question_id
int64 -9,165,491,698,813,729,000
9,121,035,029B
| split
stringclasses 2
values | English_question
stringlengths 30
96
| English_long_answer
stringlengths 82
2.31k
| English_short_answer
stringlengths 2
946
| Yoruba_question
stringlengths 19
125
| Yoruba_rewrite_flag
stringclasses 2
values | Yoruba_long_answer
stringlengths 28
904
| Yoruba_short_answer
stringlengths 2
571
| Yoruba_paragraph
stringclasses 27
values | Answer_Alignment_Semantic_Equivalence
int64 0
1
| Answer_Alignment_English_Wrong_Answer
int64 0
1
| Yoruba_Document
stringlengths 46
49.2k
| English_Document
stringlengths 1.06k
49.2k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-1,286,998,630,593,832,200 | train | what does ky stand for in cayman islands | . ky is the Internet country code top - level domain (ccTLD) for the Cayman Islands. Registration was limited to residents and registered companies in the Cayman Islands with a local address, but this restriction was removed in September 2015. The Cayman Islands also has the international three letter code, CYM, and has won a bid to be awarded the. cym domain in a future expansion of the top level domain space. | ['india'] | kí ni ky dúró fún ní erékùṣù cayman | Yes | ['.ky ni amioro orile-ede lori Internet fun top-level domain (ccTLD) fun Cayman Islands.'] | ['.ky ni amioro orile-ede lori Internet fun top-level domain fun Cayman Islands.'] | ['P1'] | 1 | 0 | .ky
.ky ni amioro orile-ede lori ayelujara fun akata ipele to ga julo fun awon Erekusu Cayman. | .ky Introduced 1995 TLD type Country code top-level domain Status Active Registry Information and Communications Technology Authority Sponsor Information and Communications Technology Authority Intended use Entities connected with the Cayman Islands Actual use Gets some use in Cayman Islands Registration restrictions None after 2015, anyone can register a domain. Structure Registrations are made directly at second level, or at third level beneath several second-level names Documents Policies Dispute policies UDRP Registry Website Registry site .ky is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for the Cayman Islands . Registration was limited to residents and registered companies in the Cayman Islands with a local address, but this restriction was removed in September 2015. The Cayman Islands also has the international three letter code , CYM, and has won a bid to be awarded the .cym domain in a future expansion of the top level domain space. In January 2015 the Cayman Islands ICTA announced a partnership with Uniregistry for the operation of the .ky name extension. Uniregistry became the first ICANN accredited registrar to retail .ky names on March 2, 2015. Contents 1 Second level domains 2 References 3 See also 4 External links Second level domains [ edit ] Registrations are permitted directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names: com.ky org.ky net.ky edu.ky (restricted to educational institutions) gov.ky (restricted to governmental entities) References [ edit ] See also [ edit ] Cayman Islands portal Internet in the Cayman Islands Internet in the United Kingdom .uk External links [ edit ] IANA .ky whois information .ky domain registration website Uniregistry |
3,506,772,758,530,306,000 | train | what is the name of the first nigerian president | The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. | ['buenos aires'] | kí ni orúkọ ààrẹ nàìjíríà àkọ́kọ́ | Yes | ['Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare, ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.'] | ['Nnamdi Azikiwe ni Aare'] | ['P2'] | 1 | 0 | Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà
Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà tàbì Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà lásán ni olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[1] Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà náà tún ni Alá?? pátápátá àw?n ológun Nàìjíríà. Àw?n ará Nàìjíríà ún dìbò yan ààr? fún ?dún m??rin. Àw?n ipò ààr?, àw?n agbára, àti àw?n oyè olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba j?? dídàp?? sí ipò ààr? láb?? Òfin-Ibágbép?? il?? Nàìjíríà odún 1979. Ààr? l??w??l??w??, Bola Tinubu, b?? sí orí àga ní 29, osu? karu?n, o?du?n 2023, g??g??bí ààr? 16k Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[2]
Itan
Nigbati Naijiria di ile apapo oselu olominira ni odun 1963 larin Awon Orile-ede Ajoni, o diwo mo ona ijoba igbimo asofin ti o jogun lat'owo ile Britani. Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare,[3] ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.[3]
Àkój? àw?n Olórí Ìj?ba Ológun àti Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà Láti ?dún 1963-1966 | President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Seal of the President Presidential Standard Incumbent Muhammadu Buhari since May 29, 2015 Executive Branch of the federal government Style Mr. President His Excellency Member of Federal Executive Council National Security Council Residence Aso Rock Presidential Villa Seat Abuja , F.C.T. Appointer Popular vote Term length Four years renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Nigeria Formation October 1, 1963 ; 54 years ago ( 1963-10-01 ) First holder Nnamdi Azikiwe October 1, 1963 Deputy Vice President of Nigeria Salary ₦ 14,000,000 ($70,351) annually Website www .statehouse .gov .ng Former standard of the President Flag of the President as Commander in Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution [show] Human rights Government [show] President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly [show] Senate House of Representatives Judiciary [show] Supreme Court Subdivisions [show] States State governors Local Government Areas Elections [show] Recent elections Presidential: 2011 2015 2019 Parliamentary: 2011 2015 2019 Political parties Foreign relations [show] Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nigeria to Nigeria Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas v t e The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria . The President of Nigeria is also the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces . The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe , who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari , took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Functions of the President of Nigeria 3 Eligibility 4 Oath of office 5 See also 6 References History [ edit ] On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. An all-Nigerian Executive Council was headed by a Prime Minister, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . On November 16, 1960, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe , became the first Governor-General of a Federation of three Regions of the North, East and West, with Lagos as the Federal Capital. Each of the Regions was headed by a Premier with a Governor as Ceremonial Head. On October 1, 1963, Nigeria became a Federal Republic and severed whatever ties were left with the British monarchy , but remained a member in the Commonwealth of Nations . The Governor-General's position was, therefore, replaced with that of President. In January 1966, a group of army officers, led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu , overthrew the central and regional governments, killed the prime minister, and tried to take control of the government in a failed coup d'état. Nzeogwu was countered, captured and imprisoned by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. General Aguiyi-Ironsi was named Military Head of State. In July 1966, a group of northern army officers revolted against the government, killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and appointed the army chief of staff, General Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government. In 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was deposed and General Murtala Mohammed was the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria until his assassination in 1976. In 1976, General Olusegun Obasanjo was made head of state in a meeting of the Supreme Military Council, keeping the chain of command established by Murtala Muhammed in place. In 1979, Nigeria adopted a federal presidential constitution, with provision for an executive President as head of government, and a National Assembly , comprising a Senate and House of Representatives . In October 1979, after more than 13 years of military rule, Nigeria returned to democratic rule. The National Party of Nigeria emerged victorious in the presidential election and Alhaji Shehu Shagari was elected President. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the new Head of State. In August 1985, General Buhari's government was peacefully overthrown by Army Chief of Staff, Major General Ibrahim Babangida . Babangida became the President and Chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council . In August 1993, General Babangida stepped down and chose an interim government to replace him. Ernest Shonekan was named as interim president. General Sani Abacha seized power from Shonekan in November 1993 and became the President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. On 8 June 1998, General Abacha died at the presidential villa in the Nigerian capital, Abuja. Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar became the new President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. In May 1999, Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar stepped down, and the former military head of state, Olusegun Obasanjo , became the newly elected civilian president. Obasanjo served two terms in office. In May 2007, Alhaji Umaru Yar'Adua was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the 13th head of state of Nigeria. Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 in the Presidential villa, in Abuja , Nigeria. On 6 May 2010, the Vice President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 14th head of state. On 29 May 2015, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 15th head of state after winning the general election. Functions of the President of Nigeria [ edit ] The President has the powers entrusted by the Constitution and legislation, including those necessary to perform the functions of Head of State and Head of the national executive. The President is responsible for: Assenting to and signing Bills Referring a Bill back to the National Assembly for reconsideration of the Bill's constitutionality Referring a Bill to the Supreme Court for a decision on the Bill's constitutionality Summoning the National Assembly or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business Making any appointments that the Constitution or legislation requires the President to make, other than as head of the national executive Appointing commissions of inquiry Appointing the Supreme Court Justices of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council of Nigeria and subject to confirmation by the Senate Calling a national referendum in terms of an Act of Parliament Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives Appointing ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, and diplomatic and consular representatives and other federal officers with the advice and consent of a majority of the Senate Pardoning or reprieving offenders and remitting any fines, penalties or forfeitures Conferring honours Eligibility [ edit ] Chapter VI, Part I, Section 131 of the constitution states that a person may be qualified for election of the office of the President if: he is a citizen of Nigeria by birth; he has attained the age of thirty five years; he is a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party; he has been educated up to at least School Certificate level or its equivalent. A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of the President if: he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a country other than Nigeria or, except in such cases as may be prescribed by the National Assembly , he has made a declaration of allegiance to such other country; he has been elected to such office at any two previous elections; under the law in any part of Nigeria, he is adjudged to be a lunatic or otherwise declared to be of unsound mind; he is under a sentence of death imposed by any competent court of law or tribunal in Nigeria or a sentence of imprisonment or fine for any offence involving dishonesty or fraud or for any other offence, imposed on him by any court or tribunal or substituted by a competent authority for any other sentence imposed on him by such a court of tribunal; within a period of less than ten years before the date of the election to the office of President he has been convicted and sentenced for an offence involving dishonesty or he has been found guilty of the contravention of the Code of Conduct; he is an undischarged bankrupt, having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in Nigeria or any other country; being a person employed in the civil or public service of the Federation or of any State, he has not resigned, withdrawn or retired from the employment at least thirty days before the date of the election; or he is a member of any secret society; he has been indicted for embezzlement or fraud by a Judicial Commission of Inquiry or an Administrative Panel of Inquiry or a Tribunal set up under the Tribunals of Inquiry Act, a Tribunals of Inquiry law or any other law by the federal or state government which indictment has been accepted by the federal or state government respectively; he has presented a forged certificate to the Independent National Electoral Commission . Oath of office [ edit ] The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the President of the federation. The oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office: I do solemnly swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President; and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Nigeria. So help me God. See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Politics portal List of Governors-General of Nigeria List of heads of state of Nigeria List of heads of government of Nigeria References [ edit ] |
-1,110,163,740,104,641,800 | train | what is the name of the first president of nigeria | The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on 1 October 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on 29 May 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. | ['buenos aires'] | kí ni orúkọ ààrẹ àkọ́kọ́ ní nàìjíríà | Yes | ['Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare, ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.'] | ['Nnamdi Azikiwe ni Aare'] | ['P2'] | 1 | 0 | Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà
Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà tàbì Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà lásán ni olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[1] Ààr? il?? Nàìjíríà náà tún ni Alá?? pátápátá àw?n ológun Nàìjíríà. Àw?n ará Nàìjíríà ún dìbò yan ààr? fún ?dún m??rin. Àw?n ipò ààr?, àw?n agbára, àti àw?n oyè olórí oríl??-èdè àti olórí ìj?ba j?? dídàp?? sí ipò ààr? láb?? Òfin-Ibágbép?? il?? Nàìjíríà odún 1979. Ààr? l??w??l??w??, Bola Tinubu, b?? sí orí àga ní 29, osu? karu?n, o?du?n 2023, g??g??bí ààr? 16k Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nàìjíríà.[2]
Itan
Nigbati Naijiria di ile apapo oselu olominira ni odun 1963 larin Awon Orile-ede Ajoni, o diwo mo ona ijoba igbimo asofin ti o jogun lat'owo ile Britani. Nnamdi Azikiwe ti o je Gomina Agba nigbana di Aare,[3] ipo to je fun ayeye, nigbati ti Abubakar Tafawa Balewa si di ipo Alakoso Agba mu.[3]
