profullstack · ralyodio · Jul 25, 2026 · Jul 25, 2026
diff --git a/apps/extensions/public/store.js b/apps/extensions/public/store.js
@@ -245,7 +245,9 @@ async function renderDetail(slug, root) {
     const ext = await api(`/extensions/${encodeURIComponent(slug)}`);
     const v = ext.version;
     const perms = (v?.permissions || []).map((p) => `<span class="perm">${esc(p)}</span>`).join('') || '<span class="muted">none requested</span>';
-    const dl = v ? `${API}/extensions/${encodeURIComponent(ext.slug)}/download` : '#';
+    // installUrl is the signed .crx once the listing has a signing key; without
+    // one the browser can only download a .zip for manual sideloading.
+    const dl = ext.installUrl || (v ? `${API}/extensions/${encodeURIComponent(ext.slug)}/download` : '#');
     root.innerHTML = `
       <div class="top" style="gap:16px;margin-bottom:8px">
         ${avatar(ext, 56)}
@@ -266,7 +268,10 @@ async function renderDetail(slug, root) {
         <button class="btn ghost" id="flagBtn">⚑ Report</button>
         ${ext.isOwner ? '<button class="btn secondary" id="editBtn">✎ Edit listing</button>' : ''}
         ${ext.isOwner ? '<button class="btn ghost" id="rescanBtn">🛡 Re-scan</button>' : ''}
+        ${ext.isOwner && !ext.crxId ? '<button class="btn ghost" id="keyBtn">🔑 Generate signing key</button>' : ''}
       </div>
+      ${ext.isOwner && !ext.crxId ? `<p class="hint">This listing has no signing key, so Install hands over a .zip that has to be sideloaded. Generating one lets the store serve a signed .crx that installs in one click and auto-updates. The key sets the extension id permanently and can't be rotated.</p>` : ''}
+      ${ext.crxId ? `<p class="hint">Extension ID: <code>${esc(ext.crxId)}</code></p>` : ''}
       ${ext.isOwner ? editForm(ext) : ''}
       ${ext.homepageUrl ? `<p class="hint">Homepage: <a href="${esc(ext.homepageUrl)}" rel="noopener noreferrer">${esc(ext.homepageUrl)}</a></p>` : ''}
       <h3>Permissions</h3>
@@ -287,6 +292,22 @@ async function renderDetail(slug, root) {
 
     wireEditForm(ext, () => renderDetail(slug, root));
 
+    document.getElementById('keyBtn')?.addEventListener('click', async (e) => {
+      if (!confirm('Generate a signing key for this extension?\n\nThe key permanently sets the extension ID — it cannot be rotated later without every install having to be redone.')) return;
+      const btn = e.currentTarget;
+      btn.disabled = true;
+      btn.textContent = '🔑 Generating…';
+      try {
+        const { crxId } = await api(`/extensions/${encodeURIComponent(ext.id)}/signing-key`, { method: 'POST' });
+        alert(`Signing key created.\n\nExtension ID: ${crxId}\n\nInstall now serves a signed .crx.`);
+        await renderDetail(slug, root);
+      } catch (err) {
+        alert('Could not generate key: ' + err.message);
+        btn.disabled = false;
+        btn.textContent = '🔑 Generate signing key';
+      }
+    });
+
     // Scans are recorded at publish time, so a listing published before its
     // bundle could be scanned needs one re-run to earn a badge.
     document.getElementById('rescanBtn')?.addEventListener('click', async (e) => {

