Including fuel volume rates when starting up / shutting down

docs/thermal_component_base.md

@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ All parameters below are defined in the Hercules input YAML file. The base class
 ### Optional Parameters
 | Parameter | Units | Description |
 |-----------|-------|-------------|
+| `startup_fuel_fraction` | fraction (0-1) | Optional, fuel consumption during startup, as a fraction of rated fuel consumption. Defaults to 0 |
+| `shutdown_fuel_fraction` | fraction (0-1) | Optional, fuel consumption during shutdown, as a fraction of rated fuel consumption. Defaults to 0 |
 | `initial_conditions.time_in_shutdown` | s | An optional parameter to set the `time_in_state` variable if the component is OFF. This can be used to adjust the behavior of a component, e.g. force a warm start at the beginning of the simulation |
 
 ### Derived Parameters

examples/07_open_cycle_gas_turbine/hercules_input.yaml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ name: example_07
 # Describe this simulation setup
 description: Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) Example
 
-dt: 60.0  # 1 minute time step
+dt: 10.0  # 1 minute time step
 starttime_utc: "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"  # Midnight Jan 1, 2020 UTC
 endtime_utc: "2020-01-01T06:00:00Z"  # 6 hours later
 verbose: False
@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ open_cycle_gas_turbine:
   # HHV: 39.05 MJ/m³, Density: 0.768 kg/m³
   hhv: 39050000  # J/m³ for natural gas (39.05 MJ/m³) [6]
   fuel_density: 0.768  # kg/m³ for natural gas [6]
+  # Optional startup/shutdown fuel fractions (as fractions of rated fuel flow)
+  # Approximated using case SC1A described in Exhibits 3-70, 3-71, and 3-173 of [5]
+  startup_fuel_fraction: 0.35  # 35% of rated fuel flow for startup
+  shutdown_fuel_fraction: 0.30  # 30% of rated fuel flow for shutdown
   efficiency_table:
     power_fraction:
       - 1.0

hercules/plant_components/thermal_component_base.py

@@ -124,6 +124,10 @@ def __init__(self, h_dict, component_name):
         self.min_up_time = component_dict["min_up_time"]  # s
         self.min_down_time = component_dict["min_down_time"]  # s
 
+        # Extract optional parameters for startup and shutdown fuel fractions
+        self.startup_fuel_fraction = component_dict.get("startup_fuel_fraction", None)
+        self.shutdown_fuel_fraction = component_dict.get("shutdown_fuel_fraction", None)
+
         # Check all required parameters are numbers
         if not isinstance(self.rated_capacity, (int, float, hercules_float_type)):
             raise ValueError("rated_capacity must be a number")
@@ -593,7 +597,23 @@ def _apply_on_constraints(self, power_setpoint):
         return P_constrained
 
     def calculate_efficiency(self, power_output):
-        """Calculate HHV net efficiency based on current power output.
+        """Calculate HHV net efficiency based on current power output and state.
+
+        Args:
+            power_output (float): Current power output in kW.
+
+        Returns:
+            float: HHV net efficiency as a fraction (0-1).
+        """
+        fuel_consumption_rate = self.calculate_fuel_volume_rate(power_output)  # m³/s
+
+        if fuel_consumption_rate == 0:
+            return np.nan  # Efficiency is undefined when fuel consumption is zero
+
+        return (power_output * 1000.0) / (fuel_consumption_rate * self.hhv)
+
+    def interpolate_efficiency(self, power_output):
+        """Interpolate HHV net efficiency based on current power output.
 
         Uses linear interpolation from the efficiency table. Values outside the
         table range are clamped to the nearest endpoint.
@@ -604,10 +624,6 @@ def calculate_efficiency(self, power_output):
         Returns:
             float: HHV net efficiency as a fraction (0-1).
         """
-        if power_output <= 0:
-            # Return efficiency at lowest power fraction when off
-            return self.efficiency_values[0]
-
         # Calculate power fraction
         power_fraction = power_output / self.rated_capacity
 
@@ -627,15 +643,36 @@ def calculate_fuel_volume_rate(self, power_output):
         Returns:
             float: Fuel volume flow rate in m³/s.
         """
-        if power_output <= 0:
+        rated_fuel_consumption_rate = (self.rated_capacity * 1000.0) / (
+            self.hhv * self.interpolate_efficiency(self.rated_capacity)
+        )  # m³/s at rated capacity
+
+        if self.state == self.STATES.OFF:
+            # When off, fuel flow is zero
             return 0.0
+        elif self.state == self.STATES.STOPPING and self.shutdown_fuel_fraction is not None:
+            # When stopping, use shutdown fuel fraction if provided
+            return max(
+                self.shutdown_fuel_fraction * rated_fuel_consumption_rate,
+                power_output * 1000.0 / (self.hhv * self.interpolate_efficiency(power_output)),
+            )
 
-        # Calculate current HHV net efficiency
-        efficiency = self.calculate_efficiency(power_output)
+        elif (
+            self.state
+            in [
+                self.STATES.HOT_STARTING,
+                self.STATES.WARM_STARTING,
+                self.STATES.COLD_STARTING,
+            ]
+            and self.startup_fuel_fraction is not None
+        ):
+            # During startup (HOT_STARTING, WARM_STARTING, COLD_STARTING), use startup fuel fraction
+            return self.startup_fuel_fraction * rated_fuel_consumption_rate
+
+        # When on, calculate fuel rate based on current HHV net efficiency
+        efficiency = self.interpolate_efficiency(power_output)
 
         # Calculate fuel volume rate using HHV net efficiency
         # fuel_volume_rate (m³/s) = power (W) / (efficiency * hhv (J/m³))
         # Convert power from kW to W (multiply by 1000)
-        fuel_m3_per_s = (power_output * 1000.0) / (efficiency * self.hhv)
-
-        return fuel_m3_per_s
+        return (power_output * 1000.0) / (efficiency * self.hhv)

tests/thermal_component_base_test.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import copy
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
 from hercules.plant_components.thermal_component_base import ThermalComponentBase
 
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ def test_efficiency_clamping():
 
     # Test at zero power (should return first efficiency value)
     eff_0 = tcb.calculate_efficiency(0)
-    assert eff_0 == pytest.approx(0.30)
+    assert np.isnan(eff_0)
 
 
 def test_efficiency_interpolation():