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Engaging Students: Essays in Music P diff --git a/bibliography.md b/bibliography.md index 9088eea..459d60d 100644 --- a/bibliography.md +++ b/bibliography.md @@ -7,335 +7,453 @@ title: Bibliography {{ page.title }} ================ -**Works Cited** +Abbott, Michaela. 2017. ["Hamilton’s Revolution Enters the Classroom."](http://www.icchronicle.org/2017/03/17/hamiltons-revolution-enters-classroom/) *The Ithaca College Chronicle* (March 17). -Abbott, Michaela. 2017. “[Hamilton’s Revolution Enters the Classroom](http://www.icchronicle.org/2017/03/17/hamiltons-revolution-enters-classroom/).” *The Ithaca College Chronicle* (March 17). +Achieving the Dream. [“Open Educational Resources (OER) Degree Initiative.”](http://achievingthedream.org/resources/initiatives/open-educational-resources-oer-degree-initiative) Accessed May 30, 2017. -Adams, Kyle. 2009. “[On the Metrical Techniques of Flow in Rap Music](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.09.15.5/mto.09.15.5.adams.html).” *Music Theory Online* 15 (2). +Adams, Kyle. 2009. ["On the Metrical Techniques of Flow in Rap Music."](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.09.15.5/mto.09.15.5.adams.html) *Music Theory Online* 15 (2). -———. 2008. “[Aspects of the Music/Text Relationship in Rap](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.08.14.2/mto.08.14.2.adams.html).” *Music Theory Online* 14 (2). +———. 2008. ["Aspects of the Music/Text Relationship in Rap."](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.08.14.2/mto.08.14.2.adams.html) *Music Theory Online* 14 (2). -Ambrose, Susan A., Michael W. Bridges, Michele DiPietro, Marsha C. Lovett, and Marie K. Norman. 2010. [*How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching*](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15535951W/How_learning_works). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. +Affordable Learning Georgia. [“Textbook Transformation Grants.”](http://www.affordablelearninggeorgia.org/about/textbook_transformation_grants) Accessed May 30, 2017. -Andrade, Jackie. 2009. “What does doodling do?” *Applied Cognitive Psychology* 24: 100–106. +Ambrose, Susan A., Michael W. Bridges, Michele DiPietro, Marsha C. Lovett, and Marie K. Norman. 2010. [*How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching.*](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15535951W/How_learning_works) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. -Armstrong, Patricia. “[Bloom’s Taxonomy](https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/)” *Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching*. Accessed July 20, 2017. +American Musicological Society, Pedagogy Study Group. 2016. ["Round Table Discussion: Experimenting with the Canon: New Approaches to the Music History Survey."](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksfW579LH6E) Vancouver, Canada: Annual Meeting of the American Musicological Society. Accessed July 17, 2017. -Asklund, Ulf, and Lars Gotfred Bendix. 2003. “[Oral vs. Written Evaluation of Students.](http://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/oral-vs-written-evaluation-of-students(1b034770-9c2e-11db-8ed6-000ea68e967b).html)” *Proceedings of the Pedagogisk inspirationskonferens*, Lund, Sweden, May 27. +———. 2014. ["Round Table Discussion: The End of the Undergraduate Music History Sequence?"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cf7BTLGDf0A) Milwaukee, WI: Annual Meeting of the American Musicological Society. Accessed July 17, 2017. -Association for Experiential Learning. “[What is Experiential Education](http://www.aee.org/what-is-ee)?” Accessed June 29, 2017. +Andrade, Jackie. 2009. ["What does doodling do?"](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1561/full) *Applied Cognitive Psychology* 24: 100–106. -Atjonen, Päivi. 2014. “[Teachers’ Views of Their Assessment Practice](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2013.874952).” *The Assessment Journal* 25 (2): 238-259. +Armstrong, Elizabeth A. 1997. “A Hybrid Model of PBL.” In [*The Challenge of Problem Based Learning,*](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7967007M/The_Challenge_of_Problem_Based_Learning) edited by David Boud and Grahame Feletti, 137–150. Second Edition. London, England: Kogan Page. -Battles, Matthew. 2004. “[In Praise of Doodling](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41221340?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents).” *The American Scholar* 73 (4): 105–108. +Armstrong, Patricia. ["Bloom’s Taxonomy."](https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/) *Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching*. Accessed July 20, 2017. -Bringle, Robert G. and Julie A. Hatcher. 1995. “[A Service-Learning Curriculum for Faculty](https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/4591).” *Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning* 2 (1): 112-122. +[“Arnold Schoenberg.”](https://www.youtube.com/user/ascvideo) YouTube. Accessed September 20, 2017. -Burton, Suzanne and Alison Reynolds. 2009. “[Transforming Music Teacher Education through Service Learning](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1057083708327872).” *Journal of Music Teacher Education* 18 (2): 18-33. +Asklund, Ulf, and Lars Gotfred Bendix. 2003. ["Oral vs. Written Evaluation of Students."](http://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/oral-vs-written-evaluation-of-students(1b034770-9c2e-11db-8ed6-000ea68e967b).html) *Proceedings of the Pedagogisk inspirationskonferens*, Lund, Sweden, May 27. -Callahan, Michael R. 2015. "[Teaching and Learning Undergraduate Music Theory at the Keyboard: Challenges, Solutions, and Impacts](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.15.21.3/mto.15.21.3.callahan.html)." *Music Theory Online* 21 (3). +Association for Experiential Learning. ["What is Experiential Education?"](http://www.aee.org/what-is-ee) Accessed June 29, 2017. -Campbell, Patricia Shehan, David Myers, Edward Sarath, Juan Chattah, Lee Higgins, Victoria Lindsay Levine, David Rudge, and Timothy Rice. 2016. [*Transforming Music Study from its Foundations: A Manifesto for Progressive Change in the Undergraduate Preparation of Music Majors*](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.16.22.1/manifesto.pdf). The College Music Society. +Atjonen, Päivi. 2014. ["Teachers’ Views of Their Assessment Practice."](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2013.874952) *The Assessment Journal* 25 (2): 238-259. -Cantley-Smith, Rowena. 2006. "[Put Down Your Pen: The Role of Oral Assessment in Undergraduate Law Studies](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULawRw/2006/3.html)." *James Cook University Law Review* 13: 30-63. +Babson Survey Research Group. 2016. ["Opening the Textbook: Open Education Resources in U.S. Higher Education, 2015-16."](https://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/oer.html) -Chernow, Ron. 2004. [Alexander Hamilton](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2665176W/Alexander_Hamilton). New York: Penguin Books. +Bailyn, Bernard. 1982. ["The Challenge of Modern Historiography."](https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/87/1/1/118760/The-Challenge-of-Modern-Historiography?redirectedFrom=fulltext) *The American Historical Review* 87 (1): 1-24. -Chion, Michel. 1994. [*Audio-Vision: Sound On Screen*](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL12156324W/Audio-Vision). Translated by Claudia Gorbman. New York: Columbia University Press. +Bain, Ken. 2014. [“How to Learn Deeply and Foster Deep Learning in Others.”](http://ctl.uga.edu/pages/archive/how-to-learn-deeply-and-foster-deep-learning-in-others) Accessed June 25, 2017. -Clouder, Lynn, and Jane Toms. 2008. “[Impact of Oral Assessment on Physiotherapy Students’ Learning in Practice](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593980701378157).” *Physiotherapy Theory and Practice* 24 (1): 29-42. +Bandura, Albert, and Dale H. Schunk. 1981. [“Cultivating Competence, Self-efficacy, and Intrinsic Interest through Proximal Self-Motivation.”](http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1982-07527-001) *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology* 41 (3): 586-598. - +Bakker, Sara, and Timothy Chenette. 2014. [“Writing Across the Music Theory Curriculum.”](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/bakkerchenette.html) *Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy* 2. -Drucker, Mike, and Travon Free. 2016-present. 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[“Thoughts on Thinking: Engaging Novice Music Students in Metacognition.”](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1842/abstract) *Applied Cognitive Psychology* 26: 403-409. -Duker, Philip, Kris Shafer, and Daniel Stevens. 2014. “Problem-Based -Learning in Music: A Guide for Instructors.” *Engaging Students: Essays -in Music Pedagogy*. Accessed July 23, 2017. -[http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/dukerShafferStevens.html](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/dukerShafferStevens.html). +Battles, Matthew. 2004. ["In Praise of Doodling."](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41221340?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents) *The American Scholar* 73 (4): 105–108. +Baumer, Matthew. 2015. 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["All About the Hamiltons."](http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons) *The New Yorker.* February 9. Accessed May 16, 2017. + +Michaelsen, Garrett. 2014. [“Improvising to Learn/Learning to Improvise: Designing Scaffolded Group Improvisations for the Music Theory Classroom.”](http://www.flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/michaelsen.html) *Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy* 2. + +[“The ‘Millennial Whoop’ Is Taking Over Pop Music.”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN23lFKfpck) Quartz YouTube Channel. Accessed August 28, 2016. + +Millis, Barbara J. 2010. [*Cooperative Learning in Higher Education.*](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15441103W/Cooperative_learning_in_higher_education) Sterling, VA: Stylus. + +Miranda, Lin-Manuel. 2015a. Twitter post, @Lin\_Manuel(#MrowbackMonday In 2008 I bought Chernow's Hamilton bio to read on vacation. @HamiltonMusical rehearsal starts today.). Jun 15. Accessed May 16, 2017. + +———. 2015b. 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Accessed June 26, 2017. + +[“What is Service Learning or Community Engagement?”](https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/teaching-through-community-engagement/) Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University. Accessed June 26, 2017. + +WICHE Cooperative for Educational Technologies (WCET). [“North Dakota Open Educational Resources Initiative: A System-wide Success Story.”](https://wcetfrontiers.org/2016/08/23/north-dakota-open-educational-resources-initiative-a-system-wide-success-story/) Accessed May 30, 2017. + +Wiggins, Grant and Jay McTighe. 1998. [*The Understanding by Design Guide to Refining Units and Reviewing Results.*](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16263088W/The_Understanding_by_design_guide_to_refining_units_and_reviewing_results) Second Edition, Revised 2012. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. + +William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. [“Open Educational Resources.”](http://www.hewlett.org/strategy/open-educational-resources/) Accessed May 30, 2017. + +Williams, Justin A., ed. 2015. [*The Cambridge Companion to Hip-Hop.*](http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/music/twentieth-century-and-contemporary-music/cambridge-companion-hip-hop?format=PB#9whxVwK36f49ieQO.97) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. + +Yamamoto, Kevin. 2008. [“Banning Laptops in the Classroom: Is it Worth the Hassles?”](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1078740) *Journal of Legal Education* 57: 1-44. + +Zlotkowski, Edward and Donna Duffy. 2010. [“Two Decades of Community-Based Learning.”](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tl.407/full) *New Directions for Teaching and Learning* 123: 33-43. diff --git a/contributors.md b/contributors.md index 0407e5d..0e67c05 100644 --- a/contributors.md +++ b/contributors.md @@ -7,42 +7,78 @@ title: Contributors {{ page.title }} ================ -## Ben Britton +## Janet Bourne -[Ben Britton](http://www.benbrittonjazz.com/), DMA (Eastman School of Music) has held adjunct positions at various institutions including the University of Pennsylvania. His research interests include non-functional harmony in tonal and post-tonal jazz, the application of saxophone acoustics to saxophone performance, and the pedagogical intersections of theory, aural skills, and improvisation. He is also an active performer and composer, currently exploring the use of set classes, intervallic cycles, and canonic imitation. +Janet Bourne is Assistant Professor of Music Theory at [University of California, Santa Barbara](http://www.music.ucsb.edu/) and teaches courses in music theory and music cognition. Her essay on Classroom Assessment Techniques appeared in [*Engaging Students, volume 2*](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/bourne.html) and a chapter on music theory pedagogy and music cognition is forthcoming in the *Norton Guide to Teaching Music Theory*. -## Shersten Johnson +## Michael Buchler -[Shersten Johnson](https://www.stthomas.edu/music/faculty/johnson-shersten.html) is Associate Professor at the [University of St. Thomas in St. Paul](https://www.stthomas.edu/music/) where she teaches music theory and composition. Her research interests include disability studies, embodied cognition, and the analysis of twentieth-century art song and opera. She has published articles on the music of Benjamin Britten in *Music and Letters*, *PsyArt*, and the *Journal of Music and Meaning*, and on the subject of music analysis and blindness in *Music Theory Online* and the *Oxford Handbook on Music and Disability Studies*. +Michael Buchler is Associate Professor of Music Theory at Florida State University. He is currently President of Music Theory Southeast and he has served as Vice President of the Society for Music Theory. He regularly writes about both atonal theory and analysis and about American musical theater and its antecedents. -## Garrett Michaelsen +## Anna Ferenc -[Garrett Michaelsen](https://www.uml.edu/FAHSS/music/faculty/Michaelsen-Garrett.aspx) is Assistant Professor of Musicianship and Music Theory at [University of Massachusetts, Lowell](https://www.uml.edu/FAHSS/music/default.aspx). With colleagues, he designed a new, integrated theory and ear training sequence called “Musicianship and Analysis” that is centered on authentic and creative classroom activities and assessments. He has written and presented on numerous facets of improvisation in music, including how improvisations may be understood as products of interactional group processes. +Anna Ferenc is Associate Professor of Music Theory at [Wilfrid Laurier University](https://www.wlu.ca). Her research interests in the area of teaching and learning include metacognition in music theory instruction and strategies that promote learner agency in music theory pedagogy. Her articles on portfolios, authentic projects, and learning through disciplinary practice have appeared in [*College Music Symposium*](https://symposium.music.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=19:introducing-the-learning-portfolio-into-music-theory-core-pedagogy&Itemid=124), [*Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching*](https://celt.uwindsor.ca/ojs/leddy/index.php/CELT/article/view/4254), and [*Engaging Students, volume 3*](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents3/essays/ferenc.html). -## Joon Park +## Jason Fick -[Joon Park](https://uark.academia.edu/JoonPark) is Assistant Professor of Music Theory at the [University of Arkansas](http://fulbright.uark.edu/departments/music/), where he joined the faculty in 2016. His research interest includes jazz analysis and history of music theory. He holds the Ph.D. in music theory from the [University of Oregon](https://music.uoregon.edu/) (2015). +[Jason Fick](http://www.jasonfick.com), Assistant Professor and Coordinator of Music Technology at [Oregon State University](http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/school-arts-and-communication/music), is an active composer, audio engineer, and researcher. His music and intermedia works have been performed at international and national events. As an engineer, he has recorded classical, jazz, and popular music in live and studio contexts, audio for film, and dialogue for various commercial projects. His present research pursuits are in computer music, interactive systems, and the pedagogy of music technology. -## Rich Pellegrin +## Kyle Gullings -[Rich Pellegrin](https://music.missouri.edu/people/rich-pellegrin) is Assistant Teaching Professor of Music Theory at the [University of Missouri](https://music.missouri.edu/), where he teaches courses in music theory, jazz, and improvisation. He has presented research on topics such as fractals, John Coltrane, and neo-Riemannian theory at regional, national, and international conferences and his essays appear in volumes by Cambridge Scholars Publishing and KFU Publishing House. Also active as a jazz pianist and composer, Rich’s second album for Origin Records’ OA2 label was released in 2014. He holds a Ph.D. in music theory from the University of Washington. +[Kyle Gullings](http://www.kylegullings.com) is [Associate Professor](http://www.uttyler.edu/directory/music/gullings.php) of Music Theory and Composition at [The University of Texas at Tyler](https://www.uttyler.edu/music/), where he advocates for the creation and distribution of open educational resources. He is a collaborative composer of stage, vocal, and chamber works engaging diverse social topics. A national finalist in the National Opera Association’s Chamber Opera Competition and SCI/ASCAP’s Student Composition Competition, Gullings holds DMA and MM degrees ([The Catholic University of America](http://music.cua.edu/)) and a BM ([Concordia College](https://www.concordiacollege.edu/music/), Minnesota), all in Composition. -## Chris Stover +## Melissa Hoag -[Chris Stover](http://www.newschool.edu/jazz/faculty-az/?id=4e44-4d32-4d6a-4977) is Assistant Professor of Composition and Music Theory at the [New School College of Performing Arts](http://www.newschool.edu/jazz/), where he runs the jazz theory curriculum. He is also a busy composer and trombonist in New York City. +Melissa Hoag is Associate Professor of Music Theory at Oakland University in Rochester, MI, where she has coordinated the music theory and aural skills sequences for undergraduate and graduate programs since 2007. Her research interests include music theory pedagogy and voice leading and textual interpretation in the lieder of Johannes Brahms. -## Rory Stuart +## Rebecca Jemian -Described by *Jazz Times* as "perhaps THE most innovative straight-ahead jazz guitarist to emerge in years…," [Rory Stuart](http://www.rorystuart.com/) is a New York-based jazz guitarist and composer with critically acclaimed recordings as a leader who has performed around the world. A Fulbright scholar and recipient of grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and Meet the Composer, he is the recipient of the Teaching Excellence award at [New School](http://www.newschool.edu/jazz/), where he designed and has taught the rhythm curriculum in the Dept. of Jazz and Contemporary Music since 1992. Rory is currently writing a multi-volume rhythm book series for students of all instruments. +Rebecca Jemian is Assistant Professor of Music Theory at the University of Louisville School of Music. -## Dariusz Terefenko +## J. Daniel Jenkins -[Dariusz Terefenko](http://www.esm.rochester.edu/faculty/terefenko_dariusz/) is Associate Professor of Jazz Studies and Contemporary Media, and the chair of the Advanced Certificate in the Art of Improvisation at the [Eastman School of Music](http://www.esm.rochester.edu/). He is also an active jazz pianist and composer. +J. Daniel Jenkins is Associate Professor of Music Theory at the University of South Carolina. He has received teaching awards from the Eastman School of Music, the University of Rochester, and the University of South Carolina. He also teaches music at Lee Correctional Facility in Bishopville, SC. -## Margaret Thomas +## Timothy A. Johnson -[Margaret Thomas](https://www.conncoll.edu/directories/faculty-profiles/margaret-thomas/) is Associate Professor of Music Theory at [Connecticut College](https://www.conncoll.edu/academics/majors-departments-programs/departments/music/), where she teaches courses in the core theory sequence along with general education courses that situate the study of music within the liberal arts. Her research focuses on issues of rhythm and time. +[Timothy A. Johnson](https://faculty.ithaca.edu/tjohnson/) is professor of music theory at Ithaca College where he teaches music theory, aural skills, and music in broader contexts. His primary research areas include John Adams and minimalist music, music and baseball, and the pedagogy of mathematical music theory. His books include [*John Adams’s* Nixon in China: *Musical Analysis, Historical and Cultural Perspectives*](https://www.routledge.com/John-Adamss-Nixon-in-China-Musical-Analysis-Historical-and-Political/Johnson/p/book/9781138250314) (Ashgate); [*Baseball and the Music of Charles Ives: A Proving Ground*](https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780810849990) (Scarecrow); and [*Foundations of Diatonic Theory: A Mathematically Based Approach to Music Fundamentals*](https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780810862333) (Scarecrow). -## Keith Waters +## George Lam -[Keith Waters](http://www.colorado.edu/music/keith-waters) is Professor of Music Theory at the [University of Colorado-Boulder](http://www.colorado.edu/music/). He is the author of *The Studio Recordings of the Miles Davis Quintet: 1965-68* (Oxford University Press), co-author of *Jazz: The First Hundred Years* (Schirmer/Cengage), and has contributed entries to the *Grove Dictionary of American Music* and the *Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism*. He has written numerous articles pertaining to jazz of the 1960s, and is a founding member of the Jazz Interest Group of the Society for Music Theory, formed in 1995. As a jazz pianist, Waters has recorded and performed throughout the U.S., Europe, and in Russia. \ No newline at end of file +[George Lam](http://www.gtlam.com/) is Assistant Professor of Music and coordinator of the music program at [York College](https://www.york.cuny.edu/), The City University of New York, where he teaches courses in music theory, composition, and music history. George is an active composer based in Queens, New York, and has received commissions from New Morse Code (Lawrence, KS), the Hong Kong Sinfonietta, and Volti (San Francisco, CA). He is also a co-artistic director of the new opera ensemble [Rhymes With Opera](https://www.rhymeswithopera.org/). + +## Justin Mariner + +[Justin Mariner](https://www.mcgill.ca/music/justin-mariner) is an Assistant Professor at McGill University’s Schulich School of Music, where he teaches aural skills and theory. His compositions have been performed in Canada, the United States and Europe. + +## Judith Ofcarcik + +Judith Ofcarcik is Assistant Professor of Music Theory at Fort Hays State University. Her research interests include form and narrative in Beethoven’s late works, and she is also active as an organist. Judith holds a PhD in Music Theory from Florida State University and an M.M. in organ from Indiana University. + +## Crystal Peebles + +Crystal Peebles is Assistant Professor of Music Theory at Ithaca College where she teaches courses in music theory and aural skills, as well as an interdisciplinary freshman seminar in music cognition. Beyond music theory pedagogy and music cognition, she researches New England folk-dance traditions. Crystal studied Music Theory at Florida State University. + +## Maria Purciello + +[Maria Anne Purciello](http://www.music.udel.edu/about-us/faculty-staff/Pages/purciello_maria.aspx) is an assistant professor of music history at the University of Delaware, where she teaches the history sequence, women in music, and graduate seminars. Her research interests include comedy in seventeenth-century opera, Baroque performance practice and reception history, and music history pedagogy. + +## Peter Schubert + +[Peter Schubert](https://www.mcgill.ca/music/about-us/bio/peter-schubert) is a Professor at McGill’s Schulich School of Music. His research interests include Renaissance music, history of music theory, and music pedagogy, and he conducts the Orpheus Singers of Montreal. In 2016 he received McGill’s Lifetime Achievement Award for Leadership in Learning. + +## Daniel Stevens + +[Daniel Stevens](http://www.music.udel.edu/about-us/faculty-staff/Pages/stevens_daniel.aspx?FacultyId=59) is Associate Professor of Music at the [University of Delaware](http://www.music.udel.edu/Pages/home.aspx), where he teaches courses in the undergraduate core, keyboard harmony, graduate seminars, and an interdisciplinary music theory course titled “Computational Thinking in Music.” Daniel is past chair of the Society for Music Theory Pedagogy Interest Group and a founding member of the [Music Theory Outreach Project](https://mtpedagogyoutreach.wordpress.com/). His research in music pedagogy and assessment is available in *Music Theory Pedagogy Online*, *Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy,* the *Journal of Performing Arts Leadership in Higher Education,* and is forthcoming in the *Journal of Music Theory Pedagogy.