Datasets:

facebook

/

Y-NQ

like 0

Follow

AI at Meta 4.08k

train

how many state do we have in germany

Germany (German : Deutschland (ˈdɔʏtʃlant)), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listen (help info)), is a sovereign state in central - western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres (137,988 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With nearly 83 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany 's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, with its main centres of Dortmund and Essen. The country 's other major cities are Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Bremen, Dresden, Hannover, and Nuremberg.

[]

ìpínlẹ̀ mélòó la ní ní jámánì

Yes

['Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16 (Bundesländer), awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).']

['Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16 (Bundesländer), awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).']

['P1']

J??mánì J??mánì (pípè /?d??rm?ni/ ), fun ibise gege bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? J??mánì (pípè [?b?nd?s?epu?bli?k ?d??t?lant] ),[5] je orile-ede ni orile Arin Yuropu. Awon ipinle Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16, awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).

train

where is germany located on the world map

Germany is in Western and Central Europe, with Denmark bordering to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, Switzerland to the south - southwest, France, Luxembourg and Belgium lie to the west, and the Netherlands to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 47 ° and 55 ° N and longitudes 5 ° and 16 ° E. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north - northeast, by the Baltic Sea. With Switzerland and Austria, Germany also shares a border on the fresh - water Lake Constance, the third largest lake in Central Europe. German territory covers 357,021 km (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 62nd largest in the world.

['theodore roosevelt jr.', 'over the segregation of japanese children in san francisco schools']

ibo ni jámánì wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Jẹ́mánì (pípè /ˈdʒɜrməni/ ( listen)), fun ibise gege bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Ìjọba Àpapọ̀ ilẹ̀ Jẹ́mánì (, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)),[5] je orile-ede ni orile Arin Europe.']

['orile Arin Europe']

['P1']

J??mánì J??mánì (pípè /?d??rm?ni/ ), fun ibise gege bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? J??mánì (pípè [?b?nd?s?epu?bli?k ?d??t?lant] ),[5] je orile-ede ni orile Arin Yuropu. Awon ipinle Jemani pin si awon ipinle 16, awon wonyi si tun je pinpin si agbegbe ati ilu 439 (Kreise) ati (kreisfreie Städte).

train

is jamaica part of the united states of america

Many Jamaicans have emigrated to other countries, especially to the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. In the case of the United States, about 20,000 Jamaicans per year are granted permanent residence. The great number of Jamaicans living abroad has become known as the Jamaican diaspora. There has also been emigration of Jamaicans to Cuba. The scale of emigration has been widespread and similar to other Caribbean entities such as Puerto Rico, Guyana, and The Bahamas. It was estimated in 2004 that up to 2.5 million Jamaicans and Jamaican descendants live abroad.

['100% perennial ryegrass']

ṣé jamaica jẹ́ apá kan ní orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà

Yes

['Jamáíkà (pípè /dʒəˈmeɪkə/) je orile-ede erekusu ni Antilles Gbangba, to je 234 kilometres (145 miles) ni gigun ati bi 80 kilometres (50 miles) ni fife, ti isodipupo won je 11,100 km2. O budo sinu Okun Karibeani, bi 145 kilometres (90 miles) guusu Kuba, ati 190 kilometres (120 miles) iwoorun Hispaniola, erekusu to je ile fun awon orileabinibi-ileijoba Haiti ati Orile-ede Olominira Dominiki.']

['rara']

['P1']

Jamáíkà Jamáíkà ni gigun ati bi 80 kìlómítà (50 máìlì) ni fife, ti isodipupo won je 11,100 km2. O budo sinu Okun Karibeani, bi 145 kìlómítà (90 máìlì) guusu Kuba, ati 190 kìlómítà (120 máìlì) iwoorun Hispaniola, erekusu to je ile fun awon orileabinibi-ileijoba Haiti ati Orile-ede Olominira Dominiki. Awon elede Arawak abinibi eya Taíno ti won gbe nibe pe oruko erekusu ohun ni Xaymaca, to tumosi "Ile Igi ati Omi", tabi "Ile Isun Omi".[4] Nigba kan bi ini Spein ti won si pe ibe ni Santiago, ni 1655 o di ibiamusin Ilegeesi, ati leyin eyi o di ti Britani, toruko re n je "Jamaica". Pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 2.8, o je orile-ede keta eledegeesi to ni awon eniyan pipojulo ni orile Amerika, leyin awon orile-ede Iparapo awon Ipinle ati Kanada. O wa ninu ile Ajoni pelu Queen Elizabeth II bi Olori Orile-ede. Kingston ni ilu titobijulo ati oluilu re. Ìtàn Ày?kà olórí: Ìtàn Jàmáíkà Awon eya abinibi Arawak ati Taino ti won gbera lati Guusu Amerika budo sori erekusu na larin odun 4000 ati 1000 kJ.[5] Nigbati Christopher Columbus de be ni 1494 o ba awon abule to ju 200 lo nibe ti won ni awon olori abule nibe. Ebado guusu Jamaika je ibi ti awon eniyan posijulo nigbana, agaga layika agbegbe ti a mo loni bi Old Harbour.[5] Awon Tainos si je onibugbe Jamaika nigbati awon Geesi gba idari ibe.[5] Jamaican National Heritage Trust nsise lati wari, ki won o si sakosile eri yiowu toba le wa nipa awon Taino/Arawaks.[6] Christopher Columbus gba Jamaica fun Spein leyin to bale sibe ni 1494. O se e se ko je pe ibi ti Columbus bale si ni Dry Harbour, loni to n je Discovery Bay. Maili kan ni iwoorun St. Ann's Bay ni ibi ibudo akoko awon ara Spein lori erekusu na, Sevilla, ti won pati ni 1554 nitori opo awon olosa ti won ja be. Won ko oluilu ibe lo si Ìlú Sípéènì, loni to budo si parish of St. Catherine, lati odun 1534. Leyin eyi won pe ni "Villa de la Vega". Ìlú Sípéènì ni o ni Ile isin to pejulo larin awon ibiamusin Britani. Awon ara Ilegeesi fi tipatipa le awon ara Spein kuro ni Ocho Rios ni St. Ann. Sugbon, o di odun 1655, ni Tower Isle, ki awon ara Ilegeesi o to gba ogba ologun awon ara Spein to gbeyin ni Jamaica. Omo Spein to n je Don Cortez Arnoldo de Yassi da abo bo Tower Hill (ibi ti Tower Isle wa) lowo awon ara Ilegeesi fun odun marun, ki o to salo si Kuba. Ibi to gba salo ni won n pe ni "Runaway Bay", eyi na wa ni St. Ann. Oruko Montego Bay, to je oluilu parish St. James, wa lati oruko lede Spein manteca bahía (tabi Bay of Lard) fun opo iye pupo boar ti won n lo fun ilé i??? tí w??n ti ? ?e ò?rá.[7] Ara Ilegeesi Admiral William Penn (baba William Penn ti Pennsylvania) ati Ogagun Robert Venables gba erekusu yi ni 1655. Ni 1660, iye awon eniyan ni Jamaika je 4,500 awon alawo funfun ati bi 1,500 melo awon alawo dudu.[9] Lati bi awon odun 1670, awon eniyan alawo dudu ni won je ogunlogo iye awon eniyan nibe.[10] Nigba ti awon ara Ilegeesi gba Jamaika ni 1655 olumusin ara Spein sa kuro nibe won si fi opolopo awon omo eru won lati Afrika seyin. Ki awon ara Ilegeesi o mo baa tun mu won leru, won salo si agbegbe oke alapata ni ori erekusu yi, nibi ti won ti darapo mo awon miran ti awon na ti sa kuro lowo awon ara Spein tele lati lo gbe pelu awon Taínos. Awon eru ti won ti salo wonyi je mimo bi Jamaican Maroons, koja lu awon ara Britani ni orundun 18th. Awon iran won si n je oruko yi titi doni. Nigba oko eru awon Maroon sedasile agbajo alominira larin inu oke ile Jamaica niran deran. Nigba awon odun 200 akoko ijoba Britani, Jamaika di ikan ninu awon orile-ede to siwaju lagbaye to n ta suga ati to n lo eru, nipa sise iye to ju toonu 77,000 suga lo lododun larin 1820 ati 1824. Leyin ipare owo eru (eyi yato si oko eru gan ti won ko pare) ni 1807,[11] awon ara Britani mu awon ara India ati ara Saina wa bi awon oniwofa lati sise. Awon omo-omo awo awon oniwofa lti Asia yi si wa ni Jamaika titi doni. Nigba to fi di ibere orundun 19th, nitoripe Jamaica gbokan le oko eru eyi ki awon eniyan alawodudu (awon ara Afrika) o poju awon eniyan alawofunfun (awon ara Europe) lo ni ipin 20 si 1. Botilejepe awon Ilegeesi ti fi ofinde owo eru, ifayawo won si awon ibiamusin si tun sele nigbana. Ijoba Britani se ofin to lana ipare oko eru, sugbon won tun lana lati se imudara igbe awon eru ibe. Ninu awon ilanna yi ni ifofinde lilo egba ninu oko, ifofinde nina awon obinrin, ikede pe awon eru gbodo je gbigba laye lati gba ilana esin, ipondandan pe awon eru gbodo ni ojo kan ninu ose lati ta awon ogbin oko won, bakanna won si tun fofinde awon oja ojo Aiku. Àwòrán il?? Jàmáíkà Sugbon ni Jamaika, awon ilana yi je lilodi di latowo Ile-igbimo Asofin. Ileigbimo yi so pe awon eru nitelorun ara won, won si lodi si itowobo Ileasofin si oro to n lo ni erekusu ohun, botilejepe opo awon to ni eru n beru pe ijidide awon eru le se. Leyin opolopo aigboran ati iyipada iwuwa ni Britani Olokiki, won fofinde oko eru ni 1834, pelu ifisile patapata lowo idekun eru ni 1838. Iye awon eniyan ibe ni 1834 je 371,070 ninu awon ti 15,000 je alawofunfun, 5,000 je eniyan alawodudu alominira, 40,000 eya adalu, ati 311,070 eru.[9] Ni awon odun 1800, Britani sedasile iye awon ogba eweko. Ikan ninu won ni ?gbà Castleton , to je didakale ni 1862 lati dipo ?gbà Bath (to je dida ni 1779) ti agbara omi baje. ?gbà Bath ni ibi ogbin èso búré?dì ti won je mimuwa si Jamaica lati Pàsífíkì latowo Captain William Bligh. Awon ogba miran tun ni Àgbàlá Cinchona ti won dasile ni 1868 ati ?gbà Hope ti won dasile ni 1874. Ni 1872, Kingston di oluilu erekusu na. Ni 1945, Sir Horace Hector Hearne di Onidajo Agba ati Olutoju Akosile ni Jamaika. O solori Ile-Ejo Gigajulo, Kingston larin 1945 ati 1950/1951. Ibe lo gba lo si Kenya nibi ti won ti yan bi Onidajo Agba. Ààr? oríl??-èdè Jamaica, Michael Manley àti ìyàwó r?? p??lú Ààr? oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà Jimmy Carter in 1977. Diedie Jamaika gba ilominira lopo lowo Iparapo Ileoba be sini ni 1958, o di igberiko ninu Àj? Ìpínl?? West Indies, ile apapo kan ni larin awon Àw?n Ìpínl?? West Indies ti Il?? G????sì. Jamaika gba iominira patapata nigba to fi ile apapo yi sile ni 1962. Okowo to n posi daada bi 6% lodoodun, lo sele ni odun mewa akoko leyin ilominira labe ijoba ti awon Alakoso AgbaAlexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster ati Hugh Shearer solo ri sirere. Ohun to fa iposi yi ni inawolori daada si bauxite/alumina, isebewo, ile-ise elero ati, ni bi die apa ise agbe.

train

where is jamaica situated on the world map

Jamaica (/ dʒ əˈmeɪkə / (listen)) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, it is the third - largest island of the Greater Antilles and the fourth - largest island country in the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic).

['over the segregation of japanese children in san francisco schools']

ibo ni jamaica wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Jamáíkà (pípè /dʒəˈmeɪkə/) je orile-ede erekusu ni Antilles Gbangba, to je 234 kilometres (145 miles) ni gigun ati bi']

['Jamáíkà je orile-ede erekusu ni Antilles Gbangba']

['P1']

Jamáíkà Jamáíkà ni gigun ati bi 80 kìlómítà (50 máìlì) ni fife, ti isodipupo won je 11,100 km2. O budo sinu Okun Karibeani, bi 145 kìlómítà (90 máìlì) guusu Kuba, ati 190 kìlómítà (120 máìlì) iwoorun Hispaniola, erekusu to je ile fun awon orileabinibi-ileijoba Haiti ati Orile-ede Olominira Dominiki. Awon elede Arawak abinibi eya Taíno ti won gbe nibe pe oruko erekusu ohun ni Xaymaca, to tumosi "Ile Igi ati Omi", tabi "Ile Isun Omi".[4] Nigba kan bi ini Spein ti won si pe ibe ni Santiago, ni 1655 o di ibiamusin Ilegeesi, ati leyin eyi o di ti Britani, toruko re n je "Jamaica". Pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 2.8, o je orile-ede keta eledegeesi to ni awon eniyan pipojulo ni orile Amerika, leyin awon orile-ede Iparapo awon Ipinle ati Kanada. O wa ninu ile Ajoni pelu Queen Elizabeth II bi Olori Orile-ede. Kingston ni ilu titobijulo ati oluilu re. Ìtàn Ày?kà olórí: Ìtàn Jàmáíkà Awon eya abinibi Arawak ati Taino ti won gbera lati Guusu Amerika budo sori erekusu na larin odun 4000 ati 1000 kJ.[5] Nigbati Christopher Columbus de be ni 1494 o ba awon abule to ju 200 lo nibe ti won ni awon olori abule nibe. Ebado guusu Jamaika je ibi ti awon eniyan posijulo nigbana, agaga layika agbegbe ti a mo loni bi Old Harbour.[5] Awon Tainos si je onibugbe Jamaika nigbati awon Geesi gba idari ibe.[5] Jamaican National Heritage Trust nsise lati wari, ki won o si sakosile eri yiowu toba le wa nipa awon Taino/Arawaks.[6] Christopher Columbus gba Jamaica fun Spein leyin to bale sibe ni 1494. O se e se ko je pe ibi ti Columbus bale si ni Dry Harbour, loni to n je Discovery Bay. Maili kan ni iwoorun St. Ann's Bay ni ibi ibudo akoko awon ara Spein lori erekusu na, Sevilla, ti won pati ni 1554 nitori opo awon olosa ti won ja be. Won ko oluilu ibe lo si Ìlú Sípéènì, loni to budo si parish of St. Catherine, lati odun 1534. Leyin eyi won pe ni "Villa de la Vega". Ìlú Sípéènì ni o ni Ile isin to pejulo larin awon ibiamusin Britani. Awon ara Ilegeesi fi tipatipa le awon ara Spein kuro ni Ocho Rios ni St. Ann. Sugbon, o di odun 1655, ni Tower Isle, ki awon ara Ilegeesi o to gba ogba ologun awon ara Spein to gbeyin ni Jamaica. Omo Spein to n je Don Cortez Arnoldo de Yassi da abo bo Tower Hill (ibi ti Tower Isle wa) lowo awon ara Ilegeesi fun odun marun, ki o to salo si Kuba. Ibi to gba salo ni won n pe ni "Runaway Bay", eyi na wa ni St. Ann. Oruko Montego Bay, to je oluilu parish St. James, wa lati oruko lede Spein manteca bahía (tabi Bay of Lard) fun opo iye pupo boar ti won n lo fun ilé i??? tí w??n ti ? ?e ò?rá.[7] Ara Ilegeesi Admiral William Penn (baba William Penn ti Pennsylvania) ati Ogagun Robert Venables gba erekusu yi ni 1655. Ni 1660, iye awon eniyan ni Jamaika je 4,500 awon alawo funfun ati bi 1,500 melo awon alawo dudu.[9] Lati bi awon odun 1670, awon eniyan alawo dudu ni won je ogunlogo iye awon eniyan nibe.[10] Nigba ti awon ara Ilegeesi gba Jamaika ni 1655 olumusin ara Spein sa kuro nibe won si fi opolopo awon omo eru won lati Afrika seyin. Ki awon ara Ilegeesi o mo baa tun mu won leru, won salo si agbegbe oke alapata ni ori erekusu yi, nibi ti won ti darapo mo awon miran ti awon na ti sa kuro lowo awon ara Spein tele lati lo gbe pelu awon Taínos. Awon eru ti won ti salo wonyi je mimo bi Jamaican Maroons, koja lu awon ara Britani ni orundun 18th. Awon iran won si n je oruko yi titi doni. Nigba oko eru awon Maroon sedasile agbajo alominira larin inu oke ile Jamaica niran deran. Nigba awon odun 200 akoko ijoba Britani, Jamaika di ikan ninu awon orile-ede to siwaju lagbaye to n ta suga ati to n lo eru, nipa sise iye to ju toonu 77,000 suga lo lododun larin 1820 ati 1824. Leyin ipare owo eru (eyi yato si oko eru gan ti won ko pare) ni 1807,[11] awon ara Britani mu awon ara India ati ara Saina wa bi awon oniwofa lati sise. Awon omo-omo awo awon oniwofa lti Asia yi si wa ni Jamaika titi doni. Nigba to fi di ibere orundun 19th, nitoripe Jamaica gbokan le oko eru eyi ki awon eniyan alawodudu (awon ara Afrika) o poju awon eniyan alawofunfun (awon ara Europe) lo ni ipin 20 si 1. Botilejepe awon Ilegeesi ti fi ofinde owo eru, ifayawo won si awon ibiamusin si tun sele nigbana. Ijoba Britani se ofin to lana ipare oko eru, sugbon won tun lana lati se imudara igbe awon eru ibe. Ninu awon ilanna yi ni ifofinde lilo egba ninu oko, ifofinde nina awon obinrin, ikede pe awon eru gbodo je gbigba laye lati gba ilana esin, ipondandan pe awon eru gbodo ni ojo kan ninu ose lati ta awon ogbin oko won, bakanna won si tun fofinde awon oja ojo Aiku. Àwòrán il?? Jàmáíkà Sugbon ni Jamaika, awon ilana yi je lilodi di latowo Ile-igbimo Asofin. Ileigbimo yi so pe awon eru nitelorun ara won, won si lodi si itowobo Ileasofin si oro to n lo ni erekusu ohun, botilejepe opo awon to ni eru n beru pe ijidide awon eru le se. Leyin opolopo aigboran ati iyipada iwuwa ni Britani Olokiki, won fofinde oko eru ni 1834, pelu ifisile patapata lowo idekun eru ni 1838. Iye awon eniyan ibe ni 1834 je 371,070 ninu awon ti 15,000 je alawofunfun, 5,000 je eniyan alawodudu alominira, 40,000 eya adalu, ati 311,070 eru.[9] Ni awon odun 1800, Britani sedasile iye awon ogba eweko. Ikan ninu won ni ?gbà Castleton , to je didakale ni 1862 lati dipo ?gbà Bath (to je dida ni 1779) ti agbara omi baje. ?gbà Bath ni ibi ogbin èso búré?dì ti won je mimuwa si Jamaica lati Pàsífíkì latowo Captain William Bligh. Awon ogba miran tun ni Àgbàlá Cinchona ti won dasile ni 1868 ati ?gbà Hope ti won dasile ni 1874. Ni 1872, Kingston di oluilu erekusu na. Ni 1945, Sir Horace Hector Hearne di Onidajo Agba ati Olutoju Akosile ni Jamaika. O solori Ile-Ejo Gigajulo, Kingston larin 1945 ati 1950/1951. Ibe lo gba lo si Kenya nibi ti won ti yan bi Onidajo Agba. Ààr? oríl??-èdè Jamaica, Michael Manley àti ìyàwó r?? p??lú Ààr? oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà Jimmy Carter in 1977. Diedie Jamaika gba ilominira lopo lowo Iparapo Ileoba be sini ni 1958, o di igberiko ninu Àj? Ìpínl?? West Indies, ile apapo kan ni larin awon Àw?n Ìpínl?? West Indies ti Il?? G????sì. Jamaika gba iominira patapata nigba to fi ile apapo yi sile ni 1962. Okowo to n posi daada bi 6% lodoodun, lo sele ni odun mewa akoko leyin ilominira labe ijoba ti awon Alakoso AgbaAlexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster ati Hugh Shearer solo ri sirere. Ohun to fa iposi yi ni inawolori daada si bauxite/alumina, isebewo, ile-ise elero ati, ni bi die apa ise agbe.

train

who was the first person to suggest that light is an electromagnetic wave

James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (/ ˈmækswɛl / ; 13 June 1831 -- 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell 's equations for electromagnetism have been called the `` second great unification in physics '' after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.

