Merge from master

perfect-numbers/.exercism/config.json

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+{
+  "authors": [
+    "behrtam"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "cmccandless",
+    "Dog",
+    "emerali",
+    "ikhadykin",
+    "N-Parsons",
+    "olufotebig",
+    "pheanex",
+    "saurabhchalke",
+    "smalley",
+    "tqa236"
+  ],
+  "files": {
+    "solution": [
+      "perfect_numbers.py"
+    ],
+    "test": [
+      "perfect_numbers_test.py"
+    ],
+    "example": [
+      ".meta/example.py"
+    ]
+  },
+  "blurb": "Determine if a number is perfect, abundant, or deficient based on Nicomachus' (60 - 120 CE) classification scheme for positive integers.",
+  "source": "Taken from Chapter 2 of Functional Thinking by Neal Ford.",
+  "source_url": "https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/functional-thinking/9781449365509/"
+}

perfect-numbers/.exercism/metadata.json

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+{"track":"python","exercise":"perfect-numbers","id":"21824e00793945d38db7a58a68bb9360","url":"https://exercism.org/tracks/python/exercises/perfect-numbers","handle":"myFirstCode","is_requester":true,"auto_approve":false}

perfect-numbers/HELP.md

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+# Help
+
+## Running the tests
+
+We use [pytest][pytest: Getting Started Guide] as our website test runner.
+You will need to install `pytest` on your development machine if you want to run tests for the Python track locally.
+You should also install the following `pytest` plugins:
+
+- [pytest-cache][pytest-cache]
+- [pytest-subtests][pytest-subtests]
+
+Extended information can be found in our website [Python testing guide][Python track tests page].
+
+
+### Running Tests
+
+To run the included tests, navigate to the folder where the exercise is stored using `cd` in your terminal (_replace `{exercise-folder-location}` below with your path_).
+Test files usually end in `_test.py`, and are the same tests that run on the website when a solution is uploaded.
+
+Linux/MacOS
+```bash
+$ cd {path/to/exercise-folder-location}
+```
+
+Windows
+```powershell
+PS C:\Users\foobar> cd {path\to\exercise-folder-location}
+```
+
+<br>
+
+Next, run the `pytest` command in your terminal, replacing `{exercise_test.py}` with the name of the test file:
+
+Linux/MacOS
+```bash
+$ python3 -m pytest -o markers=task {exercise_test.py}
+==================== 7 passed in 0.08s ====================
+```
+
+Windows
+```powershell
+PS C:\Users\foobar> py -m pytest -o markers=task {exercise_test.py}
+==================== 7 passed in 0.08s ====================
+```
+
+
+### Common options
+- `-o` : override default `pytest.ini` (_you can use this to avoid marker warnings_)
+- `-v` : enable verbose output.
+- `-x` : stop running tests on first failure.
+- `--ff` : run failures from previous test before running other test cases.
+
+For additional options, use `python3 -m pytest -h` or `py -m pytest -h`.
+
+
+### Fixing warnings
+
+If you do not use `pytest -o markers=task` when invoking `pytest`, you might receive a `PytestUnknownMarkWarning` for tests that use our new syntax:
+
+```bash
+PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.task - is this a typo?  You can register custom marks to avoid this warning - for details, see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/mark.html
+```
+
+To avoid typing `pytest -o markers=task` for every test you run, you can use a `pytest.ini` configuration file.
+We have made one that can be downloaded from the top level of the Python track directory: [pytest.ini][pytest.ini].
+
+You can also create your own `pytest.ini` file with the following content:
+
+```ini
+[pytest]
+markers =
+    task: A concept exercise task.
+```
+
+Placing the `pytest.ini` file in the _root_ or _working_ directory for your Python track exercises will register the marks and stop the warnings.
+More information on pytest marks can be found in the `pytest` documentation on [marking test functions][pytest: marking test functions with attributes] and the `pytest` documentation on [working with custom markers][pytest: working with custom markers].
+
+Information on customizing pytest configurations can be found in the `pytest` documentation on [configuration file formats][pytest: configuration file formats].
+
+
+### Extending your IDE or Code Editor
+
+Many IDEs and code editors have built-in support for using `pytest` and other code quality tools.
+Some community-sourced options can be found on our [Python track tools page][Python track tools page].
+
+[Pytest: Getting Started Guide]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/getting-started.html
+[Python track tools page]: https://exercism.org/docs/tracks/python/tools
+[Python track tests page]: https://exercism.org/docs/tracks/python/tests
+[pytest-cache]:http://pythonhosted.org/pytest-cache/
+[pytest-subtests]:https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-subtests
+[pytest.ini]: https://github.com/exercism/python/blob/main/pytest.ini
+[pytest: configuration file formats]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/customize.html#configuration-file-formats
+[pytest: marking test functions with attributes]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/mark.html#raising-errors-on-unknown-marks
+[pytest: working with custom markers]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/example/markers.html#working-with-custom-markers
+
+## Submitting your solution
+
+You can submit your solution using the `exercism submit perfect_numbers.py` command.
+This command will upload your solution to the Exercism website and print the solution page's URL.
+
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution which allows you to:
+
+- See how others have completed the exercise
+- Request help from a mentor
+
+## Need to get help?
+
+If you'd like help solving the exercise, check the following pages:
+
+- The [Python track's documentation](https://exercism.org/docs/tracks/python)
+- The [Python track's programming category on the forum](https://forum.exercism.org/c/programming/python)
+- [Exercism's programming category on the forum](https://forum.exercism.org/c/programming/5)
+- The [Frequently Asked Questions](https://exercism.org/docs/using/faqs)
+
+Should those resources not suffice, you could submit your (incomplete) solution to request mentoring.
+
+Below are some resources for getting help if you run into trouble:
+
+- [The PSF](https://www.python.org) hosts Python downloads, documentation, and community resources.
+- [The Exercism Community on Discord](https://exercism.org/r/discord)
+- [Python Community on Discord](https://pythondiscord.com/) is a very helpful and active community.
+- [/r/learnpython/](https://www.reddit.com/r/learnpython/) is a subreddit designed for Python learners.
+- [#python on Libera.chat](https://www.python.org/community/irc/) this is where the core developers for the language hang out and get work done.
+- [Python Community Forums](https://discuss.python.org/)
+- [Free Code Camp Community Forums](https://forum.freecodecamp.org/)
+- [CodeNewbie Community Help Tag](https://community.codenewbie.org/t/help)
+- [Pythontutor](http://pythontutor.com/) for stepping through small code snippets visually.
+
+Additionally, [StackOverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python) is a good spot to search for your problem/question to see if it has been answered already.
+ If not - you can always [ask](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) or [answer](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-answer) someone else's question.