* + +## Ann B. Stutes + +Ann Stutes is Shaw Professor of Music at Wayland Baptist University where she also serves as the academic dean for the School of Music. Recent activities include advocating an innovative repertoire-based theory curriculum developed with her colleague Scott Strovas. She serves as a site visitor and on the Commission for Accreditation for the National Association of Schools of Music and holds degrees from Texas Tech University, Northern Illinois University, and Southwestern University. + +## Scott M. Strovas + +Scott Strovas is Assistant Professor of Music History at [Wayland Baptist University](https://www.wbu.edu/academics/schools/school-of-music/index.htm), where he teaches music history and theory, American music, film music, and jazz improvisation. His recent publications examine a range of subjects including history pedagogy, theory pedagogy, Louis Armstrong’s *125 Jazz Breaks* and *50 Hot Choruses* (1927), and the music of *Downton Abbey* (2010-2015). + +## Natalie Williams + +Natalie Williams is the Composition Convenor at the School of Music at the Australian National University in Canberra. She previously served on the faculty at the Hugh Hodgson School of Music at the University of Georgia as a visiting Assistant Professor in Music Theory and Composition.. Natalie completed the Doctor of Music in Composition at the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University and holds degrees from the University of Melbourne and the University of Adelaide. Her music has been commissioned and premiered in the United States, Europe, Asia and Australia. diff --git a/essays/bourne.md b/essays/bourne.md index df14e66..99a069c 100644 --- a/essays/bourne.md +++ b/essays/bourne.md @@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ author: Janet Bourne, University of California, Santa Barbara **{{ page.author }}** -Tweet - - What if students took music theory out of the classroom, rehearsal room and practice room and into a public space? What could that look like? Community-engaged learning (CEL)—or service learning—combines "[learning goals and community service in ways that can enhance both student growth and the common good](https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/teaching-through-community-engagement/)." The definition of community is broad. It could be "[local, regional/state, national, global](http://www.usf.edu/engagement/community/definitions.aspx)." It is no surprise why CEL has become popular in many higher education institutions considering the many benefits to student learning. One [meta-study](http://www.compact.org/wp-content/uploads/resources/downloads/aag.pdf) found that CEL increases student personal growth through identity, spiritual growth, moral development, and personal efficacy and at the same time it builds interpersonal, leadership and communication skills. Not only that, but according to [one study](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mjcsl/3239521.0009.102/1/--changes-in-college-students-attitudes-and-intentions-for?rgn=full+text;view=image), students claim greater satisfaction and report that they learned more about the field in a CEL course than similar students not in a CEL course. A community-engaged course involves [four components](https://www.binghamton.edu/cce/faculty/engaged-teaching/course-development/index.html): @@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ The following are two examples of CEL projects that I used in the undergraduate - Compose model compositions using forms and techniques learned this semester, including a Mozart-style minuet. - Explain components of the minuet to an audience, adjusting language as necessary for their audience. -**Community**: Local +**Community**: Local **Course**: Music Theory II (could also work for I or III, depending upon institution curriculum) A galant-style minuet composition is a classic project (no pun intended) in music theory curricula. In fact, [Nancy Rogers](https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0ZI8di-pEDvSU5vRG9nbVg3ZFk/view) mentions the ubiquitousness of this assignment when suggesting other genres might be more relevant for students today. For those committed to composing minuets, however, [Stefan @@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ A community-engaged project should not only help the students, but also the comm - Create an argument (think critically) when analyzing music and critiquing analytical methods: write coherently about a position (a thesis or claim) on an analytical interpretation of a piece and use elements from piece as evidence to defend thesis or claim. - Explain conventions for writing about music for different audiences; in particular, conventions for writing analysis papers. -**Community**: Global +**Community**: Global **Course**: Music Theory IV (could feasibly work for any theory course) Like the minuet composition, the analysis paper is a staple of a theory curriculum, especially in later courses. In my music theory IV course, students each picked their own piece from an approved list. At the core of their paper, they argued for an analytical interpretation of their piece using evidence. They also included some brief historical background of their composer to get a sense of his or her cultural context, ideology, and motivation. In addition to learning how to create an argument, students developed their writing skills: how to write clearly and persuasively about an analysis and how to alter prose for different audiences. diff --git a/essays/buchler.md b/essays/buchler.md index d918f2d..f01786d 100644 --- a/essays/buchler.md +++ b/essays/buchler.md @@ -9,18 +9,15 @@ author: Michael Buchler, Florida State University **{{ page.author }}** -Tweet - - We aren’t generally afforded much time to introduce twentieth- and twenty-first-century music to our undergraduates. So when we arrive at the unit (or, if we’re fortunate, the semester) on “new” music, we need to be efficient with our time and should keep our eyes and ears on the ultimate prize: leaving students so enamored with at least part of the atonal repertoire that they want to perform it and study it further. Of course, some students take to Webern and Mamlok like ducks to water, but others need to be gently guided and shown that they can come to terms with this diverse repertoire in ways that comport with their other music-analytical experiences. For both eager and skeptical students, form, motive, timbre, and pitch focus can all provide effective entry points to appreciating atonal music. In this essay, I argue that set-class analysis might not. By “set class” (henceforth SC), I mean the usual pitch-class set classes that presume octave equivalence as well as [transpositional](http://openmusictheory.com/transposition.html) and [inversional](http://openmusictheory.com/inversion.html) (T*n*/T*n*I) equivalence and an insouciance to order. They are most often labeled according to their [prime form](http://openmusictheory.com/setClassAndPrimeForm1.html). We all know that those three (or, with order, four) equivalence categories are part and parcel of SC analysis: indeed, they are implicitly built into the prime-form algorithms we teach and which we now find in every core undergraduate theory textbook that extends beyond common-practice music. -I spent the first part of my career conducting pcset theory research,especially in trying to figure out ways to relate non-equivalent SCs to one another. I’ve taught SC analysis more times than I can readily count. (One might imagine that I have conditioned myself to count only up to twelve.) While I still enjoy plumbing the boundaries of our closed universe of 4,096 (2^12^) pcsets and 223 SCs, I have, over time, devoted fewer and fewer classes to introducing the joys of sets to our undergraduates. +I spent the first part of my career conducting pcset theory research, especially in trying to figure out ways to relate non-equivalent SCs to one another. I’ve taught SC analysis more times than I can readily count. (One might imagine that I have conditioned myself to count only up to twelve.) While I still enjoy plumbing the boundaries of our closed universe of 4,096 (212) pcsets and 223 SCs, I have, over time, devoted fewer and fewer classes to introducing the joys of sets to our undergraduates. Many of my students enjoy calculating prime form. There’s something satisfying about arriving at unquestionably correct answers in a subject as potentially relativistic as music analysis. And as heuristics go, those clock faces seem far better than the piano keyboards beginning theory students often draw on their papers to help them calculate intervals. My reasons for lessening or eliminating prime form and SCs from my undergraduate classes have nothing to do with student ability or interest and everything to do with the time it takes to contextualize this tool and encourage its critical and non-reflexive application. -A central problem with introducing SC analysis to beginning atonal analysts has to do with that old adage about everything appearing to be a nail when the only tool in your toolbox is a hammer. Prime-form pedagogy might be democratizing ([Schuijer](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL11999910W/Analyzing_atonal_music) (277) made this case), and it might well be true that rendering prime forms is either the only technique or simply the most memorable or most replicable atonal technique students learn, but the problem with handing this powerfully reductive apparatus to our young analysts is that it is tough to convey its intellectual pitfalls without tipping the curricular balance from analysis to theory. I do not want this tool to be brandished by students who haven’t thoughtfully considered both its entailments and its necessity. I also don’t want to spend so much time on SC entailments that I cover fewer compositions. That seems too high a price to pay for methodological clarity. +A central problem with introducing SC analysis to beginning atonal analysts has to do with that old adage about everything appearing to be a nail when the only tool in your toolbox is a hammer. Prime-form pedagogy might be democratizing ([Schuijer (277)](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL11999910W/Analyzing_atonal_music) made this case), and it might well be true that rendering prime forms is either the only technique or simply the most memorable or most replicable atonal technique students learn, but the problem with handing this powerfully reductive apparatus to our young analysts is that it is tough to convey its intellectual pitfalls without tipping the curricular balance from analysis to theory. I do not want this tool to be brandished by students who haven’t thoughtfully considered both its entailments and its necessity. I also don’t want to spend so much time on SC entailments that I cover fewer compositions. That seems too high a price to pay for methodological clarity. My concerns about SCs in undergraduate analysis courses fall into three central categories: (1) that they can numb students to other musical features; (2) that they feed organicist narratives (in practice, if not inherently); and (3) that they bias and limit our choices of repertoire. I will briefly outline these claims below and then discuss them a bit more (and a bit more anecdotally). @@ -31,9 +28,9 @@ I will briefly outline these claims below and then discuss them a bit more (and > 3. Related to \#2: the foundational role of SC analysis in our atonal pedagogies—and the organicist impulse that (I argue) it engenders—potentially biases the way we value and choose musical repertoire for our students to analyze. I imagine I’m not alone in having selected repertoire because it “works” especially well with SC analysis (in other words, because it features a limited constellation of SCs). I have also excluded music that I would have liked to cover because it seemed too difficult to analyze in methodologically clear ways. It might be inevitable that when teaching a theory/analysis class, we make repertoire choices for methodological in addition to (or even instead of) aesthetic reasons. But are SCs and pcsets the methodology we want driving our pedagogy? -With regard to the first of my three claims: I have often used Schoenberg’s song “Nacht,” from [*Pierrot Lunaire, op. 21*](http://ks.petruccimusiclibrary.org/files/imglnks/usimg/c/c8/IMSLP03959-Pierrot_LunaireOp21.pdf), as my introduction to set classes in our semester-long undergraduate course on modern music at FSU. Before talking about the famous song in class and before introducing SCs, I give an assignment in which I ask students to find at least twenty-five instances of the \<+3, -4\> motive. That is: an ordered pitch set that moves up three semitones and then down four semitones. It is easy to find dozens of instances of the unaltered motive, but students often ask whether \<+3, +8\> (e.g., bass clarinet and violin in m. 17) is a motivic variation, and that’s a great springboard for broaching the topic of a certain kind of inversional equivalence. And students will often ask (or, if they don’t, I do) whether \<-1, +4\> (e.g., piano RH in m. 17 ) can be considered an instance of *the motive*, which leads us to questions about order. If we can preserve our sense of *the motive* even when varying it to alter the original order, invert pitch intervals, and invert the overall form, then we have entered the realm in which the usual (T*n*/T*n*I) SCs seem analytically valuable. +With regard to the first of my three claims: I have often used Schoenberg’s song “Nacht,” from [*Pierrot Lunaire, op. 21*](http://ks.petruccimusiclibrary.org/files/imglnks/usimg/c/c8/IMSLP03959-Pierrot_LunaireOp21.pdf), as my introduction to set classes in our semester-long undergraduate course on modern music at FSU. Before talking about the famous song in class and before introducing SCs, I give an assignment in which I ask students to find at least twenty-five instances of the \<+3,-4\> motive. That is: an ordered pitch set that moves up three semitones and then down four semitones. It is easy to find dozens of instances of the unaltered motive, but students often ask whether \<+3,+8\> (e.g., bass clarinet and violin in m. 17) is a motivic variation, and that’s a great springboard for broaching the topic of a certain kind of inversional equivalence. And students will often ask (or, if they don’t, I do) whether \<-1,+4\> (e.g., piano RH in m. 17 ) can be considered an instance of *the motive*, which leads us to questions about order. If we can preserve our sense of *the motive* even when varying it to alter the original order, invert pitch intervals, and invert the overall form, then we have entered the realm in which the usual (T*n*/T*n*I) SCs seem analytically valuable. -SCs can be helpful in showing how elaborate motivic variations can be thought of as manifestations of a single musical idea. The incredible and audible economy of materials in this short song motivates a tight web of relatedness. But I try not to jump the gun and talk about the pervasiveness of [014]-type sets in this song. We get to [014], but only after exhausting the incredible explanatory power of \<+3, -4\> (and \<+3,+8\>, \<-4,+3\>, and other permutations). To say that “Nacht” is all about [014]s (and I have heard that said) is to miss the beauty and diversity of the trees for the forest. +SCs can be helpful in showing how elaborate motivic variations can be thought of as manifestations of a single musical idea. The incredible and audible economy of materials in this short song motivates a tight web of relatedness. But I try not to jump the gun and talk about the pervasiveness of [014]-type sets in this song. We get to [014], but only after exhausting the incredible explanatory power of \<+3,-4\> (and \<+3,+8\>, \<-4,+3\>, and other permutations). To say that “Nacht” is all about [014]s (and I have heard that said) is to miss the beauty and diversity of the trees for the forest. Furthermore, although I have used this song as my go-to musical example for introducing SCs in the past, SCs are not necessary to explain even the most varied motivic forms found in this song. Students only really need to understand intervallic inversion and reordering. @@ -41,17 +38,17 @@ Another short story will illustrate my second concern: recently a student taking That term—“set-class music”—has been rattling around my head. My initial reaction was that any work that uses discrete pitches could be “set-class music” and that the ability to construct set-classes didn’t seem like a robust taxonomical category. At the same time, I completely understood what this student meant: it was a way of saying that when we look at the labeled SCs in a piece of music, we expect to see either a tight economy or the author’s introduction of some way of grouping the collected SCs into equivalence or similarity classes. Where there’s SC diversity, we generally need to show that it’s only apparent diversity; when viewed through \, we can see that everything is *actually* related. Finding organic SC unity, whether obvious or hidden, has been the way of the atonal analytical world at least since Allen Forte’s use of K and Kh networks and R*n* similarity relations in the [1960s](http://www.jstor.org/stable/843079) and [1970s](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5307893M/The_structure_of_atonal_music). Our methods have changed, but the idea of demonstrating equivalence or similarity of apparently non-equivalent sets remains a core aspect of our pedagogy. -My third concern above is really twofold: I’m not only uneasy about spending too much time on Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, and Bartók and too little on living composers and women composers and minority composers and non-Western composers, I’m also concerned that we have constructed a caricature of the very composers at the center of our well-worn canon. When we teach too small and too unchanging a selection of a composer’s repertoire we invite unfair stereotypes about his or her music. Bartók’s music is not largely octatonic (unlike theory-class favorites: “Song of the Harvest,” “Diminished Fifth,” and “From the Isle of Bali”); Messiaen’s music is neither dominated by integral serialism nor the modes of limited transposition; Schoenberg’s music is not generally brief and internally repetitive (like “Nacht”). +My third concern above is really twofold: I’m not only uneasy about spending too much time on Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, and Bartók and too little on living composers and women composers and minority composers and non-Western composers, I’m also concerned that we have constructed a caricature of the very composers at the center of our well-worn canon. When we teach too small and too unchanging a selection of a composer’s repertoire we invite unfair stereotypes about his or her music. Bartók’s music is not largely octatonic (unlike theory-class favorites: “Song of the Harvest,” “Diminished Fifth,” and “From the Island of Bali”); Messiaen’s music is neither dominated by integral serialism nor the modes of limited transposition; Schoenberg’s music is not generally brief and internally repetitive (like “Nacht”). “Nacht” might well be the most sequentially repetitive, intervallically limited work in Schoenberg’s atonal repertoire (whether “free” or serial). It is also quite possibly the most studied, perhaps alongside his Op. 19, nos. 2 and 6 piano pieces, which are likewise shorter and more repetitive than most of his works. These highly self-similar compositions are often anthologized and discussed in textbooks, but are they representative of Schoenberg’s output? Are they even representative of other songs/movements within the same opus? How do students who learn that “Nacht” is all about [014]s make their way through the other twenty songs that comprise *Pierrot Lunaire*? How do they approach *Erwartung*? And what can they make of our more recent scions of modernity: of Kaija Saariaho or Steve Reich or Hans Abrahamsen or Thomas Adès or Unsuk Chin. These composers’ music can feature motives and harmonies that slowly morph from one idea to another, passing through similarly spaced but non-transformationally equivalent ideas. Should the employment of an expanded cache of SCs or, indeed, the relative non-importance of SCs as equivalence classes lead our students to believe that a work “resists analysis?” Prime-form algorithms and their associated SCs offer a very clear methodology for labeling atonal objects. Those labels are widely understood across and beyond the North American and European academy. Their pervasiveness and ease of application means that prime form is often the first tool our students pull out of their atonal toolboxes. It might even be the only tool they feel comfortable wielding. But if we are not very careful in explaining its high level of abstraction, default use of SCs can lead our students (and us) to miss obvious surface-level pitch connections involving register, order, and direction. And their curricular inclusion (even without curricular obsession) can both limit and unfairly stereotype the repertoire we introduce. -Again, I am not suggesting that undergraduates are ill-equipped to understand the entailments (including expansive equivalence assumptions and organic unity) of SC analysis; rather, I believe that most of us can spend our time better by avoiding this blunt analytical tool. I fully admit that my proposal might be a tough sell since pcset theory (particularly the application of SCs as labels) has become the predominant methodology for atonal music. Many of us are required to hew to an existing curriculum; in such cases, I hope that explanations of prime form can accompanied with sufficient qualifications so that students are not led to see SC as *the* way to label atonal motives and harmonies. +Again, I am not suggesting that undergraduates are ill-equipped to understand the entailments (including expansive equivalence assumptions and organic unity) of SC analysis; rather, I believe that most of us can spend our time better by avoiding this blunt analytical tool. I fully admit that my proposal might be a tough sell since pcset theory (particularly the application of SCs as labels) has become the predominant methodology for atonal music. Many of us are required to hew to an existing curriculum; in such cases, I hope that explanations of prime form can be accompanied by sufficient qualifications so that students are not led to see SC as *the* way to label atonal motives and harmonies. When we have only one semester (or even less) to devote to music that extends beyond the tonal common practice, we should use our precious class time to introduce our undergraduates to diverse repertoire, from ancient (Schoenberg!) to modern (your composer-colleague who writes great music). Musical diversity does not necessitate an expanded range of new theoretical techniques. We can ply students with many of the same tools they learned while studying Bach and we can frequently remind them of all the musical features we attend to when analyzing how a piece of music is constructed: motives, timbres, register, pitches, and, of course, harmony. We don’t need SCs to foster a sophisticated understanding of modern music. And we should avoid inadvertently conveying the idea that some repertoire is “set-class music.” *Many thanks to Sara Bakker and Trevor de Clercq for their incredibly helpful comments and suggestions to this article.