['1924']

taló kọ́kọ́ sọ pé ìmọ́lẹ̀ jẹ́ ìgbì tí wọ́n ń pè ní electromagnetic wave

Yes

['James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) je onimo fisiyiki oniriro ati mathematiiki ara Skotlandi.', 'Aseyori re to se pataki ju ni iro oninagberigberin, to sakojopo gbogbo awon akiyesi, adanwo ati awon isodogba fun itanna, isegberigberin ati optiyiki teletele ti won ko baratan si iru tobaramu. Awon akojopo isodogba re—awon isodogba Maxwell—fihan pe itanna, isegberingberin ati imole na je ifarahanjade isele kanna: papa oninagberingberin.']

['James Clerk Maxwell ', 'awon isodogba Maxwell ti James Clerk Maxwell fihan pe itanna, isegberingberin ati imole na je ifarahanjade isele kanna: papa oninagberingberin.']

['P1']

James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell (13 osù ke?fà, o?dún 1831 – 5 osù kankànlá, o?dún 1879) je onimo fisiyiki oniriro ati mathematiiki ara Skotlandi[1]. Aseyori re to se pataki ju ni iro oninagberigberin, to sakojopo gbogbo awon akiyesi, adanwo ati awon isodogba fun itanna, isegberigberin ati optiyiki teletele ti won ko baratan si iru tobaramu.[2] Awon akojopo isodogba re—awon isodogba Maxwell—fihan pe itanna, isegberingberin ati imole na je ifarahanjade isele kanna: papa oninagberingberin. Lati igba yi siwaju, gbogbo awon ofin ati isodogba awon eka wonyi di iru mimuyanju awon isodogba Maxwell. Ise Maxwell ninu isoninagberingberin ti je pipe ni "isodokan tolokiki keji ninu fisiyiki",[3] leyin ekinni ti Isaac Newton se. Maxwell fihan pe papa onina ati gberingberin n gba inu aaye koja gege bi oniriru, ati pelu isare imole ti ko yi pada. Nipari, ni odun 1864 Maxwell ko iwe "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field", ninu ibi ti o ti koko damoran pe ni ooto imole je irusilesoke ninu ohun kanna to n fa isele onina ati gberingberin.[4] Maxwell tun seda ipinka Maxwell, ona statistiki lati sapejuwe awon ese iro imurin awon efuufu. Awon iwari mejeji yi lo mu igba fisiyiki odeoni waye, o se ifilele ise ojo iwaju ninu papa bi ijebaratan pataki ati isise ero atasere. Maxwell na lo tun da foto alawo akoko ni 1861, o si tun se ipilese idimule opo ati isopo won bi won se je mimulo ninu awon afara. Opolopo awon onimo fisiyiki gba Maxwell pe o je onimo sayensi igba orundun 19 to ni ipa pataki julo lori fisiyiki igba orundun 20. Awon afikun re si sayensi je iru kanna bi ti awon Isaac Newton ati Albert Einstein.[5] Ninu iwadi igboro fun egberun odun, iwadi lowo awon onimo fisiyiki pataki julo dibo fun Maxwell gege bi onimo fisiyiki eketa tolokiki julo ni gbogbo igba, leyin Newton ati Einstein nikan.[6] Ni asiko ojoibi odun ogorun Maxwell, Einstein fun ra re juwe ise Maxwell gege bi "eyi to se gbangba julo ati to wulo julo ti fisiyiki ni iriri lati igba Newton."[7] Einstein fi foto Maxwell si ara ogiri yara ikawe re, pelu foto Michael Faraday ati Newton.[8] Igbesiaye Igba ewe, 1831–39 James Clerk Maxwell je bibi ni 13 osù ke?fà, o?dún 1831 ni 14 Òpópónà India, Edinburgh, fun John Clerk Maxwell, agbejoro, ati Frances Maxwell (omo Cay).[9]

James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) Born ( 1831-06-13 ) 13 June 1831 Edinburgh , Scotland Died 5 November 1879 (1879-11-05) (aged 48) Cambridge , England Resting place Parton, Dumfries and Galloway 55°00′24″N 4°02′21″W  /  55.006693°N 4.039210°W  / 55.006693; -4.039210 Nationality Scottish Citizenship British Alma mater University of Edinburgh University of Cambridge Known for Maxwell's equations Maxwell relations Maxwell distribution Maxwell's demon Maxwell's discs Maxwell speed distribution Maxwell's theorem Maxwell material Generalized Maxwell model Displacement current Maxwell coil Maxwell's wheel Spouse(s) Katherine Clerk Maxwell Awards Smith's Prize (1854) Adams Prize (1857) Rumford Medal (1860) Keith Prize (1869–71) Scientific career Fields Physics and mathematics Institutions Marischal College, Aberdeen King's College, London University of Cambridge Academic advisors William Hopkins Notable students George Chrystal Horace Lamb John Henry Poynting Influences Sir Isaac Newton , Michael Faraday Influenced Albert Einstein Signature James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE ( / ˈ m æ k s w ɛ l / ; 13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics . His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation , bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism , and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics" after the first one realised by Isaac Newton . With the publication of " A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field " in 1865, Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves moving at the speed of light . Maxwell proposed that light is an undulation in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. The unification of light and electrical phenomena led to the prediction of the existence of radio waves . Maxwell helped develop the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution , a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases . He is also known for presenting the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on analysing the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks ( trusses ) like those in many bridges. His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics . Many physicists regard Maxwell as the 19th-century scientist having the greatest influence on 20th-century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein . In the millennium poll – a survey of the 100 most prominent physicists – Maxwell was voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and Einstein. On the centenary of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton". Contents [ hide ] 1 Life 1.1 Early life, 1831–1839 1.2 Education, 1839–1847 1.3 University of Edinburgh, 1847–1850 1.4 University of Cambridge, 1850–1856 1.5 Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1856–1860 1.6 King's College, London, 1860–1865 1.7 Later years, 1865–1879 1.8 Personal life 2 Scientific legacy 2.1 Electromagnetism 2.2 Colour vision 2.3 Kinetic theory and thermodynamics 2.4 Control theory 3 Legacy 4 Publications 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links Life Early life, 1831–1839 James Clerk Maxwell's birthplace at 14 India Street, Edinburgh, it is now the home of the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation James Clerk Maxwell was born on 13 June 1831 at 14 India Street, Edinburgh , to John Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie , an advocate, and Frances Cay daughter of Robert Hodshon Cay and sister of John Cay . (His birthplace now houses a museum operated by the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation .) His father was a man of comfortable means of the Clerk family of Penicuik , holders of the baronetcy of Clerk of Penicuik . His father's brother was the 6th Baronet . He had been born "John Clerk", adding the surname Maxwell to his own after he inherited (as an infant in 1793) the Middlebie country estate near Corsock , Kirkcudbrightshire, from connections to the Maxwell family, themselves members of the peerage . James was a first cousin of both the artist Jemima Blackburn (the daughter of his father's sister) and the civil engineer William Dyce Cay (the son of his mother's brother). Cay and Maxwell were close friends and Cay acted as his best man when Maxwell married. Maxwell's parents met and married when they were well into their thirties; his mother was nearly 40 when he was born. They had had one earlier child, a daughter named Elizabeth, who died in infancy. When Maxwell was young his family moved to Glenlair House , which his parents had built on the 1,500 acres (610 ha) Middlebie estate. All indications suggest that Maxwell had maintained an unquenchable curiosity from an early age. By the age of three, everything that moved, shone, or made a noise drew the question: "what's the go o' that?" In a passage added to a letter from his father to his sister-in-law Jane Cay in 1834, his mother described this innate sense of inquisitiveness: He is a very happy man, and has improved much since the weather got moderate; he has great work with doors, locks, keys, etc., and "show me how it doos" is never out of his mouth. He also investigates the hidden course of streams and bell-wires, the way the water gets from the pond through the wall.... Education, 1839–1847 Recognising the potential of the young boy, Maxwell's mother Frances took responsibility for James's early education, which in the Victorian era was largely the job of the woman of the house. At eight he could recite long passages of Milton and the whole of the 119th psalm (176 verses). Indeed, his knowledge of scripture was already detailed; he could give chapter and verse for almost any quotation from the psalms. His mother was taken ill with abdominal cancer and, after an unsuccessful operation, died in December 1839 when he was eight years old. His education was then overseen by his father and his father's sister-in-law Jane, both of whom played pivotal roles in his life. His formal schooling began unsuccessfully under the guidance of a 16 year old hired tutor. Little is known about the young man hired to instruct Maxwell, except that he treated the younger boy harshly, chiding him for being slow and wayward. The tutor was dismissed in November 1841 and, after considerable thought, Maxwell was sent to the prestigious Edinburgh Academy . He lodged during term times at the house of his aunt Isabella. During this time his passion for drawing was encouraged by his older cousin Jemima. Edinburgh Academy, where Maxwell was schooled. The 10 year old Maxwell, having been raised in isolation on his father's countryside estate, did not fit in well at school. The first year had been full, obliging him to join the second year with classmates a year his senior. His mannerisms and Galloway accent struck the other boys as rustic. Having arrived on his first day of school wearing a pair of homemade shoes and a tunic, he earned the unkind nickname of " Daftie ". He never seemed to resent the epithet, bearing it without complaint for many years. Social isolation at the Academy ended when he met Lewis Campbell and Peter Guthrie Tait , two boys of a similar age who were to become notable scholars later in life. They remained lifelong friends. Maxwell was fascinated by geometry at an early age, rediscovering the regular polyhedra before he received any formal instruction. Despite winning the school's scripture biography prize in his second year, his academic work remained unnoticed until, at the age of 13, he won the school's mathematical medal and first prize for both English and poetry. Maxwell's interests ranged far beyond the school syllabus and he did not pay particular attention to examination performance. He wrote his first scientific paper at the age of 14. In it he described a mechanical means of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of twine, and the properties of ellipses , Cartesian ovals , and related curves with more than two foci . His work "Oval Curves" was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh by James Forbes , a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh , because Maxwell was deemed too young to present the work himself. The work was not entirely original, since René Descartes had also examined the properties of such multifocal ellipses in the 17th century, but he had simplified their construction. University of Edinburgh, 1847–1850 Old College, University of Edinburgh Maxwell left the Academy in 1847 at age 16 and began attending classes at the University of Edinburgh . He had the opportunity to attend the University of Cambridge , but decided, after his first term, to complete the full course of his undergraduate studies at Edinburgh. The academic staff of the University included some highly regarded names; his first year tutors included Sir William Hamilton , who lectured him on logic and metaphysics , Philip Kelland on mathematics, and James Forbes on natural philosophy . He did not find his classes at the University demanding, and was therefore able to immerse himself in private study during free time at the University and particularly when back home at Glenlair. There he would experiment with improvised chemical, electric, and magnetic apparatus, however his chief concerns regarded the properties of polarised light . He constructed shaped blocks of gelatine , subjected them to various stresses , and with a pair of polarising prisms given to him by William Nicol , viewed the coloured fringes that had developed within the jelly. Through this practice he discovered photoelasticity , which is a means of determining the stress distribution within physical structures. At age 18, Maxwell contributed two papers for the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . One of these, "On the Equilibrium of Elastic Solids", laid the foundation for an important discovery later in his life, which was the temporary double refraction produced in viscous liquids by shear stress . His other paper was "Rolling Curves" and, just as with the paper "Oval Curves" that he had written at the Edinburgh Academy, he was again considered too young to stand at the rostrum to present it himself. The paper was delivered to the Royal Society by his tutor Kelland instead. University of Cambridge, 1850–1856 A young Maxwell at Trinity College, Cambridge . He is holding one of his colour wheels . In October 1850, already an accomplished mathematician, Maxwell left Scotland for the University of Cambridge . He initially attended Peterhouse , however before the end of his first term transferred to Trinity , where he believed it would be easier to obtain a fellowship . At Trinity he was elected to the elite secret society known as the Cambridge Apostles . Maxwell's intellectual understanding of his Christian faith and of science grew rapidly during his Cambridge years. He joined the "Apostles", an exclusive debating society of the intellectual elite, where through his essays he sought to work out this understanding. Now my great plan, which was conceived of old, ... is to let nothing be wilfully left unexamined. Nothing is to be holy ground consecrated to Stationary Faith, whether positive or negative. All fallow land is to be ploughed up and a regular system of rotation followed. ... Never hide anything, be it weed or no, nor seem to wish it hidden. ... Again I assert the Right of Trespass on any plot of Holy Ground which any man has set apart. ... Now I am convinced that no one but a Christian can actually purge his land of these holy spots. ... I do not say that no Christians have enclosed places of this sort. Many have a great deal, and every one has some. But there are extensive and important tracts in the territory of the Scoffer, the Pantheist, the Quietist, Formalist, Dogmatist, Sensualist, and the rest, which are openly and solemnly Tabooed. ..." Christianity – that is, the religion of the Bible – is the only scheme or form of belief which disavows any possessions on such a tenure. Here alone all is free. You may fly to the ends of the world and find no God but the Author of Salvation. You may search the Scriptures and not find a text to stop you in your explorations. ... The Old Testament and the Mosaic Law and Judaism are commonly supposed to be "Tabooed" by the orthodox. Sceptics pretend to have read them, and have found certain witty objections ... which too many of the orthodox unread admit, and shut up the subject as haunted. But a Candle is coming to drive out all Ghosts and Bugbears. Let us follow the light. The extent to which Maxwell "ploughed up" his Christian beliefs and put them to the intellectual test, can be judged only incompletely from his writings. But there is plenty of evidence, especially from his undergraduate days, that he did deeply examine his faith. Certainly, his knowledge of the Bible was remarkable, so his confidence in the Scriptures was not based on ignorance. In the summer of his third year, Maxwell spent some time at the Suffolk home of the Rev C.B. Tayler , the uncle of a classmate, G.W.H. Tayler. The love of God shown by the family impressed Maxwell, particularly after he was nursed back from ill health by the minister and his wife. On his return to Cambridge, Maxwell writes to his recent host a chatty and affectionate letter including the following testimony, ... I have the capacity of being more wicked than any example that man could set me, and ... if I escape, it is only by God's grace helping me to get rid of myself, partially in science, more completely in society, — but not perfectly except by committing myself to God ... In November 1851, Maxwell studied under William Hopkins , whose success in nurturing mathematical genius had earned him the nickname of " senior wrangler -maker". In 1854, Maxwell graduated from Trinity with a degree in mathematics. He scored second highest in the final examination, coming behind Edward Routh and earning himself the title of Second Wrangler. He was later declared equal with Routh in the more exacting ordeal of the Smith's Prize examination. Immediately after earning his degree, Maxwell read his paper "On the Transformation of Surfaces by Bending" to the Cambridge Philosophical Society . This is one of the few purely mathematical papers he had written, demonstrating Maxwell's growing stature as a mathematician. Maxwell decided to remain at Trinity after graduating and applied for a fellowship, which was a process that he could expect to take a couple of years. Buoyed by his success as a research student, he would be free, apart from some tutoring and examining duties, to pursue scientific interests at his own leisure. The nature and perception of colour was one such interest which he had begun at the University of Edinburgh while he was a student of Forbes. With the coloured spinning tops invented by Forbes, Maxwell was able to demonstrate that white light would result from a mixture of red, green, and blue light. His paper "Experiments on Colour" laid out the principles of colour combination and was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March 1855. Maxwell was this time able to deliver it himself. Maxwell was made a fellow of Trinity on 10 October 1855, sooner than was the norm, and was asked to prepare lectures on hydrostatics and optics and to set examination papers. The following February he was urged by Forbes to apply for the newly vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy at Marischal College , Aberdeen . His father assisted him in the task of preparing the necessary references, but died on 2 April at Glenlair before either knew the result of Maxwell's candidacy. Maxwell accepted the professorship at Aberdeen, leaving Cambridge in November 1856. Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1856–1860 Maxwell proved that the Rings of Saturn were made of numerous small particles. The 25-year-old Maxwell was a good 15 years younger than any other professor at Marischal. He engaged himself with his new responsibilities as head of a department, devising the syllabus and preparing lectures. He committed himself to lecturing 15 hours a week, including a weekly pro bono lecture to the local working men's college. He lived in Aberdeen during the six months of the academic year and spent the summers at Glenlair, which he had inherited from his father. James and Katherine Maxwell, 1869 He focused his attention on a problem that had eluded scientists for 200 years: the nature of Saturn's rings . It was unknown how they could remain stable without breaking up, drifting away or crashing into Saturn. The problem took on a particular resonance at that time because St John's College, Cambridge had chosen it as the topic for the 1857 Adams Prize . Maxwell devoted two years to studying the problem, proving that a regular solid ring could not be stable, while a fluid ring would be forced by wave action to break up into blobs. Since neither was observed, Maxwell concluded that the rings must be composed of numerous small particles he called "brick-bats", each independently orbiting Saturn. Maxwell was awarded the £130 Adams Prize in 1859 for his essay "On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings"; he was the only entrant to have made enough headway to submit an entry. His work was so detailed and convincing that when George Biddell Airy read it he commented "It is one of the most remarkable applications of mathematics to physics that I have ever seen." It was considered the final word on the issue until direct observations by the Voyager flybys of the 1980s confirmed Maxwell's prediction. In 1857 Maxwell befriended the Reverend Daniel Dewar, who was then the Principal of Marischal. Through him Maxwell met Dewar's daughter, Katherine Mary Dewar . They were engaged in February 1858 and married in Aberdeen on 2 June 1858. On the marriage record, Maxwell is listed as Professor of Natural Philosophy in Marischal College, Aberdeen. Seven years Maxwell's senior, comparatively little is known of Katherine, although it is known that she helped in his lab and worked on experiments in viscosity . Maxwell's biographer and friend, Lewis Campbell, adopted an uncharacteristic reticence on the subject of Katherine, though describing their married life as "one of unexampled devotion". In 1860 Marischal College merged with the neighbouring King's College to form the University of Aberdeen . There was no room for two professors of Natural Philosophy, so Maxwell, despite his scientific reputation, found himself laid off. He was unsuccessful in applying for Forbes's recently vacated chair at Edinburgh, the post instead going to Tait . Maxwell was granted the Chair of Natural Philosophy at King's College, London , instead. After recovering from a near-fatal bout of smallpox in 1860, Maxwell moved to London with his wife. King's College, London, 1860–1865 Commemoration of Maxwell's equations at King's College. One of three identical IEEE Milestone Plaques, the others being at Maxwell's birthplace in Edinburgh and the family home at Glenlair. Maxwell's time at King's was probably the most productive of his career. He was awarded the Royal Society's Rumford Medal in 1860 for his work on colour and was later elected to the Society in 1861. This period of his life would see him display the world's first light-fast colour photograph, further develop his ideas on the viscosity of gases, and propose a system of defining physical quantities—now known as dimensional analysis . Maxwell would often attend lectures at the Royal Institution , where he came into regular contact with Michael Faraday . The relationship between the two men could not be described as being close, because Faraday was 40 years Maxwell's senior and showed signs of senility . They nevertheless maintained a strong respect for each other's talents. Blue plaque, 16 Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington, Maxwell's home, 1860–1865 This time is especially noteworthy for the advances Maxwell made in the fields of electricity and magnetism. He examined the nature of both electric and magnetic fields in his two-part paper " On physical lines of force ", which was published in 1861. In it he provided a conceptual model for electromagnetic induction , consisting of tiny spinning cells of magnetic flux . Two more parts were later added to and published in that same paper in early 1862. In the first additional part he discussed the nature of electrostatics and displacement current . In the second additional part, he dealt with the rotation of the plane of the polarisation of light in a magnetic field, a phenomenon that had been discovered by Faraday and is now known as the Faraday effect . Later years, 1865–1879 The gravestone at Parton Kirk (Galloway) of James Clerk Maxwell, his parents and his wife This memorial stone to James Clerk Maxwell stands on a green in front of the church, beside the war memorial at Parton (Galloway). In 1865 Maxwell resigned the chair at King's College, London, and returned to Glenlair with Katherine. In his paper "On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces" (1870) he discussed the rigidity of various designs of lattice. He wrote the textbook Theory of Heat (1871) and the treatise Matter and Motion (1876). Maxwell was also the first to make explicit use of dimensional analysis , in 1871. In 1871 he returned to Cambridge to become the first Cavendish Professor of Physics . Maxwell was put in charge of the development of the Cavendish Laboratory , supervising every step in the progress of the building and of the purchase of the collection of apparatus. One of Maxwell's last great contributions to science was the editing (with copious original notes) of the research of Henry Cavendish , from which it appeared that Cavendish researched, amongst other things, such questions as the density of the Earth and the composition of water. Maxwell died in Cambridge of abdominal cancer on 5 November 1879 at the age of 48. His mother had died at the same age of the same type of cancer. The minister who regularly visited him in his last weeks was astonished at his lucidity and the immense power and scope of his memory, but comments more particularly, ... his illness drew out the whole heart and soul and spirit of the man: his firm and undoubting faith in the Incarnation and all its results; in the full sufficiency of the Atonement; in the work of the Holy Spirit. He had gauged and fathomed all the schemes and systems of philosophy, and had found them utterly empty and unsatisfying — "unworkable" was his own word about them — and he turned with simple faith to the Gospel of the Saviour. As death approached Maxwell told a Cambridge colleague, I have been thinking how very gently I have always been dealt with. I have never had a violent shove all my life. The only desire which I can have is like David to serve my own generation by the will of God, and then fall asleep. Maxwell is buried at Parton Kirk, near Castle Douglas in Galloway close to where he grew up. The extended biography The Life of James Clerk Maxwell , by his former schoolfellow and lifelong friend Professor Lewis Campbell , was published in 1882. His collected works were issued in two volumes by the Cambridge University Press in 1890. Personal life As a great lover of Scottish poetry , Maxwell memorised poems and wrote his own. The best known is Rigid Body Sings , closely based on " Comin' Through the Rye " by Robert Burns , which he apparently used to sing while accompanying himself on a guitar. It has the opening lines Gin a body meet a body Flyin' through the air. Gin a body hit a body, Will it fly? And where? A collection of his poems was published by his friend Lewis Campbell in 1882. Descriptions of Maxwell remark upon his remarkable intellectual qualities being matched by social awkwardness. Maxwell was an evangelical Presbyterian and in his later years became an Elder of the Church of Scotland . Maxwell's religious beliefs and related activities have been the focus of a number of papers. Attending both Church of Scotland (his father's denomination) and Episcopalian (his mother's denomination) services as a child, Maxwell later underwent an evangelical conversion in April 1853. One facet of this conversion may have aligned him with an antipositivist position. Scientific legacy Electromagnetism Main articles: Maxwell's equations and Electromagnetism A postcard from Maxwell to Peter Tait Maxwell had studied and commented on electricity and magnetism as early as 1855 when his paper "On Faraday's lines of force" was read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society . The paper presented a simplified model of Faraday's work and how electricity and magnetism are related. He reduced all of the current knowledge into a linked set of differential equations with 20 equations in 20 variables. This work was later published as " On Physical Lines of Force " in March 1861. Around 1862, while lecturing at King's College, Maxwell calculated that the speed of propagation of an electromagnetic field is approximately that of the speed of light (see speed of light#electromagnetic constants ). He considered this to be more than just a coincidence, commenting, "We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena." Working on the problem further, Maxwell showed that the equations predict the existence of waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel through empty space at a speed that could be predicted from simple electrical experiments; using the data available at the time, Maxwell obtained a velocity of 310,740,000 metres per second (1.0195 × 10 9 ft/s). In his 1864 paper " A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field ", Maxwell wrote, "The agreement of the results seems to show that light and magnetism are affections of the same substance, and that light is an electromagnetic disturbance propagated through the field according to electromagnetic laws". His famous twenty equations, in their modern form of four partial differential equations , first appeared in fully developed form in his textbook A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873. Most of this work was done by Maxwell at Glenlair during the period between holding his London post and his taking up the Cavendish chair. Maxwell expressed electromagnetism in the algebra of quaternions and made the electromagnetic potential the centrepiece of his theory. In 1881 Oliver Heaviside replaced Maxwell's electromagnetic potential field by 'force fields' as the centrepiece of electromagnetic theory. Heaviside reduced the complexity of Maxwell's theory down to four differential equations , known now collectively as Maxwell's Laws or Maxwell's equations . According to Heaviside, the electromagnetic potential field was arbitrary and needed to be "murdered". The use of scalar and vector potentials is now standard in the solution of Maxwell's equations. A few years later there was a debate between Heaviside and Peter Guthrie Tait about the relative merits of vector analysis and quaternions . The result was the realisation that there was no need for the greater physical insights provided by quaternions if the theory was purely local, and vector analysis became commonplace. Maxwell was proven correct, and his quantitative connection between light and electromagnetism is considered one of the great accomplishments of 19th century mathematical physics . Maxwell also introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field in comparison to force lines that Faraday described. By understanding the propagation of electromagnetism as a field emitted by active particles, Maxwell could advance his work on light. At that time, Maxwell believed that the propagation of light required a medium for the waves, dubbed the luminiferous aether . Over time, the existence of such a medium, permeating all space and yet apparently undetectable by mechanical means, proved impossible to reconcile with experiments such as the Michelson–Morley experiment . Moreover, it seemed to require an absolute frame of reference in which the equations were valid, with the distasteful result that the equations changed form for a moving observer. These difficulties inspired Albert Einstein to formulate the theory of special relativity ; in the process Einstein dispensed with the requirement of a stationary luminiferous aether . Colour vision First durable colour photographic image, demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell in an 1861 lecture As most physicists of the time, Maxwell had a strong interest in psychology. Following the steps of Isaac Newton and Thomas Young , he was particularly interested in the study of colour vision . From 1855 to 1872, Maxwell published at intervals a series of investigations concerning the perception of colour, colour-blindness , and colour theory, and was awarded the Rumford Medal for "On the Theory of Colour Vision". Isaac Newton had demonstrated, using prisms, that white lights, such as sunlight , are composed of a number of monochromatic components which could then be recombined into white light. Newton also showed that an orange paint made of yellow and red could look exactly like a monochromatic orange light, although being composed of two monochromatic yellow and red lights. Hence the paradox that puzzled physicists of the time: two complex lights (composed of more than one monochromatic light) could look alike but be physically different, called metameres . Thomas Young later proposed that this paradox could be explained by colours being perceived through a limited number of channels in the eyes, which he proposed to be threefold, the trichromatic colour theory . Maxwell used the recently developed Linear algebra to prove Young's theory. Any monochromatic light stimulating three receptors should be able to be equally stimulated by a set of three different monochromatic lights (in fact, by any set of three different lights). He demonstrated that to be the case, inventing colour matching experiments and Colourimetry . Maxwell was also interested in applying his theory of colour perception, namely in colour photography . Stemming directly from his psychological work on colour perception: if a sum of any three lights could reproduce any perceivable colour, then colour photographs could be produced with a set of three coloured filters. In the course of his 1855 paper, Maxwell proposed that, if three black-and-white photographs of a scene were taken through red, green and blue filters and transparent prints of the images were projected onto a screen using three projectors equipped with similar filters, when superimposed on the screen the result would be perceived by the human eye as a complete reproduction of all the colours in the scene. During an 1861 Royal Institution lecture on colour theory, Maxwell presented the world's first demonstration of colour photography by this principle of three-colour analysis and synthesis. Thomas Sutton , inventor of the single-lens reflex camera , took the picture. He photographed a tartan ribbon three times, through red, green, and blue filters, also making a fourth photograph through a yellow filter, which, according to Maxwell's account, was not used in the demonstration. Because Sutton's photographic plates were insensitive to red and barely sensitive to green, the results of this pioneering experiment were far from perfect. It was remarked in the published account of the lecture that "if the red and green images had been as fully photographed as the blue," it "would have been a truly-coloured image of the riband. By finding photographic materials more sensitive to the less refrangible rays, the representation of the colours of objects might be greatly improved." Researchers in 1961 concluded that the seemingly impossible partial success of the red-filtered exposure was due to ultraviolet light, which is strongly reflected by some red dyes, not entirely blocked by the red filter used, and within the range of sensitivity of the wet collodion process Sutton employed. Kinetic theory and thermodynamics Main article: Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Maxwell's demon , a thought experiment where entropy decreases. Maxwell's sketch of the three-dimensional thermodynamic surface later named after him (letter to Thomson , 8 July 1875). Maxwell also investigated the kinetic theory of gases. Originating with Daniel Bernoulli , this theory was advanced by the successive labours of John Herapath , John James Waterston , James Joule , and particularly Rudolf Clausius , to such an extent as to put its general accuracy beyond a doubt; but it received enormous development from Maxwell, who in this field appeared as an experimenter (on the laws of gaseous friction) as well as a mathematician. Between 1859 and 1866, he developed the theory of the distributions of velocities in particles of a gas, work later generalised by Ludwig Boltzmann . The formula, called the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution , gives the fraction of gas molecules moving at a specified velocity at any given temperature. In the kinetic theory , temperatures and heat involve only molecular movement. This approach generalised the previously established laws of thermodynamics and explained existing observations and experiments in a better way than had been achieved previously. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics led him to devise the thought experiment that came to be known as Maxwell's demon , where the second law of thermodynamics is violated by an imaginary being capable of sorting particles by energy. In 1871 he established Maxwell's thermodynamic relations , which are statements of equality among the second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials with respect to different thermodynamic variables. In 1874, he constructed a plaster thermodynamic visualisation as a way of exploring phase transitions, based on the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs 's graphical thermodynamics papers. Control theory Main article: Control theory Maxwell published a paper "On governors" in the Proceedings of the Royal Society , vol. 16 (1867–1868). This paper is considered a central paper of the early days of control theory . Here "governors" refers to the governor or the centrifugal governor used to regulate steam engines . Legacy Main article: List of things named after James Clerk Maxwell The James Clerk Maxwell Monument in Edinburgh, by Alexander Stoddart . Commissioned by The Royal Society of Edinburgh; unveiled in 2008. His name is honoured in several ways: The maxwell (Mx), a compound derived CGS unit measuring magnetic flux James Clerk Maxwell Prize in Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society IEEE Maxwell Award Maxwell Montes , a mountain range on Venus The Maxwell Gap in the Rings of Saturn The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , the largest submillimetre -wavelength astronomical telescope in the world, with a diameter of 15 metres (49 ft) ] The James Clerk Maxwell Building of the University of Edinburgh , housing the schools of mathematics, physics and meteorology The James Clerk Maxwell building at the Waterloo campus of King's College London , a chair in Physics, and a society for undergraduate physicists are named after him at the university. The James Clerk Maxwell Science Centre of the Edinburgh Academy The Maxwell Centre at the University of Cambridge , dedicated to academia-industry interactions in Physical Sciences and Technology. A statue on Edinburgh's George Street GPU manufacturer Nvidia has named the architecture of its GeForce 900 series after Maxwell A proposed sculpture called the Star of Caledonia is to pay tribute to James Clerk Maxwell ANSYS software for electromagnetic analysis, named Maxwell Publications Maxwell, James Clerk (1873), A treatise on electricity and magnetism Vol I , Oxford : Clarendon Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1873), A treatise on electricity and magnetism Vol II , Oxford : Clarendon Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1881), An Elementary treatise on electricity , Oxford : Clarendon Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1890), The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell Vol I , Dover Publication Maxwell, James Clerk (1890), The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell Vol II , Cambridge, University Press Maxwell, James Clerk (1908), Theory of heat , Longmans Green Co. Three of Maxwell's contributions to Encyclopædia Britannica appeared in the Ninth Edition (1878): Atom , [1] Attraction , [2] , and Ether [3] ; and three in the Eleventh Edition (1911): Capillary Action , [4] Diagram , [5] and Faraday, Michael [6] . References Notes Bibliography Barrett, Terence William; Grimes, Dale Mills (1995). Advanced Electromagnetism: Foundations, Theory and Applications . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810220952 . Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (2015). The Electric Theories of J. Clerk Maxwell . Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science. 314 . Translated by Aversa, Alan. Springer. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-18515-6 . ISBN 978-3-319-18515-6 . Retrieved 2015-07-08 . Campbell, Lewis; Garnett, William (1882). The Life of James Clerk Maxwell (PDF) . Edinburgh: MacMillan. OCLC 2472869 . Eyges, Leonard (1972). The Classical Electromagnetic Field . New York: Dover. Gardner, Martin (2007). The Last Recreations: Hydras, Eggs, and Other Mathematical Mystifications . Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-25827-0 . Glazebrook, R. T. (1896). James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics . 811951455. OCLC 811951455 . Harman, Peter M. (1998). The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00585-X . Harman, Peter M. (2004). "Maxwell, James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/5624 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Mahon, Basil (2003). The Man Who Changed Everything – the Life of James Clerk Maxwell . Wiley. ISBN 0-470-86171-1 . Porter, Roy (2000). Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography . Hodder Arnold H&S. ISBN 978-1-85986-304-6 . OCLC 59409209 . Russo, Remigio (1996). Mathematical Problems in Elasticity . World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2576-8 . Timoshenko, Stephen (1983). History of Strength of Materials . Courier Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-61187-7 . Tolstoy, Ivan (1982). James Clerk Maxwell: A Biography . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80787-8 . OCLC 8688302 . Warwick, Andrew (2003). Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-87374-9 . Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A. (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index (PDF) . II . Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh . ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5 . Wilczek, Frank (2015). "Maxwell I: God's Esthetics. II: The Doors of Perception" . A Beautiful Question: Finding Nature’s Deep Design . Allen Lane. pp. 117–164. ISBN 978-0-718-19946-3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Clerk Maxwell . Wikiquote has quotations related to: James Clerk Maxwell Wikisource has original works written by or about: James Clerk Maxwell Works by James Clerk Maxwell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about James Clerk Maxwell at Internet Archive Works by James Clerk Maxwell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) O'Connor, John J. ; Robertson, Edmund F. , "James Clerk Maxwell" , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . "Genealogy and Coat of Arms of James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)" . Numericana. "The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation" . "Maxwell, James Clerk (Maxwell's last will and testament)" . scotlandspeople.gov.uk. "The Published Scientific Papers and Books of James Clerk Maxwell" (PDF) . Clerk Maxwell Foundation. "Bibliography" (PDF) . Clerk Maxwell Foundation. James Clerk Maxwell, "Experiments on colour as perceived by the Eye, with remarks on colour-blindness" . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , vol. 3, no. 45, pp. 299–301. (digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library )