Àkój? àw?n Olórí Ìj?ba Ológun àti Ààr? Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà Láti ?dún 1963-1966 | President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Seal of the President Presidential Standard Incumbent Muhammadu Buhari since May 29, 2015 Executive Branch of the federal government Style Mr. President His Excellency Member of Federal Executive Council National Security Council Residence Aso Rock Presidential Villa Seat Abuja , F.C.T. Appointer Popular vote Term length Four years renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Nigeria Formation October 1, 1963 ; 54 years ago ( 1963-10-01 ) First holder Nnamdi Azikiwe October 1, 1963 Deputy Vice President of Nigeria Salary ₦ 14,000,000 ($70,351) annually Website www .statehouse .gov .ng Former standard of the President Flag of the President as Commander in Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution [show] Human rights Government [show] President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly [show] Senate House of Representatives Judiciary [show] Supreme Court Subdivisions [show] States State governors Local Government Areas Elections [show] Recent elections Presidential: 2011 2015 2019 Parliamentary: 2011 2015 2019 Political parties Foreign relations [show] Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nigeria to Nigeria Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas v t e The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria . The President of Nigeria is also the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces . The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe , who took office on 1 October 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari , took office on 29 May 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Functions of the President of Nigeria 3 Eligibility 4 Oath of office 5 See also 6 References History [ edit ] On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. An all-Nigerian Executive Council was headed by a Prime Minister, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . On November 16, 1960, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe , became the first Governor-General of a Federation of three Regions of the North, East and West, with Lagos as the Federal Capital. Each of the Regions was headed by a Premier with a Governor as Ceremonial Head. On October 1, 1963, Nigeria became a Federal Republic and severed whatever ties were left with the British monarchy , but remained a member in the Commonwealth of Nations . The Governor-General's position was, therefore, replaced with that of President. In January 1966, a group of army officers, led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu , overthrew the central and regional governments, killed the prime minister, and tried to take control of the government in a failed coup d'état. Nzeogwu was countered, captured and imprisoned by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. General Aguiyi-Ironsi was named Military Head of State. In July 1966, a group of northern army officers revolted against the government, killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and appointed the army chief of staff, General Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government. In 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was deposed and General Murtala Mohammed was the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria until his assassination in 1976. In 1976, General Olusegun Obasanjo was made head of state in a meeting of the Supreme Military Council, keeping the chain of command established by Murtala Muhammed in place. In 1979, Nigeria adopted a federal presidential constitution, with provision for an executive President as head of government, and a National Assembly , comprising a Senate and House of Representatives . In October 1979, after more than 13 years of military rule, Nigeria returned to democratic rule. The National Party of Nigeria emerged victorious in the presidential election and Alhaji Shehu Shagari was elected President. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the new Head of State. In August 1985, General Buhari's government was peacefully overthrown by Army Chief of Staff, Major General Ibrahim Babangida . Babangida became the President and Chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council . In August 1993, General Babangida stepped down and chose an interim government to replace him. Ernest Shonekan was named as interim president. General Sani Abacha seized power from Shonekan in November 1993 and became the President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. On 8 June 1998, General Abacha died at the presidential villa in the Nigerian capital, Abuja. Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar became the new President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council. In May 1999, Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar stepped down, and the former military head of state, Olusegun Obasanjo , became the newly elected civilian president. Obasanjo served two terms in office. In May 2007, Alhaji Umaru Yar'Adua was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the 13th head of state of Nigeria. Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 in the Presidential villa, in Abuja , Nigeria. On 6 May 2010, the Vice President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 14th head of state. On 29 May 2015, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 15th head of state after winning the general election. Functions of the President of Nigeria [ edit ] The President has the powers entrusted by the Constitution and legislation, including those necessary to perform the functions of Head of State and Head of the national executive. The President is responsible for: Assenting to and signing Bills Referring a Bill back to the National Assembly for reconsideration of the Bill's constitutionality Referring a Bill to the Supreme Court for a decision on the Bill's constitutionality Summoning the National Assembly or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business Making any appointments that the Constitution or legislation requires the President to make, other than as head of the national executive Appointing commissions of inquiry Appointing the Supreme Court Justices of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council of Nigeria and subject to confirmation by the Senate Calling a national referendum in terms of an Act of Parliament Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives Appointing ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, and diplomatic and consular representatives and other federal officers with the advice and consent of a majority of the Senate Pardoning or reprieving offenders and remitting any fines, penalties or forfeitures Conferring honours Eligibility [ edit ] Chapter VI, Part I, Section 131 of the constitution states that a person may be qualified for election of the office of the President if: he is a citizen of Nigeria by birth; he has attained the age of thirty five years; he is a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party; he has been educated up to at least School Certificate level or its equivalent. A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of the President if: he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a country other than Nigeria or, except in such cases as may be prescribed by the National Assembly , he has made a declaration of allegiance to such other country; he has been elected to such office at any two previous elections; under the law in any part of Nigeria, he is adjudged to be a lunatic or otherwise declared to be of unsound mind; he is under a sentence of death imposed by any competent court of law or tribunal in Nigeria or a sentence of imprisonment or fine for any offence involving dishonesty or fraud or for any other offence, imposed on him by any court or tribunal or substituted by a competent authority for any other sentence imposed on him by such a court of tribunal; within a period of less than ten years before the date of the election to the office of President he has been convicted and sentenced for an offence involving dishonesty or he has been found guilty of the contravention of the Code of Conduct; he is an undischarged bankrupt, having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in Nigeria or any other country; being a person employed in the civil or public service of the Federation or of any State, he has not resigned, withdrawn or retired from the employment at least thirty days before the date of the election; or he is a member of any secret society; he has been indicted for embezzlement or fraud by a Judicial Commission of Inquiry or an Administrative Panel of Inquiry or a Tribunal set up under the Tribunals of Inquiry Act, a Tribunals of Inquiry law or any other law by the federal or state government which indictment has been accepted by the federal or state government respectively; he has presented a forged certificate to the Independent National Electoral Commission . Oath of office [ edit ] The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the President of the federation. The oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office: I do solemnly swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President; and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Nigeria. So help me God. See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal Politics portal List of Governors-General of Nigeria List of heads of state of Nigeria List of heads of government of Nigeria References [ edit ] |
-6,545,450,989,392,140,000 | train | which can be considered the real reasons for malnutrition | Undernourishment is most often due to not enough high - quality food being available to eat. This is often related to high food prices and poverty. A lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as may a number of infectious diseases such as : gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase nutrient requirements. There are two main types of undernutrition : protein - energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies. Protein - energy malnutrition has two severe forms : marasmus (a lack of protein and calories) and kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein). Common micronutrient deficiencies include : a lack of iron, iodine, and vitamin A. During pregnancy, due to the body 's increased need, deficiencies may become more common. In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition. Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery. | ['the historical local appellation for the indus river', 'south asia'] | àwọn nǹkan wo la lè kà sí ìdí gidi tó ń fa àìjẹunrekánú | Yes | ["Aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ maa n waye nitori airi ojulowo ounjẹ jẹ. Eyi ko sai somọ ọwọn gogo iye ounjẹ ati iṣẹ. Aisi ti ifun lọ́mú le dakun, bi awọn ọpọ awọn akoran arun bii: inu wiwu, arun ẹdọforo, ba ati eeyì ti o maa n ṣafikun awọn eroja ounjẹ . Awọn oriṣi aijẹun toyẹ to meji lowa: aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ okun- puroteni ati alebu aijẹ ounjẹ to. Aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ okun- puroteni ni awọn alebu meji: marasmus (aini puroteni ati kalori) ati kwashiorkor (aito puroteni nikan). Aini eroja ounjẹ toye ni: aini ayọnu, ayodini ati fitamini A. Lakoko oyun, ti o da lori ibeere-fun pupọ, awọn aito wa wọpọ si. Ni awọn ọkan awọn orilẹ-ede ti o n dagba ounjẹ ajẹju bii isanraju ti wa n pọ ni aarin awọn awujọ bii aijẹ ounjẹ to. Awọn okunfa aijẹun toyẹ to miiran ni iri ara-ẹni bi pe a sanra nigba ti a ru àti bṣẹ abẹ idin ounjẹ ti inu le gba kù Laarin awọn agba aijẹ ounjẹ to'yẹ wọpọ nitori okunfa afojuri, ero inu ati ibalopọ."] | ['Aijẹ ounjẹ toyẹ maa n waye nitori airi ojulowo ounjẹ jẹ. '] | ['P2'] | 1 | 0 | Àìj??un-dáradára
Àìj??un-dáradára tabi aij? ounj? t'oy? j? ipo ti o n waye lara jij? ounj? ti aw?n ounj? a?ara l'ore koto tabi ti o ti p?ju ti o si fa aw?n i?oro ilera.[1][2] Aw?n ounj? a?ara lore le j??: kalori, puroteni, kab?hidireti, aw?n fitamin tabi minira.[2] A saba maa n lo ni pataki lati t?kasi aij?un to dara to nibi ti kosi kalori, puroteni tabi aw?n eroja ounj?; sib?sib?, o tun p?lu ij?un ju.[3][4] Bi aij? eroja ounj? to ba waye boya ni iloyun tabi ?aaju ?m? ?dun meji o le jasi aw?n i?oro aileyipada p?lu idagba ifojuri ati ?p?l?.[2] Aij? ohun a?ara lore to ti o gaju, ti a m?si ifebipa, leni aw?n aami ti o p?lu: ràrá, ara gbigb?, ailokun ti o to, ati ?s? wiwu ati ikùn.[2][3] Aw?n eniyan tun saba maa n ni aw?n akoran w?n si saba maa n tutù. Aw?n aami ti aisi eroja inu ounj? to dale iruf? eroja ounj? ti kosi nib?.[3]
Aij? ounj? toy? maa n waye nitori airi ojulowo ounj? j?.[5] Eyi ko sai som? ?w?n gogo iye ounj? ati i??.[2][5] Aisi ti ifun l??mú le dakun, bi aw?n ?p? aw?n akoran arun bii: inu wiwu, arun ?d?foro, ba ati eeyì ti o maa n ?afikun aw?n eroja ounj? .[5] Aw?n ori?i aij?un toy? to meji lowa: aij? ounj? toy? okun- puroteni ati alebu aij? ounj? to.[4] Aij? ounj? toy? okun- puroteni ni aw?n alebu meji: marasmus (aini puroteni ati kalori) ati kwashiorkor (aito puroteni nikan).[3] Aini eroja ounj? toye ni: aini ay?nu, ayodini ati fitamini A.[3] Lakoko oyun, ti o da lori ibeere-fun pup?, aw?n aito wa w?p? si.[6] Ni aw?n ?kan aw?n oril?-ede ti o n dagba ounj? aj?ju bii isanraju ti wa n p? ni aarin aw?n awuj? bii aij? ounj? to.[7] Aw?n okunfa aij?un toy? to miiran ni iri ara-?ni bi pe a sanra nigba ti a ru àti b?? ab? idin ounj? ti inu le gba kù[8][9] Laarin aw?n agba aij? ounj? to'y? w?p? nitori okunfa afojuri, ero inu ati ibalop?.[10]
Ipa lati mu gbooro ounj? j? lara aw?n ipo ti o ya iranw? idagba.[11] Ifun l?mu le din iye aij? ounj? to ati iku ninu aw?n ?m?de ku,[2] ati aw?n ipa lati mu gberu i?e b?? dagba p?.[12] Ninu aw?n ?m?de pipese ounj? p?lu ?mu-mimu laarin o?u m?fa ati ?dun meji mu abajade gberu.[12] ?ri gidi wa ti o kin l?hin pe eroja ounj? ti ?p? aw?n eroja ounj? lakoko oyun ati laarin aw?n ?m?de ni aw?n oril?-ede ti o n dagba.[12] Lati pese ounj? fun aw?n ti o nilo r? ju ni ipese ounj? ati ipese owo ki aw?n eniyan le ra ounj? laarin ?ja ilu l? geere.[11][13] Fifun aw?n eniyan lounj? nikan to.[11] Ibojuto aij? ounj? t'oy? ti o l'ewu laarin ile eniyan p?lu àw?n ounj? ìlo iwosan aarun ?ee?e l?p? igba.[12] Laarin aw?n ti o ni ewu aije ounj? toy? low? aw?n i?oro it?ju ilera miiran laarin ile-iwosan ni a b?w?lu.[12] Eyi nilo abojuto aito ?uga, im?lara ara, ara-gbigb?, ati ifun-lounj? di?di?.[12][14] Igbes? aw?n ogun a?odi si akoran ni a b?w?lu nitori akoran ti o p?.[14] Aw?n ilana it?ju ?j? pip? ni: imugbooro aw?n i?e agb?,[15] re dio?i kuim, imum?toto gbooroth, atiofifun aw?n obinrin ni agbara i??[11]
Aw?n 925 mili?nu eniyan ti kori ounj? j? to ni agbaye ni o wa ni 2010, ?p? ti 80 mili?nu lati 1990.[16][17] Aw?n eniyan bili?nu ti a ka miiran ti koni fitamin ati eroja ounj? toy?.[11] Ni 2010 aij? ounj? toy? ti agbara puroteni ti ?okunfa aw?n iku bii 600,000 de 883,000 aw?n iku ni 1990.[18] Aw?n aito ounj? toy? aito ayodini ati arun aito ayodini, fa iku 84,000 miiran.[18] Airi ounj? toy? j? ni 2010 n okunfa 1.4% gbogbo ailera igbe-aye ti a sun.[11][19] Bi ida m?ta aw?n iku laarin aw?n ?m?de ni a gbagb? pe airi ounj? j? to lofa; sib?sib?, ako s? aw?n iku naa b??.[5] Ni 2010 a ?akoj? pe o ?okunfa bii 1.5 mili?nu aw?n iku aw?n obinrin ati ?m?de[20] aw?n kan til? s?pe iye naa le ju 3 mili?nu.[12] Ati afikun 165 mili?nu aw?n ?m?de ni aidagba bi-o-tiy? lara arun naa.[12] Airij? to w?p? ni aw?n oril?-ede ti o n dagba.[21] | null |
4,369,517,443,068,355,600 | train | a disease that can be transmitted through the air is spread by | An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens that can be transmitted through the air. Such diseases include many of considerable importance both in human and veterinary medicine. The relevant pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, raising of dust, spraying of liquids, toilet flushing or any activities which generates aerosol particles or droplets. Human airborne diseases do not include conditions caused by air pollution such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gasses and any airborne particles, though their study and prevention may help inform the science of airborne disease transmission. | ['chromosomes', '500', 'cell'] | àrùn tó lè tàn kálẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ | Yes | ['Àwọn kòkòrò afàìsàn náà lè jẹ́ kòkòrò ààrùn-ẹ̀ràn, bakitéríà, tàbí fọ́nńgaì tí wọ́n lè ràn káàkiri nípa èémí, ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ, ikọ́ wúwú, èésín sí sín, pípo eruku, fífọ́n nǹkan olómi ká, tàbí ìṣe tó bá ń fa ẹ̀rún inú atẹ́gùn tàbí nǹkan tó lè fọ́nká nínú atẹ́gùn.', 'Àwọn ẹ̀rún kòkòrò àìsàn tí atẹ́gùn máa ń fọ́nká ló máa ń fa àwọn àrùn inú atẹ́gùn.'] | ['kromosomu je didameji ninu igbese itunda DNA, to si unpese fun ahamo kookan awon kromosomu pipe tikookan fun won.', 'Àwọn ẹ̀rún kòkòrò àìsàn tí atẹ́gùn máa ń fọ́nká ló máa ń fa àwọn àrùn inú atẹ́gùn.'] | ['P1', 'P4'] | 1 | 0 | Àìsàn inú af??f??
Àìsàn inú af??f?? tàbí at??gùn j?? àìsàn kí àìsàn tí kòkòrò afàìsàn lè fà tí ??rún r?? nínú at??gùn lè ?àkóbá fún ?lòmíràn bí w??n bá mí í sínú.[2] Ògùn irú àìsàn báyìí ?e pàtàkì sí ènìyàn àti ?ranko. Àw?n kòkòrò afàìsàn náà lè j?? kòkòrò ààrùn-??ràn, bakitéríà, tàbí f??n?gaì tí w??n lè ràn káàkiri nípa èémí, ??r?? sís?, ik?? wúwú, èésín sí sín, pípo eruku, fíf??n n?kan olómi ká, tàbí ì?e tó bá ? fa ??rún inú at??gùn tàbí n?kan tó lè f??nká nínú at??gùn.
Ní ??p?? ìgbà, àw?n ??rún àìsàn nínú at??gùn máa ? fa àrùn láti imú, ??fun, sinuses, àti ìfun, èyí ló máa ? fa ik??, ?gb?? ??fun àti àw?n àmìn àw?n àìsàn míì tó lè ???y? lág???? ara.
Lára àw?n gbajúm?? àrùn inú af??f?? ni : ??ràn kòrónà, àrùn il?? gbígbóná, morbillivirus, àrùn il?? tútù, ik?? fée tàbí ik?? àwúgb?, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kòkòrò influenza, kòkòrò enterovirus, kòkòrò norovirus, àti, adenovirus, èyí kò fi b???? w??p?? àti respiratory syncytial virus. Irúf?? àw?n àrùn ??ràn w??nyí nílò af??f?? àyíká àdáwà nígbà ìt??jú.