* -This work is copyright ©2017 Michael Buchler and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). \ No newline at end of file +This work is copyright ©2017 Michael Buchler and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/ferenc.md b/essays/ferenc.md index c68887b..9d4778d 100644 --- a/essays/ferenc.md +++ b/essays/ferenc.md @@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ author: Anna Ferenc, Wilfrid Laurier University -What are music theory skills? The answer to this question is an elusive one as it depends upon one’s definition of what music theory is, which, in turn, is dependent on the extent of one’s experience in the discipline. For example, while high-school students preparing for entry into college music programs commonly understand music theory in terms of rudimentary writing and recognition skills, a graduate music theory major will have a much broader perspective on the skills needed to understand and take part in music theoretical endeavors. At the undergraduate level, answers to this question may inevitably differ in detail from one institution to another and even from one instructor to another depending on the curricular design and desired course outcomes. Nevertheless, theory core courses at this level possess an underlying uniformity as they typically develop skills that may be grouped into the following three main categories: composition or part-writing skills, analytical skills, and aural skills. Within these categories, activities that involve melody harmonization, improvisation, music analysis, sight singing, and dictation are undertaken to develop musical competence in the Western tradition. +What are music theory skills? The answer to this question is an elusive one as it depends upon one’s definition of what music theory is, which, in turn, is dependent on the extent of one’s experience in the discipline. For example, while high-school students preparing for entry into college music programs commonly understand music theory in terms of rudimentary writing and recognition skills, a graduate music theory major will have a much broader perspective on the skills needed to understand and take part in music theoretical endeavors. At the undergraduate level, answers to this question may inevitably differ in detail from one institution to another and even from one instructor to another depending on the curricular design and desired course outcomes. Nevertheless, theory core courses at this level possess an underlying uniformity as they typically develop skills that may be grouped into the following three main categories: composition or harmonization skills, analytical skills, and aural skills. Within these categories, activities that involve part writing, improvisation, music analysis, sight singing, and dictation are undertaken to develop musical competence in the Western tradition. In his long-standing text on music theory pedagogy, [*Teaching Approaches in Music Theory*](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5595277W/Teaching_approaches_in_music_theory), Michael Rogers recognizes the value of developing such skills as a means to an end, but acknowledges the inadequacy of instruction limited to them when he writes on page 4: -> One irony of many undergraduate curriculums is that the two- or three-year required sequence of courses allots all its time to acquiring the background . . . for doing music theory but runs out of time just as the topic becomes interesting—resulting in an extended introduction that leads nowhere. Under such conditions of all motion and no arrival, students are never exposed to what real theory is all about and carry with them a biased and limited notion of the subject. +> One irony of many undergraduate curriculums is that the two- or three-year required sequence of courses allots all its time to acquiring the background (terminology, labels, etc.) for doing music theory but runs out of time just as the topic becomes interesting—resulting in an extended introduction that leads nowhere. Under such conditions of all motion and no arrival, students are never exposed to what real theory is all about and carry with them a biased and limited notion of the subject. -The context for this observation, which continues to resonate today, is a discussion of the goals and purposes of music theory in which Rogers points out a disconnect between what is often understood to be music theory in required undergraduate theory courses and what is actually the purpose of the discipline. He notes that the acquisition of facts and skills in the undergraduate theory core are a necessary background for the study of music theory, but that they are insufficient in and of themselves if not used to serve the more meaningful goal of learning how to ask and answer questions about music. By not experiencing engagement with “real theory,” students receive a stunted exposure to the discipline and, as a result, many question its purpose and relevance to their musical training. +The context for this observation, which continues to resonate today, is a discussion of the goals and purposes of music theory in which Rogers points out a disconnect between what is often understood to be music theory in required undergraduate theory courses and what is actually the purpose of the discipline. He notes that the acquisition of facts and skills in the undergraduate theory core are a necessary background for the study of music theory, but that they are insufficient in and of themselves if not used to serve the more meaningful goal of learning how to ask and answer questions about music. By not experiencing engagement with “real theory” (Rogers’ term), students receive a stunted exposure to the discipline and, as a result, many question its purpose and relevance to their musical training. What, then, is “real theory” and why are students not introduced to it in core theory courses? Rogers offers an answer to this question when he subsequently writes on page 7: > Music theory, in my opinion, is not a *subject* like pharmacy with labels to learn and prescriptions to fill, but it is an *activity*—more like composition or performance. The activity is *theorizing*: i.e., thinking about what we hear and hearing what we think about—and I would include even thinking about what we think. -Rogers clearly identifies theorizing as the activity that defines music theory and views it as a long-term goal that may be attained well beyond the timeframe of the music theory core where the acquisition of facts and skills serve as a means to achieve the goal. This is a logical position to assume and, considering the content of currently popular texts that are used to support instruction in the theory core (such as [*The Complete +Rogers identifies theorizing as the activity that defines music theory and views it as a long-term goal that may be attained well beyond the timeframe of the music theory core where the acquisition of facts and skills serve as a means to achieve the goal. This is a logical position to assume and, considering the content of currently popular texts that are used to support instruction in the theory core (such as [*The Complete Musician*](https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-complete-musician-9780199347094?cc=ca&lang=en&), [*The Musician’s Guide to Theory and Analysis*](http://books.wwnorton.com/books/webad.aspx?id=4294990317) and [*The Musician’s Guide to Aural Skills*](http://books.wwnorton.com/books/webad.aspx?id=4294990442), or [*Tonal Harmony*](http://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/M125944709X.html)), it appears that theory instructors continue to share this view. However, there is little evidence to suggest that the musicianship skills developed in the theory core lead students effectively to the meaningful purpose of theory that Rogers describes and this may be because a key component is missing to guide them in that direction—the practice of metacognition. By including “thinking about what we think” in his definition of theorizing, Rogers connects music theory with metacognition without specifically using the term. Since the time that Rogers first implied this association in 1984, a significant body of literature has emerged in psychology and education research documenting the importance of metacognition to the process of learning and uncovering its fundamental role in achieving meaningful learning experiences ([Hacker et al. 1998](https://books.google.ca/books/about/Metacognition_in_Educational_Theory_and.html?id=OUCNcfrljhQC&redir_esc=y); [Dunlosky & Metcalfe 2009](https://books.google.ca/books?id=xHtJADBpp-IC&source=gbs_similarbooks); [Kaplan et al. 2013](https://books.google.com/books?id=STzPAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Using+Reflection+and+Metacognition+to+Improve+Student+Learning:&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi94aPnzbzVAhUFNSYKHQe6BSEQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=Using%20Reflection%20and%20Metacognition%20to%20Improve%20Student%20Learning%3A&f=false)). Calls to promote metacognition have been taken up by teaching and learning experts across various disciplines. In the domain of music, discussion of metacognition appears in literature on music education and performance ([Pogonowski 1989](https://books.google.ca/books/about/Dimensions_of_Musical_Thinking.html?id=tNlxL2_VkkkC&redir_esc=y); [Parncutt & McPherson 2002](https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Science_and_Psychology_of_Music_Perf.html?id=l5unYHW80csC); [Bathgate et al. 2012](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1842/abstract); [Benton 2013](https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%E2%80%9CThoughts+on+Thinking%3a+Engaging+Novice+Music+Students+in+Metacognition%E2%80%9D&id=EJ1020135) and [2014](https://books.google.ca/books/about/Thinking_about_Thinking.html?id=dT_oAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y)) but is lacking in the area of music theory. This may be, in part, because there is understandable resistance to accommodate something that appears new and possibly extraneous to an already crowded theory curriculum. However, the inclusion by Rogers of “thinking about what we think” along with “thinking about what we hear and hearing what we think about” in his explanation of theorizing presents metacognition as a definitive component of theorizing music, and this indicates that it is neither extraneous nor new but, rather, a central facet of our discipline. Arguably, the activity of theorizing described by Rogers cannot take place without metacognition, which makes one wonder all the more why explicit development of metacognitive skill continues to be overlooked in music theory instruction. @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ Some examples of reflective questions that apply to music theory study and encou Incorporation of such metacognitive prompts into activities, assignments, or classroom discussion does not add new content to a course. Rather, it directs student attention toward their individual processes of learning content and, as a result, engages them in the kind of thinking that is required for theorizing thereby introducing them to the purpose of music theory. For example, consider the sampling of comments below from a class of sophomore students in response to metacognitive prompts guiding them to reflect for the first time on their learning experience of modulation in a course on chromatic harmony: -## Prompts: +Prompts: - Which exercises on this topic were most beneficial for my learning? Why? - Did this topic reinforce or develop my knowledge in some way? If so, how? - Did this topic show me gaps in my previous learning that I should address? What are they? - What did I learn from the enriching activity? (This was an assignment that invited students to find examples of modulation in their individual repertoires.) -## Sample responses: +Sample responses: 1. “I actually found the whole concept of modulation very difficult in the beginning. I was completely lost. Then I made myself sit down for a good seven hours one day, read all my notes, read all the textbook pages and do all the workbook exercises until it started to make sense.” > @@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ Incorporation of such metacognitive prompts into activities, assignments, or cla > 5. “I actually chose a Mozart Concerto and was delighted to find that in mapping out tonally the piece’s progression I also developed a greater sense of thematic and motivic development as well – which, though subtly, influenced my interpretation. This was especially true in the recapitulation of the First Movement, and in the tone colour used for the phrases where the harmonic shifts take place.” -The first statement is a candid expression of self-efficacy describing what a student needed to do to achieve success for the task at hand and take responsibility for learning, which is the first step toward meaningful study in any discipline. The second statement describes the integration of new knowledge with previous learning and the resulting revision of that learning, which is required to succeed in music theory, but impossible to recognize without reflection. The third statement speaks to the value of engaging in reflection for purposes of both learning and teaching while the fourth describes the discovery of retrospective interpretation as a valuable strategy for problem solving. The fifth statement provides evidence of transfer of theoretical learning to a context beyond the course (in this case repertoire performance), which undergraduate music theory core courses aim to achieve, but often find difficult to do. It also demonstrates that metacognitive reflection is an effective vehicle through which students may learn how to think about what they hear and hear what they think about. +The first statement is a candid expression of self-efficacy describing what a student needed to do to achieve success for the task at hand and take responsibility for learning, which is the first step toward meaningful study in any discipline. The second statement describes the integration of new knowledge with previous learning and the resulting revision of that learning, which is required to succeed in music theory, but impossible to recognize without reflection. The third statement speaks to the value of engaging in reflection for purposes of both learning and teaching while the fourth describes the discovery of retrospection as a valuable strategy for problem solving. The fifth statement provides evidence of transfer of theoretical learning to a context beyond the course (in this case repertoire performance), which undergraduate music theory core courses aim to achieve, but often find difficult to do. It also demonstrates that metacognitive reflection is an effective vehicle through which students may learn how to think about what they hear and hear what they think about. -All of the sample quotations above provide evidence of students thinking about their thinking as they learn music theory in a core course, which confirms that students can be involved in music theory’s long-term goal through metacognitive reflection even as they acquire the discipline’s foundational knowledge in the short term. Moreover, the statements illustrate that practicing metacognition in a music theory core course enables students to make sense of, or theorize, this foundational information for themselves. However, not all of the statements are equally perceptive, which indicates that some students are more skilled at reflecting metacognitively than others. This ability may be improved with repetitive practice. +All of the sample responses above provide evidence of students thinking about their thinking as they learn music theory in a core course, which confirms that students can be involved in music theory’s long-term goal through metacognitive reflection even as they acquire the discipline’s foundational knowledge in the short term. Moreover, the statements illustrate that practicing metacognition in a music theory core course enables students to make sense of, or theorize, this foundational information for themselves. However, not all of the statements are equally perceptive, which indicates that some students are more skilled at reflecting metacognitively than others. This ability may be improved with repetitive practice. -Recognizing the fundamental role of metacognition in theorizing is the first step toward rectifying the omission of its training as a skill of music theory. It also also opens the door to further research on metacognition within the field of music theory pedagogy to enrich the growing body of literature on metacognition in educational contexts. +Recognizing the fundamental role of metacognition in theorizing is the first step toward rectifying the omission of its training as a skill of music theory. It also opens the door to further research on metacognition within the field of music theory pedagogy to enrich the growing body of literature on metacognition in educational contexts. This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Anna Ferenc and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/fick.md b/essays/fick.md index 7e3b5f4..c6ff6e6 100644 --- a/essays/fick.md +++ b/essays/fick.md @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ In a separate session related to electronic dance music, the students prepare Ke Guided discovery serves as the appropriate tool to stimulate communication and self exploration, while simultaneously minimizing the hierarchy between the instructor as the primary bearer of knowledge and the student as the primary receiver of knowledge. I believe the breakdown of these barriers appeals to the current student population because they are given the opportunity to take more control in defining the class experience through their participation as an active member of the classroom learning community. The examples of guided discovery discussed provide a solution to the disconnect with a traditional lecture format that millennial students experience. While I find value in students learning through lecture, altering the methods of instruction can create a more varied classroom learning environment. As a result of these approaches, my students exhibit an overall increase in participation, confidence, and performance. -This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Jason Fick and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). \ No newline at end of file +This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Jason Fick and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/gullings.md b/essays/gullings.md index 793ee02..f42b8eb 100644 --- a/essays/gullings.md +++ b/essays/gullings.md @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ This future of rapidly increasing access to the world’s knowledge at ever shri I am certain that open educational resources will continue to be created and refined in the future. I strongly suspect that the quality, depth, and discoverability of these resources will continue to increase until they exceed those of traditional textbooks. And my prediction, as well as my deep hope, is that more music theory educators will enthusiastically adopt, develop, and champion OER in the near future, not only as a way to lower costs and increase equitable access to their classrooms, but also because it is the pedagogically effective thing to do. It is in the best interests of our students. -This work is copyright ©2017 Kyle Gullings and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). \ No newline at end of file +This work is copyright ©2017 Kyle Gullings and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/hoag.md b/essays/hoag.md index ac5d229..52e18ad 100644 --- a/essays/hoag.md +++ b/essays/hoag.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Many colleges and universities have programs for first-year students that aim to FYSs can range in scope; [some are topical](http://msb.georgetown.edu/programs/undergraduate/academics/first-year-seminar) and aim to broaden first-year students’ horizons; in some FYS programs, students [live in the same dorm](https://www.gettysburg.edu/academics/firstyear_seminars/), and the seminars may include [guest speakers, field trips, workshops, and community service projects](https://www.dickinson.edu/homepage/99/first_year_seminars); at some schools, each FYS includes a "[big question](http://www.highpoint.edu/firstyearprograms/firstyearseminars/)," described as “broad, important, and timeless problems or inquiries into the nature of things that cannot be quickly solved or easily answered.” -While all of this sounds wonderful, we (myself, and my colleague who teaches first-year theory with me, [Michele Soroka](https://oakland.edu/mtd/top-links/faculty-staff/michele-soroka)) could not institute all of these ideas in the context of a first-year theory curriculum. Our more limited approach aims to address key themes provided by the definition provided by [University of Colorado-Denver*](http://www.ucdenver.edu/student-services/resources/ue/early-alert/Documents/FYS%20for%20UES.pdf), which states that FYSs are “[…] intended to enhance the academic and social integration of first year students by introducing them to *essential skills for college success* and a *supportive campus community comprised of faculty, staff, and peers*” [emphasis mine]. Because our class sizes are relatively small (15–20 students), I felt that trying to incorporate some of the academic skills germane to many FYSs would work well for our curriculum, and—most importantly—help our students gain some of the vital academic skills they need for success in college, despite the content-heavy and skill-building nature of first-year theory and aural skills. Many of the ideas may seem simple or obvious, but they are often not simple or obvious to first-year students. +While all of this sounds wonderful, we (myself, and my colleague who teaches first-year theory with me, [Michele Soroka](https://oakland.edu/mtd/top-links/faculty-staff/michele-soroka)) could not institute all of these ideas in the context of a first-year theory curriculum. Our more limited approach aims to address key themes provided by the definition provided by [University of Colorado-Denver](http://www.ucdenver.edu/student-services/resources/ue/early-alert/Documents/FYS%20for%20UES.pdf), which states that FYSs are “[…] intended to enhance the academic and social integration of first year students by introducing them to *essential skills for college success* and a *supportive campus community comprised of faculty, staff, and peers*” [emphasis mine]. Because our class sizes are relatively small (15–20 students), I felt that trying to incorporate some of the academic skills germane to many FYSs would work well for our curriculum, and—most importantly—help our students gain some of the vital academic skills they need for success in college, despite the content-heavy and skill-building nature of first-year theory and aural skills. Many of the ideas may seem simple or obvious, but they are often not simple or obvious to first-year students. ## Knowing how to take notes, organize information, and study @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ Finally, because I also teach graduate students, I know that many students leave Of course, our attempts are necessarily limited. The first-year music theory and aural skills curriculum cannot serve as both a full FYS *and* a rigorous first-year theory curriculum that serves students with widely divergent skills. For instance, we don’t have time to take a library tour; this occurs in a first-year music history class. We have yet to incorporate the community engagement and citizenship aspects that some FYSs include. Additionally, I want to ensure that the grades a student receives in first-year music theory are reflective of their skills in music theory, and that they are not diluted or inflated by too many non-theory-specific tasks, like collecting notes more than twice a semester, or requiring students to submit a to-do list before final exams. What I have offered here simply represents our attempts to improve student success and engagement in ways that are about more than pitches and rhythms. -This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Melissa Hoag and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). \ No newline at end of file +This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Melissa Hoag and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/hughes_duker.md b/essays/hughes_duker.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc1a25c --- /dev/null +++ b/essays/hughes_duker.