lvm.c

/*
** $Id: lvm.c $
** Lua virtual machine
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lvm_c
#define LUA_CORE

#include "lprefix.h"

#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "lua.h"

#include "ldebug.h"
#include "ldo.h"
#include "lfunc.h"
#include "lgc.h"
#include "lobject.h"
#include "lopcodes.h"
#include "lstate.h"
#include "lstring.h"
#include "ltable.h"
#include "ltm.h"
#include "lvm.h"

/*
** By default, use jump tables in the main interpreter loop on gcc
** and compatible compilers.
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE)
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#define LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE 1
#else
#define LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE 0
#endif
#endif

/* limit for table tag-method chains (to avoid infinite loops) */
#define MAXTAGLOOP 2000

/*
** 'l_intfitsf' checks whether a given integer is in the range that
** can be converted to a float without rounding. Used in comparisons.
*/

/* number of bits in the mantissa of a float */
#define NBM (l_floatatt(MANT_DIG))

/*
** Check whether some integers may not fit in a float, testing whether
** (maxinteger >> NBM) > 0. (That implies (1 << NBM) <= maxinteger.)
** (The shifts are done in parts, to avoid shifting by more than the size
** of an integer. In a worst case, NBM == 113 for long double and
** sizeof(long) == 32.)
*/
#if ((((LUA_MAXINTEGER >> (NBM / 4)) >> (NBM / 4)) >> (NBM / 4)) >> (NBM - (3 * (NBM / 4)))) > 0

/* limit for integers that fit in a float */
#define MAXINTFITSF ((lua_Unsigned)1 << NBM)

/* check whether 'i' is in the interval [-MAXINTFITSF, MAXINTFITSF] */
#define l_intfitsf(i) ((MAXINTFITSF + l_castS2U(i)) <= (2 * MAXINTFITSF))

#else /* all integers fit in a float precisely */

#define l_intfitsf(i) 1

#endif

/*
** Try to convert a value from string to a number value.
** If the value is not a string or is a string not representing
** a valid numeral (or if coercions from strings to numbers
** are disabled via macro 'cvt2num'), do not modify 'result'
** and return 0.
*/
static int l_strton(const TValue *obj, TValue *result)
{
  lua_assert(obj != result);
  if (!cvt2num(obj)) /* is object not a string? */
    return 0;
  else
    return (luaO_str2num(svalue(obj), result) == vslen(obj) + 1);
}

/*
** Try to convert a value to a float. The float case is already handled
** by the macro 'tonumber'.
*/
int luaV_tonumber_(const TValue *obj, lua_Number *n)
{
  TValue v;
  if (ttisinteger(obj))
  {
    *n = cast_num(ivalue(obj));
    return 1;
  }
  else if (l_strton(obj, &v))
  {                  /* string coercible to number? */
    *n = nvalue(&v); /* convert result of 'luaO_str2num' to a float */
    return 1;
  }
  else
    return 0; /* conversion failed */
}

/*
** try to convert a float to an integer, rounding according to 'mode'.
*/
int luaV_flttointeger(lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode)
{
  lua_Number f = l_floor(n);
  if (n != f)
  { /* not an integral value? */
    if (mode == F2Ieq)
      return 0;               /* fails if mode demands integral value */
    else if (mode == F2Iceil) /* needs ceil? */
      f += 1;                 /* convert floor to ceil (remember: n != f) */
  }
  return lua_numbertointeger(f, p);
}

/*
** try to convert a value to an integer, rounding according to 'mode',
** without string coercion.
** ("Fast track" handled by macro 'tointegerns'.)
*/
int luaV_tointegerns(const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode)
{
  if (ttisfloat(obj))
    return luaV_flttointeger(fltvalue(obj), p, mode);
  else if (ttisinteger(obj))
  {
    *p = ivalue(obj);
    return 1;
  }
  else
    return 0;
}

/*
** try to convert a value to an integer.
*/
int luaV_tointeger(const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode)
{
  TValue v;
  if (l_strton(obj, &v)) /* does 'obj' point to a numerical string? */
    obj = &v;            /* change it to point to its corresponding number */
  return luaV_tointegerns(obj, p, mode);
}

/*
** Try to convert a 'for' limit to an integer, preserving the semantics
** of the loop. Return true if the loop must not run; otherwise, '*p'
** gets the integer limit.
** (The following explanation assumes a positive step; it is valid for
** negative steps mutatis mutandis.)
** If the limit is an integer or can be converted to an integer,
** rounding down, that is the limit.
** Otherwise, check whether the limit can be converted to a float. If
** the float is too large, clip it to LUA_MAXINTEGER.  If the float
** is too negative, the loop should not run, because any initial
** integer value is greater than such limit; so, the function returns
** true to signal that. (For this latter case, no integer limit would be
** correct; even a limit of LUA_MININTEGER would run the loop once for
** an initial value equal to LUA_MININTEGER.)
*/
static int forlimit(lua_State *L, lua_Integer init, const TValue *lim,
                    lua_Integer *p, lua_Integer step)
{
  if (!luaV_tointeger(lim, p, (step < 0 ? F2Iceil : F2Ifloor)))
  {
    /* not coercible to in integer */
    lua_Number flim;           /* try to convert to float */
    if (!tonumber(lim, &flim)) /* cannot convert to float? */
      luaG_forerror(L, lim, "limit");
    /* else 'flim' is a float out of integer bounds */
    if (luai_numlt(0, flim))
    { /* if it is positive, it is too large */
      if (step < 0)
        return 1;          /* initial value must be less than it */
      *p = LUA_MAXINTEGER; /* truncate */
    }
    else
    { /* it is less than min integer */
      if (step > 0)
        return 1;          /* initial value must be greater than it */
      *p = LUA_MININTEGER; /* truncate */
    }
  }
  return (step > 0 ? init > *p : init < *p); /* not to run? */
}

/*
** Prepare a numerical for loop (opcode OP_FORPREP).
** Return true to skip the loop. Otherwise,
** after preparation, stack will be as follows:
**   ra : internal index (safe copy of the control variable)
**   ra + 1 : loop counter (integer loops) or limit (float loops)
**   ra + 2 : step
**   ra + 3 : control variable
*/
static int forprep(lua_State *L, StkId ra)
{
  TValue *pinit = s2v(ra);
  TValue *plimit = s2v(ra + 1);
  TValue *pstep = s2v(ra + 2);
  if (ttisinteger(pinit) && ttisinteger(pstep))
  { /* integer loop? */
    lua_Integer init = ivalue(pinit);
    lua_Integer step = ivalue(pstep);
    lua_Integer limit;
    if (step == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "'for' step is zero");
    setivalue(s2v(ra + 3), init); /* control variable */
    if (forlimit(L, init, plimit, &limit, step))
      return 1; /* skip the loop */
    else
    { /* prepare loop counter */
      lua_Unsigned count;
      if (step > 0)
      { /* ascending loop? */
        count = l_castS2U(limit) - l_castS2U(init);
        if (step != 1) /* avoid division in the too common case */
          count /= l_castS2U(step);
      }
      else
      { /* step < 0; descending loop */
        count = l_castS2U(init) - l_castS2U(limit);
        /* 'step+1' avoids negating 'mininteger' */
        count /= l_castS2U(-(step + 1)) + 1u;
      }
      /* store the counter in place of the limit (which won't be
         needed anymore) */
      setivalue(plimit, l_castU2S(count));
    }
  }
  else
  { /* try making all values floats */
    lua_Number init;
    lua_Number limit;
    lua_Number step;
    if (l_unlikely(!tonumber(plimit, &limit)))
      luaG_forerror(L, plimit, "limit");
    if (l_unlikely(!tonumber(pstep, &step)))
      luaG_forerror(L, pstep, "step");
    if (l_unlikely(!tonumber(pinit, &init)))
      luaG_forerror(L, pinit, "initial value");
    if (step == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "'for' step is zero");
    if (luai_numlt(0, step) ? luai_numlt(limit, init)
                            : luai_numlt(init, limit))
      return 1; /* skip the loop */
    else
    {
      /* make sure internal values are all floats */
      setfltvalue(plimit, limit);
      setfltvalue(pstep, step);
      setfltvalue(s2v(ra), init);     /* internal index */
      setfltvalue(s2v(ra + 3), init); /* control variable */
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Execute a step of a float numerical for loop, returning
** true iff the loop must continue. (The integer case is
** written online with opcode OP_FORLOOP, for performance.)
*/
static int floatforloop(StkId ra)
{
  lua_Number step = fltvalue(s2v(ra + 2));
  lua_Number limit = fltvalue(s2v(ra + 1));
  lua_Number idx = fltvalue(s2v(ra)); /* internal index */
  idx = luai_numadd(L, idx, step);    /* increment index */
  if (luai_numlt(0, step) ? luai_numle(idx, limit)
                          : luai_numle(limit, idx))
  {
    chgfltvalue(s2v(ra), idx);     /* update internal index */
    setfltvalue(s2v(ra + 3), idx); /* and control variable */
    return 1;                      /* jump back */
  }
  else
    return 0; /* finish the loop */
}