Àgbéy??wò
Àw?n ??rún kòkòrò àìsàn tí at??gùn máa ? f??nká ló máa ? fa àw?n àrùn inú at??gùn. Orísun w?n máa ? sáàbà máa wá láti ara omi ara alárùn ??ràn tàbí ?ranko, tàbí àw?n ìd??tí ohun èlò. Àw?n ??rún àìsàn tí w??n máa ? fa èyí ni w??n ? pè ní kòkòrò afàìsàn. W??n lè ràn ká nínú af??f??, eruku tàbí omi, tí w??n sì lè rìn jìnnà tàbí wà nínú af??f?? fún ìgbà píp??.Fún àp??r?, sínsín lè f??n àw?n ??rún àìsàn ká káàkiri inú ?k?? akérò kan.[3]
Mímí sínú àw?n ??rún àìsàn máa ? sáàbà fa àìsàn ara wíwú, èyí sìn máa ? ?àkóbá àw?n ??yà èémí. Díd??tí af??f?? kò sí lára àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? tí ó máa ? ?e ènìyàn, ?ùgb??n díd??tí af??f?? máa ? kópa pàtàkì nínú àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? tí kò j? m?? ì?e ènìyàn bí i ik??-kéfe Àw?n ìd??tí af??f?? máa ? ?àkóbá fún ??fun ènìyàn nípa ?í?okùnfà ??p?? àìsàn inú af??f?? ti ara wíwú. [4] Àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? náà lè ?àkóbá fún àw?n ?ranko. Fún àp??r?, Newcastle disease j?? àrùn àw?n ?y? tí ó máa ? ?e àw?n ?y? ??sìn káàkiri àgbáyé nípa ìd??tí inú af??f??.
Ìkóràn
Àw?n àrùn ??ràn máa ? jà kál?? nígbà tí alára dídá bá mí ??rún àìsàn sínú tàbí bí irú ??rún àìsàn b???? bá bà lé e lójú, l??nu, tàbí imú. Kò p??n dandan kí alára dídá ènìyàn ní ìfojúkojú p??lú aláàrùn kí ó tó lè kó àrùn w??nyí. Bí ojú ?j?? ?e rí, nígbà òjò tàbí ??rún, yálà ní ìta gbangba tàbí nínú ilé máa ? kópa pàtàkì nínú ìkóràn àw?n àìsàn inú af??f??. Àw?n n?kan mìíràn tí ó máa ? ?okùnfà ìtànkál?? ??rún àìsàn ni ìjì, òjò, àti ì?e àti ìm??tótó ènìyàn.
L??yìn ìyàs??t?? ètò ojú-?j??, ìw??j?p?? àw?n ??rún-àìsàn f??n?gàá nínú af??f?? máa ? dínkù; l??yìn ?j?? dí??, àw?n ??rún-àìsàn w??nyí máa ? p??si ní ìl??po tó p?? sí i ju ìgbà tí ojú ?j?? bá dá geere.
Eto ??r?? ajé òun àyíká máa ? kópa péréte nínú àjàkál?? àw?n àìsàn inú af??f??. Ní àw?n ìlú ?lá, rírànkál?? àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? máa ? p?? púp?? ju ti àw?n abúlé àti àw?n ìlú kéréje l?. Títànkál?? aw?n ??rún-afàìsàn f??n?gàá máa ? w??p?? ni àw?n abúlé.
Wíwà ní ìtòsí àw?n òdò ?lá lè ?okùnfà àjàkál?? àw?n àrùn inú af??f??.
Àìmójútó ??r? amúlétutù dáadáa tí fa ìb??síl?? àrùn Legionella pneumophila.
Àìsí ìmójútó tó péye fún àw?n irin??? ilé ìwòsàn ló máa ? fa àw?n àìsàn inú af??f?? tó j? m?? ilé-ìwòsàn
Ìdènà
Lára aw?n ??nà Láti dènà àìsàn inú af??f?? ni líl? àw?n ògùn-àj?sára àìsàn kan pàtó, wíw? ìbòjú àti yíyàgò fún ?nik??ni tí ó bá ti kó àrùn.[5] Níní àj??e p?? p??lú ènìyàn tàbí ?ranko tí ó bá láàrùn àìsàn inú af??f?? kò ní kí ènìyàn lárùn náà dandan, nítorí kíkó àrùn náà dá lórí bí àw?n èròjà ìlera ara ènìyàn bá ti lágbára tó àti bí mímí sínú àw?n ??rún afaìsan tí onít??ún mí sínú ?e p?? tó.
Nígbà mìíràn, a lè lo àw?n ògùn antibiotics láti wo àìsàn inú af??f?? bí i àrùn tó ? mú è?dò?fóró wú.[6]
??p??l?p?? àw?n oním?? ètò ìlera tí dábàá pé ìm??tótó àti Ìjìnnà-síra-?ni ( èyí tí a tún m?? sí Ìjìnnà-síra-?ni láwùj?) j?? ??nà pàtàkì láti dènà ?e àdínkù rírànkál?? àìsàn inú af??f??. [7].[8] Kò ?eé ?e kí ènìyàn ?e àdínkù ìjàmbá àti kó àìsàn inú af??f??, ?ùgb??n ènìyàn lè dènà kíkó àrùn. Láti ?e àdínkù kíkó àrùn:
Jìnnà sí àw?n àw?n tí w??n tí kó àrùn.
W? ìbòjú ni gbogbo ìgbà tí ó bá f?? l? sí àwùj? àw?n ènìyàn púp??.
Bo ?nu r?? nígbà tí ó bá ? wúk?? tàbí sín.
Máa f? ?w?? r? dáadáa, ó kéré jù fún ì???jú- àáyá ogún lóòrèkóòrè.
Y?ra fún fífi ?w?? pa ojú ara r? tàbí tí àw?n mìíràn láìf?w??. | Airborne diseases can be spread via respiratory droplets expelled from the mouth and nose. An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens that can be transmitted through the air. Such diseases include many of considerable importance both in human and veterinary medicine . The relevant pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, raising of dust, spraying of liquids, toilet flushing or any activities which generates aerosol particles or droplets. Human airborne diseases do not include conditions caused by air pollution such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gasses and any airborne particles, though their study and prevention may help inform the science of airborne disease transmission. [ citation needed ] Contents [ hide ] 1 Overview 2 Causes 3 Transmission 4 Prevention 5 See also 6 References Overview [ edit ] Airborne diseases include any that are caused via transmission through the air. Many airborne diseases are of great medical importance. The pathogens transmitted may be any kind of microbe, and they may be spread in aerosols, dust or liquids. The aerosols might be generated from sources of infection such as the bodily secretions of an infected animal or person, or biological wastes such as accumulate in lofts, caves, garbage and the like. Such infected aerosols may stay suspended in air currents long enough to travel for considerable distances, though the rate of infection decreases sharply with the distance between the source and the organism infected. Airborne pathogens or allergens often cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses and the lungs. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory air way due to these airborne agents. Air pollution plays a significant role in airborne diseases which is linked to asthma . Pollutants are said to influence lung function by increasing air way inflammation. Many common infections can spread by airborne transmission at least in some cases, including: Anthrax (inhalational), Chickenpox , Influenza , Measles , Smallpox , Cryptococcosis , and Tuberculosis . Airborne diseases can also affect non-humans. For example, Newcastle disease is an avian disease that affects many types of domestic poultry worldwide which is transmitted via airborne contamination. Often, airborne pathogens or allergens cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses, and the upper airway lungs. Upper airway inflammation causes coughing congestion, and sore throat. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory air way due to these airborne agents. Causes [ edit ] An airborne disease can be caused by exposure to a source: an infected patient or animal, by being transferred from the infected person or animal’s mouth, nose, cut, or needle puncture. People receive the disease through a portal of entry: mouth, nose, cut, or needle puncture. Transmission [ edit ] Airborne transmission of disease depends on several physical variables endemic to the infectious particle. Environmental factors influence the efficacy of airborne disease transmission; the most evident environmental conditions are temperature and relative humidity. The sum of all the factors that influence temperature and humidity, either meteorological (outdoor) or human (indoor), as well as other circumstances influencing the spread of the droplets containing the infectious particles, as winds, or human behavior, sum up the factors influencing the transmission of airborne diseases. Climate and living area. Rainfall (number of rainy days being more important than total precipitation ), mean of sunshine daily hours, latitude, altitude are characteristic agents to take in account when assessing the possibility of spread of any airborne infection. Furthermore, some infrequent or exceptional extreme events also influence the dissemination of airborne diseases, as tropical storms, hurricanes, typhoons, or monsoons. Climate conditions determine temperature, winds and relative humidity in any territory, either all year around or at isolated moments (days or weeks). Those are the main factors affecting the spread, duration and infectiousness of droplets containing infectious particles. For instance, influenza virus, is spread easily in northern countries (north hemisphere), because of climate conditions which favour the infectiousness of the virus but on the other hand, in those countries, lots of bacterial infections cannot spread outdoor most of the year, keeping in a latent stage. UV is harmful to both viruses and bacteria. UV incidence can determine the survival of the infectious particles, so that in those territories with a higher average of sunshine daily hours, and closer to the equator, some particles lose their infectious ability. Infectious particles show and increased survival in the presence of UV light at higher relative humidity levels. It is thought to be due to the protective effect of larger particle sizes, as evaporation would be less at these higher RH levels, showing a protective effect of a thicker water coat. After isolated events, as tropical storms, has been determined that firstly the quantity of fungal spores is decreased, but a few days later, an exponentially increased number of spores is found, compared to normal conditions. Socioeconomics and living conditions. They have a minor role in airborne diseases transmission, but they also have to be taken in consideration. Dwelling is an important aspect. In cities the spread of diseases is faster than in rural areas and outskirts. Normally, cities enclose quarters of buildings, in which the transmission of the viral and bacterial diseases among the neighborhoods is uncomplicated. However, suburban areas are generally more favourable for higher airborne fungal spores Nearness to large sources of water as rivers and lakes can be a cause of some outbreaks of airborne diseases, after changes in local watershed. Poor sewage systems are usually found in poor countries, especially in the rural areas, and can determine the proliferation of infectious bacteria, that once infecting animal or humans can be transmitted throughout the air. Working conditions, can also settle infectious airborne diseases. At indoor environments, temperature and relative humidity are mainly affected by HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning). Inadequate ventilation is implicated in the airborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Poor maintenance or defects on those systems can foster the conditions for airborne infections. For instance, a poor maintenance of air conditioning systems, can lead to an outbreak of Legionella (mainly Legionella pneumophila), that will spread among the population of the building (workers), before the finding of the focal point. In hospitals, isolation of patients sick of infectious diseases has to be added as a factor, which is noticeable in poor regions, where lack of resources facilitates the spread of infectious diseases. [ citation needed ] Prevention [ edit ] Some ways to prevent airborne diseases include washing hands , using appropriate hand disinfection, getting regular immunizations against diseases believed to be locally present, wearing a respirator and limiting time spent in the presence of any patient likely to be a source of infection. Exposure to a patient or animal with an airborne disease does not guarantee receiving the disease. Because of the changes in host immunity and how much the host was exposed to the particles in the air makes a difference to how the disease affects the body. Antibiotics are not prescribed for patients to control viral infections. They may however be prescribed to a flu patient for instance, to control or prevent bacterial secondary infections . They also may be used in dealing with air-borne bacterial primary infections, such as pneumonic plague . Additionally the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has told consumers about vaccination and following careful hygiene and sanitation protocols for airborne disease prevention. Consumers also have access to preventive measures like UV Air purification devices that FDA and EPA-certified laboratory test data has verified as effective in inactivating a broad array of airborne infectious diseases. Many public health specialists recommend social distancing to reduce the transmission of airborne infections. See also [ edit ] Vector (epidemiology) Waterborne diseases Zoonosis References [ edit ] |
-8,185,709,606,011,548,000 | train | when was the federal capital moved from lagos to abuja | Abuja (/ əˈbuːdʒə /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country 's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja 's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State. | ['mons pubis'] | ìgbà wo ni wọ́n gbé olú ìlú ìjọba àpapọ̀ láti ìlú èkó lọ sí abuja | No | ['Àbújá dí olú-ìlú orílè-ede Nàìjíríà ní osù kéjìlá, odún 1991, àkọsílẹ̀ ètò ikaniyan ti ọdún 2006 sọ wípé Àbújá ní olùgbé 776,298'] | ['Àbújá dí olú-ìlú orílè-ede Nàìjíríà ní osù kéjìlá, odún 1991'] | ['P1'] | 1 | 0 | Àbújá jẹ́ olú-Ìlú fún orílé-èdè Nàìjíríà . Ìlú yí ni ó jẹ́ àrin-gbùngbùn fún orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà , tí ilé ìjọba àpapọ̀ sì fìdí kalẹ̀ sí ní abẹ́ Aso Rock , Àpáta Agbára ni Àbújá . . Àbújá dí olú-ìlú orílè-ede Nàìjíríà ní osù kéjìlá, odún 1991, àkọsílẹ̀ ètò ikaniyan ti ọdún 2006 sọ wípé Àbújá ní olùgbé 776,298 Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] | Abuja ( / ə ˈ b uː dʒ ə / ) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock , a 400-metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion . The Presidential Complex , National Assembly , Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock , a 792-metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State . At the 2006 census, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria . According to the United Nations , Abuja grew by 139.7% between 2000 and 2010, making it the fastest growing city in the world. As of 2015 [update] , the city is still experiencing an annual growth of at least 35%, still retaining its position as the fastest-growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest-growing in the world. Abuja has witnessed a huge influx of people into the city; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite towns, such as Karu Urban Area , Suleja , Gwagwalada, Lugbe, Kuje and smaller settlements towards which the planned city is sprawling. The unofficial metropolitan area of Abuja has a population of well over three million, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Nigeria, surpassed only by Lagos , Kano and Ibadan . As at 2016, the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at 6 million persons, placing it behind only Lagos, as the most populous metro area. Major religious sites include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre . The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport . Abuja is known for being one of the few purpose-built capital cities in Africa, as well as being one of the wealthiest. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Districts 2.1 Central Business District 2.2 Garki District 2.3 Wuse District 2.4 Maitama District 2.5 Asokoro District 2.6 Gwarinpa District 2.7 Durumi District 3 Climate 3.1 Vegetation 4 Skyline and landmarks 5 Universities in Abuja 6 International Schools in Abuja 7 Transportation 7.1 Airport 7.2 Rail 8 Parks and open areas 8.1 Bush Bars 9 Postal system 10 Twin towns – sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History [ edit ] Nigeria's National Assembly in Abuja "Abuja" was in the earlier 20th century the name of the nearby town now called Suleja . The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi (Gwari) as the major language, Bassa, Gwandara, Gade, Ganagana, Koro etc. In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria , plans had been devised since Nigeria's independence to have its capital in a place deemed neutral to all major ethnic parties, and also in close proximity to all the regions of Nigeria. The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity. Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos ' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid. As Lagos was already undergoing rapid economic development, the Nigerian regime felt the need to expand the economy towards the inner part of the country, and hence decided to move its capital to Abuja. The logic used was similar to the way Brazil planned its capital, Brasília . Construction broke ground and was dedicated in the late 1970s but, due to economic and political instability, the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s. The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was developed by International Planning Associates (IPA), a consortium of three American firms: Planning Research Corporation; Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd ; and Archisystems, a division of the Hughes Organization. The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in its current form. More detailed design of the central areas of the capital, particularly its monumental core, was accomplished by Kenzo Tange , a renowned Japanese architect, with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company. Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja, and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos , the commercial capital of Nigeria. Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the regional headquarters of OPEC . Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20% to 30% per year. Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits. Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003. The FCT's ministers have been as follows: Mobolaji Ajose-Adeogun 1976–1979 John Jatau Kadiya, 1979–1982 Iro Abubakar Dan Musa, 1982–1983 Haliru Dantoro, 1983–1984 Mamman Jiya Vatsa , 1984–December 1985 Hamza Abdullahi , 1986–1989 Gado Nasko , 1989–1993 Jeremiah Timbut Useni , 1993–1998 Mamman Kontagora , 1998–1999 Ibrahim Bunu, 1999–2001 Mohammed Abba Gana , 2001–2003 Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai , 2003–May 2007 Aliyu Modibo , 2007–2008 Adamu Aliero , 2008–2010 Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed , 2010–2015 Mohammed Bello, 2015–Present Districts [ edit ] The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts known as cadastral zones. Central Cadastral Zone A00 Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01 Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02 Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03 Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04 Maitama District Cadastral Zone A05 & A06 Wuse II Districts (Cadastral Zone A07 & Cadastral Zone A08) Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09 There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2. Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00 Gudu Cadastral Zone B01 Durumi Cadastral Zone B02 Wuye Cadastral Zone B03 Jabi Cadastral Zone B04 Utako Cadastral Zone B05 Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06 Jahi Cadastral Zone B08 Kado Cadastral Zone B09 Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10 Kaura Cadastral Zone B11 Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12 Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13 Dutse Cadastral Zone B14 Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19 There are eleven districts in Phase 3. Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00 Karmo Cadastral Zone C01 Gwarinpa Cadastral Zone C02 Dape Cadastral Zone C04 Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 Nbora Cadastral Zone C06 Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07 Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08 Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09 Wumba Cadastral Zone C10 Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 There are five suburban districts: Nyanya , Karu , Gwagwalada , Kubwa , and Jukwoyi . Along the Airport Road are clusters of satellite settlements , namely Lugbe , Chika , Kuchigworo and Pyakassa . Other satellite settlements are Idu (the main industrial zone ), Mpape , Karimu , Gwagwa , Dei-Dei (housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market). Central Business District [ edit ] National Christian Centre Abuja's Central District , also called Central Area, spans from the foot of Aso Rock , across the Three Arms Zone, to the southern base of the inner ring road. It is like the city's spinal cord, dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse, and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro. While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors, the Central District is the city's principal Business Zone, where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices. An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone , so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive, legislative and judicial arms of the federal government. A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way, Aso Hill, the Abuja Plant Nursery, Eagle Square (which has important historic significance, as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on 29 May 1999) and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier across the road facing it. The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue. A well-known government office is the Ministry of Defense, colloquially nicknamed "Ship House". Garki District [ edit ] The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city, having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east. The district is subdivided into units called "Areas". Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of "Area" to refer to parts of Garki. These are designated as Areas 1 to 11. Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2. Visitors may find this system confusing. Garki is presently the principal business district of Abuja. Numerous buildings of interest are in this area. Some of them include the General Post Office, Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way, Nicon Luxury Hotel (formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian), Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings (Area 1). A new five-star hotel, Hawthorn Suites Abuja, is in Garki. Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes, although a zoological garden as well as Garki Shopping Centre are in Area 2. Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7. The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces – Army, Airforce and Navy – are all in the Garki District. The tallest building in this district is the Radio House, which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and Voice of Nigeria (VON). The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) stations and corporate headquarters are in Garki. The Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki. The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja is in Area 10. Other places of note include the Arts and Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force headquarters in Area 10. The Abuja Municipal Area Council, which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10. The new United States Embassy is in the Garki District. Wuse District [ edit ] Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city, with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south. The District is numbered Zones 1–8. The Wuse Market is Abuja's principal market (Zone 5). The second most important post office in the city is here. This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers (Zone 4), Ibro International hotel, the Foreign Affairs Ministry Headquarters (Zone 3) and Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters, Federal Civil Service Commission (Zone 3), Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration (NAFDAC) (Zone 7), Wuse General Hospital, and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation. Just as Garki District has Garki II, Wuse has Wuse II. This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2. Maitama District [ edit ] Millennium Park in Maitama District Maitama District is to the north of the city, with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively. This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business, and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive. Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel , Nigerian Communications Commission Headquarters (NCC), National Universities Commission (NUC), Soil Conservation Complex, and Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way, in Maitama. Also, the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama. Maitama District is home to many of the European and Asian embassies. Asokoro District [ edit ] Asokoro District , the doyen of the districts, houses all of the state's lodges/guest houses. The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest. Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District. It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers; in addition, the Presidential Palace (commonly referred to as the Aso Rock) is in Asokoro District. By virtue of this fact, Asokoro is the most secure area of the city. Gwarinpa District [ edit ] Gwarinpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council. It is a 20-kilometre (12 mi) drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria, the Gwarinpa Housing Estate. The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa. It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals . The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarinpa. Durumi District [ edit ] Durumi District is located southwest of Abuja and is bordered by Garki Districts I and II to the northeast. Its borders are the Oladipo Dia Road to the southwest, the Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way to the northeast, and Ahmadu Bello Way to the southeast. The American International School of Abuja is located in the Durumi District. Climate [ edit ] Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ). The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually. This includes a warm, humid rainy season and a blistering dry season . In between the two, there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind, with the main feature of dust haze and dryness. The rainy season begins from April and ends in October, when daytime temperatures reach 28 °C (82.4 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F) and nighttime lows hover around 22 °C (71.6 °F) to 23 °C (73.4 °F). In the dry season, daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 °C (53.6 °F). Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 °C (86.0 °F). The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory. Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year. [ hide ] Climate data for Abuja Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 34.7 (94.5) 36.8 (98.2) 36.9 (98.4) 35.6 (96.1) 32.7 (90.9) 30.6 (87.1) 29.1 (84.4) 28.9 (84) 30.0 (86) 32.0 (89.6) 34.4 (93.9) 34.6 (94.3) 33.03 (91.45) Average low °C (°F) 20.4 (68.7) 25.5 (77.9) 24.3 (75.7) 24.7 (76.5) 19.5 (67.1) 18.3 (64.9) 21.9 (71.4) 17.7 (63.9) 17.5 (63.5) 21.4 (70.5) 15.7 (60.3) 15.5 (59.9) 20.2 (68.36) Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.7 (0.067) 5.4 (0.213) 11.3 (0.445) 62.8 (2.472) 134.1 (5.28) 164.2 (6.465) 217.5 (8.563) 262.7 (10.343) 253.4 (9.976) 103.2 (4.063) 3.7 (0.146) 1.2 (0.047) 1,221.2 (48.08) Average rainy days 0.1 0.2 1.3 4.2 9.4 12.3 14.0 16.2 15.9 8.0 0.3 0.1 82 Source: World Meteorological Organization. Vegetation [ edit ] The FCT falls within the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region. Patches of rain forest , however, occur in the Gwagwa plains, especially in the rugged terrain to the south southeastern parts of the territory, where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found. These areas of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria. Skyline and landmarks [ edit ] Spectators at a football match held in the Abuja National Stadium The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings. Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear. Most of the buildings are modern, reflecting that it is a new city. Plans were made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is partly completed. This structure looms 170 metres (560 ft) above the city. The tower is part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre, a 120,000 m 2 (1,300,000 sq ft) structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria. The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti . Landmarks include the Millennium Tower , the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters, the Nigerian Presidential Complex , the Ship House, the National Stadium , National Mosque , the National Church , Aso Rock and Zuma Rock . Abuja City Gate Zuma rock Abuja National Mosque Universities in Abuja [ edit ] African Institute of Science and Technology Baze University Nigerian Turkish Nile University University of Abuja Veritas University National Open University of Nigeria Nile University International Schools in Abuja [ edit ] Whiteplains British School , Jabi American International School of Abuja Nigerian-Turkish School Transportation [ edit ] Airport [ edit ] Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region. It was named after Nigeria's first president, Nnamdi Azikiwe . The airport has international and domestic terminals. Rail [ edit ] Abuja is on the route of the planned Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway , which has been completed between Abuja and Kaduna . Trains for Kaduna depart from the Idu Railway Station in Abuja. There is a motor park at the train station for passengers traveling to the city centre. A light rail system is now under construction, including a station at Idu . Parks and open areas [ edit ] Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park . Millennium Park was designed by world-renowned architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom 's Elizabeth II in December 2003. Another open area park is located in Lifecamp Gwarimpa; near the residence of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory. The park is located on a slightly raised hilltop which contains sport facilities like Basketball and Badminton courts another park is the city park, it is located in wuse 2 and is home to numerous outdoor and indoor attractions such as a 4D cinema, astro-turf, lawn tennis court, paintball arena and a variety of restaurants. Bush Bars [ edit ] Abuja has a variety of informal spaces known as "Bush Bars" that usually, though not always, include a covered area with tables and chairs where people can sit and have drinks (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and sometimes there are snacks such as suya, grilled catfish, pounded yam, egusi soup and other small items available for purchase and they are located all over Abuja. Postal system [ edit ] Abuja is served by the Nigerian Postal Service which maintains postal codes, street names and zones. Postal codes and district names can also be found on geocodes.com. Twin towns – sister cities [ edit ] Toronto , Canada Buffalo , United States See also [ edit ] Nigeria portal References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Media related to Abuja at Wikimedia Commons Abuja official website Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abuja . |
1,620,618,127,426,558,700 | train | what do the numbers in my ip address mean | An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of addressing that host. Its role has been characterized as follows : `` A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there. '' | [] | kí ni àwọn nọ́ńbà tó wà nínú adirẹsi ip mi túmọ̀ sí | Yes | ['Àwọn àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP ún jẹ́ kíkọ àti híhàn ní ọ̀nà tó ṣe é rí kà fún ọmọ ènìyàn, fún àpẹrẹ, gẹ́gẹ́ bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6.', 'Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.'] | ['Àwọn àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP ún jẹ́ kíkọ àti híhàn ní ọ̀nà tó ṣe é rí kà fún ọmọ ènìyàn, fún àpẹrẹ, gẹ́gẹ́ bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6.', 'Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.'] | ['P1', 'P3'] | 1 | 1 | Àdír????sì IP
Àdír????sì Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì (Àdír????sì IP) ni àl??m?? ìtò-n??mbà tí ó j?? yíyànsíl?? fún ??r? k????kan tó sop?? m?? ??r?-àsop?? k??mpútà kan tó únlo Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì fún ìbánis??r??.[1][2] Àdír????sì IP kan ún?e ì??? m??jì pàtàkì: ì?e ìdám?? ??r?-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ??r?-àsop?? àti ì?e àdír????sì ibùdó.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) ?e ìtum?? àdír????sì IP kan g??g?? bí n??mbà oní 32-bit.[2] Sùgb??n, nítorí bí Íntán????tì ?e ti tóbi tó àti ìdínkù àw?n àdír????sì IPv4 tó wà, ??nà tuntun mìíràn fún IP (IPv6), tó ún lo 128 bits fún àdír????sì IP, j?? ?í?e àj?hùnsí ní ?dún 1998.[3][4][5] Ìlò IPv6 ti b??r?? láti àrin ìgbà ?dún 2000.
Àw?n àdír????sì IP ún j?? kík? àti híhàn ní ??nà tó ?e é rí kà fún ?m? ènìyàn, fún àp?r?, g??g?? bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6. Ìtóbi ì???nà ìfikúnwájú fún àdír????sì j?? yíyànsíl?? nínú Àk?lé CIDR nípa sí?e ìfikúnl??yìn àdír????sì p??lú n??mbà àw?n bit pàtàkì, f.a., 192.168.1.15/24, tó j?? ìkannáà m?? subnet mask 255.255.255.0 tí w??n únlò látì ìb??r??.
Ày?kà yìí tàbí apá r?? únf?? àtún?e sí.
