Fix Java enum forwarders to pull from companion on initialization

[tanishiking]

Fixes #12637

Previously, Java enum forwarders were initialized to null when the companion's static initializer was triggered before the Java enum forwarder class's static initializer.

For example, when enum Testme extends java.lang.Enum[Testme] is accessed from Scala (which accesses Testme$.Hello):

• Testme$.<clinit> is triggered
• The static initializer creates enum values by calling Testme$.new(...)
• It constructs Testme$$anon$1 (which represents Hello), a subtype of Testme
• Therefore, Testme.<clinit> is triggered
• Testme.<clinit> tries to initialize its Testme.Hello field by pulling from Testme$.Hello
• However, it's still null during the companion's static initialization!

See: #12637 (comment)

// Testme.scala
object TestenumS:
    def go() = println("Scala: Testme Hello= " + Testme.Hello)

enum Testme extends java.lang.Enum[Testme]:
    case Hello

// TestenumJ.java
public class TestenumJ {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TestenumS.go();
        System.out.println("Java: Testme Hello= " + Testme.Hello);
    }
}

full javap result is available here: https://github.com/tanishiking/kitchensink/tree/main/scala3/12637

This commit fixes the initialization problem by having the companion object's static initializer push enum values to the forwarders after it finishes initializing the enum value fields.

When the companion is accessed first:

• Companion's <clinit> runs and creates enum values
• During initialization, the forwarder's <clinit> is triggered
• Forwarders pull from the companion (value will be null)
• Companion's <clinit> pushes final values to forwarders at the end

When the forwarder is accessed first:

• Enum class's <clinit> tries to initialize the forwarder via getstatic from the companion
• This triggers the companion's <clinit> first
• Companion's <clinit> pushes values to the forwarders
• The original putstatic completes (resulting in double assignment, but with the correct value)

Drawbacks:

• We assign the forwarder field twice, making it slightly slower than before
• We changed the Java enum forwarder fields to be non-final

Now it's possible to update the static forwarder like

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TestenumS.go();
        System.out.println("Java: Testme Hello= " + Testme.Hello); // prints Java: Testme Hello= Hello
        Testme.Hello = null;
        System.out.println("Java: Testme Hello= " + Testme.Hello); // prints Java: Testme Hello= null
    }
}

---

If making the Java enum forwarder non-final isn't acceptable, other option would be generating a proxy method like for Scala.js, but Java will need to call Testme.Hello(), instead of Testme.Hello.