/*
** Finish the table access 'val = t[key]'.
** if 'slot' is NULL, 't' is not a table; otherwise, 'slot' points to
** t[k] entry (which must be empty).
*/
void luaV_finishget(lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, StkId val,
                    const TValue *slot)
{
  int loop;         /* counter to avoid infinite loops */
  const TValue *tm; /* metamethod */
  for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++)
  {
    if (slot == NULL)
    { /* 't' is not a table? */
      lua_assert(!ttistable(t));
      tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_INDEX);
      if (l_unlikely(notm(tm)))
        luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index"); /* no metamethod */
      /* else will try the metamethod */
    }
    else
    { /* 't' is a table */
      lua_assert(isempty(slot));
      tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t)->metatable, TM_INDEX); /* table's metamethod */
      if (tm == NULL)
      {                        /* no metamethod? */
        setnilvalue(s2v(val)); /* result is nil */
        return;
      }
      /* else will try the metamethod */
    }
    if (ttisfunction(tm))
    {                                     /* is metamethod a function? */
      luaT_callTMres(L, tm, t, key, val); /* call it */
      return;
    }
    t = tm; /* else try to access 'tm[key]' */
    if (luaV_fastget(L, t, key, slot, luaH_get))
    {                         /* fast track? */
      setobj2s(L, val, slot); /* done */
      return;
    }
    /* else repeat (tail call 'luaV_finishget') */
  }
  luaG_runerror(L, "'__index' chain too long; possible loop");
}

/*
** Finish a table assignment 't[key] = val'.
** If 'slot' is NULL, 't' is not a table.  Otherwise, 'slot' points
** to the entry 't[key]', or to a value with an absent key if there
** is no such entry.  (The value at 'slot' must be empty, otherwise
** 'luaV_fastget' would have done the job.)
*/
void luaV_finishset(lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key,
                    TValue *val, const TValue *slot)
{
  int loop; /* counter to avoid infinite loops */
  for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++)
  {
    const TValue *tm; /* '__newindex' metamethod */
    if (slot != NULL)
    {                                            /* is 't' a table? */
      Table *h = hvalue(t);                      /* save 't' table */
      lua_assert(isempty(slot));                 /* slot must be empty */
      tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_NEWINDEX); /* get metamethod */
      if (tm == NULL)
      {                                       /* no metamethod? */
        luaH_finishset(L, h, key, slot, val); /* set new value */
        invalidateTMcache(h);
        luaC_barrierback(L, obj2gco(h), val);
        return;
      }
      /* else will try the metamethod */
    }
    else
    { /* not a table; check metamethod */
      tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_NEWINDEX);
      if (l_unlikely(notm(tm)))
        luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index");
    }
    /* try the metamethod */
    if (ttisfunction(tm))
    {
      luaT_callTM(L, tm, t, key, val);
      return;
    }
    t = tm; /* else repeat assignment over 'tm' */
    if (luaV_fastget(L, t, key, slot, luaH_get))
    {
      luaV_finishfastset(L, t, slot, val);
      return; /* done */
    }
    /* else 'return luaV_finishset(L, t, key, val, slot)' (loop) */
  }
  luaG_runerror(L, "'__newindex' chain too long; possible loop");
}

/*
** Compare two strings 'ls' x 'rs', returning an integer less-equal-
** -greater than zero if 'ls' is less-equal-greater than 'rs'.
** The code is a little tricky because it allows '\0' in the strings
** and it uses 'strcoll' (to respect locales) for each segments
** of the strings.
*/
static int l_strcmp(const TString *ls, const TString *rs)
{
  const char *l = getstr(ls);
  size_t ll = tsslen(ls);
  const char *r = getstr(rs);
  size_t lr = tsslen(rs);
  for (;;)
  { /* for each segment */
    int temp = strcoll(l, r);
    if (temp != 0) /* not equal? */
      return temp; /* done */
    else
    {                               /* strings are equal up to a '\0' */
      size_t len = strlen(l);       /* index of first '\0' in both strings */
      if (len == lr)                /* 'rs' is finished? */
        return (len == ll) ? 0 : 1; /* check 'ls' */
      else if (len == ll)           /* 'ls' is finished? */
        return -1;                  /* 'ls' is less than 'rs' ('rs' is not finished) */
      /* both strings longer than 'len'; go on comparing after the '\0' */
      len++;
      l += len;
      ll -= len;
      r += len;
      lr -= len;
    }
  }
}

/*
** Check whether integer 'i' is less than float 'f'. If 'i' has an
** exact representation as a float ('l_intfitsf'), compare numbers as
** floats. Otherwise, use the equivalence 'i < f <=> i < ceil(f)'.
** If 'ceil(f)' is out of integer range, either 'f' is greater than
** all integers or less than all integers.
** (The test with 'l_intfitsf' is only for performance; the else
** case is correct for all values, but it is slow due to the conversion
** from float to int.)
** When 'f' is NaN, comparisons must result in false.
*/
l_sinline int LTintfloat(lua_Integer i, lua_Number f)
{
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numlt(cast_num(i), f); /* compare them as floats */
  else
  { /* i < f <=> i < ceil(f) */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Iceil)) /* fi = ceil(f) */
      return i < fi;                        /* compare them as integers */
    else                                    /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f > 0;                         /* greater? */
  }
}

/*
** Check whether integer 'i' is less than or equal to float 'f'.
** See comments on previous function.
*/
l_sinline int LEintfloat(lua_Integer i, lua_Number f)
{
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numle(cast_num(i), f); /* compare them as floats */
  else
  { /* i <= f <=> i <= floor(f) */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Ifloor)) /* fi = floor(f) */
      return i <= fi;                        /* compare them as integers */
    else                                     /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f > 0;                          /* greater? */
  }
}

/*
** Check whether float 'f' is less than integer 'i'.
** See comments on previous function.
*/
l_sinline int LTfloatint(lua_Number f, lua_Integer i)
{
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numlt(f, cast_num(i)); /* compare them as floats */
  else
  { /* f < i <=> floor(f) < i */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Ifloor)) /* fi = floor(f) */
      return fi < i;                         /* compare them as integers */
    else                                     /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f < 0;                          /* less? */
  }
}