train

who died in real life from the sopranos

James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 -- June 19, 2013) was an American actor best known for his role as Tony Soprano, the Italian - American crime boss in HBO 's television series, The Sopranos. He was widely hailed for his performance, winning three Emmy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and one Golden Globe Award.

['anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex whigs and ex free soilers']

tani ó kú nínú real life from the sopranos

Yes

['James Joseph Gandolfini, Jr. (ojoibi Oṣù Kẹ̀sán 18, 1961 – Kẹfà 19, 2013) je osere ara Amerika.']

['James Joseph Gandolfini, Jr. je osere ara Amerika.']

['P1']

James Gandolfini James Joseph Gandolfini, Jr. (ojoibi O?ù K??sán 18, 1961 – K?fà 19, 2013) je osere ara Amerika. Fún ipa r?? g??g?? bi "Toni S??pránò" Alága àwon ?s?mí tó jé Itálíán-Am??ríkàní nínú eré HBO tí w??n pè ní "Aw?n S??pránósì". Ogb??ni Ják??bu Gàndólfínì jr. j? ??y? Emmy Mé?ta, ??y? SAGA Márùn-ún, ??y? GGA ?y? kan. Ipa r?? g??g?? bí "Toni S??pránò" tó?ka si g??g?? bí Olósèré tí ó tóbi jù àti tó l??lá jùl? nínú amóhùnmáwòrán wa. Ògb??ni Gàndólfínì p??lú g??g?? bi àgbàj? ènìyàn ??tún Virgil nínu eré True Romance (1993), l??ft??nántì B??bì Douhertì nínu Kríms??n T?de (1995), K??n??lì Wí?tà nínu The L?st Kástù (2001), àti Alákoso ìlu N?w Y??rk nínu Th? Tákíng of P??lhàm 123 (2009). Aw?n eré r?? míràn p??lú G?t Sh?rti (1995), Wh?re the Wild Things Are (2009), ?nough Said (2013). ?gb??ni G?ndolfini gba ??y? Skreen Aktors Guild àti yíyàn Boston Sosiety of Film Kritiks Award fún olósèré tí ó sé àtìl?yìn l??yìn iku r??. Ní ?dún 2007, Ogb??ni G?ndolfini