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +layout: post +title: "Reflecting Upon Five Years of *Engaging Students*" +author: Bryn Hughes, University of Lethbridge; Philip Duker, University of Delaware; Anna Gawboy, Ohio State University; Kris P. Shafer, University of Mary Washington +--- + +{{ page.title }} +================ + +**{{ page.author }}** + +*Engaging Students* was born out of discussions between Anna Gawboy, Phil Duker, Bryn Hughes, and Kris Shaffer, along with those who attended the first FlipCamp Unconference in Charleston, SC in 2012. Below is an informal “digital roundtable” between Anna, Phil, Bryn, and Kris, the original coordinators of the group, in which they discuss their thoughts on the journal and its future. + +## Why is *Engaging Students* important to you? + +AG: From the beginning, it was a place where people felt comfortable sharing diverse viewpoints and pedagogical experiments. The collected essays showed that music theory pedagogy was not a single immutable tradition, but rather a living, evolving practice influenced by educational research happening outside music. I think there were several reasons ES attracted the type of essays it did, but one reason may have been its newness and the fact that it was edited by people who were all untenured at the time of its founding. I think the blessay format and the journal’s editing process allowed a wide range of contributors to participate, including graduate students, various types of tenured and untenured faculty, and master pedagogues. + +PD: While essays have ranged from explaining how to use a technique in the classroom to more abstract meditations on why we do what we do, I think there is a sense of adventurous spirit which has attracted people trying to explore new and different ways of doing things. I see the journal as an important space for the ongoing discussion of music pedagogy. + +KS: *Engaging Students* demonstrates how readily a group of committed scholars and teachers can use the web to have a positive impact on the world of university teaching. As more and more music theorists find themselves in teaching-heavy positions and working at institutions with digital initiatives (both formal and informal), there is increasingly an appetite for thoughtful writing about new modes and tools for effective teaching. *Engaging Students* not only provides great content for thoughtful teachers wanting to try new things, but it also provides experienced teachers with heavy teaching loads an accessible, short-form outlet to share their insights with others. And with approximately 95,000 page views since we launched the first volume, it seems like people are finding a lot of value in what *Engaging Students* has to offer! + +BH: With every volume, I read *Engaging* *Students* and become inspired and excited for the forthcoming semester. So many of the essays have caused me to re-evaluate the philosophy and methodology behind my teaching. As a space that enables this, I think *Engaging* *Students* is invaluable to my career, to my discipline, and to academia in general. I am also passionately supportive of the means by which we publish this journal. Open access collaborative peer review is fundamental to the growth of scholarship, and the success of this journal helps push these ideas further into mainstream academia. + +## Which essay(s) have had the largest impact on your teaching? + +AG: I’ve learned a lot from essays that suggested better ways to teach traditional skills, such as Brian Alegant’s call to create significant learning experiences through “[scuba diving](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/alegant.html)” rather than superficially “snorkeling” through a large amount of material and Carla Coletti’s advice on how to [create a conceptual workshop](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/colletti.html). Now, I’m attracted to essays that suggest changes to the content and goals of music theory pedagogy, not just the methods we use to teach it. I’m thinking of Deborah Rifkin’s essay on teaching [creativity](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/rifkin.html), David Kulma and Meghan Naxer’s rationale for expanding the curriculum [beyond partwriting](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/kulmaNaxer.html), and Sam Richards’ suggestions on how to better equip students for the [challenges of an increasingly diverse contemporary musical landscape](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents3/essays/richards.html). + +PD: There are quite a few essays that have proven useful in my teaching over the years. I am consistently impressed and inspired by Peter Schubert’s contributions to our journal ([2013](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/schubert.html), [2014](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/schubert.html), [2015](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents3/essays/schubert.html), and the [current issue](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/hughes_duker.html) where he has partnered with Justin Mariner). I also agree with everyone that Brian Alegant’s “[scuba diving](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/alegant.html)” is a great article and was reassuring for me since it came at a time when I was questioning the mandate of coverage (and, after grading graduate theory entrance exams for years, also wondering how much of the theory core was being retained by students). In addition to some of the more abstract essays, I’ve also been inspired to just try different techniques; from [Self-grading](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/alegantSawhill.html) to [using Jazz to teach rhythm](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents4/essays/thomas.html), many practical approaches to teaching have proven quite helpful in my classes. There have even been cases where I mostly disagreed with the ideas advocated in an essay, but they nevertheless spurned me to try something new that ended up going quite well. Although it can sometimes feel exhausting, I think that trying new approaches and experimenting with different ways of teaching help my classes feel more fresh and exciting for me and my students. And each volume has given me a nice menu of things to try and think about as I strive to become a more effective teacher. + +KS: I left the discipline of music theory a little over a year ago, so my teaching has taken a different direction than the others in this “interview”. However, many of the pieces in *Engaging Students* are applicable outside of music theory and continue to influence my teaching in digital studies and faculty development across disciplines. Like the others, I have found Brian Alegant’s comparison of [scuba-diving pedagogy](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/alegant.html) with snorkeling pedagogy to be a helpful framework for the choices I (and my students) make in my digital studies courses. In my work as a faculty developer, I have often referred to Jan Miyake’s idea of the “[mini-flip](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/miyake1.html)” -- a helpful place for faculty to start when wanting to make their course more student-centered without completely reworking their syllabus all at once. I also find myself returning to ideas borne out of discussions with Anna Ferenc at FlipCamp Music Theory 2014 in Boulder, some of which she published in [Volume 2](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents3/essays/ferenc.html). The idea of students as disciplinary practitioners is an important one. Whether in music theory or digital studies, as first-semester college students or upper-level and graduate students, everyone in our classes comes in with expertise relevant to our studies -- sometimes decades of experiences. Helping them see themselves as professionals not only can instill in them the mindset and disciplinary practices that are common to the field they are studying, but it can also help them see themselves as people with something to offer the world *already* and give them channels for sharing their insights with a broader community. + +BH: So many of the essays published in *Engaging Students* over the past 5 years have impacted my teaching in one way or another that I could simply list the Table of Contents for each volume as a response to this question. That wouldn't be particularly interesting, so I'll instead mention a few highlights that I have recently gone back to in preparing for my upcoming semester. [Chris Stover's "Strange Changes"](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents4/essays/stover.html) has provided me with a wonderful new context with which to present mode mixture; complementing my typical battery of examples from German lieder. [Deborah Rifkin's essay](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/rifkin.html) on the analysis of timbre and form in Jennifer Higdon's *blue cathedral* provides a great example of how to engage a post-tonal music class by attending to non-pitch parameters. I would also like to recommend the essays by [Sara Bakker and Tim Chenette](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/bakkerchenette.html) , and [Jan Miyake](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/miyake2.html), both of which provide compelling reasons for including writing in the music theory curriculum. Over the years, *Engaging Students* has constantly reminded us that music theory is more than just pushing notes around on a page, or identifying chords with Roman Numerals, and I think these two essays in particular give us examples of concrete ways in which we can expand our repertoire of tasks which we assign to our students. Last, I would be remiss if I didn't mention a few of the essays we've published that directly challenge what has been traditionally done in the music theory classroom. [Daniel Stevens's essay](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents3/essays/stevens1.html) on "breaking things" as an act of music criticism, and especially Meghan Naxer and David Kulma's [essay on moving the theory curriculum beyond part writing](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/kulmaNaxer.html) stand out in this regard. + +## What is the place of *Engaging Students* in our discipline going forward? + +AG: I think music theory pedagogy is on the verge of a major transformation. Many teachers are employing research-based strategies drawn from other fields of education and moving away from the idea that the goals of music theory instruction are fixed and unchanging, identical with common textbook content. I hope *Engaging Students* continues to be a resource that inspires music theorists to try new things and gives them the courage to question unexamined assumptions. Only through spirited exchange can our discipline move forward. + +KS: Music theory is no longer my discipline, so I’ll respond from a more interdisciplinary perspective. I hope (and think) that *Engaging Students* will become a model for how other disciplines can use the web to build more channels for thoughtful teachers to improve their teaching, to find kindred spirits, and even to find collaborators. We modeled the non-blind-peer-review process on [*Hybrid Pedagogy*](http://www.digitalpedagogylab.com/hybridped/), an interdisciplinary journal of teaching and learning, and the fast-paced editing and publishing model on the interdisciplinary, crowdsourced book, [*Hacking the Academy*](http://hackingtheacademy.org/). *Engaging Students* sought to bring the best of those new-media publishing models into a discipline-specific context, and coupled with the *Engaging Students* (formerly FlipCamp Music Theory) unconference series, has promoted a strong sense of community for many in music theory. I hope that community and critical self-reflection will continue, but I also hope that other disciplines will follow -- and improve upon -- the *Engaging Students* model, so that we can all offer our students the best we can give them. + +BH: More than anything, I hope that *Engaging Students* continues to challenge our approaches to teaching. In the [foreword to our third volume](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents3/essays/schubert.html), Peter Schubert wrote that *Engaging Students* "confirms the need for change and the willingness of music teachers to embrace new ideas." If our journal can play a central role in offering an environment in which this can happen, I will consider it to have been a tremendous success. + +PD: There seem to have been a lot of changes in the world of Music Pedagogy (and certainly Music Theory Pedagogy) since *Engaging Students* began. Overall, I have heard and seen a lot of positive developments where music teachers are finding ways to better connect with their students (often putting student learning as the primary focus). Increasingly instructors are also willing (and eager) to share the things that are going well in their classes. As a result, pedagogy doesn’t feel like a fringe area of research anymore, and I think our teaching will only improve as a consequence. My hope is that *Engaging Students* will keep on providing a thought-provoking space to explore music teaching and learning. + +## For the current editors: what is there to look forward to in volume 5? + +This volume of *Engaging Students* once again offers a wide variety of essays that are sure to inspire our readers. In keeping with the journal’s tradition of not shying away from controversial ideas in pedagogy, [Michael Buchler’s essay](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/buchler.html) offers a persuasive argument about teaching post-tonal music and the role of set theory. He provides some provocative questions and challenges to the status quo that deserve consideration by all who teach 20th- and 21st-century music. [Kyle Gullings’ essay](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/gullings.html) on Open Educational Resources and his accompanying resources is both thought provoking and gracious; undoubtedly useful for teachers inspired to take and adapt in their own classes. Some of the metacognitive activities that [Anna Ferenc discusses in her essay](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/ferenc.html) can help students and instructors understand how learning is taking place in a very deliberate way. Allowing students to take deliberate and positive steps to improve their learning is a key theme in [Melissa Hoag’s contribution](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/hoag.html), where she shows how adopting strategies and skills often taught in first-year-seminar courses can have very positive benefits for students. Lastly, [Scott Strovas and Ann Stutes](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/strovas_stutes.html) offer a structured approach to oral examinations, or colloquies, throughout the undergraduate theory sequence, where students are able to discuss pieces and demonstrate their understanding of topics in their own words, resulting in a move from a hierarchical relationship to one that is more similar to mentoring. + +Turning from the more philosophical aspects to more practical ones, we are happy to include a number of essays that discuss particular activities that engage students. [Jason Fick](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/fick.html) and [Timothy Johnson](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/johnson.html) both provide intriguing insight into teaching non-standard repertoire. The essays by [Rebecca Jemain](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/jemain.html) and [George Lam](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/lam.html) offer means by which a teacher can engage a class in analysis without initially getting bogged down in the details of formal terminology, serving as a gateway to more in-depth analysis. [Justin Mariner and Peter Schubert](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/mariner_schubert.html) discuss their method for facilitating the development of improvisation and sight singing using out-of-class, online assignments, enabling students to invest more time practicing, and allowing instructors to focus more intensely on difficult tasks during class time. Similarly, [Daniel Stevens](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/stevens.html) shares his method for applying approaches from inverted pedagogy to dictation. [Judith Ofcarcik’s](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/ofcarcik.html) fantastic, interdisciplinary activity in which doodling is used to support engaged listening will surely inspire teachers with a new way to introduce repertoire to their students. And finally, [Maria Purciello](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/purciello.html) addresses issues of relevance and points of entry in history survey courses, and presents an alternative, problem-based learning curriculum that resonates with many of the pedagogical philosophies found throughout this volume, and previous volumes of *Engaging Students.* + +The essays collected under the title *From Classroom to Community* reveal a growing trend of college-level music educators attempting to reach a wider audience. Braving the non-standard locations of both retirement and online communities, [Janet Bourne](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/bourne.html) provides examples of how to connect student learning with the general public, enriching the experience for students and instructors. [J. Daniel Jenkins](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/jenkins.html) has contributed an essay that explores a course he taught on Public Music Theory. In it, he offers an extended discussion on the assignment of writing program notes. If you have ever wondered about programming a lecture-recital in a retirement home that would also feature an interactive discussion between performers and audience, then [Crystal Peebles’s essay](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/peebles.html) will offer sage advice on how to pull off this feat. Further impressive is that she presented pieces of contemporary music, winning over both students and some audience members to appreciate these challenging styles. Lastly, [Natalie Williams](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/williams.html) presents a wonderful program she created that connected elementary school musicians with college level composers and further a community orchestra. While resource intensive, this essay shows a breadth of venues that could be engaged when one begins exploring beyond the borders of the classroom. All in all, this collection of essays seems important and timely, and we are proud to feature this work here. + +We hope you enjoy the volume! + +All best, + +Bryn and Phil + +Co-editors, Vol. 5 diff --git a/essays/jemain.md b/essays/jemian.md similarity index 99% rename from essays/jemain.md rename to essays/jemian.md index 1fdd2a4..9575016 100644 --- a/essays/jemain.md +++ b/essays/jemian.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- layout: post title: "Ho Hey, Having Some Say in Contextual Listening" -author: Rebecca Jemain, University of Louisville +author: Rebecca Jemian, University of Louisville --- {{ page.title }} @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ Regardless of where students stop considering musical features of the piece (e.g This model for contextual listening invites students to take an active role as they first consider their reactions to a piece, then pursue technical aspects of analysis, and finally step back to reconsider other features yet unaddressed. This technique has dual results: sound remains at the forefront of musical study and students play an active role in learning. Repeating this operation of relating to a piece personally before analyzing it, and then following it up with further consideration is a way of building an active analytic process. By developing their own contextual listening examples, students experience the relevance of music theory. Students learn and practice a process of analysis that can be applied to many repertoires. -This work is copyright ©2017 Rebecca Jemian and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). \ No newline at end of file +This work is copyright ©2017 Rebecca Jemian and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/jenkins.md b/essays/jenkins.md index dee25f3..c80c356 100644 --- a/essays/jenkins.md +++ b/essays/jenkins.md @@ -43,24 +43,24 @@ As I reflect on this course and think about future iterations of the course, I n ### Positive Takeaways: -> **Critical thinking** – In other graduate courses I teach, such as Schenkerian Analysis, Theories of Rhythm and Meter, and Tonality in the Twentieth Century, we spend so much time trying to understand a theory or methodology that students never reach the point of engaging in informed critique of that theory or methodology. This was not true of the material in the public music theory course, and it was very gratifying to see students employ their critical thinking skills in every aspect of the course, from content to style and presentation. -> -> **Relevance** – Because the students chose their own repertoire and topics, the course was obviously relevant to their music-making. -> -> **Student Engagement** – The level of student engagement with the course content was quite high. Most, if not all, of the students had read or viewed the assigned material before coming to class. Numerous times, I had to cut off discussion in order to end class on time. -> -> **Written and oral work** – The students really had to hone their writing and public speaking skills in order to be successful in the course. Some students already wrote well when they began the class, but others showed considerable improvement with both written and spoken English. I think the course was especially beneficial in this regard for non-native English speakers. -> -> **Application to undergraduate teaching** – Any of these assignments could easily be adapted to any level of undergraduate music theory, and one could likely teach an upper-division course in public music theory for undergraduate students. +**Critical thinking** – In other graduate courses I teach, such as Schenkerian Analysis, Theories of Rhythm and Meter, and Tonality in the Twentieth Century, we spend so much time trying to understand a theory or methodology that students never reach the point of engaging in informed critique of that theory or methodology. This was not true of the material in the public music theory course, and it was very gratifying to see students employ their critical thinking skills in every aspect of the course, from content to style and presentation. + +**Relevance** – Because the students chose their own repertoire and topics, the course was obviously relevant to their music-making. + +**Student Engagement** – The level of student engagement with the course content was quite high. Most, if not all, of the students had read or viewed the assigned material before coming to class. Numerous times, I had to cut off discussion in order to end class on time. + +**Written and oral work** – The students really had to hone their writing and public speaking skills in order to be successful in the course. Some students already wrote well when they began the class, but others showed considerable improvement with both written and spoken English. I think the course was especially beneficial in this regard for non-native English speakers. + +**Application to undergraduate teaching** – Any of these assignments could easily be adapted to any level of undergraduate music theory, and one could likely teach an upper-division course in public music theory for undergraduate students. ### Lingering Challenges: -> **Workload** – By the end of the semester, it was clear that I had been too ambitious with the workload for the course. The students were troopers about it, but I will adjust this in future iterations of the course. I will make some of the required reading optional, eliminate a couple of topics, and provide more time to complete podcasts and videocasts. -> -> **Community Engagement** – In future iterations of the course, there could be somewhat less focus on media, making more time for a community engagement project. The essays in this volume by Bourne, Peebles, and Williams give excellent examples of the types of community engagement projects that could be undertaken. -> -> **Expertise** – Unlike other graduate-level theory courses I teach, where I know all the readings, repertoire, and topics quite well, it was not possible for me to be intimately familiar with every topic or piece of music the students wrote or spoke about. This is not a problem so much as it was a challenge—not just to me, but to music theory in general, to engage with more diverse topics and repertoire. -> -> **Public** – Perhaps the most profound topic we discussed over the course of the semester was “who is the public?” This lead to an interesting discussion about how traditional modes of public music theory are geared at an older, whiter, upper-middle- and upper-class, urban audience. Coming to terms with that issue has consequences far beyond the context of any course, much less one in music theory. But, it was exciting to have such a conversation—a conversation I have never had in any of my other classes. Who are we trying to reach out to and what are we trying to say to them? If a curriculum in public music theory can help our students put those questions in the forefront, perhaps everything else will work itself out. +**Workload** – By the end of the semester, it was clear that I had been too ambitious with the workload for the course. The