Merge pull request #40 from pedropark99/dev-fixes

Add some fixes and a contributors list to the project

Author: pedropark99

Chapters/01-base64.qmd

@@ -257,38 +257,32 @@ For the encoder, the logic is the following: for each 3 bytes that we find in th
 by 3, use a ceiling function, then, we multiply the result by 4. That way, we get the total
 number of bytes that will be produced by the encoder in it's output.
 
-The `_calc_encode_length()` function below encapsulates this logic. Notice that we convert
-the `.len` property of the array, which is always a integer (more precisely, an `usize` value),
-into a floating point number of 64 bits (`f64`). We do this, because the ceiling function (`@ceil()`) works
-only with floating point numbers. So, we convert it so that the division with the number `3.0` results in
-a floating point number. Then, after the ceiling process, we can convert the result back into an
-integer value (with the `@intFromFloat()` function).
+The `_calc_encode_length()` function below encapsulates this logic.
+Inside this function, we take the length of the input array,
+we divide it by 3, and apply a ceil operation over the result by using the
+`divCeil()` function from the Zig Standard Library. Lastly, we multiply
+the end result by 4 to get the answer we need.
 
 ```{zig}
 #| auto_main: false
 #| build_type: "lib"
-fn _calc_encode_length(input: []const u8) u64 {
+const std = @import("std");
+fn _calc_encode_length(input: []const u8) !usize {
     if (input.len < 3) {
-        const n_output: u64 = 4;
+        const n_output: usize = 4;
         return n_output;
     }
-    const len_as_float: f64 = @floatFromInt(input.len);
-    const n_output: u64 = @intFromFloat(@ceil(len_as_float / 3.0) * 4.0);
-    return n_output;
+    const n_output: usize = try std.math.divCeil(
+        usize, input.len, 3
+    );
+    return n_output * 4;
 }
 ```
 
-Is important to notice that, when I am using the built-in functions from Zig to convert data types (`@floatFromInt()` and `intFromFloat()`),
-I'm always annotating explicitly the type of the variable that stores the result of these functions.
-I do that, because these functions need this information. `@floatFromInt()` needs to know
-which type of floating point number I want to use in it's output. Is it `f16`? `f32`? `f64`? etc.
-The same goes to `@intFromFloat()`.
-
-Also, you might have notice that, if the input length is less than 3 bytes, then, the output length of the encoder will
-be always 4 bytes. This is because the algorithm will always fill the gap in the input with zeroes, until it fits
-the window of 24 bits that the algorithm likes to work on, as I described at @sec-base64-encoder-algo. So the output
-of the algorithm will always be 4 bytes in this specific case.
 
+Also, you might have notice that, if the input length is less than 3 bytes, then, the output length of the encoder is
+always 4 bytes. This is the case for every input with less than 3 bytes, because, as I described at @sec-base64-encoder-algo,
+the algorithm always produces enough "padding-groups" in the end result, to complete the 4 bytes window.
 
 Now, for the decoder, we just need to apply the inverse logic: for each 4 bytes in the input, 3 bytes
 will be produced in the output of the decoder. I mean, this is roughly true, because we also need to
@@ -297,20 +291,24 @@ at @fig-base64-algo2. But we can ignore this fact for now, to make things simple
 
 So, the function `_calc_decode_length()` summarizes this logic that we described. It is very similar
 to the function `_calc_encode_length()`, only the division part is twisted, and also, in the special
-case where we have less than 4 bytes in the input to work on.
+case where we have less than 4 bytes in the input to work on. Also notice that this time, we apply
+a floor operation over the output of the division, by using the `divFloor()`
+function (instead of `divCeil()`).
 
 
 ```{zig}
 #| auto_main: false
 #| build_type: "lib"
-fn _calc_decode_length(input: []const u8) u64 {
+const std = @import("std");
+fn _calc_decode_length(input: []const u8) !usize {
     if (input.len < 4) {
-        const n_output: u64 = 3;
+        const n_output: usize = 3;
         return n_output;
     }
-    const len_as_float: f64 = @floatFromInt(input.len);
-    const n_output: u64 = @intFromFloat(@floor(len_as_float / 4.0) * 3.0);
-    return n_output;
+    const n_output: usize = try std.math.divFloor(
+        usize, input.len, 4
+    );
+    return n_output * 3;
 }
 ```
 
@@ -604,7 +602,7 @@ pub fn encode(self: Base64,
         return "";
     }
 
-    const n_out = _calc_encode_length(input);
+    const n_out = try _calc_encode_length(input);
     var out = try allocator.alloc(u8, n_out);
     var buf = [3]u8{ 0, 0, 0 };
     var count: u8 = 0;
@@ -808,7 +806,7 @@ fn decode(self: Base64,
     if (input.len == 0) {
         return "";
     }
-    const n_output = _calc_decode_length(input);
+    const n_output = try _calc_decode_length(input);
     var output = try allocator.alloc(u8, n_output);
     for (output, 0..) |_, i| {
         output[i] = 0;