diff --git a/packages/storage/migrations/0006_extension_signing_keys.sql b/packages/storage/migrations/0006_extension_signing_keys.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-- CRX signing keys, one per extension.
+--
+-- Chromium can only install a signed .crx; a .zip is sideload-only. Publishers
+-- shouldn't have to run openssl and mind a .pem forever, so the store holds the
+-- key and packs the .crx on demand.
+--
+-- The key permanently determines the extension id (it is the SHA-256 of the
+-- public key), so a row here is effectively immutable: rotating it would orphan
+-- every existing install. Hence PRIMARY KEY on extension_id and no update path.
+--
+-- private_key_enc is AES-256-GCM, keyed by CRX_KEY_SECRET — never plaintext.
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS extension_signing_keys (
+  extension_id    TEXT    PRIMARY KEY,                  -- extensions.id
+  crx_id          TEXT    NOT NULL,                     -- 32-char a-p Chromium extension id
+  public_key_der  TEXT    NOT NULL,                     -- base64 SPKI DER
+  private_key_enc TEXT    NOT NULL,                     -- base64 iv:tag:ciphertext (AES-256-GCM)
+  key_algo        TEXT    NOT NULL DEFAULT 'rsa-2048',
+  created_at      TEXT    NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  FOREIGN KEY (extension_id) REFERENCES extensions(id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_signing_keys_crx_id ON extension_signing_keys(crx_id);
diff --git a/services/api/src/store/db.ts b/services/api/src/store/db.ts
@@ -119,6 +119,41 @@ export async function updateExtension(id: string, patch: ExtensionPatch): Promis
   return extensionById(id);
 }
 
+export interface ExtensionSigningKey {
+  extension_id: string;
+  crx_id: string;
+  public_key_der: string;
+  private_key_enc: string;
+  key_algo: string;
+  created_at: string;
+}
+
+export async function signingKeyFor(extensionId: string): Promise<ExtensionSigningKey | null> {
+  const r = await db().execute({
+    sql: 'SELECT * FROM extension_signing_keys WHERE extension_id = ?',
+    args: [extensionId],
+  });
+  return (r.rows[0] as unknown as ExtensionSigningKey) ?? null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Store a signing key. INSERT-only on purpose: the key *is* the extension id,
+ * so replacing it would orphan every install that already trusts the old one.
+ */
+export async function insertSigningKey(k: {
+  extensionId: string;
+  crxId: string;
+  publicKeyDer: string;
+  privateKeyEnc: string;
+}): Promise<ExtensionSigningKey> {
+  await db().execute({
+    sql: `INSERT INTO extension_signing_keys (extension_id, crx_id, public_key_der, private_key_enc)
+          VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+    args: [k.extensionId, k.crxId, k.publicKeyDer, k.privateKeyEnc],
+  });
+  return (await signingKeyFor(k.extensionId))!;
+}
+
 export async function extensionById(id: string): Promise<Extension | null> {
   const r = await db().execute({ sql: 'SELECT * FROM extensions WHERE id = ?', args: [id] });
   return (r.rows[0] as unknown as Extension) ?? null;

diff --git a/services/api/src/store/routes.ts b/services/api/src/store/routes.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   markPaidByRef, hasPaidListing, latestScan, addFlag, openFlagCount,
   publisherKey, handleTaken, upsertPublisherKey,
   createPublisherToken, userByPublisherToken, listPublisherTokens, revokePublisherToken,
-  updateExtension,
+  updateExtension, signingKeyFor, insertSigningKey,
 } from './db.js';
 import { validateManifest, slugify } from './manifest.js';
 import {
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ import {
 } from './payments.js';
 import { enqueueScan } from './vu1nz.js';
 import { mirrorListing } from './mirror.js';
-import { fetchArtifact, extractListingFromCrx } from './crx.js';
+import { fetchArtifact, artifactToZip, extractListingFromCrx } from './crx.js';
 import { scanArtifact, type ExtensionScanResult } from './scanner.js';
+import { generateSigningKey, encryptPrivateKey, decryptPrivateKey, packCrx } from './signing.js';
 import { createScan, updateScan } from './db.js';
 