? le f?? jù báyìí l? tàbí kí ? ?àtún?e r?? l??nà tí yíò mu kúnr??r??. ? ran Wikipedia l??w?? láti f???? jù báyìí l?. | For the Wikipedia user access level, see Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered users IP address configuration dialog in Microsoft Windows An Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing . Version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses , a new version of IP ( IPv6 ), using 128 bits for the IP address, was developed in 1995, and standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6. The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users and local Internet registries , such as Internet service providers . IPv4 addresses have been distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each. Each ISP or private network administrator assigns an IP address to each device connected to its network. Such assignments may be on a static (fixed or permanent) or dynamic basis, depending on its software and practices. Contents [ hide ] 1 Function 2 IP versions 3 IPv4 addresses 3.1 Subnetting 3.2 Private addresses 4 IPv6 addresses 4.1 Private addresses 5 IP subnetworks 6 IP address assignment 6.1 Sticky dynamic IP address 6.2 Address autoconfiguration 6.3 Addressing conflicts 7 Routing 7.1 Unicast addressing 7.2 Broadcast addressing 7.3 Multicast addressing 7.4 Anycast addressing 8 Public address 9 Firewalling 10 Address translation 11 Diagnostic tools 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Function An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of addressing that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there." The header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host, and that of the destination host. A host may use geolocation software to deduce the geolocation of its communicating peer. IP versions Two versions of the Internet Protocol are in common use in the Internet today. The original version of the Internet Protocol for use in the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), first installed in 1983. The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space available for assignment to Internet service providers and end user organizations by the early 1990s, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the addressing capability in the Internet. The result was a redesign of the Internet Protocol which became eventually known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) in 1995. IPv6 technology was in various testing stages until the mid-2000s, when commercial production deployment commenced. IANA's primary IPv4 address pool was exhausted on 3 February 2011, when the last five blocks were allocated to the five RIRs . APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, intended to be allocated in a restricted process. Individual ISPs still had unassigned pools of IP addresses, and could recycle addresses no longer needed by their subscribers. Today, these two versions of the Internet Protocol are in simultaneous use. Among other technical changes, each version defines the format of addresses differently. Because of the historical prevalence of IPv4, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of version 5 to the experimental Internet Stream Protocol in 1979, which however was never referred to as IPv5. IPv4 addresses Main article: IPv4 § Addressing Decomposition of an IPv4 address from dot-decimal notation to its binary value. An IP address in IPv4 is 32-bits in size, which limits the address space to 4 294 967 296 (2 32 ) IP addresses. Of this number, IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation , consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits ( octet ) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal , octal , or binary representations. Subnetting In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, network administrators interpreted an IP address in two parts: network number portion and host number portion. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) in an address was designated as the network number and the remaining bits were called the rest field or host identifier and were used for host numbering within a network. This early method soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the existing networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the Internet addressing specification was revised with the introduction of classful network architecture. Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the class of the address. Three classes ( A , B , and C ) were defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes ( B and C ). The following table gives an overview of this now obsolete system. Historical classful network architecture Class Leading bits Size of network number bit field Size of rest bit field Number of networks Addresses per network Start address End address A 0 8 24 128 (2 7 ) 16,777,216 (2 24 ) 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 B 10 16 16 16,384 (2 14 ) 65,536 (2 16 ) 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 C 110 24 8 2,097,152 (2 21 ) 256 (2 8 ) 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but it lacked scalability in the face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions. Private addresses Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space needed to be conserved. Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via TCP/IP, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks were reserved in RFC 1918 . These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry. Today, when needed, such private networks typically connect to the Internet through network address translation (NAT). IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges Start End No. of addresses 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A) 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 16 777 216 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1 048 576 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65 536 Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into subnets ; for example, many home routers automatically use a default address range of 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24). IPv6 addresses Main article: IPv6 address Decomposition of an IPv6 address from hexadecimal representation to its binary value. In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4 to 128 bits or 16 octets , thus providing up to 2 128 (approximately 7038340299999999999♠ 3.403 × 10 38 ) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. The intent of the new design was not to provide just a sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the Internet by more efficient aggregation of subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of routing tables in routers. The smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet for 2 64 hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization ratios will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.e. the local administration of the segment's available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the routing policy change, without requiring internal redesign or manual renumbering. The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where appropriate, to be aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, there is no need to have complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR. All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native support for the IPv6 protocol, but it is not yet widely deployed in other devices, such as residential networking routers, voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and network peripherals. Private addresses Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are referred to as unique local addresses (ULA). RFC 4193 reserves the routing prefix fc00::/7 for this block which is divided into two /8 blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit pseudorandom number that minimizes the risk of address collisions if sites merge or packets are misrouted. Early practices used a different block for this purpose (fec0::), dubbed site-local addresses. However, the definition of what constituted sites remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must not be used in new systems. Addresses starting with fe80:, called link-local addresses, are assigned to interfaces for communication on the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network interface. This provides instant and automatic communication between all IPv6 host on a link. This feature is required in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the Neighbor Discovery Protocol . Private address prefixes may not be routed on the public Internet. IP subnetworks IP networks may be divided into subnetworks in both IPv4 and IPv6 . For this purpose, an IP address is logically recognized as consisting of two parts: the network prefix and the host identifier , or interface identifier (IPv6). The subnet mask or the CIDR prefix determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts. The term subnet mask is only used within IPv4. Both IP versions however use the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, also called the routing prefix . For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be 192.0.2.1 and 255.255.255.0, respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is 192.0.2.1/24, because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet. IP address assignment IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically at the time of booting, or permanently by fixed configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address . In contrast, when a computer's IP address is assigned newly each time it restarts, this is known as using a dynamic IP address . The configuration of a static IP address depends in detail on the software or hardware installed in the computer. Computers used for the network infrastructure, such as routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing, Static addresses are also sometimes convenient for locating servers inside an enterprise. [ citation needed ] Dynamic IP addresses are assigned using methods such as Zeroconf for self-configuration, or by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) from a network server. The address assigned with DHCP usually has an expiration period, after which the address may be assigned to another device, or to the originally associated host if it is still powered up. A network administrator may implement a DHCP method so that the same host always receives a specific address. DHCP is the most frequently used technology for assigning addresses. It avoids the administrative burden of assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It also allows devices to share the limited address space on a network if only some of them are online at a particular time. Typically, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default in modern desk top operating systems. DHCP is not the only technology used to assign IP addresses dynamically. Dialup and some broadband networks use dynamic address features of the Point-to-Point Protocol . In the absence or failure of static or stateful (DHCP) address configurations, an operating system may assign an IP address to a network interface using state-less auto-configuration methods, such as Zeroconf. Sticky dynamic IP address A sticky dynamic IP address is an informal term used by cable and DSL Internet access subscribers to describe a dynamically assigned IP address which seldom changes. The addresses are usually assigned with DHCP. Since the modems are usually powered on for extended periods of time, the address leases are usually set to long periods and simply renewed. If a modem is turned off and powered up again before the next expiration of the address lease, it often receives the same IP address. Address autoconfiguration RFC 3330 defines an address block 169.254.0.0/16 for the special use in link-local addressing for IPv4 networks. In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic address assignments, also receives a local-link address automatically in the block fe80::/10. These addresses are only valid on the link, such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection, that a host is connected to. These addresses are not routable and like private addresses cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the Internet. When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of address autoconfiguration. Filling the void, Microsoft created an implementation that is called Automatic Private IP Addressing ( APIPA ). APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and has, thus, become a de facto standard in the industry. In RFC 3927 , the IETF defined a formal standard for this functionality, entitled Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses . Addressing conflicts An IP address conflict occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to have the same IP address. A second assignment of an address generally stops the IP functionality of one or both of the devices. Many modern operating systems notify the administrator of IP address conflicts. If one of the devices is the gateway, the network will be crippled. When IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and systems with differing methods, any of them may be at fault. Routing IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and broadcast addressing. Unicast addressing The most common concept of an IP address is in unicast addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but a device or host may have more than one unicast address. Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses, each for its own distinct purpose. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient. Broadcast addressing Main article: Broadcasting (computing) In IPv4 it is possible to send data to all possible destinations ("all-hosts broadcast"), which permits the sender to send the data only once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. In the IPv4 protocol, the address 255.255.255.255 is used for local broadcast. In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be made by combining the network prefix with a host suffix composed entirely of binary 1s. For example, the destination address used for a directed broadcast to devices on the 192.0.2.0/24 network is 192.0.2.255. IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially-defined all-nodes multicast address. Multicast addressing A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (the former Class D addresses) are designated as multicast addresses. IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix ff00::/8 for multicast applications. In either case, the sender sends a single datagram from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all receivers that have joined the corresponding multicast group. Anycast addressing Like broadcast and multicast, anycast is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is logically closest in the network. Anycast address is an inherent feature of only IPv6. In IPv4, anycast addressing implementations typically operate using the shortest-path metric of BGP routing and do not take into account congestion or other attributes of the path. Anycast methods are useful for global load balancing and are commonly used in distributed DNS systems. Public address A public IP address, in common parlance, is a globally routable unicast IP address, meaning that the address is not an address reserved for use in private networks , such as those reserved by RFC 1918 , or the various IPv6 address formats of local scope or site-local scope, for example for link-local addressing . Public IP addresses may be used for communication between hosts on the global Internet. Firewalling For security and privacy considerations, network administrators often desire to restrict public Internet traffic within their private networks. The source and destination IP addresses contained in the headers of each IP packet are a convenient means to discriminate traffic by IP address blocking or by selectively tailoring responses to external requests to internal servers. This is achieved with firewall software running on the networks gateway router. A database of IP addresses of permissible traffic may be maintained in blacklists or whitelists . Address translation Multiple client devices can appear to share an IP address, either because they are part of a shared hosting web server environment or because an IPv4 network address translator (NAT) or proxy server acts as an intermediary agent on behalf of the client, in which case the real originating IP address might be masked from the server receiving a request. A common practice is to have a NAT mask a large number of devices in a private network . Only the "outside" interface(s) of the NAT needs to have an Internet-routable address. Commonly, the NAT device maps TCP or UDP port numbers on the side of the larger, public network to individual private addresses on the masqueraded network. In residential networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a residential gateway . In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have private IP addresses and the router has a public address on its external interface to communicate on the Internet. The internal computers appear to share one public IP address. Diagnostic tools Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine their network interface and address configuration. Windows provides the command-line interface tools ipconfig and netsh and users of Unix-like systems can use ifconfig , netstat , route , lanstat , fstat , or iproute2 utilities to accomplish the task. See also Hostname IP address spoofing IP aliasing IP multicast IPv4 subnetting reference IPv6 subnetting reference List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks MAC address Ping (networking utility) Regional Internet Registry Subnet address Virtual IP address WHOIS References External links IP at DMOZ |
7,782,023,791,192,052,000 | train | what is the purpose of the ip address | An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions : host or network interface identification and location addressing. | ['flag of japan'] | kí ni ète adirẹsi ip | Yes | ['Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.'] | ['Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP kan únṣe ìṣẹ́ mẹ́jì pàtàkì: ìṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹ̀rọ-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ẹ̀rọ-àsopọ̀ àti ìṣe àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì ibùdó.'] | ['P1'] | 1 | 0 | Àdír????sì IP
Àdír????sì Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì (Àdír????sì IP) ni àl??m?? ìtò-n??mbà tí ó j?? yíyànsíl?? fún ??r? k????kan tó sop?? m?? ??r?-àsop?? k??mpútà kan tó únlo Prótókóòlù Íntán????tì fún ìbánis??r??.[1][2] Àdír????sì IP kan ún?e ì??? m??jì pàtàkì: ì?e ìdám?? ??r?-agbàlejò tàbí ìfojúkojú ??r?-àsop?? àti ì?e àdír????sì ibùdó.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) ?e ìtum?? àdír????sì IP kan g??g?? bí n??mbà oní 32-bit.[2] Sùgb??n, nítorí bí Íntán????tì ?e ti tóbi tó àti ìdínkù àw?n àdír????sì IPv4 tó wà, ??nà tuntun mìíràn fún IP (IPv6), tó ún lo 128 bits fún àdír????sì IP, j?? ?í?e àj?hùnsí ní ?dún 1998.[3][4][5] Ìlò IPv6 ti b??r?? láti àrin ìgbà ?dún 2000.
Àw?n àdír????sì IP ún j?? kík? àti híhàn ní ??nà tó ?e é rí kà fún ?m? ènìyàn, fún àp?r?, g??g?? bí 172.16.254.1 nínú IPv4, àti 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 nínú IPv6. Ìtóbi ì???nà ìfikúnwájú fún àdír????sì j?? yíyànsíl?? nínú Àk?lé CIDR nípa sí?e ìfikúnl??yìn àdír????sì p??lú n??mbà àw?n bit pàtàkì, f.a., 192.168.1.15/24, tó j?? ìkannáà m?? subnet mask 255.255.255.0 tí w??n únlò látì ìb??r??.
Ày?kà yìí tàbí apá r?? únf?? àtún?e sí.