Chapters/03-structs.qmd

@@ -149,6 +149,9 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 }
 ```
 
+
+#### Switch statements exhaust all possibilities
+
 Now, one very important aspect about this switch statement presented
 in the code example above, is that it exhaust all existing possibilities.
 In other words, all possible values that could be found inside the `order`
@@ -165,12 +168,17 @@ a switch statement, and leave an edge case with no expliciting action to be take
 This is a similar behaviour to switch statements in Rust, which also have to
 handle all possible cases.
 
+
+
+#### The else branch
+
 Take a look at the `dump_hex_fallible()` function below as an example. This function
-also comes from the Zig Standard Library, but this time, it comes from the [`debug.zig` module](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/blob/master/lib/std/debug.zig)[^debug-mod].
+also comes from the Zig Standard Library, but this time, it comes from the
+[`debug.zig` module](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/blob/master/lib/std/debug.zig)[^debug-mod].
 There are multiple lines in this function, but I omitted them to focus solely on the
 switch statement found in this function. Notice that this switch statement have four
 possible cases, or four explicit branches. Also, notice that we used an `else` branch
-in this case. Whenever you have multiple possible cases in your switch statement
+in this case. Whenever you have multiple cases in your switch statement
 which you want to apply the same exact action, you can use an `else` branch to do that.
 
 [^debug-mod]: <https://github.com/ziglang/zig/blob/master/lib/std/debug.zig>
@@ -222,14 +230,18 @@ t.zig:9:13: 0x1033c58 in main (switch2)
             ^
 ```
 
+
+
+#### Using ranges in switch
+
 Furthermore, you can also use ranges of values in switch statements.
 That is, you can create a branch in your switch statement that is used
 whenever the input value is contained in a range. These range
 expressions are created with the operator `...`. Is important
 to emphasize that the ranges created by this operator are
 inclusive on both ends.
 