James Gandolfini Gandolfini in 2010 Born James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. ( 1961-09-18 ) September 18, 1961 Westwood, New Jersey , U.S. Died June 19, 2013 (2013-06-19) (aged 51) Rome , Italy Cause of death Heart attack Alma mater Rutgers University Occupation Actor, producer Years active 1981–2013 Spouse(s) Marcy Wudarski ( m. 1999; div. 2002) Deborah Lin ( m. 2008) Children 2 James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 – June 19, 2013) was an American actor best known for his role as Tony Soprano , the Italian-American crime boss in HBO 's television series , The Sopranos . He was widely hailed for his performance, winning three Emmy Awards , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , and one Golden Globe Award . His notable film roles include mob henchman Virgil in True Romance (1993), Lt. Bobby Dougherty in Crimson Tide (1995), and Mayor of New York in The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009). Other roles are enforcer and stuntman Bear in Get Shorty (1995) and impulsive "Wild Thing" Carol in Where the Wild Things Are (2009). For his performance as Albert in Enough Said (2013), Gandolfini posthumously received much critical praise and several accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination and the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor . In 2007, Gandolfini produced Alive Day Memories: Home from Iraq , a documentary in which he interviewed injured Iraq War veterans and in 2010, Wartorn: 1861–2010 examining the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on soldiers and families throughout several wars in American history from 1861 to 2010. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Video games 7 References 8 External links Early life [ edit ] Gandolfini was born in Westwood, New Jersey . His mother, Santa ( née Penna), was a high school lunch lady of Italian ancestry who was born in the United States and raised in Naples . His Italian-born father, James Joseph Gandolfini Sr., was a native of Borgo Val di Taro who worked as a bricklayer and cement mason and later the head janitor at Paramus Catholic High School in New Jersey. James Sr. earned a Purple Heart in World War II . Gandolfini's parents were devout Roman Catholics and spoke Italian at home. Due to the influence of his parents, he developed a strong sense of Italian American identity and visited Italy regularly. He had two sisters. Gandolfini grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey and graduated from Park Ridge High School in 1979, where he played basketball, acted in school plays, and was awarded the title "Class Flirt" in his senior yearbook. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication studies from Rutgers University in 1982, where he worked as a bouncer at an on-campus pub. He also worked as a bartender and club manager in Manhattan prior to his acting career. He was introduced to acting as a young man living in New York City, when he accompanied his friend Roger Bart to a Meisner technique acting class, where he studied for two years under Kathryn Gately at The Gately Poole Conservatory. Career [ edit ] Gandolfini and Tony Sirico visit a member of the United States Air Force during a United Service Organizations visit to southwest Asia (March 2010) Gandolfini with Rose McGowan in Kuwait (March 2010) Gandolfini performed in a 1992 Broadway production of On the Waterfront for six weeks. One of his earlier film roles was that of Virgil, a brutal mob enforcer , in the romantic thriller True Romance (1993), for which he said one of his major inspirations was an old friend of his who was a hitman . In the film Terminal Velocity (1994), Gandolfini played Ben Pinkwater, a seemingly mild-mannered insurance man who turns out to be a violent Russian mobster . In 1995 he was in the box office hit Crimson Tide . In that same year in Get Shorty (1995), he appeared as a bearded ex- stuntman with a Southern accent , and in The Juror (1996), he played a mob enforcer with a conscience. Gandolfini received widespread acclaim for his performance as Tony Soprano , the lead character in the HBO drama The Sopranos , a New Jersey mob boss and family man whose constant existential questioning includes regular psychiatric appointments. The show debuted in 1999 and was broadcast until 2007. For his depiction of Soprano, Gandolfini won three Emmys for "Best Actor in a Drama" and Entertainment Weekly listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time. In addition to the awards that he won, Gandolfini received numerous nominations and two SAG Awards for being a member of the series' ensemble. In 2007 Gandolfini produced a documentary with HBO focused on injured Iraq War veterans and their devotion to America while surveying the physical and emotional costs of war. Gandolfini interviewed ten surviving soldiers, who revealed their thoughts about the challenges they face reintegrating into society and family life. They also reflected on their memories of the day when they narrowly escaped death and what life may have been like in other circumstances. [ citation needed ] That same year, Gandolfini returned to HBO as the executive producer of the Emmy -nominated documentary special, Alive Day Memories: Home From Iraq , his first project after The Sopranos and the first production for his company Attaboy Films, which was opened in 2006 with producing partner Alexandra Ryan. He returned to the stage in 2009, appearing in Broadway 's God of Carnage with Marcia Gay Harden , Hope Davis , and Jeff Daniels . He received a Tony Award nomination in the category of Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his role in the play, but lost to Geoffrey Rush , who played the lead in Exit the King . He played the Mayor of New York in the 2009 remake of The Taking of Pelham 123 . In 2010 Gandolfini produced another documentary with HBO, which analyzed the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder throughout American history, from 1861 to 2010. It featured interviews with American military officials on their views of PTSD and how they are trying to help soldiers affected by it. Letters from soldiers of the American Civil War and World War I who were affected by PTSD are examined, along with interviews with soldiers affected by PTSD and their families. [ citation needed ] Gandolfini was executive producer of the HBO film about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn , titled Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012). Gandolfini reunited with The Sopranos creator David Chase for Not Fade Away (2012), a music-driven production set in 1960s New Jersey, and the latter's feature film debut. Two films which he completed before his death on June 19, 2013, were released posthumously. The first was Enough Said , a romantic comedy which he co-starred with Julia Louis-Dreyfus . The film was met with positive reviews, particularly for Gandolfini's performance. He received posthumous Best Supporting Actor awards from the Boston Society of Film Critics and the Chicago Film Critics Association as well as multiple nominations, including a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role . His final film performance was in The Drop , a crime drama in which he co-starred with Tom Hardy and Noomi Rapace . Released September 12, 2014, the film was met with positive reviews for Gandolfini's performance. Gandolfini is credited as an executive producer on the HBO miniseries The Night Of which premiered in 2016. Gandolfini was set to star in the miniseries when it was pitched to HBO in 2013, but they ultimately decided not to go ahead with the show. HBO reversed their decision a few months later, and the show was green-lit, with Gandolfini still set to star, however he died before filming began. Actor John Turturro assumed the role intended for Gandolfini. Personal life [ edit ] Gandolfini maintained ties with his Park Ridge, New Jersey hometown by supporting its Octoberwoman Foundation for Breast Cancer Research. He lived in New York City and owned a lot on the Lake Manitoba Narrows. Gandolfini had lived on a 34-acre (14 ha) property in Chester Township, New Jersey . In 2009 he purchased a home in the hills of Tewksbury Township, New Jersey . GQ 's Brett Martin said about Gandolfini: "In interviews, which the actor did his very best to avoid, the actor would often fall back on some version of 'I'm just a dumb, fat guy from Jersey.'" Gandolfini and his first wife, Marcy Wudarski, divorced in December 2002. They have a son named Michael (born 2000). On August 30, 2008, after two years of dating, Gandolfini married former model and actress Deborah Lin in her hometown of Honolulu , Hawaii. Their daughter, Liliana Ruth Gandolfini, was born in Los Angeles, California in October 2012. Death [ edit ] Gandolfini died suddenly at the age of 51 in Rome , on June 19, 2013. He was expected to travel to Sicily a few days later to receive an award at the Taormina Film Fest . After he and his family had spent a day of sightseeing in sweltering heat, his 13-year-old son Michael discovered him unconscious at around 10 pm local time, on the bathroom floor at the Boscolo Exedra Hotel in the Piazza della Repubblica . Michael called reception, who in turn called emergency paramedics. Gandolfini reportedly arrived at the hospital at 10:40 pm and was pronounced dead at 11 pm. An autopsy confirmed that he had died of a heart attack . While word of his death spread, politicians such as John McCain and Chris Christie took to the Internet to respond. Christie ordered all New Jersey State buildings to fly flags at half staff on June 24, to honor Gandolfini when his body was returned to the United States. The people of Gandolfini's hometown started a Facebook page to discuss plans to honor him, [ citation needed ] including naming a street after him and renaming the Little Theater at Park Ridge High School after him, where he did his first performances. The day after Gandolfini's death, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band , which has long featured Sopranos co-star Steven Van Zandt on guitar, dedicated a performance of their classic album Born to Run (1975) by doing a rendition for Gandolfini. Gandolfini's body was returned to the United States on June 23, 2013. Family spokesman Michael Kobold thanked both Italian and American authorities for expediting the repatriation process, which normally takes seven days. Broadway dimmed theater marquee lights on the night of Wednesday, June 26 in Gandolfini's honor. Gandolfini's funeral service was held on June 27, 2013, at the Episcopal Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Morningside Heights, Manhattan . He was cremated , and his ashes were given to his family. Legacy [ edit ] TV Guide published a special tribute to Gandolfini in their July 1, 2013, issue following his death, devoting the entire back cover of that issue to his image. In it, columnist Matt Roush cited Gandolfini's work as Tony Soprano as an influence on subsequent cable TV protagonists, saying: "Without Tony, there's no Vic Mackey of The Shield , no Al Swearengen of Deadwood , no Don Draper of Mad Men (whose creator, Matthew Weiner , honed his craft as a writer on The Sopranos )." Similar testimonials were given by his costars and colleagues, including Edie Falco , who expressed shock and devastation at his death; [ citation needed ] Sopranos creator David Chase , who praised him as a "genius" Bryan Cranston , who stated that his Breaking Bad character Walter White would not have existed without Tony Soprano; and Gandolfini's The Mexican , True Romance and Killing Them Softly co-star Brad Pitt , who expressed admiration for Gandolfini as a "ferocious actor, a gentle soul and a genuinely funny man". Three months after his death, it was reported that in Gandolfini's last will and testament , dated December 19, 2012 and filed July 2, 2013 in Manhattan Surrogate's Court , he left a substantial portion of his estimated $70 million estate to his two sisters, widow, and daughter. The will did not state any inheritance for his only son, Michael, because Gandolfini provided for him a separate trust funded by a life insurance policy. In December 2013, following an online petition campaign started by Gandolfini's high school classmate, Lori Fredrics, his hometown renamed its Park Avenue to James Gandolfini Way at a public ceremony attended by several of his former Sopranos co-stars. In 2014, Gandolfini was posthumously inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame . Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1987 Shock! Shock! Shock! Orderly 1991 The Last Boy Scout Marcone's Henchman Uncredited 1992 A Stranger Among Us Tony Baldessari 1993 Money for Nothing Billy Coyle True Romance Virgil Mr. Wonderful Mike Italian Movie Angelo 1994 Angie Vinnie Terminal Velocity Ben Pinkwater 1995 Le Nouveau monde Will Caberra Crimson Tide Lt. Bobby Dougherty Get Shorty Bear Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 1996 The Juror Eddie 1997 Night Falls on Manhattan Joey Allegretto She's So Lovely Kiefer 12 Angry Men Juror #6 Perdita Durango Willie "Woody" Dumas Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Diner Cook Uncredited 1998 Fallen Lou The Mighty Kenny Kane A Civil Action Al Love 1999 8mm Eddie Poole A Whole New Day Vincent 2001 The Mexican Winston Baldry L.A. Outfest Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role The Man Who Wasn't There Big Dave Brewster The Last Castle Colonel Winter 2004 Surviving Christmas Tom Valco 2005 Romance & Cigarettes Nick Murder Stories of Lost Souls Vincent Segment: "A Whole New Day" 2006 Lonely Hearts Det. Charles Hilderbrandt All the King's Men Tiny Duffy Club Soda The Man 2007 Stories USA The Man Segment "Club Soda" 2009 In the Loop Lt. Gen. George Miller The Taking of Pelham 123 Mayor of New York Where the Wild Things Are Carol Voice 2010 Welcome to the Rileys Doug Riley Mint Julep Mr. G 2011 Down the Shore Bailey Euler Violet & Daisy The Guy Cinema Verite Craig Gilbert 2012 Killing Them Softly Mickey Not Fade Away Pat Damiano Zero Dark Thirty CIA Director Leon Panetta Nominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble The Patriot of America Daniel "Danny" Cole Voice 2013 The Incredible Burt Wonderstone Doug Munny Nicky Deuce Bobby Eggs Enough Said Albert Posthumous release Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Nominated – London Film Critics Circle Award for Supporting Actor of the Year Nominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor 2014 The Drop Cousin Marv Posthumous release Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1997 Gun Walter Difideli Episode: "Columbus Day" 12 Angry Men Juror #6 Television film 1999 – 2007 The Sopranos Tony Soprano 86 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (2000, 2001, 2003) AFI Award for Actor of the Year - Male - TV Series (2001) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama (2000) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series (1999, 2002, 2007) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (1999, 2007) TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama (1999, 2000, 2001) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama (2000, 2001, 2002) Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (1999, 2004, 2007) Nominated – Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor – Drama Series (2008) Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama (1999, 2000, 2001) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series (2000, 2001, 2004, 2006) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006) Nominated – TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama (2003, 2004, 2006) Nominated – Viewers for Quality Television Award for Best Actor (2000) 2002 Sesame Street Himself 1 episode 2004 Saturday Night Live Unidentified New Jersey Resident Episode: "Ben Affleck/Nelly" 2008 Alive Day Memories: Home from Iraq Television film; producer Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Nonfiction Special 2010 Wartorn: 1861–2010 Television film; producer PRISM Award for Best Documentary Program – Mental Health 2011 Cinema Verite Craig Gilbert Television film 2012 Hemingway & Gellhorn Television film; producer Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie 2013 Nicky Deuce Bobby Eggs Television film 2016 The Night Of Jack Stone Unaired pilot ; also executive producer (posthumous credit) Video games [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Sopranos: Road to Respect Tony Soprano Voice and likeness References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Gandolfini . James Gandolfini on IMDb James Gandolfini at the TCM Movie Database "James Gandolfini" . Find a Grave . Retrieved March 28, 2017 .

train

where is japan located on a world map

Japan (Japanese : 日本 Nippon (ɲip̚poɴ) or Nihon (ɲihoɴ) ; formally 日本 国 Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku, meaning `` State of Japan '') is a sovereign island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the southwest.

[]

ibo ni japan wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Japan (日本, Nihon or Nippon?, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.']

['Japan jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.']

['P1']

Japan Japan (?? Nihon or Nippon?, ??? Ja-nippon_nihonkoku.ogg Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) j?? oríl??-èdè erékù?ù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia. Ó pàlà p??lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu. Awon leta ti won fi n ko oruko Japan tumo si "orisun orun", eyi lo je idie ti a fi n pe Japan ni "Ile Iladide Orun". Japan j?? arkipelago àw?n Erékù?ù 6,852.[11] àw?n erékù?ù ib?? tí ó tóbi jùl? ní Honsh?, Hokkaid?, Ky?sh? àti Shikoku, ti àpap?? w??n j?? èdè m??tàdínl??g??rùún (97%) ìtóbi il?? Japan. Opo awon erekusu wonyi je oloke, opo je onileru; fun apere, ibi gigajulo ni Japan, Oke Fuji, je onileru. Japan je orile-ede ikewa to iye awon eniyajulo, pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 128. Agbegbe Titobiju Tokyo, to ni oluilu de facto Tokyo ati awon ibile ayika re, ni o je agbegbe metropoli titobijulo lagbaye pelu iye eniyan to to egbegberun 30. Iwadi iseoroayeijoun fihan pe awon eniyan ti ungbe ni Japan lati igba to ya bi igba Okutaijoun Oke. Igba akoko ti a ko gbo nipa oruko Japan ninu iwe akoole je ninu awon iwe itan Saina lati orundun 1k SK. Ipa latodo awon orile-ede miran je titele pelu idagbe igba pipe bo se han gbangba ninu itan Japan. Ni igbeyin orundun 19k ati 20k ijabori ninu Ogun Saina ati Japan Akoko, Ogun Rosia Japan, ati Ogun Agbaye 1k gba Japan laye lati fe ile re nigba itoja ogun. Ogun Saina ati Japan Keji odun 1937 tan titi de Ogun Agbaye 2k, to wa sopin ni 1945 leyin ijubombu atomu si Hiroshima ati Nagasaki. Lati igba atunse ibagbepo re ni 1947, Japan ti di oba onibagbepo olokan pelu obaluaye atiileasofin aladiboyan tounje Diet mu. Alagbara itokowo ninla,[12] Japan ni o ni itokowo keta totobijulo lagbaye gegebi GIO oloruko[13] ati gegebi ifiwe agbara iraja. Bakanna o tun je atajalode kerin titobijulo ati arajalatode kerin titobijulo lagbaye. Botilejepe Japan lonibise ti jowo eto re lati gbe ogun, o di ile-ise ologun odeoni mu fun abo ati ise alafia. Leyin Singapore, Japan lo ni ipaniyan to kerejulo lagbaye.[14] Gegebi UN ati WHO se diye, Japan lo ni ireti igbeaye gigunjulo larin gbogbo awon orile-ede lagbaye. Bakanna o tun ni iku omo-owo tokerejulo keta, gegebi UN se so.[15][16]

train

where is japan located on the world map

Japan (Japanese : 日本 ; Nippon (ɲippoɴ) or Nihon (ɲihoɴ) ; formally 日本 国 Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku, lit. `` State of Japan '') is a sovereign island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest. Coordinates : 35 ° N 136 ° E  /  35 ° N 136 ° E  / 35 ; 136 The kanji that make up Japan 's name mean `` sun origin '', and it is often called the `` Land of the Rising Sun ''. Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety - seven percent of Japan 's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. The population of 127 million is the world 's tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98.5 % of Japan 's total population. About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo, the capital of Japan.

['theodore roosevelt jr.', 'gustav stresemann']

ibo ni japan wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Japan (日本, Nihon or Nippon?, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.', 'Ó pàlà pẹ̀lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu.']

['Japan jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè erékùṣù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia.', 'Ó pàlà pẹ̀lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu.']

['P1']

Japan Japan (?? Nihon or Nippon?, ??? Ja-nippon_nihonkoku.ogg Nippon-koku tabi Nihon-koku) j?? oríl??-èdè erékù?ù ní Ìlà Oòrùn Asia. Ó pàlà p??lú Òkun Pàsífíìkì, o wa ni ilaorun Okun Japan, Saina, Ariwa Korea, Guusu Korea ati Rosia, o gun lati Okun Okhotsk ni ariwa de Okun Ilaorun Saina ati Taiwan ni guusu. Awon leta ti won fi n ko oruko Japan tumo si "orisun orun", eyi lo je idie ti a fi n pe Japan ni "Ile Iladide Orun". Japan j?? arkipelago àw?n Erékù?ù 6,852.[11] àw?n erékù?ù ib?? tí ó tóbi jùl? ní Honsh?, Hokkaid?, Ky?sh? àti Shikoku, ti àpap?? w??n j?? èdè m??tàdínl??g??rùún (97%) ìtóbi il?? Japan. Opo awon erekusu wonyi je oloke, opo je onileru; fun apere, ibi gigajulo ni Japan, Oke Fuji, je onileru. Japan je orile-ede ikewa to iye awon eniyajulo, pelu awon eniyan ti won to egbegberun 128. Agbegbe Titobiju Tokyo, to ni oluilu de facto Tokyo ati awon ibile ayika re, ni o je agbegbe metropoli titobijulo lagbaye pelu iye eniyan to to egbegberun 30. Iwadi iseoroayeijoun fihan pe awon eniyan ti ungbe ni Japan lati igba to ya bi igba Okutaijoun Oke. Igba akoko ti a ko gbo nipa oruko Japan ninu iwe akoole je ninu awon iwe itan Saina lati orundun 1k SK. Ipa latodo awon orile-ede miran je titele pelu idagbe igba pipe bo se han gbangba ninu itan Japan. Ni igbeyin orundun 19k ati 20k ijabori ninu Ogun Saina ati Japan Akoko, Ogun Rosia Japan, ati Ogun Agbaye 1k gba Japan laye lati fe ile re nigba itoja ogun. Ogun Saina ati Japan Keji odun 1937 tan titi de Ogun Agbaye 2k, to wa sopin ni 1945 leyin ijubombu atomu si Hiroshima ati Nagasaki. Lati igba atunse ibagbepo re ni 1947, Japan ti di oba onibagbepo olokan pelu obaluaye atiileasofin aladiboyan tounje Diet mu. Alagbara itokowo ninla,[12] Japan ni o ni itokowo keta totobijulo lagbaye gegebi GIO oloruko[13] ati gegebi ifiwe agbara iraja. Bakanna o tun je atajalode kerin titobijulo ati arajalatode kerin titobijulo lagbaye. Botilejepe Japan lonibise ti jowo eto re lati gbe ogun, o di ile-ise ologun odeoni mu fun abo ati ise alafia. Leyin Singapore, Japan lo ni ipaniyan to kerejulo lagbaye.[14] Gegebi UN ati WHO se diye, Japan lo ni ireti igbeaye gigunjulo larin gbogbo awon orile-ede lagbaye. Bakanna o tun ni iku omo-owo tokerejulo keta, gegebi UN se so.[15][16]

train

who was the girl that played in flashdance

Jennifer Beals (born December 19, 1963) is an American actress and a former teen model. She is best known for her role as Alexandra `` Alex '' Owens in the 1983 romantic drama film Flashdance, and starred as Bette Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word. Beals earned an NAACP Image Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for the former. She has appeared in more than 50 films.

['2006']

ta ni ọmọbìnrin tí ó ṣeré nínú flashdance

Yes

['Ó ṣe ìfarahàn àkọ́kọ́ nínú My Bodyguards ní ọdún 1980, kí ó tó gba ìyin pàtàkì fún ipa rẹ̀ nínú Flashdance ní ọdún 1983, èyí sì mu gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ NAACP fún òṣèré tíátà tó tayọ jù lọ, wọ́n tún yàn án fún àmì-èyẹ Golden Globe.']

['Jennifer Beals ṣe gba ìyin pàtàkì fún ipa rẹ̀ nínú Flashdance ní ọdún 1983']

['P1']

Jennifer Beals Jennifer Beals (tí a bí ní ?j?? k?kàndínlógún o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 1963)[1] j?? ò?èrébìnrin ará Amerika àti àwòk???e ??d??m?kùnrin tél??. Ó ?e ìfarahàn àk??k?? nínú My Bodyguards ní ?dún 1980, kí ó tó gba ìyin pàtàkì fún ipa r?? nínú Flashdance ní ?dún 1983, èyí sì mu gba àmì-??y? NAACP fún ò?èré tíátà tó tay? jù l?, w??n tún yàn án fún àmì-èy? Golden Globe. Jennifer Beaks Beals ti farahàn nínú ??p??l?p?? àw?n olókìkí bíi Devils in a Blue Dress ní ?dún 1995, The Last Days of Disco ní ?dún 1988, Roger Dodger ní ?dún 2002, The Book of Eli ní ?dún 2010, àti Before I Fall ní ?dún 2017. Lórí t?lifí?????nù, ó ?e ??dá-ìtàn Bette Porter nínú The L Word, ní ?dún 2004 sí ?dún 2009. L??yìn náà, ó farahàn g??g?? bíi ??dá-ìtàn kan pàtàkì nínú The Chicago Code ní ?dún 2011, Proof ní ?dún 2015, Taken ní ?dún 2017, àti The Book of Boba Fett ní ?dún 2021. Ó t??síwájú nínú ìkópa r?? nínú fíìmù The L Word: Generation Q g??g?? bíi Bette Porter ní ìb????r?? o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 2019.

