Clarify contribution instructions re. license hdrs (#48067)

Today our instructions in `CONTRIBUTING.md` regarding license headers are a
little unclear. This commit clarifies the exact headers that are required for
contributions.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -170,11 +170,47 @@ leading indentation
 
 ### License Headers
 
-We require license headers on all Java files. You will notice that all the Java files in
-the top-level `x-pack` directory contain a separate license from the rest of the repository. This
-directory contains commercial code that is associated with a separate license. It can be helpful
-to have the IDE automatically insert the appropriate license header depending which part of the project
-contributions are made to.
+We require license headers on all Java files. With the exception of the
+top-level `x-pack` directory, all contributed code should have the following
+license header unless instructed otherwise:
+
+    /*
+     * Licensed to Elasticsearch under one or more contributor
+     * license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+     * this work for additional information regarding copyright
+     * ownership. Elasticsearch licenses this file to you under
+     * the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+     * not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+     *
+     *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+     *
+     * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+     * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+     * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+     * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+     * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+     * under the License.
+     */
+
+The top-level `x-pack` directory contains code covered by the [Elastic
+license](licenses/ELASTIC-LICENSE.txt). Community contributions to this code are
+welcome, and should have the following license header unless instructed
+otherwise:
+
+    /*
+     * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one
+     * or more contributor license agreements. Licensed under the Elastic License;
+     * you may not use this file except in compliance with the Elastic License.
+     */
+
+It is important that the only code covered by the Elastic licence is contained
+within the top-level `x-pack` directory. The build will fail its pre-commit
+checks if contributed code does not have the appropriate license headers.
+
+You may find it helpful to configure your IDE to automatically insert the
+appropriate license header depending on the part of the project to which you are
+contributing.
 
 #### IntelliJ: Copyright & Scope Profiles