/*
** Check whether float 'f' is less than or equal to integer 'i'.
** See comments on previous function.
*/
l_sinline int LEfloatint(lua_Number f, lua_Integer i)
{
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numle(f, cast_num(i)); /* compare them as floats */
  else
  { /* f <= i <=> ceil(f) <= i */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Iceil)) /* fi = ceil(f) */
      return fi <= i;                       /* compare them as integers */
    else                                    /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f < 0;                         /* less? */
  }
}

/*
** Return 'l < r', for numbers.
*/
l_sinline int LTnum(const TValue *l, const TValue *r)
{
  lua_assert(ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisinteger(l))
  {
    lua_Integer li = ivalue(l);
    if (ttisinteger(r))
      return li < ivalue(r);              /* both are integers */
    else                                  /* 'l' is int and 'r' is float */
      return LTintfloat(li, fltvalue(r)); /* l < r ? */
  }
  else
  {
    lua_Number lf = fltvalue(l); /* 'l' must be float */
    if (ttisfloat(r))
      return luai_numlt(lf, fltvalue(r)); /* both are float */
    else                                  /* 'l' is float and 'r' is int */
      return LTfloatint(lf, ivalue(r));
  }
}

/*
** Return 'l <= r', for numbers.
*/
l_sinline int LEnum(const TValue *l, const TValue *r)
{
  lua_assert(ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisinteger(l))
  {
    lua_Integer li = ivalue(l);
    if (ttisinteger(r))
      return li <= ivalue(r);             /* both are integers */
    else                                  /* 'l' is int and 'r' is float */
      return LEintfloat(li, fltvalue(r)); /* l <= r ? */
  }
  else
  {
    lua_Number lf = fltvalue(l); /* 'l' must be float */
    if (ttisfloat(r))
      return luai_numle(lf, fltvalue(r)); /* both are float */
    else                                  /* 'l' is float and 'r' is int */
      return LEfloatint(lf, ivalue(r));
  }
}

/*
** return 'l < r' for non-numbers.
*/
static int lessthanothers(lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r)
{
  lua_assert(!ttisnumber(l) || !ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisstring(l) && ttisstring(r)) /* both are strings? */
    return l_strcmp(tsvalue(l), tsvalue(r)) < 0;
  else
    return luaT_callorderTM(L, l, r, TM_LT);
}

/*
** Main operation less than; return 'l < r'.
*/
int luaV_lessthan(lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r)
{
  if (ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r)) /* both operands are numbers? */
    return LTnum(l, r);
  else
    return lessthanothers(L, l, r);
}

/*
** return 'l <= r' for non-numbers.
*/
static int lessequalothers(lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r)
{
  lua_assert(!ttisnumber(l) || !ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisstring(l) && ttisstring(r)) /* both are strings? */
    return l_strcmp(tsvalue(l), tsvalue(r)) <= 0;
  else
    return luaT_callorderTM(L, l, r, TM_LE);
}

/*
** Main operation less than or equal to; return 'l <= r'.
*/
int luaV_lessequal(lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r)
{
  if (ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r)) /* both operands are numbers? */
    return LEnum(l, r);
  else
    return lessequalothers(L, l, r);
}

/*
** Main operation for equality of Lua values; return 't1 == t2'.
** L == NULL means raw equality (no metamethods)
*/
int luaV_equalobj(lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2)
{
  const TValue *tm;
  if (ttypetag(t1) != ttypetag(t2))
  { /* not the same variant? */
    if (ttype(t1) != ttype(t2) || ttype(t1) != LUA_TNUMBER)
      return 0; /* only numbers can be equal with different variants */
    else
    { /* two numbers with different variants */
      /* One of them is an integer. If the other does not have an
         integer value, they cannot be equal; otherwise, compare their
         integer values. */
      lua_Integer i1, i2;
      return (luaV_tointegerns(t1, &i1, F2Ieq) &&
              luaV_tointegerns(t2, &i2, F2Ieq) &&
              i1 == i2);
    }
  }
  /* values have same type and same variant */
  switch (ttypetag(t1))
  {
  case LUA_VNIL:
  case LUA_VFALSE:
  case LUA_VTRUE:
    return 1;
  case LUA_VNUMINT:
    return (ivalue(t1) == ivalue(t2));
  case LUA_VNUMFLT:
    return luai_numeq(fltvalue(t1), fltvalue(t2));
  case LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA:
    return pvalue(t1) == pvalue(t2);
  case LUA_VLCF:
    return fvalue(t1) == fvalue(t2);
  case LUA_VSHRSTR:
    return eqshrstr(tsvalue(t1), tsvalue(t2));
  case LUA_VLNGSTR:
    return luaS_eqlngstr(tsvalue(t1), tsvalue(t2));
  case LUA_VUSERDATA:
  {
    if (uvalue(t1) == uvalue(t2))
      return 1;
    else if (L == NULL)
      return 0;
    tm = fasttm(L, uvalue(t1)->metatable, TM_EQ);
    if (tm == NULL)
      tm = fasttm(L, uvalue(t2)->metatable, TM_EQ);
    break; /* will try TM */
  }
  case LUA_VTABLE:
  {
    if (hvalue(t1) == hvalue(t2))
      return 1;
    else if (L == NULL)
      return 0;
    tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t1)->metatable, TM_EQ);
    if (tm == NULL)
      tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t2)->metatable, TM_EQ);
    break; /* will try TM */
  }
  default:
    return gcvalue(t1) == gcvalue(t2);
  }
  if (tm == NULL) /* no TM? */
    return 0;     /* objects are different */
  else
  {
    luaT_callTMres(L, tm, t1, t2, L->top); /* call TM */
    return !l_isfalse(s2v(L->top));
  }
}

/* macro used by 'luaV_concat' to ensure that element at 'o' is a string */
#define tostring(L, o) \
  (ttisstring(o) || (cvt2str(o) && (luaO_tostring(L, o), 1)))

#define isemptystr(o) (ttisshrstring(o) && tsvalue(o)->shrlen == 0)

/* copy strings in stack from top - n up to top - 1 to buffer */
static void copy2buff(StkId top, int n, char *buff)
{
  size_t tl = 0; /* size already copied */
  do
  {
    size_t l = vslen(s2v(top - n)); /* length of string being copied */
    memcpy(buff + tl, svalue(s2v(top - n)), l * sizeof(char));
    tl += l;
  } while (--n > 0);
}