students were troopers about it, but I will adjust this in future iterations of the course. I will make some of the required reading optional, eliminate a couple of topics, and provide more time to complete podcasts and videocasts. + +**Community Engagement** – In future iterations of the course, there could be somewhat less focus on media, making more time for a community engagement project. The essays in this volume by [Bourne](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/bourne.html), [Peebles](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/peebles.html), and [Williams](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/williams.html) give excellent examples of the types of community engagement projects that could be undertaken. + +**Expertise** – Unlike other graduate-level theory courses I teach, where I know all the readings, repertoire, and topics quite well, it was not possible for me to be intimately familiar with every topic or piece of music the students wrote or spoke about. This is not a problem so much as it was a challenge—not just to me, but to music theory in general, to engage with more diverse topics and repertoire. + +**Public** – Perhaps the most profound topic we discussed over the course of the semester was “who is the public?” This lead to an interesting discussion about how traditional modes of public music theory are geared at an older, whiter, upper-middle- and upper-class, urban audience. Coming to terms with that issue has consequences far beyond the context of any course, much less one in music theory. But, it was exciting to have such a conversation—a conversation I have never had in any of my other classes. Who are we trying to reach out to and what are we trying to say to them? If a curriculum in public music theory can help our students put those questions in the forefront, perhaps everything else will work itself out. -This work is copyright ©2017 J. Daniel Jenkins and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). \ No newline at end of file +This work is copyright ©2017 J. Daniel Jenkins and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/johnson.md b/essays/johnson.md index a5f62d9..52a7f98 100644 --- a/essays/johnson.md +++ b/essays/johnson.md @@ -1,16 +1,21 @@ --- layout: post -title: The Music of *Hamilton* and its Historical, Cultural, Social, and Political Contexts +title: "The Music of *Hamilton* and its Historical, Cultural, Social, and Political Contexts" author: Timothy A. Johnson, Ithaca College --- +{{ page.title }} +================ + +**{{ page.author }}** + Teaching [Hamilton: An American Musical](http://www.hamiltonbroadway.com/) from a musically rich perspective in an interdisciplinary context provides an extraordinary opportunity for students to develop creative approaches to talking about music outside of the Western canon and to relate their musical ideas to a range of important topics that too often reside beyond the traditional music classroom. The immense popularity of this musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda can enliven class discussions through its familiarity and its broad reach into American consciousness. It has captured the musical interest of both young and old, people of different races and social classes, and people who love musicals and people who hate them. Studying *Hamilton* in musical depth in connection with a broader context provides space for thoughtful discussions of how the music portrays American history, how the styles of music expand cultural conceptions of the Broadway musical, how its libretto illuminates important perspectives on contemporary (and eighteenth-century) American society, and how its characters and casting epitomize divergent political views both historically and in the present. -My choice of this repertoire to use as a case study in a senior seminar has brought substantial new interest to my teaching from a wide variety of sources. My students relayed an excitement with my choice of topic starting from well before the class began. My niece, a professional graphic designer and non-musician (who normally does not engage with me about my classes) told me that she wished she could take my class. And the press at my college immediately pounced on this story, publishing no less than three articles within six weeks--an [interview](http://www.ithaca.edu/news/releases/music-professor-takes-a-shot-on-hamilton-43506/#.WQH-XvkrLGg) in the official college online magazine, a [more extensive interview](https://theithacan.org/life-culture/qa-ic-professor-starts-a-revolution-with-hamilton-course/) in the student newspaper, and a [feature](http://www.icchronicle.org/2017/03/17/hamiltons-revolution-enters-classroom/) in the inaugural issue of an online student magazine. I have never experienced such attention paid to my classes; if you want to interest people in your teaching, teach *Hamilton*. +My choice of this repertoire to use as a case study in a senior seminar has brought substantial new interest to my teaching from a wide variety of sources. My students relayed an excitement with my choice of topic starting from well before the class began. My niece, a professional graphic designer and non-musician (who normally does not engage with me about my classes), told me that she wished she could take my class. And the press at my college immediately pounced on this story, publishing no less than three articles within six weeks—an [interview](http://www.ithaca.edu/news/releases/music-professor-takes-a-shot-on-hamilton-43506/#.WQH-XvkrLGg) in the official college online magazine, a [more extensive interview](https://theithacan.org/life-culture/qa-ic-professor-starts-a-revolution-with-hamilton-course/) in the student newspaper, and a [feature](http://www.icchronicle.org/2017/03/17/hamiltons-revolution-enters-classroom/) in the inaugural issue of an online student magazine. I have never experienced such attention paid to my classes; if you want to interest people in your teaching, teach *Hamilton*. -My approach to teaching *Hamilton*, in accordance with the purpose of the course, was to help students interweave specific observations about the music, based on the musical expertise they had been developing as music majors, with broader connections to fields outside of music. Although the teaching strategies pertain specifically to this course--Senior Seminar in Music, Liberal Arts, and Outside Fields--the discussion topics and assignments that I will outline may be used at multiple curricular levels and in a variety of courses that make room for exploration of music in broader contexts. +My approach to teaching *Hamilton*, in accordance with the purpose of the course, was to help students interweave specific observations about the music, based on the musical expertise they had been developing as music majors, with broader connections to fields outside of music. Although the teaching strategies pertain specifically to this course—Senior Seminar in Music, Liberal Arts, and Outside Fields—the discussion topics and assignments that I will outline may be used at multiple curricular levels and in a variety of courses that make room for exploration of music in broader contexts. -A range of readings and other resources are available to inform discussion, including perceptive [reviews](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/08/t-magazine/hamilton-lin-manuel-miranda-roots-sondheim.html), [podcasts](http://www.earwolf.com/show/the-room-where-its-happening/), [a PBS documentary](http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/episodes/hamiltons-america/), [a feature magazine story](http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons), and a probing [academic article](http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/centers/hitchcock/publications/amr/v46-1/kasinitz.php), and all of these source types surely will continue to proliferate. Primarily, Ron Chernow’s [biography](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2665176W/Alexander_Hamilton) is indispensable--not as a required text for the class, but as excerpts to be used for reserve readings, as well as a source of information for the teacher. Miranda based his musical on this hefty (700-page) biography that he [bought to read on vacation](https://twitter.com/lin_manuel/status/610440904453844993?lang=en), and Chernow’s account provides an authoritative source of the historical record as represented in the musical. Miranda and McCarter’s [book](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17366209W/Hamilton) about the *musical* provides the complete libretto, with Miranda’s annotations, as well as illuminating essays by McCarter associated with each song. [Genius](https://genius.com/albums/Lin-manuel-miranda/Hamilton-original-broadway-cast-recording) is an invaluable online resource, with both the libretto in an online format and the audio tracks from the cast album. (The audio tracks can be played by clicking the button in the upper right.) In addition the libretto includes even more extensive line-by-line annotations than Miranda and McCarter’s book from a variety of sources, including the composer. +A range of readings and other resources are available to inform discussion, including perceptive [reviews](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/08/t-magazine/hamilton-lin-manuel-miranda-roots-sondheim.html), [podcasts](http://www.earwolf.com/show/the-room-where-its-happening/), [a PBS documentary](http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/episodes/hamiltons-america/), [a feature magazine story](http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons), and a probing [academic article](http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/centers/hitchcock/publications/amr/v46-1/kasinitz.php), and all of these source types surely will continue to proliferate. Primarily, Ron Chernow’s [biography](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2665176W/Alexander_Hamilton) is indispensable—not as a required text for the class, but as excerpts to be used for reserve readings, as well as a source of information for the teacher. Miranda based his musical on this hefty (700-page) biography that he [bought to read on vacation](https://twitter.com/lin_manuel/status/610440904453844993?lang=en), and Chernow’s account provides an authoritative source of the historical record as represented in the musical. Miranda and McCarter’s [book](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17366209W/Hamilton) about the *musical* provides the complete libretto, with Miranda’s annotations, as well as illuminating essays by McCarter associated with each song. [Genius](https://genius.com/albums/Lin-manuel-miranda/Hamilton-original-broadway-cast-recording) is an invaluable online resource, with both the libretto in an online format and the audio tracks from the cast album. (The audio tracks can be played by clicking the button in the upper right.) In addition the libretto includes even more extensive line-by-line annotations than Miranda and McCarter’s book from a variety of sources, including the composer. As an entry point into the musical from an interdisciplinary approach, [the opening lines](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-alexander-hamilton-lyrics) serve as an effective foundation. Aaron Burr refers to Alexander Hamilton using three insulting names: “bastard, orphan, son of a whore,” and he alludes to his immigrant status “a Scotsman” from “the Caribbean,” an especially important point to which Burr returns throughout the musical. After playing a recording of just that opening line, a few initial questions help students to frame the issues: @@ -35,9 +40,9 @@ Following this wide-ranging examination, turning to the *music* of the [opening These questions may prompt students to recognize the song as related to, or a modern adaptation of, continuous variations form, with a ground bass (or perhaps a groove, in the language of popular music), based on their prior studies of this form. (Thanks to my colleague, Elizabeth Medina-Gray, who first called my attention to the form of this song.) Reflecting on the nature of the form, students might propose ideas such as the solid underpinning over which Miranda introduces each character, the nearly contemporaneous historical usage of the ground bass with the time period of the narrative, and the slow build in texture and dynamics as the song progresses over the unwavering (though often varied) support of the bass line. -The opening discussion that I have outlined above provides a rich opportunity to consider the first song in terms of formal analysis, as well as from a broader context. It sets the tone for further discussion of the musical that likewise enriches the classroom experience for students and provides a strong foundation for further investigation. A series of periodic (perhaps weekly) assignments, to be discussed in ensuing classes and outlined below, provide a structure for a continuing examination of *Hamilton* from a rich interdisciplinary perspective with musical depth: +The opening discussion that I have outlined above provides an opportunity to consider the first song in terms of formal analysis, as well as from a broader context. It sets the tone for further discussion of the musical that likewise enriches the classroom experience for students and provides a strong foundation for further investigation. A series of periodic (perhaps weekly) assignments, to be discussed in ensuing classes and outlined below, provide a structure for a continuing examination of *Hamilton* from a rich interdisciplinary perspective with musical depth: -1. What is the significance of the “naming” songs from *Hamilton* (the first three songs: “[Alexander Hamilton](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-alexander-hamilton-lyrics),” the title song; “[Aaron Burr, Sir,](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-aaron-burr-sir-lyrics)” which spells the name “Hamilton”; and “[My Shot](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-my-shot-lyrics),” the song where each revolutionary introduces himself)? Listen to these songs and study the lyrics. Prepare for a detailed class discussion as follows: Find at least two examples of hip hop songs in which the artists announce themselves as part of the lyrics (other than the songs from which Miranda borrows directly). Be prepared to play the examples for the class. What is Miranda saying about these characters by using this style and this text in the musical? What are the hip hop artists saying about themselves by using their names (in the context of your chosen hip hop songs)? What is the social/cultural significance of announcing oneself in a hip hop song? How do the social/cultural conventions compare between the naming songs in *Hamilton* and your hip hop examples? What musical contexts does Miranda create for these naming songs in *Hamilton*, and what musical contexts does the composer(s) of your chosen songs create? +1. What is the significance of the “naming” songs from *Hamilton* (the first three songs: “[Alexander Hamilton](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-alexander-hamilton-lyrics),” the title song; “[Aaron Burr, Sir,](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-aaron-burr-sir-lyrics)” which spells the name “Hamilton”; and “[My Shot](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-my-shot-lyrics),” the song where each revolutionary introduces himself)? Listen to these songs and study the lyrics. Prepare for a detailed class discussion as follows: Find at least two examples of hip hop songs in which the artists announce themselves as part of the lyrics (other than the songs from which Miranda borrows directly). Be prepared to play the examples for the class. What is Miranda saying about these characters by using this style and this text in the musical? What are the hip hop artists saying about themselves by using their names (in the context of your chosen hip hop songs)? What is the social/cultural significance of announcing oneself in a hip hop song? How do the social/cultural conventions compare between the naming songs in *Hamilton* and your hip hop examples? What musical contexts does Miranda create for these naming songs in *Hamilton*, and what musical contexts do the composers of your chosen songs create? > 2. Read pp. 54-61 in [Chernow](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2665176W/Alexander_Hamilton). How does “[Farmer Refuted](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-farmer-refuted-lyrics)” exemplify, but also exceed, the account in Chernow? Describe the similarities and differences between the accounts. Listen to the song in *Hamilton*. Specifically how does the musical structure aid Miranda in making this point more vivid than in Chernow? Make notes to prepare for class discussion. > @@ -45,18 +50,18 @@ The opening discussion that I have outlined above provides a rich opportunity to > 4. Write a 500-1000 word essay responding to the following prompts. Do not include the questions in your essay, but be sure you address all of the questions over the course of your essay. Be creative and specific, especially when referring to the music: > -> a. Read pp. 161-166 in Chernow, which includes a discussion of the British ballad at Yorktown played as defeated troops marched. Listen to the [original ballad](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-N0ckzU1mI) (start at about 1:35). +a. Read pp. 161-166 in Chernow, which includes a discussion of the British ballad at Yorktown played as defeated troops marched. Listen to the [original ballad](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-N0ckzU1mI) (start at about 1:35). > -> b. Listen to “[Yorktown](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-yorktown-the-world-turned-upside-down-lyrics)” in *Hamilton*. How does Miranda incorporate any aspects of the original ballad into this song in the musical? How does Miranda incorporate the basic idea of the revolution as representing the idea of “The World Turned Upside Down” into in this song in the musical, both musically and in the lyrics? What historical elements does he preserve, if any? Why do you think Miranda incorporated this material in this way? What does Miranda’s version signify historically and about today’s society/culture? +b. Listen to “[Yorktown](https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-yorktown-the-world-turned-upside-down-lyrics)” in *Hamilton*. How does Miranda incorporate any aspects of the original ballad into this song in the musical? How does Miranda incorporate the basic idea of the revolution as representing the idea of “The World Turned Upside Down” into this song in the musical, both musically and in the lyrics? What historical elements does he preserve, if any? Why do you think Miranda incorporated this material in this way? What does Miranda’s version signify historically and about today’s society/culture? > 5. How does Miranda display a command of understanding of the relationships between music and other fields in *Hamilton*. Choose one song (not already discussed in this course) to illustrate your claim. What does Miranda achieve musically in this song? How does Miranda use music to illustrate historical, social, cultural, and political ideas (choose at least two of these ideas) in your selected song? Be *specific* in your references to the music. Prepare a 5-minute presentation for the class. These assignments increase the level of expectation for individual responsibility and breadth of interdisciplinarity. The inclusion of hip hop examples presented by students in the first assignment diversifies the repertoire of the classroom significantly; these “naming” songs are ubiquitous in the literature, and students generally have no trouble finding examples, even those who are unfamiliar with this style of music. Here are a couple of examples that may serve as introductory resources for instructors related to this assignment: Miranda borrows directly from “[Going Back to Cali](https://genius.com/The-notorious-big-going-back-to-cali-lyrics),” by the Notorious B.I.G., and from 1980s hip hop, such as Run-D.M.C.’s “[Sucker M.C.’s](https://genius.com/Run-dmc-sucker-mcs-lyrics),” in which each rapper introduces himself. -It is possible to pursue the activities in this essay without any background in hip hop research; however, instructors looking for further information will find a wealth of scholarly resources that include analytical approaches to this music. [Adams Krims](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL42732M/Rap_music_and_the_poetics_of_identity) provides a well-formulated analytical entry point into rap music, and introduces multiple terms and approaches that may be employed effectively with the music of *Hamilton* (such as speech-effusive and percussion-effusive styles, 50-2). Kyle Adams explores [music/text relationships](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.08.14.2/mto.08.14.2.adams.html) and [aspects of meter and flow](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.09.15.5/mto.09.15.5.adams.html) in rap music, and both of these topics also apply well to this musical. Justin Williams’s [Cambridge Companion to Hip-Hop*](http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/music/twentieth-century-and-contemporary-music/cambridge-companion-hip-hop?format=PB#9whxVwK36f49ieQO.97) contains a variety of approaches by multiple authors, including analytical perspectives. Those seeking a thorough, historically-based approach may lean toward [Fernando Orejuela’s textbook](https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/rap-and-hip-hop-culture-9780199987733?cc=us&lang=en&), whereas instructors more experienced with hip hop will appreciate the multidisciplinary approach from the diverse range of contributors to [That’s the Joint!*](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15936899W/That's_the_joint!) Apart from these and numerous other sources, just doing some listening would be an excellent way to get oriented at first. +It is possible to pursue the activities in this essay without any background in hip hop research; however, instructors looking for further information will find a wealth of scholarly resources that include analytical approaches to this music. [Adams Krims](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL42732M/Rap_music_and_the_poetics_of_identity) provides a well-formulated analytical entry point into rap music, and introduces multiple terms and approaches that may be employed effectively with the music of *Hamilton* (such as speech-effusive and percussion-effusive styles, 50-2). Kyle Adams explores [music/text relationships](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.08.14.2/mto.08.14.2.adams.html) and [aspects of meter and flow](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.09.15.5/mto.09.15.5.adams.html) in rap music, and both of these topics also apply well to this musical. Justin Williams’s [Cambridge Companion to Hip-Hop](http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/music/twentieth-century-and-contemporary-music/cambridge-companion-hip-hop?format=PB#9whxVwK36f49ieQO.97) contains a variety of approaches by multiple authors, including analytical perspectives. Those seeking a thorough, historically-based approach may lean toward [Fernando Orejuela’s textbook](https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/rap-and-hip-hop-culture-9780199987733?cc=us&lang=en&), whereas instructors more experienced with hip hop will appreciate the multidisciplinary approach from the diverse range of contributors to [That’s the Joint!](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15936899W/That's_the_joint!) Apart from these and numerous other sources, just doing some listening would be an excellent way to get oriented at first. The two formal presentations allow students to develop and improve in this essential skill, and the separation between them allows time for meaningful instructor feedback and student reflection. The short paper provides a clear framework for a more detailed and extensive exploration than the presentations provide. All of these assignments analyze *Hamilton* in musically rich and compelling ways, while relating aspects of the music directly to historical, cultural, social, and political contexts. The extensive popularity of the music engages students in a series of musical and interdisciplinary explorations with literature outside of the standard Western canon, and literature that, in most cases, already is very important to them. Through this series of assignments, students study music in broader contexts, connect disciplines, and recognize that analyzing music can be an activity that leads them to develop their own questions. *I would like to thank the students in my class in Spring 2017 for their insightful presentations, thoughtful essays, and enlightening discussion sessions. Their enthusiastic reception of this unit helped lead me to seek publication in this collection. I also would like to thank my reviewers, Philip Gentry and Michael McClimon, for their insightful suggestions, watchful corrections, and cooperative approach to the process.