 const APP_URL = process.env.APP_URL || 'https://tronbrowser.dev';
@@ -54,10 +55,11 @@ function xmlEscape(s: string): string {
 // `viewer` is optional: when the signed-in user owns the listing we say so, so
 // the detail page can offer an edit form instead of making them reach for curl.
 async function listingView(ext: any, viewer?: User | null) {
-  const [ver, scan, flags] = await Promise.all([
+  const [ver, scan, flags, key] = await Promise.all([
     latestVersion(ext.id),
     latestScan(ext.id),
     openFlagCount(ext.id),
+    signingKeyFor(ext.id),
   ]);
   return {
     id: ext.id,
@@ -81,6 +83,12 @@ async function listingView(ext: any, viewer?: User | null) {
     scan: scan ? { status: scan.status, score: scan.score, severity: scan.severity } : null,
     flags,
     isOwner: !!viewer && viewer.id === ext.owner_user_id,
+    // Present once the listing has a signing key: the Chromium extension id, and
+    // a real (installable) .crx instead of a zip the browser can only download.
+    crxId: key?.crx_id ?? null,
+    installUrl: key && ver
+      ? `${APP_URL}/api/store/extensions/${ext.slug}/download.crx`
+      : ver ? `${APP_URL}/api/store/extensions/${ext.slug}/download` : null,
     updateUrl: `${APP_URL}/api/store/updates.xml?id=${ext.id}`,
   };
 }
@@ -153,6 +161,67 @@ store.patch('/extensions/:id', async (c) => {
   return c.json({ ok: true, listing: await listingView(updated) });
 });
 
+/* ---------- publisher: signing key ----------
+   Chromium only installs a signed .crx; a .zip is sideload-only. Generating the
+   key here (rather than making publishers run openssl and guard a .pem) is what
+   turns "Install" into a real install. The key is the extension's identity, so
+   this is create-once — there is deliberately no rotate or delete. */
+store.post('/extensions/:id/signing-key', async (c) => {
+  const user = await currentUser(c);
+  if (!user) return c.json({ error: 'unauthorized' }, 401);
+  const ext = await extensionById(c.req.param('id'));
+  if (!ext) return c.json({ error: 'not found' }, 404);
+  if (ext.owner_user_id !== user.id) return c.json({ error: 'forbidden' }, 403);
+
+  const existing = await signingKeyFor(ext.id);
+  if (existing) {
+    return c.json({
+      error: 'signing key already exists',
+      message: 'The key sets the extension id permanently — rotating it would orphan every install.',
+      crxId: existing.crx_id,
+    }, 409);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const key = generateSigningKey();
+    await insertSigningKey({
+      extensionId: ext.id,
+      crxId: key.crxId,
+      publicKeyDer: key.publicKeyDer,
+      privateKeyEnc: encryptPrivateKey(key.privateKeyPem),
+    });
+    // The private key is never returned — the store signs on the publisher's behalf.
+    return c.json({ ok: true, crxId: key.crxId });
+  } catch (e: any) {
+    return c.json({ error: e?.message || 'could not generate signing key' }, 500);
+  }
+});
+
+/* ---------- signed .crx download ----------
+   Packs the published .zip on the fly, so a listing becomes installable the
+   moment it has a key — no re-upload, no separate .crx artifact to keep in
+   sync with the bundle. */
+store.get('/extensions/:slug/download.crx', async (c) => {
+  const ext = await extensionBySlug(c.req.param('slug'));
+  if (!ext || ext.status !== 'live') return c.json({ error: 'not found' }, 404);
+  const key = await signingKeyFor(ext.id);
+  if (!key) return c.json({ error: 'this extension has no signing key yet' }, 404);
+  const ver = await latestVersion(ext.id);
+  const url = ver?.crx_url || ver?.bundle_url;
+  if (!url) return c.json({ error: 'no artifact' }, 404);
+
+  try {
+    const buf = await fetchArtifact(url);
+    const crx = packCrx(artifactToZip(buf), decryptPrivateKey(key.private_key_enc), Buffer.from(key.public_key_der, 'base64'));
+    c.header('content-type', 'application/x-chrome-extension');
+    c.header('content-disposition', `attachment; filename="${ext.slug}-${ver!.version}.crx"`);
+    // Hono wants an ArrayBuffer, not a Node Buffer view over a pooled one.
+    return c.body(crx.buffer.slice(crx.byteOffset, crx.byteOffset + crx.byteLength) as ArrayBuffer);
+  } catch (e: any) {
+    return c.json({ error: `could not pack .crx: ${e?.message || e}` }, 500);
+  }
+});
+
 /* ---------- publisher: re-scan the current version ----------
    A scan verdict is written at publish time, so a listing published while the
    scanner was unavailable (or before zip bundles were scannable) keeps showing
@@ -518,7 +587,14 @@ store.get('/updates.xml', async (c) => {
   const id = c.req.query('id') || '';
   const ext = id ? await extensionById(id) : null;
   const ver = ext && ext.status === 'live' ? await latestVersion(ext.id) : null;
-  const codebase = ver?.crx_url || ver?.bundle_url;
+  const key = ext ? await signingKeyFor(ext.id) : null;
+
+  // Chromium can only install a signed .crx, so only ever advertise one. This
+  // used to fall back to the .zip bundle, which meant zip-only listings served
+  // an update whose codebase the browser could do nothing with.
+  const codebase = key && ver
+    ? `${APP_URL}/api/store/extensions/${ext!.slug}/download.crx`
+    : ver?.crx_url || null;
 
