his skeptical ideas concerning justice and morality. There are also elements within the History —such as his views on nature revolving around the factual, empirical, and the non-anthropomorphic—which suggest that he was at least aware of the views of philosophers such as Anaxagoras and Democritus . There is also evidence of his knowledge concerning some of the corpus of Hippocratic medical writings. Thucydides was especially interested in the relationship between human intelligence and judgment, Fortune and Necessity, and the idea that history is too irrational and incalculable to predict. Critical interpretation [ edit ] Bust of Thucydides residing in the Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto Scholars traditionally view Thucydides as recognizing and teaching the lesson that democracies need leadership, but that leadership can be dangerous to democracy. Leo Strauss (in The City and Man ) locates the problem in the nature of Athenian democracy itself, about which, he argued, Thucydides had a deeply ambivalent view: on one hand, Thucydides's own ""wisdom was made possible"" by the Periclean democracy, which had the effect of liberating individual daring, enterprise, and questioning spirit; but this same liberation, by permitting the growth of limitless political ambition, led to imperialism and, eventually, civic strife. For Canadian historian Charles Norris Cochrane (1889–1945), Thucydides's fastidious devotion to observable phenomena, focus on cause and effect, and strict exclusion of other factors anticipates twentieth-century scientific positivism . Cochrane, the son of a physician, speculated that Thucydides generally (and especially in describing the plague in Athens) was influenced by the methods and thinking of early medical writers such as Hippocrates of Kos . After World War II, classical scholar Jacqueline de Romilly pointed out that the problem of Athenian imperialism was one of Thucydides's central preoccupations and situated his history in the context of Greek thinking about international politics. Since the appearance of her study, other scholars further examined Thucydides's treatment of realpolitik . More recently, scholars have questioned the perception of Thucydides as simply, ""the father of realpolitik"". Instead they have brought to the fore the literary qualities of the History , which they see as belonging to the narrative tradition of Homer and Hesiod and as concerned with the concepts of justice and suffering found in Plato and Aristotle and problematized in Aeschylus and Sophocles . Richard Ned Lebow terms Thucydides ""the last of the tragedians"", stating that ""Thucydides drew heavily on epic poetry and tragedy to construct his history, which not surprisingly is also constructed as a narrative."" In this view, the blind and immoderate behaviour of the Athenians (and indeed of all the other actors) – although perhaps intrinsic to human nature – ultimately leads to their downfall. Thus his History could serve as a warning to future leaders to be more prudent, by putting them on notice that someone would be scrutinizing their actions with a historian's objectivity rather than a chronicler's flattery. The historian J. B. Bury writes that the work of Thucydides ""marks the longest and most decisive step that has ever been taken by a single man towards making history what it is today."" Historian H. D. Kitto feels that Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian War, not because it was the most significant war in antiquity, but because it caused the most suffering. Indeed, several passages of Thucydides's book are written ""with an intensity of feeling hardly exceeded by Sappho herself."" In his Open Society and Its Enemies , Karl Popper writes that Thucydides was the ""greatest historian, perhaps, who ever lived."" Thucydides's work, however, Popper goes on to say, represents ""an interpretation, a point of view; and in this we need not agree with him."" In the war between Athenian democracy and the ""arrested oligarchic tribalism of Sparta,"" we must never forget Thucydides's ""involuntary bias,"" and that ""his heart was not with Athens, his native city:"" ""Although he apparently did not belong to the extreme wing of the Athenian oligarchic clubs who conspired throughout the war with the enemy, he was certainly a member of the oligarchic party, and a friend neither of the Athenian people, the demos, who had exiled him, nor of its imperialist policy."" Versus Herodotus [ edit ] Herodotus and Thucydides Thucydides and his immediate predecessor, Herodotus , both exerted a significant influence on Western historiography. Thucydides does not mention his counterpart by name, but his famous introductory statement is thought to refer to him: To hear this history rehearsed, for that there be inserted in it no fables, shall be perhaps not delightful. But he that desires to look into the truth of things done, and which (according to the condition of humanity) may be done again, or at least their like, shall find enough herein to make him think it profitable. And it is compiled rather for an everlasting possession than to be rehearsed for a prize. ( 1:22 ) Herodotus records in his Histories not only the events of the Persian Wars , but also geographical and ethnographical information, as well as the fables related to him during his extensive travels. Typically, he passes no definitive judgment on what he has heard. In the case of conflicting or unlikely accounts, he presents both sides, says what he believes and then invites readers to decide for themselves. The work of Herodotus is reported to have been recited at festivals, where prizes were awarded, as for example, during the games at Olympia . Herodotus views history as a source of moral lessons, with conflicts and wars as misfortunes flowing from initial acts of injustice perpetuated through cycles of revenge. In contrast, Thucydides claims to confine himself to factual reports of contemporary political and military events, based on unambiguous, first-hand, eye-witness accounts, although, unlike Herodotus, he does not reveal his sources. Thucydides views life exclusively as political life, and history in terms of political history. Conventional moral considerations play no role in his analysis of political events while geographic and ethnographic aspects are omitted or, at best, of secondary importance. Subsequent Greek historians—such as Ctesias , Diodorus , Strabo , Polybius and Plutarch —held up Thucydides's writings as a model of truthful history. Lucian refers to Thucydides as having given Greek historians their law , requiring them to say what had been done ( ὡς ἐπράχθη ). Greek historians of the fourth century BC accepted that history was political and that contemporary history was the proper domain of a historian. Cicero calls Herodotus the ""father of history;"" yet the Greek writer Plutarch, in his Moralia ( Ethics ) denigrated Herodotus, notably calling him a philobarbaros , a ""barbarian lover', to the detriment of the Greeks. Unlike Thucydides, however, these authors all continued to view history as a source of moral lessons. Due to the loss of the ability to read Greek, Thucydides and Herodotus were largely forgotten during the Middle Ages in Western Europe, although their influence continued in the Byzantine world. In Europe, Herodotus become known and highly respected only in the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century as an ethnographer, in part due to the discovery of America , where customs and animals were encountered that were even more surprising than what he had related. During the Reformation , moreover, information about Middle Eastern countries in the Histories provided a basis for establishing Biblical chronology as advocated by Isaac Newton . The first European translation of Thucydides (into Latin) was made by the humanist Lorenzo Valla between 1448 and 1452, and the first Greek edition was published by Aldo Manuzio in 1502. During the Renaissance , however, Thucydides attracted less interest among Western European historians as a political philosopher than his successor, Polybius , although Poggio Bracciolini claimed to have been influenced by him. There is not much evidence of Thucydides's influence in Niccolò Machiavelli 's The Prince (1513), which held that the chief aim of a new prince must be to ""maintain his state"" [i.e., his power] and that in so doing he is often compelled to act against faith, humanity, and religion. Later historians, such as J. B. Bury , however, have noted parallels between them: If, instead of a history, Thucydides had written an analytical treatise on politics, with particular reference to the Athenian empire, it is probable that ... he could have forestalled Machiavelli... [since] the whole innuendo of the Thucydidean treatment of history agrees with the fundamental postulate of Machiavelli, the supremacy of reason of state . To maintain a state said the Florentine thinker, ""a statesman is often compelled to act against faith, humanity and religion."" ... But ... the true Machiavelli, not the Machiavelli of fable ... entertained an ideal: Italy for the Italians, Italy freed from the stranger: and in the service of this ideal he desired to see his speculative science of politics applied. Thucydides has no political aim in view: he was purely a historian. But it was part of the method of both alike to eliminate conventional sentiment and morality. Thomas Hobbes translated Thucydides directly from Greek into English In the seventeenth century, the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes , whose Leviathan advocated absolute monarchy, admired Thucydides and in 1628 was the first to translate his writings into English directly from Greek. Thucydides, Hobbes, and Machiavelli are together considered the founding fathers of political realism , according to which, state policy must primarily or solely focus on the need to maintain military and economic power rather than on ideals or ethics. Nineteenth-century positivist historians stressed what they saw as Thucydides's seriousness, his scientific objectivity and his advanced handling of evidence. A virtual cult following developed among such German philosophers as Friedrich Schelling , Friedrich Schlegel , and Friedrich Nietzsche , who claimed that, ""[in Thucydides], the portrayer of Man, that culture of the most impartial knowledge of the world finds its last glorious flower."" The late-eighteenth-century Swiss historian Johannes von Müller described Thucydides as 'the favourite author of the greatest and noblest men, and one of the best teachers of the wisdom of human life.' For Eduard Meyer , Macaulay and Leopold von Ranke , who initiated modern source-based history writing, Thucydides was again the model historian. Generals and statesmen loved him: the world he drew was theirs, an exclusive power-brokers' club. It is no accident that even today Thucydides turns up as a guiding spirit in military academies, neocon think tanks and the writings of men like Henry Kissinger ; whereas Herodotus has been the choice of imaginative novelists (Michael Ondaatje's novel The English Patient and the film based on it boosted the sale of the Histories to a wholly unforeseen degree) and—as food for a starved soul—of an equally imaginative foreign correspondent from Iron Curtain Poland, Ryszard Kapuscinski . These historians also admired Herodotus, however, as social and ethnographic history increasingly came to be recognized as complementary to political history. In the twentieth century, this trend gave rise to the works of Johan Huizinga , Marc Bloch , and Fernand Braudel , who pioneered the study of long-term cultural and economic developments and the patterns of everyday life. The Annales School , which exemplifies this direction, has been viewed as extending the tradition of Herodotus. At the same time, Thucydides's influence was increasingly important in the area of international relations during the Cold War, through the work of Hans Morgenthau , Leo Strauss , and Edward Carr . The tension between the Thucydidean and Herodotean traditions extends beyond historical research. According to Irving Kristol , self-described founder of American neoconservatism , Thucydides wrote ""the favorite neoconservative text on foreign affairs""; and Thucydides is a required text at the Naval War College , an American institution located in Rhode Island. On the other hand, Daniel Mendelsohn, in a review of a recent edition of Herodotus, suggests that, at least in his graduate school days during the Cold War, professing admiration of Thucydides served as a form of self-presentation: To be an admirer of Thucydides' History , with its deep cynicism about political, rhetorical and ideological hypocrisy, with its all too recognizable protagonists—a liberal yet imperialistic democracy and an authoritarian oligarchy, engaged in a war of attrition fought by proxy at the remote fringes of empire—was to advertise yourself as a hardheaded connoisseur of global Realpolitik. Another author, Thomas Geoghegan , whose speciality is labour rights , comes down on the side of Herodotus when it comes to drawing lessons relevant to Americans, who, he notes, tend to be rather isolationist in their habits (if not in their political theorizing): ""We should also spend more funds to get our young people out of the library where they're reading Thucydides and get them to start living like Herodotus—going out and seeing the world."" Another contemporary historian believes that, while it is true that critical history ""began with Thucydides, one may also argue that Herodotus’ looking at the past as a reason why the present is the way it is, and to search for causality for events beyond the realms of Tyche and the Gods, was a much larger step."" See also [ edit ] Speech of Hermocrates at Gela Thucydides Trap Manuscripts Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 16 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 17 Notes [ edit ] References and further reading [ edit ] Primary sources [ edit ] Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War . London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton (1910). . The classic translation by Richard Crawley. Reissued by the Echo Library in 2006. ISBN 1406809845 OCLC 173484508 Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. Indianapolis, Hackett (1998); translation by Steven Lattimore. ISBN 9780872203945 . Herodotus , Histories , A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1920). ISBN 0-674-99133-8 perseus.tufts.edu . Pausanias , Description of Greece , Books I-II, ( Loeb Classical Library ) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). ISBN 0-674-99104-4 . perseus.tufts.edu . Plutarch , Lives , Bernadotte Perrin (translator), Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. (1914). ISBN 0-674-99053-6 perseus.tufts.edu . The Landmark Thucydides , Edited by Robert B. Strassler, Richard Crawley translation, Annotated, Indexed and Illustrated, A Touchstone Book, New York, NY, 1996 ISBN 0-684-82815-4 Secondary sources [ edit ] Cochrane, Charles Norris , Thucydides and the Science of History, Oxford University Press (1929). Connor, W. Robert, Thucydides . Princeton: Princeton University Press (1984). ISBN 0-691-03569-5 Dewald, Carolyn. Thucydides' War Narrative: A Structural Study . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-520-24127-4 ). Finley, John Huston, Jr., Thucydides , Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1947. Forde, Steven, The ambition to rule : Alcibiades and the politics of imperialism in Thucydides . Ithaca : Cornell University Press (1989). ISBN 0-8014-2138-1 . Hanson, Victor Davis, A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War . New York: Random House (2005). ISBN 1-4000-6095-8 . Hornblower, Simon, A Commentary on Thucydides . 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon (1991–1996). ISBN 0-19-815099-7 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-19-927625-0 (vol. 2). Hornblower, Simon, Thucydides . London: Duckworth (1987). ISBN 0-7156-2156-4 . Kagan, Donald . (1974). The Archidamian War . Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-801-40889-X OCLC 1129967 Kagan, Donald . (2003). The Peloponnesian War . New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-03211-5 . Luce, T.J., The Greek Historians . London: Routledge (1997). ISBN 0-415-10593-5 . Luginbill, R.D., Thucydides on War and National Character . Boulder: Westview (1999). ISBN 0-8133-3644-9 . Momigliano, Arnaldo , The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography . Sather Classical Lectures, 54 Berkeley: University of California Press (1990). Meyer, Eduard, Kleine Schriften (1910), (Zur Theorie und Methodik der Geschichte). Orwin, Clifford , The Humanity of Thucydides . Princeton: Princeton University Press (1994). ISBN 0-691-03449-4 . Podoksik, Efraim. ""Justice, Power, and Athenian Imperialism: An Ideological Moment in Thucydides’ History"", History of Political Thought . 26(1): 21–42, 2005. Romilly, Jacqueline de, Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism . Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1963). ISBN 0-88143-072-2 . Rood, Tim, Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation . Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998). ISBN 0-19-927585-8 . Russett, Bruce (1993). Grasping the Democratic Peace . Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03346-3 . de Sainte Croix. The origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972). London: Duckworth. 1972. pp. xii, 444. Strassler, Robert B, ed. The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War . New York: Free Press (1996). ISBN 0-684-82815-4 . Strauss, Leo , The City and Man Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964. Zagorin, Perez . Thucydides: an Introduction for the Common Reader . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (2005). ISBN 069113880X OCLC 57010364 External links [ edit ] Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Θουκυδίδης Library resources about Thucydides Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Thucydides Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works by Thucydides at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thucydides at Internet Archive Works by Thucydides at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Short Bibliography on Thucydides Lowell Edmunds, Rutgers University Perseus Project : Thucydides, Table of Contents Thomas Hobbes' Translation of Thucydides Anthony Grafton, ""Did Thucydides Really Tell The Truth?"" in Slate , October 2009. Bibliography at GreatThinkers.org Works by Thucydides at Somni : Thucididis Historiarum liber a Laurentio Vallensi traductus . Italy, 1450-1499. De bello Peloponnesiaco .Naples, 1475." 6676667408171860027,train,who plays spencer hastings in pretty little liars,"Troian Avery Bellisario (/ ˈtrɔɪən ˌbɛlɪˈsɑːrioʊ / ; born October 28, 1985) is an American actress. She is known for playing the role of Spencer Hastings in Freeform 's Pretty Little Liars (2010 - 2017).",['31 october ad 475'],ẹni tó ṣe bí spencer hastings nínú ìwé pretty little liars,Yes,"['Troian Avery Bellisario (a bí i ní ọjọ́ 28 oṣù ọ̀wàrà, ọdún 1985) jẹ́ òṣèrébìnrin orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà .']",['Troian Avery Bellisario jẹ́ òṣèrébìnrin orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà .'],['P1'],1,0,"Troian Bellisario Troian Avery Bellisario (a bí i ní ?j?? 28 o?ù ??wàrà, ?dún 1985) j?? ò?èrébìnrin oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà . Ó k??k???? gboyè jáde ní ilé-??k?? gíga ti Southern California, ní ?dún 2010, ó gba ipò tí ó fún un ní ??nà àbáy? g??g?? bi Spencer Hastings nínú eré ìtàgé atòt??léra Freeform tí orúk? eré náà ? j?? Pretty Little liars (ní ?dún 2010 sí ?dún 2017), èyí tí ó s? ?? di ìlú-m??-??n-ká káàkiri àgbáyé, tí ó sì gba ??p??l?p?? àmì-??y? àti ìdánim?? àmì-??y? àti ìdánim??. Troian Belisario ní Paley Fest2014 Ìb??r?? ìgbésí ayé r?? W??n bí Bellisario w??n sì t?? ? ní ìlú Los Angeles. Àw?n òbí r?? méjèèjì Deborah pratt àti Donald P. Bellisario olù?e-àgbéjáde","Troian Bellisario Troian Bellisario in 2013 Born Troian Avery Bellisario ( 1985-10-28 ) October 28, 1985 (age 32) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater University of Southern California Occupation Actress Years active 1985 -present Spouse(s) Patrick J. Adams ( m. 2016) Parent(s) Donald P. Bellisario Deborah Pratt Relatives Michael Bellisario (half-brother) Sean Murray (step-brother) Troian Avery Bellisario ( / ˈ t r ɔɪ ə n ˌ b ɛ l ɪ ˈ s ɑːr i oʊ / ; born October 28, 1985) is an American actress. She is known for playing the role of Spencer Hastings in Freeform 's Pretty Little Liars (2010-2017). Born in Los Angeles, California, she is the daughter of producers Donald P. Bellisario and Deborah Pratt . Bellisario made her acting debut in her father's 1988 film Last Rites at the age of three. She continued to have roles produced by her father, mainly in television shows such as Quantum Leap , First Monday , and NCIS , and in 1998, she acted in the direct-to-video comedy film Billboard Dad . In 2010, she received praise for her leading performance in the film Consent for which she won the Vision Fest Award for Best Acting by a Female Lead and the FirstGlance Philadelphia Award for Best Actress. In 2009, Bellisario landed the lead role of Spencer Hastings in the Freeform series Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017). For her performance, she has won two Teen Choice Awards out of six nominations and a Young Hollywood Award . In addition to her work on Pretty Little Liars , Bellisario also starred in the WIGS episode series Lauren , for which she received critical acclaim and won the New York Film Festival Award for Best Performance by an Actress and was nominated for the Streamy Award for Best Female Performance - Drama . She has appeared in, produced, and co-written multiple short films and indie projects ; in 2016, she made her directorial debut with the fifteenth episode of the seventh season of Pretty Little Liars , "" In the Eye Abides the Heart "". Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Web 4.4 As a director 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Troian Avery Bellisario was born and raised in Los Angeles. Her parents are producers Donald P. Bellisario and Deborah Pratt . Donald P. Bellisario created Magnum, P.I. , Quantum Leap , and NCIS , among other TV series. She has a younger brother, three half-sisters, two half-brothers, and is a step-sister of actor Sean Murray and producer Chad W. Murray. Her father is of Italian and Serbian descent. Her mother is of African American , French , and English descent. Bellisario attended Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, California from kindergarten through twelfth grade, where she was the valedictorian of her class. After high school, Bellisario attended Vassar College for a couple months before taking a break for the sake of her mental health as she felt the institution only enhanced her need for perfection. She graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Southern California in 2009. Career [ edit ] Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film Last Rites at the age of three. From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on such television series as Quantum Leap , Tequila and Bonetti , JAG , First Monday and NCIS , television series that were produced by her father Donald P. Bellisario . In NCIS , she played Sarah McGee, sister of Special Agent Timothy McGee , played by her real-life stepbrother Sean Murray . In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film Billboard Dad . Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely, Unspoken , Archer House and Intersect . In November 2009, Bellisario was cast as Spencer Hastings in the TV series Pretty Little Liars based on the book series of the same name by Sara Shepard . In October 2011, Bellisario announced she was in the process of writing and creating her own film, which was successfully funded through Kickstarter on November 16, 2011. Filming ended in December 2011 and the film was officially completed by August 2012. In August 2012, Bellisario appeared alongside Jennifer Beals in the WIGS web episode series, Lauren . Lauren returned on May 3, 2013 for a twelve-episode run. In 2014 she starred in the music video for The Head and the Heart's song ""Another Story"". In 2015, she was cast in a leading role in the American remake of the French-Canadian film Martyrs . In 2015, Bellisario and fiancée Patrick J. Adams filmed short film We Are Here in Haida Gwaii, which Bellisario wrote and starred in. Bellisario starred in her feature film, Feed, which she also wrote and produced. The film was written based on Bellisario's own experiences with an eating disorder. On April 7, 2016, it was announced that Bellisario would be directing Season 7, Episode 15 of Pretty Little Liars . This made her one of the first in the cast, alongside Chad Lowe , to direct an episode on the series. Personal life [ edit ] Bellisario started dating Suits star Patrick J. Adams after they met on the set of the play Equivocation in 2009. The couple briefly split, but after Adams' guest appearance as Hardy in Pretty Little Liars , 2010, the two got back together. Since working on Equivocation and Pretty Little Liars , the couple also worked together on the 2012 short film The Come Up , on the USA series Suits in which Adams stars, and the short film We Are Here . Bellisario and Adams married on December 10, 2016 in Santa Barbara, California .The couple is currently expecting their first child. Bellisario revealed in early January 2014 that she went through personal problems through high school, resulting in an eating disorder and self-harming problems. ""I was the youngest daughter, the perfect little girl,"" she said. ""My school was a very intense college prep school. So it was about wanting to please my father and mother and wanting to be perfect to everybody."" Bellisario delivered the USC School of Dramatic Arts (her alma mater) commencement speech in 2014. ""Once you start creating without anybody's permission, you own it. And because you learned it here, you know the power of a story. You'll never feel embarrassed when people ask you, 'What do you do?' You will look them in the eye and say, 'I tell stories.' And people will line up to work with you,"" Bellisario told the graduating class. In August 2018, E! News confirmed Bellisario was pregnant with her first child. Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1988 Last Rites Justin's daughter 1998 Billboard Dad Kristen Bulut 2006 Unspoken Jani Short film 2007 Archer House Tatum Short film 2009 Intersect Victoria Short film 2009 Before the Cabin Burned Down Meg Short film 2010 Consent Amanda 2010 Peep World Film set P.A. 2011 A November Girlfriend Short film 2011 Pleased to Meet You Carson 2012 The Come Up Jessica Short film 2012 Joyful Girl Belle Short film 2013 C.O.G. Jennifer 2013 Exiles Juliet Short film; Writer and Executive Producer 2014 Immediately Afterlife Bennett Short film 2015 Surf Noir Lacey Short film 2015 Martyrs Lucie Jurin 2015 Still a Rose Juliet Short film 2015 Amy Amy Short film 2016 We Are Here Short film; writer 2016 In the Shadows of the Rainbow Short film 2017 Chuck Hank and the San Diego Twins Claire 2017 Feed Olivia Grey Also writer and producer 2018 Clara Clara 2019 Where'd You Go Bernadette Becky Post-production Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1990 Quantum Leap Teresa Bruckner Episode: ""Another Mother"" 1992 Tequila and Bonetti Teresa Garcia 2 episodes 1998 JAG Erin Terry Episode: ""Tiger, Tiger"" 2002 First Monday Kimberly Baron 2 episodes 2005–2006 NCIS Sarah McGee 2 episodes 2010–2017 Pretty Little Liars Spencer Hastings / Alex Drake Main role; 160 episodes 2014–2015 Suits Claire Bowden 2 episodes 2016 Sister Cities Baltimore Baxter Television film Web [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2012–2013 Lauren Sergeant Lauren Weil Main role 2014 Pa-gents with Chris Pine Cathryn Crest 2015 Instagram Intervention with Troian Bellisario Herself As a director [ edit ] Year Title Episode Notes 2017 Pretty Little Liars "" In the Eye Abides the Heart "" 2018 Famous in Love ""Guess Who's (Not) Coming to Sundance?"" Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Title Result 2010 Vison Fest Best Acting – Female Lead Consent Won 2010 FirstGlance Philadelphia Best Actress Consent Won 2011 Young Hollywood Awards Cast to Watch (shared with Ashley Benson , Lucy Hale and Shay Mitchell ) Pretty Little Liars Won 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star: Female Pretty Little Liars Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star: Female Pretty Little Liars Won 2013 IAWTV Award Best Female Performance – Drama Lauren Nominated 2013 New York Festivals Best Performance by an Actress Lauren Won 2013 Streamy Award Best Female Performance – Drama Lauren Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Won 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star: Female Pretty Little Liars Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated 2017 Television Industry Advocacy Awards Support to National Eating Disorder Awareness Feed Won References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Troian Bellisario . Troian Bellisario on IMDb Troian Bellisario on Twitter" -2840588192101097687,train,who does achilles fight in the beginning of troy,"In the late 12th Century BC, during the Trojan War, troops of King Agamemnon of Mycenae are ready to fight against the troops of Triopas of Thessaly, a battle only avoided when the great warrior Achilles defeats Thessaly 's champion in single combat. Meanwhile, Prince Hector of Troy and his younger brother Paris negotiate a peace treaty with Menelaus, King of Sparta. Paris, however, is having a secret love affair with Menelaus ' wife, Queen Helen, and smuggles her aboard their homebound vessel, enraging Hector. Upon learning of this, Menelaus meets with Agamemnon, his elder brother, and asks his help in taking Troy. Agamemnon, who has wanted to conquer Troy for a long time, agrees, since it will give him control of the Aegean Sea. On Nestor, King of Pylos ' advice, Agamemnon has Odysseus, King of Ithaca, persuade Achilles to join them. Achilles, who strongly dislikes Agamemnon, initially refuses, but eventually decides to go after his mother, Thetis, tells him that though he will die, he will be forever remembered.",['gregor johann mendel'],ta ni achilles jà ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ troy,Yes,"[""O da lori alaye ti Homer's lliad tiOgun Tirojanu ti won j fun odun meewa — won se akopo tiko ju ọsẹ meji lọ, dipo ki o kan ija laarin Achilles ati Agamemnon ni ọdun kẹsan. .""]",['ija wa laarin Achilles ati Agamemnon ni ọdun kẹsan. .'],['P1'],1,0,"Troy (fiimu) Troy j? fiimu itan ogun 2004 ti Wolfgang Petersen j? oludari David Benioff je eni toko fiimu na . Ti a ?e nipas? aw?n units ni ilu Malta, Mexico ati fiimu naa ?e afihan awon osere jankan ti Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, Sean Bean and Orlando Bloom . O da lori [1] alaye ti Homer's lliad tiOgun Tirojanu ti won j fun odun meewa — won se akopo tiko ju ?s? meji l?, dipo ki o kan ija laarin Achilles ati Agamemnon ni ?dun k?san. . Achilles darri awonMyrmidoni p?lu aw?n iyokù ti aw?n omo ogun Greek lo koju ilu atijo, ti awon omo ogun Hector's Trojan daabobo. Ipari fiimu naa (iyonipo ti Troy) ko si ninu alaye Iliad, ?ugb?n lati Quintus Smyrnaeus's Posthomerica, bi Iliad ti pari p?lu iku Hector ati isinku re. Troy pa owo toto milionu lona meeta din ledegbeta dola ni agbaye, ti o j? ki o j? fiimu ipo adota ti o ga jul? ni akoko afihan r?. Sib?sib?, o gba aw?n atunwo ti o dap?, p?lu aw?n alariwisi, awon ti o yìn ere idaraya r? ati aw?n i?e ti Pitt ati Bana [2] [3] [4] lakoko ti o ?ofintoto itan r?, eyiti ti ose ai?otit? si Iliad.[5][6]O gba yiyan fun Ap?r? a?? to dara jul? ni Aw?n ?bun Ile-?k? giga tigba adorin le ni meeje ati pe o j? fiimu k?j? ti o ga jul? ni odun 2004.[7] ?i?ejade Ilu Troy ni a k? si erekusu M?ditarenia ti Malta ni lati O?u K?rin si O?u Karun ?dun 2003.[8] Aw?n iwoye pataki miiran ni a ni ilu kekere kan ni ariwa ti Malta, ati ni erekusu kekere ti Comino . Aw?n odi ita ti Troy ni a k? ati ?e awon yiya filimu ni Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.[9]?i?ejade fiimu ni idaniduro fun akoko kan l?hin Iji lile Marty ti se janba si awon agbegbe ibi yiya fimmu na.[10]Pitt tun jiya ipalara ni ibi isan kokose r? lakoko ti o ya footo eyi ti o fa ki i?el?p? duro fun aw?n ?s? pup?. [11] Ipo ti Briseis ni ak?k? fun so?ere obirin ti ounje Aishwarya Rai, sugbo o kopo na tori ko wapa fun lati se awon isele ife ti won fikun. Ipa na paada l? si Rose Byrne.[12][13]","This article is about the 2004 film. For the forthcoming Netflix miniseries, see Troy: Fall of a City . Troy Theatrical release poster Directed by Wolfgang Petersen Produced by Wolfgang Petersen Diana Rathbun Colin Wilson Screenplay by David Benioff Based on Iliad by Homer Starring Brad Pitt Eric Bana Orlando Bloom Diane Kruger Brian Cox Sean Bean Brendan Gleeson Peter O'Toole Music by James Horner Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Peter Honess Production company Shepperton Studios , England, UK Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 14, 2004 ( 2004-05-14 ) Running time 162 minutes 196 minutes ( Director's cut ) Country Malta United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $175,000,000 Box office $497,409,852 Troy is a 2004 epic period war film written by David Benioff , directed by Wolfgang Petersen and co-produced by units in Malta, Mexico and the U.K. Shepperton Studios , and is the favorite film of Lauren Hartmann. The film features an ensemble cast led by Brad Pitt , Eric Bana , and Orlando Bloom . It is loosely based on Homer 's Iliad in its narration of the entire story of the decade-long Trojan War —condensed into little more than a couple of weeks, rather than just the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon in the ninth year. Achilles leads his Myrmidons along with the rest of the Greek army invading the historical city of Troy , defended by Hector's Trojan army. The end of the film (the sack of Troy) is not taken from the Iliad , but rather from Homer 's Odyssey as the Iliad concludes with Hector's death and funeral. Troy made more than 73% of its revenues outside the U.S. Eventually, Troy made over $497 million worldwide, temporarily placing it in the #60 spot of top box office hits of all time. It was the 8th highest-grossing film of 2004 . [ citation needed ] Contents [ hide ] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Director's cut 6 Reception 6.1 Commercial performance 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Box office totals 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot [ edit ] In the late 12th Century BC, during the Trojan War , troops of King Agamemnon of Mycenae are ready to fight against the troops of Triopas of Thessaly , a battle only avoided when the great warrior Achilles defeats Thessaly's champion in single combat. Meanwhile, Prince Hector of Troy and his younger brother Paris negotiate a peace treaty with Menelaus , King of Sparta . Paris, however, is having a secret love affair with Menelaus' wife, Queen Helen , and smuggles her aboard their homebound vessel, enraging Hector. Upon learning of this, Menelaus meets with Agamemnon, his elder brother, and asks his help in taking Troy. Agamemnon, who has wanted to conquer Troy for a long time, agrees, since it will give him control of the Aegean Sea. On Nestor , King of Pylos ' advice, Agamemnon has Odysseus , King of Ithaca , persuade Achilles to join them. Achilles, who strongly dislikes Agamemnon, initially refuses, but eventually decides to go after his mother, Thetis , tells him that though he will die, he will be forever remembered. In Troy, King Priam is dismayed when Hector and Paris bring Helen, but welcomes her as a guest and decides against sending her home, since Paris will likely follow her and be killed, choosing instead to meet the Greeks in open battle. The Greeks arrive shortly after and take the Trojan beach, mostly thanks to Achilles and his Myrmidons , among them his cousin Patroclus , who sack the temple of Apollo but allow Hector and the surviving Trojans to return to the city. Achilles claims Briseis , a priestess and the cousin of Paris and Hector, as a war trophy, but is angered when Agamemnon spitefully takes her from him and decides that he will not aid Agamemnon when they lay siege to Troy. The Trojan and Greek armies meet outside the walls of Troy. During a parley, Paris offers to duel Menelaus personally for Helen's hand in exchange for the city being spared. Agamemnon, intending to take the city regardless of the outcome, accepts. Menelaus wounds Paris and almost kills him, but is himself killed by Hector. In the ensuing battle, most of Agamemnon's forces fall to Troy's archers and Hector kills Ajax . On Odysseus' insistence, Agamemnon gives the order to fall back. In order to keep their spirits up, he gives Briseis to the Greek soldiers for their amusement. Achilles saves her. Briseis sneaks into Achilles's quarters later that night intent on killing him. However, Briseis quickly falls for him, giving up her virginity as Achilles seduces and sleeps with her. Achilles, realizing the war is a lost cause, resolves to leave Troy in the morning. Despite Hector's advice otherwise, Priam instructs him to retake the Trojan beach in the night and force the Greeks home. The attack brings the Greeks together and the Myrmidons enter the battle. Hector personally duels a man he believes to be Achilles and cuts his throat, only to discover it was actually Patroclus. Devastated, the armies agree to stop fighting for the day. Achilles is informed of his cousin's death and vows revenge. Knowing of the coming retribution, Hector leads his wife, Andromache, to a secret tunnel beneath Troy and instructs her to take their child and any survivors she can out of the city should he die and the city fall. The next day, Achilles arrives outside Troy and demands Hector come out. The two fight evenly for a while until Achilles wears Hector down and kills him, dragging his corpse back to the Trojan beach, straining his relationship with Briseis. Priam, in disguise, sneaks into the camp and meets with Achilles, imploring him to let him take Hector's body back to Troy for a proper funeral. Ashamed of his actions, Achilles agrees and allows Briseis to return to Troy with Priam, promising a truce of twelve days so that Hector's funeral rites may be held in peace. He also tells his men to return home without him. Agamemnon declares that he will take Troy no matter what. Concerned that Agamemnon may lead them to destruction, Odysseus concocts a plan to get inside the city by having the Greeks build a gigantic wooden horse from their boat parts and abandon the Trojan beach, hiding their ships in a nearby cove to make it seem as if they have left. Priam orders the horse brought inside the city as a gift from the Gods, over Paris' objections. A Trojan scout finds the hidden ships in the cove but is killed by the Greek archers before he can alert the city. That night, Greeks hiding inside the horse emerge and open the city gates for the Greek army, commencing the Sack of Troy . While Andromache and Helen are getting the Trojans to safety through the tunnel, Paris gives the Sword of Troy to Aeneas , instructing him to protect the Trojans and find them a new home. Glaucus is killed by Odysseus. After killing Priam, Agamemnon then finds Briseis and taunts her, and she kills him. Achilles fights his way through the city and finds Briseis, but is shot through the heel by Paris seeking revenge for the death of his brother, which makes him vulnerable. Paris puts several more arrows into Achilles' chest until he finally collapses. With his dying breaths, Achilles states Briseis gave him peace in a lifetime of war. Achilles then implores Briseis to leave the city with Paris. They escape Troy before all the remaining Greeks find Achilles' body. In the aftermath, with Troy finally taken, funerals are held for the slain and Odysseus personally cremates Achilles as the surviving Trojans head to Mount Ida . Cast [ edit ] Brad Pitt as Achilles Eric Bana as Hector Orlando Bloom as Paris Diane Kruger as Helen Brian Cox as Agamemnon Peter O'Toole as Priam Rose Byrne as Briseis Saffron Burrows as Andromache Brendan Gleeson as Menelaus Sean Bean as Odysseus Julian Glover as Triopas James Cosmo as Glaucus John Shrapnel as Nestor Julie Christie as Thetis Garrett Hedlund as Patroclus Vincent Regan as Eudorus Trevor Eve as Velior Tyler Mane as Ajax Nathan Jones as Boagrius Frankie Fitzgerald as Aeneas Nigel Terry as Archeptolemus Ken Bones as Hippasus Jacob Smith as Messenger Boy Production [ edit ] The city of Troy was built in the Mediterranean island of Malta at Fort Ricasoli from April to June 2003. Other important scenes were shot in Mellieħa , a small town in the north of Malta , and on the small island of Comino . The outer walls of Troy were built and filmed in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico . Film production was disrupted for a period after Hurricane Marty affected filming areas. The role of Briseis was initially offered to Bollywood superstar Aishwarya Rai , but she refused it because she was not comfortable doing the lovemaking scenes that were included. The role eventually went to Rose Byrne. Music [ edit ] Main article: Troy: Music from the Motion Picture Composer Gabriel Yared originally worked on the score for Troy for over a year, having been hired by the director, Wolfgang Petersen. Tanja Carovska provided vocals on various portions of the music, as she later would on composer James Horner's version of the soundtrack. However, the reactions at test screenings which used an incomplete version of the score were negative, and in less than a day Yared was off the project without a chance to fix or change his music. James Horner composed a replacement score in about four weeks. He used Carovska's vocals again and also included traditional Eastern Mediterranean music and brass instruments. Horner also collaborated with American singer-songwriter Josh Groban and lyricist Cynthia Weil to write an original song for the film's end credits. The product of this collaboration, ""Remember"" was performed by Groban with additional vocals by Carovska. The soundtrack for the film was released on May 11, 2004 through Reprise Records . Director's cut [ edit ] Troy: Director's Cut was screened at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival on February 17, 2007 and received a limited release in Germany in April 2007. Warner Home Video reportedly spent more than $1 million for the director's cut , which includes ""at least 1,000 new cuts"" or almost 30 minutes extra footage (with a new running time of 196 minutes). The DVD was released on September 18, 2007 in the US. The score of the film was changed dramatically, with many of the female vocals being cut. An addition to the music is the use of Danny Elfman 's theme for Planet of the Apes during the pivotal fight between Hector and Achilles in front of the Gates of Troy. Various shots were recut and extended. For instance, the love scene between Helen and Paris was reframed to include more nudity of Diane Kruger. The love scene between Achilles and Briseis is also extended. Only one scene was removed: the scene where Helen tends to the wound of Paris is taken out. The battle scenes were also extended, showing much more of Ajax's bloody rampage on the Trojans during the initial attack by the Greek Army. Perhaps most significant was the sacking of Troy, barely present in the theatrical cut, but shown fully here, depicting the soldiers raping women and murdering babies. Characters were given more time to develop, specifically Priam and Odysseus , the latter being given a humorous introduction scene. Lastly, bookend scenes were added: the beginning being a soldier's dog finding its dead master and the end including a sequence where the few surviving Trojans escape to Mount Ida . In one of the commentary sequences, the film's writer, David Benioff, said that when it came to deciding whether to follow The Iliad or to do what was best for the film, they always decided with what was best for the film. Reception [ edit ] Commercial performance [ edit ] When the film was completed, total production costs were approximately $175,000,000. This made Troy one of the most expensive films produced in modern cinema. It was screened out of competition at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . Troy screenings have earned US$133,378,256 in the United States . Troy made more than 73% of its revenues outside the U.S. Eventually, Troy made over US$497 million worldwide, temporarily placing it in the #60 spot of top box office hits of all time. It was the 8th highest-grossing film of 2004 and currently is in the top 150 highest-grossing films of all time. Critical reception [ edit ] Troy was met with mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 54%, based on 221 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus reads, ""A brawny, entertaining spectacle, but lacking emotional resonance."" On Metacritic , the film has a score of 56 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating ""mixed or average reviews"". Box office totals [ edit ] Budget – $175,000,000 Marketing cost – $50,000,000 Opening weekend gross (Domestic) – $46,865,412 Total domestic grosses – $133,378,256 Total overseas grosses – $364,031,596 Total worldwide grosses – $497,409,852 Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Result 2005 Academy Awards Best Achievement in Costume Design - Bob Ringwood Nominated 2008 Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films Best DVD Special Edition Release (Director's Cut: Ultimate Collector's Edition) Nominated 2005 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films - James Horner Won 2005 Awards of the Japanese Academy Best Foreign Film Nominated 2004 Golden Schmoes Awards Biggest Disappointment of the Year Nominated 2004 Golden Schmoes Awards Best Action Sequence of the Year (Hector vs Achilles) Nominated 2004 Golden Trailer Awards Best Music Nominated 2004 Golden Trailer Awards Summer 2004 Blockbuster (For ""Greatest War"") Nominated 2005 Harry Awards Film Which Most Contributed to the Public Understanding and Appreciation of History Nominated 2004 Irish Film and Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in Film/TV - Peter O'Toole Won 2005 London Critics Circle Film Awards British Supporting Actor of the Year - Brian Cox Nominated 2005 Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing in Foreign Features Nominated 2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Male Performance - Brad Pitt Nominated 2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight - Brad Pitt , Eric Bana Nominated 2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor: Action - Brad Pitt Won 2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Action Nominated 2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor: Action - Orlando Bloom Nominated 2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Fight/Action Sequence Nominated 2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Breakout Actor - Garrett Hedlund Nominated 2004 The Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Actor - Brad Pitt Nominated 2004 The Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Fake Accent: Male - Brad Pitt } Nominated 2005 Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Motion Picture Nominated 2004 World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written for Film (""Remember Me"") Nominated 2005 World Stunt Awards Best Fight Nominated 2005 World Stunt Awards Best Stunt Coordinator and/or 2nd Unit Director - Simon Crane Nominated 2005 Yoga Awards Worst Foreign Actor - Brad Pitt Won See also [ edit ] Epic film Greek mythology in popular culture List of book-based war films (wars before 1775) List of films based on poems List of historical period drama films References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Petersen, Daniel (2006). Troja: Embedded im Troianischen Krieg ( Troy: Embedded in the Trojan War ). HörGut! Verlag. ISBN 3-938230-99-1 . Winkler, Martin M. (2006). Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic . Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-3183-7 . Proch, Celina/Kleu, Michael (2013). Models of Maculinities in Troy: Achilles, Hector and Their Female Partners , in: A.-B. Renger/J. Solomon (edd.): Ancient Worlds in Film and Television. Gender and Politics , Brill, pp. 175–193, ISBN 9789004183209 . External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Troy (film) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Troy (film) . Official website Troy on IMDb Troy at AllMovie Troy at Rotten Tomatoes Troy at Metacritic Troy at Box Office Mojo" -8703012312989737299,train,is most of turkey located in europe or asia,"Turkey (Turkish : Türkiye (ˈtyɾcije)), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti) (listen)), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, located mainly in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries : Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, with the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia and separate Europe from Asia. Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre, classified as a leading global city.",[],ṣé èyí tó pọ̀ jù lọ ní orílẹ̀ - èdè Turkey wà ní erékùṣù yúróòpù tàbí éṣíà,Yes,['Turkey tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì je orile-ede ni Europe ati Ásíà.'],['Turkey tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì je orile-ede ni Europe ati Ásíà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Turkey Turkey tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Túrkì je orile-ede ni Yuropu ati Ásíà.[5][6]", -5437400228701893849,train,where is turkey located on a world map,"Turkey (/ ˈtɜːrki / (listen) ; Turkish : Türkiye (ˈtyɾcije)), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help info) ; pronounced (ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti)), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries : Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; Iraq and Syria to the south. The country is encircled by seas on three sides : the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and Asia. Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70 -- 80 % of the country 's citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks. Other ethnic groups include legally recognised (Armenians, Greeks, Jews) and unrecognised (Kurds, Arabs, Circassians, Albanians, Bosniaks, Georgians, etc.) minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20 % of the population.","['at the bifurcation of the bronchi', 'in a sac, called the pericardium, located at the bifurcation of the bronchi']",íbo ni Turkey wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Turkey tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì je orile-ede ni Europe ati Ásíà.'],['Turkey tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì je orile-ede ni Europe ati Ásíà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Turkey Turkey tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Túrkì je orile-ede ni Yuropu ati Ásíà.[5][6]", -562685356419134001,train,where is turkey situated on the world map,"Turkey (Turkish : Türkiye (ˈtyɾcije)), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti) (listen)), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia, the Azerbaijan and Iran to the east ; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The country is encircled by seas on three sides with the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia and separate Europe and Asia. Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre, classified as a leading global city.","['two', '1855', 'austrian composer joseph haydn']",ibo ni orílẹ̀-èdè turkey wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,['Turkey tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì je orile-ede ni Europe ati Ásíà.'],['Turkey tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì je orile-ede ni Europe ati Ásíà.'],['P1'],1,0,"Turkey Turkey tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Túrkì je orile-ede ni Yuropu ati Ásíà.[5][6]", 2898850562574071316,train,which part of the world is turkey located,"Turkey (/ ˈtɜːrki / (listen) ; Turkish : Türkiye (ˈtyɾcije)), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help info) ; pronounced (ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti)), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The country is encircled by seas on three sides with the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia and separate Europe and Asia. Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre, classified as a leading global city. Major urban areas include İzmir, Antalya, Bursa, Eskişehir, Mersin, Konya, and Adana, among others.",['1968'],apá wo nínú ayé ni orílẹ̀-èdè turkey wà,Yes,['Turkey tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì je orile-ede ni Europe ati Ásíà.'],['Ìrìnkánkán àwọn Ẹ̀tọ́ Aráàlú ọmọ Áfríkà Amẹ́ríkà bè̩rè̩ ni 1955 sí1968.'],['P1'],1,0,"Turkey Turkey tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Túrkì je orile-ede ni Yuropu ati Ásíà.[5][6]", 1281775208674890543,train,land locked country in african great lakes region,"Uganda (/ juː ˈɡændə / yew - GAN - də or / juː ˈɡɑːndə / yew - GAHN - də), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south - west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate.",['skeletal muscle'],orílẹ̀ - èdè tí kò ní erékùṣù tí ó wà ní agbègbè àwọn adágún ńlá ní áfíríkà,Yes,"['Uganda (Yuganda ni awọn ede Ugandan), ti ijọba olominira ti Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda[11]), jẹ orilẹ-ede ti ko ni ilẹ ni Ila-oorun Afirika. Orilẹ-ede naa ni bode si ila-oorun nipasẹ Kenya, si ariwa nipasẹ South Sudan, si iwọ-oorun nipasẹ Democratic Republic of Congo, si guusu-iwọ-oorun nipasẹ Rwanda, ati si guusu nipasẹ Tanzania. Apa gusu ti orilẹ-ede pẹlu ipin idaran ti adagun Victoria, ti o pin pẹlu Kenya ati Tanzania. Uganda wa ni agbegbe Awọn Adagun Nla Afirika. Uganda tun wa laarin agbada Nile ati pe o ni oriṣiriṣi ṣugbọn gbogbo oju-ọjọ equatorial ti a yipada. O ni olugbe ti o to miliọnu 46, eyiti 8.5 milionu ngbe ni olu-ilu ati ilu nla ti Kampala.']",['Uganda'],['P1'],0,0,"Uganda Uganda (Yuganda ni aw?n ede Ugandan), ti ij?ba olominira ti Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda[11]), j? oril?-ede ti ko ni il? ni Ila-oorun Afirika. Oril?-ede naa ni bode si ila-oorun nipas? Kenya, si ariwa nipas? South Sudan, si iw?-oorun nipas? Democratic Republic of Congo, si guusu-iw?-oorun nipas? Rwanda, ati si guusu nipas? Tanzania. Apa gusu ti oril?-ede p?lu ipin idaran ti adagun Victoria, ti o pin p?lu Kenya ati Tanzania. Uganda wa ni agbegbe Aw?n Adagun Nla Afirika. Uganda tun wa laarin agbada Nile ati pe o ni ori?iri?i ?ugb?n gbogbo oju-?j? equatorial ti a yipada. O ni olugbe ti o to mili?nu 46, eyiti 8.5 milionu ngbe ni olu-ilu ati ilu nla ti Kampala. Uganda ni oruk? l?hin ij?ba Buganda, eyiti o ni ipin nla ti guusu ti oril?-ede naa, p?lu Kampala olu-ilu ati ti ede Luganda r? ti s? jakejado oril?-ede naa. Bib?r? ni ?dun 1894, agbegbe naa ni ij?ba bi aabo nipas? apap? ij?ba g??si , eyiti o ?eto ofin i?akoso ni gbogbo agbegbe naa. Uganda gba ominira lati UK ni 9 O?u K?wa ?dun 1962. Akoko lati igba naa ni a ti samisi nipas? aw?n rogbodiyan iwa-ipa, p?lu ij?ba ij?ba oloogun ti ?dun m?j? ti Idi Amin mu. Ede osise j? G??si, botil?j?pe ofin ti s? pe “eyikeyi ede miiran le ?ee lo bi alab?de it?nis?na ni aw?n ile-iwe tabi aw?n ile-?k? eto-?k? miiran tabi fun isofin, i?akoso tabi aw?n idi idaj? bi o ti le pa?? nipas? ofin.”