* -This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Timothy A. Johnson and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). \ No newline at end of file +This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Timothy A. Johnson and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/lam.md b/essays/lam.md index f89d852..28c5919 100644 --- a/essays/lam.md +++ b/essays/lam.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- layout: post -title: Engaging Everyone: Musical Analysis in the General Education -Classroom +title: "Engaging Everyone: Musical Analysis in the General Education +Classroom" author: George Lam, York College, City University of New York --- @@ -44,29 +44,4 @@ In a later part of this course, I ask students to further apply this concept by While this essay focuses on teaching musical analysis concepts to non-musician students, similar student-centered engagement techniques can be applied to courses across the curriculum for both musicians and non-musicians alike, as musicians also come to courses with varying abilities and perspectives. However, it is important that we continue to develop musical analysis skills as an integral part of courses designed for the non-musician student. Such skills allow all students to engage with deeper listening experiences, recognize their own developing and changing musical tastes, and foster a culture of active listening that includes the entire artistic work—not just the lyrics, the music video, and the artist’s brand. Further, in a music theory fundamentals course, the topics introduced are often reinforced with repeated drills (e.g., naming notes correctly on the staff). As such, the study of music in this context can quickly become synonymous with how to correctly recognize and label a musical phenomenon using notation. Hence, it is also important that we show non-musician students that these are not the ultimate goals in our study of music. Rather, these are tools that help us recognize patterns across different genres and understand how artists use these patterns to compose, thereby demystifying the creative process and expanding our students’ ideas of how music can be made. In turn, we create the conditions for all students—regardless of their musical ability—to come to their own conclusions on how musical analysis helps them more deeply engage with the music that they already love. -## Works Cited - -Ambrose, Susan A., Michael W. Bridges, Michele DiPietro, Marsha C. -Lovett, and Marie K. Norman. 2010. *How Learning Works: Seven -Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching*. San Francisco: -Jossey-Bass. - -Chion, Michel. 1994. *Audio-Vision: Sound On Screen*. Translated by -Claudia Gorbman. New York: Columbia University Press. - -Forney, Kristine, Andrew Dell'Antonio, and Joseph Machlis. 2016. *The -Enjoyment of Music: Essential Listening Edition*, 3rd ed. New York: W. -W. Norton. - -Johnson, Vicky. 2015. “Proficiency-Based Learning with Muscle in a Music -Theory Classroom.” *Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy, vol. -3*. Accessed June 20, 2017. - -Roust, Colin. 2013. “Creating Illusions: Practical Approaches to -Teaching ‘Added Value’ in Audiovisual Artworks.” *Engaging Students: -Essays in Music Pedagogy, vol. 1*. Accessed July 18, 2017. - -Silverman, Marissa. 2009. “Rethinking Music ‘Appreciation’.” *Visions of -Research in Music Education* 13. - This work is copyright ⓒ 2017 George Lam and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/mariner_schubert.md b/essays/mariner_schubert.md index 2601abf..51de627 100644 --- a/essays/mariner_schubert.md +++ b/essays/mariner_schubert.md @@ -15,27 +15,27 @@ We have just completed the first two semesters of the new curriculum at McGill ## Improv in Class -Instead of using notation as a starting point, many of our class activities involve improvisation. Our use of improv is in line with [recent writing](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.16.22.1/manifesto.pdf) about its benefits in teaching, including activation of multiple types of musical thought and engagement of students as creator-owners of course material ([Schubert 2017, 175, 184](https://books.google.ca/books?id=maXZDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT200&dq=teaching%20theory%20through%20improvisation&pg=PT200#v=snippet&q=%22embodiment,%20visualization,%20intuition,%20hearing,%20and%20memory%22&f=false)). Exercises always involve a specific framework so that students must listen to themselves with some level of analytical awareness. A simple example from the beginning of the first semester is singing sequential transpositions of a given motive by ear, naming scale degrees or notes. Students also improvise endings of short melodies: in the first term these continuations involve singing back a two-bar basic idea presented by the teacher and adding a second original two-bar phrase. In the second semester, the students add a further repetition of the basic idea and then tack on a short modulation, either from the major to the dominant or from the minor to the relative major, as demonstrated in [this video series](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-trkrMWbjGA) on YouTube. Other improv activities involve two-part music, beginning with melody harmonization in parallel thirds and “horn fifths,” and advancing to improvisation over a ground bass in the second term. Students see a ground bass that has been “realized” with all possible triad notes placed above as dots. We call these “[Lippius dots](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/Lippius_dots.html),” after the theorist who first proposed that finding a path through the possible chord tones was a way to compose against a bass line. This exercise is a fun way to practice a number of interrelated skills by ear: chord spelling, voice leading, and melodic intervals. +Instead of using notation as a starting point, many of our class activities involve improvisation. Our use of improv is in line with [recent writing](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.16.22.1/manifesto.pdf) about its benefits in teaching, including activation of multiple types of musical thought and engagement of students as creator-owners of course material ([Schubert 2017, 175, 184](https://books.google.ca/books?id=maXZDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT200&dq=teaching%20theory%20through%20improvisation&pg=PT200#v=snippet&q=%22embodiment,%20visualization,%20intuition,%20hearing,%20and%20memory%22&f=false)). Exercises always involve a specific framework so that students must listen to themselves with some level of analytical awareness. A simple example from the beginning of the first semester is singing sequential transpositions of a given motive by ear, naming scale degrees or notes. Students also improvise endings of short melodies: in the first term these continuations involve singing back a two-bar basic idea presented by the teacher and adding a second original two-bar phrase. In the second semester, the students add a further repetition of the basic idea and then tack on a short modulation, either from the major to the dominant or from the minor to the relative major, as demonstrated in [this video series](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-trkrMWbjGA) on YouTube. Other improv activities involve two-part music, beginning with melody harmonization in parallel thirds and “horn fifths,” and advancing to improvisation over a ground bass in the second term. Students see a ground bass that has been “realized” with all possible triad notes placed above as dots. We call these “[Lippius dots](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/Lippius_dots.html),” after the theorist who first proposed that finding a path through the possible chord tones was a way to compose against a bass line. This exercise is a fun way to practice a number of interrelated skills by ear: chord spelling, voice leading, and melodic intervals. -Improvisations are evaluated entirely on participation–students get full marks for “fooling around and trying things out” (quoted from the [course outline](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/MUSP_140_Course_Outline_2016_fall.pdf)); there are no right or wrong answers. When one student improvises in class, we try to keep everyone else involved as invested listeners: the other class members are often required to sing back whatever an individual has just improvised, using scale degree numbers and conducting to demonstrate accurate analysis of the tune (we call this “proto-dictation”). In proto-dictation, students first listen and memorize the tune, and then use singing and conducting as aids to analyzing it. We continue to include these important steps even when we progress to written dictation, with the writing itself added as a final step. Students must refrain from using scale degree numbers in their singing during written dictation, but other than that the class works together as a team during the memorizing and singing phases. In the first semester, proto-dictation completely replaces traditional dictation. In the [second semester](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/MUSP_141_Course_Outline_2017_winter.pdf), we introduce written dictation, and students seem to find this transition easy to make. Their melodic analysis abilities are strong enough to tackle longer examples from repertoire (Handel minuets), and to hear the bass lines of these examples in their two-part context. +Improvisations are evaluated entirely on participation–students get full marks for “fooling around and trying things out” (quoted from the [course outline](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/MUSP_140_Course_Outline_2016_fall.pdf)); there are no right or wrong answers. When one student improvises in class, we try to keep everyone else involved as invested listeners: the other class members are often required to sing back whatever an individual has just improvised, using scale degree numbers and conducting to demonstrate accurate analysis of the tune (we call this “proto-dictation”). In proto-dictation, students first listen and memorize the tune, and then use singing and conducting as aids to analyzing it. We continue to include these important steps even when we progress to written dictation, with the writing itself added as a final step. Students must refrain from using scale degree numbers in their singing during written dictation, but other than that the class works together as a team during the memorizing and singing phases. In the first semester, proto-dictation completely replaces traditional dictation. In the [second semester](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/MUSP_141_Course_Outline_2017_winter.pdf), we introduce written dictation, and students seem to find this transition easy to make. Their melodic analysis abilities are strong enough to tackle longer examples from repertoire (Handel minuets), and to hear the bass lines of these examples in their two-part context. ## SmartImprov -Our improvisation activities primarily take place in class. However, we have also devised ways for students to practice some of them independently, by using the [SmartMusic](https://www.smartmusic.com/classic/) application. SmartMusic is perhaps best known for its ability to assess how accurately a musician performs notated music, but it has many other possible uses that do not involve digital assessment. [Michael Callahan](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.15.21.3/mto.15.21.3.callahan.html) has created a wide variety of SmartMusic-based exercises in his pioneering work teaching theory at the keyboard. His work has served as a model for our own design of various types of weekly assignments in our ear training courses. +Our improvisation activities primarily take place in class. However, we have also devised ways for students to practice some of them independently, by using the [SmartMusic](https://www.smartmusic.com/) application. SmartMusic is perhaps best known for its ability to assess how accurately a musician performs notated music, but it has many other possible uses that do not involve digital assessment. [Michael Callahan](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.15.21.3/mto.15.21.3.callahan.html) has created a wide variety of SmartMusic-based exercises in his pioneering work teaching theory at the keyboard. His work has served as a model for our own design of various types of weekly assignments in our ear training courses. SmartMusic displays music on a screen with a cursor advancing metronomically across the score. Students record as many takes as they need, and review them all before submitting their best work. When they submit, their recordings are automatically sent to a server where instructors can listen to them. In this application, SmartMusic is primarily a recording tool, but it also helps us supervise certain aspects of the performance: each assignment is set up to allow only submissions recorded at a prescribed tempo, and with the built-in metronome audible. Students may get comfortable with the task by practicing at a slower tempo, or even without recording at all, but by the end of the process they must have acquired enough proficiency to conjure up a melody on a fixed timeline. Making students practice with a metronome is one of our favorite features of SmartMusic, both for improvised and notated exercises. -Lippius-style ground bass improvisation, as described above, is an activity that lends itself well to practice in SmartMusic. Submissions provide nice examples of the diversity of approaches students can employ. Some students will think about the path they take and be aware of what chord factors they are singing, while others will wander about by ear. We are open to both the deliberative and instinctive type of musical thinking, and students tend to combine elements from each approach in varying degrees, depending on individual learning styles. As in the classroom version of this exercise, we reward all reasonable attempts to meet the assignment criteria. [This recording](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/ground_bass_1.html) of a student performing her homework is a good example of a more deliberative method. The assignment is to sing in second species (i.e., two notes to a chord). She has clearly planned her trajectory and basically sings the same thing twice. Since improv is meant to be a safe space for trying things out, there is no penalty for parallel fifths. In class the instructor might point them out or might just ignore them. This [other student](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/ground_bass_2.html), by contrast, is obviously doing it more intuitively in her dotted version of third species that doesn’t always stick to chord tones. She arrives at a non-chord tone above the bass in m. 3 so she can continue the smooth melodic descent begun in m. 2. Sometimes you can hear her shrink back a little when she sings non-chord tones on downbeats. The second time through, having gotten into a very low register in m. 6, she naturally wants to go back up. She sings an ascending passing tone, but this unfortunately leads to a dissonance on bar 7; she hesitates, tries to adjust the pitch, but in order to keep up with the beat, simply goes on up to a chord tone. She ends with a cute flourish: an idiomatic appoggiatura. +Lippius-style ground bass improvisation, as described above, is an activity that lends itself well to practice in SmartMusic. Submissions provide nice examples of the diversity of approaches students can employ. Some students will think about the path they take and be aware of what chord factors they are singing, while others will wander about by ear. We are open to both the deliberative and instinctive type of musical thinking, and students tend to combine elements from each approach in varying degrees, depending on individual learning styles. As in the classroom version of this exercise, we reward all reasonable attempts to meet the assignment criteria. [This recording](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/ground_bass_1.html) of a student performing her homework is a good example of a more deliberative method. The assignment is to sing in second species (i.e., two notes to a chord). She has clearly planned her trajectory and basically sings the same thing twice. Since improv is meant to be a safe space for trying things out, there is no penalty for parallel fifths. In class the instructor might point them out or might just ignore them. This [other student](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/ground_bass_2.html), by contrast, is obviously doing it more intuitively in her dotted version of third species that doesn’t always stick to chord tones. She arrives at a non-chord tone above the bass in m. 3 so she can continue the smooth melodic descent begun in m. 2. Sometimes you can hear her shrink back a little when she sings non-chord tones on downbeats. The second time through, having gotten into a very low register in m. 6, she naturally wants to go back up. She sings an ascending passing tone, but this unfortunately leads to a dissonance on bar 7; she hesitates, tries to adjust the pitch, but in order to keep up with the beat, simply goes on up to a chord tone. She ends with a cute flourish: an idiomatic appoggiatura. ## SmartPlay’n’Sing -While assessment in improvisation is based entirely on effort and attendance, play’n’sing is graded on achievement, both in class and when assigned as homework in SmartMusic. The advantages of play’n’sing have been extolled by us elsewhere ([Schubert 2017, 181](https://books.google.ca/books?id=maXZDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT200&dq=teaching%20theory%20through%20improvisation&pg=PT205#v=onepage&q=%22effect%20of%20playing%20and%20singing%22&f=false)), so we will not go into it here. Starting in the second semester, students sight-read short [two-voice examples](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/sing_play_sight.html) in class. They may be required to sing the top voice while playing the bass line on keyboard, or vice versa. Students also prepare longer examples from repertoire as assignments in SmartMusic. In [this excerpt](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/sing_play_9.html) you will hear a typical play’n’sing assignment from the second semester. The software is not currently capable of assessing two voices at once, so these assignments are evaluated by instructors listening to the submissions. We have also added a SmartMusic component to the summer version of our [fourth semester](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/MUSP_241_Course_Outline_2017_summer.pdf) course, even though revisions to that course will only be completed next winter. [This example](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/sing_play_SM.html) shows where our use of SmartMusic is headed. +While assessment in improvisation is based entirely on effort and attendance, play’n’sing is graded on achievement, both in class and when assigned as homework in SmartMusic. The advantages of play’n’sing have been extolled by us elsewhere ([Schubert 2017, 181](https://books.google.ca/books?id=maXZDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT200&dq=teaching%20theory%20through%20improvisation&pg=PT205#v=onepage&q=%22effect%20of%20playing%20and%20singing%22&f=false)), so we will not go into it here. Starting in the second semester, students sight-read short [two-voice examples](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/sing_play_sight.html) in class. They may be required to sing the top voice while playing the bass line on keyboard, or vice versa. Students also prepare longer examples from repertoire as assignments in SmartMusic. In [this excerpt](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/sing_play_9.html) you will hear a typical play’n’sing assignment from the second semester. The software is not currently capable of assessing two voices at once, so these assignments are evaluated by instructors listening to the submissions. We have also added a SmartMusic component to the summer version of our [fourth semester](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/MUSP_241_Course_Outline_2017_summer.pdf) course, even though revisions to that course will only be completed next winter. [This example](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/sing_play_SM.html) shows where our use of SmartMusic is headed. ## SmartMelody Sight-singing is graded on accuracy and rhythmic continuity in every class. The ideal goal of any sight-singing program is for students to perform well on the first run-through, but obviously not all students can perform at this level. We know that aural skills abilities vary widely among students entering university. For some students who are having trouble, one remedy is repeated practice of the same material, but doing this type of practice in class is awkward and inefficient in several ways: it is repetitive, it is uncomfortable for students who need the most do-overs, and it is boring for students who could be moving more quickly. Engagement can easily suffer for all involved. SmartMusic is a boon here too, allowing us to move this problematic sort of work outside class time. Making the best use of in-class time and out-of-class time is the main tenet of the “basic flip” as described by [Kris Shaffer](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/shafferpt1.html). With its automatic assessment, SmartMusic also provides an additional level of assistance to students in these melody assignments. -Computer assessment is possible whenever the student is asked to perform a single-line melody exactly as it appears on screen, so we use this feature for our melody assignments. As Gretchen Foley explains (see this [report on the 2013 FlipCamp Music Theory Conference](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/gosden.html)), SmartMusic assessment offers several important benefits to students: it gives them instant feedback about the accuracy of their pitch and rhythm, and it can function as a regular weekly practice regimen that counts towards their final grade. [This submission](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/melody_with_assessment.html) shows how a melody assignment works. As in our other types of assignments, the student records one or more takes with an audible metronome in a prescribed tempo. At the end of each take, the program provides an assessment score out of 100, and annotates the music to show where the student was correct or incorrect. Notes that are sung accurately appear in green, mistakes are shown in red, and omissions are shown in black. Any note in red contains additional information: standard pitch notation indicates where the performer was sharp or flat, and notes that were sung early or late appear to the left or right of where they should be. The annotated music gets [sent to the instructor](http://smartmusicianship.x10host.com/Educator_view.html) along with the recording. +Computer assessment is possible whenever the student is asked to perform a single-line melody exactly as it appears on screen, so we use this feature for our melody assignments. As Gretchen Foley explains (see this [report on the 2013 FlipCamp Music Theory Conference](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/gosden.html)), SmartMusic assessment offers several important benefits to students: it gives them instant feedback about the accuracy of their pitch and rhythm, and it can function as a regular weekly practice regimen that counts towards their final grade. [This submission](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/melody_with_assessment.html) shows how a melody assignment works. As in our other types of assignments, the student records one or more takes with an audible metronome in a prescribed tempo. At the end of each take, the program provides an assessment score out of 100, and annotates the music to show where the student was correct or incorrect. Notes that are sung accurately appear in green, mistakes are shown in red, and omissions are shown in black. Any note in red contains additional information: standard pitch notation indicates where the performer was sharp or flat, and notes that were sung early or late appear to the left or right of where they should be. The annotated music gets [sent to the instructor](http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~mariner/smartmusicianship/Educator_view.html) along with the recording. SmartMusic doesn’t always get it right: notes that are not detected can lower a student’s grade, and sometimes even notes that sound right are marked in red and the student loses marks. These problems can arise because of voice quality, mic level setting, an air conditioner in the background, etc., and we felt it unfair to punish students for the program’s unreliability in “hearing” notes. One solution is for the teacher to listen and adjust the grade, as Gretchen Foley does. Our solution is to forgive a possible 20% to accommodate computer error, and establish a minimum grade of 80% to submit an assignment; for this the student would get 100%. In fact, during the past year we have seen many students get assessments over 90% because they are determined to defeat the machine. diff --git a/essays/peebles.md b/essays/peebles.md index 1447c5d..9e42d85 100644 --- a/essays/peebles.md +++ b/essays/peebles.