-For example, I could easily change the code example above to support all
+For example, I could easily change the previous code example to support all
 levels between 0 and 100. Like this:
 
 ```{zig}
@@ -252,6 +264,30 @@ simply write `'a'...'z'`, to match any character value that is a
 lowercase letter, and it would work fine.
 
 
+#### Labeled switch statements
+
+At @sec-blocks we have talked about labeling blocks, and also, about using these labels
+to return a value from the block. Well, from version 0.14.0 and onwards of the `zig` compiler,
+you can also apply labels over switch statements,
+which makes possible to implement almost a "C goto like" pattern in Zig.
+
+For example, if you give the label `xsw` to a switch statement, you can use this
+label in conjunction with the `continue` keyword to go back to the beginning of the switch
+statement. In the example below, the execution goes back to the beginning of the
+switch statement two times, before ending at the `3` branch.
+
+```{zig}
+#| auto_main: false
+#| build_type: "lib"
+#| eval: false
+xsw: switch (@as(u8, 1)) {
+    1 => continue :xsw 2,
+    2 => continue :xsw 3,
+    3 => return,
+    4 => {},
+}
+```
+
 
 ### The `defer` keyword {#sec-defer}
 

ZigExamples/base64/base64_basic.zig

@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ const Base64 = struct {
         if (input.len == 0)
             return "";
 
-        const n_output = _calc_encode_length(input);
+        const n_output = try _calc_encode_length(input);
         var output = try allocator.alloc(u8, n_output);
         var tmp_buffer = [3]u8{ 0, 0, 0 };
         var count: u8 = 0;
-        var output_index: u64 = 0;
+        var output_index: usize = 0;
 
         for (input, 0..) |_, i| {
             tmp_buffer[count] = input[i];
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ const Base64 = struct {
         if (input.len == 0)
             return "";
 
-        const n_output = _calc_decode_length(input);
+        const n_output = try _calc_decode_length(input);
         var tmp_buffer = [4]u8{ 0, 0, 0, 0 };
         var output = try allocator.alloc(u8, n_output);
         var count: u8 = 0;
@@ -109,25 +109,23 @@ const Base64 = struct {
     }
 };
 
-fn _calc_encode_length(input: []const u8) u64 {
-    const len_as_float: f64 = @floatFromInt(input.len);
+fn _calc_encode_length(input: []const u8) !usize {
     if (input.len < 3) {
-        const n_output: u64 = 4;
+        const n_output: usize = 4;
         return n_output;
     }
 
-    const n_output: u64 = @intFromFloat(@ceil(len_as_float / 3.0) * 4.0);
-    return n_output;
+    const n_output: usize = try std.math.divCeil(usize, input.len, 3);
+    return n_output * 4;
 }
 
-fn _calc_decode_length(input: []const u8) u64 {
-    const len_as_float: f64 = @floatFromInt(input.len);
+fn _calc_decode_length(input: []const u8) !usize {
     if (input.len < 4) {
-        const n_output: u64 = 3;
+        const n_output: usize = 3;
         return n_output;
     }
-    const n_output: u64 = @intFromFloat(@floor(len_as_float / 4.0) * 3.0);
-    return n_output;
+    const n_output: usize = try std.math.divFloor(usize, input.len, 4);
+    return n_output * 3;
 }
 
 pub fn main() !void {

_freeze/Chapters/01-base64/execute-results/html.json

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 {
-  "hash": "59aac007bbff258bb5af0e77915366c8",
+  "hash": "87da007e8766ae15b718d8b3223b480f",
   "result": {
     "engine": "knitr",
-    "markdown": "---\nengine: knitr\nknitr: true\nsyntax-definition: \"./Assets/zig.xml\"\n---\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n::: {.content-visible when-format=\"html\"}\n\n# Welcome {.unnumbered}\n\nWelcome! This is the initial page for the \"Open Access\" HTML version of the book \"Introduction to Zig: a project-based book\",\nwritten by [Pedro Duarte Faria](https://pedro-faria.netlify.app/).\nThis is an open book that provides an introduction to the [Zig programming language](https://ziglang.org/),\nwhich is a new general-purpose, and low-level language for building robust and optimal software.\n\n## About this book {.unnumbered}\n\nThis an open book, meaning that, it is open-source, and it will always be open\nfor anyone that wants to read it. However, this book is still under construction 🚧 and active development,\nso, it's contents might change drastically in the near future.\n\nAlso, this is a project-based book, which means that we learn how to use the Zig programming language\nthrough small and simple projects, in a similar style to the famous \"Python Crash Course\" book from Eric Matthes.\n\nOfficial book's repository: <https://github.com/pedropark99/zig-book>\n\n:::\n\n\n## About the author {.unnumbered}\n\nPedro Duarte Faria have a bachelor degree in Economics from Federal University of Ouro Preto - Brazil.\nCurrently, he is a Data Platform Engineer at [Blip](https://www.blip.ai/en/)[^blip], and\nan Associate Developer for Apache Spark 3.0 certified by Databricks.\n\n[^blip]: <https://www.blip.ai/en/>\n\n\nThe author have more than 4 years of experience in the data industry. Developing data products, pipelines,\nreports and analysis for research institutions and some of the largest companies in the\nbrazilian financial sector, such as the BMG Bank, Sodexo and Pan Bank.\n\nBut Pedro is also a passionate software developer that loves to\nlearn and teach about programming.\nAlthough Pedro uses many different languages in his work, he is specialized in the R programming language, and have given several\nlectures and courses about it, inside graduate centers (such as PPEA-UFOP^[<https://ppea.ufop.br/>]),\nin addition to federal and state organizations (such as FJP-MG^[<http://fjp.mg.gov.br/>]).