Jennifer Beals Beals at the GLAAD Awards, 2009. Born ( 1963-12-19 ) December 19, 1963 (age 54) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Nationality American Education Francis W. Parker School Yale University Occupation Actress, model Years active 1980–present Known for Alexandra Owens: Flashdance Bette Porter: The L Word Spouse(s) Alexandre Rockwell ( m. 1986; div. 1996) Ken Dixon ( m. 1998) Children 1 Website jennifer-beals .com Jennifer Beals (born December 19, 1963) is an American actress and a former teen model. She is best known for her role as Alexandra "Alex" Owens in the 1983 romantic drama film Flashdance , and starred as Bette Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word . Beals earned an NAACP Image Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for the former. She has appeared in more than 50 films. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Web series 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life and education [ edit ] Beals was born on December 19, 1963 in Chicago, Illinois ( south side ), the daughter of Jeanne (née Anderson), an elementary school teacher, and Alfred Beals, who owned grocery stores. Beals' father was black and her mother is Irish-American. She has two brothers, Bobby and Gregory. Her father died when Beals was 10 years old, and her mother married Edward Cohen in 1981. Beals has said her biracial heritage had some effect on her, as she "always lived sort of on the outside", with an idea "of being the other in society". She got her first job at age 13 at an ice cream store, using her height at the time (she is now 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m), to convince her boss she was 16. Beals was inspired to become an actress by two events: working on a high school production of Fiddler on the Roof and seeing Balm in Gilead with Joan Allen while volunteer-ushering at the Steppenwolf Theatre . Beals graduated from the progressive Francis W. Parker School . She also was chosen to attend the elite Goodman Theatre Young People's Drama Workshop. Beals attended Yale University , receiving a B.A. in American Literature in 1987; she deferred a term so she could film Flashdance . While at Yale, Beals was a resident of Morse College . Career [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Beals in Sweden during promotion for Flashdance , July 1983 Beals had a minor role in the 1980 film My Bodyguard , then came to fame with her starring part in Flashdance . The third-highest grossing U.S. film of 1983, Flashdance is the story of 18-year-old Alex, a welder by day and exotic dancer by night, whose dream is to be accepted someday at an illustrious school of dance. Beals was cast for this key role while still a student at Yale. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and the film received an Academy Award for Best Song. Many of Beals' elaborate dance moves were actually performed by stunt double Marine Jahan . After she filmed Flashdance , Beals resumed her studies, making only one film during that time: playing the titular character The Bride with singer-actor Sting , a gothic horror film loosely based on the 1935 classic Bride of Frankenstein , shot during her summer break. She also appeared in the "Cinderella" episode of Faerie Tale Theatre . Beals was asked by Joel Schumacher to do St. Elmo's Fire but turned it down, preferring to stay at Yale. After graduating from Yale in 1987, Beals resumed her acting career, playing the love interest in the boxing film Split Decisions opposite Craig Sheffer . Starring opposite Nicolas Cage , she portrayed a lusty and thirsty vampire in 1989's Vampire's Kiss . Beals was considered for the role of Catwoman in Tim Burton 's 1992 film Batman Returns but she declined the role. In 1995, Beals and Denzel Washington co-starred in Devil in a Blue Dress , a period film based on a Walter Mosley novel featuring L.A. private detective, Easy Rawlins. Beals plays a biracial woman passing for white. That same year she appeared with Tim Roth in two segments of the four-story anthology Four Rooms , one of which was directed by her then-husband, Alexandre Rockwell. Rockwell had previously directed her in the 1992 independent film In the Soup , which was a Grand Prize winner at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2003, she played one of the sequestered jury members in the film adaptation of Runaway Jury . She had a leading role in 2006's The Grudge 2 , sequel to the hit horror film of two years earlier. In 2010, Beals reunited with Denzel Washington in the post-apocalyptic action drama The Book of Eli , where she played a blind woman who is the mother of Mila Kunis ' character and a consort of a local despot played by Gary Oldman . Beals portrayed UCLA Bruins gymnastics Head Coach Valorie Kondos Field , in the Full Out movie about Ariana Berlin . In 2017, the actress played the role of Samantha Kingston's mother, in the film version of Before I Fall . Television [ edit ] In 1992, she appeared in 2000 Malibu Road as attorney Perry Quinn. It was her first ongoing television series; she said she had been leery as she previously had not "found a character I wanted to live with for several years". In 2004, Beals made a brief cameo in the final episode of Frasier . In 2007, she appeared in the small TV drama My Name Is Sarah , in which she plays Sarah Winston, a sober woman who joins Alcoholics Anonymous to conduct research for her book but finds herself falling in love with a recovering alcoholic and - as a result - having to deal with her original deception in joining the group. Beals starred in Showtime Network's The L Word , wherein she played Bette Porter , an Ivy League -educated lesbian. At Beals' request, Bette was made biracial, enabling Pam Grier 's Kit Porter character to become Bette's half-sister. Beals' initial research for the part focused more on the woman's profession as an art museum director than on her life as a lesbian; "I was much more obsessed by the work that Bette did, because she was so obsessed by the work that she did." The series ran for six seasons and ended in March 2009. She also appears alongside Tim Roth in Lie to Me , as Cal Lightman's ex-wife, Zoe Landau, another biracial character. Beals was the female lead in Fox's TV drama The Chicago Code . Her character Teresa Colvin is Chicago's first female police superintendent. The series was canceled after its first season. Beals turned down an offer to appear on Dancing with the Stars , saying: "I am not a dancer. They asked me and I said 'no.' You could back up a truck to my door filled with cash and I wouldn't do it." In 2013, Beals signed on for the main role of the ABC drama pilot Westside produced by McG and developed by Ilene Chaiken . On March 10, 2014, it was announced that Beals would star as Dr. Kathryn Russo (character's name is Dr. Carolyn Tyler) in Proof , a TNT supernatural medical drama about a hard-nosed surgeon, struggling with the loss of her teenage son, who begins to investigate that there may be life after death. The series ran from June 16 through August 18, 2015, and was produced by Kyra Sedgwick . On February 27, 2017 the pilot for the new series Taken aired. Beals plays the leader of a small group of specially trained government operatives. This series is supposed to be the prequel for the character Bryan Mills in Taken and subsequent movies. Web series [ edit ] Beals is also well known for her support of women's rights. In August 2012, she appeared alongside Troian Bellisario in the web series Lauren on the YouTube channel WIGS . Its first season is a three episode arc featuring the stories of women in the army being abused, predominantly by more powerful superiors. The stories focused on the frequently reported cases on sexual abuse and how and why most of the cases went unreported or unsettled. Beals has also appeared in two interviews, discussing her views in relation to Lauren . In January 2013, Troian Bellisario confirmed on her Twitter and Instagram that she and Beals were filming more Lauren web episodes. Lauren returned on May 3, 2013 with a second season of 12 episodes. Personal life [ edit ] Beals was married to Alexandre Rockwell from 1986 to 1996. In 1998, she married Ken Dixon, a Canadian entrepreneur. On October 18, 2005, Beals gave birth to their daughter. Her husband also has two children from a previous marriage. Beals has described herself as a spiritual person. She has expressed interest in the Bible and Catholicism, as well as Judaism, which she once considered conversion to, and is a practicing Buddhist . She has been a vocal advocate for gay rights , saying, "I think after playing Bette Porter on The L Word for six years I felt like an honorary member of the community." Beals was a Celebrity Grand Marshal at the 2006 San Francisco Pride Parade . In October 2012, she received the Human Rights Campaign 's Ally For Equality Award, in recognition of her outstanding support for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. Beals is a practitioner of kung-fu , sanshou , and kickboxing . She also enjoys ballet , salsa dancing and belly dancing . Beals is a photographer, and has had shows of her work under her married name, Dixon. She has a book about her time on The L Word featuring her own photographs. In 1989, she spent some time in Haiti photographing the elections. She is also a triathlete . In 2010, Beals served as the Grand Marshal of the McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago, during which she spoke of the two charities important to her, the Matthew Shepard Foundation and The Pablove Foundation . Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1980 My Bodyguard Clifford's Friend Uncredited 1983 Flashdance Alex Owens NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Nominated— Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1985 The Bride Eva Nominated— Razzie Award for Worst Actress 1988 The Gamble Lady Olivia Candioni a.k.a. La Partita 1988 Split Decisions Barbara Uribe 1989 Vampire's Kiss Rachel 1989 Sons Transgender 1990 Dr. M Sonja Vogler 1991 Blood and Concrete Mona 1992 In the Soup Angelica Pena 1992 Day of Atonement Joyce 1993 Caro diario Herself 1993 The Thief and the Cobbler Princess YumYum Voice 1994 Dead on Sight Rebecca Darcy 1994 Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle Gertrude Benchley 1994 The Search for One-eye Jimmy Ellen 1995 Four Rooms Angela 1995 Let It Be Me Emily Taylor 1995 Devil in a Blue Dress Daphne Monet Nominated— NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture 1997 Wishful Thinking Elizabeth 1998 Body and Soul Gina 1998 The Prophecy II Valerie Rosales 1998 The Last Days of Disco Nina 1999 Something More Lisa 1999 Turbulence 2: Fear of Flying Jessica 2000 Militia Julie Sanders 2001 Out of Line Parole Officer Jenny Capitanas 2001 The Anniversary Party Gina Taylor 2002 13 Moons Suzi 2002 Roger Dodger Sophie 2002 They Shoot Divas, Don't They? Sloan McBride 2003 Runaway Jury Vanessa Lembeck 2004 Catch That Kid Molly 2005 Break a Leg Juliet 2005 Desolation Sound Elizabeth Storey 2006 The Grudge 2 Trish 2006 Troubled Waters Special Agent Jennifer Beck 2009 Queen to Play L'Américaine 2010 The Book of Eli Claudia 2010 A Night for Dying Tigers Melanie 2013 Cinemanovels Clementine Independent film 2015 Full Out Coach Val 000000002015-09-26-0000 2015 The Laws of the Universe Part 0 Inkar Limited theatrical release 2016 Manhattan Night Lisa Wren 2017 Before I Fall Mrs. Kingston Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1985 Faerie Tale Theatre Cinderella Episode: "Cinderella" 1990 Tinikling ou 'La madonne et le dragon Patty Meredith Television movie 1992 2000 Malibu Road Perry Quinn Main role, 6 episodes 1992 Indecency Ellie Shaw Television movie 1992 Terror Stalks the Class Reunion ( fr ) Virginia Television movie 1993 Night Owl Julia Television movie 1997 The Outer Limits Robin Dysart Episode: " Bodies of Evidence " 1997 The Twilight of the Golds Suzanne Stein Television movie Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film 1997–1998 Nothing Sacred Justine Madsen Judd 2 episodes 1998 The Spree Xinia Kelly Television movie 1999 The Hunger Jane Episode: "And She Laughed" 2000 Without Malice Samantha Wilkes Television movie 2000 A House Divided Amanda Dickson Television movie Nominated— Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film 2001 The Big House Lorraine Brewster Television movie 2001 After the Storm Mrs. Gavotte Television movie 2001 The Feast of All Saints Dolly Rose Television movie 2002 They Shoot Divas, Don't They? Sloan McBride Television movie 2004–2009 The L Word Bette Porter Main role, 70 episodes Nominated— NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series (2007–2008) Nominated— Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama 2004 Frasier Dr. Anne Ranberg 2 episodes 2007 Law & Order Sofia Archer Episode: "Charity Case" 2007 My Name Is Sarah Sarah Winston Television movie 2009–2011 Lie to Me Zoe Landau Recurring role, 6 episodes 2010 The Night Before the Night Before Christmas Angela Fox Television movie 2011 The Chicago Code Teresa Colvin Main role, 13 episodes 2012 Castle CIA Agent Sophia Turner 2 episodes 2012–2013 Lauren Major Jo Stone Main cast, 10 episodes 2012–2013 The Mob Doctor Celeste LaPree Recurring cast, 4 episodes 2013 Westside Lisa Carver Unsold TV pilot 2014 Motive Sophia Balfur Episode: "They Made Me a Criminal" 2014 A Wife's Nightmare Liz Television movie 2015 Proof Dr. Carolyn Tyler Lead role 2016 The Night Shift Dr. Syd Jennings Recurring character (season 3) 2017-Present Taken Christina Hart Lead role 2017 The Last Tycoon Margo Taft Recurring character (season 1) References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer Beals . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Jennifer Beals Jennifer Beals on IMDb

train

who was the 39th president of the united states of america

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He previously was the 76th Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975, after two terms in the Georgia State Senate from 1963 to 1967. Carter has remained active in public life during his post-presidency, and in 2002 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center.

[]

ta ni ààrẹ kẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n ti orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà

Yes

['James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (ọjọ́ ìbí October 1, 1924) jẹ́ ààrẹ Aare kokandinlogoji orile-ede Amerika láàrin ọdún 1977 sí 1981, ó si gba Ebun Alafia Nobel ní ọdun 2002, òhun nìkan ni Ààrẹ orílè-èdè Amẹ́ríkà tí ó gba ẹ̀bùn yí lẹ́yìn tó kúrò ní ipò.']

['James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (ọjọ́ ìbí October 1, 1924) jẹ́ ààrẹ Aare kokandinlogoji orile-ede Amerika láàrin ọdún 1977 sí 1981']

['P1']

Jimmy Carter James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (Osù ke?wà, o?jó? kíní, o?dún 1924) j?? ààr? Aare kokandinlogoji orile-ede Amerika láàrin ?dún 1977 sí 1981, ó si gba Ebun Alafia Nobel ní ?dun 2002, òhun nìkan ni Ààr? orílè-èdè Am??ríkà tí ó gba ??bùn yí l??yìn tó kúrò ní ipò.

train

what type of music is bach famous for

Bach enriched established German styles through his mastery of counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and his adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly from Italy and France. Bach 's compositions include hundreds of cantatas, both sacred and secular. He composed Latin church music, Passions, oratorios, and motets. He often adopted Lutheran hymns, not only in his larger vocal works, but for instance also in his four - part chorales and his sacred songs. He wrote extensively for organ and for other keyboard instruments. He composed concertos, for instance for violin and for harpsichord, and suites, as chamber music as well as for orchestra. Many of his works employ the genres of canon and fugue.

['wilhelm conrad röntgen, of germany', 'resplendent quetzal']

irú orin wo ni bach gbajúmọ̀ fún

No

['Bach ni agba awọn olupilẹṣẹ bii Mozart, Beethoven ati Brahms, ni apakan nitori o gbe awọn ọna orin ti akoko rẹ si ipele giga ti imọ -ẹrọ ati pipe.']

['Bach ni agba awọn olupilẹṣẹ bii Mozart, Beethoven ati Brahms, ni apakan nitori o gbe awọn ọna orin ti akoko rẹ si ipele giga ti imọ -ẹrọ ati pipe.']

['P1']

Kikun ti Bach: 1746 Johann Sebastian Bach (Oṣu Kẹta Ọjọ 21, 1685 - Oṣu Keje 28, 1750) jẹ olupilẹṣẹ ara Jamani ti akoko Baroque. O gba kaakiri bi ọkan ninu awọn olupilẹṣẹ nla julọ ninu itan -iwọ -oorun. O tun jẹ ọkan ninu awọn olupilẹṣẹ olokiki julọ. Bach ni agba awọn olupilẹṣẹ bii Mozart, Beethoven ati Brahms, ni apakan nitori o gbe awọn ọna orin ti akoko rẹ si ipele giga ti imọ -ẹrọ ati pipe. Nitori didara iṣẹ ọwọ rẹ, awọn akọrin alamọdaju nigbagbogbo ka a si bi olupilẹṣẹ nla julọ ninu itan -iwọ -oorun. Igbesiaye [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] A bi Bach ni Eisenach ni ọdun 1685. Baba rẹ, Johann Ambrosius, olupe ile -ẹjọ ni o kọ lati mu violin. Bach ko tii jẹ ọmọ ọdun mẹwa nigbati baba rẹ ku, o fi i silẹ alainibaba. O lọ lati gbe ni ile arakunrin rẹ; arakunrin rẹ ngbe ni Ohrdruf. Nitori ohun ti o dara julọ, Bach ni iṣẹ ni monastery Michaelis ni Lüneberg ni 1700. Ohùn rẹ yipada ni igba diẹ lẹhinna, ṣugbọn o tẹsiwaju bi akọrin. Lẹhin mu iṣẹ ṣiṣe igba diẹ ni Weimar ni 1703 bi oṣere fayolini, Bach di alamọja ni Neue Kirche ni Arnstadt (1703-1707). Ibasepo rẹ pẹlu igbimọ ile ijọsin ṣoro bi ọdọ olorin nigbagbogbo ṣe foju kọ awọn ojuse rẹ, ni yiyan lati ṣe adaṣe eto ara. Iwe akọọlẹ kan ṣe apejuwe isinmi oṣu mẹrin ti a fun Bach, lati rin irin-ajo lọ si Lubeck nibiti yoo ti mọ ara rẹ pẹlu orin Dietrich Buxtehude. O pada si Arnstadt ni igba pipẹ lẹhin ti o ti nireti, binu si igbimọ naa. Lẹhinna o ṣiṣẹ ni ṣoki ni St. Bach ṣajọ Toccata olokiki rẹ ati Fugue ni D kekere (BWV 565) ati cantatas akọkọ rẹ lakoko ti o wa ni Mühlhausen. Nigbamii o gba iṣẹ fun Duke ti Sachsen-Weimar ni ọdun 1708, ti n ṣiṣẹ bi agbẹjọ ile-ẹjọ ati ṣiṣe ni ẹgbẹ akọrin, nikẹhin o di adari rẹ ni 1714. O kọ ọpọlọpọ awọn akopọ eto ara lakoko asiko yii, pẹlu Orgel-Büchlein rẹ. Bach fi Weimar silẹ ati ni aabo iṣẹ kan ni Oṣu kejila ọdun 1717 bi Kapellmeister ni Cöthen. Ni ọdun 1720, iyawo Bach lojiji ku, o fi silẹ pẹlu awọn ọmọ mẹrin (awọn mẹta miiran ti ku ni ikoko). Laipẹ diẹ lẹhinna, o pade iyawo keji rẹ, soprano Anna Magdalena Wilcke, ẹniti o fẹ ni Oṣu Kejila ọdun 1721. Yoo bi awọn ọmọ 13, botilẹjẹpe marun nikan ni yoo ye igba ewe. Awọn ere orin Brandenburg mẹfa (BWV 1046-51), ati ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣẹ ohun elo miiran, ọjọ lati awọn ọdun Cöthen rẹ. Bach di Kantor ti Ile -iwe Thomas ni Leipzig ni Oṣu Karun ọdun 1723 o si ṣe iṣẹ naa titi o fi kú. O wa ni Leipzig ti o kọ pupọ julọ awọn cantatas rẹ. Bach bajẹ ko ni itẹlọrun pẹlu iṣẹ yii, kii ṣe nitori isanwo kekere rẹ nikan, ṣugbọn nitori awọn iṣẹ ti o nira ati ohun elo buburu. Nitorinaa, o gba awọn iṣẹ miiran, pẹlu didari Ilu Collegium Musicum, akojọpọ awọn alamọja ati awọn akọrin amateur ti o fun awọn ere orin osẹ, ni 1729. O tun di oludari orin ni kootu Dresden ni 1736, ni iṣẹ Frederick Augustus II. Bach bẹrẹ ṣiṣe awọn irin ajo lọ si Berlin ni awọn ọdun 1740, kii ṣe o kere ju nitori ọmọ rẹ, Carl Philipp Emanuel, ṣiṣẹ bi akọrin nibẹ. Aisan pẹlu àtọgbẹ, Bach ku ni Oṣu Keje ọjọ 28, ọdun 1750. Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]

train

where is cyprus located on a world map

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. Cyprus is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel, north of Egypt, and southeast of Greece.

[]

ibo ni cyprus wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Kíprù tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kíprù je orile-ede erekusu ni Eurasia.']

['Kíprù tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kíprù je orile-ede erekusu ni Eurasia.']

['P1']

Kíprù Kíprù tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kíprù je orile-ede erekusu ni Yúrásíà.

train

colombia is in which part of the world

Colombia (/ kəˈlʌmbiə, - ˈlɒm - / kə - LUM - bee - ə, - LOM - ; Spanish : (koˈlombja) (listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish : República de Colombia (help info)), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the Tairona.

['uganda']

apá wo nínú ayé ni colombia wà

No

['Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia (Spánì: [República de Colombia] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help), pronounced\xa0[reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]\xa0 ( listen)), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.']

['Kòlómbìà je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.']