   c.header('content-type', 'application/xml; charset=utf-8');
   if (!ext || !ver || !codebase) {
@@ -527,7 +603,9 @@ store.get('/updates.xml', async (c) => {
   return c.body(
     `<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>\n` +
     `<gupdate xmlns='http://www.google.com/update2/response' protocol='2.0'>\n` +
-    `  <app appid='${xmlEscape(ext.id)}'>\n` +
+    // appid must be the Chromium extension id (derived from the signing key),
+    // not our internal uuid — the browser matches updates on the former.
+    `  <app appid='${xmlEscape(key?.crx_id || ext.id)}'>\n` +
     `    <updatecheck codebase='${xmlEscape(codebase)}' version='${xmlEscape(ver.version)}' />\n` +
     `  </app>\n` +
     `</gupdate>\n`,
@@ -541,6 +619,11 @@ store.get('/extensions/:slug/download', async (c) => {
   const ver = await latestVersion(ext.id);
   const url = ver?.crx_url || ver?.bundle_url;
   if (!url) return c.json({ error: 'no artifact' }, 404);
+  // Hand over an installable .crx when the listing has a key; the raw .zip is
+  // a sideload artifact the browser can only save to disk.
+  if (await signingKeyFor(ext.id)) {
+    return c.redirect(`${APP_URL}/api/store/extensions/${ext.slug}/download.crx`);
+  }
   return c.redirect(url);
 });
 