/*
** Main operation for concatenation: concat 'total' values in the stack,
** from 'L->top - total' up to 'L->top - 1'.
*/
void luaV_concat(lua_State *L, int total)
{
  if (total == 1)
    return; /* "all" values already concatenated */
  do
  {
    StkId top = L->top;
    int n = 2; /* number of elements handled in this pass (at least 2) */
    if (!(ttisstring(s2v(top - 2)) || cvt2str(s2v(top - 2))) ||
        !tostring(L, s2v(top - 1)))
      luaT_tryconcatTM(L);                  /* may invalidate 'top' */
    else if (isemptystr(s2v(top - 1)))      /* second operand is empty? */
      cast_void(tostring(L, s2v(top - 2))); /* result is first operand */
    else if (isemptystr(s2v(top - 2)))
    {                                 /* first operand is empty string? */
      setobjs2s(L, top - 2, top - 1); /* result is second op. */
    }
    else
    {
      /* at least two non-empty string values; get as many as possible */
      size_t tl = vslen(s2v(top - 1));
      TString *ts;
      /* collect total length and number of strings */
      for (n = 1; n < total && tostring(L, s2v(top - n - 1)); n++)
      {
        size_t l = vslen(s2v(top - n - 1));
        if (l_unlikely(l >= (MAX_SIZE / sizeof(char)) - tl))
        {
          L->top = top - total; /* pop strings to avoid wasting stack */
          luaG_runerror(L, "string length overflow");
        }
        tl += l;
      }
      if (tl <= LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN)
      { /* is result a short string? */
        char buff[LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN];
        copy2buff(top, n, buff); /* copy strings to buffer */
        ts = luaS_newlstr(L, buff, tl);
      }
      else
      { /* long string; copy strings directly to final result */
        ts = luaS_createlngstrobj(L, tl);
        copy2buff(top, n, getstr(ts));
      }
      setsvalue2s(L, top - n, ts); /* create result */
    }
    total -= n - 1;    /* got 'n' strings to create one new */
    L->top -= n - 1;   /* popped 'n' strings and pushed one */
  } while (total > 1); /* repeat until only 1 result left */
}

/*
** Main operation 'ra = #rb'.
*/
void luaV_objlen(lua_State *L, StkId ra, const TValue *rb)
{
  const TValue *tm;
  switch (ttypetag(rb))
  {
  case LUA_VTABLE:
  {
    Table *h = hvalue(rb);
    tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_LEN);
    if (tm)
      break;                          /* metamethod? break switch to call it */
    setivalue(s2v(ra), luaH_getn(h)); /* else primitive len */
    return;
  }
  case LUA_VSHRSTR:
  {
    setivalue(s2v(ra), tsvalue(rb)->shrlen);
    return;
  }
  case LUA_VLNGSTR:
  {
    setivalue(s2v(ra), tsvalue(rb)->u.lnglen);
    return;
  }
  default:
  { /* try metamethod */
    tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, rb, TM_LEN);
    if (l_unlikely(notm(tm))) /* no metamethod? */
      luaG_typeerror(L, rb, "get length of");
    break;
  }
  }
  luaT_callTMres(L, tm, rb, rb, ra);
}

/*
** Integer division; return 'm // n', that is, floor(m/n).
** C division truncates its result (rounds towards zero).
** 'floor(q) == trunc(q)' when 'q >= 0' or when 'q' is integer,
** otherwise 'floor(q) == trunc(q) - 1'.
*/
lua_Integer luaV_idiv(lua_State *L, lua_Integer m, lua_Integer n)
{
  if (l_unlikely(l_castS2U(n) + 1u <= 1u))
  { /* special cases: -1 or 0 */
    if (n == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to divide by zero");
    return intop(-, 0, m); /* n==-1; avoid overflow with 0x80000...//-1 */
  }
  else
  {
    lua_Integer q = m / n;         /* perform C division */
    if ((m ^ n) < 0 && m % n != 0) /* 'm/n' would be negative non-integer? */
      q -= 1;                      /* correct result for different rounding */
    return q;
  }
}

/*
** Integer modulus; return 'm % n'. (Assume that C '%' with
** negative operands follows C99 behavior. See previous comment
** about luaV_idiv.)
*/
lua_Integer luaV_mod(lua_State *L, lua_Integer m, lua_Integer n)
{
  if (l_unlikely(l_castS2U(n) + 1u <= 1u))
  { /* special cases: -1 or 0 */
    if (n == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to perform 'n%%0'");
    return 0; /* m % -1 == 0; avoid overflow with 0x80000...%-1 */
  }
  else
  {
    lua_Integer r = m % n;
    if (r != 0 && (r ^ n) < 0) /* 'm/n' would be non-integer negative? */
      r += n;                  /* correct result for different rounding */
    return r;
  }
}

/*
** Float modulus
*/
lua_Number luaV_modf(lua_State *L, lua_Number m, lua_Number n)
{
  lua_Number r;
  luai_nummod(L, m, n, r);
  return r;
}

/* number of bits in an integer */
#define NBITS cast_int(sizeof(lua_Integer) * CHAR_BIT)

/*
** Shift left operation. (Shift right just negates 'y'.)
*/
#define luaV_shiftr(x, y) luaV_shiftl(x, intop(-, 0, y))

lua_Integer luaV_shiftl(lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y)
{
  if (y < 0)
  { /* shift right? */
    if (y <= -NBITS)
      return 0;
    else
      return intop(>>, x, -y);
  }
  else
  { /* shift left */
    if (y >= NBITS)
      return 0;
    else
      return intop(<<, x, y);
  }
}

/*
** create a new Lua closure, push it in the stack, and initialize
** its upvalues.
*/
static void pushclosure(lua_State *L, Proto *p, UpVal **encup, StkId base,
                        StkId ra)
{
  int nup = p->sizeupvalues;
  Upvaldesc *uv = p->upvalues;
  int i;
  LClosure *ncl = luaF_newLclosure(L, nup);
  ncl->p = p;
  setclLvalue2s(L, ra, ncl); /* anchor new closure in stack */
  for (i = 0; i < nup; i++)
  {                    /* fill in its upvalues */
    if (uv[i].instack) /* upvalue refers to local variable? */
      ncl->upvals[i] = luaF_findupval(L, base + uv[i].idx);
    else /* get upvalue from enclosing function */
      ncl->upvals[i] = encup[uv[i].idx];
    luaC_objbarrier(L, ncl, ncl->upvals[i]);
  }
}

/*
** finish execution of an opcode interrupted by a yield
*/
void luaV_finishOp(lua_State *L)
{
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  StkId base = ci->func + 1;
  Instruction inst = *(ci->u.l.savedpc - 1); /* interrupted instruction */
  OpCode op = GET_OPCODE(inst);
  switch (op)
  { /* finish its execution */
  case OP_MMBIN:
  case OP_MMBINI:
  case OP_MMBINK:
  {
    setobjs2s(L, base + GETARG_A(*(ci->u.l.savedpc - 2)), --L->top);
    break;
  }
  case OP_UNM:
  case OP_BNOT:
  case OP_LEN:
  case OP_GETTABUP:
  case OP_GETTABLE:
  case OP_GETI:
  case OP_GETFIELD:
  case OP_SELF:
  {
    setobjs2s(L, base + GETARG_A(inst), --L->top);
    break;
  }
  case OP_LT:
  case OP_LE:
  case OP_LTI:
  case OP_LEI:
  case OP_GTI:
  case OP_GEI:
  case OP_EQ:
  { /* note that 'OP_EQI'/'OP_EQK' cannot yield */
    int res = !l_isfalse(s2v(L->top - 1));
    L->top--;
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE)
    if (ci->callstatus & CIST_LEQ)
    {                             /* "<=" using "<" instead? */
      ci->callstatus ^= CIST_LEQ; /* clear mark */
      res = !res;                 /* negate result */
    }
#endif
    lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*ci->u.l.savedpc) == OP_JMP);
    if (res != GETARG_k(inst)) /* condition failed? */
      ci->u.l.savedpc++;       /* skip jump instruction */
    break;
  }
  case OP_CONCAT:
  {
    StkId top = L->top - 1;                     /* top when 'luaT_tryconcatTM' was called */
    int a = GETARG_A(inst);                     /* first element to concatenate */
    int total = cast_int(top - 1 - (base + a)); /* yet to concatenate */
    setobjs2s(L, top - 2, top);                 /* put TM result in proper position */
    L->top = top - 1;                           /* top is one after last element (at top-2) */
    luaV_concat(L, total);                      /* concat them (may yield again) */
    break;
  }
  case OP_CLOSE:
  {                    /* yielded closing variables */
    ci->u.l.savedpc--; /* repeat instruction to close other vars. */
    break;
  }
  case OP_RETURN:
  { /* yielded closing variables */
    StkId ra = base + GETARG_A(inst);
    /* adjust top to signal correct number of returns, in case the
       return is "up to top" ('isIT') */
    L->top = ra + ci->u2.nres;
    /* repeat instruction to close other vars. and complete the return */
    ci->u.l.savedpc--;
    break;
  }
  default:
  {
    /* only these other opcodes can yield */
    lua_assert(op == OP_TFORCALL || op == OP_CALL ||
               op == OP_TAILCALL || op == OP_SETTABUP || op == OP_SETTABLE ||
               op == OP_SETI || op == OP_SETFIELD);
    break;
  }
  }
}