[2][1] ] Luganda, ede ti o da ni agbegbe aarin, j? eyiti a s? ni gbogbo agbegbe Àárín gbùngbùn ati Gúúsù Ìlà Oòrùn ti oril?-ede naa, ati pe ?p?l?p? aw?n ede miiran tun s?, p?lu Ateso, Lango, Acholi, Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, Luo, [4] Rutooro, Samia, Jopadhola, ati Lusoga. Ni ?dun 2005 Swahili, ti o j? ajeji ati pe a wo bi ?ni ti kii ?e didoju, ni a dabaa g?g?bi ede ij?ba keji ti Uganda. ?ugb?n eyi ko tii f?w?si nipas? ile asofin.[12] Sib?sib?, ni kutukutu 2022 Uganda ti pinnu lati j? ki Swahili j? koko-?r? ti o j? dandan ninu iwe-?k? ile-iwe.[13] Alakoso Uganda l?w?l?w? ni Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, ?niti o gba agbara ni O?u Kini ?dun 1986 l?hin ogun ija ?l?dun m?fa ti p?. Ni at?le aw?n atun?e t’olofin ti o y? aw?n opin akoko kuro fun aar?, o ni anfani lati duro ati pe o di aar? Uganda ni ?dun 2011, 2016 ati ni aw?n idibo gbogbogbo 2021.[14] Itan Pup? ti Uganda j? olugbe nipas? Àárín gbùngbùn Sudan ati Kuliak ti n s?r? nipa aw?n agbe ati aw?n darandaran ?aaju ki aw?n agb?r?s? Bantu de guusu ati aw?n agb?r?s? Nilotic ni ariwa ila-oorun ?dun 3,000 s?hin ni 1,000 BC. Ni ?dun 1500 AD, w?n ti darap? m? aw?n a?a sis? Bantu ni guusu ti Oke Elgon, odo Nile, ati adagun Kyoga.[17] G?g?bi a?a at?w?d?w? ati aw?n iwadii igba atij?, Ij?ba ti Kitara bo apakan pataki ti agbegbe adagun nla, lati aw?n adagun ariwa Albert ati Kyoga si adagun gusu Victoria ati Tanganyika.[18] Bunyoro-Kitara ni a nperare g?g? bi ipil??? ti aw?n ij?ba Toro, Ankole, ati Busoga.[19] Di? ninu aw?n Luo yabo si agbegbe Bunyoro ti w?n si darap? m? awuj? Bantu nib?, ti o ?eto ij?ba Babiito ti Omukama (ala??) l?w?l?w? ti Bunyoro-Kitara.[20] Aw?n oni?owo Arab gbe l? si il? lati Okun India ni etikun Ila-oorun Afirika ni aw?n ?dun 1830 fun i?owo ati i?owo.[21] Ni ipari aw?n ?dun 1860, Bunyoro ni Mid-Western Uganda ri arar? ti o hal? lati ariwa nipas? aw?n a?oju ti ara Egipti ?e atil?yin.[22] Ko dabi aw?n oni?owo Arab lati etikun Ila-oorun Afirika ti o wa i?owo, aw?n a?oju w?nyi n ?e igbega i??gun ajeji. Ni ?dun 1869, Khedive Ismail Pasha ti Egipti, n wa lati fi aw?n agbegbe kun ariwa ti aw?n aala ti Lake Victoria ati ila-oorun ti Lake Albert ati ""guusu ti Gondokoro,""[23] fi olu?ewadii ara ilu G??si kan, Samuel Baker, ran?? si irin-ajo ologun si Il?-ilu. aw?n aala ti Àríwá Uganda, p?lu ipinnu lati dinku i?owo-?ru nib? ati ?i?i ?na si i?owo ati ""?laju."" Banyoro koju Baker, ?niti o ni lati ja ogun ti o ni ireti lati ni aabo ipadas?hin r?. Baker ka atako naa g?g? bi i?e arekereke, o si tako Banyoro ninu iwe kan (Ismailia – A Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa For The Suppression of Slave Trade, Àw?n tó ?ètò rè? Ismail, Khadive ti Egypt (1874))[23] èyí tí w??n kà ní il?? G????sì. L??yìn náà, àw?n ará G????sì dé sí oríl??-èdè Uganda p??lú àròjinl?? kan lòdì sí ìj?ba Bunyoro w??n sì bá ìj?ba Buganda l??w??. Eleyi yoo baj? na Bunyoro idaji ti aw?n oniwe-agbegbe, eyi ti a ti fi fun Buganda bi ?san lati Il?? G????sì. Meji ninu ?p?l?p? “aw?n agbegbe ti o s?nu” ni a tun pada si Bunyoro l?hin ominira. Ni aw?n ?dun 1860, lakoko ti aw?n ara Arabia n wa ipa lati ariwa, aw?n a?awakiri Ilu G??si ti n wa orisun ti Nile[24] de Uganda. Àw?n mí???nnárì G????sì G????sì tí w??n dé sí ìj?ba Buganda ní 1877 àti àw?n mí???nnárì Kátólíìkì il?? Faransé t?? lé w?n l??dún 1879. Ipò yìí fa ikú àw?n Aj??rìíkú Uganda ní 1885—l??yìn tí Muteesa Kìíní àti ??p?? jù l? ààfin r?? ti yí padà, àti At?le ?m? r? ti o lodi si Kristiani Mwanga.[25] Ij?ba G??si ?e adehun ile-i?? Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) lati ?e adehun aw?n adehun i?owo ni agbegbe ti o b?r? ni ?dun 1888.[26] Lati 1886, ?p?l?p? aw?n ogun ?sin wa ni Buganda, lakoko laarin aw?n Musulumi ati aw?n Kristiani ati l?hinna, lati 1890, laarin aw?n Protestant ba-Ingleza ati ba-Fransa Catholics.[27] Nitori rogbodiyan ilu ati aw?n ?ru inawo, IBEAC s? pe ko le “t?ju i?? w?n” ni agbegbe naa.[28] Aw?n anfani i?owo Ilu G??si j? itara lati daabobo ipa-?na i?owo ti Nile, eyiti o j? ki ij?ba G??si fikun Buganda ati aw?n agbegbe agbegbe lati ??da Idaabobo Uganda ni 1894.[26]:?3–4?[29] Protectorate ti Uganda j? aabo ti Ij?ba G??si lati ?dun 1894 si 1962. Ni ?dun 1893, Ile-i?? Imperial British East Africa gbe aw?n ?t? i?akoso r? ti agbegbe ti o j? pataki ti Ij?ba Buganda si ij?ba G??si. IBEAC ti fi a?? r? sil? lori Uganda l?hin aw?n ogun ?sin ti inu Uganda ti s? ? sinu idiwo.[30] Ni 1894, Aabo Idaabobo Uganda ti dasil?, ati pe agbegbe naa ti gbooro sii ju aw?n aala ti Buganda nipa fowo si aw?n adehun di? sii p?lu aw?n ij?ba miiran (Toro ni 1900, [31] Ankole ni 1901, ati Bunyoro ni 1933[32]) si agbegbe kan. ti o ni aij?ju ni ibamu si ti Uganda ode oni.[33] Ipo ti Protectorate ni aw?n abajade ti o yat? pup? fun Uganda ju ti agbegbe naa ti j? ileto bi Kenya adugbo, niw?n igba ti Uganda ti ni iw?n ij?ba ti ara ?ni ti yoo j? bib??k? ti ni opin lab? i?akoso amunisin ni kikun.[34] Ni aw?n ?dun 1890, aw?n alagba?e 32,000 lati Ilu G??si India ni a gba?? si Ila-oorun Afirika lab? aw?n adehun i?? i?? indentured lati k? ?na Railway Uganda.[35] Pup? jul? aw?n ara India ti o ye w?n pada si ile, ?ugb?n 6,724 pinnu lati wa ni Ila-oorun Afirika l?hin ipari ila naa.[36] L?hinna, di? ninu aw?n di oni?òwo ati ki o gba i?akoso ti owu ginning ati sartorial soobu.[37] Lati ?dun 1900 si 1920, ajakale arun oorun kan ni apa gusu Uganda, l?ba ariwa eti okun adagun Victoria, ti pa di? sii ju 250,000 eniyan.[38] Ogun Agbaye II gba i?akoso amunisin ti Uganda ni iyanju lati gba aw?n ?m? ogun 77,143 lati ?i?? ni Aw?n ib?n Afirika ?ba. W?n rii ni i?e ni ipolongo Aginju Oorun, ipolongo Abyssinian, Ogun Madagascar ati ipolongo Burma. Ominira (1962 si 1965) Uganda gba ominira lati UK ni 9 O?u K?wa ?dun 1962 p?lu ?babìnrin Elizabeth II g?g?bi olori ilu ati ?babìnrin ti Uganda. Ni O?u K?wa ?dun 1963, Uganda di olominira ?ugb?n o t?ju ?m? ?gb? r? ni Agbaye ti Aw?n Oril?-ede. Idibo igba ominira ak?k?, ti o waye ni ?dun 1962, j? bori nipas? aj??ep? laarin Uganda People's Congress (UPC) ati Kabaka Yekka (KY). UPC ati KY ?e agbekal? ij?ba ak?k? l?hin-ominira p?lu Milton Obote g?g?bi Alakoso Alakoso, p?lu Buganda Kabaka (?ba) Edward Muteesa II di ipo ay?y? nla ti Aare.[39][40] Aw?n ?dun ti ominira l?s?k?s? ti Uganda j? gaba lori nipas? ibatan laarin ij?ba aringbungbun ati ij?ba agbegbe ti o tobi jul? – Buganda.[41] Lati akoko ti Ilu G??si ti ??da aabo aabo Uganda, ?r? bi o ?e le ?akoso ij?ba ?ba ti o tobi jul? laarin ilana ti ipinl? i??kan kan ti j? i?oro nigbagbogbo. Aw?n gomina amunisin ti kuna lati wa agbekal? kan ti o ?i??. Eyi j? idiju siwaju sii nipas? iwa ai?edeede Buganda si ibatan r? p?lu ij?ba aringbungbun. Buganda ko wa ominira ?ugb?n kuku han pe o ni itunu p?lu eto alaimu?in?in ti o ?e i?eduro aw?n anfani w?n loke aw?n koko-?r? miiran laarin aabo tabi ipo pataki nigbati Ilu G??si l?. Eyi j? ?ri ni apakan nipas? aw?n ija laarin aw?n ala?? amunisin Ilu G??si ati Buganda ?aaju ominira.[42] Laarin Buganda, aw?n ipin wa - laarin aw?n ti o f? ki Kabaka wa ni ?ba ala?? ati aw?n ti o f? darap? m? p?lu iyoku Uganda lati ??da ipinl? alailesin ode oni. Iyapa naa yorisi ?da ti aw?n ?gb? ti o da lori Buganda meji - Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Nikan) KY, ati Democratic Party (DP) ti o ni aw?n gbongbo ninu Ile ij?sin Katoliki. Ibanuj? laarin aw?n ?gb? mejeeji w?nyi le gidigidi paapaa bi aw?n idibo ak?k? fun ile-igbim? a?ofin l?hin-Colonial ti sunm?. Aw?n Kabaka paapaa korira olori DP, Benedicto Kiwanuka.[43] Ni ita Buganda, oloselu alar?-?r? kan lati Àríwá Uganda, Milton Obote, ti ?e aj??ep? kan ti aw?n oloselu ti kii ?e Buganda lati ?e agbekal? ?gb? Aw?n eniyan Uganda (UPC). UPC ni ?kan r? j? gaba lori nipas? aw?n oloselu ti o f? lati ?e atun?e ohun ti w?n rii bi aidogba agbegbe ti o ?e ojurere si ipo pataki Buganda. Eyi fa atil?yin idaran lati ita Buganda. ?gb? naa sib?sib? j? if?kanbal? alaimu?in?in ti aw?n if?, ?ugb?n Obote ?e afihan ?gb?n nla ni idunadura w?n sinu il? ti o w?p? ti o da lori agbekal? Ìj?ba àpap??. Ni Ominira, ibeere Buganda ko ni ipinnu. Uganda j? ?kan ninu aw?n agbegbe amunisin di? ti o gba ominira laisi ?gb? o?elu ti o ni agbara ti o p? jul? ni ile asofin. Ninu aw?n idibo i?aaju-ominira, UPC ko ?e aw?n oludije ni Buganda ati bori 37 ti aw?n ijoko 61 ti o yan taara (ni ita Buganda). DP gba aw?n ijoko 24 ni ita Buganda. “Ipo pataki” ti a fun Buganda tum? si pe aw?n ijoko Buganda 21 ni a yan nipas? a?oju iw?n ti o ?e afihan aw?n idibo si ile igbim? a?ofin Buganda - Lukikko. KY gba a ìb?n tó ? dún kíkankíkan lori DP, gba gbogbo 21 ijoko. UPC de ipo giga ni opin ?dun 1964 nigbati adari DP ni ile igbim? a?ofin, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya, k?ja il? ile igbim? a?ofin p?lu aw?n ?m? ile-igbim? marun miiran, ti o fi DP sil? p?lu aw?n ijoko m?san nikan. Inu aw?n ?m? ile igbim? a?ofin DP ko dun ni pataki pe ikorira ti olori w?n, Benedicto Kiwanuka, si Kabaka n ?e idiw? aw?n aye w?n lati fi ?nuko p?lu KY.[45] Aw?n ?tan ti aw?n abaw?n ti yipada si ikun omi nigbati aw?n ?m? ?gb? KY 10 k?ja il? nigbati w?n rii pe i??p? deede p?lu UPC ko le ?ee ?e m?. Aw?n ?r? ifarabal? ti Obote kaakiri oril?-ede n gba gbogbo niwaju r?, ati pe UPC n bori fere gbogbo idibo agbegbe ti o waye ati jij? i?akoso r? lori gbogbo aw?n igbim? agbegbe ati aw?n a?ofin ni ita Buganda.[46] Idahun lati ?d? Kabaka j? odi - boya akoonu ni ipa ay?y? r? ati aami aami ni apakan oril?-ede r?. Sib?sib?, aw?n iyapa nla tun wa laarin aafin r? ti o j? ki o ?oro fun u lati ?e ada?e daadaa si Obote. Ni akoko Uganda ti di ominira, Buganda “j? ile ti o pin p?lu aw?n ologun awuj? ati ti i?elu”[47] sib?sib? aw?n i?oro wa ni pip?nti inu UPC. Bi aw?n ipo r? ti n p? si, aw?n ?ya, ?sin, agbegbe, ati aw?n anfani ti ara ?ni b?r? si mì ?gb? naa. Agbara ti ?gb? ti o han gbangba ti baj? ni ?na ti o nip?n ti aw?n ija ?gb? ni aarin ati aw?n ?ya agbegbe. Ati nipas? ?dun 1966, UPC ti ya ara r? ya. Aw?n ija naa tun p? si nipas? aw?n tuntun ti o ti k?ja il? ile igbim? a?ofin lati DP ati KY.[48] Aw?n a?oju UPC de Gulu ni ?dun 1964 fun apej? aw?n a?oju w?n. Eyi ni afihan ak?k? bi Obote ?e n padanu i?akoso ?gb? r?. Ija lori Akowe-Agba ti ?gb? naa j? idije kikoro laarin oludije oniw?ntunw?nsi tuntun - Grace Ibingira ati John Kakonge ti o jagun. Ibingira l?hinna di aami ti alatako si Obote laarin UPC. Eyi j? ifosiwewe pataki nigbati o n wo aw?n i??l? ti o t?le ti o yorisi aaw? laarin Buganda ati ij?ba Central. Fun aw?n ti ita UPC (p?lu aw?n olufowosi KY), eyi j? ami kan pe Obote j? ipalara. Aw?n alafojusi Keen rii pe UPC kii ?e ?y? kan ti o ni i??kan.[49] Iparun ti ?gb? UPC-KY ni gbangba ?afihan ainit?l?run Obote ati aw?n miiran ni nipa “ipo pataki” Buganda. Ni ?dun 1964, ij?ba dahun si aw?n ibeere lati aw?n apakan ti ij?ba Buganda nla ti w?n kii ?e ?m? ab?l? Kabaka. ?aaju ij?ba amunisin, Buganda ti ni idije nipas? ij?ba Bunyoro adugbo r?. Buganda ti ??gun aw?n apakan ti Bunyoro ati pe aw?n amunisin Ilu G??si ti ?e agbekal? eyi ni aw?n adehun Buganda. Ti a m? si ""aw?n agbegbe ti o s?nu"", aw?n eniyan ni aw?n agbegbe w?nyi f? lati pada si jije apakan ti Bunyoro. Obote pinnu lati gba idibo, eyiti o binu aw?n Kabaka ati pup? jul? aw?n iyokù Buganda. Aw?n olugbe ti aw?n agbegbe ti dibo lati pada si Bunyoro pelu aw?n igbiyanju Kabaka lati ni ipa lori idibo naa.[50] L?hin ti o padanu idibo naa, KY tako owo naa lati gbe aw?n agbegbe l? si Bunyoro, nitorinaa fi opin si aj??ep? p?lu UPC. Iwa ti ?ya ti i?elu Uganda tun n farahan ni ij?ba. UPC ti o ti j? ?gb? oril?-ede t?l? b?r? si ya p?lu aw?n ila ?ya nigba ti Ibingira koju Obote ni UPC. Ìpín ??yà “Àríwá/ Gúúsù” tí ó ti hàn gbangba nínú ètò ?r?? ajé àti láwùj? nísinsìnyí ti fìdí ara r?? múl?? nínú ì?èlú. Obote yi ara r? ka p?lu aw?n oloselu ariwa jul? - A. A. Neykon, Felix Onama, Alex Ojera - nigba ti aw?n alatil?yin Ibingira ti w?n mu ati s?w?n p?lu r?, paapaa lati Gusu - George Magezi, B. Kirya, Matthias Ngobi. Ni akoko, aw?n ?gb? meji gba aw?n aami eya - ""Bantu"" (eyiti o j? apakan Gusu Ibingira) ati ""Nilotic"" (eyiti o j? ?ya Àríwá Obote). Èrò náà pé ìj?ba ? bá àw?n Bantu jagun tún p?? sí i nígbà tí Obote mú tí ó sì fi àw?n minisita Bantu tí w??n j?? alátìl?yìn Ibingira s??w??n.[51] Aw?n aami w?nyi mu wa sinu idap? aw?n ipa agbara meji pup?. Buganda ak?k? - aw?n eniyan Buganda j? Bantu ati nitorinaa ?e deede si ?gb? Ibingira. ?gb? Ibingira siwaju si il?siwaju aj??ep? yii nipa ?sun Obote pe o f? lati bori Kabaka.[51] W?n ti wa ni ibamu si Obote ti o tako. ?l??keji - aw?n ologun aabo - aw?n amunisin Ilu G??si ti gba ?m? ogun ati ?l?pa ti o f?r?? j? iyas?t? lati Àríwá Uganda nitori pe w?n y? fun aw?n ipa w?nyi. Ni ominira, ?m? ogun ati ?l?pa j? gaba lori nipas? aw?n ?ya ariwa - ni pataki Nilotic. W?n yoo ni im?lara di? sii ni ibatan si Obote, ati pe o lo anfani ti eyi ni kikun lati fikun agbara r?. Ni O?u K?rin ?dun 1966, Obote jade ni ?gb?rin aw?n ?m? ogun tuntun ti o gba ni Moroto, eyiti ida aad?rin ninu w?n wa lati ?kun Ariwa.[52] Ni akoko ti o wa ni ifarahan lati woye ij?ba aringbungbun ati aw?n ologun aabo g?g?bi aw?n ""aw?n ara ariwa"" ti j? gaba lori - paapaa Acholi ti o nipas? UPC ni aaye pataki si aw?n ipo ij?ba ni ipele oril?-ede.[53] Ni ariwa Uganda aw?n iw?n ori?iri?i tun wa ti aw?n ikunsinu anti-Buganda, ni pataki lori “ipo pataki” ti ij?ba ?aaju ati l?hin ominira, ati gbogbo aw?n anfani eto-?r? ati awuj? ti o wa p?lu ipo yii. ""Obote mu aw?n n?mba pataki ti aw?n ara ariwa wa si aarin ilu, mejeeji nipas? i?? ilu ati ologun, o si ??da ?r? ti o ni atil?yin ni Àríwá Uganda"".[53] Sib?sib?, mejeeji ""Bantu"" ati aw?n aami ""Nilotic"" j? a?oju aw?n ambiguities pataki. ?ka Bantu fun ap??r? p?lu mejeeji Buganda ati Bunyoro – aw?n abanidije kikoro itan-ak??l?. Aami Nilotic p?lu Lugbara, Acholi, ati Langi, gbogbo w?n ni aw?n idije kikoro ti o j? as?ye i?elu ologun Uganda nigbamii. Pelu aw?n aibikita w?nyi, aw?n i??l? w?nyi laim??m? mu wa si iwaju ipinya i?elu ariwa/guusu eyiti o tun ni ipa lori i?elu Ugandan ni iw?n di?. Pipin UPC t?siwaju bi aw?n alatako ?e akiyesi ailagbara Obote. Ni ipele agbegbe nibiti UPC ti j? gaba lori pup? jul? aibal? aw?n igbim? b?r? lati koju aw?n oludari igbim? ti o wa ni ipo. Paapaa ni agbegbe ile Obote, igbiyanju ni a ?e lati y? olori igbim? agbegbe ni ?dun 1966. Otit? ti o ni aniyan di? sii fun UPC ni pe aw?n idibo oril?-ede ti o t?le ni 1967 - ati laisi atil?yin ti KY (ti o ?ee ?e bayi lati ?e). ?e af?yinti DP), ati ?gb? ti o dagba ni UPC, o ?ee?e gidi pe UPC yoo jade ni agbara ni aw?n o?u. Obote t?le KY p?lu i?e tuntun ti ile igbim? a?ofin ni ib?r? ?dun 1966 ti o ?e idiw? eyikeyi igbiyanju KY lati faagun ni ita Buganda. KY farahan lati dahun ni ile igbim? a?ofin nipas? ?kan ninu aw?n ?m? ile-igbim? w?n di? ti o ku, Daudi Ochieng ti o ni aisan ti o gb?hin. Ochieng j? ohun irony – botil?j?pe lati Àríwá Uganda, o ti dide ni ipo giga ti KY o si di alam?de tim?tim? si Kabaka ti o fun u ni aw?n ak?le il? nla ni Buganda. Nigba ti Obote ko si ni ile igbimo asofin, Ochieng fi han gbangba bi ole jibiti ehin-erin ati wura ti ko lodi si orileede Congo ti oga agba awon omo ogun Obote, Colonel Idi Amin ti se. O tun fi ?sun kan pe Obote, Onama ati Neykon ni gbogbo w?n ni anfaani eto naa.[54]. Aw?n ile-igbim? a?ofin ti dibo pup?ju fun ipinnu lati fi ?sun kan Amin ati ?e iwadii ipa ti Obote. Eyi gbon ij?ba naa o si gbe wahala soke ni oril?-ede naa. KY tun ?e afihan agbara r? lati koju Obote lati inu ?gb? r? ni apej? UPC Buganda nibiti Godfrey Binaisa (Agb?j?ro Gbogbogbo) ti y? kuro nipas? ?gb? kan gbagb? pe o ni atil?yin KY, Ibingira ati aw?n eroja anti-Obote miiran ni Buganda.[47] ] Idahun Obote ni lati mu Ibingira ati aw?n minisita miiran ni ipade minisita ati lati gba aw?n agbara pataki ni Kínní 1966. Ni O?u K?ta ?dun 1966, Obote tun kede pe aw?n ?fiisi ti Alakoso ati igbakeji aar? yoo d?kun lati wa - ti y? Kabaka kuro ni imunadoko. Obote tun fun Amin ni agbara di? sii - fifun u ni ipo Alakoso Ogun lori ?niti o ni i?aaju (Opolot) ti o ni ibatan si Buganda nipas? igbeyawo (o ?ee ?e gbagb? pe Opolot yoo l?ra lati gba igbese ologun lodi si Kabaka ti o ba wa si eyi). Obote pa ofin ofin run ati pe o da aw?n idibo duro ni imunadoko nitori o?u di?. Obote l? lori t?lifisi?nu ati redio lati fi ?sun kan Kabaka fun ?p?l?p? aw?n ??? p?lu bibeere fun aw?n ?m? ogun ajeji eyiti o dabi ?ni pe o ti ?awari nipas? Kabaka l?hin aw?n agbas? ?r? ti Amin n gbero igbim? kan. Obote tun tu a?? ti Kabaka kuro nipa ikede laarin aw?n igbese miiran: Imukuro ti aw?n igbim? i?? ti gbogbo eniyan ti ominira fun aw?n ?ya apapo. Eyi y? a?? Kabaka kuro lati yan aw?n o?i?? ilu ni Buganda. Imukuro ti Ile-?j? giga ti Buganda - yiy? eyikeyi a?? idaj? ti Kabaka ni. Gbigbe i?akoso owo Buganda lab? i?akoso aarin siwaju siwaju. Abolition ti aw?n il? fun Buganda olori. Il? j? ?kan ninu aw?n orisun pataki ti agbara Kabaka lori aw?n ?m? ab? r?. Ila naa si won bayi kale fun a show m?l? laarin Buganda ati Central ijoba. Aw?n opitan le jiyan nipa boya eyi le ti yago fun nipas? adehun. Eyi ko ?ee?e bi Obote ?e ni igboya bayi o si rii Kabaka bi alailera. Looot?, nipa gbigba ipo aar? ni ?dun m?rin s?yin ti w?n si ba UPC, Kabaka ti pin aw?n eniyan r? ti w?n si gba ?gb? kan si ekeji. Laarin aw?n ile-i?? i?elu Buganda, aw?n idije ti ?sin ati if? ti ara ?ni j? ki aw?n ile-i?? j? ailagbara ati lagbara lati dahun si aw?n gbigbe ij?ba aringbungbun. Aw?n Kabaka ni igbagbogbo ni a gba bi aibikita ati aibikita si im?ran lati ?d? aw?n oloselu Buganda ti o j? ?d? ti o loye dara jul? i?elu l?hin Ominira tuntun, bii aw?n a?aaju ti o j? ambivalent si ohun ti n ??l? niw?n igba ti aw?n anfani ibile w?n ti t?ju. Aw?n Kabaka ?e ojurere fun aw?n a?awakiri tuntun.[55] Ni May 1966, aw?n Kabaka gbe r?. Ó béèrè fún ìrànl??w?? láti il?? òkèèrè, ilé ìgbìm?? a?òfin Buganda sì s? pé kí ìj?ba Uganda kúrò ní Buganda (títí kan olú ìlú náà, Kampala). Ni idahun Obote pase fun Idi Amin lati kolu aafin Kabaka. Ija fun aafin Kabaka j? lile - aw?n oluso Kabaka ti nfi idiw? di? sii ju ti a ti ?e y? l?. Olori ik?k? ti Ilu G??si - Kabaka p?lu aw?n ologun bi 120 ti o ni iham?ra t?ju Idi Amin ni eti okun fun wakati mejila.[56] W??n fojú bù ú pé n?kan bí ?gb??rún méjì [2,000] èèyàn ló kú nínú ogun tó parí nígbà tí àw?n ?m? ogun ké sí àw?n ìb?n tó wúwo, tí w??n sì borí ààfin náà. Idagbasoke igberiko ti a ti nreti ni Buganda ko waye ati pe aw?n wakati di? l?hinna Obote ti o ni im?l? pade aw?n oniroyin lati gbadun i??gun r?. Kabaka naa sal? lori aw?n odi aafin ati pe aw?n olufowosi gbe w?n l? si igbekun ni Ilu L?nd?nu. Ó kú níb?? ní ?dún m??ta l??yìn náà. ?dun 1966–1971 (?aaju ki o to gbaj?ba) Ni ?dun 1966, l?yin ija agbara laarin ij?ba ti Obote dari ati ?ba Muteesa, Obote da ofin ofin duro o si y? aar? ay?y? ati igbakeji aar? kuro. Ni ?dun 1967, ofin titun kan kede Uganda ni ilu olominira o si pa aw?n ij?ba ibile run. Obote ni won so gege bi aare.[25] 1971 (l?hin igbasil?) -1979 (ipari ij?ba Amin) Nkan ak?k?: Itan Ilu Uganda (1971–79) L?hin igbim? ologun ni ?j? 25 O?u Kini ?dun 1971, Obote ti y? kuro ni agbara ati Gbogbogbo Idi Amin gba i?akoso oril?-ede naa. Amin ?e akoso Uganda g?g?bi alakoso ij?ba p?lu atil?yin ti ologun fun ?dun m?j? to nb?.[57] O ?e ipaniyan pup? laarin oril?-ede lati ?et?ju i?akoso r?. O f?r? to 80,000–500,000 aw?n ara ilu Ugandan ku ni akoko ij?ba r?.[58] Yàt?? sí ìwà ìkà r??, ó fi tipátipá mú àw?n ?m? il?? Í?díà tó j?? oní?òwò láti oríl??-èdè Uganda.[59] Ni O?u Karun ?dun 1976, aw?n onijagidijagan Palestine ji ?k? ofurufu Air France kan ti w?n si fi agbara mu lati bal? ni papa ?k? ofurufu Entebbe. ?g??rùn-ún lára ??àw?n 250 arìnrìn àjò tí ó wà nínú ?k?? náà ní ìpil????? ni w??n gbá w?n m??ra títí ìjagunbal?? Commando kan ní Ísír??lì fi gbà w??n ní ?j?? m??wàá l??yìn náà.[60] Ij?ba Amin ti pari l?hin Ogun Uganda-Tanzania ni ?dun 1979, ninu eyiti aw?n ?m? ogun Tanzania ?e iranl?w? nipas? aw?n igbekun Ugandan yabo si Uganda. 1979-lowolowo Yoweri Museveni ti j? aar? lati igba ti aw?n ?m? ogun r? ti bori ij?ba i?aaju ni O?u Kini ?dun 1986. Aw?n ?gb? o?elu ni Uganda ni iham? ninu aw?n i?? w?n ti o b?r? ni ?dun y?n, ni iw?n kan ti a ?e ap?r? lati dinku iwa-ipa ?gb?. Ninu eto ti kii ?e ?gb? “Movement” ti Museveni fi lel?, aw?n ?gb? oselu t?siwaju lati wa, ?ugb?n ?fiisi ile-i?? nikan ni w?n le ?i??. W?n ko le ?i aw?n ?ka, ?e apej?, tabi aw?n oludije ni taara (botil?j?pe aw?n oludije idibo le j? ti aw?n ?gb? o?elu). If?r?wewe t’olofin kan fagile wiw?le-?dun m?kandinlogun yii lori i?elu aw?n ?gb? pup? ni O?u Keje ?dun 2005. Ni ?dun 1993, Pope John Paul Keji ?ab?wo si Uganda lakoko irin-ajo olu??-agutan ?l?j? m?fa r? lati r? aw?n ara Uganda lati wa ilaja. Nígbà ay?y? ?l??p?? èèyàn, ó b??w?? fún àw?n Krist?ni aj??rìíkú tí w??n pa. Ni aarin-si-opin 1990s, Museveni ti ni iyìn nipas? aw?n oril?-ede iw?-oorun g?g?bi apakan ti iran tuntun ti aw?n oludari ile Afirika.[62] Alakoso ij?ba r? ti baj?, sib?sib?, nipa ik?lu ati gbigba ni Democratic Republic of Congo lakoko Ogun Kongo Keji, eyiti o fa iku iku 5.4 milionu lati ?dun 1998, ati nipa ikopa ninu aw?n ija miiran ni agbegbe Aw?n Adagun Nla ti Afirika. Ó ti jà fún ??p?? ?dún nínú ogun ab??lé lòdì sí Army Resistance Army, tí ó j??bi ??p??l?p?? ìwà ??daràn lòdì sí ??dá ènìyàn, títí kan ìfirú ?m?dé, ìpakúpa Atak, àti ìpànìyàn púp?? mìíràn. Ìforígbárí ní àríwá Uganda ti pa ?gb??gb??rún ó sì ti lé àw?n mílí??nù kúrò nípò.[63] Ile-igbim? a?ofin fagile aw?n opin akoko alaar? ni ?dun 2005, ni ?sun nitori pe Museveni lo aw?n owo ilu lati san US $ 2,000 fun ?m? ?gb? ile-igbim? k??kan ti o ?e atil?yin iw?n naa.[64] Aw?n idibo Aare waye ni Kínní 2006. Museveni ti njijadu lodi si ?p?l?p? aw?n oludije, eyiti o ?e pataki jul? ninu w?n ni Kizza Besigye. Ni 20 Kínní 2011, Igbim? Idibo Uganda s? pe Aare ti o wa ni ipo Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ni oludibo ti o ??gun ti aw?n idibo 2011 ti o waye ni 18 Kínní 2011. Aw?n alatako sib?sib?, ko ni it?l?run p?lu aw?n esi, ti o da w?n l?bi bi o kún fun ?tan ati ?tan. . G?g?bi esi ti o?i?? naa, Museveni bori p?lu ida mejidinl?g?ta ninu aw?n ibo. Eyi ni ir?run gbe olutaja ti o sunm? jul?, Besigye, ti o ti j? oniwosan Museveni ti o si s? fun aw?n onirohin pe oun ati aw?n alatil?yin r? “fif? pal?” abajade naa bakanna bi ofin ailopin ti Museveni tabi eyikeyi eniyan ti o le yan. Besigye fikun pe aw?n idibo ti o ni ilodisi yoo daaju si adari ait? ati pe o wa si aw?n ara Uganda lati ?e itupal? eyi. A?oju Ifojusi Idibo ti European Union royin lori aw?n il?siwaju ati aw?n abaw?n ti ilana idibo Uganda: ""Ipolongo idibo ati ?j? idibo ni a ?e ni alaafia. ti aw?n ara ilu Ugandan ti a ko ni ?t?.”[65] Lati O?u K?j? ?dun 2012, ?gb? Anonymous hacktivist ti hal? m? aw?n o?i?? ij?ba Ugandan ati ti gepa aw?n oju opo w??bu ij?ba osise lori aw?n owo-owo onibaje r?.[66] Di? ninu aw?n oluranl?w? agbaye ti hal? lati ge iranlowo owo si oril?-ede naa ti aw?n owo-owo ilodisi onibaje t?siwaju.[67] Aw?n afihan eto fun it?lera nipas? ?m? ààr?, Muhoozi Kainerugaba, ti p? si aw?n aifokanbale.[68][69][70][71] Alakoso Yoweri Museveni ti ?e akoso oril?-ede naa lati ?dun 1986 ati pe o j? atundi ibo tuntun ni O?u Kini ?dun 2021 aw?n idibo aar?. G?g?bi aw?n abajade osise ti Museveni gba aw?n idibo p?lu 58% ti ibo lakoko ti Bobi Wine ti o yipada-popstar ni 35%. Atako tako abajade naa nitori aw?n ?sun jibiti kaakiri ati aw?n ai?edeede.[72][73] Oludije alatako miiran j? ?m? ?dun 24 John Katumba. Agbègbè 1,465 / 5,000 Àw?n àbájáde ìtumò? Uganda wa ni guusu ila-oorun Afirika laarin 1º S ati 4º N latitude, ati laarin 30º E ati 35º E longitude. Il?-il? r? j? oniruuru pup? ti o ni aw?n oke oke-nla, aw?n oke-nla, ati aw?n adagun. Aw?n oril?-ede joko ni aropin 900 mita loke okun ipele. Mejeeji aw?n aala ila-oorun ati iw?-oorun ti Uganda ni aw?n oke-nla. Oke Ruwenzori ni tente oke giga jul? ni Uganda, eyiti a npè ni Alexandra ati iw?n aw?n mita 5,094. Adagun ati odo Pup? ti guusu ti oril?-ede naa ni ipa nla nipas? ?kan ninu aw?n adagun nla ti agbaye, Adagun Victoria, eyiti o ni aw?n ereku?u pup? ninu. Aw?n ilu ti o ?e pataki jul? wa ni guusu, nitosi adagun yii, p?lu Kampala olu-ilu ati ilu Entebbe ti o wa nitosi.[75] Adagun Kyoga wa ni aarin oril?-ede naa ati pe o wa ni ayika nipas? aw?n agbegbe alarinrin nla.[76] Botil?j?pe o wa ni il?, Uganda ni ?p?l?p? aw?n adagun nla nla ninu. Yato si Adagun Victoria ati Kyoga, Adagun Albert, Adagun Edward, ati Adagun George ti o kere jul? wa.[75] Uganda da fere patapata laarin aw?n Nile agbada. Omi Victoria Nile n ?an lati Adagun Victoria sinu adagun Kyoga ati l?hinna sinu Adagun Albert ni aala Congo. L?hinna o l? si ariwa si South Sudan. Agbegbe kan ni ila-oorun Uganda j? ?i?an nipas? Odò Suam, apakan ti agbada omi inu ti Adagun Turkana. Apa ariwa ila-oorun ti Uganda ti o ?an l? si Basin Lotikipi, eyiti o j? ak?k? ni Kenya.[75] Oniruuru ati itoju Nkan ak?k?: Itoju ni Uganda. Oniruuru ati itoju Nkan ak?k?: Itoju ni Uganda Uganda ni aw?n agbegbe idabobo 60, p?lu aw?n ?gba i?ere oril?-ede m?wa: Egan Oril?-ede Bwindi Impenetrable ati Egan Oril?-ede Rwenzori (mejeeji Aw?n aaye Ajogunba Aye UNESCO[77]), Egan Oril?-ede Kibale, Egan Oril?-ede Oril?-ede Kidepo, Egan Orile-ede Lake Mburo, Egan Oril?-ede Mgahinga Gorilla, Oke Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, ati Semuliki National Park. Uganda j? ile si n?mba nla ti aw?n eya, p?lu olugbe ti aw?n gorilla oke ni Egan Oril?-ede Bwindi Impenetrable, gorillas ati aw?n obo goolu ni Egan Oril?-ede Mgahinga Gorilla, ati aw?n erinmi ni Egan Oril?-ede Murchison Falls.[79] Oril?-ede naa ni At?ka I?eduro Il?-il? Il? igbo kan ti 2019 tum? si Dimegilio ti 4.36/10, ni ipo 128th ni kariaye ninu aw?n oril?-ede 172.", 7437533534791285836,train,where is uganda located on the world map,"Uganda (/ juːˈɡændə, - ˈɡɑːn - / yoo - GA (H) N - də), officially the Republic of Uganda (Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda), is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south - west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate.",[],ibo ni uganda wà lórí àwòrán ayé,Yes,"['Uganda (Yuganda ni awọn ede Ugandan), ti ijọba olominira ti Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda), jẹ orilẹ-ede ti ko ni ilẹ ni Ila-oorun Afirika.']",['Uganda jẹ orilẹ-ede ti ko ni ilẹ ni Ila-oorun Afirika.'],['P1'],1,0,"Uganda Uganda (Yuganda ni aw?n ede Ugandan), ti ij?ba olominira ti Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda[11]), j? oril?-ede ti ko ni il? ni Ila-oorun Afirika. Oril?-ede naa ni bode si ila-oorun nipas? Kenya, si ariwa nipas? South Sudan, si iw?-oorun nipas? Democratic Republic of Congo, si guusu-iw?-oorun nipas? Rwanda, ati si guusu nipas? Tanzania. Apa gusu ti oril?-ede p?lu ipin idaran ti adagun Victoria, ti o pin p?lu Kenya ati Tanzania. Uganda wa ni agbegbe Aw?n Adagun Nla Afirika. Uganda tun wa laarin agbada Nile ati pe o ni ori?iri?i ?ugb?n gbogbo oju-?j? equatorial ti a yipada. O ni olugbe ti o to mili?nu 46, eyiti 8.5 milionu ngbe ni olu-ilu ati ilu nla ti Kampala. Uganda ni oruk? l?hin ij?ba Buganda, eyiti o ni ipin nla ti guusu ti oril?-ede naa, p?lu Kampala olu-ilu ati ti ede Luganda r? ti s? jakejado oril?-ede naa. Bib?r? ni ?dun 1894, agbegbe naa ni ij?ba bi aabo nipas? apap? ij?ba g??si , eyiti o ?eto ofin i?akoso ni gbogbo agbegbe naa. Uganda gba ominira lati UK ni 9 O?u K?wa ?dun 1962. Akoko lati igba naa ni a ti samisi nipas? aw?n rogbodiyan iwa-ipa, p?lu ij?ba ij?ba oloogun ti ?dun m?j? ti Idi Amin mu. Ede osise j? G??si, botil?j?pe ofin ti s? pe “eyikeyi ede miiran le ?ee lo bi alab?de it?nis?na ni aw?n ile-iwe tabi aw?n ile-?k? eto-?k? miiran tabi fun isofin, i?akoso tabi aw?n idi idaj? bi o ti le pa?? nipas? ofin.”[2][1] ] Luganda, ede ti o da ni agbegbe aarin, j? eyiti a s? ni gbogbo agbegbe Àárín gbùngbùn ati Gúúsù Ìlà Oòrùn ti oril?-ede naa, ati pe ?p?l?p? aw?n ede miiran tun s?, p?lu Ateso, Lango, Acholi, Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, Luo, [4] Rutooro, Samia, Jopadhola, ati Lusoga. Ni ?dun 2005 Swahili, ti o j? ajeji ati pe a wo bi ?ni ti kii ?e didoju, ni a dabaa g?g?bi ede ij?ba keji ti Uganda. ?ugb?n eyi ko tii f?w?si nipas? ile asofin.