diff --git a/solutions/python/flower-field/10/flower_field.py b/solutions/python/flower-field/10/flower_field.py
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+++ b/solutions/python/flower-field/10/flower_field.py
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+"""
+Flower Field is a compassionate reimagining of the popular game Minesweeper.
+
+This module provides helpers to validate and annotate a rectangular garden
+representation, where each row is a string comprised of spaces and ``*``
+characters. A ``*`` denotes a flower; a space denotes an empty square.
+
+The goal is to compute numeric hints indicating how many flowers are
+adjacent (horizontally, vertically, diagonally) to each square.
+"""
+
+COORDINATES: tuple = (
+    (-1, -1),
+    (-1, 0),
+    (-1, 1),
+    (0, -1),
+    (0, 1),
+    (1, -1),
+    (1, 0),
+    (1, 1),
+)
+
+
+def annotate(garden: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Annotate a garden with counts of adjacent flowers.
+
+    Expects a rectangular list of strings containing only spaces and ``*``.
+    Validation errors raise a :class:`ValueError`.
+
+    :param list garden: A list of equal-length strings representing the garden.
+        ``*`` marks a flower; space marks empty.
+    :returns: An annotated garden of the same shape. Empty squares are
+        replaced by digits (``"1"``–``"8"``) when adjacent to flowers;
+        squares with zero adjacent flowers remain spaces. Flowers
+        (``*``) are preserved.
+    :rtype: list[str]
+    :raises ValueError: If the garden is non-rectangular or contains
+        invalid characters.
+    """
+    # empty list
+    if not garden:
+        return []
+    # raise an error when the board receives malformed input
+    _validate(garden)
+    new_garden: list[str] = []
+    for i_row, row in enumerate(garden):
+        new_row: str = ""
+        for i_col, char in enumerate(row):
+            flower_count = _calc_surrounding_flowers(i_row, i_col, garden)
+            if flower_count != 0:
+                new_row += str(flower_count)
+            else:
+                new_row += char
+        new_garden.append(new_row)
+    return new_garden
+
+
+def _calc_surrounding_flowers(i_row: int, i_col: int, garden: list[str]) -> int:
+    """
+    Count flowers adjacent to the given cell.
+
+    Counts the eight neighboring positions around ``(i_row, i_col)`` when the
+    current cell is empty (space). If the cell itself is a flower (``*``), the
+    count remains zero as the caller preserves flowers unchanged.
+
+    :param int i_row: Row index of the target cell.
+    :param int i_col: Column index of the target cell.
+    :param list garden: The rectangular garden representation.
+    :returns: Number of adjacent flowers (0–8).
+    :rtype: int
+    """
+    ...
+    total: int = 0
+    if garden[i_row][i_col] == " ":
+        # Count flowers all around current position
+        for row, col in COORDINATES:
+            # Avoid IndexError
+            if 0 <= i_row + row < len(garden) and 0 <= i_col + col < len(garden[0]):
+                # Detect and count flower
+                if garden[i_row + row][i_col + col] == "*":
+                    total += 1
+    return total
+
+
+def _validate(garden: list[str]) -> None:
+    """
+    Validate the garden shape and contents.
+
+    Ensures the input is rectangular and contains only spaces and ``*``.
+
+    :param list garden: A list of equal-length strings to validate.
+    :raises ValueError: If rows have differing lengths or contain characters
+        other than space or ``*``.
+    """
+    garden_length = len(garden[0])
+    for row in garden:
+        # when the board receives malformed input
+        # garden is not a rectangle due to inconsistent row length
+        # or contains invalid chars inside the row
+        if len(row) != garden_length or not all(char in " *" for char in row):
+            raise ValueError("The board is invalid with current input.")