feat: Add Gas dimension tracers

[relyt29]

This PR introduces two native and two live tracers, txGasDimensionLogger and txGasDimensionByOpcode, that on a per-opcode basis track the consumption of gas across multiple dimensions:

1. Computation - opcodes that operate on the stack, memory, simple math
2. State access - reading and writing to existing state, storage slots, accounts tree etc
3. State growth - expanding the amount of state in existence, either by setting a value in a smart contract from 0->Non-Zero or by creating a new account to have to track in the accounts tree
4. History growth - logging log events which are stored in the history (as opposed to the state)

txGasDimensionLogger

The logger is based off the default geth opcode struct logger. It will return each opcode, and its associated gas dimensional consumption, e.g.

{                                                                                               
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",                                                                             
  "id": 1,                                                                                      
  "result": {                                                                                   
    "gasUsed": 994729,                                                                          
    "gasUsedForL1": 968000,                                                                     
    "gasUsedForL2": 26729,                                                                      
    "intrinsicGas": 21064,                                                                      
    "adjustedRefund": 0,                                                                        
    "failed": false,                                                                            
    "txHash": "0x23eb17459bc5cbdea76949afa741a4cdcec06183d26de389c6d3b168be3800be",             
    "blockTimestamp": 1746807439,                                                               
    "blockNumber": 17,                                                                          
    "dim": [                                                                                    
      {                                                                                         
        "pc": 0,                                                                                
        "op": "PUSH1",                                                                          
        "depth": 1,                                                                             
        "cost": 3,                                                                              
        "cpu": 3                                                                                
      },    
      {                                                                                         
        "pc": 903,                                                                              
        "op": "SSTORE",                                                                         
        "depth": 1,                                                                             
        "cost": 100,                                                                            
        "rw": 100,                                                                              
        "refund": 4800                                                                          
      },  

txGasDimensionByOpcode

The transaction gas dimensions by opcode tracer returns the total sum of gas consumed by each different opcode, split out by dimension, e.g:

                                                                                                                                                                                             
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",                                                                                                                                                                           
  "id": 1,                                                                                                                                                                                    
  "result": {                                                                                                                                                                                 
    "gasUsed": 1003063,                                                                                                                                                                       
    "gasUsedForL1": 968000,                                                                                                                                                                   
    "gasUsedForL2": 35063,                                                                                                                                                                    
    "intrinsicGas": 21064,                                                                                                                                                                    
    "adjustedRefund": 8765,                                                                                                                                                                   
    "failed": false,                                                                                                                                                                          
    "txHash": "0xe6d0c5c6e330b7d993855afd610d01fc1d8f8257a70b83684a2d24a9418afc5a",                                                                                                           
    "blockTimestamp": 1746646719,                                                                                                                                                             
    "blockNumber": 18,                                                                                                                                                                        
    "dimensions": {                                                                                                                                                                           
      "ADD": {                                                                                                                                                                                
        "gas1d": 6,                                                                                                                                                                              
        "cpu": 6             
      },
      "SLOAD": {                                                                                                                                                                                 
        "gas1d": 2200,                                                                                                                                                                              
        "cpu": 200,                                                                                                                                                                              
        "rw": 2000                                                                                                                                                                               
      },                                                                                                                                                                                         
      "SSTORE": {                                                                                                                                                                                
        "gas1d": 20100,                                                                                                                                                                             
        "cpu": 0,                                                                                                                                                                                
        "rw": 100,                                                                                                                                                                               
        "growth": 20000,                                                                                                                                                                             
        "refund": 19900                                                                                                                                                                              
      },   

Tracer Invocation

The tracers need to have a parameter of a transaction hash to operate upon. If you have that and your node either is an archive node with the state or the transaction hash you're tracing is in the last 128 blocks then you can run the tracer like so:

export TX_HASH_TO_LOOK_AT="0x348f7124e88620273caee233f25472009c5ba92a2d6743ae161045da8c533f6c";
 
curl "http://127.0.0.1:8547" \
-X POST \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
--data '{  
    "method":"debug_traceTransaction",
    "params":["'"$TX_HASH_TO_LOOK_AT"'", {"tracer": "txGasDimensionByOpcode"}],
    "id":1,
    "jsonrpc":"2.0"
}' | jq > tx.byOpcode.json;   
                                     
curl "http://127.0.0.1:8547" \
-X POST \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
--data '{
    "method":"debug_traceTransaction",
    "params":["'"$TX_HASH_TO_LOOK_AT"'", {"tracer":"txGasDimensionLogger"}],
    "id":1,
    "jsonrpc":"2.0"
}' | jq > tx.Logger.json;

Live Tracers

The live tracers are identical use the native tracers under the hood. The difference with the live tracers is that they dump the output of the tracer to disk in protobuf format to then in in order to save on storage space relative to json. Python or whatever can then generate serialization code from the .proto file to ingest the protobuf output.

Live Tracer Invocation

The live tracers can be run like so:

./target/bin/nitro --dev \
    --execution.vmtrace.tracer-name "txGasDimensionByOpcode" \
    --execution.vmtrace.json-config '{"path":"gas-dimension-logs","chainConfig":{"chainId":42161,"homesteadBlock":0,"daoForkBlock":null,"daoForkSupport":true,"eip150Block":0,"eip150Hash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","eip155Block":0,"eip158Block":0,"byzantiumBlock":0,"constantinopleBlock":0,"petersburgBlock":0,"istanbulBlock":0,"muirGlacierBlock":0,"berlinBlock":0,"londonBlock":0,"clique":{"period":0,"epoch":0},"arbitrum":{"EnableArbOS":true,"AllowDebugPrecompiles":false,"DataAvailabilityCommittee":false,"InitialArbOSVersion":6,"InitialChainOwner":"0xd345e41ae2cb00311956aa7109fc801ae8c81a52","GenesisBlockNum":0}}}'

For example, this will create a directory called gas-dimension-logs in the root of the repo that will have each block as a subfolder, and a protobuf dumped file for the gas dimensions by transaction. The tracer expects a chain configuration because I was unable to get the chain configuration in the tracer creation context without having a bigger diff. So it expects it to be passed in by json - you can use the nitro repository's chain info as a reference for a chain configuration if you don't have one.

this PR is identical to and replaces #457.

[amsanghi]

LGTM

Mostly looks, have tagged @eljobe to get his input on the protobuf parts.
Also the lint is failing due to some minor issue.