perfect-numbers/README.md

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+# Perfect Numbers
+
+Welcome to Perfect Numbers on Exercism's Python Track.
+If you need help running the tests or submitting your code, check out `HELP.md`.
+
+## Instructions
+
+Determine if a number is perfect, abundant, or deficient based on Nicomachus' (60 - 120 CE) classification scheme for positive integers.
+
+The Greek mathematician [Nicomachus][nicomachus] devised a classification scheme for positive integers, identifying each as belonging uniquely to the categories of [perfect](#perfect), [abundant](#abundant), or [deficient](#deficient) based on their [aliquot sum][aliquot-sum].
+The _aliquot sum_ is defined as the sum of the factors of a number not including the number itself.
+For example, the aliquot sum of `15` is `1 + 3 + 5 = 9`.
+
+## Perfect
+
+A number is perfect when it equals its aliquot sum.
+For example:
+
+- `6` is a perfect number because `1 + 2 + 3 = 6`
+- `28` is a perfect number because `1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28`
+
+## Abundant
+
+A number is abundant when it is less than its aliquot sum.
+For example:
+
+- `12` is an abundant number because `1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16`
+- `24` is an abundant number because `1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 12 = 36`
+
+## Deficient
+
+A number is deficient when it is greater than its aliquot sum.
+For example:
+
+- `8` is a deficient number because `1 + 2 + 4 = 7`
+- Prime numbers are deficient
+
+## Task
+
+Implement a way to determine whether a given number is [perfect](#perfect).
+Depending on your language track, you may also need to implement a way to determine whether a given number is [abundant](#abundant) or [deficient](#deficient).
+
+[nicomachus]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachus
+[aliquot-sum]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliquot_sum
+
+## Exception messages
+
+Sometimes it is necessary to [raise an exception](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions). When you do this, you should always include a **meaningful error message** to indicate what the source of the error is. This makes your code more readable and helps significantly with debugging. For situations where you know that the error source will be a certain type, you can choose to raise one of the [built in error types](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#base-classes), but should still include a meaningful message.
+
+This particular exercise requires that you use the [raise statement](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement) to "throw" a `ValueError` if the `classify()` function is passed a number that is not a _positive integer_.  The tests will only pass if you both `raise` the `exception` and include a message with it.
+
+To raise a `ValueError` with a message, write the message as an argument to the `exception` type:
+
+```python
+# if a number to be classified is less than 1.
+raise ValueError("Classification is only possible for positive integers.")
+```
+
+## Source
+
+### Created by
+
+- @behrtam
+
+### Contributed to by
+
+- @cmccandless
+- @Dog
+- @emerali
+- @ikhadykin
+- @N-Parsons
+- @olufotebig
+- @pheanex
+- @saurabhchalke
+- @smalley
+- @tqa236
+
+### Based on
+
+Taken from Chapter 2 of Functional Thinking by Neal Ford. - https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/functional-thinking/9781449365509/