? le f?? jù báyìí l? tàbí kí ? ?àtún?e r?? l??nà tí yíò mu kúnr??r??. ? ran Wikipedia l??w?? láti f???? jù báyìí l?. | For the Wikipedia user access level, see Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered users IP address configuration dialog in Microsoft Windows An Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing . Version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses , a new version of IP ( IPv6 ), using 128 bits for the IP address, was developed in 1995, and standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6. The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users and local Internet registries , such as Internet service providers . IPv4 addresses have been distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each. Each ISP or private network administrator assigns an IP address to each device connected to its network. Such assignments may be on a static (fixed or permanent) or dynamic basis, depending on its software and practices. Contents [ hide ] 1 Function 2 IP versions 3 IPv4 addresses 3.1 Subnetting 3.2 Private addresses 4 IPv6 addresses 4.1 Private addresses 5 IP subnetworks 6 IP address assignment 6.1 Sticky dynamic IP address 6.2 Address autoconfiguration 6.3 Addressing conflicts 7 Routing 7.1 Unicast addressing 7.2 Broadcast addressing 7.3 Multicast addressing 7.4 Anycast addressing 8 Public address 9 Firewalling 10 Address translation 11 Diagnostic tools 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Function An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of addressing that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there." The header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host, and that of the destination host. A host may use geolocation software to deduce the geolocation of its communicating peer. IP versions Two versions of the Internet Protocol are in common use in the Internet today. The original version of the Internet Protocol for use in the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), first installed in 1983. The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space available for assignment to Internet service providers and end user organizations by the early 1990s, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the addressing capability in the Internet. The result was a redesign of the Internet Protocol which became eventually known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) in 1995. IPv6 technology was in various testing stages until the mid-2000s, when commercial production deployment commenced. IANA's primary IPv4 address pool was exhausted on 3 February 2011, when the last five blocks were allocated to the five RIRs . APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, intended to be allocated in a restricted process. Individual ISPs still had unassigned pools of IP addresses, and could recycle addresses no longer needed by their subscribers. Today, these two versions of the Internet Protocol are in simultaneous use. Among other technical changes, each version defines the format of addresses differently. Because of the historical prevalence of IPv4, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of version 5 to the experimental Internet Stream Protocol in 1979, which however was never referred to as IPv5. IPv4 addresses Main article: IPv4 § Addressing Decomposition of an IPv4 address from dot-decimal notation to its binary value. An IP address in IPv4 is 32-bits in size, which limits the address space to 4 294 967 296 (2 32 ) IP addresses. Of this number, IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation , consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits ( octet ) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal , octal , or binary representations. Subnetting In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, network administrators interpreted an IP address in two parts: network number portion and host number portion. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) in an address was designated as the network number and the remaining bits were called the rest field or host identifier and were used for host numbering within a network. This early method soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the existing networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the Internet addressing specification was revised with the introduction of classful network architecture. Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the class of the address. Three classes ( A , B , and C ) were defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes ( B and C ). The following table gives an overview of this now obsolete system. Historical classful network architecture Class Leading bits Size of network number bit field Size of rest bit field Number of networks Addresses per network Start address End address A 0 8 24 128 (2 7 ) 16,777,216 (2 24 ) 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 B 10 16 16 16,384 (2 14 ) 65,536 (2 16 ) 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 C 110 24 8 2,097,152 (2 21 ) 256 (2 8 ) 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but it lacked scalability in the face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions. Private addresses Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space needed to be conserved. Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via TCP/IP, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks were reserved in RFC 1918 . These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry. Today, when needed, such private networks typically connect to the Internet through network address translation (NAT). IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges Start End No. of addresses 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A) 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 16 777 216 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1 048 576 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65 536 Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into subnets ; for example, many home routers automatically use a default address range of 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24). IPv6 addresses Main article: IPv6 address Decomposition of an IPv6 address from hexadecimal representation to its binary value. In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4 to 128 bits or 16 octets , thus providing up to 2 128 (approximately 7038340299999999999♠ 3.403 × 10 38 ) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. The intent of the new design was not to provide just a sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the Internet by more efficient aggregation of subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of routing tables in routers. The smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet for 2 64 hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization ratios will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.e. the local administration of the segment's available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the routing policy change, without requiring internal redesign or manual renumbering. The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where appropriate, to be aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, there is no need to have complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR. All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native support for the IPv6 protocol, but it is not yet widely deployed in other devices, such as residential networking routers, voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and network peripherals. Private addresses Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are referred to as unique local addresses (ULA). RFC 4193 reserves the routing prefix fc00::/7 for this block which is divided into two /8 blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit pseudorandom number that minimizes the risk of address collisions if sites merge or packets are misrouted. Early practices used a different block for this purpose (fec0::), dubbed site-local addresses. However, the definition of what constituted sites remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must not be used in new systems. Addresses starting with fe80:, called link-local addresses, are assigned to interfaces for communication on the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network interface. This provides instant and automatic communication between all IPv6 host on a link. This feature is required in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the Neighbor Discovery Protocol . Private address prefixes may not be routed on the public Internet. IP subnetworks IP networks may be divided into subnetworks in both IPv4 and IPv6 . For this purpose, an IP address is logically recognized as consisting of two parts: the network prefix and the host identifier , or interface identifier (IPv6). The subnet mask or the CIDR prefix determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts. The term subnet mask is only used within IPv4. Both IP versions however use the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, also called the routing prefix . For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be 192.0.2.1 and 255.255.255.0, respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is 192.0.2.1/24, because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet. IP address assignment IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically at the time of booting, or permanently by fixed configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address . In contrast, when a computer's IP address is assigned newly each time it restarts, this is known as using a dynamic IP address . The configuration of a static IP address depends in detail on the software or hardware installed in the computer. Computers used for the network infrastructure, such as routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing, Static addresses are also sometimes convenient for locating servers inside an enterprise. [ citation needed ] Dynamic IP addresses are assigned using methods such as Zeroconf for self-configuration, or by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) from a network server. The address assigned with DHCP usually has an expiration period, after which the address may be assigned to another device, or to the originally associated host if it is still powered up. A network administrator may implement a DHCP method so that the same host always receives a specific address. DHCP is the most frequently used technology for assigning addresses. It avoids the administrative burden of assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It also allows devices to share the limited address space on a network if only some of them are online at a particular time. Typically, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default in modern desk top operating systems. DHCP is not the only technology used to assign IP addresses dynamically. Dialup and some broadband networks use dynamic address features of the Point-to-Point Protocol . In the absence or failure of static or stateful (DHCP) address configurations, an operating system may assign an IP address to a network interface using state-less auto-configuration methods, such as Zeroconf. Sticky dynamic IP address A sticky dynamic IP address is an informal term used by cable and DSL Internet access subscribers to describe a dynamically assigned IP address which seldom changes. The addresses are usually assigned with DHCP. Since the modems are usually powered on for extended periods of time, the address leases are usually set to long periods and simply renewed. If a modem is turned off and powered up again before the next expiration of the address lease, it often receives the same IP address. Address autoconfiguration RFC 3330 defines an address block 169.254.0.0/16 for the special use in link-local addressing for IPv4 networks. In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic address assignments, also receives a local-link address automatically in the block fe80::/10. These addresses are only valid on the link, such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection, that a host is connected to. These addresses are not routable and like private addresses cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the Internet. When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of address autoconfiguration. Filling the void, Microsoft created an implementation that is called Automatic Private IP Addressing ( APIPA ). APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and has, thus, become a de facto standard in the industry. In RFC 3927 , the IETF defined a formal standard for this functionality, entitled Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses . Addressing conflicts An IP address conflict occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to have the same IP address. A second assignment of an address generally stops the IP functionality of one or both of the devices. Many modern operating systems notify the administrator of IP address conflicts. If one of the devices is the gateway, the network will be crippled. When IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and systems with differing methods, any of them may be at fault. Routing IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and broadcast addressing. Unicast addressing The most common concept of an IP address is in unicast addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but a device or host may have more than one unicast address. Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses, each for its own distinct purpose. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient. Broadcast addressing Main article: Broadcasting (computing) In IPv4 it is possible to send data to all possible destinations ("all-hosts broadcast"), which permits the sender to send the data only once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. In the IPv4 protocol, the address 255.255.255.255 is used for local broadcast. In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be made by combining the network prefix with a host suffix composed entirely of binary 1s. For example, the destination address used for a directed broadcast to devices on the 192.0.2.0/24 network is 192.0.2.255. IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially-defined all-nodes multicast address. Multicast addressing A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (the former Class D addresses) are designated as multicast addresses. IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix ff00::/8 for multicast applications. In either case, the sender sends a single datagram from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all receivers that have joined the corresponding multicast group. Anycast addressing Like broadcast and multicast, anycast is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is logically closest in the network. Anycast address is an inherent feature of only IPv6. In IPv4, anycast addressing implementations typically operate using the shortest-path metric of BGP routing and do not take into account congestion or other attributes of the path. Anycast methods are useful for global load balancing and are commonly used in distributed DNS systems. Public address A public IP address, in common parlance, is a globally routable unicast IP address, meaning that the address is not an address reserved for use in private networks , such as those reserved by RFC 1918 , or the various IPv6 address formats of local scope or site-local scope, for example for link-local addressing . Public IP addresses may be used for communication between hosts on the global Internet. Firewalling For security and privacy considerations, network administrators often desire to restrict public Internet traffic within their private networks. The source and destination IP addresses contained in the headers of each IP packet are a convenient means to discriminate traffic by IP address blocking or by selectively tailoring responses to external requests to internal servers. This is achieved with firewall software running on the networks gateway router. A database of IP addresses of permissible traffic may be maintained in blacklists or whitelists . Address translation Multiple client devices can appear to share an IP address, either because they are part of a shared hosting web server environment or because an IPv4 network address translator (NAT) or proxy server acts as an intermediary agent on behalf of the client, in which case the real originating IP address might be masked from the server receiving a request. A common practice is to have a NAT mask a large number of devices in a private network . Only the "outside" interface(s) of the NAT needs to have an Internet-routable address. Commonly, the NAT device maps TCP or UDP port numbers on the side of the larger, public network to individual private addresses on the masqueraded network. In residential networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a residential gateway . In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have private IP addresses and the router has a public address on its external interface to communicate on the Internet. The internal computers appear to share one public IP address. Diagnostic tools Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine their network interface and address configuration. Windows provides the command-line interface tools ipconfig and netsh and users of Unix-like systems can use ifconfig , netstat , route , lanstat , fstat , or iproute2 utilities to accomplish the task. See also Hostname IP address spoofing IP aliasing IP multicast IPv4 subnetting reference IPv6 subnetting reference List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks MAC address Ping (networking utility) Regional Internet Registry Subnet address Virtual IP address WHOIS References External links IP at DMOZ |
3,728,275,359,875,430,400 | train | what is the purpose of a lesson plan | A lesson plan is a teacher 's detailed description of the course of instruction or `` learning trajectory '' for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students. There may be requirements mandated by the school system regarding the plan. A lesson plan is the teacher 's guide for running a particular lesson, and it includes the goal (what the students are supposed to learn), how the goal will be reached (the method, procedure) and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached (test, worksheet, homework etc.). | ['the sun'] | kí ni ète ètò ẹ̀kọ́ | Yes | ['Àgbékalẹ̀ Ẹ̀kọ́ ni ó dá lè ìfọ́sí wẹ́wẹ́ ìlapa èrò olùkọ tí ol ùkọ́ ti pèsè kalẹ̀ ní kíkùn lórí ìgbékalẹ̀ bí ẹ̀kọ́ yóò ṣe ye àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nínú iyàrá ìkẹ́kọ́.'] | ['Àgbékalẹ̀ Ẹ̀kọ́ ni ó dá lè ìfọ́sí wẹ́wẹ́ ìlapa èrò olùkọ tí ol ùkọ́ ti pèsè kalẹ̀ ní kíkùn lórí ìgbékalẹ̀ bí ẹ̀kọ́ yóò ṣe ye àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nínú iyàrá ìkẹ́kọ́.'] | ['P1'] | 1 | 0 | Àgbékal?? ??k??
Àgbékal?? ??k?? ni ó dá lè ìf??sí w??w?? ìlapa èrò olùk? tí ol ùk?? ti pèsè kal?? ní kíkùn lórí ìgbékal?? bí ??k?? yóò ?e ye àw?n ak??k???? nínú iyàrá ìk??k??. ??w??, ojojúm?? ni olùk??? gb?d?? ma k? ìlapa èrò ??k?? fún àsìkò ìk??k?? k????kan ?áájú kí ó tó w? iyàrá ìk??k????. Èyí yóò mú kí ??k?? ó ye àw?n ak??k???? lásìkò ìdánil??k???? w?n.[1] Àgbékal?? ??k?? ma ? dá lè orí nkan m??ta.
Àk??k?? ni: Kí ni àw?n ak??k???? ní láti m???
Èkejì: ??nà wo ni ??k?? yòó gbà yé àw?n ak??k???? tàbí m? ??k?? náà?
?k?ta ni: Báwo ni olùk?? yóò ?e ?e ìgbéléw??n àgb??yé àw?n ak??k?????
Àgbékal?? ??k?? yí ni yóò ran olùk? l??w?? láti ?e à?ey?rí lórí ètò ìk??ni r?? gbogbo. A [2]
Àp??r? Àgbékal?? ??k??
Nínú ??k?? èdè Yorùbá a ó ?e àgbékal?? ??k?? wa báyí :
Orúk? Olùk?? : Músá Adégúnjú
Orúk? Ilé-??k?? : Agóló High School
I??? : Èdè Yorùbá
Déétì : 12-01-2016
Àkókò : Ogójì Ì???jú
Kókó I??? : À?à
Ìs??rí I??? : À?à Ìkíni
Ìwé Ìt??kasí : Ìwé ??k?? Èdè Yorùbá Titun
Èròngbà : Olùk?? yóò k? èròngba ??k??
Ohun Èlò Àmú?e ye ni : Olùk? yóò k?? síb??
Ìm?? Àti??yìn wá: Olùk? yóò k? ohun tí ó y?
kí àw?n ak??k???? ti m?? t??l??
Ìfáàrà : Olùk? yóò ?e Ìfáàrà ??k??
Ìgbés?? Kíní : Olùk?? yóò ?e ?àlàyé À?à
Ìgbés?? Kejì : Olùk? yóò s? pàtàkì À?à
Ìgbés?? K?ta : Olùk? yóò k?? nípa ìkíni
Ìgbés?? K?rin: Olùk? yó sèyàt?? láàrín
àw?n orí?i ìkíni tí ó wà
Ìkádí : Ìbéèrè àti ìdáhùn
Ìgbéléw??n : Olùk? yó bèrè àw?n Ìbéèrè
bóyá ??k?? náà ye àw?n ak??k????
I??? Àmúrelé : Olùk? á fún w?n ní àmúrelé