/*
** {==================================================================
** Macros for arithmetic/bitwise/comparison opcodes in 'luaV_execute'
** ===================================================================
*/

#define l_addi(L, a, b) intop(+, a, b)
#define l_subi(L, a, b) intop(-, a, b)
#define l_muli(L, a, b) intop(*, a, b)
#define l_band(a, b) intop(&, a, b)
#define l_bor(a, b) intop(|, a, b)
#define l_bxor(a, b) intop(^, a, b)

#define l_lti(a, b) (a < b)
#define l_lei(a, b) (a <= b)
#define l_gti(a, b) (a > b)
#define l_gei(a, b) (a >= b)

/*
** Arithmetic operations with immediate operands. 'iop' is the integer
** operation, 'fop' is the float operation.
*/
#define op_arithI(L, iop, fop)                \
  {                                           \
    StkId ra = RA(i);                         \
    TValue *v1 = vRB(i);                      \
    int imm = GETARG_sC(i);                   \
    if (ttisinteger(v1))                      \
    {                                         \
      lua_Integer iv1 = ivalue(v1);           \
      pc++;                                   \
      setivalue(s2v(ra), iop(L, iv1, imm));   \
    }                                         \
    else if (ttisfloat(v1))                   \
    {                                         \
      lua_Number nb = fltvalue(v1);           \
      lua_Number fimm = cast_num(imm);        \
      pc++;                                   \
      setfltvalue(s2v(ra), fop(L, nb, fimm)); \
    }                                         \
  }

/*
** Auxiliary function for arithmetic operations over floats and others
** with two register operands.
*/
#define op_arithf_aux(L, v1, v2, fop)             \
  {                                               \
    lua_Number n1;                                \
    lua_Number n2;                                \
    if (tonumberns(v1, n1) && tonumberns(v2, n2)) \
    {                                             \
      pc++;                                       \
      setfltvalue(s2v(ra), fop(L, n1, n2));       \
    }                                             \
  }

/*
** Arithmetic operations over floats and others with register operands.
*/
#define op_arithf(L, fop)          \
  {                                \
    StkId ra = RA(i);              \
    TValue *v1 = vRB(i);           \
    TValue *v2 = vRC(i);           \
    op_arithf_aux(L, v1, v2, fop); \
  }

/*
** Arithmetic operations with K operands for floats.
*/
#define op_arithfK(L, fop)         \
  {                                \
    StkId ra = RA(i);              \
    TValue *v1 = vRB(i);           \
    TValue *v2 = KC(i);            \
    lua_assert(ttisnumber(v2));    \
    op_arithf_aux(L, v1, v2, fop); \
  }

/*
** Arithmetic operations over integers and floats.
*/
#define op_arith_aux(L, v1, v2, iop, fop)   \
  {                                         \
    StkId ra = RA(i);                       \
    if (ttisinteger(v1) && ttisinteger(v2)) \
    {                                       \
      lua_Integer i1 = ivalue(v1);          \
      lua_Integer i2 = ivalue(v2);          \
      pc++;                                 \
      setivalue(s2v(ra), iop(L, i1, i2));   \
    }                                       \
    else                                    \
      op_arithf_aux(L, v1, v2, fop);        \
  }

/*
** Arithmetic operations with register operands.
*/
#define op_arith(L, iop, fop)          \
  {                                    \
    TValue *v1 = vRB(i);               \
    TValue *v2 = vRC(i);               \
    op_arith_aux(L, v1, v2, iop, fop); \
  }

/*
** Arithmetic operations with K operands.
*/
#define op_arithK(L, iop, fop)         \
  {                                    \
    TValue *v1 = vRB(i);               \
    TValue *v2 = KC(i);                \
    lua_assert(ttisnumber(v2));        \
    op_arith_aux(L, v1, v2, iop, fop); \
  }

/*
** Bitwise operations with constant operand.
*/
#define op_bitwiseK(L, op)            \
  {                                   \
    StkId ra = RA(i);                 \
    TValue *v1 = vRB(i);              \
    TValue *v2 = KC(i);               \
    lua_Integer i1;                   \
    lua_Integer i2 = ivalue(v2);      \
    if (tointegerns(v1, &i1))         \
    {                                 \
      pc++;                           \
      setivalue(s2v(ra), op(i1, i2)); \
    }                                 \
  }

/*
** Bitwise operations with register operands.
*/
#define op_bitwise(L, op)                             \
  {                                                   \
    StkId ra = RA(i);                                 \
    TValue *v1 = vRB(i);                              \
    TValue *v2 = vRC(i);                              \
    lua_Integer i1;                                   \
    lua_Integer i2;                                   \
    if (tointegerns(v1, &i1) && tointegerns(v2, &i2)) \
    {                                                 \
      pc++;                                           \
      setivalue(s2v(ra), op(i1, i2));                 \
    }                                                 \
  }

/*
** Order operations with register operands. 'opn' actually works
** for all numbers, but the fast track improves performance for
** integers.
*/
#define op_order(L, opi, opn, other)                \
  {                                                 \
    StkId ra = RA(i);                               \
    int cond;                                       \
    TValue *rb = vRB(i);                            \
    if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra)) && ttisinteger(rb))    \
    {                                               \
      lua_Integer ia = ivalue(s2v(ra));             \
      lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb);                  \
      cond = opi(ia, ib);                           \
    }                                               \
    else if (ttisnumber(s2v(ra)) && ttisnumber(rb)) \
      cond = opn(s2v(ra), rb);                      \
    else                                            \
      Protect(cond = other(L, s2v(ra), rb));        \
    docondjump();                                   \
  }

/*
** Order operations with immediate operand. (Immediate operand is
** always small enough to have an exact representation as a float.)
*/
#define op_orderI(L, opi, opf, inv, tm)                                \
  {                                                                    \
    StkId ra = RA(i);                                                  \
    int cond;                                                          \
    int im = GETARG_sB(i);                                             \
    if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra)))                                          \
      cond = opi(ivalue(s2v(ra)), im);                                 \
    else if (ttisfloat(s2v(ra)))                                       \
    {                                                                  \
      lua_Number fa = fltvalue(s2v(ra));                               \
      lua_Number fim = cast_num(im);                                   \
      cond = opf(fa, fim);                                             \
    }                                                                  \
    else                                                               \
    {                                                                  \
      int isf = GETARG_C(i);                                           \
      Protect(cond = luaT_callorderiTM(L, s2v(ra), im, inv, isf, tm)); \
    }                                                                  \
    docondjump();                                                      \
  }

/* }================================================================== */

/*
** {==================================================================
** Function 'luaV_execute': main interpreter loop
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
** some macros for common tasks in 'luaV_execute'
*/