['P1']

Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia ( Spánì : [ República de Colombia ] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) , pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja] ( listen ) ), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika . Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun pelu Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu pelu Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa pelu Okun Karibeani ; ni ariwailaorun pelu Panama ; ati ni iwoorun pelu Okun Pasifiki . Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela , Jamaica , Haiti , Dominiki Olominira , Honduras , Nicaragua ati Costa Rica . Pelu iye awon eniyan to to egbegberun 45, Kolombia ni iye eniyan 29th titobijulo lagbaye ati ikeji titobijulo ni Guusu Amerika, leyin Brazil . Agbegbe ti a n pe ni Kolombia loni koko je ibugbe awon ara abibibi bi Muisca , Quimbaya , ati Tairona . Awon ara Spein debe ni 1499 won si bere isegun ati iseamusinibe , won fikupa tabi se ikoleru bi 90% awon eniyan ibe, nigbana ni won sedasile Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun (to ni ile odeoni Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, ariwaiwoorun agbegbe ile Brazil ati Panama) pelu oluilu re ni Bogotá . Ilominira latowo Spain waye ni 1819, sugbon ni 1830 " Gran Colombia " daru eyi fa ki Venezuela ati Ecuador o pinya soto. Awon ti a mo loni bi Kolombia ati Panama di Orile-ede Olominira ile Grenada Tuntun . Orile-ede tuntun yi sedanwo ijoba isealapapo gege bi Ijosepapo Grenada (1858), ati leyin re bi Iparapo awon Ipinle Kolombia (1863), ki o to dipe won kede Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia nigbeyin ni 1886. Panama pinya ni 1903 labe ifitipatipa sanwo fun ijoba orile-ede Amerika lati ko Ìladò Panamá . Orisun itumo oruko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Oro to n je Kolombia wa lati oruko Christopher Columbus (Spani: Cristóbal Colón ). Francisco de Miranda lo koko lo lati fi tokasi gbogbo ile Agbaye Tuntun . Ni 1819 Gran Kolombia gba bi oruko re nigba to je didasile latinu awon agegbe Viceroyalty of New Granada tele (Kolombia, Panama, Venezuela ati Ekuador loni). Jeografi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Geography of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Natural Regions of Colombia àti Geology of Colombia Shaded relief map of Colombia Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani ; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki . Kolombia wa ni ibi ti an pe ni Oruka Ina Pasifiki , ibi ileaye to ni opo iminle ati okeileru , o tun ni awon oke Andes . Itan [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Igba Isaaju-Kolombia [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Nibi odun 10,000 kJ, awon awujo ode ati akoeran wa nitosi ii ti Bogotá wa loni (ni " El Abra " ati "Tequendama") ti won sowo pelu ara won ati awon awujo miran ni Afonifoji Odo Magdalena Valley. Bere ni egberundun akoko kJ, awon adipo awon omo Amerindia sedagbasoke sistemu oloselu to n je " cacicazgo " pelu opo agba bi piramidi, eyun latoke wa sisale ti awon olori re unje "cacique". Ninu Kolombia awon asa meji pelu sistemu cacicazgo lilojujulo ni awon Tayrona ni Agbegbe Karibeani , ati awon Muiska nibi awon ileoke layika Bogotá, awon mejeji ti won je ti ebi ede Chibcha . Awon Muiska ni won je gbigba bi awon ti won ni sistemu oloselu adagbasoke julo ni Guuusu Amerika leyin awon Inka . Iwari, ibori ati imunisin latowo awon ara Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Attack on Cartagena de Indias Awon oluwakiri ara Spein gunle si etiodo guusu Karibeani ni 1499 pelu Rodrigo de Bastidas bi olori won. Christopher Columbus gan na wa oko oju omi koja legbe Karibeani ni 1502. Ni 1508, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bere sini se ijabori awon agbegbe Urabá. Ni 1513, ohun ni ara Europe akoko to de Okun Pasifiki, eyi to pe ni Mar del Sur ("Omi-okun Guusu"), nipa bayi o si ona fun awon ara Spein yioku lati lo si Peru ati Tsile . Gbogbo agbegbe yi ni awon eya bi awon Chibchan ati awon Carib , awon yi ti awon ara Spein bori diedie boya pelu ijagun tabi nipa ibarepo, Nigbakana, awon arun ti awon ara Europe mu wa pelu won, bi sopanna , ati ija ibori ati ipalemo eya eniyan to n sele, fa diedie ki awon olugbe abinibi ibe o idin pupo. Ni orundun 16th awon ara Europe bere si ni mu awon eru wa lati Afrika. Igbominira lowo Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Leyin ibori Kolombia lowo awon ara Spein ati igba pipe imunisin lowo won, opo egbe arinkankan lodide lati gba idawa tabi ilominira patapata agbegbe orile-ede. Opo ni awon wonyi ni awon ara Spein fi jagidijagan ko nile, be sini awon miran ninu won ko ni agbara to lati mu iyipada wa. Egbe arinkankan fun ilominira to gbeyin bere arin 1810, leyin igba ti Saint Domingue ( Haiti loni) gba ilominira ni 1804. Eyi fu itileyin gidi fun awon to solori ijidide ni Kolombia, eyun Simón Bolívar ati Francisco de Paula Santander . Bolívar di Aare akoko orile-ede Kolombia alominira leyin ijabori ni ijaogun Boyacá , leyin ti Bolívar fipo yi sile, Santander to je igbakeji re di Aare ikeji orile-ede Kolombia. Ijidide yi pari layorisirere ni 1819 , nigbati Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun bo si owo Orile-ede Olominira Kolombia ti a sese dasile ngbana bi isokan Ekuador, Kolombia ati Venezuela. Panama nigbana je apa ile Kolombia. Ijoba [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Awon ipin amojuto [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Departments of Colombia àti Municipalities of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: List of cities in Colombia àti Corregimientos of Colombia Kolombia je pipin si awon 32 ipinpa 32 ati agbegbe oluilu kan, ti won mu bi ipinpa kan (Bogotá na tun je oluilu fun ipinpa Cundinamarca ). Awon ipinpa na tun je pinpinlabe si awon munisipal , ikokan won to ni ibujoko munisipal, bakanna awon munisipal tun je pipinsabe si corregimientos . Ipinpa kokan ni ijoba ibile pelu gomina ati ile-igbimo asofin ti won n je didiboyan tara si igba odun merin. Munispal kookan ni baale ati igbimo, be sini corregimiento kookan ni corregidor , tabi olori ibile. Lapapo mo oluilu, awon ilu miran na tun wa ti pe ni agbegbe , nitori ini pataki ti won ni. Awon wonyi ni Barranquilla , Cartagena , Santa Marta , Cúcuta , Popayán , Bucaramanga , Tunja , Turbo , Buenaventura ati Tumaco . Awon apaipin ni ipinabe ibile amojuto, nibi ti awon ilu ni awon olugbe to tobi ti won si wa nitosi ara won (fun apere ni Antioquia ati Cundinamarca). Nibi to ba je pe aon olugbe kere sugbon won ni isoro abo (fun apere Amazonas, Vaupés ati Vichada), ipin amojuto pataki je lilo, bi "apaipin corregimientos ", to je adapo ilu ati corregimiento . E te klik sori apaipin kan lori maapu lati losi ayoka re. Department Capital city 1 Amazonas Leticia 2 Antioquia Medellín 3 Arauca Arauca 4 Atlántico Barranquilla 5 Bolívar Cartagena 6 Boyacá Tunja 7 Caldas Manizales 8 Caquetá Florencia 9 Casanare Yopal 10 Cauca Popayán 11 Cesar Valledupar 12 Chocó Quibdó 13 Córdoba Montería 14 Cundinamarca Bogotá 15 Guainía Inírida 16 Guaviare San José del Guaviare 17 Huila Neiva Department Capital city 18 La Guajira Riohacha 19 Magdalena Santa Marta 20 Meta Villavicencio 21 Nariño Pasto 22 Norte de Santander Cúcuta 23 Putumayo Mocoa 24 Quindío Armenia 25 Risaralda Pereira 26 San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina San Andrés 27 Santander Bucaramanga 28 Sucre Sincelejo 29 Tolima Ibagué 30 Valle del Cauca Cali 31 Vaupés Mitú 32 Vichada Puerto Carreño 33 Capital District Bogotá Oro okere [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Foreign relations of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Diplomatic missions of Colombia President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe being presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by former President of the United States George W. Bush . Awon oro okere ile Kolombia je latowo Aare ile Kolombia won si unje kikoso latowo Alakoso Oro Okere . Colombia ni awon iranlose diplomati ni gbogbo orile-ede be sini o je sisoju ninu awon agbajo alakopapupo ni awon ibudo yi: Brussels (Iranlose si Isokan Europe ) Geneva (Awon Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) Montevideo (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Latin American Integration Association ati Mercosur ) Nairobi (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) New York (Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo) Paris (Iranlose Ibujoko si UNESCO ) Rome (Iranlose Ibujoko si Food and Agriculture Organization ) Washington, D.C. (Iranlose Ibujoko si Organization of American States ) Kolombia je omo egbe Agbajo awon Orile-ede Andes ati Isokan awon Orile-ede Guusu Amerika . Awon ara Kolombia gbodo gba visa olubewo fun awon orile-ede 180 lati lo si be and do not need tourist visa for 15 countries. Abo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Iselu [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Okowo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Dimografiki [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Eko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Asa [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]

train

where is columbia located on the world map

Colombia (/ kəˈlʌmbiə / kə - LUM - biə or / kəˈlɒmbiə / kə - LOM - biə ; Spanish : (ko̞ˈlõ̞mbjä) (listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish : República de Colombia (help info)), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Muisca, Quimbaya and the Tairona.

[]

ibo ni columbia wà lórí àwòrán ayé

No

['Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia (Spánì: [República de Colombia] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help), pronounced\xa0[reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]\xa0 ( listen)), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.', 'Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominiki Olominira, Honduras, Nicaragua ati Costa Rica. Pelu iye awon eniyan to to egbegberun 45, Kolombia ni iye eniyan 29th titobijulo lagbaye ati ikeji titobijulo ni Guusu Amerika, leyin Brazil.', 'Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki.']

['Kòlómbìà je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika.', 'Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominiki Olominira, Honduras, Nicaragua ati Costa Rica.', 'Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki.']

['P1']

Kòlómbìà (pípè /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ), fun onibis bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia ( Spánì : [ República de Colombia ] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) , pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja] ( listen ) ), je orile-ede olominira onilana-ibagbepo ni ariwaapaiwoorun Guusu Amerika . Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun pelu Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu pelu Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa pelu Okun Karibeani ; ni ariwailaorun pelu Panama ; ati ni iwoorun pelu Okun Pasifiki . Bakanna Kolombia tun pin bode odo pelu Venezuela , Jamaica , Haiti , Dominiki Olominira , Honduras , Nicaragua ati Costa Rica . Pelu iye awon eniyan to to egbegberun 45, Kolombia ni iye eniyan 29th titobijulo lagbaye ati ikeji titobijulo ni Guusu Amerika, leyin Brazil . Agbegbe ti a n pe ni Kolombia loni koko je ibugbe awon ara abibibi bi Muisca , Quimbaya , ati Tairona . Awon ara Spein debe ni 1499 won si bere isegun ati iseamusinibe , won fikupa tabi se ikoleru bi 90% awon eniyan ibe, nigbana ni won sedasile Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun (to ni ile odeoni Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, ariwaiwoorun agbegbe ile Brazil ati Panama) pelu oluilu re ni Bogotá . Ilominira latowo Spain waye ni 1819, sugbon ni 1830 " Gran Colombia " daru eyi fa ki Venezuela ati Ecuador o pinya soto. Awon ti a mo loni bi Kolombia ati Panama di Orile-ede Olominira ile Grenada Tuntun . Orile-ede tuntun yi sedanwo ijoba isealapapo gege bi Ijosepapo Grenada (1858), ati leyin re bi Iparapo awon Ipinle Kolombia (1863), ki o to dipe won kede Orile-ede Olominira ile Kolombia nigbeyin ni 1886. Panama pinya ni 1903 labe ifitipatipa sanwo fun ijoba orile-ede Amerika lati ko Ìladò Panamá . Orisun itumo oruko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Oro to n je Kolombia wa lati oruko Christopher Columbus (Spani: Cristóbal Colón ). Francisco de Miranda lo koko lo lati fi tokasi gbogbo ile Agbaye Tuntun . Ni 1819 Gran Kolombia gba bi oruko re nigba to je didasile latinu awon agegbe Viceroyalty of New Granada tele (Kolombia, Panama, Venezuela ati Ekuador loni). Jeografi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Geography of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Natural Regions of Colombia àti Geology of Colombia Shaded relief map of Colombia Kolombia ni bode ni ilaorun mo Venezuela ati Brazil ; ni guusu mo Ecuador ati Peru ; ni ariwa mo Panama ati Omi-okun Karibeani ; besini ni iwoorun mo Ekuador ati Okun Pasifiki . Kolombia wa ni ibi ti an pe ni Oruka Ina Pasifiki , ibi ileaye to ni opo iminle ati okeileru , o tun ni awon oke Andes . Itan [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Igba Isaaju-Kolombia [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Nibi odun 10,000 kJ, awon awujo ode ati akoeran wa nitosi ii ti Bogotá wa loni (ni " El Abra " ati "Tequendama") ti won sowo pelu ara won ati awon awujo miran ni Afonifoji Odo Magdalena Valley. Bere ni egberundun akoko kJ, awon adipo awon omo Amerindia sedagbasoke sistemu oloselu to n je " cacicazgo " pelu opo agba bi piramidi, eyun latoke wa sisale ti awon olori re unje "cacique". Ninu Kolombia awon asa meji pelu sistemu cacicazgo lilojujulo ni awon Tayrona ni Agbegbe Karibeani , ati awon Muiska nibi awon ileoke layika Bogotá, awon mejeji ti won je ti ebi ede Chibcha . Awon Muiska ni won je gbigba bi awon ti won ni sistemu oloselu adagbasoke julo ni Guuusu Amerika leyin awon Inka . Iwari, ibori ati imunisin latowo awon ara Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Attack on Cartagena de Indias Awon oluwakiri ara Spein gunle si etiodo guusu Karibeani ni 1499 pelu Rodrigo de Bastidas bi olori won. Christopher Columbus gan na wa oko oju omi koja legbe Karibeani ni 1502. Ni 1508, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa bere sini se ijabori awon agbegbe Urabá. Ni 1513, ohun ni ara Europe akoko to de Okun Pasifiki, eyi to pe ni Mar del Sur ("Omi-okun Guusu"), nipa bayi o si ona fun awon ara Spein yioku lati lo si Peru ati Tsile . Gbogbo agbegbe yi ni awon eya bi awon Chibchan ati awon Carib , awon yi ti awon ara Spein bori diedie boya pelu ijagun tabi nipa ibarepo, Nigbakana, awon arun ti awon ara Europe mu wa pelu won, bi sopanna , ati ija ibori ati ipalemo eya eniyan to n sele, fa diedie ki awon olugbe abinibi ibe o idin pupo. Ni orundun 16th awon ara Europe bere si ni mu awon eru wa lati Afrika. Igbominira lowo Spein [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Leyin ibori Kolombia lowo awon ara Spein ati igba pipe imunisin lowo won, opo egbe arinkankan lodide lati gba idawa tabi ilominira patapata agbegbe orile-ede. Opo ni awon wonyi ni awon ara Spein fi jagidijagan ko nile, be sini awon miran ninu won ko ni agbara to lati mu iyipada wa. Egbe arinkankan fun ilominira to gbeyin bere arin 1810, leyin igba ti Saint Domingue ( Haiti loni) gba ilominira ni 1804. Eyi fu itileyin gidi fun awon to solori ijidide ni Kolombia, eyun Simón Bolívar ati Francisco de Paula Santander . Bolívar di Aare akoko orile-ede Kolombia alominira leyin ijabori ni ijaogun Boyacá , leyin ti Bolívar fipo yi sile, Santander to je igbakeji re di Aare ikeji orile-ede Kolombia. Ijidide yi pari layorisirere ni 1819 , nigbati Ibasorun ile Grenada Tuntun bo si owo Orile-ede Olominira Kolombia ti a sese dasile ngbana bi isokan Ekuador, Kolombia ati Venezuela. Panama nigbana je apa ile Kolombia. Ijoba [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Awon ipin amojuto [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Departments of Colombia àti Municipalities of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: List of cities in Colombia àti Corregimientos of Colombia Kolombia je pipin si awon 32 ipinpa 32 ati agbegbe oluilu kan, ti won mu bi ipinpa kan (Bogotá na tun je oluilu fun ipinpa Cundinamarca ). Awon ipinpa na tun je pinpinlabe si awon munisipal , ikokan won to ni ibujoko munisipal, bakanna awon munisipal tun je pipinsabe si corregimientos . Ipinpa kokan ni ijoba ibile pelu gomina ati ile-igbimo asofin ti won n je didiboyan tara si igba odun merin. Munispal kookan ni baale ati igbimo, be sini corregimiento kookan ni corregidor , tabi olori ibile. Lapapo mo oluilu, awon ilu miran na tun wa ti pe ni agbegbe , nitori ini pataki ti won ni. Awon wonyi ni Barranquilla , Cartagena , Santa Marta , Cúcuta , Popayán , Bucaramanga , Tunja , Turbo , Buenaventura ati Tumaco . Awon apaipin ni ipinabe ibile amojuto, nibi ti awon ilu ni awon olugbe to tobi ti won si wa nitosi ara won (fun apere ni Antioquia ati Cundinamarca). Nibi to ba je pe aon olugbe kere sugbon won ni isoro abo (fun apere Amazonas, Vaupés ati Vichada), ipin amojuto pataki je lilo, bi "apaipin corregimientos ", to je adapo ilu ati corregimiento . E te klik sori apaipin kan lori maapu lati losi ayoka re. Department Capital city 1 Amazonas Leticia 2 Antioquia Medellín 3 Arauca Arauca 4 Atlántico Barranquilla 5 Bolívar Cartagena 6 Boyacá Tunja 7 Caldas Manizales 8 Caquetá Florencia 9 Casanare Yopal 10 Cauca Popayán 11 Cesar Valledupar 12 Chocó Quibdó 13 Córdoba Montería 14 Cundinamarca Bogotá 15 Guainía Inírida 16 Guaviare San José del Guaviare 17 Huila Neiva Department Capital city 18 La Guajira Riohacha 19 Magdalena Santa Marta 20 Meta Villavicencio 21 Nariño Pasto 22 Norte de Santander Cúcuta 23 Putumayo Mocoa 24 Quindío Armenia 25 Risaralda Pereira 26 San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina San Andrés 27 Santander Bucaramanga 28 Sucre Sincelejo 29 Tolima Ibagué 30 Valle del Cauca Cali 31 Vaupés Mitú 32 Vichada Puerto Carreño 33 Capital District Bogotá Oro okere [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Àyọkà olórí: Foreign relations of Colombia Ẹ tún wo: Diplomatic missions of Colombia President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe being presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by former President of the United States George W. Bush . Awon oro okere ile Kolombia je latowo Aare ile Kolombia won si unje kikoso latowo Alakoso Oro Okere . Colombia ni awon iranlose diplomati ni gbogbo orile-ede be sini o je sisoju ninu awon agbajo alakopapupo ni awon ibudo yi: Brussels (Iranlose si Isokan Europe ) Geneva (Awon Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) Montevideo (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Latin American Integration Association ati Mercosur ) Nairobi (Awon Iranlose Ijoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo ati si awon agbajo kariaye miran) New York (Iranlose Ibujoko si Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo) Paris (Iranlose Ibujoko si UNESCO ) Rome (Iranlose Ibujoko si Food and Agriculture Organization ) Washington, D.C. (Iranlose Ibujoko si Organization of American States ) Kolombia je omo egbe Agbajo awon Orile-ede Andes ati Isokan awon Orile-ede Guusu Amerika . Awon ara Kolombia gbodo gba visa olubewo fun awon orile-ede 180 lati lo si be and do not need tourist visa for 15 countries. Abo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Iselu [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Okowo [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Dimografiki [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Eko [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Asa [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ] Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]

train

is it south korea or republic of korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (abbreviated ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Officially, its territory consists of the whole Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands, which are largely mountainous. South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle, as half of them live in high - rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents.

['keynes']

ṣé south korea ni àbí republic of korea

No

['Kòréà Gúúsù, fun onibise gege bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Korea (ROK) (Àdàkọ:Lang-ko, pípè\xa0[tɛːhanminɡuk̚]\xa0 ( listen)), je orile-ede ni Ilaorun Asia, to budo si ilaji apaguusu Korean Peninsula.']

['Kòréà Gúúsù, fun onibise gege bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Korea je orile-ede ni Ilaorun Asia, to budo si ilaji apaguusu Korean Peninsula.']