Nígbà tí Olùk? yóò bá fi ?e gbogbo ìw??n yí Ogójì ì???jú àt àb?? yóò ti re k?já. Àgbékal?? ??k?? gb??d?? wà ní ìbámu p??lú àlàkl?? ètò Síláb????sì àti K??ríkúl????mù. | A lesson plan is a teacher 's detailed description of the course of instruction or "learning trajectory" for a lesson . A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students . There may be requirements mandated by the school system regarding the plan. A lesson plan is the teacher's guide for running a particular lesson, and it includes the goal (what the students are supposed to learn), how the goal will be reached (the method, procedure) and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached ( test , worksheet, homework etc.). Contents [ hide ] 1 Development 1.1 A well-developed lesson plan 1.2 Setting objectives 1.3 Types of assignments 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Development [ edit ] While there are many formats for a lesson plan, most lesson plans contain some or all of these elements, typically in this order: Title of the lesson Time required to complete the lesson List of required materials List of objectives , which may be behavioral objectives (what the student can do at lesson completion) or knowledge objectives (what the student knows at lesson completion) The set (or lead-in, or bridge-in) that focuses students on the lesson's skills or concepts —these include showing pictures or models, asking leading questions, or reviewing previous lessons An instructional component that describes the sequence of events that make up the lesson, including the teacher's instructional input and, where appropriate, guided practice by students to consolidate new skills and ideas Independent practice that allows students to extend skills or knowledge on their own A summary , where the teacher wraps up the discussion and answers questions An evaluation component, a test for mastery of the instructed skills or concepts—such as a set of questions to answer or a set of instructions to follow A risk assessment where the lesson's risks and the steps taken to minimize them are documented An analysis component the teacher uses to reflect on the lesson itself—such as what worked and what needs improving A continuity component reviews and reflects on content from the previous lesson Lesson Plan Phases There are eight lesson plan phases that are design to provide many many opportunities for teachers to recognize and correct students' misconceptions while extending understanding for future lessons. Phase 1: Introduction Phase 2: Foundation Phase 3: Brain Activation Phase 4: Body of New Information Phase 5: Clarification Phase 6: Practice and Review Phase 7: Independent Practice Phase 8: Closure Herbartian Approach: John Fedrick Herbert (1776-1841) 1. Preparation/Instruction: It pertains to preparing and motivating children to the lesson content by linking it to the previous knowledge of the student, by arousing curiosity of the children and by making an appeal to their senses. This prepares the child's mind to receive new knowledge. "To know where the pupils are and where they should try to be are the two essentials of good teaching." Lessons may be started in the following manner: a. Two or three interesting but relevant questions b. Showing a picture/s, a chart or a model c. A situation Statement of Aim: Announcement of the focus of the lesson in a clear, concise statement such as "Today, we shall study the..." 2. Presentation/Development: The actual lesson commences here. This step should involve a good deal of activity on the part of the students. The teacher will take the aid of various devices, e.g., questions, illustrations, explanation, expositions, demonstration and sensory aids, etc. Information and knowledge can be given, explained, revealed or suggested. The following principles should be kept in mind. a. Principle of selection and division: This subject matter should be divided into different sections. The teacher should also decide as to how much he is to tell and how much the pupils are to find out for themselves. b. Principle of successive sequence: The teacher should ensure that the succeeding as well as preceding knowledge is clear to the students. c. Principle of absorption and integration: In the end separation of the parts must be followed by their combination to promote understanding of the whole. 3. Association comparison: It is always desirable that new ideas or knowledge be associated to daily life situations by citing suitable examples and by drawing comparisons with the related concepts. This step is important when we are establishing principles or generalizing definitions. 4. Generalizing: This concepts is concerned with the systematizing of the knowledge learned. Comparison and contrast lead to generalization. An effort should be made to ensure that students draw the conclusions themselves. It should result in student's own thinking, reflection and experience. 5. Application: It requires a good deal of mental activity to think and apply the principles learn to new situations. Knowledge, when it is put to use and verified, becomes clear and a part of the student's mental make-up. 6. Recapitulation: Last step of the lesson plan, the teacher tries to ascertain whether the students have understood or grasped the subject matter or not. This is used for assessing/evaluating the effectiveness of the lesson by asking students questions on the contents of the lesson or by giving short objectives to test the student's level of understanding; for example, to label different parts on a diagram, etc. A well-developed lesson plan [ edit ] A well-developed lesson plan reflects the interests and needs of students. It incorporates best practices for the educational field. The lesson plan correlates with the teacher's philosophy of education , which is what the teacher feels is the purpose of educating the students. Secondary English program lesson plans, for example, usually center around four topics. They are literary theme , elements of language and composition , literary history , and literary genre . A broad, thematic lesson plan is preferable, because it allows a teacher to create various research, writing, speaking, and reading assignments. It helps an instructor teach different literature genres and incorporate videotapes, films, and television programs. Also, it facilitates teaching literature and English together. Similarly, history lesson plans focus on content (historical accuracy and background information), analytic thinking, scaffolding , and the practicality of lesson structure and meeting of educational goals. School requirements and a teacher's personal tastes, in that order, determine the exact requirements for a lesson plan. Unit plans follow much the same format as a lesson plan, but cover an entire unit of work, which may span several days or weeks. Modern constructivist teaching styles may not require individual lesson plans. The unit plan may include specific objectives and timelines, but lesson plans can be more fluid as they adapt to student needs and learning styles . Unit Planning is the proper selection of learning activities which presents a complete picture. Unit planning is a systematic arrangement of subject matter. Samford "A unit plan is one which involves a series of learning experiences that are linked to achieve the aims composed by methodology and contents". Dictionary of Education:"A unit is an organization of various activities, experiences and types of learning around a central problem or purpose developed cooperatively by a group of pupils under a teacher leadership involving planning, execution of plans and evaluation of results". Criteria of a good Unit Plan 1. Needs, capabilities, interest of the learner should be considered. 2. Prepared on the sound psychological knowledge of the learner. 3. Provide a new learning experience; systematic but flexible. 4. Sustain the attention of the learner till the end. 5. Related to social and Physical environment of the learner. 6. Development of learner's personality. It is important to note that lesson planning is a thinking process, not the filling in of a lesson plan template. Lesson plan envisaged s a blue print, guide map for action, a comprehensive chart of classroom teaching-learning activities, an elastic but systematic approach for the teaching of concepts, skills and attitudes. Setting objectives [ edit ] The first thing a teacher does is to create an objective, a statement of purpose for the whole lesson. An objective statement itself should answer what students will be able to do by the end of the lesson. Harry Wong states that, "Each [objective] must begin with a verb that states the action to be taken to show accomplishment. The most important word to use in an assignment is a verb , because verbs state how to demonstrate if accomplishment has taken place or not." The objective drives the whole lesson, it is the reason the lesson exists. Care is taken when creating the objective for each day's lesson, as it will determine the activities the students engage in. The teacher also ensures that lesson plan goals are compatible with the developmental level of the students. The teacher ensures as well that their student achievement expectations are reasonable. Types of assignments [ edit ] The instructor must decide whether class assignments are whole-class, small groups, workshops, independent work, peer learning , or contractual: Whole-class—the teacher lectures to the class as a whole and has the class collectively participate in classroom discussions. Small groups—students work on assignments in groups of three or four. Workshops—students perform various tasks simultaneously. Workshop activities must be tailored to the lesson plan. Independent work—students complete assignments individually. Peer learning—students work together, face to face, so they can learn from one another. Contractual work—teacher and student establish an agreement that the student must perform a certain amount of work by a deadline. These assignment categories (e.g. peer learning, independent, small groups) can also be used to guide the instructor’s choice of assessment measures that can provide information about student and class comprehension of the material. As discussed by Biggs (1999), there are additional questions an instructor can consider when choosing which type of assignment would provide the most benefit to students. These include: What level of learning do the students need to attain before choosing assignments with varying difficulty levels? What is the amount of time the instructor wants the students to use to complete the assignment? How much time and effort does the instructor have to provide student grading and feedback? What is the purpose of the assignment? (e.g. to track student learning; to provide students with time to practice concepts; to practice incidental skills such as group process or independent research) How does the assignment fit with the rest of the lesson plan? Does the assignment test content knowledge or does it require application in a new context? Does the lesson plan fit a particular framework? For example, a Common Core Lesson Plan . See also [ edit ] Curriculum Syllabus Bloom's Taxonomy No Child Left Behind References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Ahrenfelt, Johannes, and Neal Watkin. 100 Ideas for Essential Teaching Skills (Continuum One Hundred). New York: Continuum, 2006. Carey, Lou; Dick, Walter (1978), The Systematic Design of Instruction. (1st ed.), Glenview : Scott, Foresman , ISBN 978-0-673-15122-3 Gagne, Robert; Briggs, Leslie (1974), Principles of instructional design (1st ed.), New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , hdl : 2027/mdp.39015004151000 , ISBN 978-0-03-008171-2 Mccrea, Peps (2015), Lean Lesson Planning: A practical approach to doing less and achieving more in the classroom , Brighton: Teacherly.co External link in |title= ( help ) Serdyukov, Peter, and Ryan, Mark. Writing Effective Lesson Plans: The 5-Star Approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2008. Salsbury, Denise E., and Melinda Schoenfeldt. Lesson Planning: A Research-Based Model for K-12 Classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall, 2008. Skowron, Janice. Powerful Lesson Planning: Every Teachers Guide to Effective Instruction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2006. Thompson, Julia G. First Year Teacher's Survival Guide: Ready-To-Use Strategies, Tools & Activities For Meeting The Challenges Of Each School Day (J-B Ed:Survival Guides). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007. Tileston, Donna E. Walker. What Every Teacher Should Know About Instructional Planning Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2003. Wolfe, Shoshana. Your Best Year Yet! A Guide to Purposeful Planning and Effective Classroom Organization (Teaching Strategies). New York: Teaching Strategies, 2006. |
3,996,382,163,203,310,000 | train | when did they start giving the polio vaccine | The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US $0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. In the United States, it costs between $25 and $50 for the inactivated form. | ['hydrogen', '118'] | ìgbà wo ni wọ́n bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí fúnni ní àjẹsára àrùn polio | Yes | ['Ẹnití ó ṣe àgbéjáde àjẹsára àrùn rọpárọsẹ̀ tí à ń gba ẹnu lò ni Albert Sabin, a sì bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí tàá fún lílò ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn ní ọdún 1961.'] | ['ní ọdún 1961'] | ['P3'] | 0 | 0 | Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s??
Àw?n àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s??, j?? àw?n àj?sára tí à ? lò láti dènà àrùn r?pár?s??.[1] À ? lo kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn r?pár?s?? tí a ti pa láti fi ?e orí?i kan, a sì má a ? fún ni ní èyí bíi ab??r?? (IPV), a sì tún ? lo kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn r?pár?s?? tí kò lágbára m?? láti fi ?e orí?i kejì, a sì ? gba ?nu lo èyí (OPV). Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé gba ni níyànjú pé kí gbogbo ?m?dé má a gba àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s??.[1] Àw?n àj?sára méjèèjì náà ti d??kun àrùn r?pár?s?? ní ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè àgbáyé,[2][3] w??n sì ti dín iye ènìyàn tó ? ní àrùn náà l??d??dún kù láti iye tí a ?írò sí 350,000 ní ?dún 1988 sí 359 ní ?dún 2014.[4]
Elétò ìlera ara ? kán aj?sára àrùn r?pá r?s?? sí ahan ?m?dé kan
Àw?n àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e náà kò léwu rárá. Píp??n yòò ibi ojú ab??r?? náà àti ìrora dí?? lè wáyé. Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí à ? gba ?nu lò a má a ?e òkùnfa àrùn r?pár?s?? tó níí ?e p??lú ìmúlò àj?sára náà nínú ìw??n egbògi náà tó tó m????ta nínú mílí??nù kan. A lè lo orí?i àj?sára méjèèjì náà láìséwu bí ènìyàn bá ní oyún àti bí ènìyàn bá ní àrùn kògbóògùn HIV/AIDS ?ùgb??n tí ara r?? ?ì dá ?áká.[1]
Àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? àk??k?? ni àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e. ?nití ó ?e àgbéjáde r?? ni Jonas Salk , a sì b??r?? síí lòó ní ?dún 1955.[1] ?nití ó ?e àgbéjáde àj?sára àrùn r?pár?s?? tí à ? gba ?nu lò ni Albert Sabin, a sì b??r?? sí tàá fún lílò ??p??l?p?? ènìyàn ní ?dún 1961.[1][5] W??n wà lórí Àkój? Àw?n Egbògi Kò?eémáàní ti Àj? Ìlera Àgbáyé, àw?n òògùn tó ?e pàtàkì jùl? tí a nílò fún ètò ìlera ìb??r??p??p?? yòówù.[6] Iye owó r?? lójú pálí j?? bíi 0.25 USD fún ìw??n egbògi náà kan?o?o fún orí?i tí à n gba ?nu lò ní ?dún 2014.[7] Ní il?? Am??ríkà iye owó r?? j?? 25 sí 50 USD fún orí?i tí a fi kòkòrò tí a ti pa ?e.[8] | Polio vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Poliomyelitis Type ? Clinical data Trade names Ipol, Poliovax, others AHFS / Drugs.com Multum Consumer Information Pregnancy category AU : B2 US : Not assigned Routes of administration Parenteral (IPV), By mouth (OPV) ATC code J07BF01 ( WHO ) J07BF02 ( WHO ) J07BF03 ( WHO ) J07BF04 ( WHO ) Identifiers ChemSpider none N Y (what is this?) (verify) Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 22 in 2017. The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccines cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given. This compares with 5,000 cases per million who are paralysed following a polio infection. Both are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS but are otherwise well. The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. In the United States, it costs between $25 and $50 for the inactivated form. Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Inactivated 1.2 Attenuated 1.3 Schedule 2 Side effects 2.1 Vaccine-induced polio 2.2 Contamination concerns 3 Manufacture 3.1 Inactivated 3.2 Attenuated 4 History 4.1 1935 4.2 1948 4.3 1950–1955 4.3.1 Jonas Salk 4.4 1961 4.5 1987 4.6 1988 4.7 After 1990 5 Society and culture 5.1 Cost 5.2 Misconceptions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Medical uses [ edit ] This 1963 poster featured CDC's national symbol of public health , the "Wellbee", encouraging the public to receive an oral polio vaccine. Interruption of person-to-person transmission of the virus by vaccination is important in the global polio eradication , since no long-term carrier state exists for poliovirus in individuals with normal immune function, polio viruses have no nonprimate reservoir in nature, and survival of the virus in the environment for an extended period of time appears to be remote. Inactivated [ edit ] When the current formulation of IPV is used, 90% or more of individuals develop protective antibodies to all three serotypes of polio virus after two doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), and at least 99% are immune to polio virus following three doses. The duration of immunity induced by IPV is not known with certainty, although a complete series is thought to provide protection for many years. Attenuated [ edit ] OPV proved to be superior in administration, eliminating the need for sterile syringes and making the vaccine more suitable for mass vaccination campaigns. OPV also provided longer-lasting immunity than the Salk vaccine, as it provides both humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity . One dose of OPV produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in roughly 50% of recipients. Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibodies to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. OPV produces excellent immunity in the intestine , the primary site of wild poliovirus entry, which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where the virus is endemic . The live virus used in the vaccine can rarely shed in the stool and can rarely spread to others within a community. The live virus also has stringent requirements for transport and storage, which are a problem in some hot or remote areas. As with other live-virus vaccines, immunity initiated by OPV is probably lifelong. The trivalent (against wild types 1, 2, and 3) OPV has been used to nearly eradicate polio infection worldwide. Led by The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 155 countries switched to use the bivalent (against wild type 1 and 3) between 17 April and 1 May 2016. The bivalent OPV is at more effective against type 1 and 3 but does not cover type 2. The United States as of 2017 continues to recommend the use of a trivalent version, but a fully inactivated version. Schedule [ edit ] In countries with endemic polio or where there is a high risk of imported cases, the WHO recommends OPV vaccine at birth followed by a primary series of 3 OPV and at least one IPV doses starting at 6 weeks of age, with a minimum of 4 weeks between OPV doses. In countries with >90% immunization coverage and low risk of importation, the WHO recommends one or two IPV doses starting at 2 months of age followed by at least two OPV doses, with the doses separated by 4-8 weeks depending on the risk of exposure. In countries with the highest levels of coverage and the lowest risks of importation and transmission, the WHO recommends a primary series of 3 IPV injections, with a booster dose after an interval of six months or more if the first dose was administered before 2 months of age. Side effects [ edit ] Doses of oral polio vaccine are added to sugar cubes for use in a 1967 vaccination campaign in Bonn , West Germany The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccine results in vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in about three per million doses. They are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS , but are otherwise well. Vaccine-induced polio [ edit ] A potential, but rare, adverse effect of the OPV is its known ability to recombine to a form that may cause neurological infection and cause paralysis. Clinical disease, including paralysis, caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is indistinguishable from that caused by wild polioviruses. This is believed to be a rare event, but outbreaks of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), caused by a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), have been reported, and tend to occur in areas of low coverage by OPV, presumably because the OPV is itself protective against the related outbreak strain. Contamination concerns [ edit ] In 1960, the rhesus monkey kidney cells used to prepare the poliovirus vaccines were determined to be infected with the Simian Virus-40 . SV40 was also discovered in 1960 and is a naturally occurring virus that infects monkeys. In 1961, SV40 was found to cause tumors in rodents . More recently, the virus was found in certain forms of cancer in humans, for instance brain and bone tumors , pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, and some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . However, SV40 has not been determined to cause these cancers. SV40 was found to be present in stocks of the injected form of the polio vaccine (IPV) in use between 1955 and 1963. It is not found in the OPV form. Over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine between 1955 and 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40; an estimated 10–30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40. Later analysis suggested that vaccines produced by the former Soviet bloc countries until 1980, and used in the USSR , China , Japan , and several African countries, may have been contaminated, meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a large study, using cancer case information from the institute's SEER database. The published findings from the study revealed no increased incidence of