\n\n\nPersonal Website: <https://pedro-faria.netlify.app/>\n\nLinkedin: <https://www.linkedin.com/in/pedro-faria-a68140209/>\n\nMastodon: [\\@pedropark99\\@fosstodon.org](https://fosstodon.org/@pedropark99)\n\nTwitter (X): [\\@PedroPark9](https://twitter.com/PedroPark9)\n\n## License {.unnumbered}\n\nCopyright © 2024 Pedro Duarte Faria. This book is licensed by the [CC-BY 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)[^cc-license].\n\n[^cc-license]: <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>\n\n![](Figures/creative-commoms-88x31.png){width=88px}\n\n\n## Book compilation metadata {.unnumbered}\n\nThis book was compiled using the following versions of [Zig](https://ziglang.org) and [Quarto](https://quarto.org):\n\n\n\n\n- System version: Linux, 6.8.0-44-generic, NA, x86_64.\n\n- Zig version: 0.14.0-dev.1166+bb7050106.\n\n- Quarto version: 1.5.56.\n\n\n\n\n## Book citation {.unnumbered}\n\nYou can use the following BibTex entry to cite this book:\n\n```\n@book{pedro2024,\n    author = {Pedro Duarte Faria},\n    title = {Introduction to Zig},\n    subtitle = {a project-based book},\n    month = {December},\n    edition = {1},\n    year = {2024},\n    address = {Belo Horizonte},\n    url = {https://pedropark99.github.io/zig-book/}\n}\n```\n\n## Corresponding author and maintainer {.unnumbered}\n\nPedro Duarte Faria\n\nContact: [pedropark99\\@gmail.com](mailto:[email protected])\n\nPersonal website: <https://pedro-faria.netlify.app/>\n",
+    "markdown": "---\nengine: knitr\nknitr: true\nsyntax-definition: \"./Assets/zig.xml\"\n---\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n::: {.content-visible when-format=\"html\"}\n\n# Welcome {.unnumbered}\n\nWelcome! This is the initial page for the \"Open Access\" HTML version of the book \"Introduction to Zig: a project-based book\",\nwritten by [Pedro Duarte Faria](https://pedro-faria.netlify.app/).\nThis is an open book that provides an introduction to the [Zig programming language](https://ziglang.org/),\nwhich is a new general-purpose, and low-level language for building robust and optimal software.\n\n## About this book {.unnumbered}\n\nThis an open book, meaning that, it is open-source, and it will always be open\nfor anyone that wants to read it. However, this book is still under construction 🚧 and active development,\nso, it's contents might change drastically in the near future.\n\nAlso, this is a project-based book, which means that we learn how to use the Zig programming language\nthrough small and simple projects, in a similar style to the famous \"Python Crash Course\" book from Eric Matthes.\n\nOfficial book's repository: <https://github.com/pedropark99/zig-book>\n\n:::\n\n\n## About the author {.unnumbered}\n\nPedro Duarte Faria have a bachelor degree in Economics from Federal University of Ouro Preto - Brazil.\nCurrently, he is a Data Platform Engineer at [Blip](https://www.blip.ai/en/)[^blip], and\nan Associate Developer for Apache Spark 3.0 certified by Databricks.\n\n[^blip]: <https://www.blip.ai/en/>\n\n\nThe author have more than 4 years of experience in the data industry. Developing data products, pipelines,\nreports and analysis for research institutions and some of the largest companies in the\nbrazilian financial sector, such as the BMG Bank, Sodexo and Pan Bank.\n\nBut Pedro is also a passionate software developer that loves to\nlearn and teach about programming.\nAlthough Pedro uses many different languages in his work, he is specialized in the R programming language, and have given several\nlectures and courses about it, inside graduate centers (such as PPEA-UFOP^[<https://ppea.ufop.br/>]),\nin addition to federal and state organizations (such as FJP-MG^[<http://fjp.mg.gov.br/>]).\n\n\nPersonal Website: <https://pedro-faria.netlify.app/>\n\nLinkedin: <https://www.linkedin.com/in/pedro-faria-a68140209/>\n\nMastodon: [\\@pedropark99\\@fosstodon.org](https://fosstodon.org/@pedropark99)\n\nTwitter (X): [\\@PedroPark9](https://twitter.com/PedroPark9)\n\n## License {.unnumbered}\n\nCopyright © 2024 Pedro Duarte Faria. This book is licensed by the [CC-BY 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)[^cc-license].\n\n[^cc-license]: <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>\n\n![](Figures/creative-commoms-88x31.png){width=88px}\n\n\n## Book compilation metadata {.unnumbered}\n\nThis book was compiled using the following versions of [Zig](https://ziglang.org) and [Quarto](https://quarto.org):\n\n\n\n\n\n- System version: Linux, 6.8.0-44-generic, NA, x86_64.\n\n- Zig version: 0.14.0-dev.1166+bb7050106.\n\n- Quarto version: 1.5.56.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Book citation {.unnumbered}\n\nYou can use the following BibTex entry to cite this book:\n\n```\n@book{pedro2024,\n    author = {Pedro Duarte Faria},\n    title = {Introduction to Zig},\n    subtitle = {a project-based book},\n    month = {December},\n    edition = {1},\n    year = {2024},\n    address = {Belo Horizonte},\n    url = {https://pedropark99.github.io/zig-book/}\n}\n```\n\n## Corresponding author and maintainer {.unnumbered}\n\nPedro Duarte Faria\n\nContact: [pedropark99\\@gmail.com](mailto:[email protected])\n\nPersonal website: <https://pedro-faria.netlify.app/>\n\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nThis book is also a product of many conversations and exchanges that we had\nwith different people from the Zig community. I (Pedro Duarte Faria) am incredibly\ngrateful for these conversations, and also, for some direct contributions that we\nhad. Below we have a list of the people involved (name of the person with their usename in GitHub):\n\n\n\n\n\nCalin Martinconi (\\@martinconic), Steffen Roller (\\@sroller), Chris Boesch (\\@chrboesch), Lv Sihan (\\@Pokryton)\n",
     "supporting": [],
     "filters": [
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_freeze/Chapters/03-structs/execute-results/html.json

@@ -1,2 +1,5 @@
-name,user_name,
-Calin Martinconi,@martinconic,
+name,user_name
+Calin Martinconi,@martinconic
+Steffen Roller,@sroller
+Chris Boesch,@chrboesch
+Lv Sihan,@Pokryton