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‎docs/background/lang-comparison.md‎

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@@ -181,22 +181,22 @@ and a single mismatched byte can cause the call to fail silently.
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## Comparison Table
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| | ink! | Pure Rust | Solidity |
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|------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
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| **Language** | Rust (safe, statically typed) with ink! macros for higher-level abstractions | Rust (no macros or framework) | Solidity (purpose-built for smart contracts) |
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| **Safety Model** | Rust guarantees (ownership, no nulls, memory safety, …) | Rust safety, but high bug risk due to DIY framework (e.g. for storage interactions) | Manual safety patterns; reentrancy common |
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| **Tooling** | `cargo-contract`, [ink! analyzer](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ink-analyzer.ink-analyzer), [`pop-cli`](https://github.com/r0gue-io/pop-cli), [phink!](https://github.com/srlabs/phink), … | None | Hardhat, Foundry, Truffle, Remix |
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| **UI frameworks** | [ink!athon](https://inkathon.xyz/), dedot, PAPI, [Typink](/tutorials/frontend-development/typink-erc20), polkadot-js, … | None | Very mature Web3 ecosystem: ethers.js, wagmi, web3.js |
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| **Documentation** | Extensive, verbose docs on https://use.ink/docs/v6, crate-level docs on e.g. https://docs.rs/ink_env/6.0.0-beta.1/ink_env/ | None | Widely available |
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| **Polkadot SDK Integration** | Native support for typical `polkadot-sdk` types (`Balance`, `AccountId`, `VersionedXcm`, etc.) | None | None |
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| **Developer Ergonomics** | High: macros for storage, events, traits, testing | Very low: everything must be implemented manually | Extensive tooling & IDE support |
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| **Testing Environments** | Elaborate End-to-End testing framework | Must implement your own test harness | Foundry/Hardhat; very mature |
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| **Contract Model** | Function-based message/constructor model | No model provided; must implement dispatch & ABI | Function-based ABI, msg.sender model |
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| **Datastructures** | High-level datastructures, optimized for smart contracts (small footprint, lazy loading) | None | Basic mappings, arrays, structs |
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| **Storage Handling** | [`ink::storage`](https://docs.rs/ink_storage/6.0.0-beta.1/ink_storage/), `[`Mapping`](../datastructures/mapping/)`, derive macros for layout and codecs | Manual storage layout + serialization | Solidity storage keywords & slot model |
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| **ABI / Metadata** | Supports ink! metadata (SCALE-based) + Solidity ABI | Fully manual ABI definitions | Native ABI; industry standard |
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| **Cross-Contract Calls** | Rust traits as type-safe interfaces for calling Solidity or ink! contracts | Manual SCALE (or other) encoding/decoding, not type-safe | Built into EVM |
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| **Contract Verification** | Supported through ink! metadata and tooling; verifiable via Docker container | No support, must build verification tooling manually | Etherscan-style source verification |
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| **Zero Knowledge** | Can integrate with Polkadot-native ZK primitives at the Rust level ([example](https://github.com/use-ink/ink-examples/tree/main/zk-cross-contract-calls-solidity-verifiers)) | Possible, but fully manual | Growing zkEVM ecosystem |
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| **Productivity** | High | Highest flexibility, lowest productivity | High |
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| **Recommended Use Case** | Polkadot smart contracts | Highly efficient low-level contracts (e.g. for isolated business logic parts) | EVM-chain smart contracts, L1/L2 ecosystems |
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| | ink! | Pure Rust | Solidity |
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|------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
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| **Language** | Rust (safe, statically typed) with ink! macros for higher-level abstractions | Rust (no macros or framework) | Solidity (purpose-built for smart contracts) |
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| **Safety Model** | Rust guarantees (ownership, no nulls, memory safety, …) | Rust safety, but high bug risk due to DIY framework (e.g. for storage interactions) | Manual safety patterns; reentrancy common |
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| **Tooling** | `cargo-contract`, [ink! analyzer](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ink-analyzer.ink-analyzer), [`pop-cli`](https://github.com/r0gue-io/pop-cli), [phink!](https://github.com/srlabs/phink), … | None | Hardhat, Foundry, Truffle, Remix |
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| **UI frameworks** | [ink!athon](https://inkathon.xyz/), dedot, PAPI, [Typink](/tutorials/frontend-development/typink-erc20), polkadot-js, … | None | Very mature Web3 ecosystem: ethers.js, wagmi, web3.js |
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| **Documentation** | Extensive, verbose docs on [use.ink/docs](https://use.ink/docs), crate-level docs for all crates ([`ink_env`](https://docs.rs/ink_env/6.0.0-beta.1/ink_env/), [`ink_storage`](https://docs.rs/ink_env/6.0.0-beta.1/ink_storage/), …) | None | Widely available |
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| **Polkadot SDK Integration** | Native support for typical `polkadot-sdk` types (`Balance`, `AccountId`, `VersionedXcm`, etc.) | None | None |
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| **Developer Ergonomics** | High: macros for storage, events, traits, testing | Very low: everything must be implemented manually | Extensive tooling & IDE support |
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| **Testing Environments** | Elaborate End-to-End testing framework | Must implement your own test harness | Foundry/Hardhat; very mature |
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| **Contract Model** | Function-based message/constructor model | No model provided; must implement dispatch & ABI | Function-based ABI, msg.sender model |
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| **Datastructures** | High-level datastructures, optimized for smart contracts (small footprint, lazy loading) | None | Basic mappings, arrays, structs |
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| **Storage Handling** | [`ink::storage`](https://docs.rs/ink_storage/6.0.0-beta.1/ink_storage/), [`Mapping`](../datastructures/mapping/)`, derive macros for layout and codecs | Manual storage layout + serialization | Solidity storage keywords & slot model |
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| **ABI / Metadata** | Supports ink! metadata (SCALE-based) + Solidity ABI | Fully manual ABI definitions | Native ABI; industry standard |
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| **Cross-Contract Calls** | Rust traits as type-safe interfaces for calling Solidity or ink! contracts | Manual SCALE (or other) encoding/decoding, not type-safe | Built into EVM |
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| **Contract Verification** | Supported through ink! metadata and tooling; verifiable via Docker container | No support, must build verification tooling manually | Etherscan-style source verification |
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| **Zero Knowledge** | Can integrate with Polkadot-native ZK primitives at the Rust level ([example](https://github.com/use-ink/ink-examples/tree/main/zk-cross-contract-calls-solidity-verifiers)) | Possible, but fully manual | Growing zkEVM ecosystem |
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| **Productivity** | High | Highest flexibility, lowest productivity | High |
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| **Recommended Use Case** | Polkadot smart contracts | Highly efficient low-level contracts (e.g. for isolated business logic parts) | EVM-chain smart contracts, L1/L2 ecosystems |

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