[12] Sib?sib?, ni kutukutu 2022 Uganda ti pinnu lati j? ki Swahili j? koko-?r? ti o j? dandan ninu iwe-?k? ile-iwe.[13] Alakoso Uganda l?w?l?w? ni Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, ?niti o gba agbara ni O?u Kini ?dun 1986 l?hin ogun ija ?l?dun m?fa ti p?. Ni at?le aw?n atun?e t’olofin ti o y? aw?n opin akoko kuro fun aar?, o ni anfani lati duro ati pe o di aar? Uganda ni ?dun 2011, 2016 ati ni aw?n idibo gbogbogbo 2021.[14] Itan Pup? ti Uganda j? olugbe nipas? Àárín gbùngbùn Sudan ati Kuliak ti n s?r? nipa aw?n agbe ati aw?n darandaran ?aaju ki aw?n agb?r?s? Bantu de guusu ati aw?n agb?r?s? Nilotic ni ariwa ila-oorun ?dun 3,000 s?hin ni 1,000 BC. Ni ?dun 1500 AD, w?n ti darap? m? aw?n a?a sis? Bantu ni guusu ti Oke Elgon, odo Nile, ati adagun Kyoga.[17] G?g?bi a?a at?w?d?w? ati aw?n iwadii igba atij?, Ij?ba ti Kitara bo apakan pataki ti agbegbe adagun nla, lati aw?n adagun ariwa Albert ati Kyoga si adagun gusu Victoria ati Tanganyika.[18] Bunyoro-Kitara ni a nperare g?g? bi ipil??? ti aw?n ij?ba Toro, Ankole, ati Busoga.[19] Di? ninu aw?n Luo yabo si agbegbe Bunyoro ti w?n si darap? m? awuj? Bantu nib?, ti o ?eto ij?ba Babiito ti Omukama (ala??) l?w?l?w? ti Bunyoro-Kitara.[20] Aw?n oni?owo Arab gbe l? si il? lati Okun India ni etikun Ila-oorun Afirika ni aw?n ?dun 1830 fun i?owo ati i?owo.[21] Ni ipari aw?n ?dun 1860, Bunyoro ni Mid-Western Uganda ri arar? ti o hal? lati ariwa nipas? aw?n a?oju ti ara Egipti ?e atil?yin.[22] Ko dabi aw?n oni?owo Arab lati etikun Ila-oorun Afirika ti o wa i?owo, aw?n a?oju w?nyi n ?e igbega i??gun ajeji. Ni ?dun 1869, Khedive Ismail Pasha ti Egipti, n wa lati fi aw?n agbegbe kun ariwa ti aw?n aala ti Lake Victoria ati ila-oorun ti Lake Albert ati ""guusu ti Gondokoro,""[23] fi olu?ewadii ara ilu G??si kan, Samuel Baker, ran?? si irin-ajo ologun si Il?-ilu. aw?n aala ti Àríwá Uganda, p?lu ipinnu lati dinku i?owo-?ru nib? ati ?i?i ?na si i?owo ati ""?laju."" Banyoro koju Baker, ?niti o ni lati ja ogun ti o ni ireti lati ni aabo ipadas?hin r?. Baker ka atako naa g?g? bi i?e arekereke, o si tako Banyoro ninu iwe kan (Ismailia – A Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa For The Suppression of Slave Trade, Àw?n tó ?ètò rè? Ismail, Khadive ti Egypt (1874))[23] èyí tí w??n kà ní il?? G????sì. L??yìn náà, àw?n ará G????sì dé sí oríl??-èdè Uganda p??lú àròjinl?? kan lòdì sí ìj?ba Bunyoro w??n sì bá ìj?ba Buganda l??w??. Eleyi yoo baj? na Bunyoro idaji ti aw?n oniwe-agbegbe, eyi ti a ti fi fun Buganda bi ?san lati Il?? G????sì. Meji ninu ?p?l?p? “aw?n agbegbe ti o s?nu” ni a tun pada si Bunyoro l?hin ominira. Ni aw?n ?dun 1860, lakoko ti aw?n ara Arabia n wa ipa lati ariwa, aw?n a?awakiri Ilu G??si ti n wa orisun ti Nile[24] de Uganda. Àw?n mí???nnárì G????sì G????sì tí w??n dé sí ìj?ba Buganda ní 1877 àti àw?n mí???nnárì Kátólíìkì il?? Faransé t?? lé w?n l??dún 1879. Ipò yìí fa ikú àw?n Aj??rìíkú Uganda ní 1885—l??yìn tí Muteesa Kìíní àti ??p?? jù l? ààfin r?? ti yí padà, àti At?le ?m? r? ti o lodi si Kristiani Mwanga.[25] Ij?ba G??si ?e adehun ile-i?? Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) lati ?e adehun aw?n adehun i?owo ni agbegbe ti o b?r? ni ?dun 1888.[26] Lati 1886, ?p?l?p? aw?n ogun ?sin wa ni Buganda, lakoko laarin aw?n Musulumi ati aw?n Kristiani ati l?hinna, lati 1890, laarin aw?n Protestant ba-Ingleza ati ba-Fransa Catholics.[27] Nitori rogbodiyan ilu ati aw?n ?ru inawo, IBEAC s? pe ko le “t?ju i?? w?n” ni agbegbe naa.[28] Aw?n anfani i?owo Ilu G??si j? itara lati daabobo ipa-?na i?owo ti Nile, eyiti o j? ki ij?ba G??si fikun Buganda ati aw?n agbegbe agbegbe lati ??da Idaabobo Uganda ni 1894.[26]:?3–4?[29] Protectorate ti Uganda j? aabo ti Ij?ba G??si lati ?dun 1894 si 1962. Ni ?dun 1893, Ile-i?? Imperial British East Africa gbe aw?n ?t? i?akoso r? ti agbegbe ti o j? pataki ti Ij?ba Buganda si ij?ba G??si. IBEAC ti fi a?? r? sil? lori Uganda l?hin aw?n ogun ?sin ti inu Uganda ti s? ? sinu idiwo.[30] Ni 1894, Aabo Idaabobo Uganda ti dasil?, ati pe agbegbe naa ti gbooro sii ju aw?n aala ti Buganda nipa fowo si aw?n adehun di? sii p?lu aw?n ij?ba miiran (Toro ni 1900, [31] Ankole ni 1901, ati Bunyoro ni 1933[32]) si agbegbe kan. ti o ni aij?ju ni ibamu si ti Uganda ode oni.[33] Ipo ti Protectorate ni aw?n abajade ti o yat? pup? fun Uganda ju ti agbegbe naa ti j? ileto bi Kenya adugbo, niw?n igba ti Uganda ti ni iw?n ij?ba ti ara ?ni ti yoo j? bib??k? ti ni opin lab? i?akoso amunisin ni kikun.[34] Ni aw?n ?dun 1890, aw?n alagba?e 32,000 lati Ilu G??si India ni a gba?? si Ila-oorun Afirika lab? aw?n adehun i?? i?? indentured lati k? ?na Railway Uganda.[35] Pup? jul? aw?n ara India ti o ye w?n pada si ile, ?ugb?n 6,724 pinnu lati wa ni Ila-oorun Afirika l?hin ipari ila naa.[36] L?hinna, di? ninu aw?n di oni?òwo ati ki o gba i?akoso ti owu ginning ati sartorial soobu.[37] Lati ?dun 1900 si 1920, ajakale arun oorun kan ni apa gusu Uganda, l?ba ariwa eti okun adagun Victoria, ti pa di? sii ju 250,000 eniyan.[38] Ogun Agbaye II gba i?akoso amunisin ti Uganda ni iyanju lati gba aw?n ?m? ogun 77,143 lati ?i?? ni Aw?n ib?n Afirika ?ba. W?n rii ni i?e ni ipolongo Aginju Oorun, ipolongo Abyssinian, Ogun Madagascar ati ipolongo Burma. Ominira (1962 si 1965) Uganda gba ominira lati UK ni 9 O?u K?wa ?dun 1962 p?lu ?babìnrin Elizabeth II g?g?bi olori ilu ati ?babìnrin ti Uganda. Ni O?u K?wa ?dun 1963, Uganda di olominira ?ugb?n o t?ju ?m? ?gb? r? ni Agbaye ti Aw?n Oril?-ede. Idibo igba ominira ak?k?, ti o waye ni ?dun 1962, j? bori nipas? aj??ep? laarin Uganda People's Congress (UPC) ati Kabaka Yekka (KY). UPC ati KY ?e agbekal? ij?ba ak?k? l?hin-ominira p?lu Milton Obote g?g?bi Alakoso Alakoso, p?lu Buganda Kabaka (?ba) Edward Muteesa II di ipo ay?y? nla ti Aare.[39][40] Aw?n ?dun ti ominira l?s?k?s? ti Uganda j? gaba lori nipas? ibatan laarin ij?ba aringbungbun ati ij?ba agbegbe ti o tobi jul? – Buganda.[41] Lati akoko ti Ilu G??si ti ??da aabo aabo Uganda, ?r? bi o ?e le ?akoso ij?ba ?ba ti o tobi jul? laarin ilana ti ipinl? i??kan kan ti j? i?oro nigbagbogbo. Aw?n gomina amunisin ti kuna lati wa agbekal? kan ti o ?i??. Eyi j? idiju siwaju sii nipas? iwa ai?edeede Buganda si ibatan r? p?lu ij?ba aringbungbun. Buganda ko wa ominira ?ugb?n kuku han pe o ni itunu p?lu eto alaimu?in?in ti o ?e i?eduro aw?n anfani w?n loke aw?n koko-?r? miiran laarin aabo tabi ipo pataki nigbati Ilu G??si l?. Eyi j? ?ri ni apakan nipas? aw?n ija laarin aw?n ala?? amunisin Ilu G??si ati Buganda ?aaju ominira.[42] Laarin Buganda, aw?n ipin wa - laarin aw?n ti o f? ki Kabaka wa ni ?ba ala?? ati aw?n ti o f? darap? m? p?lu iyoku Uganda lati ??da ipinl? alailesin ode oni. Iyapa naa yorisi ?da ti aw?n ?gb? ti o da lori Buganda meji - Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Nikan) KY, ati Democratic Party (DP) ti o ni aw?n gbongbo ninu Ile ij?sin Katoliki. Ibanuj? laarin aw?n ?gb? mejeeji w?nyi le gidigidi paapaa bi aw?n idibo ak?k? fun ile-igbim? a?ofin l?hin-Colonial ti sunm?. Aw?n Kabaka paapaa korira olori DP, Benedicto Kiwanuka.[43] Ni ita Buganda, oloselu alar?-?r? kan lati Àríwá Uganda, Milton Obote, ti ?e aj??ep? kan ti aw?n oloselu ti kii ?e Buganda lati ?e agbekal? ?gb? Aw?n eniyan Uganda (UPC). UPC ni ?kan r? j? gaba lori nipas? aw?n oloselu ti o f? lati ?e atun?e ohun ti w?n rii bi aidogba agbegbe ti o ?e ojurere si ipo pataki Buganda. Eyi fa atil?yin idaran lati ita Buganda. ?gb? naa sib?sib? j? if?kanbal? alaimu?in?in ti aw?n if?, ?ugb?n Obote ?e afihan ?gb?n nla ni idunadura w?n sinu il? ti o w?p? ti o da lori agbekal? Ìj?ba àpap??. Ni Ominira, ibeere Buganda ko ni ipinnu. Uganda j? ?kan ninu aw?n agbegbe amunisin di? ti o gba ominira laisi ?gb? o?elu ti o ni agbara ti o p? jul? ni ile asofin. Ninu aw?n idibo i?aaju-ominira, UPC ko ?e aw?n oludije ni Buganda ati bori 37 ti aw?n ijoko 61 ti o yan taara (ni ita Buganda). DP gba aw?n ijoko 24 ni ita Buganda. “Ipo pataki” ti a fun Buganda tum? si pe aw?n ijoko Buganda 21 ni a yan nipas? a?oju iw?n ti o ?e afihan aw?n idibo si ile igbim? a?ofin Buganda - Lukikko. KY gba a ìb?n tó ? dún kíkankíkan lori DP, gba gbogbo 21 ijoko. UPC de ipo giga ni opin ?dun 1964 nigbati adari DP ni ile igbim? a?ofin, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya, k?ja il? ile igbim? a?ofin p?lu aw?n ?m? ile-igbim? marun miiran, ti o fi DP sil? p?lu aw?n ijoko m?san nikan. Inu aw?n ?m? ile igbim? a?ofin DP ko dun ni pataki pe ikorira ti olori w?n, Benedicto Kiwanuka, si Kabaka n ?e idiw? aw?n aye w?n lati fi ?nuko p?lu KY.[45] Aw?n ?tan ti aw?n abaw?n ti yipada si ikun omi nigbati aw?n ?m? ?gb? KY 10 k?ja il? nigbati w?n rii pe i??p? deede p?lu UPC ko le ?ee ?e m?. Aw?n ?r? ifarabal? ti Obote kaakiri oril?-ede n gba gbogbo niwaju r?, ati pe UPC n bori fere gbogbo idibo agbegbe ti o waye ati jij? i?akoso r? lori gbogbo aw?n igbim? agbegbe ati aw?n a?ofin ni ita Buganda.[46] Idahun lati ?d? Kabaka j? odi - boya akoonu ni ipa ay?y? r? ati aami aami ni apakan oril?-ede r?. Sib?sib?, aw?n iyapa nla tun wa laarin aafin r? ti o j? ki o ?oro fun u lati ?e ada?e daadaa si Obote. Ni akoko Uganda ti di ominira, Buganda “j? ile ti o pin p?lu aw?n ologun awuj? ati ti i?elu”[47] sib?sib? aw?n i?oro wa ni pip?nti inu UPC. Bi aw?n ipo r? ti n p? si, aw?n ?ya, ?sin, agbegbe, ati aw?n anfani ti ara ?ni b?r? si mì ?gb? naa. Agbara ti ?gb? ti o han gbangba ti baj? ni ?na ti o nip?n ti aw?n ija ?gb? ni aarin ati aw?n ?ya agbegbe. Ati nipas? ?dun 1966, UPC ti ya ara r? ya. Aw?n ija naa tun p? si nipas? aw?n tuntun ti o ti k?ja il? ile igbim? a?ofin lati DP ati KY.[48] Aw?n a?oju UPC de Gulu ni ?dun 1964 fun apej? aw?n a?oju w?n. Eyi ni afihan ak?k? bi Obote ?e n padanu i?akoso ?gb? r?. Ija lori Akowe-Agba ti ?gb? naa j? idije kikoro laarin oludije oniw?ntunw?nsi tuntun - Grace Ibingira ati John Kakonge ti o jagun. Ibingira l?hinna di aami ti alatako si Obote laarin UPC. Eyi j? ifosiwewe pataki nigbati o n wo aw?n i??l? ti o t?le ti o yorisi aaw? laarin Buganda ati ij?ba Central. Fun aw?n ti ita UPC (p?lu aw?n olufowosi KY), eyi j? ami kan pe Obote j? ipalara. Aw?n alafojusi Keen rii pe UPC kii ?e ?y? kan ti o ni i??kan.[49] Iparun ti ?gb? UPC-KY ni gbangba ?afihan ainit?l?run Obote ati aw?n miiran ni nipa “ipo pataki” Buganda. Ni ?dun 1964, ij?ba dahun si aw?n ibeere lati aw?n apakan ti ij?ba Buganda nla ti w?n kii ?e ?m? ab?l? Kabaka. ?aaju ij?ba amunisin, Buganda ti ni idije nipas? ij?ba Bunyoro adugbo r?. Buganda ti ??gun aw?n apakan ti Bunyoro ati pe aw?n amunisin Ilu G??si ti ?e agbekal? eyi ni aw?n adehun Buganda. Ti a m? si ""aw?n agbegbe ti o s?nu"", aw?n eniyan ni aw?n agbegbe w?nyi f? lati pada si jije apakan ti Bunyoro. Obote pinnu lati gba idibo, eyiti o binu aw?n Kabaka ati pup? jul? aw?n iyokù Buganda. Aw?n olugbe ti aw?n agbegbe ti dibo lati pada si Bunyoro pelu aw?n igbiyanju Kabaka lati ni ipa lori idibo naa.[50] L?hin ti o padanu idibo naa, KY tako owo naa lati gbe aw?n agbegbe l? si Bunyoro, nitorinaa fi opin si aj??ep? p?lu UPC. Iwa ti ?ya ti i?elu Uganda tun n farahan ni ij?ba. UPC ti o ti j? ?gb? oril?-ede t?l? b?r? si ya p?lu aw?n ila ?ya nigba ti Ibingira koju Obote ni UPC. Ìpín ??yà “Àríwá/ Gúúsù” tí ó ti hàn gbangba nínú ètò ?r?? ajé àti láwùj? nísinsìnyí ti fìdí ara r?? múl?? nínú ì?èlú. Obote yi ara r? ka p?lu aw?n oloselu ariwa jul? - A. A. Neykon, Felix Onama, Alex Ojera - nigba ti aw?n alatil?yin Ibingira ti w?n mu ati s?w?n p?lu r?, paapaa lati Gusu - George Magezi, B. Kirya, Matthias Ngobi. Ni akoko, aw?n ?gb? meji gba aw?n aami eya - ""Bantu"" (eyiti o j? apakan Gusu Ibingira) ati ""Nilotic"" (eyiti o j? ?ya Àríwá Obote). Èrò náà pé ìj?ba ? bá àw?n Bantu jagun tún p?? sí i nígbà tí Obote mú tí ó sì fi àw?n minisita Bantu tí w??n j?? alátìl?yìn Ibingira s??w??n.[51] Aw?n aami w?nyi mu wa sinu idap? aw?n ipa agbara meji pup?. Buganda ak?k? - aw?n eniyan Buganda j? Bantu ati nitorinaa ?e deede si ?gb? Ibingira. ?gb? Ibingira siwaju si il?siwaju aj??ep? yii nipa ?sun Obote pe o f? lati bori Kabaka.[51] W?n ti wa ni ibamu si Obote ti o tako. ?l??keji - aw?n ologun aabo - aw?n amunisin Ilu G??si ti gba ?m? ogun ati ?l?pa ti o f?r?? j? iyas?t? lati Àríwá Uganda nitori pe w?n y? fun aw?n ipa w?nyi. Ni ominira, ?m? ogun ati ?l?pa j? gaba lori nipas? aw?n ?ya ariwa - ni pataki Nilotic. W?n yoo ni im?lara di? sii ni ibatan si Obote, ati pe o lo anfani ti eyi ni kikun lati fikun agbara r?. Ni O?u K?rin ?dun 1966, Obote jade ni ?gb?rin aw?n ?m? ogun tuntun ti o gba ni Moroto, eyiti ida aad?rin ninu w?n wa lati ?kun Ariwa.[52] Ni akoko ti o wa ni ifarahan lati woye ij?ba aringbungbun ati aw?n ologun aabo g?g?bi aw?n ""aw?n ara ariwa"" ti j? gaba lori - paapaa Acholi ti o nipas? UPC ni aaye pataki si aw?n ipo ij?ba ni ipele oril?-ede.[53] Ni ariwa Uganda aw?n iw?n ori?iri?i tun wa ti aw?n ikunsinu anti-Buganda, ni pataki lori “ipo pataki” ti ij?ba ?aaju ati l?hin ominira, ati gbogbo aw?n anfani eto-?r? ati awuj? ti o wa p?lu ipo yii. ""Obote mu aw?n n?mba pataki ti aw?n ara ariwa wa si aarin ilu, mejeeji nipas? i?? ilu ati ologun, o si ??da ?r? ti o ni atil?yin ni Àríwá Uganda"".[53] Sib?sib?, mejeeji ""Bantu"" ati aw?n aami ""Nilotic"" j? a?oju aw?n ambiguities pataki. ?ka Bantu fun ap??r? p?lu mejeeji Buganda ati Bunyoro – aw?n abanidije kikoro itan-ak??l?. Aami Nilotic p?lu Lugbara, Acholi, ati Langi, gbogbo w?n ni aw?n idije kikoro ti o j? as?ye i?elu ologun Uganda nigbamii. Pelu aw?n aibikita w?nyi, aw?n i??l? w?nyi laim??m? mu wa si iwaju ipinya i?elu ariwa/guusu eyiti o tun ni ipa lori i?elu Ugandan ni iw?n di?. Pipin UPC t?siwaju bi aw?n alatako ?e akiyesi ailagbara Obote. Ni ipele agbegbe nibiti UPC ti j? gaba lori pup? jul? aibal? aw?n igbim? b?r? lati koju aw?n oludari igbim? ti o wa ni ipo. Paapaa ni agbegbe ile Obote, igbiyanju ni a ?e lati y? olori igbim? agbegbe ni ?dun 1966. Otit? ti o ni aniyan di? sii fun UPC ni pe aw?n idibo oril?-ede ti o t?le ni 1967 - ati laisi atil?yin ti KY (ti o ?ee ?e bayi lati ?e). ?e af?yinti DP), ati ?gb? ti o dagba ni UPC, o ?ee?e gidi pe UPC yoo jade ni agbara ni aw?n o?u. Obote t?le KY p?lu i?e tuntun ti ile igbim? a?ofin ni ib?r? ?dun 1966 ti o ?e idiw? eyikeyi igbiyanju KY lati faagun ni ita Buganda. KY farahan lati dahun ni ile igbim? a?ofin nipas? ?kan ninu aw?n ?m? ile-igbim? w?n di? ti o ku, Daudi Ochieng ti o ni aisan ti o gb?hin. Ochieng j? ohun irony – botil?j?pe lati Àríwá Uganda, o ti dide ni ipo giga ti KY o si di alam?de tim?tim? si Kabaka ti o fun u ni aw?n ak?le il? nla ni Buganda. Nigba ti Obote ko si ni ile igbimo asofin, Ochieng fi han gbangba bi ole jibiti ehin-erin ati wura ti ko lodi si orileede Congo ti oga agba awon omo ogun Obote, Colonel Idi Amin ti se. O tun fi ?sun kan pe Obote, Onama ati Neykon ni gbogbo w?n ni anfaani eto naa.[54]. Aw?n ile-igbim? a?ofin ti dibo pup?ju fun ipinnu lati fi ?sun kan Amin ati ?e iwadii ipa ti Obote. Eyi gbon ij?ba naa o si gbe wahala soke ni oril?-ede naa. KY tun ?e afihan agbara r? lati koju Obote lati inu ?gb? r? ni apej? UPC Buganda nibiti Godfrey Binaisa (Agb?j?ro Gbogbogbo) ti y? kuro nipas? ?gb? kan gbagb? pe o ni atil?yin KY, Ibingira ati aw?n eroja anti-Obote miiran ni Buganda.[47] ] Idahun Obote ni lati mu Ibingira ati aw?n minisita miiran ni ipade minisita ati lati gba aw?n agbara pataki ni Kínní 1966. Ni O?u K?ta ?dun 1966, Obote tun kede pe aw?n ?fiisi ti Alakoso ati igbakeji aar? yoo d?kun lati wa - ti y? Kabaka kuro ni imunadoko. Obote tun fun Amin ni agbara di? sii - fifun u ni ipo Alakoso Ogun lori ?niti o ni i?aaju (Opolot) ti o ni ibatan si Buganda nipas? igbeyawo (o ?ee ?e gbagb? pe Opolot yoo l?ra lati gba igbese ologun lodi si Kabaka ti o ba wa si eyi). Obote pa ofin ofin run ati pe o da aw?n idibo duro ni imunadoko nitori o?u di?. Obote l? lori t?lifisi?nu ati redio lati fi ?sun kan Kabaka fun ?p?l?p? aw?n ??? p?lu bibeere fun aw?n ?m? ogun ajeji eyiti o dabi ?ni pe o ti ?awari nipas? Kabaka l?hin aw?n agbas? ?r? ti Amin n gbero igbim? kan. Obote tun tu a?? ti Kabaka kuro nipa ikede laarin aw?n igbese miiran: Imukuro ti aw?n igbim? i?? ti gbogbo eniyan ti ominira fun aw?n ?ya apapo. Eyi y? a?? Kabaka kuro lati yan aw?n o?i?? ilu ni Buganda. Imukuro ti Ile-?j? giga ti Buganda - yiy? eyikeyi a?? idaj? ti Kabaka ni. Gbigbe i?akoso owo Buganda lab? i?akoso aarin siwaju siwaju. Abolition ti aw?n il? fun Buganda olori. Il? j? ?kan ninu aw?n orisun pataki ti agbara Kabaka lori aw?n ?m? ab? r?. Ila naa si won bayi kale fun a show m?l? laarin Buganda ati Central ijoba. Aw?n opitan le jiyan nipa boya eyi le ti yago fun nipas? adehun. Eyi ko ?ee?e bi Obote ?e ni igboya bayi o si rii Kabaka bi alailera. Looot?, nipa gbigba ipo aar? ni ?dun m?rin s?yin ti w?n si ba UPC, Kabaka ti pin aw?n eniyan r? ti w?n si gba ?gb? kan si ekeji. Laarin aw?n ile-i?? i?elu Buganda, aw?n idije ti ?sin ati if? ti ara ?ni j? ki aw?n ile-i?? j? ailagbara ati lagbara lati dahun si aw?n gbigbe ij?ba aringbungbun. Aw?n Kabaka ni igbagbogbo ni a gba bi aibikita ati aibikita si im?ran lati ?d? aw?n oloselu Buganda ti o j? ?d? ti o loye dara jul? i?elu l?hin Ominira tuntun, bii aw?n a?aaju ti o j? ambivalent si ohun ti n ??l? niw?n igba ti aw?n anfani ibile w?n ti t?ju. Aw?n Kabaka ?e ojurere fun aw?n a?awakiri tuntun.[55] Ni May 1966, aw?n Kabaka gbe r?. Ó béèrè fún ìrànl??w?? láti il?? òkèèrè, ilé ìgbìm?? a?òfin Buganda sì s? pé kí ìj?ba Uganda kúrò ní Buganda (títí kan olú ìlú náà, Kampala). Ni idahun Obote pase fun Idi Amin lati kolu aafin Kabaka. Ija fun aafin Kabaka j? lile - aw?n oluso Kabaka ti nfi idiw? di? sii ju ti a ti ?e y? l?. Olori ik?k? ti Ilu G??si - Kabaka p?lu aw?n ologun bi 120 ti o ni iham?ra t?ju Idi Amin ni eti okun fun wakati mejila.[56] W??n fojú bù ú pé n?kan bí ?gb??rún méjì [2,000] èèyàn ló kú nínú ogun tó parí nígbà tí àw?n ?m? ogun ké sí àw?n ìb?n tó wúwo, tí w??n sì borí ààfin náà. Idagbasoke igberiko ti a ti nreti ni Buganda ko waye ati pe aw?n wakati di? l?hinna Obote ti o ni im?l? pade aw?n oniroyin lati gbadun i??gun r?. Kabaka naa sal? lori aw?n odi aafin ati pe aw?n olufowosi gbe w?n l? si igbekun ni Ilu L?nd?nu. Ó kú níb?? ní ?dún m??ta l??yìn náà. ?dun 1966–1971 (?aaju ki o to gbaj?ba) Ni ?dun 1966, l?yin ija agbara laarin ij?ba ti Obote dari ati ?ba Muteesa, Obote da ofin ofin duro o si y? aar? ay?y? ati igbakeji aar? kuro. Ni ?dun 1967, ofin titun kan kede Uganda ni ilu olominira o si pa aw?n ij?ba ibile run. Obote ni won so gege bi aare.[25] 1971 (l?hin igbasil?) -1979 (ipari ij?ba Amin) Nkan ak?k?: Itan Ilu Uganda (1971–79) L?hin igbim? ologun ni ?j? 25 O?u Kini ?dun 1971, Obote ti y? kuro ni agbara ati Gbogbogbo Idi Amin gba i?akoso oril?-ede naa. Amin ?e akoso Uganda g?g?bi alakoso ij?ba p?lu atil?yin ti ologun fun ?dun m?j? to nb?.[57] O ?e ipaniyan pup? laarin oril?-ede lati ?et?ju i?akoso r?. O f?r? to 80,000–500,000 aw?n ara ilu Ugandan ku ni akoko ij?ba r?.[58] Yàt?? sí ìwà ìkà r??, ó fi tipátipá mú àw?n ?m? il?? Í?díà tó j?? oní?òwò láti oríl??-èdè Uganda.[59] Ni O?u Karun ?dun 1976, aw?n onijagidijagan Palestine ji ?k? ofurufu Air France kan ti w?n si fi agbara mu lati bal? ni papa ?k? ofurufu Entebbe. ?g??rùn-ún lára ??àw?n 250 arìnrìn àjò tí ó wà nínú ?k?? náà ní ìpil????? ni w??n gbá w?n m??ra títí ìjagunbal?? Commando kan ní Ísír??lì fi gbà w??n ní ?j?? m??wàá l??yìn náà.[60] Ij?ba Amin ti pari l?hin Ogun Uganda-Tanzania ni ?dun 1979, ninu eyiti aw?n ?m? ogun Tanzania ?e iranl?w? nipas? aw?n igbekun Ugandan yabo si Uganda. 1979-lowolowo Yoweri Museveni ti j? aar? lati igba ti aw?n ?m? ogun r? ti bori ij?ba i?aaju ni O?u Kini ?dun 1986. Aw?n ?gb? o?elu ni Uganda ni iham? ninu aw?n i?? w?n ti o b?r? ni ?dun y?n, ni iw?n kan ti a ?e ap?r? lati dinku iwa-ipa ?gb?. Ninu eto ti kii ?e ?gb? “Movement” ti Museveni fi lel?, aw?n ?gb? oselu t?siwaju lati wa, ?ugb?n ?fiisi ile-i?? nikan ni w?n le ?i??. W?n ko le ?i aw?n ?ka, ?e apej?, tabi aw?n oludije ni taara (botil?j?pe aw?n oludije idibo le j? ti aw?n ?gb? o?elu). If?r?wewe t’olofin kan fagile wiw?le-?dun m?kandinlogun yii lori i?elu aw?n ?gb? pup? ni O?u Keje ?dun 2005. Ni ?dun 1993, Pope John Paul Keji ?ab?wo si Uganda lakoko irin-ajo olu??-agutan ?l?j? m?fa r? lati r? aw?n ara Uganda lati wa ilaja. Nígbà ay?y? ?l??p?? èèyàn, ó b??w?? fún àw?n Krist?ni aj??rìíkú tí w??n pa. Ni aarin-si-opin 1990s, Museveni ti ni iyìn nipas? aw?n oril?-ede iw?-oorun g?g?bi apakan ti iran tuntun ti aw?n oludari ile Afirika.[62] Alakoso ij?ba r? ti baj?, sib?sib?, nipa ik?lu ati gbigba ni Democratic Republic of Congo lakoko Ogun Kongo Keji, eyiti o fa iku iku 5.4 milionu lati ?dun 1998, ati nipa ikopa ninu aw?n ija miiran ni agbegbe Aw?n Adagun Nla ti Afirika. Ó ti jà fún ??p?? ?dún nínú ogun ab??lé lòdì sí Army Resistance Army, tí ó j??bi ??p??l?p?? ìwà ??daràn lòdì sí ??dá ènìyàn, títí kan ìfirú ?m?dé, ìpakúpa Atak, àti ìpànìyàn púp?? mìíràn. Ìforígbárí ní àríwá Uganda ti pa ?gb??gb??rún ó sì ti lé àw?n mílí??nù kúrò nípò.[63] Ile-igbim? a?ofin fagile aw?n opin akoko alaar? ni ?dun 2005, ni ?sun nitori pe Museveni lo aw?n owo ilu lati san US $ 2,000 fun ?m? ?gb? ile-igbim? k??kan ti o ?e atil?yin iw?n naa.[64] Aw?n idibo Aare waye ni Kínní 2006. Museveni ti njijadu lodi si ?p?l?p? aw?n oludije, eyiti o ?e pataki jul? ninu w?n ni Kizza Besigye. Ni 20 Kínní 2011, Igbim? Idibo Uganda s? pe Aare ti o wa ni ipo Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ni oludibo ti o ??gun ti aw?n idibo 2011 ti o waye ni 18 Kínní 2011. Aw?n alatako sib?sib?, ko ni it?l?run p?lu aw?n esi, ti o da w?n l?bi bi o kún fun ?tan ati ?tan. . G?g?bi esi ti o?i?? naa, Museveni bori p?lu ida mejidinl?g?ta ninu aw?n ibo. Eyi ni ir?run gbe olutaja ti o sunm? jul?, Besigye, ti o ti j? oniwosan Museveni ti o si s? fun aw?n onirohin pe oun ati aw?n alatil?yin r? “fif? pal?” abajade naa bakanna bi ofin ailopin ti Museveni tabi eyikeyi eniyan ti o le yan. Besigye fikun pe aw?n idibo ti o ni ilodisi yoo daaju si adari ait? ati pe o wa si aw?n ara Uganda lati ?e itupal? eyi. A?oju Ifojusi Idibo ti European Union royin lori aw?n il?siwaju ati aw?n abaw?n ti ilana idibo Uganda: ""Ipolongo idibo ati ?j? idibo ni a ?e ni alaafia. ti aw?n ara ilu Ugandan ti a ko ni ?t?.”[65] Lati O?u K?j? ?dun 2012, ?gb? Anonymous hacktivist ti hal? m? aw?n o?i?? ij?ba Ugandan ati ti gepa aw?n oju opo w??bu ij?ba osise lori aw?n owo-owo onibaje r?.[66] Di? ninu aw?n oluranl?w? agbaye ti hal? lati ge iranlowo owo si oril?-ede naa ti aw?n owo-owo ilodisi onibaje t?siwaju.[67] Aw?n afihan eto fun it?lera nipas? ?m? ààr?, Muhoozi Kainerugaba, ti p? si aw?n aifokanbale.[68][69][70][71] Alakoso Yoweri Museveni ti ?e akoso oril?-ede naa lati ?dun 1986 ati pe o j? atundi ibo tuntun ni O?u Kini ?dun 2021 aw?n idibo aar?. G?g?bi aw?n abajade osise ti Museveni gba aw?n idibo p?lu 58% ti ibo lakoko ti Bobi Wine ti o yipada-popstar ni 35%. Atako tako abajade naa nitori aw?n ?sun jibiti kaakiri ati aw?n ai?edeede.[72][73] Oludije alatako miiran j? ?m? ?dun 24 John Katumba. Agbègbè 1,465 / 5,000 Àw?n àbájáde ìtumò? Uganda wa ni guusu ila-oorun Afirika laarin 1º S ati 4º N latitude, ati laarin 30º E ati 35º E longitude. Il?-il? r? j? oniruuru pup? ti o ni aw?n oke oke-nla, aw?n oke-nla, ati aw?n adagun. Aw?n oril?-ede joko ni aropin 900 mita loke okun ipele. Mejeeji aw?n aala ila-oorun ati iw?-oorun ti Uganda ni aw?n oke-nla. Oke Ruwenzori ni tente oke giga jul? ni Uganda, eyiti a npè ni Alexandra ati iw?n aw?n mita 5,094. Adagun ati odo Pup? ti guusu ti oril?-ede naa ni ipa nla nipas? ?kan ninu aw?n adagun nla ti agbaye, Adagun Victoria, eyiti o ni aw?n ereku?u pup? ninu. Aw?n ilu ti o ?e pataki jul? wa ni guusu, nitosi adagun yii, p?lu Kampala olu-ilu ati ilu Entebbe ti o wa nitosi.[75] Adagun Kyoga wa ni aarin oril?-ede naa ati pe o wa ni ayika nipas? aw?n agbegbe alarinrin nla.[76] Botil?j?pe o wa ni il?, Uganda ni ?p?l?p? aw?n adagun nla nla ninu. Yato si Adagun Victoria ati Kyoga, Adagun Albert, Adagun Edward, ati Adagun George ti o kere jul? wa.[75] Uganda da fere patapata laarin aw?n Nile agbada. Omi Victoria Nile n ?an lati Adagun Victoria sinu adagun Kyoga ati l?hinna sinu Adagun Albert ni aala Congo. L?hinna o l? si ariwa si South Sudan. Agbegbe kan ni ila-oorun Uganda j? ?i?an nipas? Odò Suam, apakan ti agbada omi inu ti Adagun Turkana. Apa ariwa ila-oorun ti Uganda ti o ?an l? si Basin Lotikipi, eyiti o j? ak?k? ni Kenya.[75] Oniruuru ati itoju Nkan ak?k?: Itoju ni Uganda. Oniruuru ati itoju Nkan ak?k?: Itoju ni Uganda Uganda ni aw?n agbegbe idabobo 60, p?lu aw?n ?gba i?ere oril?-ede m?wa: Egan Oril?-ede Bwindi Impenetrable ati Egan Oril?-ede Rwenzori (mejeeji Aw?n aaye Ajogunba Aye UNESCO[77]), Egan Oril?-ede Kibale, Egan Oril?-ede Oril?-ede Kidepo, Egan Orile-ede Lake Mburo, Egan Oril?-ede Mgahinga Gorilla, Oke Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, ati Semuliki National Park. Uganda j? ile si n?mba nla ti aw?n eya, p?lu olugbe ti aw?n gorilla oke ni Egan Oril?-ede Bwindi Impenetrable, gorillas ati aw?n obo goolu ni Egan Oril?-ede Mgahinga Gorilla, ati aw?n erinmi ni Egan Oril?-ede Murchison Falls.[79] Oril?-ede naa ni At?ka I?eduro Il?-il? Il? igbo kan ti 2019 tum? si Dimegilio ti 4.36/10, ni ipo 128th ni kariaye ninu aw?n oril?