#define RA(i) (base + GETARG_A(i))
#define RB(i) (base + GETARG_B(i))
#define vRB(i) s2v(RB(i))
#define KB(i) (k + GETARG_B(i))
#define RC(i) (base + GETARG_C(i))
#define vRC(i) s2v(RC(i))
#define KC(i) (k + GETARG_C(i))
#define RKC(i) ((TESTARG_k(i)) ? k + GETARG_C(i) : s2v(base + GETARG_C(i)))

#define updatetrap(ci) (trap = ci->u.l.trap)

#define updatebase(ci) (base = ci->func + 1)

#define updatestack(ci)   \
  {                       \
    if (l_unlikely(trap)) \
    {                     \
      updatebase(ci);     \
      ra = RA(i);         \
    }                     \
  }

/*
** Execute a jump instruction. The 'updatetrap' allows signals to stop
** tight loops. (Without it, the local copy of 'trap' could never change.)
*/
#define dojump(ci, i, e)    \
  {                         \
    pc += GETARG_sJ(i) + e; \
    updatetrap(ci);         \
  }

/* for test instructions, execute the jump instruction that follows it */
#define donextjump(ci)    \
  {                       \
    Instruction ni = *pc; \
    dojump(ci, ni, 1);    \
  }

/*
** do a conditional jump: skip next instruction if 'cond' is not what
** was expected (parameter 'k'), else do next instruction, which must
** be a jump.
*/
#define docondjump()       \
  if (cond != GETARG_k(i)) \
    pc++;                  \
  else                     \
    donextjump(ci);

/*
** Correct global 'pc'.
*/
#define savepc(L) (ci->u.l.savedpc = pc)

/*
** Whenever code can raise errors, the global 'pc' and the global
** 'top' must be correct to report occasional errors.
*/
#define savestate(L, ci) (savepc(L), L->top = ci->top)

/*
** Protect code that, in general, can raise errors, reallocate the
** stack, and change the hooks.
*/
#define Protect(exp) (savestate(L, ci), (exp), updatetrap(ci))

/* special version that does not change the top */
#define ProtectNT(exp) (savepc(L), (exp), updatetrap(ci))

/*
** Protect code that can only raise errors. (That is, it cannot change
** the stack or hooks.)
*/
#define halfProtect(exp) (savestate(L, ci), (exp))

/* 'c' is the limit of live values in the stack */
#define checkGC(L, c)                         \
  {                                           \
    luaC_condGC(L, (savepc(L), L->top = (c)), \
                updatetrap(ci));              \
    luai_threadyield(L);                      \
  }

/* fetch an instruction and prepare its execution */
#define vmfetch()                                                      \
  {                                                                    \
    if (l_unlikely(trap))                                              \
    {                               /* stack reallocation or hooks? */ \
      trap = luaG_traceexec(L, pc); /* handle hooks */                 \
      updatebase(ci);               /* correct stack */                \
    }                                                                  \
    i = *(pc++);                                                       \
  }

#define vmdispatch(o) switch (o)
#define vmcase(l) case l:
#define vmbreak break

void luaV_execute(lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci)
{
  LClosure *cl;
  TValue *k;
  StkId base;
  const Instruction *pc;
  int trap;
#if LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE
#include "ljumptab.h"
#endif
startfunc:
  trap = L->hookmask;
returning: /* trap already set */
  cl = clLvalue(s2v(ci->func));
  k = cl->p->k;
  pc = ci->u.l.savedpc;
  if (l_unlikely(trap))
  {
    if (pc == cl->p->code)
    { /* first instruction (not resuming)? */
      if (cl->p->is_vararg)
        trap = 0; /* hooks will start after VARARGPREP instruction */
      else        /* check 'call' hook */
        luaD_hookcall(L, ci);
    }
    ci->u.l.trap = 1; /* assume trap is on, for now */
  }
  base = ci->func + 1;
  /* main loop of interpreter */
  for (;;)
  {