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ author: Crystal Peebles, Ithaca College **{{ page.author }}** -While music performances and teaching internships have obvious applications with community engagement, what about aural skills and academic music courses? There are few published models of how one could implement a community-oriented project that directly supports content or skill acquisition (see [Hindman 2009](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41225229) as well as the essays by Bourne and Williams in this collection, for some examples). However, there are many stellar examples of the field embracing public connection. The [AMS Musicology Now](http://musicologynow.ams-net.org/p/mission.html) blog, [SMT-V](https://societymusictheory.org/smt-v), and a recent conference on [Public Musicology](http://musicinnewjersey.com/conference/) represent the growing trend of making scholarship accessible to the community (see Jenkins for a fuller discussion). +While music performances and teaching internships have obvious applications with community engagement, what about aural skills and academic music courses? There are few published models of how one could implement a community-oriented project that directly supports content or skill acquisition (see [Hindman 2009](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41225229) as well as the essays by [Bourne](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/bourne.html) and [Williams](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents5/essays/williams.html) in this collection, for some examples). However, there are many stellar examples of the field embracing public connection. The [AMS Musicology Now](http://musicologynow.ams-net.org/p/mission.html) blog, [SMT-V](https://societymusictheory.org/smt-v), and a recent conference on [Public Musicology](http://musicinnewjersey.com/conference/) represent the growing trend of making scholarship accessible to the community (see Jenkins for a fuller discussion). An outward-facing discipline enriches our research by encouraging creative connections in order to engage the wider community. Surely the theory and history classroom can also benefit from meaningful community engagement. The graduate course in Public Music Theory recently developed by J. Daniel Jenkins represents one way in which this concept might manifest: students learn to use various media to disseminate theoretical constructs and analyses. Other models could include writing program notes or giving pre-concert lectures for course credit. @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ The content of the final performance was student driven: they formed chamber ens As the concert drew near, several students expressed concern that the program would not be well-received by our audience. In response we had a conversation about using the pre-performance talk and program notes to contextualize the composition and give the audience aural cues through which to engage the composition. We also discussed that approaching these pieces from both an analytical and performance perspective in the rehearsal process could create expressive performances. Some students recognized that their own dislike of modern art music had been softened through the experience of preparing for the concert, and started to “think like a performer” in the context of other analysis activities. -The performance and presentation took place two weeks before the end of classes. The concert was well-attended, and the students did an excellent job discussing and performing each work. Following the performances, I invited the audience to ask the students questions about the music. However, what resulted was a lively discussion about the music (especially the Berberin piece), 20^th^-century musical aesthetics, and the purpose of music that can be challenging to digest on a first hearing. Both the audience and students were equal partners in this discussion: it wasn’t just the students bringing their expertise to a community group; instead, both the students and audience debated some of the main themes of the entire course. At the conclusion of the formal event, several students lingered in the auditorium and continued conversations with audience members. +The performance and presentation took place two weeks before the end of classes. The concert was well-attended, and the students did an excellent job discussing and performing each work. Following the performances, I invited the audience to ask the students questions about the music. However, what resulted was a lively discussion about the music (especially the Berberin piece), twentieth-century musical aesthetics, and the purpose of music that can be challenging to digest on a first hearing. Both the audience and students were equal partners in this discussion: it wasn’t just the students bringing their expertise to a community group; instead, both the students and audience debated some of the main themes of the entire course. At the conclusion of the formal event, several students lingered in the auditorium and continued conversations with audience members. ## Reflection @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Other students commented on the conversations in the larger learning community t > “I also really liked the discussion that these pieces provoked at [the retirement center], and that discussion was surprisingly in depth. The breadth of topics and ideas covered was truly wondrous and it was really cool to have the discussion that we had been having in class, but out in the real world with people that aren’t required to take a course. The coolest part was the fact that they . . . almost summed up the whole idea of the class within that single discussion.” -Logistically, this project took much more time than my traditional final paper at the end of this course. We started preparing for the final project the third week of class with analytical assignments and presentations specifically geared to practice the skills needed for this project. I initially decided to begin the piece selection and preparation following the midpoint of the semester, but several students expressed concern that there would not be enough time to learn the music. In response, I accelerated the timeline for this project: we met with the librarian the fifth week of classes, students determined their repertoire and groups before spring break, and the concert occurred five weeks later. I dedicated five instructional periods to this project for our librarian meeting, rehearsal time, and in-class reflection. In order to accommodate this time needed, I had to cut content. While students missed some of the breadth I usually cover in this class, I believe the deep experience with a single work within the context of a survey of 20^th^-century analytical techniques was valuable. Student statements from the reflection further attest to the richness of this deep experience. +Logistically, this project took much more time than my traditional final paper at the end of this course. We started preparing for the final project the third week of class with analytical assignments and presentations specifically geared to practice the skills needed for this project. I initially decided to begin the piece selection and preparation following the midpoint of the semester, but several students expressed concern that there would not be enough time to learn the music. In response, I accelerated the timeline for this project: we met with the librarian the fifth week of classes, students determined their repertoire and groups before spring break, and the concert occurred five weeks later. I dedicated five instructional periods to this project for our librarian meeting, rehearsal time, and in-class reflection. In order to accommodate this time needed, I had to cut content. While students missed some of the breadth I usually cover in this class, I believe the deep experience with a single work within the context of a survey of twentieth-century analytical techniques was valuable. Student statements from the reflection further attest to the richness of this deep experience. > “In my past experiences, as a saxophone student, I have rarely engaged with music that has my instrument in it or played the music that we analyze. ... I find that being able to connect my musicality and my instrument into the theoretical side of the music we are studying connected with me much more than any past theory experience. I loved making music with other classmates that I wouldn’t normally make music with...and engaging community members with new sounds.” @@ -94,25 +94,4 @@ What started out as an opportunity to present our work to a convenient and recep While the rich audience discussion in this first iteration of this project was unintended, there are opportunities to build off this initial success. For instance, it may be possible to facilitate a more sustained relationship between the students and residents with collaborative composition projects or informal listening sessions. By sharing this positive experience, I hope to encourage other educators to seek out experiences that allow students to engage with the course material with the wider community and to share best practices. -**Works Cited** - -Bringle, Robert G. and Julie A. Hatcher. 1995. “A Service-Learning -Curriculum for Faculty.” *Michigan Journal of Community Service -Learning* 2/1: 112-122. - -Burton, Suzanne and Alison Reynolds. 2009. “Transforming Music Teacher -Education through Service Learning.” *Journal of Music Teacher -Education* 18/2: 18-33. - -Eyler, Janet and Dwight E. Giles, Jr. 1999. *Where’s the Learning in -Service-Learning?* San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. - -Hindman, Dorothy. 2009. “Meeting Community and Campus Needs through -Service Learning and Beginning Music Theory.” *College Music Symposium* -49: 41-53. - -Zlotkowski, Edward and Donna Duffy. 2010. “Two Decades of -Community-Based Learning.” *New Directions for Teaching and Learning* -2010/123: 33-43. - This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Crystal Peebles and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/purciello.md b/essays/purciello.md index 458dff2..feb2a30 100644 --- a/essays/purciello.md +++ b/essays/purciello.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ But what if we were to teach music history the way that we do it? What if we wer ## Part I: Exploring Narratives of History with Problem-Based Learning -In the early 1980s, music historians Carl Dahlhaus and Leo Treitler surveyed a historical landscape that was in the midst of radical change and addressed the momentous question of whether [history was on the decline](https://books.google.com/books?id=-6dsSqqISJUC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=dahlhaus+foundations+of+music+history&source=bl&ots=W1KtuWp75-&sig=SKBIRVuiBL32Ulk5GvV3iJUcepQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4-tqxuOTUAhXJGj4KHZN5CVIQ6AEIRDAH#v=snippet&q=history%20on%20the%20decline&f=false), if not [the path to self-destruction](http://ncm.ucpress.edu/content/7/3/363). At the center of the issue lay the notion of narrative and, more specifically, the postmodern distrust of the type of grand narratives of music history that had, just thirty years earlier, defined the discipline. The postmodern belief that the realities of history could not be viewed objectively brought with it an understanding that the interactions of the different dimensions of the past must be examined using a variety of philosophical approaches, socially constructed contexts, and deep analyses in addition to technical problem-solving. As these approaches introduced a more nuanced understanding of specific aspects of the past, the notion of “history” itself began to broaden out into a surfeit of data, facts, and contexts that seemed to bring about confusion and chaos rather than cohesion. The more we learned about history, the greater our realization was that a single over-arching narrative could never suffice. +In the early 1980s, music historians Carl Dahlhaus and Leo Treitler surveyed a historical landscape that was in the midst of radical change and addressed the momentous question of whether [history was on the decline](https://books.google.com/books?id=-6dsSqqISJUC&pg=PA3), if not [the path to self-destruction](http://ncm.ucpress.edu/content/7/3/363). At the center of the issue lay the notion of narrative and, more specifically, the postmodern distrust of the type of grand narratives of music history that had, just thirty years earlier, defined the discipline. The postmodern belief that the realities of history could not be viewed objectively brought with it an understanding that the interactions of the different dimensions of the past must be examined using a variety of philosophical approaches, socially constructed contexts, and deep analyses in addition to technical problem-solving. As these approaches introduced a more nuanced understanding of specific aspects of the past, the notion of “history” itself began to broaden out into a surfeit of data, facts, and contexts that seemed to bring about confusion and chaos rather than cohesion. The more we learned about history, the greater our realization was that a single over-arching narrative could never suffice. Today, historiography is dependent upon the creation of multiple and overlapping narratives that provide a glimpse into the past, while showing “how major aspects of the present world were shaped—acquired their character—in the process of their emergence” ([Bailyn, 1982](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1863306?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents)). For music history, such interpretations have provided a rich and complex understanding of how music reflects the people of diverse places and times, their ways of life, social and political institutions, economic structures, cultural systems, and aesthetic worldviews. However, the profusion of historical accounts necessary to achieve this understanding has also complicated the telling of history to such an extent that, in the undergraduate classroom, it has become quite easy to lose the narrative thread in the interest of coverage. @@ -65,75 +65,4 @@ The examples presented within this article suggest strategies to creatively reth On a personal note, I would add that since adding Problem-Based Learning to my classes, I have found an increased student engagement with course content both during the PBL workshops and in my more traditionally formatted class meetings. More and more frequently, I have found students actively seeking connections between the topics we cover in class, their other coursework, and even current events. Moreover, over the past five years, I have found that students’ long-term retention of concepts covered in PBL problems has improved as they begin to demonstrate more personal control over the subject matter. By and far the most rewarding part of incorporating Problem-Based Learning into my classes, however, is the fact that I much less frequently hear students ask, “why do we need to know this?” Through Problem-Based Learning, students have begun to discover the answer to that timeless question for themselves. -**Bibliography** - -American Musicological Society, Pedagogy Study Group. 2014. Round Table Discussion: *The End of the Undergraduate Music History Sequence?* Milwaukee, WI: Annual Meeting of the American Musicological Society. Available at: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cf7BTLGDf0A](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cf7BTLGDf0A). Date accessed: 17 July 2017. - -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2016. Round Table Discussion: *Experimenting with the Canon: New Approaches to the Music History Survey.* Vancouver, Canada: Annual Meeting of the American Musicological Society. Available at: [*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksfW579LH6E*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksfW579LH6E). Date accessed: 17 July 2017. - -Armstrong, Elizabeth A. 1997. “A Hybrid Model of PBL” in *The Challenge of Problem Based Learning*. 2^nd^ Edition. London, England: Kogan Page. Pages 137-150. - -Bailyn, Bernard. 1982. “The Challenge of Modern Historiography,” *The American Historical Review* 87/1:1-24. - -Barkley, Elizabeth F., K. Patricia Cross, and Claire Howell Major. 2005. *Collaborative Learning Techniques: A Practical Guide to Promoting Learning in Groups.* San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass Publishers. - -Baumer, Matthew. 2015. “A Snapshot of Music History Teaching to Undergraduate Music Majors, 2011-2012: Curricula, Methods, Assessment, and Objectives,” *The Journal of Music History Pedagogy* 5/2: 23-47. ISSN 2155-109X. Available at: [http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/165](http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/165). Date accessed: 13 July 2017. - -Boud, David and Grahame Felletti, eds. 1997. *The Challenge of Problem Based Learning*. 2^nd^ Edition. London, England: Kogan Page. - -Boud, David. 1985. “PBL in Perspective” in *Problem-Based Learning in Education for the Professions*. Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia. - -Briscoe, James R., ed. 2010. *Vitalizing Music History Teaching*. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. - -Bruffee, Kenneth A. 1999. *Collaborative Learning: Higher Education, Interdependence, and the *Authority of Knowledge.* Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. - -Burkholder, J. Peter. 2015. “The Value of a Music History Survey,” *The Journal of Music History Pedagogy,* 5/2: 57-63. ISSN 2155-109X. Available at: [http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/175](http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/175). Date accessed 13 July 2017. - -College Music Society Task Force on the Undergraduate Music Major. 2014. “[Transforming Music Study from its Foundations: A Manifesto for Progressive Change in the Undergraduate Preparation of Music Majors.](http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.16.22.1/manifesto.pdf)” Date accessed: 27 June 2017. - -Crain, Timothy Mark. 2014. “Beyond Coverage: Teaching for Understanding in the Music History Classroom,” *Journal of Music History Pedagogy* 4/2: 301-318. ISSN 2155-109X. Available at: [http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/110](http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/110). Date accessed: 13 July 2017 - -Dahlhaus, Carl. 1983. *Foundations of Music History*. Translated by J.B. Robinson. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. - -Davis, James A., ed. 2012. *The Music History Classroom.* Burlington, VT: Ashgate. - -Delisle, Robert. 1997. *How to Use Problem-Based Learning in the Classroom*. Alexandria VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. - -Duch, Barbara J., Susan E. Groh, and Deborah E. Allen, eds. 2001. *The Power of Problem-Based Learning: A Practical “How To” for Teaching Undergraduate Courses -in any Discipline.* Sterling, VA: Stylus. - -Edgarton, R. 2001. [Education White Paper](http://www.faculty.umb.edu/john_saltmarsh/resources/Edgerton%20Higher%20Education%20White%20Paper.rtf). Date accessed: 27 June 2017. - -Grymes, James A. and John Allemeir. “Making Students Make Music: Integrating Composition and Improvisation into the Early Music Classroom,” *Journal of Music -History Pedagogy* 4/2: 231-254. ISSN 2155-109X. Available at: [http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/122](http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/122). Date accessed: 13 July 2017. - -Haefeli, Sara. 2016. “From Answers to Questions: Fostering Student Creativity and Engagement in Research and Writing, *The Journal of Music History -Pedagogy*, 7/1:1-17. ISSN 2155-109X. Available at: [http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/192](http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/192). Date accessed: 13 July 2017. - -Lowe, Melanie. 2015. “Rethinking the Undergraduate Music History Sequence in the Information Age,” *The Journal of Music History Pedagogy,* 5/2: 65-71. ISSN 2155-109X. Available at: [http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/177](http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/177). Date accessed: 13 July 2017. - -Millis, Barbara J. 2010. *Cooperative Learning in Higher Education*. Sterling, VA: Stylus. - -Natvig, Mary, ed. 2002. *Teaching Music History.* Burlington, VT: Ashgate. - -Perry, William G. 1999. *Forms of Ethical and Intellectual Development in the College Years, A Scheme.* San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. - -Robin, William. 2017. “What Controversial Changes at Harvard Mean for Music in the University,” *The Log Journal*. Available at: [http://thelogjournal.com/2017/04/25/what-controversial-changes-at-harvard-means-for-music-in-the-university/](http://thelogjournal.com/2017/04/25/what-controversial-changes-at-harvard-means-for-music-in-the-university/). Date accessed: 13 July 2017. - -Roust, Colin. 2016. “Toward a Skills-Based Curriculum: Recent Trends in Music History Pedagogy,” *Musica Docta,* 4:105-108. ISSN 2039-9715. Available at: [http://musicadocta.unibo.it/article/view/6575/6372](http://musicadocta.unibo.it/article/%20%09view/6575/6372). Date accessed: 17 July 2017. - -Savery, John R. 2006. “[Overview of Problem-Based Learning: Definitions and Distinctions](http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ijpbl/vol1/iss1/3/).” *The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning* 1/1. Date accessed: 27 June 2017. - -Seaton, Douglass. 2012. “Core Music Curriculum Components II: History and Repertory: A Survey and Some Questions,” in *Proceedings: The 87th Annual Meeting, 2011.* Reston, VA: The National Association of Schools of Music. Pages 23-26. - -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2015. “Reconsidering Undergraduate Music History: Some Introductory Thoughts,” *The Journal of Music History Pedagogy,* 5/2: 53-56. ISSN 2155-109X. Available at: [http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/176](http://www.ams-net.org/ojs/index.php/jmhp/article/view/176). Date accessed: 13 July 2017. - -Stevens, Daniel, Philip Duker, and Kris Shaffer. 2014. “[Problem-Based Learning in Music, A Guide for Instructors.](http://flipcamp.org/engagingstudents2/essays/dukerShafferStevens.html)” *Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy*, 2. Date accessed: 27 June 2017. - -Treitler, Leo. 1984. “What Kind of Story is History? *19^th^-century Music* VII/3 (1984): 363-373. - -Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching. “[Bloom’s Taxonomy](https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/).” Date accessed: 27 June 2017. - -Wiggins, Grant and Jay McTighe. 1998. Rev. 2012. *The Understanding by Design Guide to *Refining Units and Reviewing Results*. 2^nd^ Edition. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. - This work is copyright ©2017 Maria Anne Purciello and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). diff --git a/essays/strovas_stutes.md b/essays/strovas_stutes.md index c16c56b..09d10ea 100644 --- a/essays/strovas_stutes.md +++ b/essays/strovas_stutes.md @@ -38,181 +38,7 @@ In first-semester colloquies, when analytical questions are far narrower, studen Colloquies assume a variety of formats beyond the initial and the culminating assessments described above. Table 1 briefly samples some of the other colloquies within our four-semester sequence and provides a cursory look at the sequential, progressive nature of the assessments as they occur throughout the curriculum. Timings between colloquies vary, and group and public colloquies offer a welcome alternative to individual assessment. Working primarily from musical scores early and throughout the curriculum imbues it with fluidity; in essence, the content of the musical literature presented within a unit informs the structure the colloquy will take, as the organic nature of discussing different musical phenomena often requires different modes of conversation. -Table 1. Colloquy Adaptations. - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Semester.UnitContent FocusFormatDescription
1.2