diff --git a/services/api/src/store/signing.test.ts b/services/api/src/store/signing.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { zipSync, strToU8 } from 'fflate';
+import { createHash, createVerify } from 'node:crypto';
+import {
+  generateSigningKey, crxIdFromPublicKey, packCrx,
+  encryptPrivateKey, decryptPrivateKey,
+} from './signing.js';
+import { artifactToZip } from './crx.js';
+import { scanArtifact } from './scanner.js';
+
+const bundle = () => zipSync({
+  'manifest.json': strToU8(JSON.stringify({ manifest_version: 3, name: 'x', version: '0.2.0' })),
+  'background.js': strToU8('const x = await fetch(url);'),
+});
+
+describe('crxIdFromPublicKey', () => {
+  it('is 32 chars in the a–p alphabet Chromium uses', () => {
+    const id = crxIdFromPublicKey(Buffer.from('some-public-key'));
+    expect(id).toHaveLength(32);
+    expect(id).toMatch(/^[a-p]{32}$/);
+  });
+
+  it('maps the first 16 bytes of the SHA-256 digest, nibble by nibble', () => {
+    const key = Buffer.from('deterministic');
+    const expected = createHash('sha256').update(key).digest().subarray(0, 16).toString('hex')
+      .split('').map((c) => String.fromCharCode(97 + parseInt(c, 16))).join('');
+    expect(crxIdFromPublicKey(key)).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('is stable for one key and different across keys', () => {
+    const a = generateSigningKey();
+    const b = generateSigningKey();
+    expect(crxIdFromPublicKey(Buffer.from(a.publicKeyDer, 'base64'))).toBe(a.crxId);
+    expect(a.crxId).not.toBe(b.crxId);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('packCrx', () => {
+  it('produces a CRX3 the store can unpack back to the original zip', () => {
+    const key = generateSigningKey();
+    const zip = bundle();
+    const crx = packCrx(zip, key.privateKeyPem, Buffer.from(key.publicKeyDer, 'base64'));
+
+    expect(crx.subarray(0, 4).toString('utf8')).toBe('Cr24');
+    expect(crx.readUInt32LE(4)).toBe(3);
+    // Round-trips through the same parser the scanner and ingest use.
+    expect(Buffer.from(artifactToZip(crx))).toEqual(Buffer.from(zip));
+  });
+
+  it('signs over the archive, so a swapped bundle fails verification', () => {
+    const key = generateSigningKey();
+    const publicKeyDer = Buffer.from(key.publicKeyDer, 'base64');
+    const zip = bundle();
+    const crx = packCrx(zip, key.privateKeyPem, publicKeyDer);
+
+    // Rebuild the signed payload and check the embedded signature verifies.
+    const headerLen = crx.readUInt32LE(8);
+    const header = crx.subarray(12, 12 + headerLen);
+    const archive = crx.subarray(12 + headerLen);
+
+    // signed_header_data is the last length-delimited field (10000) in the header.
+    const crxId = createHash('sha256').update(publicKeyDer).digest().subarray(0, 16);
+    const signedHeaderData = Buffer.concat([Buffer.from([0x0a, 0x10]), crxId]);
+    const prefix = Buffer.alloc(4);
+    prefix.writeUInt32LE(signedHeaderData.length, 0);
+
+    // Pull the signature out of the header (field 2 of AsymmetricKeyProof).
+    const sigIndex = header.indexOf(Buffer.from([0x12]), header.indexOf(publicKeyDer) + publicKeyDer.length);
+    expect(sigIndex).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    const sigLen = header.readUInt8(sigIndex + 1) | (header.readUInt8(sigIndex + 2) << 7 & 0);
+    const signature = header.subarray(sigIndex + 3, sigIndex + 3 + 256);
+    expect(sigLen).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+    const v = createVerify('sha256');
+    v.update(Buffer.concat([Buffer.from('CRX3 SignedData', 'utf8'), Buffer.from([0])]));
+    v.update(prefix);
+    v.update(signedHeaderData);
+    v.update(archive);
+    expect(v.verify({ key: publicKeyDer, format: 'der', type: 'spki' }, signature)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('stays scannable once packed', () => {
+    const key = generateSigningKey();
+    const crx = packCrx(bundle(), key.privateKeyPem, Buffer.from(key.publicKeyDer, 'base64'));
+    const r = scanArtifact(crx, ['storage']);
+    expect(r.green).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('private key encryption at rest', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => vi.stubEnv('CRX_KEY_SECRET', 'x'.repeat(48)));
+  afterEach(() => vi.unstubAllEnvs());
+
+  it('round-trips', () => {
+    const { privateKeyPem } = generateSigningKey();
+    expect(decryptPrivateKey(encryptPrivateKey(privateKeyPem))).toBe(privateKeyPem);
+  });
+
+  it('never stores the key in the clear, and uses a fresh iv each time', () => {
+    const { privateKeyPem } = generateSigningKey();
+    const a = encryptPrivateKey(privateKeyPem);
+    const b = encryptPrivateKey(privateKeyPem);
+    expect(a).not.toContain('PRIVATE KEY');
+    expect(a).not.toBe(b);
+  });
+
+  it('refuses to decrypt tampered ciphertext (GCM tag)', () => {
+    const enc = encryptPrivateKey(generateSigningKey().privateKeyPem);
+    const [iv, tag, ct] = enc.split(':');
+    const flipped = Buffer.from(ct, 'base64');
+    flipped[0] ^= 0xff;
+    expect(() => decryptPrivateKey([iv, tag, flipped.toString('base64')].join(':'))).toThrow();
+  });
+
+  it('fails loudly when CRX_KEY_SECRET is unset rather than storing plaintext', () => {
+    vi.stubEnv('CRX_KEY_SECRET', '');
+    expect(() => encryptPrivateKey('pem')).toThrow(/CRX_KEY_SECRET/);
+  });
+});