    Instruction i; /* instruction being executed */
    if (L->interrupted)
    {
      return;
    }
    vmfetch();
#if 0
      /* low-level line tracing for debugging Lua */
      printf("line: %d\n", luaG_getfuncline(cl->p, pcRel(pc, cl->p)));
#endif
    lua_assert(base == ci->func + 1);
    lua_assert(base <= L->top && L->top <= L->stack_last);
    /* invalidate top for instructions not expecting it */
    lua_assert(isIT(i) || (cast_void(L->top = base), 1));
    vmdispatch(GET_OPCODE(i))
    {
      vmcase(OP_MOVE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        setobjs2s(L, ra, RB(i));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADI)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        lua_Integer b = GETARG_sBx(i);
        setivalue(s2v(ra), b);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADF)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int b = GETARG_sBx(i);
        setfltvalue(s2v(ra), cast_num(b));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADK)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = k + GETARG_Bx(i);
        setobj2s(L, ra, rb);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADKX)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb;
        rb = k + GETARG_Ax(*pc);
        pc++;
        setobj2s(L, ra, rb);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADFALSE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        setbfvalue(s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LFALSESKIP)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        setbfvalue(s2v(ra));
        pc++; /* skip next instruction */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADTRUE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        setbtvalue(s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADNIL)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int b = GETARG_B(i);
        do
        {
          setnilvalue(s2v(ra++));
        } while (b--);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETUPVAL)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int b = GETARG_B(i);
        setobj2s(L, ra, cl->upvals[b]->v);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETUPVAL)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        UpVal *uv = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(i)];
        setobj(L, uv->v, s2v(ra));
        luaC_barrier(L, uv, s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETTABUP)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *upval = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(i)]->v;
        TValue *rc = KC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rc); /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, upval, key, slot, luaH_getshortstr))
        {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, upval, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETTABLE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TValue *rc = vRC(i);
        lua_Unsigned n;
        if (ttisinteger(rc) /* fast track for integers? */
                ? (cast_void(n = ivalue(rc)), luaV_fastgeti(L, rb, n, slot))
                : luaV_fastget(L, rb, rc, slot, luaH_get))
        {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETI)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        int c = GETARG_C(i);
        if (luaV_fastgeti(L, rb, c, slot))
        {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
        {
          TValue key;
          setivalue(&key, c);
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, &key, ra, slot));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETFIELD)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TValue *rc = KC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rc); /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, rb, key, slot, luaH_getshortstr))
        {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETTABUP)
      {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *upval = cl->upvals[GETARG_A(i)]->v;
        TValue *rb = KB(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rb); /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, upval, key, slot, luaH_getshortstr))
        {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, upval, slot, rc);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, upval, rb, rc, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETTABLE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i); /* key (table is in 'ra') */
        TValue *rc = RKC(i); /* value */
        lua_Unsigned n;
        if (ttisinteger(rb) /* fast track for integers? */
                ? (cast_void(n = ivalue(rb)), luaV_fastgeti(L, s2v(ra), n, slot))
                : luaV_fastget(L, s2v(ra), rb, slot, luaH_get))
        {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, s2v(ra), slot, rc);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, s2v(ra), rb, rc, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETI)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        int c = GETARG_B(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        if (luaV_fastgeti(L, s2v(ra), c, slot))
        {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, s2v(ra), slot, rc);
        }
        else
        {
          TValue key;
          setivalue(&key, c);
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, s2v(ra), &key, rc, slot));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETFIELD)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = KB(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rb); /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, s2v(ra), key, slot, luaH_getshortstr))
        {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, s2v(ra), slot, rc);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, s2v(ra), rb, rc, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_NEWTABLE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int b = GETARG_B(i); /* log2(hash size) + 1 */
        int c = GETARG_C(i); /* array size */
        Table *t;
        if (b > 0)
          b = 1 << (b - 1); /* size is 2^(b - 1) */
        lua_assert((!TESTARG_k(i)) == (GETARG_Ax(*pc) == 0));
        if (TESTARG_k(i))                       /* non-zero extra argument? */
          c += GETARG_Ax(*pc) * (MAXARG_C + 1); /* add it to size */
        pc++;                                   /* skip extra argument */
        L->top = ra + 1;                        /* correct top in case of emergency GC */
        t = luaH_new(L);                        /* memory allocation */
        sethvalue2s(L, ra, t);
        if (b != 0 || c != 0)
          luaH_resize(L, t, c, b); /* idem */
        checkGC(L, ra + 1);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SELF)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rc); /* key must be a string */
        setobj2s(L, ra + 1, rb);
        if (luaV_fastget(L, rb, key, slot, luaH_getstr))
        {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_ADDI)
      {
        op_arithI(L, l_addi, luai_numadd);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_ADDK)
      {
        op_arithK(L, l_addi, luai_numadd);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SUBK)
      {
        op_arithK(L, l_subi, luai_numsub);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MULK)
      {
        op_arithK(L, l_muli, luai_nummul);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MODK)
      {
        op_arithK(L, luaV_mod, luaV_modf);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_POWK)
      {
        op_arithfK(L, luai_numpow);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_DIVK)
      {
        op_arithfK(L, luai_numdiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_IDIVK)
      {
        op_arithK(L, luaV_idiv, luai_numidiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BANDK)
      {
        op_bitwiseK(L, l_band);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BORK)
      {
        op_bitwiseK(L, l_bor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BXORK)
      {
        op_bitwiseK(L, l_bxor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHRI)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        int ic = GETARG_sC(i);
        lua_Integer ib;
        if (tointegerns(rb, &ib))
        {
          pc++;
          setivalue(s2v(ra), luaV_shiftl(ib, -ic));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHLI)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        int ic = GETARG_sC(i);
        lua_Integer ib;
        if (tointegerns(rb, &ib))
        {
          pc++;
          setivalue(s2v(ra), luaV_shiftl(ic, ib));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_ADD)
      {
        op_arith(L, l_addi, luai_numadd);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SUB)
      {
        op_arith(L, l_subi, luai_numsub);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MUL)
      {
        op_arith(L, l_muli, luai_nummul);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MOD)
      {
        op_arith(L, luaV_mod, luaV_modf);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_POW)
      {
        op_arithf(L, luai_numpow);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_DIV)
      { /* float division (always with floats) */
        op_arithf(L, luai_numdiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_IDIV)
      { /* floor division */
        op_arith(L, luaV_idiv, luai_numidiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BAND)
      {
        op_bitwise(L, l_band);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BOR)
      {
        op_bitwise(L, l_bor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BXOR)
      {
        op_bitwise(L, l_bxor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHR)
      {
        op_bitwise(L, luaV_shiftr);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHL)
      {
        op_bitwise(L, luaV_shiftl);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MMBIN)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        Instruction pi = *(pc - 2); /* original arith. expression */
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TMS tm = (TMS)GETARG_C(i);
        StkId result = RA(pi);
        lua_assert(OP_ADD <= GET_OPCODE(pi) && GET_OPCODE(pi) <= OP_SHR);
        Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, s2v(ra), rb, result, tm));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MMBINI)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        Instruction pi = *(pc - 2); /* original arith. expression */
        int imm = GETARG_sB(i);
        TMS tm = (TMS)GETARG_C(i);
        int flip = GETARG_k(i);
        StkId result = RA(pi);
        Protect(luaT_trybiniTM(L, s2v(ra), imm, flip, result, tm));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MMBINK)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        Instruction pi = *(pc - 2); /* original arith. expression */
        TValue *imm = KB(i);
        TMS tm = (TMS)GETARG_C(i);
        int flip = GETARG_k(i);
        StkId result = RA(pi);
        Protect(luaT_trybinassocTM(L, s2v(ra), imm, flip, result, tm));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_UNM)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        lua_Number nb;
        if (ttisinteger(rb))
        {
          lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb);
          setivalue(s2v(ra), intop(-, 0, ib));
        }
        else if (tonumberns(rb, nb))
        {
          setfltvalue(s2v(ra), luai_numunm(L, nb));
        }
        else
          Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rb, ra, TM_UNM));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BNOT)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        lua_Integer ib;
        if (tointegerns(rb, &ib))
        {
          setivalue(s2v(ra), intop(^, ~l_castS2U(0), ib));
        }
        else
          Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rb, ra, TM_BNOT));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_NOT)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        if (l_isfalse(rb))
          setbtvalue(s2v(ra));