['P1']

Kòréà Gúúsù , fun onibise gege bi Orile-ede Olominira ile Korea ( ROK ) ( Àdàkọ:Lang-ko , pípè [tɛːhanminɡuk̚] ( listen ) ), je orile-ede ni Ilaorun Asia , to budo si ilaji apaguusu Korean Peninsula . O ni bode mo Saina ni iwoorun, Japan ni ilaorun, ati Ariwa Korea ni ariwa. Oluilu re ni Seoul . Guusu Korea dubule si agbegbe ojuojo lilowooro pelu awon oke. Agbegbe bo itobi to je 100,032 ilopo awon kilomita mole, o si ni iye eniyan to ju egbegberun 50 lo. Itokasi [ àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀ ]

train

this african nation is located south of sudan and west of kenya

Kenya (/ ˈkɛnjə / ; locally (ˈkɛɲa) (listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south - east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north - west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north - east. Kenya covers 581,309 km (224,445 sq mi), and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017.

['john locke']

orílẹ̀ èdè yìí wà ní gúúsù sudan àti ìwọ̀ oòrùn kenya

Yes

['O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']

['O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']

['P1']

K??nyà K??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun. Awon Igberiko, ibile ati awon ipinsi Àw?n Ìpínl?? K??nyà Kenya pinsi awon igberiko 8 ti olori won n je Alakoso Igberiko (Aare lo n yan won). Awon igberiko wonyi na tun je pinpin si awon ibile. Awon ibile 69 lo wa. Awon ibile wonyi na tun je pipin si awon ipinsi 497. Awon ipinsi tu je pipin si 2,427 awon ibudo 2,427 ati omo ibudo 6,612.[11]. Awon igberiko na niwonyi: Igberiko Aarin Igberiko Eti Okun Igberiko Apailaorun Igberiko Nairobi Igberiko Ariwa Apailaorun Igberiko Nyanza Igberiko Rift Valley Igberiko Apaiwoorun

train

what part of africa is kenya located in

The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West - Central Africa. The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger - Congo, Nilo - Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent, representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents. European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period ; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony. Kenya obtained independence in December 1963, but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, governed by elected governors.

["general government', 'regional governments", 'a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status', '£80 million (€94 million)', '2003']

apá wo ní ilẹ̀ áfíríkà ni kenya wà

Yes

['Kẹ́nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile Kẹ́nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà.', 'O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']

['Kẹ́nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile Kẹ́nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà.', 'O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']

['P1']

K??nyà K??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun. Awon Igberiko, ibile ati awon ipinsi Àw?n Ìpínl?? K??nyà Kenya pinsi awon igberiko 8 ti olori won n je Alakoso Igberiko (Aare lo n yan won). Awon igberiko wonyi na tun je pinpin si awon ibile. Awon ibile 69 lo wa. Awon ibile wonyi na tun je pipin si awon ipinsi 497. Awon ipinsi tu je pipin si 2,427 awon ibudo 2,427 ati omo ibudo 6,612.[11]. Awon igberiko na niwonyi: Igberiko Aarin Igberiko Eti Okun Igberiko Apailaorun Igberiko Nairobi Igberiko Ariwa Apailaorun Igberiko Nyanza Igberiko Rift Valley Igberiko Apaiwoorun

train

which ocean lies to one side of kenya

Kenya (/ ˈkɛnjə / ; locally (ˈkɛɲa) (listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi. Kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south - east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south - west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north - west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north - east. Kenya covers 581,309 km (224,445 sq mi) has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret.

['april 1991', 'tbilisi']

òkun wo ló wà ní ẹ̀gbẹ́ kan ní ilẹ̀ kenya

Yes

['O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, Kẹ́nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun).']

['Okun India']

['P1']

K??nyà K??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun. Awon Igberiko, ibile ati awon ipinsi Àw?n Ìpínl?? K??nyà Kenya pinsi awon igberiko 8 ti olori won n je Alakoso Igberiko (Aare lo n yan won). Awon igberiko wonyi na tun je pinpin si awon ibile. Awon ibile 69 lo wa. Awon ibile wonyi na tun je pipin si awon ipinsi 497. Awon ipinsi tu je pipin si 2,427 awon ibudo 2,427 ati omo ibudo 6,612.[11]. Awon igberiko na niwonyi: Igberiko Aarin Igberiko Eti Okun Igberiko Apailaorun Igberiko Nairobi Igberiko Ariwa Apailaorun Igberiko Nyanza Igberiko Rift Valley Igberiko Apaiwoorun

train

where are chromosomes found in a plant cell

In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle. Chromosomes are even more condensed than chromatin and are an essential unit for cellular division. Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny. Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids) joined by a centromere.

['10 december', '1901']

ibo ní àwọn chromosomes tó wà nínú sẹ́ẹ̀lì ewéko wà

Yes

['Nínú àwọn eukarioti, àwọn krómósómù nínú kóróonú jẹ́ dídìpọ́ látọwọ́ àwọn proteínì sí àdìmú kíkipọ̀ kan tó únjẹ́ kromatínì.', 'Èyí jẹ́ kí àwọn hóró DNA gígùn ó le wọ inú kóróonú àhámọ́.']

['Èyí jẹ́ kí àwọn hóró DNA gígùn ó le wọ inú kóróonú àhámọ́.', 'ó wà nínú àwọn eukarioti']

['P3']

Krómósómù Krómósómù j?? àdìmú alátòj? DNA àti proteínì tó wà nínú àw?n àhám??. Ó j?? DNA líl??po kan soso tó ní ??p?? àw?n àbím??, àw?n apil??s?? onílànà àti àw?n ìtèl??nt??l?? núkléótídì míràn. Àw?n krómósómù tún ní àw?n proteínì al??m?? DNA, tí w??n j?? bíi pálí fún DNA àti láti kóìjánu àw?n ìmú?e r??. Àw?n krómósómù yàt?? gidigidi sí ra w?n láàrin orísi àw?n ohun ?l????mí. Hóró DNA le j?? olóbìírípo tàbí onígb??r?, b?? sì ni inú r?? le ní núkléótídì tó p?? tó 100,000 dé 10,000,000,000[1] lórí èw??n gígún kan. Àw?n àhám?? eukarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí w??n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù onígb??r? títóbi nígbàtí àw?n àhám?? prokarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí kò ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù olóòbírípo kékeré, bótil??jípé àw?n ìsàtì sí òfin yìí wà. Bákannáà, àw?n àhám?? tún le ní ju irú kan krómósómù l?; fún àp?re, mitok??ndríà nínú ??p?? àw?n eukarioti àti adáláw?? nínú àw?n ??gbìn ní àw?n krómósómù kékeré ti w?n. Nínú àw?n eukarioti, àw?n krómósómù nínú kóróonú j?? dídìp?? lát?w?? àw?n proteínì sí àdìmú kíkip?? kan tó únj?? kromatínì. Èyí j?? kí àw?n hóró DNA gígùn ó le w? inú kóróonú àhám??. Àdìmú àw?n krómósómù àti kromatínì yàt?? p??lú ìpínyà àhám??. Àw?n krómósómù ?e pàtàkì fún ìpínyà àhám??, w??n sì gb?d?? j?? títúndá, pínpín, àti j?? kíkó sínú àw?n àhám?? ?m? w?n láìsí sòró láti baà ridájú pé orísirísi àbím?? àti ìwàláàyè wà fún àw?n ?m??m? w?n. Àw?n krómósómù le wà bóyá bí i á???po tàbí aláì???po. Àw?n krómósómù aláì???po j?? atínrín onígb??r? kansoso, nígbàtí àw?n krómósómù a???po ní àwòk? méjì tí w??n j? ara w?n (w??n únj?? krómátídì) j?? sísop?? p??lú sentróm??rì.

Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase . (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch. (3) Short (p) arm. (4) Long (q) arm. A chromosome (from ancient Greek : χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means color, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material ( genome ) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division . Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once ( S phase ), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere , resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids . During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome. In this highly condensed form chromosomes are easiest to distinguish and study. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms . Some species such as certain bacteria , which lack histones , also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA . These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer . In prokaryotes (see nucleoids ) and viruses , the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea , by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in the case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. DNA condensation of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division ( mitosis or meiosis ) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis , leading to the progression of cancer . Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. However, others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. Contents [ hide ] 1 History of discovery 2 Prokaryotes 2.1 Structure in sequences 2.2 DNA packaging 3 Eukaryotes 3.1 Chromatin 3.1.1 Interphase chromatin 3.1.2 Metaphase chromatin and division 3.2 Human chromosomes 4 Number in various organisms 4.1 In eukaryotes 4.2 In prokaryotes 5 Karyotype 5.1 Historical note 6 Aberrations 6.1 Sperm aneuploidy 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links History of discovery [ edit ] Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. The word chromosome ( / ˈ k r oʊ m ə ˌ s oʊ m , - ˌ z oʊ m / ) comes from the Greek χρῶμα ( chroma , "colour") and σῶμα ( soma , "body"), describing their strong staining by particular dyes . Schleiden , Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes. The term was coined by von Waldeyer-Hartz , referring to the term chromatin , which was introduced by Walther Flemming . In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-1880s, Theodor Boveri gave the definitive demonstration that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity . His two principles were the continuity of chromosomes and the individuality of chromosomes. [ citation needed ] [ further explanation needed ] It is the second of these principles that was so original. [ citation needed ] Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic load . Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. Boveri influenced two generations of American cytologists: Edmund Beecher Wilson , Nettie Stevens , Walter Sutton and Theophilus Painter were all influenced by Boveri (Wilson, Stevens, and Painter actually worked with him). In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). Ernst Mayr remarks that the theory was hotly contested by some famous geneticists: William Bateson , Wilhelm Johannsen , Richard Goldschmidt and T.H. Morgan , all of a rather dogmatic turn of mind. Eventually, complete proof came from chromosome maps in Morgan's own lab. The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter . By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. His error was copied by others and it was not until 1956 that the true number, 46, was determined by Indonesia-born cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio . Prokaryotes [ edit ] The prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome , but many variations exist. The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores , can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps , to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum . Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi , the cause of Lyme disease , containing a single linear chromosome. Structure in sequences [ edit ] Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication ) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons , and do not usually contain introns , unlike eukaryotes. DNA packaging [ edit ] Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid . The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea , the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled . The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription , regulation, and replication . Eukaryotes [ edit ] Organization of DNA in a eukaryotic cell. See also: Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin . This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus . The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle . Chromosomes are even more condensed than chromatin and are an essential unit for cellular division. Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny . Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids ) joined by a centromere . The major structures in DNA compaction: DNA , the nucleosome , the 10 nm "beads-on-a-string" fibre, the 30 nm fibre and the metaphase chromosome. Eukaryotes ( cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere , with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome , and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins ), forming a composite material called chromatin . Chromatin [ edit ] Main article: Chromatin Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein found in the eukaryotic nucleus, which packages chromosomes. The structure of chromatin varies significantly between different stages of the cell cycle , according to the requirements of the DNA. Interphase chromatin [ edit ] During interphase (the period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing), two types of chromatin can be distinguished: Euchromatin , which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein. Heterochromatin , which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. Heterochromatin can be further distinguished into two types: Constitutive heterochromatin , which is never expressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences . Facultative heterochromatin , which is sometimes expressed. Structure of Eukaryotic chromosome : Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids (chromosomal arms) which are joined to each other at a small constricted region called the centromere.( Primary constriction ). These sister chromatids are conjoined twins the result of DNA replication. The centromere helps the chromatids attach to the spindle fibres during cell division, it is also concerned with the anaphase movement of the chromosomes, by which the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to the two opposite poles by their contraction during anaphase. Besides the primary constriction, in certain chromosomes there is a secondary constriction as well. Because a small portion is pinched off from the chromosomal body; this portion is called a 'satellite' and the chromosome is called an SAT chromosome. The two chromatids are made up of very thin chromatin fibres which are made up of 40% DNA and 60% histone proteins Each chromatin fibre consists of one DNA helix coiled around eight histone molecules like a loop; such a complex is called nucleosome and resembles a bead on a string. These nucleosomes pack tighter, during condensation required to get to metaphase. The primary constriction cannot take up most stains, so during cell division this region is a gap in staining. Within the primary constriction there is a clear zone called Centromere. The centromere with the DNA and histone proteins bound to them form a disc shaped structure called kinetochore . the chromonemata is a word that means a chromatid in the early stage of condensation. Metaphase chromatin and division [ edit ] See also: mitosis and meiosis Human chromosomes during metaphase In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin double helix become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material ( transcription stops) and become a compact transportable form. This compact form makes the individual chromosomes visible, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere . The shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit , small) and the longer arms are called q arms ( q follows p in the Latin alphabet; q-g "grande"; alternatively it is sometimes said q is short for queue meaning tail in French ). This is the only natural context in which individual chromosomes are visible with an optical microscope . Mitotic metaphase chromosomes are best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops. During mitosis, microtubules grow from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell and also attach to the centromere at specialized structures called kinetochores , one of which is present on each sister chromatid . A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can again be transcribed. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus. Human chromosomes [ edit ] Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types: autosomes (body chromosome(s)) and allosome ( sex chromosome (s)). Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. All act in the same way during cell division. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), giving a total of 46 per cell. In addition to these, human cells have many hundreds of copies of the mitochondrial genome . Sequencing of the human genome has provided a great deal of information about each of the chromosomes. Below is a table compiling statistics for the chromosomes, based on the Sanger Institute 's human genome information in the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database . Number of genes is an estimate, as it is in part based on gene predictions . Total chromosome length is an estimate as well, based on the estimated size of unsequenced heterochromatin regions. Estimated number of genes and base pairs (in mega base pairs) on each human chromosome Chromosome Genes Total base pairs % of bases Sequenced base pairs 1 2000 247,199,719 8.0 224,999,719 2 1300 242,751,149 7.9 237,712,649 3 1000 199,446,827 6.5 194,704,827 4 1000 191,263,063 6.2 187,297,063 5 900 180,837,866 5.9 177,702,766 6 1000 170,896,993 5.5 167,273,993 7 900 158,821,424 5.2 154,952,424 8 700 146,274,826 4.7 142,612,826 9 800 140,442,298 4.6 120,312,298 10 700 135,374,737 4.4 131,624,737 11 1300 134,452,384 4.4 131,130,853 12 1100 132,289,534 4.3 130,303,534 13 300 114,127,980 3.7 95,559,980 14 800 106,360,585 3.5 88,290,585 15 600 100,338,915 3.3 81,341,915 16 800 88,822,254 2.9 78,884,754 17 1200 78,654,742 2.6 77,800,220 18 200 76,117,153 2.5 74,656,155 19 1500 63,806,651 2.1 55,785,651 20 500 62,435,965 2.0 59,505,254 21 200 46,944,323 1.5 34,171,998 22 500 49,528,953 1.6 34,893,953 X (sex chromosome) 800 154,913,754 5.0 151,058,754 Y (sex chromosome) 50 57,741,652 1.9 25,121,652 Total 21,000 3,079,843,747 100.0 2,857,698,560 Number in various organisms [ edit ] Main article: List of organisms by chromosome count In eukaryotes [ edit ] These tables give the total number of chromosomes (including sex chromosomes) in a cell nucleus. For example, human cells are diploid and have 22 different types of autosome , each present as two copies, and two sex chromosomes . This gives 46 chromosomes in total. Other organisms have more than two copies of their chromosome types, such as bread wheat , which is hexaploid and has six copies of seven different chromosome types – 42 chromosomes in total. Chromosome numbers in some plants Plant Species # Arabidopsis thaliana (diploid) 10 Rye (diploid) 14 Einkorn wheat (diploid) 14 Maize (diploid or palaeotetraploid) 20 Durum wheat (tetraploid) 28 Bread wheat (hexaploid) 42 Adder's tongue fern (diploid) approx. 1,200 Chromosome numbers (2n) in some animals Species # Common fruit fly 8 Pill millipede ( Arthrosphaera fumosa ) 30 Earthworm ( Octodrilus complanatus ) 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic pig 38 Laboratory mouse 40 Laboratory rat 42 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 44 Syrian hamster 44 Guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) 46 Human 46 Hares 48 Gorillas , chimpanzees 48 Domestic sheep 54 Garden snail 54 Silkworm 56 Elephants 56 Cow 60 Donkey 62 Guinea pig 64 Horse 64 Dog 78 Hedgehog 90 Goldfish 100-104 Kingfisher 132 Chromosome numbers in other organisms Species Large Chromosomes Intermediate Chromosomes Microchromosomes Trypanosoma brucei 11 6 ~100 Domestic pigeon ( Columba livia domestics ) 18 - 59-63 Chicken 8 2 sex chromosomes 60 Normal members of a particular eukaryotic species all have the same number of nuclear chromosomes (see the table). Other eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more variable in number, and there may be thousands of copies per cell. The 23 human chromosome territories during prometaphase in fibroblast cells. Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid. Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes , reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves ( crossover ), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge ( fertilization ), a new diploid organism is formed. Some animal and plant species are polyploid [Xn]: They have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes . Plants important in agriculture such as tobacco or wheat are often polyploid, compared to their ancestral species. Wheat has a haploid number of seven chromosomes, still seen in some cultivars as well as the wild progenitors. The more-common pasta and bread wheat types are polyploid, having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat. In prokaryotes [ edit ] Prokaryote species generally have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies. For example, Buchnera , a symbiont of aphids has multiple copies of its chromosome, ranging from 10–400 copies per cell. However, in some large bacteria, such as Epulopiscium fishelsoni up to 100,000 copies of the chromosome can be present. Plasmids and plasmid-like small chromosomes are, as in eukaryotes, highly variable in copy number. The number of plasmids in the cell is almost entirely determined by the rate of division of the plasmid – fast division causes high copy number. Karyotype [ edit ] Main article: Karyotype Karyogram of a human male In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species . The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics . Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes , the same cannot be said for their karyotypes , which are often highly variable. There may be variation between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization. In some cases, there is significant variation within species. Often there is: 1. variation between the two sexes 2. variation between the germ-line and soma (between gametes and the rest of the body) 3. variation between members of a population, due to balanced genetic polymorphism 4. geographical variation between races 5. mosaics or otherwise abnormal individuals. Also, variation in karyotype may occur during development from the fertilized egg. The technique of determining the karyotype is usually called karyotyping . Cells can be locked part-way through division (in metaphase) in vitro (in a reaction vial) with colchicine . These cells are then stained, photographed, and arranged into a karyogram , with the set of chromosomes arranged, autosomes in order of length, and sex chromosomes (here X/Y) at the end. Like many sexually reproducing species, humans have special gonosomes (sex chromosomes, in contrast to autosomes ). These are XX in females and XY in males. Historical note [ edit ] Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: How many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia , concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism . Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of man is 46 or 48, at first favouring 46. He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. New techniques were needed to definitively solve the problem: Using cells in culture Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine Pretreating cells in a hypotonic solution 0.075 M KCl, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes Squashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram. It took until 1954 before the human diploid number was confirmed as 46. Considering the techniques of Winiwarter and Painter, their results were quite remarkable. Chimpanzees , the closest living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes : in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2 . (See Also: Argument from authority#Inaccurate chromosome number ) Aberrations [ edit ] In Down syndrome, there are three copies of chromosome 21 Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome , although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations , or chromosomal inversions , although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy , may be lethal or may give rise to genetic disorders. Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement. The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders . Human examples include: Cri du chat , which is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. "Cri du chat" means "cry of the cat" in French; the condition was so-named because affected babies make high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, moderate to severe mental health problems, and are very short. Down syndrome , the most common trisomy, usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 ( trisomy 21 ). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate developmental disability. Edwards syndrome , or trisomy-18, the second most common trisomy. Symptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health problems. Ninety percent of those affected die in infancy. They have characteristic clenched hands and overlapping fingers. Isodicentric 15 , also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15). Jacobsen syndrome , which is very rare. It is also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder. Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with poor expressive language skills. Most have a bleeding disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome . Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile and tend to be taller and have longer arms and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay and dyslexia . Without testosterone treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty. Patau Syndrome , also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat similar to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand. Small supernumerary marker chromosome . This means there is an extra, abnormal chromosome. Features depend on the origin of the extra genetic material. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome, as is Pallister–Killian syndrome . Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and thin and have a higher incidence of dyslexia. Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a "caved-in" appearance to the chest. Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome , which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by growth retardation, delayed motor skills development, "Greek Helmet" facial features, and mild to profound mental health problems. XYY syndrome . XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings. Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more likely to have learning difficulties. Sperm aneuploidy [ edit ] Exposure of males to certain lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploid spermatozoa. In particular, risk of aneuploidy is increased by tobacco smoking, and occupational exposure to benzene, insecticides, and perfluorinated compounds. Increased aneuploidy is often associated with increased DNA damage in spermatozoa. See also [ edit ] Aneuploidy Chromosome segregation DNA Genetic deletion For information about chromosomes in genetic algorithms , see chromosome (genetic algorithm) Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Lampbrush chromosome List of number of chromosomes of various organisms Locus (explains gene location nomenclature) Maternal influence on sex determination Non-disjunction Sex-determination system XY sex-determination system X-chromosome X-inactivation Y-chromosome Y-chromosomal Aaron Y-chromosomal Adam Polytene chromosome Neochromosome Parasitic chromosome Notes and references [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromosomes . An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes from HOPES : Huntington's Outreach Project for Education at Stanford Chromosome Abnormalities at AtlasGeneticsOncology On-line exhibition on chromosomes and genome (SIB) What Can Our Chromosomes Tell Us? , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Try making a karyotype yourself , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Kimballs Chromosome pages Chromosome News from Genome News Network Eurochromnet , European network for Rare Chromosome Disorders on the Internet Ensembl.org , Ensembl project, presenting chromosomes, their genes and syntenic loci graphically via the web Genographic Project Home reference on Chromosomes from the U.S. National Library of Medicine Visualisation of human chromosomes and comparison to other species Unique - The Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group Support for people with rare chromosome disorders

train

where are chromosomes found in multi cellular organisms

Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell 's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes.