-ede 172.", -7004846977014789865,train,what are the aims and objectives of unicef,The United Nations Children 's Fund (UNICEF / ˈjuːnɪsɛf /) is a United Nations (UN) program headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group.,['eagle'],kí ni àwọn ète àti ìlépa àjọ unicef,Yes,"[""UNICEF ni ede geesi duro fun United Nations Children's Fund (Ajo Isokan awon Orile-ede fun awon Omode).""]","[""UNICEF ni ede geesi duro fun United Nations Children's Fund (Ajo Isokan awon Orile-ede fun awon Omode).""]",['P1'],1,0," UNICEF UNICEF ni ede geesi duro fun United Nations Children's Fund (Ajo Isokan awon Orile-ede fun awon Omode). ","United Nations Children's Fund Abbreviation UNICEF Established 11 December 1946 Type Fund Legal status Active Headquarters New York City , Geneva Executive Director Anthony Lake Parent organization United Nations Affiliations United Nations Revenue $5,009,557,471 Website www .unicef .org The United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF / ˈ juː n ɪ s ɛ f / ) is a United Nations (UN) program headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries . It is a member of the United Nations Development Group . The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was created by the United Nations General Assembly on the 11th of December 1946, to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II . The Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman is widely regarded as the founder of UNICEF and served as its first chairman from 1946. On Rajchman's suggestion, the American Maurice Pate was appointed its first executive director, serving from 1947 until his death in 1965. In 1950, UNICEF's mandate was extended to address the long-term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere. In 1953 it became a permanent part of the United Nations System , and the words ""international"" and ""emergency"" were dropped from the organization's name, making it simply the United Nations Children's Fund, retaining the original acronym, ""UNICEF"". UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors, UNICEF's total income for 2015 was US$5,009,557,471. Governments contribute two-thirds of the organization's resources. Private groups and individuals contribute the rest through national committees. It is estimated that 92 per cent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to program services. UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006. Most of UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and territories. More than 200 country offices carry out UNICEF's mission through programs developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed. UNICEF's Supply Division is based in Copenhagen and serves as the primary point of distribution for such essential items as vaccines , antiretroviral medicines for children and mothers with HIV , nutritional supplements, emergency shelters , family reunification , and educational supplies. A 36-member executive board establishes policies, approves programs and oversees administrative and financial plans. The executive board is made up of government representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council , usually for three-year terms. Contents [ hide ] 1 Governance 2 UNICEF national committees 3 Promotion and fundraising 4 Sponsorship 4.1 UNICEF Kid Power 4.2 Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box 4.3 Cartoons for Children's Rights 4.4 Corporate partnership 4.5 Corporate Social Responsibility 4.6 Girl Star 5 Celebrity ambassadors 6 Facilities 6.1 UNICEF World Warehouse 6.2 UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre 7 Controversies 7.1 Adoption program 7.2 Infant mortality 7.3 NSA surveillance 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Governance [ edit ] Each country office (190 countries) carries out UNICEF's mission through a unique program of cooperation developed with the host government. This five-year program focuses on practical ways to realize the rights of children and women. Regional offices guide this work and provide technical assistance to country offices as needed. Overall management and administration of the organization takes place at headquarters, where global policy on children is shaped. Guiding and monitoring all of UNICEF's work is a 36 -member Executive Board made up of government representatives. They establish policies, approve programs and decide on administrative and financial plans and budgets. Executive Board’s work is coordinated by the Bureau, comprising the President and four Vice-Presidents(Total 5), each officer representing one of the five regional groups. These five officers, each one representing one of the five regional groups, are elected by the Executive Board each year from among its members, with the presidency rotating among the regional groups on an annual basis. As a matter of custom, permanent members of the Security Council do not serve as officers of the Executive Board. Office of the Secretary of the Executive Board supports and services the Executive Board. It is responsible for maintaining an effective relationship between the Executive Board and the UNICEF secretariat, and helps to organize the field visits of the Executive Board. UNICEF School in a box contains basic educational items for one teacher and 40 students UNICEF national committees [ edit ] See also: List of UNICEF National Committees There are national committees in 34 [industrialized] countries, each established as an independent local non-governmental organization . The national committees raise funds from the private sector. UNICEF is funded entirely by voluntary contributions, and the National Committees collectively raise around one-third of UNICEF's annual income. This comes through contributions from corporations, civil society organizations around six million individual donors worldwide. Promotion and fundraising [ edit ] In the United States , Canada and some other countries, UNICEF is known for its ""Trick-Or-Treat for UNICEF"" program in which children collect money for UNICEF from the houses they trick-or-treat on Halloween night, sometimes instead of candy. UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world, but not involved in nine others ( Bahamas , Brunei , Cyprus , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Malta , Mauritius , Monaco , and Singapore ). Many people in developed countries first hear about UNICEF's work through the activities of one of the 36 National Committees for UNICEF . These non-governmental organizations (NGO) are primarily responsible for fundraising , selling UNICEF greeting cards and products, creating private and public partnerships, advocating for children's rights, and providing other support. The US Fund for UNICEF is the oldest of the national committees, founded in 1947. On 19 April 2007, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009). In 2009, the British retailer Tesco used ""Change for Good"" as advertising, which is trademarked by UNICEF for charity usage but not for commercial or retail use. This prompted the agency to say, ""it is the first time in Unicef's history that a commercial entity has purposely set out to capitalise on one of our campaigns and subsequently damage an income stream which several of our programs for children are dependent on"". They went on to call on the public ""who have children’s welfare at heart, to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices"". Sponsorship [ edit ] Lionel Messi who is wearing a Barcelona shirt showing the UNICEF logo On 7 September 2006, an agreement between UNICEF and the Spanish Catalan association football club FC Barcelona was reached whereby the club would donate 1.5 million Euros per year to the organization for five years. As part of the agreement, FC Barcelona would wear the UNICEF logo on the front of their uniforms. This was the first time a football club sponsored an organization rather than the other way around. It was also the first time in FC Barcelona's history that they have had another organization's name across the front of their uniform. In January 2007 UNICEF struck a partnership with Canada's national tent pegging team. The team was officially re-flagged as ""UNICEF Team Canada"", its riders wear UNICEF's logo in competition, and team members promote and raise funds for UNICEF's campaign against childhood HIV-AIDS. When the team became the 2008 tent pegging world champions, UNICEF's flag was raised alongside the Canadian flag at the games, the first time in the history of international Grand Prix equestrian competition that a non-state flag has flown over the medal podium. The Swedish club Hammarby IF followed the Spanish and Canadian lead on 14 April 2007, also raising funds for UNICEF and displaying the UNICEF name on their sportswear. The Danish football club Brøndby IF participated in a similar arrangement from 2008 to 2013. Australian A-League club Sydney FC announced they would also enter into a partnership with UNICEF raising funds for children in the Asia-Pacific region , and would also display the UNICEF logo for the remainder of the 2011-12 A-League season. Race driver Jacques Villeneuve has occasionally placed the UNICEF logo on the #27 Bill Davis Racing pickup truck in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . In Botswana , UNICEF has funded the development of new state-of-the-art HIV/AIDS education for every schoolchild in Botswana from nonprofit organization TeachAIDS . UNICEF announced a landmark partnership with Scottish club Rangers F.C. UNICEF partnered with the Rangers Charity Foundation and pledged to raise £300,000 by 2011. In 2010, UNICEF created a partnership with Phi Iota Alpha , making them the first Greek Lettered Organization UNICEF has ever worked with. In 2011, Phi Iota Alpha raised over $20,000 for the Tap Project and the Trick or Treats for UNICEF Campaign. In 2013, they agreed a contract with Greek association football champions Olympiacos F.C. who will show the organization's logo on the front of their shirts. UNICEF Kid Power [ edit ] Main article: UNICEF Kid Power Started in 2015, Kid Power is a division of UNICEF that was created as an effort to involve kids in helping other kids in need. UNICEF Kid Power developed the world’s first Wearable for Good, called Kid Power Bands, which is a kids’ fitness tracker bracelet that connects to a smartphone app. The app lets users complete missions, which counts total steps and awards points. The points then unlock funding from partners, which is then used by UNICEF to deliver lifesaving packets of therapeutic food to severely malnourished children around the world. Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box [ edit ] Main article: Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Since 1950, when a group of children in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , donated $17 which they received on Halloween to help post-World War II victims, the Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box has become a tradition in North America during the fall. These small orange boxes are handed to children at schools and other locations before 31 October. As of 2012 [update] , the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign has collected approximately CAD 91 million in Canada and over US$ 167 million in the U.S. Cartoons for Children's Rights [ edit ] Main article: Cartoons for Children's Rights In 1994, UNICEF held a summit encouraging animation studios around the world to create individual animated spots demonstrating the international rights of children. Cartoons for Children's Rights is the collection of animated shorts based on UNICEF’s Convention on the Rights of the Child . Corporate partnership [ edit ] To raise money to support its Education and Literacy Programs, UNICEF collaborates with companies worldwide – international as well as small- and medium-sized businesses. Since 2004, the organization has been supported by Montblanc , working collaboratively to help the world's children getting better access to education. According to Vaccine News Daily , Merck & Co. partnered with UNICEF in June 2013 to decrease maternal mortality, HIV and tuberculosis prevalence in South Africa . Merck's program ""Merck for Mothers"" will give US$500 million worldwide for programs that improve health for expectant mothers and their children. In May 2010, Crucell N.V. announced an additional US$110 million award from UNICEF to supply its pentavalent pediatric vaccine Quinvaxem to the developing world. Corporate Social Responsibility [ edit ] UNICEF works directly with companies to improve their business practices, bringing them in line with obligations under international law , and ensuring that they respect children's rights in the realms of the marketplace, workplace, and the community. In 2012, UNICEF worked with Save the Children and The United Nations Global Compact to develop the Children's Rights and Business Principles and now these guidelines form the basis UNICEF's advice to companies. UNICEF works with companies seeking to improve their social sustainability by guiding them through a due diligence process where issues throughout their supply chain, such as child labor , can be identified and actions to ratify them are put in place. Girl Star [ edit ] The Girl Star project is a series of films which documents stories of girls from the most disadvantaged communities across five northern states in India who, through via education, have managed to break socio-economic constraints to make a success of their lives and become self-sufficient. These young women have grown to become role models in their communities, inspiring younger girls to go to school and continue their education. They have selected professions from the most conventional such as teaching and nursing, to the most unconventional like archery, bee-keeping, scrap management [ clarification needed ] , often entering what has traditionally been a man’s domain. Girl Star is also one of UNICEF’s most known projects. Celebrity ambassadors [ edit ] Main article: List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors UNICEF Ambassadors are leaders in the entertainment industry, representing the fields of film, television, music, sports and beyond. They help raise awareness of the needs of children, and use their talent and fame to fund-raise, advocate, and educate on behalf of UNICEF. Facilities [ edit ] One of the gates to the old UNICEF World Warehouse The UNICEF research centre in Florence UNICEF World Warehouse [ edit ] The old UNICEF World Warehouse is a large facility in Denmark , which hosts UNICEF deliverable goods as well as co-hosts emergency goods for United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). Until 2012 the facilities was a 25,000m 2 warehouse at Marmormolen in Copenhagen. With construction of a 45,000m 2 UN City that is to house all UN activities in Copenhagen under one roof, the warehouse service has been relocated to outer parts of the Freeport of Copenhagen . The facility houses the UNICEF Supply Division which manages strategic transport hubs in Dubai , Panama and Shanghai . The warehouse contains a variety of items, e.g., food supplements , water purification tablets , dietary and vitamin supplements , and the ""School in a box"" (illustrated above). UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre [ edit ] The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence , Italy , was established in 1988. The centre, formally known as the International Child Development Centres, has as its prime objectives to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights, to promote economic policies that advance the cause of children, and to help facilitate the full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in industrialized and developing countries. The program for 2006–2008 was approved by UNICEF Executive Board in September 2005. It reaffirms the centre's academic freedom and the focus of IRC's research on knowledge gaps, emerging questions and sensitive issues which are relevant to the realization of children's rights, in developing and industrialized countries. It capitalizes on IRC's role as an interface between UNICEF field experience, international experts, research networks and policy makers and is designed to strengthen the centre's institutional collaboration with regional academic and policy institutions, pursuing the following goals: Generation and communication of strategic and influential knowledge on issues affecting children and the realization of their rights; Knowledge exchange and brokering; Support to UNICEF's advocacy, policy's and program development in support of the Millennium Agenda Securing and strengthening the centre's institutional and financial basis. Three interrelated strategies guide the achievement of these goals: Evidence-based analysis drawing on quantitative and qualitative information, the application of appropriate methodologies, and the development of recommendations to assess and inform advocacy and policy action. Enhanced partnerships with research and policy institutions and development actors, globally and at regional level, in developing and industrialized countries. Communication and leveraging of research findings and recommendations to support policy development and advocacy initiatives through strategic dissemination of studies and contribution to relevant events and fora. Controversies [ edit ] Adoption program [ edit ] UNICEF has a policy preferring orphanages only be used as temporary accommodation for children when there is no alternative. UNICEF has historically opposed the creation of large-scale, permanent orphanages for children, preferring instead to find children places in their (extended) families and communities, wherever possible. This has led UNICEF to be skeptical of international adoption efforts as a solution to child care problems in developing countries; UNICEF has preferred to see children cared for in their birth countries rather than be adopted by foreign parents. Major news outlets such as US News have asserted UNICEF's intervention when giving large cash payments to developing countries can lead to a cessation of international adoptions until all of its recommendations are in place, and have even labeled UNICEF a ""villain"" for the extent of its negative impact on orphans. Elizabeth Bartholet and Paulo Barrozo have written in this context, encouraging adoption protocols to take on a more child-centric viewpoint. [ citation needed ] Infant mortality [ edit ] One concern is that the child mortality rate has not decreased in some areas as rapidly as had been planned, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where in 2013 ""the region still has the highest child mortality rate: 92 deaths per 1000 live births"". and that ""Globally, nearly half of under-five deaths are attributable to undernutrition."" In 2005, Richard Horton editor-in-chief of The Lancet , editorialized that ""over 60% of these deaths were and remain preventable"" and that the coverage levels for these interventions are ""appallingly low in the 42 countries that account for 90% of child deaths"". NSA surveillance [ edit ] Further information: Global surveillance disclosure Documents released by Edward Snowden in December 2013 showed that UNICEF was among the surveillance targets of British and American intelligence agencies. See also [ edit ] United Nations portal Hunger relief portal Afghan New Beginnings Programme Alliance for Healthy Cities Awaaz do – India Facts for Life Integrated Management of Childhood Illness James P. Grant , who was the third executive director of UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey , statistical monitoring program of UNICEF Music for UNICEF Concert Odisha State Child Protection Society Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS Voices of Youth RapidSMS (co-developed by UNICEF) Children in emergencies and conflicts Refugee children References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) . Official UNICEF website United Nations Rule of Law: The United Nations Children's Fund , on the rule of law work conducted by the United Nations Children Fund. UN Practitioner's Portal on HRBA Programming Resources on rights of the child , UN centralised webportal on the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Programming. Awards and achievements Preceded by Martin Luther King, Jr. Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1965 Succeeded by René Cassin 1968" -7701223412353671259,train,what is full form of u n i c e f,"The United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund was created by the United Nations General Assembly on 11 December 1946, to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. The Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman is widely regarded as the founder of UNICEF and served as its first chairman from 1946. On Rajchman 's suggestion, the American Maurice Pate was appointed its first executive director, serving from 1947 until his death in 1965. In 1950, UNICEF 's mandate was extended to address the long - term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere. In 1953 it became a permanent part of the United Nations System, and the words `` international '' and `` emergency '' were dropped from the organization 's name, making it simply the United Nations Children 's Fund, retaining the original acronym, `` UNICEF ''.","['the african great lakes region', 'south sudan']",kí ni UNICEF ní kíkún,Yes,"[""UNICEF ni ede geesi duro fun United Nations Children's Fund (Ajo Isokan awon Orile-ede fun awon Omode).""]","[""UNICEF ni ede geesi duro fun United Nations Children's Fund (Ajo Isokan awon Orile-ede fun awon Omode).""]",['P1'],1,0," UNICEF UNICEF ni ede geesi duro fun United Nations Children's Fund (Ajo Isokan awon Orile-ede fun awon Omode). ","United Nations Children's Fund Established 11 December 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946-12-11 ) Type Fund Legal status Active Headquarters New York City , New York , U.S. President Tore Hattrem Executive Director Henrietta H. Fore Parent organization United Nations Affiliations United Nations Revenue $5,009,557,471 Website www .unicef .org The United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF / ˈ juː n ɪ s ɛ f / ) is a United Nations (UN) program headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries . It is a member of the United Nations Development Group . The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was created by the United Nations General Assembly on 11 December 1946, to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II . The Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman is widely regarded as the founder of UNICEF and served as its first chairman from 1946. On Rajchman's suggestion, the American Maurice Pate was appointed its first executive director, serving from 1947 until his death in 1965. In 1950, UNICEF's mandate was extended to address the long-term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere. In 1953 it became a permanent part of the United Nations System , and the words ""international"" and ""emergency"" were dropped from the organization's name, making it simply the United Nations Children's Fund, retaining the original acronym, ""UNICEF"". UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors. UNICEF's total income for 2015 was US$5,009,557,471 . Governments contribute two-thirds of the organization's resources. Private groups and individuals contribute the rest through national committees. It is estimated that 92 per cent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to program services. UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006. Most of UNICEF's work is in the field, with a presence in 190 countries and territories. UNICEF's network of over 150 country offices, headquarters and other offices, and 34 National Committees carry out UNICEF's mission through programs developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed. UNICEF's Supply Division is based in Copenhagen and serves as the primary point of distribution for such essential items as vaccines , antiretroviral medicines for children and mothers with HIV , nutritional supplements, emergency shelters , family reunification , and educational supplies. A 36-member executive board establishes policies, approves programs and oversees administrative and financial plans. The executive board is made up of government representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council , usually for three-year terms. Contents 1 Governance 2 UNICEF national committees 3 Promotion and fundraising 4 Sponsorship 4.1 UNICEF Kid Power 4.2 Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box 4.3 Cartoons for Children's Rights 4.4 Corporate partnership 4.5 Corporate Social Responsibility 4.6 Girl Star 4.7 Kids United 5 Celebrity ambassadors 6 Facilities 6.1 UNICEF World Warehouse 6.2 UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre 7 Controversies 7.1 Adoption program 7.2 Infant mortality 7.3 NSA surveillance 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Governance [ edit ] Each country office carries out UNICEF's mission through a unique program of cooperation developed with the host government. This five-year program focuses on practical ways to realize the rights of children and women. Regional offices guide this work and provide technical assistance to country offices as needed. Overall management and administration of the organization takes place at headquarters, where global policy on children is shaped. Guiding and monitoring all of UNICEF's work is an Executive Board made up of 36 members who are government representatives. They establish policies, approve programs and decide on administrative and financial plans and budgets. Executive Board’s work is coordinated by the Bureau, comprising the President and four Vice-Presidents, each officer representing one of the five regional groups. These five officers, each one representing one of the five regional groups, are elected by the Executive Board each year from among its members, with the presidency rotating among the regional groups on an annual basis. As a matter of custom, permanent members of the Security Council do not serve as officers of the Executive Board. Office of the Secretary of the Executive Board supports and services the Executive Board. It is responsible for maintaining an effective relationship between the Executive Board and the UNICEF secretariat, and helps to organize the field visits of the Executive Board. UNICEF School in a box contains basic educational items for one teacher and 40 students UNICEF national committees [ edit ] See also: List of UNICEF National Committees There are national committees in 38 [industrialized] countries, each established as an independent local non-governmental organization . The national committees raise funds from the public sector. UNICEF is funded entirely by voluntary contributions, and the National Committees collectively raise around one-third of UNICEF's annual income. This comes through contributions from corporations, civil society organizations around six million individual donors worldwide. Promotion and fundraising [ edit ] In the United States , Canada and some other countries, UNICEF is known for its ""Trick-Or-Treat for UNICEF"" program in which children collect money for UNICEF from the houses they trick-or-treat on Halloween night, sometimes instead of candy. UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world, but not involved in nine others ( Bahamas , Brunei , Cyprus , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Malta , Mauritius , Monaco , and Singapore ). Many people in developed countries first hear about UNICEF's work through the activities of one of the 36 National Committees for UNICEF . These non-governmental organizations (NGO) are primarily responsible for fundraising , selling UNICEF greeting cards and products, creating private and public partnerships, advocating for children's rights, and providing other support. The US Fund for UNICEF is the oldest of the national committees, founded in 1947. On 19 April 2007, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009). In 2009, the British retailer Tesco used ""Change for Good"" as advertising, which is trademarked by UNICEF for charity usage but not for commercial or retail use. This prompted the agency to say, ""it is the first time in Unicef's history that a commercial entity has purposely set out to capitalise on one of our campaigns and subsequently damage an income stream which several of our programs for children are dependent on"". They went on to call on the public ""who have children’s welfare at heart, to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices"". Sponsorship [ edit ] Lionel Messi who is wearing a Barcelona shirt showing the UNICEF logo On 7 September 2006, an agreement between UNICEF and the Spanish Catalan association football club FC Barcelona was reached whereby the club would donate 1.5 million Euros per year to the organization for five years. As part of the agreement, FC Barcelona would wear the UNICEF logo on the front of their uniforms in the colour yellow (as seen in the picture on the right of Lionel Messi). This was the first time a football club sponsored an organization rather than the other way around. It was also the first time in FC Barcelona's history that they have had another organization's name across the front of their uniform. In 2016, the team signed a new four-year sponsorship deal with UNICEF guaranteeing the organization £ 1.58million per year and free advertising. In January 2007 UNICEF struck a partnership with Canada's national tent pegging team. The team was officially re-flagged as ""UNICEF Team Canada"", and its riders wear UNICEF's logo in competition, and team members promote and raise funds for UNICEF's campaign against childhood HIV-AIDS. When the team became the 2008 tent pegging world champions, UNICEF's flag was raised alongside the Canadian flag at the games, the first time in the history of international Grand Prix equestrian competition that a non-state flag has flown over the medal podium. The Swedish club Hammarby IF followed the Spanish and Canadian lead on 14 April 2007, also raising funds for UNICEF and displaying the UNICEF name on their sportswear. The Danish football club Brøndby IF participated in a similar arrangement from 2008 to 2013. In 2007, Race driver Jacques Villeneuve has occasionally placed the UNICEF logo on the #27 Bill Davis Racing pickup truck in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . Australian A-League club Sydney FC announced they would also enter into a partnership with UNICEF raising funds for children in the Asia-Pacific region , and would also display the UNICEF logo for the remainder of the 2011-12 A-League season. Race driver Jacques Villeneuve has occasionally placed the UNICEF logo on the #27 Bill Davis Racing pickup truck in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . In Botswana , UNICEF has funded the development of new state-of-the-art HIV/AIDS education for every schoolchild in Botswana from nonprofit organization TeachAIDS . UNICEF announced a landmark partnership with Scottish club Rangers F.C. UNICEF partnered with the Rangers Charity Foundation and pledged to raise £300,000 by 2011. In 2010, UNICEF created a partnership with Phi Iota Alpha , making them the first Greek Lettered Organization UNICEF has ever worked with. In 2011, Phi Iota Alpha raised over $20,000 for the Tap Project and the Trick or Treats for UNICEF Campaign. In 2013, they agreed a contract with Greek association football champions Olympiacos F.C. who will show the organization's logo on the front of their shirts. UNICEF Kid Power [ edit ] Main article: UNICEF Kid Power Started in 2015, Kid Power is a division of UNICEF that was created as an effort to involve kids in helping other kids in need. UNICEF Kid Power developed the world’s first Wearable for Good, called Kid Power Bands, which is a kids’ fitness tracker bracelet that connects to a smartphone app. The app lets users complete missions, which counts total steps and awards points. The points then unlock funding from partners, which is then used by UNICEF to deliver lifesaving packets of therapeutic food to severely malnourished children around the world. Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box [ edit ] Main article: Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Since 1950, when a group of children in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , donated $17 which they received on Halloween to help post-World War II victims, the Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box has become a tradition in North America during the fall. These small orange boxes are handed to children at schools and other locations before 31 October. As of 2012 [update] , the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign has collected approximately CAD 91 million in Canada and over US$ 167 million in the U.S. Cartoons for Children's Rights [ edit ] Main article: Cartoons for Children's Rights In 1994, UNICEF held a summit encouraging animation studios around the world to create individual animated spots demonstrating the international rights of children. Cartoons for Children's Rights is the collection of animated shorts based on UNICEF’s Convention on the Rights of the Child . Corporate partnership [ edit ] To raise money to support its Education and Literacy Programs, UNICEF collaborates with companies worldwide – international as well as small- and medium-sized businesses. Since 2004, the organization has been supported by Montblanc , working collaboratively to help the world's children getting better access to education. According to Vaccine News Daily , Merck & Co. partnered with UNICEF in June 2013 to decrease maternal mortality, HIV and tuberculosis prevalence in South Africa . Merck's program ""Merck for Mothers"" will give US$500 million worldwide for programs that improve health for expectant mothers and their children. In May 2010, Crucell N.V. announced an additional US$110 million award from UNICEF to supply its pentavalent pediatric vaccine Quinvaxem to the developing world. Corporate Social Responsibility [ edit ] UNICEF works directly with companies to improve their business practices, bringing them in line with obligations under international law , and ensuring that they respect children's rights in the realms of the marketplace, workplace, and the community. In 2012, UNICEF worked with Save the Children and The United Nations Global Compact to develop the Children's Rights and Business Principles and now these guidelines form the basis UNICEF's advice to companies. UNICEF works with companies seeking to improve their social sustainability by guiding them through a due diligence process where issues throughout their supply chain, such as child labor , can be identified and actions to ratify them are put in place. Girl Star [ edit ] The Girl Star project is a series of films which documents stories of girls from the most disadvantaged communities across five northern states in India who, through via education, have managed to break socio-economic constraints to make a success of their lives and become self-sufficient. These young women have grown to become role models in their communities, inspiring younger girls to go to school and continue their education. They have selected professions from the most conventional such as teaching and nursing, to the most unconventional like archery, bee-keeping, scrap management [ clarification needed ] , often entering what has traditionally been a man’s domain. Girl Star is also one of UNICEF’s most known projects. Kids United [ edit ] Kids United is a French musical group of four children (six children when the group was formed) born between 2000 and 2007. It has been created to support UNICEF campaigns and is sponsored by Hélène Ségara and Corneille , two Francophone singers. The first album Un monde meilleur (A better world) was launched on Universal Children's Day in 2015, it received gold certification in France .[1] The second album Tout le bonheur du monde was even certified 2x platinum. Celebrity ambassadors [ edit ] Main article: List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors UNICEF Ambassadors are leaders in the entertainment industry, representing the fields of film, television, music, sports and beyond. They help raise awareness of the needs of children, and use their talent and fame to fund-raise, advocate, and educate on behalf of UNICEF. Facilities [ edit ] One of the gates to the old UNICEF World Warehouse The UNICEF research centre in Florence UNICEF World Warehouse [ edit ] The old UNICEF World Warehouse is a large facility in Denmark , which hosts UNICEF deliverable goods as well as co-hosts emergency goods for United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). Until 2012 the facilities was a 25,000m 2 warehouse at Marmormolen in Copenhagen. With construction of a 45,000m 2 UN City that is to house all UN activities in Copenhagen under one roof, the warehouse service has been relocated to outer parts of the Freeport of Copenhagen . The facility houses the UNICEF Supply Division which manages strategic transport hubs in Dubai , Panama and Shanghai . The warehouse contains a variety of items, e.g., food supplements , water purification tablets , dietary and vitamin supplements , and the ""School in a box"" (illustrated above). UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre [ edit ] The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence , Italy , was established in 1988. The centre, formally known as the International Child Development Centres, has as its prime objectives to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights, to promote economic policies that advance the cause of children, and to help facilitate the full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in industrialized and developing countries. The program for 2006–2008 was approved by UNICEF Executive Board in September 2005. It reaffirms the centre's academic freedom and the focus of IRC's research on knowledge gaps, emerging questions and sensitive issues which are relevant to the realization of children's rights, in developing and industrialized countries. It capitalizes on IRC's role as an interface between UNICEF field experience, international experts, research networks and policy makers and is designed to strengthen the centre's institutional collaboration with regional academic and policy institutions, pursuing the following goals: Generation and communication of strategic and influential knowledge on issues affecting children and the realization of their rights; Knowledge exchange and brokering; Support to UNICEF's advocacy, policy's and program development in support of the Millennium Agenda Securing and strengthening the centre's institutional and financial basis. Three interrelated strategies guide the achievement of these goals: Evidence-based analysis drawing on quantitative and qualitative information, the application of appropriate methodologies, and the development of recommendations to assess and inform advocacy and policy action. Enhanced partnerships with research and policy institutions and development actors, globally and at regional level, in developing and industrialized countries. Communication and leveraging of research findings and recommendations to support policy development and advocacy initiatives through strategic dissemination of studies and contribution to relevant events and fora. Controversies [ edit ] Adoption program [ edit ] UNICEF has a policy preferring orphanages only be used as temporary accommodation for children when there is no alternative. UNICEF has historically opposed the creation of large-scale, permanent orphanages for children, preferring instead to find children places in their (extended) families and communities, wherever possible. This has led UNICEF to be skeptical of international adoption efforts as a solution to child care problems in developing countries; UNICEF has preferred to see children cared for in their birth countries rather than be adopted by foreign parents. Major news outlets such as US News have asserted UNICEF's intervention that on giving large cash payments to developing countries can lead to a cessation of international adoptions until all of its recommendations are in place, and have even labeled UNICEF a ""villain"" for the extent of its negative impact on orphans. Elizabeth Bartholet and Paulo Barrozo have written in this context, encouraging adoption protocols to take on a more child-centric viewpoint. [ citation needed ] Infant mortality [ edit ] One concern is that the child mortality rate has not decreased in some areas as rapidly as had been planned, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where in 2013 ""the region still has the highest child mortality rate: 92 deaths per 1000 live births"". and that ""Globally, nearly half of under-five deaths are attributable to undernutrition."" In 2005, Richard Horton editor-in-chief of The Lancet , editorialized that ""over 60% of these deaths were and remain preventable"" and that the coverage levels for these interventions are ""appallingly low in the 42 countries that account for 90% of child deaths"". NSA surveillance [ edit ] Further information: Global surveillance disclosure Documents released by Edward Snowden in December 2013 showed that UNICEF was among the surveillance targets of British and American intelligence agencies. See also [ edit ] United Nations portal Hunger relief portal Afghan New Beginnings Programme Alliance for Healthy Cities Awaaz do – India Facts for Life Integrated Management of Childhood Illness James P. Grant , who was the third executive director of UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey , statistical monitoring program of UNICEF Music for UNICEF Concert Odisha State Child Protection Society Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS Voices of Youth RapidSMS (co-developed by UNICEF) Children in emergencies and conflicts Refugee children Child marriage References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) . Official UNICEF website United Nations Rule of Law: The United Nations Children's Fund , on the rule of law work conducted by the United Nations Children Fund. UN Practitioner's Portal on HRBA Programming Resources on rights of the child , UN centralised webportal on the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Programming. Awards and achievements Preceded by Martin Luther King, Jr. Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1965 Succeeded by René Cassin 1968" -5846127027244789533,train,who played crazy eyes in orange is the new black,"Uzoamaka Nwanneka `` Uzo '' Aduba (/ ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə / ; born February 10, 1981) is a Nigerian American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013 -- present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015. She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant.",['8.8%'],tani ẹni tó ṣeré ojú òmùgọ̀ nínú aṣọ aláwọ̀ osan ni aláwọ̀ dúdú tuntun,Yes,['Uzo je ìkan láàrin àwọn òṣèré méjì tí ó ti gba ẹ̀bùn Emmy Award fun ẹ̀fẹ̀ atí eré orí ìtàgé.'],['Uzo je ìkan láàrin àwọn òṣèré méjì tí ó ti gba ẹ̀bùn Emmy Award fun ẹ̀fẹ̀ atí eré orí ìtàgé.'],['P1'],1,0,"Uzo Aduba Uzoamaka Nwanneka (bíi ni ?j?? k?wàá o?ù kejì ?dún 1981)[1] tí orúk? inagi r? j? Uzo Aduba[2] je ò?èré ni oríl?? èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó gbajúm?? fún ipa r?? nínú eré Orange is the New Black tí ó ti kó ipa Suzanne ni ?dún 2013-2019 ni ibi tí ó ti gbà ??bùn Ò?èré Àlejò tí ó tay? ni ?dún 2014 àti Ò?èré À?ekágbá tó tay? ni ?dún 2015 láti ??d?? Àw?n ??bùn Àj? Àw?n Ò?èré Àwòrán [3]. Uzo je ìkan láàrin àw?n ò?èré méjì tí ó ti gba ??bùn Emmy fun ??f?? atí eré orí ìtàgé.[4] Ní ?dún 2020, ó kó ipa Shirley Chisholm nínú eré Mrs America èyí sì l? je ki o gba ??bùn Primetime Emmy fu?n Ò?èré À?ekágbá tó tay? ni Àwòké?kò?ó? tàbí Fíìmù Tí Wó?n ?e fún Àkókò Díè?. Ìb????r?? p??p?? aiyé r? W??n bí Aduba sì ìlú Boston ni ilé Massachusetts.[5] Àw?n òbí r? sì j? ?m? oríl?? èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó dàgbà sì ilu Medfield ni Il?? Massachusetts ó sì l? sí ilé ??k?? tí ilé ??k?? girama Medfield.[6][7][8] Ó gboyè jáde láti ilé ??k?? gíga tí Boston.[9] I??? Uzo tí kopa ninu aw?n orí?irí?i ere, dí?? lára àw?n eré tí ó ti kopa ninu ni Translations of Xhosa[10][11] ati Orange Is the New Black[12][13]","Uzo Aduba Aduba in 2016 Toronto Flim Festival Born Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba ( 1981-02-10 ) February 10, 1981 (age 37) Boston, Massachusetts , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2003–present Uzoamaka Nwanneka "" Uzo "" Aduba ( / ˈ uː z oʊ ə ˈ d uː b ə / ; born February 10, 1981) is a Nigerian American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne ""Crazy Eyes"" Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015. She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Advocacy 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage credits 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life [ edit ] Aduba was born in Boston , Massachusetts, the daughter of Nigerian parents, of Igbo origin. She grew up in Medfield , Massachusetts, and graduated from Medfield High School in 1999. She attended Boston University , where she studied classical voice and competed in track and field . She describes her family as a ""sports family"". Her younger brother, Obi, played hockey at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and went on to play six seasons professionally. Career [ edit ] Aduba first garnered recognition for her acting in 2003, when her performance in Translations of Xhosa at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts earned her a Helen Hayes Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Play. Aduba played the character Amphiarus in 2006 at New York Theatre Workshop and again in 2008 at La Jolla Playhouse . In 2007, she made her Broadway debut, portraying Toby in Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Coram Boy at the Imperial Theatre . From 2011 through 2012, she sang ""By My Side"" as part of the original revival cast of Godspell at the Circle in the Square Theatre . Her first television appearance was as a nurse on Blue Bloods in 2012. She also played the mother of the title character of Venice at The Public Theater in New York. In 2013, Aduba began portraying Suzanne ""Crazy Eyes"" Warren in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black . On being cast, Aduba said: I auditioned for the show back in late July or early August of [2012]. I had been auditioning that summer for more television and film [after doing much theater]. I'd read a lot of scripts and I remember reading Orange Is the New Black , and it was at the head of the pack. I remember thinking, 'Wow, that is really good, I would love to be a part of that.' I went in and auditioned for another part, and my representatives called me about a month later and they were like, ""Hi, we have some really good news. You remember that audition you went on for Orange Is the New Black ? You didn't get it."" I go, ""So… okay, what's the good news?"" They said they wanted to offer me another part, Crazy Eyes. I was like, ""What in my audition would make someone think I'd be right for a part called Crazy Eyes?"" But to be honest, when I got the script for it, it felt like the right fit. Casting director Jennifer Euston explains the selection of Aduba for the role thus: ""Uzo Aduba...had her hair in those knots for the audition...They saw something amazing in her and were able to connect it to what they were looking for in Crazy Eyes."" In joining the series, Aduba obtained her Screen Actors Guild card, about which she says, ""I was just like, 'Wow, this means I'm a full actor now.' It was such a big deal, and I remember being so thankful and feeling so proud."" She has been recognized for her performance as ""Crazy Eyes"": Aduba won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards as well as Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season one performance. Aduba's season two performance earned her the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . Aduba won a second Primetime Emmy at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2015, winning the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . This makes her the first actress to win both a drama and comedy Emmy for the same role. Aduba's performance in the third season also earned another Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series win for the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . She also earned a Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In March 2014, Aduba performed at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards. Aduba teamed with Rachel Bay Jones for a rendition of the song ""Lily's Eyes"" from the musical The Secret Garden . Aduba plays a major role in My Little Pony: The Movie , where she voices Queen Novo, leader of the Hippogriffs/Seaponies. Advocacy [ edit ] In April 2017, Aduba received the Point Courage Award from the Point Foundation for her support of the LGBT community. Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2015 Pearly Gates Corrie Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip TSA Officer Cameo 2016 Tallulah Detective Kinnie American Pastoral Vicky Showing Roots Pearl 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie Queen Novo (voice) 2018 Candy Jar Julia Russell 2019 Beats Post-production Really Love Filming Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2012 Project Runway: All Stars Herself Episode: ""Putting On The Glitz"" Blue Bloods Nurse Episode: ""Nightmares"" 2013 How to Live Like a Lady Acting Teacher Television film 2013–present Orange Is the New Black Suzanne ""Crazy Eyes"" Warren 62 episodes 2014 Saturday Night Live Daughter Dudley Episode: ""Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar"" Hell's Kitchen Herself Season 13 Episode 10: ""9 Chefs Compete"" 2015 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: ""Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels"" The Wiz Live! Glinda the Good Witch Television special 2016–present Steven Universe Bismuth (voice) 6 episodes Stage credits [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Seven Amphiarus New York Theatre Workshop 2007 Coram Boy Toby Imperial Theatre 2008 The Seven Amphiarus La Jolla Playhouse 2009 Eclipsed Helena Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company 2009 A Civil War Christmas Hannah Huntington Theatre 2011 Godspell Company Circle in the Square Theatre 2013 Venice Anna Monroe The Public Theater 2016 The Maids Solange Trafalgar Studios Awards and nominations [ edit ] List of awards and nominations. Organization Year Work(s) Category Result Critics' Choice Television Award 2014 Orange Is the New Black Best Guest Performer – Comedy Won Glamour Awards 2016 Comedy Actress Nominated Golden Globe Award 2015 Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2016 Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated NAACP Image Awards 2016 Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2018 Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Award 2014 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Won 2015 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Won 2017 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Satellite Awards 2013 Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award 2015 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won 2015 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2016 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won 2016 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2017 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2018 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] ""Aduba, Uzo"". Current Biography . 77 . August 8, 2016. Widdicombe, Lizzie (December 7, 2015). ""On Ice"" . The New Yorker . External links [ edit ] Uzo Aduba on IMDb Uzo Aduba at the Internet Broadway Database Uzo Aduba at Internet Off-Broadway Database" 7984257298475892800,train,who plays crazy eyes orange is the new black,"Uzoamaka Nwanneka `` Uzo '' Aduba (/ ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə / ; born February 10, 1981) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013 -- present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015. She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant.",['460'],tani ẹni tó ń ṣeré crazy eyes orange is the new black,Yes,"['Uzo je ìkan láàrin àwọn òṣèré méjì tí ó ti gba ẹ̀bùn Emmy Award fun ẹ̀fẹ̀ atí eré orí ìtàgé.', 'Ó gbajúmọ̀ fún ipa rẹ̀ nínú eré Orange is the New Black tí ó ti kó ipa Suzanne ni ọdún 2013-2019 ni ibi tí ó ti gbà ẹ̀bùn Outstanding Guest Actress ni ọdún 2014 àti Outstanding Supporting Actress ni ọdún 2015 láti ọ̀dọ̀ Screen Actors Guild Awards.']","['Uzo je ìkan láàrin àwọn òṣèré méjì tí ó ti gba ẹ̀bùn Emmy Award fun ẹ̀fẹ̀ atí eré orí ìtàgé.', 'Uzoamaka Nwanneka gbajúmọ̀ fún ipa rẹ̀ nínú eré Orange is the New Black ']",['P1'],1,0,"Uzo Aduba Uzoamaka Nwanneka (bíi ni ?j?? k?wàá o?ù kejì ?dún 1981)[1] tí orúk? inagi r? j? Uzo Aduba[2] je ò?èré ni oríl?? èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó gbajúm?? fún ipa r?? nínú eré Orange is the New Black tí ó ti kó ipa Suzanne ni ?dún 2013-2019 ni ibi tí ó ti gbà ??bùn Ò?èré Àlejò tí ó tay? ni ?dún 2014 àti Ò?èré À?ekágbá tó tay? ni ?dún 2015 láti ??d?? Àw?n ??bùn Àj? Àw?n Ò?èré Àwòrán [3]. Uzo je ìkan láàrin àw?n ò?èré méjì tí ó ti gba ??bùn Emmy fun ??f?? atí eré orí ìtàgé.[4] Ní ?dún 2020, ó kó ipa Shirley Chisholm nínú eré Mrs America èyí sì l? je ki o gba ??bùn Primetime Emmy fu?n Ò?èré À?ekágbá tó tay? ni Àwòké?kò?ó? tàbí Fíìmù Tí Wó?n ?e fún Àkókò Díè?. Ìb????r?? p??p?? aiyé r? W??n bí Aduba sì ìlú Boston ni ilé Massachusetts.[5] Àw?n òbí r? sì j? ?m? oríl?? èdè Nàìjíríà. Ó dàgbà sì ilu Medfield ni Il?? Massachusetts ó sì l? sí ilé ??k?? tí ilé ??k?? girama Medfield.[6][7][8] Ó gboyè jáde láti ilé ??k?? gíga tí Boston.[9] I??? Uzo tí kopa ninu aw?n orí?irí?i ere, dí?? lára àw?n eré tí ó ti kopa ninu ni Translations of Xhosa[10][11] ati Orange Is the New Black[12][13]","Uzo Aduba Aduba in 2014 Born Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba ( 1981-02-10 ) February 10, 1981 (age 36) Boston, Massachusetts , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2003–present Uzoamaka Nwanneka "" Uzo "" Aduba ( / ˈ uː z oʊ ə ˈ d uː b ə / ; born February 10, 1981) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne ""Crazy Eyes"" Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015. She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant . Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Advocacy 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage credits 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life [ edit ] Aduba was born in Boston , Massachusetts, the daughter of Nigerian parents, of Igbo origin, from Achi in Enugu State . She grew up in Medfield , Massachusetts, and graduated from Medfield High School in 1999. She attended Boston University , where she studied classical voice and competed in track and field . She describes her family as a ""sports family"". Her younger brother, Obi, played hockey at the University of Massachusetts and went on to play six seasons professionally. Career [ edit ] Aduba first garnered recognition for her acting in 2003, when her performance in Translations of Xhosa at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts earned her a Helen Hayes Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Play. Aduba played the character Amphiarus in 2006 at New York Theatre Workshop and again in 2008 at La Jolla Playhouse . In 2007, she made her Broadway debut, portraying Toby in Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Coram Boy at the Imperial Theatre . From 2011 through 2012, she sang ""By My Side"" as part of the original revival cast of Godspell at the Circle in the Square Theatre . Her first television appearance was as a nurse on Blue Bloods in 2012. She also played the mother of the title character of Venice at The Public Theater in New York. In 2013, Aduba began portraying Suzanne Suzanne ""Crazy Eyes"" Warren in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black . On being cast, Aduba said: I auditioned for the show back in late July or early August of [2012]. I had been auditioning that summer for more television and film [after doing much theater]. I'd read a lot of scripts and I remember reading Orange Is the New Black , and it was at the head of the pack. I remember thinking, 'Wow, that is really good, I would love to be a part of that.' I went in and auditioned for another part, and my representatives called me about a month later and they were like, ""Hi, we have some really good news. You remember that audition you went on for Orange Is the New Black ? You didn't get it."" I go, ""So… okay, what's the good news?"" They said they wanted to offer me another part, Crazy Eyes. I was like, ""What in my audition would make someone think I'd be right for a part called Crazy Eyes?"" But to be honest, when I got the script for it, it felt like the right fit. Casting director Jennifer Euston explains the selection of Aduba for the role thus: ""Uzo Aduba...had her hair in those knots for the audition...They saw something amazing in her and were able to connect it to what they were looking for in Crazy Eyes."" In joining the series, Aduba obtained her Screen Actors Guild card, about which she says, ""I was just like, 'Wow, this means I'm a full actor now.' It was such a big deal, and I remember being so thankful and feeling so proud."" She has been recognized for her performance as ""Crazy Eyes"": Aduba won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards as well as Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season one performance. Aduba's season two performance earned her the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . Aduba won a second Primetime Emmy at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2015, winning the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . This makes her the first actress to win both a drama and comedy Emmy for the same role. Aduba's performance in the third season also earned another Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series win for the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . She also earned a Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In March 2014, Aduba performed at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards. Aduba teamed with Rachel Bay Jones for a rendition of the song ""Lily's Eyes"" from the musical The Secret Garden . Aduba plays a major role in My Little Pony: The Movie , where she voices Queen Novo, leader of the Hippogriff/Seaponies. Advocacy [ edit ] In April 2017, Aduba received the Point Courage Award from the Point Foundation for her support of the LGBT community. Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2015 Pearly Gates Corrie Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip TSA Officer 2016 Tallulah Detective Kinnie American Pastoral Vicky Showing Roots Pearl 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie Queen Novo (voice) Candy Jar Julia Russell Post-production TBA We Are Boats Sir Post-production Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2012 Project Runway: All Stars Herself Episode: ""Putting On The Glitz"" Blue Bloods Nurse Episode: ""Nightmares"" 2013 How to Live Like a Lady Acting Teacher Television film 2013–present Orange Is the New Black Suzanne ""Crazy Eyes"" Warren 62 episodes 2014 Saturday Night Live Daughter Dudley Episode: ""Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar"" Hell's Kitchen Herself Season 13 Episode 10: ""9 Chefs Compete"" 2015 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: ""Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels"" The Wiz Live! Glinda the Good Witch Television special 2016 Steven Universe Bismuth (voice) Episode: "" Bismuth "" Stage credits [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Seven Amphiarus New York Theatre Workshop 2007 Coram Boy Toby Imperial Theatre 2008 The Seven Amphiarus La Jolla Playhouse 2009 Eclipsed Helena Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company 2009 A Civil War Christmas Hannah Huntington Theatre 2011 Godspell Company Circle in the Square Theatre 2013 Venice Anna Monroe The Public Theater 2016 The Maids Solange Trafalgar Studios Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2013 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Orange Is the New Black Nominated 2014 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Won 2016 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Glamour Awards Comedy Actress Nominated 2017 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Uzo Aduba on IMDb Uzo Aduba at the Internet Broadway Database Uzo Aduba at Internet Off-Broadway Database" -7677223717773870965,train,where does the vaal dam get its water from,"The Vaal Dam in South Africa was constructed in 1938 and lies 77 km south of OR Tambo International Airport. The lake behind the dam wall has a surface area of about 320 square kilometres (120 sq mi) and is 47 meters deep. The Vaal Dam lies on the Vaal River, which is one of South Africa 's strongest - flowing rivers. Other rivers flowing into the dam are the Wilge River, Klip River, Molspruit and Grootspruit. It has over 800 kilometres (500 mi) of shoreline and is South Africa 's second biggest dam by area and the fourth largest by volume.","['neonate', 'cortical bone']",níbo ni ìsédò vaal ti ń gba omi rẹ̀,Yes,"['Ìdídò Vaal wà lórí Odò Vaal, èyí tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan nínú àwọn òdò tí ńṣàn tí ó lágbára jùlọ ní orílẹ̀-èdè South Africa.', 'Àwọn òdò mìíràn tí ńṣàn sínu ìdídò náà ni Odò Wilge,Odò Klip Molspruit ati Grootspruit. Ó ní ju 800 kilometres (500\xa0mi) ti etí òkun àti pé ó jẹ́ ìdídò ńlá kejì ti orílẹ̀-èdè South Africa nípasẹ̀ àgbègbè àti ẹ̀kẹrin tí ó tóbi jùlọ nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n.']","['Àwọn òdò mìíràn tí ńṣàn sínu ìdídò náà ni Odò Wilge,Odò Klip Molspruit ati Grootspruit. ', 'Ìdídò Vaal wà lórí Odò Vaal, èyí tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan nínú àwọn òdò tí ńṣàn tí ó lágbára jùlọ ní orílẹ̀-èdè South Africa.']",['P1'],1,0,"Vaal Dam Vaal Dam ni oríl??-èdè Guusu Afrika ni a ?e ní ?dún 1938 ó sì wà ní ìw??n 77km gúúsù ti OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg. Adágún tí ó wà l??hìn odi-ìdídò náa ní àgbègbè ojú tí ó f?? tó bíi 320 square kìlómítà (120 sq mi) [1] ó sì jìn ní ìw??n mítà 47. Ìdídò Vaal wà lórí Odò Vaal, èyí tí ó j?? ??kan nínú àw?n òdò tí ??àn tí ó lágbára jùl? ní oríl??-èdè Guusu Afrika. Àw?n òdò mìíràn tí ??àn sínu ìdídò náà ni Odò Wilge,Odò Klip Molspruit ati Grootspruit.[2] Ó ní ju 800 kìlómítà (500 mi) ti etí òkun àti pé ó j?? ìdídò ?lá kejì ti oríl??-èdè Guusu Afrika nípas?? àgbègbè àti ??k?rin tí ó tóbi jùl? nípas?? ìw??n. Dámù Vaal nígbà ìkún omi ?dún 2010 Ìtàn Ìk??lé Vaal Dam b??r?? lákòkóò ibànúj?? ti ib??r??p??p?? ?dun 30s àti pé i??? ìk??lé ìdídò náà parí ní ?dún 1938 p??lú gíga odi ti 54.2 mítà (178 ft) lékè ìpìl?? tí ó súnm?? il?? jùl? àti agbára ìpèsè kíkún ti 994,000,000 cubic mítà (3.51×1010 cu ft). Ìdídò náà j?? èyí tó dábu lé etí odò ti a fi erùp?? il? kún-un ní apá ??tún. Àpap?? Rand Water ati ?ka ti Aw?n ??r?? Omi) ni w?? k?? ?. Ìdídò náà tún di gbígbé sókè ní ìb??r??p??p?? ?dún 50s sí gíga ìw??n 60.3 mítà (198 ft) èyí tí o fi kún agbara r?? láti di 2,188,000,000 cubic mítà (7.73×1010 cu ft). Ìgbéga kejì wáyé ní ?dún 1985 nígbà tí odi di gbígbé sókè nípas?? 3.05 mítà (10.0 ft) sí 63.4 mítà (208 ft) lékè ìpìl?? tí ó súnm?? il?? jùl?. Agbára ìdídò l??w??l??w?? j?? 2,609,799,000 cubic mítà (9.21642×1010 cu ft) àti síwájú síi 663,000,000 cubic mítà (2.34×1010 cu ft) tàbí ìdá m??rìndínl??gb??n (26%) le wà ní ìpam?? fún ìgbà dí?? fún ìdínkù i?àn omi. Àw?n ohun-ìní ìdínkù i?àn omi ti ìdídò náà ní orí?i ìdánwò ní O?ù-kejì ?dún 1996 nígbà tí i?àn omi tí ó tóbi jùl? ??l?? ní Ìdídò Vaal. ?í?ànw?lé tí ó ju 4,700 cubic mítà per second (170,000 cu ft/s) ní ìw??n ló ?àn sínu Ìdídò Vaal tí ó til?? wà ní agbára kíkún nítorí òjò ? ?e déédé àti pé nípas?? ì?àkóso amòye ti ò?ì??? Hydrology ni DWAF nìkan ni ìkún omi tí ó p??jù tí ó jáde láti inú ìdídò náà m? níw??n si 2,300 cubic mítà per second (81,000 cu ft/s) . Àw?n ì?àn tí ó ju 2,300 cubic mítà per second (81,000 cu ft/s) yóò ti fa ìbàj?? ?lá ní ìsàl?? ti ìdídò Vaal àti pé ipò lákòókò ì?àn omi 1996 di wàhálà púp?? bí ibi ìpam?? tí ó wa nínu ìfiomipam?? fò sí 118.5% ti Agbára Ìpèsè ní kíkún ní ?j?? 19 o?ù kejì 1996, èyí já sí pé 194,000,000 cubic mítà (6.9×109 cu ft) ti agbára gbígba ì?àn omi wà ?áájú kí ?í?àn kíkún yóò ti tú síl?? tí ?fa ìbàj?? ?lá. Ètò Omi Ilè? Òkè ní Lesotho ? pèsè omi sínú ??r?? nípas?? gíráfítì tí ó ?e ìdásí sí ìpèsè omi tó f?kànbal?? sí àw?n ènìyàn àti ??ka ilé-i??? ti Gauteng. Omi yìí j?? fífà láti Lesotho sí inú Liebenbergsvlei àti Wilge Rivers. Dam Sterkfontein j?? apákan ti ètò gbígbé omi Tugela V aal fún gbígbé omi intabésìn láti òdò Thukela ní KwaZulu-Natal láti ?e àlékún àw?n ìpele ní Ètò Odò Vaal. Omi láti Sterkfontein Dam ti wà ní ìdásíl?? ní kété tí omi inú Vaal Dam l?l?? sí 16%. Ìdídò náà ní erékùsù tir?? tí ó gùn tó 5 kìlómítà (3 mi). A lo erékùsù náà g??g?? bí ibi ìpàdé ìk??k?? ìj?ba ?l??yàm?yà ?ùgb??n nísìn yìí ó gbàlejò eré-ìje Round the Island Yacht l??d??dún, àk?lé Guinness Book of World Records ti eré-ìje ?k?? ojú omi inú-ìlú tí o? tóbi jùl?. [3] Ní ?j?? 4 O?ù Karùn-ún ?dún 1948 BOAC ?àfihàn àw?n ?k?? ojú-omi Short Solent lori òpópónà orí omi UK (Southampton) sí Guusu Afrika (Vaaldam).[4].Abúlé kékeré ti Deneysville ni a lò bí aàyè ìdúró-lórí nípas?? àw?n ?k?? ojú omi BOAC àtij?? tí ? fò. Àw?n eré ìdárayá orí-omi Ìdídò Fáàlì j?? ibi ìp?ja olókìkí àgbáyé fún orí?i ?ja káàbù àti ?ja àr??. Àw?n etí òkun r?? kún fún àw?n ap?ja ní gbogbo ?dún. ??p??l?p?? àw?n ì???l?? eré ìdárayá omi tó wuyì káàkiri àgbáyé ni ó wáyé níbí p??lú eré-ìje ?k?? ojú omi “Round The Island” l??d??dún tí a ?ètò nípas?? ?gb?? Lake Denis Yacht —[5] eré-ìje kan tí ó wà nínú Ìwé Àk?sílè? Guinness fún jíj?? “Àw?n ?k?? ojú omi Púp?? jùl? tó kópa nínú eré-ìje kan ?o?o ti ?k?? ojú omi ní Àgbáyé”, nínú èyítí ?k?? 389 k?já ìlà ìparí. Eré-ìje yìí ti w? inú Ìwé Ìgbàsíl?? Guinness fún àw?n ?k?? ojú-omi púp?? jùl? nínú eré-ìje ?k?? ojú-omi àárín ìlú. ??p??l?p?? àw?n ì???l?? ?lá wáyé níbí p??lú ?s?? Kílíboòtì àti eré-ìje Bayshore 200 km, àti báyìí Wíwá Ì?úra ní Ibùdókò? Marina Vaal Bayshore. ?gb?? Lake Denis Yacht àti Pennant Nine Yacht Club ?e alábàpín-ín sí ì?ètò ti àkój?p?? ?k?? ojú-omi èyítí ó kópa nínú ti àk??k?? 2014 àti èkejì 2015 ti káríayé “Bart's Bash”. Àw?n ìgbèríko m??ta ni ó wà ní etí ìdídò Vaal - Free State ní ó gùn jùl?, Mpumalanga ní etí òkun tí ó l??wà àti èyí tó dára, èyí tí ó ti bàj?? púp?? jùl? ni ti Gauteng. Ìdídò náà b??r?? i??? ní ?dún 1939, ó ní agbára ti 2.536 cubic kìlómítà (2,056,000 acre?ft) , [6] àti agbègbè ojú ti 320 square kìlómítà (120 sq mi), [7] odi ìdídò náà ga ní ìw??n 63 metres (207 ft). Nítorí bí ìdídò náà ?e tóbi tó ìsòro wà p??lú ìgbàsókè omi, wo Sterkfontein Dam fún àlàyé síwájú si. Deneysville j?? ìlú tí ó tóbi jùl? lórí ìdídò Vaal ó sì pèsè ilé-ìtajà fún-un. Ó ní ?gb?? ?k?? ojú-omi m??ta àti àw?n màrínà méjì.","Vaal Dam Location of Vaal Dam in South Africa Official name Vaal Dam Country South Africa Location Border Gauteng and Free State Coordinates 26°53′41″S 28°08′44″E  /  26.89472°S 28.14555°E  / -26.89472; 28.14555 Coordinates : 26°53′41″S 28°08′44″E  /  26.89472°S 28.14555°E  / -26.89472; 28.14555 Purpose Domestic and industrial water Opening date 1938 Owner(s) Dept of Water Affairs Dam and spillways Type of dam Gravity dam Impounds Vaal River Height 54.2 m Reservoir Creates Vaal Dam Total capacity 2,609,799,000 cubic metres (9.21642 × 10 10 cu ft) Surface area 320 square kilometres (120 sq mi) The Vaal Dam in South Africa was constructed in 1938 and lies 77 km south of OR Tambo International Airport . The lake behind the dam wall has a surface area of about 320 square kilometres (120 sq mi) and is 47 meters deep. The Vaal Dam lies on the Vaal River , which is one of South Africa's strongest-flowing rivers. Other rivers flowing into the dam are the Wilge River , Klip River , Molspruit and Grootspruit. It has over 800 kilometres (500 mi) of shoreline and is South Africa's second biggest dam by area and the fourth largest by volume. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Water sports 3 Nature 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] The construction of Vaal Dam started during the depression of the early thirties and the dam was completed in 1938 with a wall height of 54.2 metres (178 ft) above lowest foundation and a full supply capacity of 994,000,000 cubic metres (3.51 × 10 10 cu ft). The dam is a concrete gravity structure with an earthfill section on the right flank. It was built as a joint venture by Rand Water and the Department of Irrigation (now known as the Department of Water Affairs). The dam was subsequently raised in the early fifties to a height of 60.3 metres (198 ft) which increased the capacity to 2,188,000,000 cubic metres (7.73 × 10 10 cu ft). A second raising took place in 1985 when the wall was raised by a further 3.05 metres (10.0 ft) to 63.4 metres (208 ft) above lowest foundation. The capacity of the dam is currently 2,609,799,000 cubic metres (9.21642 × 10 10 cu ft) and a further 663,000,000 cubic metres (2.34 × 10 10 cu ft) or 26% can be stored temporarily for flood attenuation. The flood attenuation properties of the dam were severely tested in February 1996 when the largest flood ever recorded at the Vaal Dam site was experienced. An inflow of over 4,700 cubic metres per second (170,000 cu ft/s) was measured into the Vaal Dam which was already at full capacity due to good rains and it was only through the expert management of the Hydrology staff at DWAF that the maximum flood released from the dam was limited to 2,300 cubic metres per second (81,000 cu ft/s). Flows above 2,300 cubic metres per second (81,000 cu ft/s) would have caused serious damage downstream of Vaal Dam and the situation during the 1996 flood became extremely tense as the storage in the reservoir peaked at 118.5% of Full Supply Capacity on 19 February 1996 i.e. only 194,000,000 cubic metres (6.9 × 10 9 cu ft) of flood absorption capacity remained before the full inflow would have been released causing massive damage. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project feeds water into the system by gravity contributing to a stable supply of water to the people and industrial complex of Gauteng . This water is piped from Lesotho into the Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers . The Sterkfontein Dam forms part of the Tugela-Vaal water transfer scheme for the interbasin transfer of water from the Thukela River in KwaZulu-Natal to boost the levels in the Vaal River System . Water from the Sterkfontein Dam is released once the Vaal Dam drops to below 16%. The dam has its own island some 5 km (3 mi) long. The island was used as a secret meeting place by the apartheid government but now hosts the annual Round the Island Yacht race, a Guinness Book of World Records title of the largest inland yacht race. On 4 May 1948 BOAC introduced Short Solent flying boats on the UK (Southampton) to South Africa (Vaaldam) service. The small village of Deneysville was used as a stop-over point by the old BOAC flying boats. Water sports [ edit ] The Vaal Dam is a world renowned fishing venue for freshwater carp and catfish. Its shores are filled with anglers throughout the year. Many world class water sport events are held here including the annual ""Round The Island"" yacht race organized by Lake Deneys Yacht Club— a race that has been in the Guinness Book of Records for being the ""Most Yachts in an Inland Yacht Race in the World"", in which 389 craft crossed the finish line. [ citation needed ] This race has entered the Guinness Book of Records for the most boats in an inland yacht race. Several large events take place here including Keelboat Week and the Bayshore 200 km jetski race, and now the Bayshore Marina Vaal Dam Treasure Hunt. Lake Deneys Yacht Club and Pennant Nine Yacht Club partnered the organisation of a fleet which participated in the inaugural 2014 and second 2015 international ""Bart's Bash"". Three provinces make up the Dam's shoreline - the Free State has the longest stretch, Mpumalanga has a beautiful and relatively unspoilt shoreline, while the most despoiled by far is that of Gauteng . The dam was commissioned in 1939, has a capacity of 2.536 cubic kilometres (2,056,000 acre⋅ft ), and a surface area of 320 square kilometres (120 sq mi), the dam wall is 63 metres (207 ft) high. Due to the large lake size reservoir there is a problem with evaporation, see Sterkfontein Dam for more details. Deneysville is the largest town on the Vaal Dam and provides a shopping centre for the Dam. There are three yacht clubs and two marinas. Nature [ edit ] The main angling fish species of the Vaal dam are barbel , common carp , mirror carp , grass carp , smallmouth yellowfish , largemouth yellowfish and mudfish . Egyptian geese and blacksmith lapwing are abundant shore birds, and Caspian terns also occur in large numbers. The greater flamingo is a regular wading bird, with lesser flamingo present in lower numbers, and vagrant openbills have been seen. A few dozen fish eagles are present, while osprey occurs sparsely. See also [ edit ] Vaal River Lesotho Highlands Water Project Sterkfontein Dam References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vaal Dam . External images Vaal Dam from the South African Department of Water Affairs Vaal Dam from the Department of Water Affairs Rand Water Board Deneysville" -6262271989867439312,train,indian scientists who won nobel prize in chemistry,"Venkatraman `` Venki '' Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is an American and British structural biologist of Indian origin. He is the current President of the Royal Society, having held the position since November 2015. In 2009 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath, `` for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome ''.",['the sinking of seven u.s. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the zimmermann telegram'],"àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ará íńdíà tí wọ́n gba ẹ̀bùn nobel nínú ìmọ̀ kẹ́míìkì ",Yes,"['Venkatraman ""Venki"" Ramakrishnan (Tàmil: வெங்கட்ராமன் ராமகிருஷ்ணன்; born 1952 in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India) je onimo sayensi to gba Ebun Nobel ninu Kemistri ni 2009.']","['Venkatraman ""Venki"" Ramakrishnan je onimo sayensi to gba Ebun Nobel ninu Kemistri ni 2009.']",['P1'],1,0,"Venkatraman ""Venki"" Ramakrishnan (tí a bí ní o?du?n 1952 in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India) je onimo sayensi to gba Ebun Nobel ninu Kemistri ni o?du?n 2009. ","Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Ramakrishnan in 2015 62nd President of the Royal Society Incumbent Assumed office 2015 Preceded by Paul Nurse Personal details Born Venkatraman Ramakrishnan 1952 (age 65–66) Chidambaram , Madras State , India Citizenship United Kingdom United States Spouse(s) Vera Rosenberry ( m. 1975) Children 1 son, 1 stepdaughter Residence United Kingdom Website www2 .mrc-lmb .cam .ac .uk /group-leaders /n-to-s /venki-ramakrishnan Alma mater Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (BSc Physics) University of California, San Diego Ohio University (PhD) Known for Structure and function of the ribosome macromolecular crystallography Awards Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2009) Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine (2007) Knight Bachelor (2012) Padma Vibhushan (2010) Scientific career Fields Biochemistry Biophysics Institutions Laboratory of Molecular Biology University of Cambridge Oak Ridge National Laboratory Yale University University of Utah Brookhaven National Laboratory Thesis The Green Function Theory of the Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Potassium Dihydrogen-Phosphate (1976) Doctoral advisor Tomoyasu Tanaka Influences Peter B. Moore Aaron Klug The Feynman Lectures on Physics In this Indian name , the name Ramakrishnan is a patronymic , not a family name , and the person should be referred to by the given name , Venkatraman . Venkatraman "" Venki "" Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is an American and British structural biologist of Indian origin. He is the current President of the Royal Society , having held the position since November 2015. In 2009 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath , ""for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome "". Since 1999, he has worked as a group leader at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus , UK, where he is also the Deputy Director. Contents [ hide ] 1 Education and early life 2 Career and research 2.1 Awards and honours 3 Honorary degrees 4 Personal life 5 References Education and early life [ edit ] Ramakrishnan was born in Chidambaram in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu , India to C. V. Ramakrishnan and Rajalakshmi Ramakrishnan in a Tamil Iyer family. Both his parents were scientists, and his father was head of the Department of Biochemistry at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda . At the time of his birth, Ramakrishnan's father was away from India doing postdoctoral research with David E. Green at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the US. His mother obtained a PhD in Psychology from McGill University in 1959 which she completed in only 18 months, and was mentored by Donald O. Hebb . Lalita Ramakrishnan , his younger sister, is professor of immunology and infectious diseases at the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences . Ramakrishnan moved to Vadodara (previously also known as Baroda) in Gujarat at the age of three, where he had his schooling at Convent of Jesus and Mary, except for spending 1960–61 in Adelaide , Australia. Following his pre-science at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , he did his undergraduate studies in the same university on a National Science Talent Scholarship , graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1971. At the time, the physics course at Baroda was new, and based in part on The Berkeley Physics Course and The Feynman Lectures on Physics . Immediately after graduation he moved to the U.S., where he obtained his PhD degree in Physics from Ohio University in 1976 for research into the ferroelectric phase transition of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) supervised by Tomoyasu Tanaka. He then spent two years studying biology as a graduate student at the University of California, San Diego while making a transition from theoretical physics to biology. Career and research [ edit ] Ramakrishnan began work on ribosomes as a postdoctoral fellow with Peter Moore at Yale University . After his post-doctoral fellowship , he initially could not find a faculty position even though he had applied to about 50 universities in the U.S. He continued to work on ribosomes from 1983-95 as a staff scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory . In 1995 he moved to the University of Utah as a Professor of Biochemistry, and in 1999, he moved to his current position at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge , England, where he had also been a sabbatical visitor during 1991-92. In 1999, Ramakrishnan's laboratory published a 5.5 Angstrom resolution structure of the 30S subunit. The following year, his laboratory determined the complete molecular structure of the 30S subunit of the ribosome and its complexes with several antibiotics . This was followed by studies that provided structural insights into the mechanism that ensures the fidelity of protein biosynthesis . More recently in 2007 his laboratory has determined the atomic structure of the whole ribosome in complex with its tRNA and mRNA ligands. Ramakrishnan is also known for his past work on histone and chromatin structure. He has supervised several PhD students and postdoctoral researchers including Nathan James. As of 2015 [update] his most cited papers (according to Scopus ) have been published in Nature , Science , and Cell . Awards and honours [ edit ] Ramakrishnan at the Nobel Prize Press conference in 2009. Ramakrishnan was elected a Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 2002 , a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2003 and an Honorary Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2010. He was elected a Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2004. In 2007, Ramakrishnan was awarded the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine and the Datta Lectureship and Medal of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) . In 2008, he won the Heatley Medal of the British Biochemical Society . Since 2008, he is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and a foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy . In 2009, Ramakrishnan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath . He received India's second highest civilian honor, the Padma Vibhushan , in 2010. Ramakrishnan was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to Molecular Biology , but does not generally use the title 'Sir'. In the same year, he was awarded the Sir Hans Krebs Medal by the FEBS. In 2014, he was awarded the XLVI Jiménez-Díaz Prize by the Fundación Conchita Rábago (Spain). Ramakrishnan was included as one of 25 Greatest Global Living Indians by NDTV Channel, India on 14 December 2013. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: “ Ramakrishnan is internationally recognised for determination of the atomic structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Earlier he mapped the arrangement of proteins in the 30S subunit by neutron diffraction and solved X-ray structures of individual components and their RNA complexes. Fundamental insights came from his crystallographic studies of the complete 30S subunit. The atomic model included over 1500 bases of RNA and 20 associated proteins. The RNA interactions representing the P-site tRNA and the mRNA binding site were identified and the likely modes of action of many clinically important antibiotics determined. His most recent work goes to the heart of the decoding mechanism showing the 30S subunit complexed with poly-U mRNA and the stem-loop of the cognate phenylalanine tRNA. Anti-codon recognition leaves the "" wobble"" base free to accommodate certain non-Watson/Crick basepairs , thus providing an atomic description of both codon:anti-codon recognition and ""wobble"". He has also made substantial contributions to understanding how chromatin is organised, particularly the structure of linker histones and their role in higher order folding . ” Honorary degrees [ edit ] Honorary Degrees Location Date School Degree India March 2011 Pondicherry University Doctorate Utah 2011 University of Utah Doctor of Science (D.Sc) England 20 June 2018 University of Cambridge Doctor of Science (D.Sc) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Personal life [ edit ] Ramakrishnan married Vera Rosenberry, an author and illustrator of children's books, in 1975. His stepdaughter Tanya Kapka is a doctor in Oregon, and his son Raman Ramakrishnan is a cellist based in New York. References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ." -9165491698813729018,train,the democratic government set up in germany in 1919 was called the,"The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar, Germany from 6 February 1919 to 11 August 1919, but this name only became mainstream after 1933. Between 1919 and 1933 there was no single name for the new state that gained widespread acceptance, which is precisely why the old name `` Deutsches Reich '' continued in existence even though hardly anyone used it during the Weimar period. To the right of the spectrum the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model and cringed to see the honour of the traditional word `` Reich '' associated with it. The Catholic Centre party, Zentrum favoured the term `` Deutscher Volksstaat '' (`` German People 's State '') while on the moderate left the Chancellor 's SPD preferred `` Deutsche Republik '' (`` German Republic ''). By 1925 `` Deutsche Republik '' was used by most Germans, but for the anti-democratic right the word `` Republik '' was, along with the relocation of the seat of power to Weimar, a painful reminder of a government structure that had been imposed by foreign statesmen, along with the expulsion of Kaiser Wilhelm in the wake of massive national humiliation. The first recorded mention of the term `` Republik von Weimar '' (`` Republic of Weimar '') came during a speech delivered by Adolf Hitler at a National Socialist German Worker 's Party rally in Munich on 24 February 1929 ; it was a few weeks later that the term `` Weimar Republik '' was first used (again by Hitler) in a newspaper article. Only during the 1930s did the term become mainstream, both within and outside Germany.",[],ìjọba tiwa-n-tiwa tí wọ́n gbé kalẹ̀ ní jámánì ní ọdún 1919 ni wọ́n ń pè ní ,Yes,"['Gege bi Weimar Olómìnira (Weimar Republic) ( Weimarer Republik (ìrànwọ́·ìkéde), IPA:\xa0[ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk]) ni awon olukoitan n pe orile-ede olominira onileasofin ti o je didasile ni 1919 ni Jemani lati dipo iru ijoba tobaluaye to wa tele, won soloruko fun Weimar, ilu ti igbimo ilana-ibagbepo ti pade.']","['Weimar Olómìnira ni awon olukoitan n pe orile-ede olominira onileasofin ti o je didasile ni 1919 ni Jemani lati dipo iru ijoba tobaluaye to wa tele, won soloruko fun Weimar, ilu ti igbimo ilana-ibagbepo ti pade.']",['P1'],1,0,"Weimar Olómìnira Gege bi Weimar Olómìnira (De-WeimarRepublic.ogg Weimarer Republik (ìrànw??