        else
          setbfvalue(s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LEN)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        Protect(luaV_objlen(L, ra, vRB(i)));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CONCAT)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int n = GETARG_B(i); /* number of elements to concatenate */
        L->top = ra + n;     /* mark the end of concat operands */
        ProtectNT(luaV_concat(L, n));
        checkGC(L, L->top); /* 'luaV_concat' ensures correct top */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CLOSE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        Protect(luaF_close(L, ra, LUA_OK, 1));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TBC)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        /* create new to-be-closed upvalue */
        halfProtect(luaF_newtbcupval(L, ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_JMP)
      {
        dojump(ci, i, 0);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EQ)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int cond;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        Protect(cond = luaV_equalobj(L, s2v(ra), rb));
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LT)
      {
        op_order(L, l_lti, LTnum, lessthanothers);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LE)
      {
        op_order(L, l_lei, LEnum, lessequalothers);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EQK)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = KB(i);
        /* basic types do not use '__eq'; we can use raw equality */
        int cond = luaV_rawequalobj(s2v(ra), rb);
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EQI)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int cond;
        int im = GETARG_sB(i);
        if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra)))
          cond = (ivalue(s2v(ra)) == im);
        else if (ttisfloat(s2v(ra)))
          cond = luai_numeq(fltvalue(s2v(ra)), cast_num(im));
        else
          cond = 0; /* other types cannot be equal to a number */
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LTI)
      {
        op_orderI(L, l_lti, luai_numlt, 0, TM_LT);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LEI)
      {
        op_orderI(L, l_lei, luai_numle, 0, TM_LE);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GTI)
      {
        op_orderI(L, l_gti, luai_numgt, 1, TM_LT);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GEI)
      {
        op_orderI(L, l_gei, luai_numge, 1, TM_LE);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TEST)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int cond = !l_isfalse(s2v(ra));
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TESTSET)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        if (l_isfalse(rb) == GETARG_k(i))
          pc++;
        else
        {
          setobj2s(L, ra, rb);
          donextjump(ci);
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CALL)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        CallInfo *newci;
        int b = GETARG_B(i);
        int nresults = GETARG_C(i) - 1;
        if (b != 0)        /* fixed number of arguments? */
          L->top = ra + b; /* top signals number of arguments */
        /* else previous instruction set top */
        savepc(L); /* in case of errors */
        if ((newci = luaD_precall(L, ra, nresults)) == NULL)
          updatetrap(ci); /* C call; nothing else to be done */
        else
        { /* Lua call: run function in this same C frame */
          ci = newci;
          goto startfunc;
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TAILCALL)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int b = GETARG_B(i); /* number of arguments + 1 (function) */
        int n;               /* number of results when calling a C function */
        int nparams1 = GETARG_C(i);
        /* delta is virtual 'func' - real 'func' (vararg functions) */
        int delta = (nparams1) ? ci->u.l.nextraargs + nparams1 : 0;
        if (b != 0)
          L->top = ra + b;
        else /* previous instruction set top */
          b = cast_int(L->top - ra);
        savepc(ci); /* several calls here can raise errors */
        if (TESTARG_k(i))
        {
          luaF_closeupval(L, base);      /* close upvalues from current call */
          lua_assert(L->tbclist < base); /* no pending tbc variables */
          lua_assert(base == ci->func + 1);
        }
        if ((n = luaD_pretailcall(L, ci, ra, b, delta)) < 0) /* Lua function? */
          goto startfunc;                                    /* execute the callee */
        else
        {                         /* C function? */
          ci->func -= delta;      /* restore 'func' (if vararg) */
          luaD_poscall(L, ci, n); /* finish caller */
          updatetrap(ci);         /* 'luaD_poscall' can change hooks */
          goto ret;               /* caller returns after the tail call */
        }
      }
      vmcase(OP_RETURN)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int n = GETARG_B(i) - 1; /* number of results */
        int nparams1 = GETARG_C(i);
        if (n < 0)                   /* not fixed? */
          n = cast_int(L->top - ra); /* get what is available */
        savepc(ci);
        if (TESTARG_k(i))
        {                  /* may there be open upvalues? */
          ci->u2.nres = n; /* save number of returns */
          if (L->top < ci->top)
            L->top = ci->top;
          luaF_close(L, base, CLOSEKTOP, 1);
          updatetrap(ci);
          updatestack(ci);
        }
        if (nparams1) /* vararg function? */
          ci->func -= ci->u.l.nextraargs + nparams1;
        L->top = ra + n; /* set call for 'luaD_poscall' */
        luaD_poscall(L, ci, n);
        updatetrap(ci); /* 'luaD_poscall' can change hooks */
        goto ret;
      }
      vmcase(OP_RETURN0)
      {
        if (l_unlikely(L->hookmask))
        {
          StkId ra = RA(i);
          L->top = ra;
          savepc(ci);
          luaD_poscall(L, ci, 0); /* no hurry... */
          trap = 1;
        }
        else
        { /* do the 'poscall' here */
          int nres;
          L->ci = ci->previous; /* back to caller */
          L->top = base - 1;
          for (nres = ci->nresults; l_unlikely(nres > 0); nres--)
            setnilvalue(s2v(L->top++)); /* all results are nil */
        }
        goto ret;
      }
      vmcase(OP_RETURN1)
      {
        if (l_unlikely(L->hookmask))
        {
          StkId ra = RA(i);
          L->top = ra + 1;
          savepc(ci);
          luaD_poscall(L, ci, 1); /* no hurry... */
          trap = 1;
        }
        else
        { /* do the 'poscall' here */
          int nres = ci->nresults;
          L->ci = ci->previous; /* back to caller */
          if (nres == 0)
            L->top = base - 1; /* asked for no results */
          else
          {
            StkId ra = RA(i);
            setobjs2s(L, base - 1, ra); /* at least this result */
            L->top = base;
            for (; l_unlikely(nres > 1); nres--)
              setnilvalue(s2v(L->top++)); /* complete missing results */
          }
        }
      ret: /* return from a Lua function */
        if (ci->callstatus & CIST_FRESH)
          return; /* end this frame */
        else
        {
          ci = ci->previous;
          goto returning; /* continue running caller in this frame */
        }
      }
      vmcase(OP_FORLOOP)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra + 2)))
        { /* integer loop? */
          lua_Unsigned count = l_castS2U(ivalue(s2v(ra + 1)));
          if (count > 0)
          { /* still more iterations? */
            lua_Integer step = ivalue(s2v(ra + 2));
            lua_Integer idx = ivalue(s2v(ra)); /* internal index */
            chgivalue(s2v(ra + 1), count - 1); /* update counter */
            idx = intop(+, idx, step);         /* add step to index */
            chgivalue(s2v(ra), idx);           /* update internal index */
            setivalue(s2v(ra + 3), idx);       /* and control variable */
            pc -= GETARG_Bx(i);                /* jump back */
          }
        }
        else if (floatforloop(ra)) /* float loop */
          pc -= GETARG_Bx(i);      /* jump back */
        updatetrap(ci);            /* allows a signal to break the loop */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_FORPREP)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        savestate(L, ci); /* in case of errors */
        if (forprep(L, ra))
          pc += GETARG_Bx(i) + 1; /* skip the loop */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TFORPREP)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        /* create to-be-closed upvalue (if needed) */
        halfProtect(luaF_newtbcupval(L, ra + 3));
        pc += GETARG_Bx(i);
        i = *(pc++); /* go to next instruction */
        lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TFORCALL && ra == RA(i));
        goto l_tforcall;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TFORCALL)
      {
      l_tforcall:
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        /* 'ra' has the iterator function, 'ra + 1' has the state,
           'ra + 2' has the control variable, and 'ra + 3' has the
           to-be-closed variable. The call will use the stack after
           these values (starting at 'ra + 4')
        */
        /* push function, state, and control variable */
        memcpy(ra + 4, ra, 3 * sizeof(*ra));
        L->top = ra + 4 + 3;
        ProtectNT(luaD_call(L, ra + 4, GETARG_C(i))); /* do the call */
        updatestack(ci);                              /* stack may have changed */
        i = *(pc++);                                  /* go to next instruction */
        lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TFORLOOP && ra == RA(i));
        goto l_tforloop;
      }
      }
      vmcase(OP_TFORLOOP)
      {
      l_tforloop:
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        if (!ttisnil(s2v(ra + 4)))
        {                               /* continue loop? */
          setobjs2s(L, ra + 2, ra + 4); /* save control variable */
          pc -= GETARG_Bx(i);           /* jump back */
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETLIST)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int n = GETARG_B(i);
        unsigned int last = GETARG_C(i);
        Table *h = hvalue(s2v(ra));
        if (n == 0)
          n = cast_int(L->top - ra) - 1; /* get up to the top */
        else
          L->top = ci->top; /* correct top in case of emergency GC */
        last += n;
        if (TESTARG_k(i))
        {
          last += GETARG_Ax(*pc) * (MAXARG_C + 1);
          pc++;
        }
        if (last > luaH_realasize(h))   /* needs more space? */
          luaH_resizearray(L, h, last); /* preallocate it at once */
        for (; n > 0; n--)
        {
          TValue *val = s2v(ra + n);
          setobj2t(L, &h->array[last - 1], val);
          last--;
          luaC_barrierback(L, obj2gco(h), val);
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CLOSURE)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        Proto *p = cl->p->p[GETARG_Bx(i)];
        halfProtect(pushclosure(L, p, cl->upvals, base, ra));
        checkGC(L, ra + 1);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_VARARG)
      {
        StkId ra = RA(i);
        int n = GETARG_C(i) - 1; /* required results */
        Protect(luaT_getvarargs(L, ci, ra, n));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_VARARGPREP)
      {
        ProtectNT(luaT_adjustvarargs(L, GETARG_A(i), ci, cl->p));
        if (l_unlikely(trap))
        { /* previous "Protect" updated trap */
          luaD_hookcall(L, ci);
          L->oldpc = 1; /* next opcode will be seen as a "new" line */
        }
        updatebase(ci); /* function has new base after adjustment */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EXTRAARG)
      {
        lua_assert(0);
        vmbreak;
      }
    }
  }
}

/* }================================================================== */