ci: add multi-stage Dockerfile for containerized builds and testing #130

Job	Run time
Cross-Platform (windows-latest)	22s
Cross-Platform (ubuntu-latest)	4s
Cross-Platform (macos-latest)	7s
EoSim stm32f4	7s
EoSim arm64-linux	6s
EoSim vexpress-a9	6s
EoSim sifive_u	9s
EoSim riscv64-linux	5s
EoSim x86_64-linux	7s
EoSim jetson-nano	6s
EoSim nrf52	8s
EoSim imx8m	5s
EoSim raspi4	5s
EoSim esp32	8s
Simulation Gate	2s
	1m 47s

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