·ìkéde), ni awon olukoitan n pe orile-ede olominira onileasofin ti o je didasile ni 1919 ni Jemani lati dipo iru ijoba tobaluaye to wa tele, won soloruko fun Weimar, ilu ti igbimo ilana-ibagbepo ti pade. Sibesibe, oruko tonibise re si duro si Deutsches Reich (Ile Obaluaye Jemani; German Empire). Leyin Ogun Agbaye Akoko, ile olominira yi loyojade lati Ijidide Jemani ni os?u? ko?ka?nla? 1918. Ni 1919, igbimo ile apapo pade ni ilu Weimar, nibiti won ti ko ilana-ibagbepo tuntun fun Raik Jemani, won gba ni 11 os?u? ke?jo?. Iru oseluaralu asolominira kose nile ni ibere awon odun 1930, eyi samona fun igori aga NSDAP ati Adolf Hitler ni 1933. Botilejepe ilana-ibagbepo odun 1919 ko je fifagile fun tonibise, awon ofin ti ijoba Nazi se ni os?u? keje ati March 1933, to je mimo bi Gleichschaltung tumosi pe ijoba le sofin to tako ilana-ibagbepo. Ilana-ibagbepo ko niyi mo; bi be, odun 1933 ni won gba bi opin Weimar Olominira ati ibere ""Raik Keta"" ti Hitler. Ni odun 14 ti Weimar Olominira fi wao koju opolopo awon isoro, ninu won ni Owonpupo, awon oloselu alaseju ati awon ologun oto won, ati ikorira latowo awon asegun Ogun Agbaye Akoko. Sibesibe, o bori awon ilana buburu Iwe-ipinnu Versailles, o se atunse owonina, seisodokan iselu owo-ode ati sistemu onaojurin.", 7441433953116412520,train,what was the name of the german government after ww1,"Weimar Republic (German : Weimarer Republik (ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk) (listen)) was an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ; it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was usually known simply as Germany. A national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the Deutsches Reich was written, and adopted on 11 August 1919. In its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism (with paramilitaries -- both left - and right - wing), as well as contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War. The people of Germany blamed the Weimar Republic rather than their wartime leaders for the country 's defeat and for the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Weimar Germany fulfilled most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles although it never completely met its disarmament requirements, and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations (by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan). Under the Locarno Treaties, Germany accepted the western borders of the republic, but continued to dispute the Eastern border.","['320 kilometres (200 miles) north-northwest of scotland', 'dublin', 'result of the anglo-irish treaty', '1922']",kí ni orúkọ ìjọba jámánì lẹ́yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní,Yes,"['Gege bi Weimar Olómìnira (Weimar Republic) ( Weimarer Republik (ìrànwọ́·ìkéde), IPA:\xa0[ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk]) ni awon olukoitan n pe orile-ede olominira onileasofin ti o je didasile ni 1919 ni Jemani lati dipo iru ijoba tobaluaye to wa tele, won soloruko fun Weimar, ilu ti igbimo ilana-ibagbepo ti pade.']","['Weimar Olómìnira ni awon olukoitan n pe orile-ede olominira onileasofin ti o je didasile ni 1919 ni Jemani lati dipo iru ijoba tobaluaye to wa tele, won soloruko fun Weimar, ilu ti igbimo ilana-ibagbepo ti pade.']",['P1'],1,0,"Weimar Olómìnira Gege bi Weimar Olómìnira (De-WeimarRepublic.ogg Weimarer Republik (ìrànw??·ìkéde), ni awon olukoitan n pe orile-ede olominira onileasofin ti o je didasile ni 1919 ni Jemani lati dipo iru ijoba tobaluaye to wa tele, won soloruko fun Weimar, ilu ti igbimo ilana-ibagbepo ti pade. Sibesibe, oruko tonibise re si duro si Deutsches Reich (Ile Obaluaye Jemani; German Empire). Leyin Ogun Agbaye Akoko, ile olominira yi loyojade lati Ijidide Jemani ni os?u? ko?ka?nla? 1918. Ni 1919, igbimo ile apapo pade ni ilu Weimar, nibiti won ti ko ilana-ibagbepo tuntun fun Raik Jemani, won gba ni 11 os?u? ke?jo?. Iru oseluaralu asolominira kose nile ni ibere awon odun 1930, eyi samona fun igori aga NSDAP ati Adolf Hitler ni 1933. Botilejepe ilana-ibagbepo odun 1919 ko je fifagile fun tonibise, awon ofin ti ijoba Nazi se ni os?u? keje ati March 1933, to je mimo bi Gleichschaltung tumosi pe ijoba le sofin to tako ilana-ibagbepo. Ilana-ibagbepo ko niyi mo; bi be, odun 1933 ni won gba bi opin Weimar Olominira ati ibere ""Raik Keta"" ti Hitler. Ni odun 14 ti Weimar Olominira fi wao koju opolopo awon isoro, ninu won ni Owonpupo, awon oloselu alaseju ati awon ologun oto won, ati ikorira latowo awon asegun Ogun Agbaye Akoko. Sibesibe, o bori awon ilana buburu Iwe-ipinnu Versailles, o se atunse owonina, seisodokan iselu owo-ode ati sistemu onaojurin.", 8726953397602015670,train,what was the name of the german government in the early 1930s,"The Weimar Republic (German : Weimarer Republik (ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk) (listen)) is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years 1919 to 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the state remained Deutsches Reich (English : German Realm), unchanged since 1871. In English, the country was usually known simply as Germany.","['320 kilometres (200 miles) north-northwest of scotland', '50,322 in october 2017']",kí ni orúkọ ìjọba jámánì ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àwọn ọdún 1930,Yes,"['Sibesibe, oruko tonibise re si duro si Deutsches Reich (Ile Obaluaye Jemani; German Empire).']",['oruko tonibise re si duro si Deutsches Reich (Ile Obaluaye Jemani).'],['P1'],1,0,"Weimar Olómìnira Gege bi Weimar Olómìnira (De-WeimarRepublic.ogg Weimarer Republik (ìrànw??·ìkéde), ni awon olukoitan n pe orile-ede olominira onileasofin ti o je didasile ni 1919 ni Jemani lati dipo iru ijoba tobaluaye to wa tele, won soloruko fun Weimar, ilu ti igbimo ilana-ibagbepo ti pade. Sibesibe, oruko tonibise re si duro si Deutsches Reich (Ile Obaluaye Jemani; German Empire). Leyin Ogun Agbaye Akoko, ile olominira yi loyojade lati Ijidide Jemani ni os?u? ko?ka?nla? 1918. Ni 1919, igbimo ile apapo pade ni ilu Weimar, nibiti won ti ko ilana-ibagbepo tuntun fun Raik Jemani, won gba ni 11 os?u? ke?jo?. Iru oseluaralu asolominira kose nile ni ibere awon odun 1930, eyi samona fun igori aga NSDAP ati Adolf Hitler ni 1933. Botilejepe ilana-ibagbepo odun 1919 ko je fifagile fun tonibise, awon ofin ti ijoba Nazi se ni os?u? keje ati March 1933, to je mimo bi Gleichschaltung tumosi pe ijoba le sofin to tako ilana-ibagbepo. Ilana-ibagbepo ko niyi mo; bi be, odun 1933 ni won gba bi opin Weimar Olominira ati ibere ""Raik Keta"" ti Hitler. Ni odun 14 ti Weimar Olominira fi wao koju opolopo awon isoro, ninu won ni Owonpupo, awon oloselu alaseju ati awon ologun oto won, ati ikorira latowo awon asegun Ogun Agbaye Akoko. Sibesibe, o bori awon ilana buburu Iwe-ipinnu Versailles, o se atunse owonina, seisodokan iselu owo-ode ati sistemu onaojurin.", 2446929651495191029,train,who played kenny on we're the millers,"William Jack Poulter (born 28 January 1993) is an English actor known for his work in the films The Maze Runner (2014), Son of Rambow, The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), We 're the Millers (2013), The Revenant (2015), and Detroit (2017). For his work in We 're the Millers, Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award.",[],taló ṣe kenny nínú eré we're the millers,Yes,"['William Jack ""Will"" Poulter (bíi Ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n Oṣù kínín Ọduń 1993) jẹ́ òṣèré Gẹ̀ẹ́sì. Òhun ni Gally nínú eré tí ó ṣàmúbádọ́gba ìwé ìtàn ọ̀dọ́mọkùnrin kan tí ó bá ara rẹ̀ ní àwùjọ tí kódáranínú nínú eré The Maze Runner ní ọdún 2014 tí ó sì gbà ẹ̀bùn BAFTA Rising Star. Òhun ní Lee Carter nínú eré Son of Rambow (2007),[1] Eustace Scrubb nínú The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), Kenny Rossmore nínú We\'re the Millers (2013) àti Jim Bridger níń The Revenant (2015).']","['William Jack ""Will"" Poulter ni Kenny Rossmore nínú We\'re the Millers (2013)']",['P1'],0,0,"Will Poulter William Jack ""Will"" Poulter (bíi ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n O?ù kínín ?du? 1993) j?? ò?èré G????sì. Òhun ni Gally nínú eré tí ó ?àmúbád??gba ìwé ìtàn ??d??m?kùnrin kan tí ó bá ara r?? ní àwùj? tí kódáranínú nínú eré The Maze Runner ní ?dún 2014 tí ó sì gbà ??bùn BAFTA Rising Star. Òhun ní Lee Carter nínú eré Son of Rambow (2007),[1] Eustace Scrubb nínú The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), Kenny Rossmore nínú We're the Millers (2013) àti Jim Bridger ní? The Revenant (2015). Igba èwe W??n bí Poulter ní Hammersmith, London, ó j?? ?m? Caroline (Barrah), tí ó j?? n????sì t??l?? àti Neil Poulter, ??j??gb?? nínú ìm?? ??k?? ?kàn.[1][2] W??n t?? ìyá r?? nínú ?bí G????sì ní oríl?? èdè Kenya, ní ibi tí bàbá r?? ti j?? alabójútó eré ìdárayá. Poulter kàwé ní Harrodian School.[1] I??? Poulter ti kópa nínú orí?irisí eré kí ó tó ?e Lee Carter ní ?dún 2007 nínú eré Son of Rambow tí w??n ?e àtúny??wò ?, ti ó sì gba oríyìn fún i??? Poulter àti ?l?gbé r?? Bill Milner. Ó tún ?e i??? p?lú àw??n ò?èré aláwàdà ní School of Comedy,[3] tí àk?k?? i?é náà dàgbéléwò lóríi Channel 4's Comedy Lab ní ?jó òkànlelógún O?ù k?j? Odún 2008. School of Comedy nígbà y?n ?????? di Channel 4,[4] tí ó b??r?? sí ní di àgbéléwò ní ?jó kejì O?u k?wá ?dún 2009. Ètò náà parí léyin ìpele kejì. Ni ?dún 2009, w??n yàán lati ?e Eustace Scrubb nínú eré The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (tí w??n wò ní Queensland, Australia), dí?? nínú àw??n èbí r?? t??lé. Eré náa kókó di wíwò ní ?j?? k?wá O?u kejìlá ??dún 2010. Eré yìí di àtúny??wò sùgb??n w?n gba i?é Poulter t?w??t?s??.[5][6][7]","Will Poulter Poulter at the Paris premiere of The Revenant in January 2016. Born William Jack Poulter ( 1993-01-28 ) 28 January 1993 (age 24) Hammersmith, London , England , United Kingdom Nationality English Occupation Actor Years active 2007–present William Jack Poulter (born 28 January 1993) is an English actor known for his work in the films The Maze Runner (2014), Son of Rambow , The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), We're the Millers (2013), The Revenant (2015), and Detroit (2017). For his work in We're the Millers , Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award . Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life [ edit ] Poulter was born in Hammersmith , London , the son of Caroline Poulter (née Barrah), a former nurse, and Neil Poulter, a Professor of Cardiology, as well as cousin of the legendary piper Charles Barrah, son of Alison and Mark Barrah. William's mother was raised in an Anglo family in Kenya , where her father was a game warden. Poulter studied at Harrodian School . Career [ edit ] Poulter played various acting roles before landing the role of Lee Carter in the 2007 movie Son of Rambow , which was released to positive reviews, and praise for the performances of Poulter and his co-star Bill Milner . He also performed with other young comedic actors in School of Comedy , which aired its pilot on Channel 4's Comedy Lab on 21 August 2008. School of Comedy was then commissioned for a full series by Channel 4 , which began airing on 2 October 2009. The programme finished after a second series. In 2009, he was selected to play the role of Eustace Scrubb in the film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (filmed in Queensland, Australia), and was accompanied by some members of his family. The movie was first screened on 10 December 2010. The film opened to mixed reviews, but Poulter's performance was well received. In 2010, he appeared in the BBC Three pilot The Fades , a 60-minute supernatural thriller written by Skins writer, Jack Thorne . The pilot has been commissioned to be written as six-part series with almost entirely a new cast. Poulter began filming a small British independent film called Wild Bill , directed by Dexter Fletcher , at the end of 2010. It centres around Bill Hayward, played by Charlie Creed-Miles , who, on parole after spending eight years in prison, finds his two sons, Dean (Poulter) and Jimmy (Sammy Williams), living alone abandoned by their mother. With the attention of social services now focused on the boys, Bill struggles to play good dad while keeping out of jail as Jimmy gets in trouble with some dangerous acquaintances of Bill's past. The film was released on 23 March 2012 to extremely positive reviews, with praise for Poulter's performance. In 2011, Poulter appeared with the popular British blogger and his School of Comedy co-star Jack Harries on his YouTube channel by the name of JacksGap in a video called Jack and Will . Poulter at the London premiere of We're the Millers in August 2013 In 2013, he played Kenny in We're the Millers , starring Jennifer Aniston and Jason Sudeikis . While the film opened to mixed reviews, the performances of the cast were well-received, especially Poulter. He also appeared as a caretaker in the music video for Rizzle Kicks ' song ""Skip to the Good Bit"". In 2014, he played Fordy in the crime film Plastic , directed by Julian Gilbey and starring Ed Speleers , Alfie Allen , Sebastian De Souza and Emma Rigby . The film was critically panned on release. The same year, he played Gally in the film adaptation, The Maze Runner , alongside Dylan O'Brien and Kaya Scodelario . The film was a critical and commercial success, with the performances of the cast being praised. In 2015, Poulter starred as Shane in the Irish indie film Glassland , directed by Gerard Barrett and co-starring Jack Reynor and Toni Collette . The film was a critical success, with many reviewers praising Poulter's performance in particular as being his most diverse role to date. In an interview with BBC Radio 1 , Poulter stated the film was ""the proudest I've been to be a part of a movie"". In 2014, Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award , voted for by the public. Other actors nominated for the award were Lupita Nyong'o , George MacKay , Léa Seydoux and Dane DeHaan . The same year, he also won the MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with his co-stars Jennifer Aniston and Emma Roberts ) for his performance in We're the Millers . In 2014, Poulter was chosen as one of 23 upcoming actors to feature in July's issue of Vanity Fair , with all actors being named ""Hollywood's Next Wave"". Other actors featured included Dylan O'Brien (Poulter's co-star in The Maze Runner ), Jack Reynor (Poulter's co-star in Glassland ), and Tye Sheridan (Poulter's co-star in The Yellow Birds ). Poulter played Jim Bridger in the revenge-thriller The Revenant , directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu , and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy . The film centers on an 1820s frontiersman on a path of vengeance against those who left him for dead after a bear mauling. In 2017, he played a police officer in the film Detroit , about the 1967 Detroit riots . Poulter was initially cast as Pennywise the Clown in the 2017 remake of the Stephen King miniseries It . However, it was announced in June 2016 that Bill Skarsgård was cast instead, since Poulter was forced to drop out, due both to scheduling conflicts (the film was set to shoot at the same time as Poulter was set to begin work on Detroit ), as well as the departure of its initial director, Cary Fukunaga. Filmography [ edit ] Film Year Title Role Notes 2007 Son of Rambow Lee Carter 2010 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Eustace Scrubb 2012 Wild Bill Dean 2013 We're the Millers Kenny Rossmore 2014 Plastic Fordy The Maze Runner Gally A Plea for Grimsby Jone Short film Glassland Shane 2015 The Revenant Jim Bridger 2016 Kids in Love Jack 2017 War Machine Rick Ortega Detroit Philip Krauss 2018 Maze Runner: The Death Cure Gally Post-production The Little Stranger Roderick Ayres Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 Comedy: Shuffle Find Your Folks Presenter 2008 Comedy Lab Various Lead Balloon Sweet Throwing Boy 2009–2010 School of Comedy Various 2010 The Fades Mac Pilot Voice Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Incredible True Story Christopher Smith Album Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Work Result 2008 British Independent Film Awards Most Promising Newcomer Son of Rambow Nominated 2009 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in an International Feature Film – Leading Young Performers Shared with Bill Milner Nominated 2010 Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role – Male The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast Shared with Georgie Henley and Skandar Keynes Nominated Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated London Film Critics' Circle Young British Performer of the Year Nominated 2013 Wild Bill Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Liplock Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston We're the Millers Nominated MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Won Best Kiss Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston Won Best Musical Moment Nominated British Academy Film Awards EE Rising Star Award Won Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Nominated 2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight (shared with Dylan O'Brien ) The Maze Runner Won References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Will Poulter on IMDb" -5548194931491013342,train,who plays kenny on we're the millers,"In 2013, he played Kenny in We 're the Millers, starring Jennifer Aniston and Jason Sudeikis. While the film opened to mixed reviews, the performances of the cast were well - received, especially Poulter, who found mainstream recognization with his showy, comedic work in the film. He also appeared as a caretaker in the music video for Rizzle Kicks ' song `` Skip to the Good Bit ''. Though he loved the script and auditioned for the role of Augustus Waters, he was declined the part in The Fault in Our Stars.","['100', '9,000 years ago']",taló ń ṣe kenny nínú eré we're the millers,Yes,"['William Jack ""Will"" Poulter (bíi Ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n Oṣù kínín Ọduń 1993) jẹ́ òṣèré Gẹ̀ẹ́sì. Òhun ni Gally nínú eré tí ó ṣàmúbádọ́gba ìwé ìtàn ọ̀dọ́mọkùnrin kan tí ó bá ara rẹ̀ ní àwùjọ tí kódáranínú nínú eré The Maze Runner ní ọdún 2014 tí ó sì gbà ẹ̀bùn BAFTA Rising Star. Òhun ní Lee Carter nínú eré Son of Rambow (2007),[1] Eustace Scrubb nínú The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), Kenny Rossmore nínú We\'re the Millers (2013) àti Jim Bridger níń The Revenant (2015).']","['William Jack ""Will"" Poulter ni Kenny Rossmore nínú We\'re the Millers (2013)']",['P1'],0,0,"Will Poulter William Jack ""Will"" Poulter (bíi ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n O?ù kínín ?du? 1993) j?? ò?èré G????sì. Òhun ni Gally nínú eré tí ó ?àmúbád??gba ìwé ìtàn ??d??m?kùnrin kan tí ó bá ara r?? ní àwùj? tí kódáranínú nínú eré The Maze Runner ní ?dún 2014 tí ó sì gbà ??bùn BAFTA Rising Star. Òhun ní Lee Carter nínú eré Son of Rambow (2007),[1] Eustace Scrubb nínú The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), Kenny Rossmore nínú We're the Millers (2013) àti Jim Bridger ní? The Revenant (2015). Igba èwe W??n bí Poulter ní Hammersmith, London, ó j?? ?m? Caroline (Barrah), tí ó j?? n????sì t??l?? àti Neil Poulter, ??j??gb?? nínú ìm?? ??k?? ?kàn.[1][2] W??n t?? ìyá r?? nínú ?bí G????sì ní oríl?? èdè Kenya, ní ibi tí bàbá r?? ti j?? alabójútó eré ìdárayá. Poulter kàwé ní Harrodian School.[1] I??? Poulter ti kópa nínú orí?irisí eré kí ó tó ?e Lee Carter ní ?dún 2007 nínú eré Son of Rambow tí w??n ?e àtúny??wò ?, ti ó sì gba oríyìn fún i??? Poulter àti ?l?gbé r?? Bill Milner. Ó tún ?e i??? p?lú àw??n ò?èré aláwàdà ní School of Comedy,[3] tí àk?k?? i?é náà dàgbéléwò lóríi Channel 4's Comedy Lab ní ?jó òkànlelógún O?ù k?j? Odún 2008. School of Comedy nígbà y?n ?????? di Channel 4,[4] tí ó b??r?? sí ní di àgbéléwò ní ?jó kejì O?u k?wá ?dún 2009. Ètò náà parí léyin ìpele kejì. Ni ?dún 2009, w??n yàán lati ?e Eustace Scrubb nínú eré The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (tí w??n wò ní Queensland, Australia), dí?? nínú àw??n èbí r?? t??lé. Eré náa kókó di wíwò ní ?j?? k?wá O?u kejìlá ??dún 2010. Eré yìí di àtúny??wò sùgb??n w?n gba i?é Poulter t?w??t?s??.[5][6][7]","Will Poulter Poulter at the Paris premiere of The Revenant in January 2016. Born William Jack Poulter ( 1993-01-28 ) 28 January 1993 (age 25) Hammersmith, London , England , United Kingdom Nationality English Occupation Actor Years active 2007–present William Jack Poulter (born 28 January 1993) is an English actor known for his work in the films Son of Rambow (2007), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), We're the Millers (2013), The Maze Runner (2014), The Revenant (2015), and Detroit (2017). For his work in We're the Millers , Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work (2007–2012) 2.2 Mainstream recognition and further work (2013–present) 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life Poulter was born in Hammersmith , London , the son of Caroline Poulter (née Barrah), a former nurse, and Neil Poulter, a Professor of Cardiology, as well as cousin of the legendary piper Charles Barrah, son of Alison and Mark Barrah. William's mother was raised in an Anglo family in Kenya , where her father was a game warden. Poulter studied at Harrodian School . Career Early work (2007–2012) Poulter played various acting roles before landing the role of Lee Carter in the 2007 movie Son of Rambow , which was released to positive reviews, and praise for the performances of Poulter and his co-star Bill Milner . He also performed with other young comedic actors in School of Comedy , which aired its pilot on Channel 4's Comedy Lab on 21 August 2008. School of Comedy was then commissioned for a full series by Channel 4 , which began airing on 2 October 2009. The programme finished after a second series. In 2009, he was selected to play the role of Eustace Scrubb in the film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (filmed in Queensland, Australia), and was accompanied by some members of his family. The movie was first screened on 10 December 2010. The film opened to mixed reviews, but Poulter's performance was well received. In 2010, he appeared in the BBC Three pilot The Fades , a 60-minute supernatural thriller written by Skins writer, Jack Thorne . The pilot has been commissioned to be written as six-part series with almost entirely a new cast. Poulter began filming a small British independent film called Wild Bill , directed by Dexter Fletcher , at the end of 2010. It centres around Bill Hayward, played by Charlie Creed-Miles , who, on parole after spending eight years in prison, finds his two sons, Dean (Poulter) and Jimmy (Sammy Williams), living alone abandoned by their mother. With the attention of social services now focused on the boys, Bill struggles to play good dad while keeping out of jail as Jimmy gets in trouble with some dangerous acquaintances of Bill's past. The film was released on 23 March 2012 to extremely positive reviews, with praise for Poulter's performance. In 2011, Poulter appeared with the popular British blogger and his School of Comedy co-star Jack Harries on his YouTube channel by the name of JacksGap in a video called Jack and Will . Mainstream recognition and further work (2013–present) Poulter at the London premiere of We're the Millers in August 2013 In 2013, he played Kenny in We're the Millers , starring Jennifer Aniston and Jason Sudeikis . While the film opened to mixed reviews, the performances of the cast were well-received, especially Poulter, who found mainstream recognization with his showy, comedic work in the film. He also appeared as a caretaker in the music video for Rizzle Kicks ' song ""Skip to the Good Bit"". Though he loved the script and auditioned for the role of Augustus Waters, he was declined the part in The Fault in Our Stars . In 2014, he played Fordy in the crime film Plastic , directed by Julian Gilbey and starring Ed Speleers , Alfie Allen , Sebastian De Souza and Emma Rigby . The film was critically panned on release. The same year, he played Gally in the film adaptation, The Maze Runner , alongside Dylan O'Brien and Kaya Scodelario . The film was a critical and commercial success, with the performances of the cast being praised. Poulter went on to describe the film and his role in it, as ""a turning point"" in his career. In 2015, Poulter starred as Shane in the Irish indie film Glassland , directed by Gerard Barrett and co-starring Jack Reynor and Toni Collette . The film was a critical success, with many reviewers praising Poulter's performance in particular as being his most diverse role to date. In an interview with BBC Radio 1 , Poulter stated the film was ""the proudest I've been to be a part of a movie"". Poulter in 2014 In 2014, Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award , voted for by the public. Other actors nominated for the award were Lupita Nyong'o , George MacKay , Léa Seydoux and Dane DeHaan . The same year, he also won the MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with his co-stars Jennifer Aniston and Emma Roberts ) for his performance in We're the Millers . In 2014, Poulter was chosen as one of 23 upcoming actors to feature in July's issue of Vanity Fair , with all actors being named ""Hollywood's Next Wave"". Other actors featured included Dylan O'Brien (Poulter's co-star in The Maze Runner ), Jack Reynor (Poulter's co-star in Glassland ), and Tye Sheridan (Poulter's co-star in The Yellow Birds ). Poulter played Jim Bridger in the revenge-thriller The Revenant , directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu , and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy . The film centers on an 1820s frontiersman on a path of vengeance against those who left him for dead after a bear mauling. In 2017, he played the racist police officer Philip Krauss in the film Detroit , about the 1967 Detroit riots . His work in the film was praised with one critic calling it ""towering"" while another deemed it ""terrifyingly confident"". Poulter was initially cast as Pennywise the Clown in the 2017 remake of the Stephen King miniseries It . However, it was announced in June 2016 that Bill Skarsgård was cast instead, since Poulter was forced to drop out, due both to scheduling conflicts (the film was set to shoot at the same time as Poulter was set to begin work on Detroit ), as well as the departure of its initial director, Cary Fukunaga. In 2018, Poulter reprised his role as Gally in Maze Runner: The Death Cure , the third and final installment of the Maze Runner film series. He will next star in The Little Stranger as Roderick ""Roddy"" Ayres, a facially disfigured, haunted war veteran. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2007 Son of Rambow Lee Carter 2010 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Eustace Scrubb 2012 Wild Bill Dean 2013 We're the Millers Kenny Rossmore 2014 Plastic Fordy The Maze Runner Gally A Plea for Grimsby Jone Short film Glassland Shane 2015 The Revenant Jim Bridger 2016 Kids in Love Jack 2017 War Machine Rick Ortega Detroit Philip Krauss 2018 Maze Runner: The Death Cure Gally The Little Stranger Roderick ""Roddy"" Ayres Completed 2019 Midsommer Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 Comedy: Shuffle Find Your Folks Presenter 2008 Comedy Lab Various Lead Balloon Sweet Throwing Boy 2009–2010 School of Comedy Various 2010 The Fades Mac Pilot Voice Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Incredible True Story Christopher Smith Album Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result 2008 British Independent Film Awards Most Promising Newcomer Son of Rambow Nominated 2009 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in an International Feature Film – Leading Young Performers Shared with Bill Milner Nominated 2010 Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role – Male The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast Shared with Georgie Henley and Skandar Keynes Nominated Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated London Film Critics' Circle Young British Performer of the Year Nominated 2013 Wild Bill Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Liplock Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston We're the Millers Nominated MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Won Best Kiss Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston Won Best Musical Moment Nominated British Academy Film Awards EE Rising Star Award Won Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Nominated 2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight (shared with Dylan O'Brien ) The Maze Runner Won References External links Will Poulter on IMDb"