Minor mode

-

Compound meter

10 minutes

-

_____________

-

1 student

-

2 instructors

-

_____________

-

Prepared literature and at-sight analysis/ performance

Students bring repertoire from their ensembles or applied studios prepared to discuss and perform. Repertoire must be in minor mode.

-

Instructors provide repertoire in compound meter for students to discuss and perform at-sight.

2.1

Species counterpoint

-

Voice-leading

-

Consonance

-

Dissonance/NCTs

-

Harmonic implications

-

Cadence identification

10 minutes

-

_____________

-

1 student

-

2 instructors

-

_____________

-

At-sight analysis/

-

performance

Students discuss contrapuntal relationships between voices and identify types of NCTs, implied harmonies, and cadence types.

-

Students also sing, count, and conduct individual voices at-sight.

2.3

Small forms

-

Diatonic harmony

-

Secondary function

20 minutes

-

_____________

-

1 student

-

2 instructors

-

_____________

-

Prepared literature

Two students receive the same literature selection and determine essential content collaboratively, practice the conversation, and share critiques, but complete the colloquy independently.
3.2

Multi-movement works

-

Sonata-allegro form

-

Compound ternary

-

Sectional variations

-

Rondo

-

Sonata rondo

20 minutes

-

_____________

-

3-4 students

-

2 instructors

-

_____________

-

Prepared literature

Student are placed into small groups and assigned a complete four-movement Mozart symphony. Students must prepare a joint, comprehensive discussion of the sonata-allegro first movement to open the colloquy. Instructors ask students individually to discuss the form and formal sections of the remaining movements.
3.3Chromaticism

10 minutes

-

_____________

-

1 student

-

2 instructors

-

_____________

-

Prepared literature

All students receive the same literature in advance: a Bach fugue, a first movement of a Mozart piano sonata, and a Chopin nocturne. Students must prepare a discussion of the chromatic content of each, focusing specifically on the development of chromatic resources in the Common-Practice period.

-

Students are encouraged to determine essential content collaboratively, practice the conversation, and share critiques, but complete the colloquy independently.

4.2Twentieth-Century/ Contemporary Music

30 minutes

-

_____________

-

3-4 students

-

2 instructors

-

Invited guests

-

_____________

-

Prepared literature

Student groups work with instructors to select one twentieth-century or contemporary work on which to present a public colloquy. Because of the public format, students are expected to address conceptual musical principals using whatever verbal and nonverbal means the group believes will facilitate understanding among lay music aficionados.
- - +Table 1: Colloquy Adaptations Students prepare for their colloquies in various ways. Most significantly, the day-to-day instructor-led and small-group discussion and performance of musical scores in class provides the foundation for what is expected at the point of assessment. Closer to each colloquy, students prepare through individual written work and peer collaboration. Students complete written Concept Pages in which they identify and notate examples of essential musical concepts from the literature, compose original examples applying said concepts, and write original one-paragraph discussions about each. These Concept Pages go through an editing process that involves both faculty and peer review. Through the process of drafting and editing Concept Pages, students gain a deeper awareness of musical concepts and cultivate the ability to discuss them with clarity and precision. Finally, students prepare collaboratively in a number of ways: they practice with their peers through mock colloquies in and outside class; sometimes, as in Colloquies 2.3, 3.2, and 3.3 detailed in Table 1, students share colloquy repertoire and are encouraged or required to work together to prepare; and occasionally, student partners present on their assigned repertoire to the class to practice the discussion, receive feedback, and build confidence in the process. diff --git a/essays/williams.md b/essays/williams.md index add880c..f69860d 100644 --- a/essays/williams.md +++ b/essays/williams.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Modeled on the “[Kids Compose](http://music.indiana.edu/departments/academic/c ## Project -“[*Melody Makers*][1]” +“[Melody Makers](https://music.anu.edu.au/events/melody-makers)” The ANU School of Music is home to the Music Engagement Program (MEP), a community outreach unit specializing in pedagogical relationships with schools in the local community. The dedicated MEP faculty and staff worked with university faculty to identify five Canberra schools to participate in the project. The MEP staff scheduled multiple visits with each of the five schools and worked with music teachers and their students to create a simple melody of 8-16 measures. Some schools provided a melody written by a single student, but the majority of schools worked in creative groups, producing “committee melodies” or “group melodies.” @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The deep pedagogical benefits to all students involved were apparent throughout The college composers were led by university composition faculty through the developmental process. Beginning with a study of the string orchestra repertoire, composers were encouraged to read scores and learn about the string family. After being assigned a melody, each undergraduate composer worked with faculty in composition lessons on the development of the musical material. A final creative step involved the consultation session with the conductor and a rehearsal of the new works. Each composer was additionally asked to speak on stage at the public performance alongside their kid-composer(s). The undergraduates approached their melodic settings with consideration and care, leading to some highly creative interpretations. -The kid-composers not only created new melodies, but also grappled with aesthetic responsibilities associated with their work, particularly exploring the intersection of musical ideas with emotional concerns and public perception. In one school workshop, the class generated a slow, languid C-minor melody featuring stepwise descending motion, rising minor 6ths and frequent *sospiro* figures; the young class then struggled with a title for such a melancholic piece. “Deep Waters of Thought”, “Tears of Death”, and “Luca’s Funeral” were initially offered as potential titles(Luca was the main kid-composer). However, when the students were reminded that this was a public performance and their friends and relatives would hear this work in a live context, they collectively faced a previously unknown social responsibility for their creative work. The class was clearly grappling with the intersection of aesthetic and musical ideas, connecting their own visceral experiences of sadness, grief, and raw emotion with the removal of those feelings in a public and manufactured context of a concert performance. They then worked with their music teacher to determine if the title choices would be perceived by the audience as perhaps a bit strong. This process was a small taste of creative accountability that was encountered at a higher level by the college composers in their own musical settings. The class settled on “The Wake”, a more ambiguous title that could promote multiple interpretations (e.g., funereal or oceanic). The college-level composers each asked their kid-composer collaborators to name the resultant string orchestra pieces, as well, providing the classroom students with a sense of agency and ownership over their transformed melodies. +The kid-composers not only created new melodies, but also grappled with aesthetic responsibilities associated with their work, particularly exploring the intersection of musical ideas with emotional concerns and public perception. In one school workshop, the class generated a slow, languid C-minor melody featuring stepwise descending motion, rising minor 6ths and frequent *sospiro* figures; the young class then struggled with a title for such a melancholic piece. “Deep Waters of Thought”, “Tears of Death”, and “Luca’s Funeral” were initially offered as potential titles (Luca was the main kid-composer). However, when the students were reminded that this was a public performance and their friends and relatives would hear this work in a live context, they collectively faced a previously unknown social responsibility for their creative work. The class was clearly grappling with the intersection of aesthetic and musical ideas, connecting their own visceral experiences of sadness, grief, and raw emotion with the removal of those feelings in a public and manufactured context of a concert performance. They then worked with their music teacher to determine if the title choices would be perceived by the audience as perhaps a bit strong. This process was a small taste of creative accountability that was encountered at a higher level by the college composers in their own musical settings. The class settled on “The Wake”, a more ambiguous title that could promote multiple interpretations (e.g., funereal or oceanic). The college-level composers each asked their kid-composer collaborators to name the resultant string orchestra pieces, as well, providing the classroom students with a sense of agency and ownership over their transformed melodies. ## Skills Development @@ -90,5 +90,3 @@ The positive impact of this creative project has the potential to transfer to ot The secret for success lies in securing the goodwill and commitment of musical practitioners at each pedagogical level: school, university, and community. While this may initially seem an insurmountable task, when the musical and social benefits of such a project are so strong, gathering this collaborative momentum becomes a relatively easy and even delightful task. We plan to run Melody Makers again in the 2017-18 year and hope that it inspires other communities to engage in similarly rewarding endeavors. This work is copyright ⓒ2017 Natalie Williams and licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). - - diff --git a/images/strovas.pdf b/images/strovas.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdbd5c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/strovas.pdf differ diff --git a/images/strovas.png b/images/strovas.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c7bd2e Binary files /dev/null and b/images/strovas.png differ diff --git a/index.md b/index.md index e0e72c7..9fb21b8 100644 --- a/index.md +++ b/index.md @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ layout: post title: "Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy, Volume 5" --- -_Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy_ presents short essays on the subject of student-centered learning, and serves as an open-access, web-based resource for those teaching college-level classes in music. This the fifth volume of *Engaging Students*. You can find the original collection and read more about the vision behind this project [here](http://www.flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/). +_Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy_ presents short essays on the subject of student-centered learning, and serves as an open-access, web-based resource for those teaching college-level classes in music. This is the fifth volume of *Engaging Students*. You can find the original collection and read more about the vision behind this project [here](http://www.flipcamp.org/engagingstudents/). We hope that you enjoy reading this volume as much as we have enjoyed putting it together. # Front matter -[Foreword]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/waters.html) -Keith Waters +[Reflecting Upon Five Years of *Engaging Students*]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/hughes_duker.html) +Bryn Hughes, Philip Duker, Anna Gawboy, and Kris P. Shaffer # Essays @@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Melissa Hoag [Metacognition: An Overlooked Skill in Music Theory Instruction]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/ferenc.html) Anna Ferenc -[Open Educational Resources (OER) in the Music Theory Classroom: A Curricular Redesign Travelogue]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/gullings.html) -Kyle Gullilngs +[Open Educational Resources (OER) in the Music Theory Classroom: A Curricular Redesign Travelogue]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/gullings.html)
+Kyle Gullings -[The Undergraduate Student-Faculty Colloquy: Cultivating Disciplinary Authenticity through Formative Oral Examination]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/strovas_stutes.html) +[The Undergraduate Student-Faculty Colloquy: Cultivating Disciplinary Authenticity through Formative Oral Examination]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/strovas_stutes.html)
Scott M. Strovas and Ann B. Stutes @@ -45,19 +45,19 @@ Jason Fick [Engaging Everyone: Musical Analysis in the General Education Classroom]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/lam.html) George Lam -[Ho Hey, Having Some Say in Contextual Listening]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/jemain.html) -Rebecca Jemain +[Ho Hey, Having Some Say in Contextual Listening]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/jemian.html)
+Rebecca Jemian -[Inverting Dictation]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/stevens.html) +[Inverting Dictation]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/stevens.html)
Daniel B. Stevens -[The Music of *Hamilton* and its Historical, Cultural, Social, and Political Contexts]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/johnson.html) +[The Music of *Hamilton* and its Historical, Cultural, Social, and Political Contexts]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/johnson.html)
Timothy A. Johnson -[New Frontiers in SmartMusicianship]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/mariner_schubert.html) +[New Frontiers in SmartMusicianship]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/mariner_schubert.html)
Justin Mariner and Peter Schubert -[Reconnecting with History: Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in the Music History Classroom]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/purciello.html) +[Reconnecting with History: Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in the Music History Classroom]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/purciello.html)
Maria Anne Purciello @@ -66,13 +66,13 @@ Maria Anne Purciello [Engaging Community in a Twentieth-Century Analysis Class]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/peebles.html) Crystal Peebles -[Melody Makers: Connecting Student Composers with the Community]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/williams.html) +[Melody Makers: Connecting Student Composers with the Community]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/williams.html)
Natalie Williams -[Outside the Classroom: Community-Engaged Learning Projects in Music Theory]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/bourne.html) +[Outside the Classroom: Community-Engaged Learning Projects in Music Theory]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/bourne.html)
Janet Bourne -[Towards a Curriculum in Public Music Theory]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/jenkins.html) +[Towards a Curriculum in Public Music Theory]({{ site.baseurl }}/essays/jenkins.html)
J. Daniel Jenkins @@ -83,23 +83,30 @@ J. Daniel Jenkins # Editorial & Review Board -[UPDATE] -Danny Arthurs, University of Tulsa -Carla Colletti, Webster University -Philip Duker, University of Delaware, co-editor -Dave Easley, Oklahoma City University -Anna Gawboy, Ohio State University, co-editor -Stephen Gosden, University of North Florida -Bryn Hughes, University of Lethbridge, co-editor -Enoch Jacobus, independent scholar, Berea, Kentucky -Stefan Love, University of Massachusetts–Amherst -Michael McClimon, Furman University -Garrett Michaelsen, University of Massachusetts–Lowell, special issue co-editor -Brian Moseley, The University at Buffalo, SUNY -Meghan Naxer, Kent State University, production editor -Colin Roust, University of Kansas -Keith Salley, Shenandoah University -Kris Shaffer, University of Mary Washington, production editor -Daniel Stevens, University of Delaware -Chris Stover, New School, special issue co-editor -Dariusz Terefenko, Eastman School of Music, special issue co-editor +Philip Duker, University of Delaware, co-editor
+Bryn Hughes, University of Lethbridge, co-editor
+Meghan Naxer, Kent State University, production editor
+Daniel Shanahan, Louisiana State University, production editor
+ +Danny Arthurs, University of Tulsa
+Sean Atkinson, Texas Christian University
+Sara Bakker, Utah State University
+Timothy Chenette, Utah State University
+Carla Colletti, Webster University
+Trevor de Clercq, Middle Tennessee State University
+Dave Easley, Oklahoma City University
+Anna Gawboy, Ohio State University
+Philip Gentry, University of Delaware
+Enoch Jacobus, Shorter University
+Megan Lavengood, George Mason University
+Jeff Lovell, Lebanon Valley College
+Greg McCandless, Appalachian State University
+Michael McClimon, FastMail
+Garrett Michaelsen, University of Massachusetts–Lowell
+Nancy Murphy, University of Houston
+Cora S. Palfy, Elon University
+Colin Roust, University of Kansas
+Rene Rusch, University of Michigan
+Jennifer Shafer, University of Delaware
+Abigail Shupe, Colorado State University
+Chris Stover, Arizona State University
diff --git a/new_bibliography_mn_copy.md b/new_bibliography_mn_copy.md deleted file mode 100644 index 66095d6..0000000 --- a/new_bibliography_mn_copy.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1019 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: post -title: Bibliography - ---- - -{{ page.title }} -================ - - -Armstrong, Patricia. “Bloom’s Taxonomy” Vanderbilt University Center for -Teaching. Accessed July 20, 2017. -[*https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/*](https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/). - -Duker, Philip, Kris Shafer, and Daniel Stevens. 2014. “Problem-Based -Learning in Music: A Guide for Instructors.” *Engaging Students: Essays -in Music Pedagogy*. 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