perfect-numbers/perfect_numbers.py

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+"""
+Determine if a number is perfect, abundant, or deficient based on
+Nicomachus' (60 - 120 CE) classification scheme for positive integers.
+"""
+
+import math
+
+
+def classify(number: int) -> str:
+    """
+    A perfect number equals the sum of its positive divisors.
+
+    :param number: int a positive integer
+    :return: str the classification of the input integer
+    """
+    if number < 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Classification is only possible for positive integers."
+        )
+
+    total_divisors: int = 1
+
+    for n in range(2, int(math.sqrt(number)) + 1):
+        if number % n == 0:
+            total_divisors += n
+            if n != number // n:
+                total_divisors += number // n
+
+    if number == 1 or number > total_divisors:
+        return "deficient"
+
+    if total_divisors == number:
+        return "perfect"
+
+    return "abundant"

perfect-numbers/perfect_numbers_test.py

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+# pylint: disable=C0114, C0115, C0116, R0904
+# These tests are auto-generated with test data from:
+# https://github.com/exercism/problem-specifications/tree/main/exercises/perfect-numbers/canonical-data.json
+# File last updated on 2023-07-19
+
+import unittest
+
+from perfect_numbers import (
+    classify,
+)
+
+
+class PerfectNumbersTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_smallest_perfect_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(6), "perfect")
+
+    def test_medium_perfect_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(28), "perfect")
+
+    def test_large_perfect_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(33550336), "perfect")
+
+
+class AbundantNumbersTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_smallest_abundant_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(12), "abundant")
+
+    def test_medium_abundant_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(30), "abundant")
+
+    def test_large_abundant_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(33550335), "abundant")
+
+
+class DeficientNumbersTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_smallest_prime_deficient_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(2), "deficient")
+
+    def test_smallest_non_prime_deficient_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(4), "deficient")
+
+    def test_medium_deficient_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(32), "deficient")
+
+    def test_large_deficient_number_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(33550337), "deficient")
+
+    def test_edge_case_no_factors_other_than_itself_is_classified_correctly(self):
+        self.assertEqual(classify(1), "deficient")
+
+
+class InvalidInputsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_zero_is_rejected_as_it_is_not_a_positive_integer(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as err:
+            classify(0)
+        self.assertEqual(type(err.exception), ValueError)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            err.exception.args[0],
+            "Classification is only possible for positive integers.",
+        )
+
+    def test_negative_integer_is_rejected_as_it_is_not_a_positive_integer(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as err:
+            classify(-1)
+        self.assertEqual(type(err.exception), ValueError)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            err.exception.args[0],
+            "Classification is only possible for positive integers.",
+        )

solutions/python/perfect-numbers/1/perfect_numbers.py

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+"""
+Determine if a number is perfect, abundant, or deficient based on
+Nicomachus' (60 - 120 CE) classification scheme for positive integers.
+"""
+
+
+def classify(number: int) -> str:
+    """
+    A perfect number equals the sum of its positive divisors.
+
+    :param number: int a positive integer
+    :return: str the classification of the input integer
+    """
+    if number < 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Classification is only possible for positive integers."
+        )
+
+    total_divisors: int = sum(i for i in range(1, number) if number % i == 0)
+
+    if total_divisors == number:
+        return "perfect"
+    if number < total_divisors:
+        return "abundant"
+
+    return "deficient"