cancer in persons who may have received vaccine containing SV40. Another large study in Sweden examined cancer rates of 700,000 individuals who had received potentially contaminated polio vaccine as late as 1957; the study again revealed no increased cancer incidence between persons who received polio vaccines containing SV40 and those who did not. The question of whether SV40 causes cancer in humans remains controversial, however, and the development of improved assays for detection of SV40 in human tissues will be needed to resolve the controversy. During the race to develop an oral polio vaccine, several large-scale human trials were undertaken. By 1958, the National Institutes of Health had determined that OPV produced using the Sabin strains were the safest. Between 1957 and 1960, however, Hilary Koprowski continued to administer his vaccine around the world. In Africa, the vaccines were administered to roughly one million people in the Belgian territories (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , and Burundi ). The results of these human trials have been controversial, and unfounded accusations in the 1990s arose that the vaccine had created the conditions necessary for transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzees to humans, causing HIV/AIDS . These hypotheses, however, have been conclusively refuted . By 2004, cases of poliomyelitis in Africa had been reduced to just a small number of isolated regions in the western portion of the continent, with sporadic cases elsewhere. Recent local opposition to vaccination campaigns have evolved due to lack of adequate information, often relating to fears that the vaccine might induce sterility . The disease has since resurged in Nigeria and in several other African nations without necessary information, which epidemiologists believe is due to refusals by certain local populations to allow their children to receive the polio vaccine. Manufacture [ edit ] Inactivated [ edit ] The Salk vaccine, IPV, is based on three wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus), grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture ( Vero cell line), which are then inactivated with formalin . The injected Salk vaccine confers IgG -mediated immunity in the bloodstream, which prevents polio infection from progressing to viremia and protects the motor neurons , thus eliminating the risk of bulbar polio and post-polio syndrome . In the United States, vaccine is administered along with the tetanus , diphtheria , and acellular pertussis vaccines ( DTaP ) and a pediatric dose of hepatitis B vaccine. In the UK, IPV is combined with tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. Attenuated [ edit ] Sabin immunization certificate OPV is an attenuated vaccine , produced by the passage of the virus through nonhuman cells at a sub physiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome. Oral polio vaccines were developed by several groups, one of which was led by Albert Sabin . Other groups, led by Hilary Koprowski and H.R. Cox , developed their own attenuated vaccine strains. In 1958, the National Institutes of Health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. The various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. Large-scale clinical trials performed in the Soviet Union in late 1950s to early 1960s by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues demonstrated safety and high efficacy of the vaccine. Based on these results, the Sabin strains were chosen for worldwide distribution. Fifty-seven nucleotide substitutions distinguish the attenuated Sabin 1 strain from its virulent parent (the Mahoney serotype), two nucleotide substitutions attenuate the Sabin 2 strain, and 10 substitutions are involved in attenuating the Sabin 3 strain. The primary attenuating factor common to all three Sabin vaccines is a mutation located in the virus's internal ribosome entry site , which alters stem-loop structures, and reduces the ability of poliovirus to translate its RNA template within the host cell. The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of infection and replication, but is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. In 1961, type 1 and 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (MOPV) was licensed, and in 1962, type 3 MOPV was licensed. In 1963, trivalent OPV (TOPV) was licensed, and became the vaccine of choice in the United States and most other countries of the world, largely replacing the inactivated polio vaccine. A second wave of mass immunizations led to a further dramatic decline in the number of polio cases. Between 1962 and 1965, about 100 million Americans (roughly 56% of the population at that time) received the Sabin vaccine. The result was a substantial reduction in the number of poliomyelitis cases, even from the much-reduced levels following the introduction of the Salk vaccine. OPV is usually provided in vials containing 10–20 doses of vaccine. A single dose of oral polio vaccine (usually two drops) contains 1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1 (effective against PV1), 100,000 infectious units of the Sabin 2 strain, and 600,000 infectious units of Sabin 3. The vaccine contains small traces of antibiotics — neomycin and streptomycin —but does not contain preservatives . History [ edit ] In a generic sense, vaccination works by priming the immune system with an ' immunogen '. Stimulating immune response, by use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization . The development of immunity to polio efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community . The development of two polio vaccines led to the first modern mass inoculations . The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of wild virus in the United States occurred in 1979, with an outbreak among the Amish in several Midwest states. 1935 [ edit ] Two separate teams developed polio vaccines and reported their results at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in November 1935. Both projects were cancelled as a result of the angry reaction from other researchers there, and no researchers dared attempt a polio vaccine for another 20 years. Professor John Kolmer, MD (1886–1962), of Temple University in Philadelphia, presented his findings first. He had developed an attenuated poliovirus vaccine, which he tested in about 10,000 children across much of the United States and Canada. Five of these children died of polio and 10 more were paralyzed, usually in the arm where the vaccine was injected, and frequently affecting children in towns where no polio outbreak had occurred. He had no control group, but asserted that many more children would have gotten sick. The response from other researchers was uncharacteristically blunt; one of them directly called Kolmer a murderer. Maurice Brodie , MD (1903–1939), a young researcher at New York University and the New York City Health Department , presented his results afterwards, but the feelings of the researchers were already unfavorable before he started because of Kolmer's report. Brodie and his team had prepared a formaldehyde -killed poliovirus vaccine, testing it first on himself and five co-workers, and eventually on 7,500 children and adults, with another 4,500 people serving as a control group. In the control group, Brodie reported that one out of 900 developed polio; in the group receiving the vaccine, only one out of 7,500 developed polio, making the vaccine 88% effective during the first year. However, other researchers believed that the one case was likely caused by the vaccine, and two more possible cases were reported later. After this meeting, Brodie, whose polio vaccine was at least partially effective and reasonably safe, and who developed several ground-breaking ideas about vaccination whose validity was confirmed two decades later with the development of the Salk vaccine, was immediately fired and had trouble finding employment again. Brodie died three and a half years later. Kolmer, an established researcher whose vaccine was unsafe and probably ineffective, kept his job, was given a second appointment as professor of medicine at the Temple University School of Dentistry the next year, continued to publish research papers, and received multiple awards throughout his academic career. 1948 [ edit ] A breakthrough came in 1948 when a research group headed by John Enders at the Children's Hospital Boston successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue in the laboratory. This group had recently successfully grown mumps in cell culture. In March 1948, Thomas H. Weller was attempting to grow varicella virus in embryonic lung tissue. He had inoculated the planned number of tubes when he noticed that there were a few unused tubes. He retrieved a sample of mouse brain infected with polio virus and added it to the remaining test tubes, on the off chance that the virus might grow. The varicella cultures failed to grow, but the polio cultures were successful.
This development greatly facilitated vaccine research and ultimately allowed for the development of vaccines against polio. Enders and his colleagues, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins , were recognized in 1954 for their labors with a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Other important advances that led to the development of polio vaccines were: the identification of three poliovirus serotypes (Poliovirus type 1 — PV1, or Mahoney; PV2, Lansing; and PV3, Leon); the finding that prior to paralysis, the virus must be present in the blood; and the demonstration that administration of antibodies in the form of gamma globulin protects against paralytic polio. 1950–1955 [ edit ] During the early 1950s, polio rates in the U.S. were above 25,000 annually; in 1952 and 1953, the U.S. experienced an outbreak of 58,000 and 35,000 polio cases, respectively, up from a typical number of some 20,000 a year, with deaths in those years numbering 3,200 and 1,400. Amid this U.S. polio epidemic, millions of dollars were invested in finding and marketing a polio vaccine by commercial interests, including Lederle Laboratories in New York under the direction of H. R. Cox . Also working at Lederle was Polish-born virologist and immunologist Hilary Koprowski of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, who tested the first successful polio vaccine, in 1950. His vaccine, however, being a live attenuated virus taken orally, was still in the research stage and would not be ready for use until five years after Jonas Salk's polio vaccine (a dead-virus injectable vaccine) had reached the market. Koprowski's attenuated vaccine was prepared by successive passages through the brains of Swiss albino mice. By the seventh passage, the vaccine strains could no longer infect nervous tissue or cause paralysis. After one to three further passages on rats, the vaccine was deemed safe for human use. On 27 February 1950, Koprowski's live, attenuated vaccine was tested for the first time on an 8-year-old boy living at Letchworth Village , an institution for the physically and mentally disabled located in New York. After the child suffered no side effects, Koprowski enlarged his experiment to include 19 other children. Jonas Salk [ edit ] Administration of the polio inoculation, including by Salk himself, in 1957 at the University of Pittsburgh , where his team and he had developed the vaccine Mass polio vaccination in Columbus, Georgia circa 1961 for the National Polio Immunization Program The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk and a team at the University of Pittsburgh that included Julius Youngner , Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and Lorraine Friedman, which required years of subsequent testing. Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful test on a small group of adults and children on 26 March 1953; two days later, the results were published in JAMA . Beginning 23 February 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Salk's vaccine was then used in a test called the Francis Field Trial, led by Thomas Francis , the largest medical experiment in history at that time. The test began with about 4,000 children at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia , and eventually involved 1.8 million children, in 44 states from Maine to California . By the conclusion of the study, roughly 440,000 received one or more injections of the vaccine, about 210,000 children received a placebo , consisting of harmless culture media , and 1.2 million children received no vaccination and served as a control group, who would then be observed to see if any contracted polio. The results of the field trial were announced 12 April 1955 (the tenth anniversary of the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , whose paralytic illness was generally believed to have been caused by polio). The Salk vaccine had been 60–70% effective against PV1 (poliovirus type 1), over 90% effective against PV2 and PV3, and 94% effective against the development of bulbar polio. Soon after Salk's vaccine was licensed in 1955, children's vaccination campaigns were launched. In the U.S, following a mass immunization campaign promoted by the March of Dimes , the annual number of polio cases fell from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957. By 1961 only 161 cases were recorded in the United States. A week earlier in April 1955, Pierre Lépine at the Pasteur Institute in Paris also announced an effective polio vaccine. 1961 [ edit ] Albert Sabin (right) with Robert Gallo , circa 1985 At the same time that Salk was testing his vaccine, both Albert Sabin and Hilary Koprowski continued working on developing a vaccine using live virus. During a meeting in Stockholm to discuss polio vaccines in November 1955, Sabin presented results obtained on a group of 80 volunteers, while Koprowski read a paper detailing the findings of a trial enrolling 150 people. Sabin and Koprowski both eventually succeeded in developing vaccines. Because of the commitment to the Salk vaccine in America, Sabin and Koprowski both did their testing outside the United States, Sabin in Mexico and then in the Soviet Union, and Koprowski in the Congo and Poland. In 1957, Sabin developed a trivalent vaccine, containing attenuated strains of all three types of poliovirus. In 1959, ten million children in the Soviet Union received the Sabin oral vaccine. For this work, Sabin was given the medal of the Order of Friendship Among Peoples, described as the Soviets' highest civilian honor, despite having become an American during the height of the cold war. Sabin's oral vaccine using live virus came into commercial use in 1961. Once Sabin’s oral vaccine became widely available, it supplanted Salk’s injected vaccine, which had been tarnished in the public's opinion by the Cutter incident , in which Salk vaccines prepared by one company resulted in several children dying or becoming paralyzed. 1987 [ edit ] An enhanced- potency IPV was licensed in the United States in November 1987, and is currently the vaccine of choice there. The first dose of polio vaccine is given shortly after birth, usually between 1 and 2 months of age, and a second dose is given at 4 months of age. The timing of the third dose depends on the vaccine formulation, but should be given between 6 and 18 months of age. A booster vaccination is given at 4 to 6 years of age, for a total of four doses at or before school entry. In some countries, a fifth vaccination is given during adolescence . Routine vaccination of adults (18 years of age and older) in developed countries is neither necessary nor recommended because most adults are already immune and have a very small risk of exposure to wild poliovirus in their home countries. In 2002, a pentavalent (five-component) combination vaccine (called Pediarix) containing IPV was approved for use in the United States. 1988 [ edit ] A Somali boy is injected with inactivated poliovirus vaccine ( Mogadishu , 1993) A global effort to eradicate polio, led by the World Health Organization , UNICEF , and The Rotary Foundation , began in 1988 and has relied largely on the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and Mikhail Chumakov (Sabin-Chumakov vaccine). After 1990 [ edit ] Polio was eliminated in the Americas by 1994. The disease was officially eliminated in 36 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia, in 2000. Europe was declared polio-free in 2002. Since January 2011, no cases of the disease have been reported in India, hence in February 2012, the country was taken off the WHO list of polio-endemic countries. In March 2014, India was declared a polio-free country. Although poliovirus transmission has been interrupted in much of the world, transmission of wild poliovirus does continue and creates an ongoing risk for the importation of wild poliovirus into previously polio-free regions. If importations of poliovirus occur, outbreaks of poliomyelitis may develop, especially in areas with low vaccination coverage and poor sanitation. As a result, high levels of vaccination coverage must be maintained. In November 2013, the WHO announced a polio outbreak in Syria. In response, the Armenian government put out a notice asking Syrian Armenians under age 15 to get the polio vaccine. As of 2014, polio virus has spread to 10 countries, mainly in Africa , Asia , and the Middle East , with Pakistan, Syria , and Cameroon advising vaccinations to outbound travelers. Polio vaccination programs have received resistance from some people in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria (the three countries as of 2017 with remaining polio cases). Some Muslim religious leaders believe that the vaccines are secretly being used for sterilization of Muslims. The fact that in 2011, the CIA organized a fake vaccination program to help find Osama Bin Laden is an additional cause of distrust. In 2015, the WHO announced a deal with the Taliban to encourage them to distribute the vaccine in areas they control. However, on 11 September 2016, two unidentified gunmen associated with the Pakistani Taliban, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, shot Zakaullah Khan, a doctor who was administering polio vaccines in Pakistan. The leader of the Jamaat-ul-Ahrar claimed responsibility for the shooting and says that the group will continue to keep doing these kinds of attacks. This resistance to and skepticism of vaccinations has consequently slowed down the polio eradication process within the three remaining countries. Society and culture [ edit ] Cost [ edit ] The wholesale cost is about US$0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization supplies the inactivated vaccine to developing countries for as little as € 0.75 (about US$0.85 ) per dose in 10-dose vials. In the United States, the inactivated form costs between $25 and $50. Misconceptions [ edit ] A widespread misconception has arisen in Pakistan that polio vaccine contained haram ingredients and could cause impotence and infertility in male children, leading some less-educated parents not to have their children vaccinated. This belief is most prevalent in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the FATA region, where people are likely to be influenced by unfounded teachings. Attacks on polio vaccination teams have also occurred, thereby hampering international efforts to eradicate polio in Pakistan and globally, since the virus can be carried by travelers. See also [ edit ] Cold war tensions and the polio vaccine References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Medicine portal Viruses portal Global Polio Eradication Initiative final project to eliminate polio by 2018. History of Vaccines Website – History of Polio History of Vaccines, a project of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia PBS.org — 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952', PBS Conquering Polio , Smithsonian Magazine, April 2005 The Global Effort To Eradicate Polio , Dream 2047 Magazine, April 2004 FDA Ipol package insert |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
Dataset Card for Y-NQ
The dataset is available in this csv file. The dataset is licensed under the Apache 2.0 license
Dataset Description
- Question ID: Unique identifier from Natural Question
- Split: Training or validation split from Natural Question
- English Document: English text document
- English Question: Question in English
- English Long Answer: Detailed answer in English
- English Short Answer: Brief answer in English
- Yorùbá Document: Yorùbá text document
- Yorùbá Rewrite Flag: Was Yorùbá document rewritten? (0-> no, 1-> yes)
- Yorùbá Question: Question in Yorùbá
- Yorùbá Short Answer: Brief answer in Yorùbá
- Yorùbá Long Answer: Detailed answer in Yorùbá
- Yorùbá Paragraph Info: Contextual information
- Answer Alignment: Semantic equivalence (0-> not literal, 1-> literal)
- Answer_Alignment_English_Wrong_Answer: 1 english answer is wrong
- Downloads last month
- 5