[]

ibo la ti lè rí àwọn chromosomes tó wà nínú àwọn ohun alààyè tó ní ọ̀pọ̀ sẹ́ẹ̀lì?

Yes

['Àwọn àhámọ́ eukarioti (àwọn àhámọ́ tí wọ́n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù onígbọọrọ títóbi nígbàtí àwọn àhámọ́ prokarioti (àwọn àhámọ́ tí kò ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù olóòbírípo kékeré, bótilẹ̀jípé àwọn ìsàtì sí òfin yìí wà.']

['Àwọn àhámọ́ eukarioti (àwọn àhámọ́ tí wọ́n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù ']

['P2']

Krómósómù Krómósómù j?? àdìmú alátòj? DNA àti proteínì tó wà nínú àw?n àhám??. Ó j?? DNA líl??po kan soso tó ní ??p?? àw?n àbím??, àw?n apil??s?? onílànà àti àw?n ìtèl??nt??l?? núkléótídì míràn. Àw?n krómósómù tún ní àw?n proteínì al??m?? DNA, tí w??n j?? bíi pálí fún DNA àti láti kóìjánu àw?n ìmú?e r??. Àw?n krómósómù yàt?? gidigidi sí ra w?n láàrin orísi àw?n ohun ?l????mí. Hóró DNA le j?? olóbìírípo tàbí onígb??r?, b?? sì ni inú r?? le ní núkléótídì tó p?? tó 100,000 dé 10,000,000,000[1] lórí èw??n gígún kan. Àw?n àhám?? eukarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí w??n ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù onígb??r? títóbi nígbàtí àw?n àhám?? prokarioti (àw?n àhám?? tí kò ní kóróonú) ní krómósómù olóòbírípo kékeré, bótil??jípé àw?n ìsàtì sí òfin yìí wà. Bákannáà, àw?n àhám?? tún le ní ju irú kan krómósómù l?; fún àp?re, mitok??ndríà nínú ??p?? àw?n eukarioti àti adáláw?? nínú àw?n ??gbìn ní àw?n krómósómù kékeré ti w?n. Nínú àw?n eukarioti, àw?n krómósómù nínú kóróonú j?? dídìp?? lát?w?? àw?n proteínì sí àdìmú kíkip?? kan tó únj?? kromatínì. Èyí j?? kí àw?n hóró DNA gígùn ó le w? inú kóróonú àhám??. Àdìmú àw?n krómósómù àti kromatínì yàt?? p??lú ìpínyà àhám??. Àw?n krómósómù ?e pàtàkì fún ìpínyà àhám??, w??n sì gb?d?? j?? títúndá, pínpín, àti j?? kíkó sínú àw?n àhám?? ?m? w?n láìsí sòró láti baà ridájú pé orísirísi àbím?? àti ìwàláàyè wà fún àw?n ?m??m? w?n. Àw?n krómósómù le wà bóyá bí i á???po tàbí aláì???po. Àw?n krómósómù aláì???po j?? atínrín onígb??r? kansoso, nígbàtí àw?n krómósómù a???po ní àwòk? méjì tí w??n j? ara w?n (w??n únj?? krómátídì) j?? sísop?? p??lú sentróm??rì.

Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase . (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch. (3) Short (p) arm. (4) Long (q) arm. A chromosome (from ancient Greek : χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means color, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material ( genome ) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins , bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division . Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once ( S phase ), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids . During metaphase the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome. In this highly condensed form chromosomes are easiest to distinguish and study. In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during segregation. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis , leading to the progression of cancer . Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. However, others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History of discovery 3 Prokaryotes 3.1 Structure in sequences 3.2 DNA packaging 4 Eukaryotes 4.1 Interphase chromatin 4.2 Metaphase chromatin and division 4.3 Human chromosomes 5 Number in various organisms 5.1 In eukaryotes 5.2 In prokaryotes 6 Karyotype 6.1 Historical note 7 Aberrations 7.1 Sperm aneuploidy 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 External links Etymology [ edit ] The word chromosome ( / ˈ k r oʊ m ə ˌ s oʊ m , - ˌ z oʊ m / ) comes from the Greek χρῶμα ( chroma , "colour") and σῶμα ( soma , "body"), describing their strong staining by particular dyes . The term was coined by von Waldeyer-Hartz , referring to the term chromatin , which was introduced by Walther Flemming . Emilio Battaglia (1917-2011) points out that over time many of the most familiar caryological terms have become inadequate or illogical or, in some cases, etymologically incorrect so that they should be replaced by more adequate alternatives suggested by the present scientific progress. The author has been particularly disappointed by the illogicality of the present chromosomal (chromatin-chromosome) terminology based on, or inferred by, two terms, Chromatin (Flemming 1880) and Chromosom (Waldeyer 1888), both inappropriately ascribed to a basically non coloured state. History of discovery [ edit ] Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. Schleiden , Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes. In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-1880s, Theodor Boveri gave the definitive demonstration that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity . His two principles were the continuity of chromosomes and the individuality of chromosomes. [ citation needed ] [ further explanation needed ] It is the second of these principles that was so original. [ citation needed ] Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic load . Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. Boveri influenced two generations of American cytologists: Edmund Beecher Wilson , Nettie Stevens , Walter Sutton and Theophilus Painter were all influenced by Boveri (Wilson, Stevens, and Painter actually worked with him). In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). Ernst Mayr remarks that the theory was hotly contested by some famous geneticists: William Bateson , Wilhelm Johannsen , Richard Goldschmidt and T.H. Morgan , all of a rather dogmatic turn of mind. Eventually, complete proof came from chromosome maps in Morgan's own lab. The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter . By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. His error was copied by others and it was not until 1956 that the true number, 46, was determined by Indonesia-born cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio . Prokaryotes [ edit ] The prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome , but many variations exist. The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores , can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps , to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum . Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi , the cause of Lyme disease , containing a single linear chromosome. Structure in sequences [ edit ] Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication ) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons , and do not usually contain introns , unlike eukaryotes. DNA packaging [ edit ] Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid . The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea , the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA . These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer . In prokaryotes (see nucleoids ) and viruses , the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea , by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in the case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled . The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription , regulation, and replication . Eukaryotes [ edit ] Organization of DNA in a eukaryotic cell. See also: Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is made of nucleosomes ( histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin . Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria . Chromatin is present in most cells , with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells . Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus . During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The structure of chromosomes varies through the cell cycle . During cellular division chromosomes are replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny . Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids ) joined by a centromere . The major structures in DNA compaction: DNA , the nucleosome , the 10 nm "beads-on-a-string" fibre, the 30 nm fibre and the metaphase chromosome. Eukaryotes ( cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere , with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome , and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins ), forming a composite material called chromatin . Interphase chromatin [ edit ] During interphase (the period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing), two types of chromatin can be distinguished: Euchromatin , which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein. Heterochromatin , which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. Heterochromatin can be further distinguished into two types: Constitutive heterochromatin , which is never expressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences . Facultative heterochromatin , which is sometimes expressed. Structure of Eukaryotic chromosome Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids (chromosomal arms) which are joined to each other at a small constricted region called the centromere.( Primary constriction ). These sister chromatids are conjoined twins the result of DNA replication. The centromere helps the chromatids attach to the spindle fibres during cell division, it is also concerned with the anaphase movement of the chromosomes, by which the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to the two opposite poles by their contraction during anaphase. Besides the primary constriction, in certain chromosomes there is a secondary constriction as well. Because a small portion is pinched off from the chromosomal body; this portion is called a 'satellite' and the chromosome is called an SAT chromosome. The two chromatids are made up of very thin chromatin fibres which are made up of 40% DNA and 60% histone proteins Each chromatin fibre consists of one DNA helix coiled around eight histone molecules like a loop; such a complex is called nucleosome and resembles a bead on a string. These nucleosomes pack tighter, during condensation required to get to metaphase. The primary constriction cannot take up most stains, so during cell division this region is a gap in staining. Within the primary constriction there is a clear zone called Centromere. The centromere with the DNA and histone proteins bound to them form a disc shaped structure called kinetochore . the chromonemata is a word that means a chromatid in the early stage of condensation. Metaphase chromatin and division [ edit ] See also: mitosis and meiosis Human chromosomes during metaphase In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin double helix become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material ( transcription stops) and become a compact transportable form. This compact form makes the individual chromosomes visible, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere . The shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit , small) and the longer arms are called q arms ( q follows p in the Latin alphabet; q-g "grande"; alternatively it is sometimes said q is short for queue meaning tail in French ). This is the only natural context in which individual chromosomes are visible with an optical microscope . Mitotic metaphase chromosomes are best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops. During mitosis, microtubules grow from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell and also attach to the centromere at specialized structures called kinetochores , one of which is present on each sister chromatid . A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can again be transcribed. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus. Human chromosomes [ edit ] Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types: autosomes (body chromosome(s)) and allosome ( sex chromosome (s)). Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. All act in the same way during cell division. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), giving a total of 46 per cell. In addition to these, human cells have many hundreds of copies of the mitochondrial genome . Sequencing of the human genome has provided a great deal of information about each of the chromosomes. Below is a table compiling statistics for the chromosomes, based on the Sanger Institute 's human genome information in the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database . Number of genes is an estimate, as it is in part based on gene predictions . Total chromosome length is an estimate as well, based on the estimated size of unsequenced heterochromatin regions. Estimated number of genes and base pairs (in mega base pairs) on each human chromosome Chromosome Genes Total base pairs % of bases Sequenced base pairs 1 2000 247,199,719 8.0 224,999,719 2 1300 242,751,149 7.9 237,712,649 3 1000 199,446,827 6.5 194,704,827 4 1000 191,263,063 6.2 187,297,063 5 900 180,837,866 5.9 177,702,766 6 1000 170,896,993 5.5 167,273,993 7 900 158,821,424 5.2 154,952,424 8 700 146,274,826 4.7 142,612,826 9 800 140,442,298 4.6 120,312,298 10 700 135,374,737 4.4 131,624,737 11 1300 134,452,384 4.4 131,130,853 12 1100 132,289,534 4.3 130,303,534 13 300 114,127,980 3.7 95,559,980 14 800 106,360,585 3.5 88,290,585 15 600 100,338,915 3.3 81,341,915 16 800 88,822,254 2.9 78,884,754 17 1200 78,654,742 2.6 77,800,220 18 200 76,117,153 2.5 74,656,155 19 1500 63,806,651 2.1 55,785,651 20 500 62,435,965 2.0 59,505,254 21 200 46,944,323 1.5 34,171,998 22 500 49,528,953 1.6 34,893,953 X (sex chromosome) 800 154,913,754 5.0 151,058,754 Y (sex chromosome) 50 57,741,652 1.9 25,121,652 Total 21,000 3,079,843,747 100.0 2,857,698,560 Number in various organisms [ edit ] Main article: List of organisms by chromosome count In eukaryotes [ edit ] These tables give the total number of chromosomes (including sex chromosomes) in a cell nucleus. For example, most eukaryotes are diploid , like humans who have 22 different types of autosomes , each present as two homologous pairs, and two sex chromosomes . This gives 46 chromosomes in total. Other organisms have more than two copies of their chromosome types, such as bread wheat , which is hexaploid and has six copies of seven different chromosome types – 42 chromosomes in total. Chromosome numbers in some plants Plant Species # Arabidopsis thaliana (diploid) 10 Rye (diploid) 14 Einkorn wheat (diploid) 14 Maize (diploid or palaeotetraploid) 20 Durum wheat (tetraploid) 28 Bread wheat (hexaploid) 42 Cultivated tobacco (tetraploid) 48 Adder's tongue fern (polyploid) approx. 1,200 Chromosome numbers (2n) in some animals Species # Indian muntjac 7 Common fruit fly 8 Pill millipede ( Arthrosphaera fumosa ) 30 Earthworm ( Octodrilus complanatus ) 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic pig 38 Laboratory mouse 40 Laboratory rat 42 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 44 Syrian hamster 44 Guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) 46 Human 46 Hares 48 Gorillas , chimpanzees 48 Domestic sheep 54 Garden snail 54 Silkworm 56 Elephants 56 Cow 60 Donkey 62 Guinea pig 64 Horse 64 Dog 78 Hedgehog 90 Goldfish 100-104 Kingfisher 132 Chromosome numbers in other organisms Species Large Chromosomes Intermediate Chromosomes Microchromosomes Trypanosoma brucei 11 6 ~100 Domestic pigeon ( Columba livia domestics ) 18 - 59-63 Chicken 8 2 sex chromosomes 60 Normal members of a particular eukaryotic species all have the same number of nuclear chromosomes (see the table). Other eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more variable in number, and there may be thousands of copies per cell. The 23 human chromosome territories during prometaphase in fibroblast cells. Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid. Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes , reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves ( crossover ), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge ( fertilization ), a new diploid organism is formed. Some animal and plant species are polyploid [Xn]: They have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes . Plants important in agriculture such as tobacco or wheat are often polyploid, compared to their ancestral species. Wheat has a haploid number of seven chromosomes, still seen in some cultivars as well as the wild progenitors. The more-common pasta and bread wheat types are polyploid, having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat. In prokaryotes [ edit ] Prokaryote species generally have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies. For example, Buchnera , a symbiont of aphids has multiple copies of its chromosome, ranging from 10–400 copies per cell. However, in some large bacteria, such as Epulopiscium fishelsoni up to 100,000 copies of the chromosome can be present. Plasmids and plasmid-like small chromosomes are, as in eukaryotes, highly variable in copy number. The number of plasmids in the cell is almost entirely determined by the rate of division of the plasmid – fast division causes high copy number. Karyotype [ edit ] Main article: Karyotype Karyogram of a human male In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species . The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics . Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes , the same cannot be said for their karyotypes , which are often highly variable. There may be variation between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization. In some cases, there is significant variation within species. Often there is: 1. variation between the two sexes 2. variation between the germ-line and soma (between gametes and the rest of the body) 3. variation between members of a population, due to balanced genetic polymorphism 4. geographical variation between races 5. mosaics or otherwise abnormal individuals. Also, variation in karyotype may occur during development from the fertilized egg. The technique of determining the karyotype is usually called karyotyping . Cells can be locked part-way through division (in metaphase) in vitro (in a reaction vial) with colchicine . These cells are then stained, photographed, and arranged into a karyogram , with the set of chromosomes arranged, autosomes in order of length, and sex chromosomes (here X/Y) at the end. Like many sexually reproducing species, humans have special gonosomes (sex chromosomes, in contrast to autosomes ). These are XX in females and XY in males. Historical note [ edit ] Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: How many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia , concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism . Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of man is 46 or 48, at first favouring 46. He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. New techniques were needed to definitively solve the problem: Using cells in culture Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine Pretreating cells in a hypotonic solution 0.075 M KCl, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes Squashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram. It took until 1954 before the human diploid number was confirmed as 46. Considering the techniques of Winiwarter and Painter, their results were quite remarkable. Chimpanzees , the closest living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes : in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2 . (See Also: Argument from authority#Inaccurate chromosome number ) Aberrations [ edit ] In Down syndrome, there are three copies of chromosome 21 Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome , although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations , or chromosomal inversions , although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy , may be lethal or may give rise to genetic disorders. Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement. The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders . Human examples include: Cri du chat , which is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. "Cri du chat" means "cry of the cat" in French; the condition was so-named because affected babies make high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, moderate to severe mental health problems, and are very short. Down syndrome , the most common trisomy, usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 ( trisomy 21 ). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate developmental disability. Edwards syndrome , or trisomy-18, the second most common trisomy. Symptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health problems. Ninety percent of those affected die in infancy. They have characteristic clenched hands and overlapping fingers. Isodicentric 15 , also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15). Jacobsen syndrome , which is very rare. It is also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder. Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with poor expressive language skills. Most have a bleeding disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome . Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile and tend to be taller and have longer arms and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay and dyslexia . Without testosterone treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty. Patau Syndrome , also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat similar to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand. Small supernumerary marker chromosome . This means there is an extra, abnormal chromosome. Features depend on the origin of the extra genetic material. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome, as is Pallister–Killian syndrome . Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and thin and have a higher incidence of dyslexia. Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a "caved-in" appearance to the chest. Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome , which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by growth retardation, delayed motor skills development, "Greek Helmet" facial features, and mild to profound mental health problems. XYY syndrome . XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings. Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more likely to have learning difficulties. Sperm aneuploidy [ edit ] Exposure of males to certain lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploid spermatozoa. In particular, risk of aneuploidy is increased by tobacco smoking, and occupational exposure to benzene, insecticides, and perfluorinated compounds. Increased aneuploidy is often associated with increased DNA damage in spermatozoa. See also [ edit ] Aneuploidy Chromosome segregation DNA Genetic deletion For information about chromosomes in genetic algorithms , see chromosome (genetic algorithm) Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Lampbrush chromosome List of number of chromosomes of various organisms Locus (explains gene location nomenclature) Maternal influence on sex determination Non-disjunction Sex-determination system XY sex-determination system X-chromosome X-inactivation Y-chromosome Y-chromosomal Aaron Y-chromosomal Adam Polytene chromosome Neochromosome Parasitic chromosome Notes and references [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromosomes . An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes from HOPES : Huntington's Outreach Project for Education at Stanford Chromosome Abnormalities at AtlasGeneticsOncology On-line exhibition on chromosomes and genome (SIB) What Can Our Chromosomes Tell Us? , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Try making a karyotype yourself , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center Kimballs Chromosome pages Chromosome News from Genome News Network Eurochromnet , European network for Rare Chromosome Disorders on the Internet Ensembl.org , Ensembl project, presenting chromosomes, their genes and syntenic loci graphically via the web Genographic Project Home reference on Chromosomes from the U.S. National Library of Medicine Visualisation of human chromosomes and comparison to other species Unique - The Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group Support for people with rare chromosome disorders

train

ok google where in the world is croatia

Croatia (/ kroʊˈeɪʃə / (listen), kroh - AY - shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska (xř̩ʋaːtskaː)), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian : Republika Hrvatska, listen (help info)) is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea. Its capital Zagreb forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions, along with twenty counties. Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and a population of 4.28 million, most of whom are Roman Catholics.

['venkatraman "venki" ramakrishnan']

google íbo ni croatia wà láyé

Yes

['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.']

['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.']

['P1']

Kroatíà Kroatíà tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Yuropu.

train

where is croatia located on the world map

Croatia is located in Central and Southeast Europe, bordering Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Montenegro to the southeast, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest and Slovenia to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 42 ° and 47 ° N and longitudes 13 ° and 20 ° E. Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding Dubrovnik is a practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters, but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum.

['international labour organization']

ibo ni croatia wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.']

['Kroatíà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Europe.']

['P1']

Kroatíà Kroatíà tabi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Kroatíà je orile-ede ni Guusuilaoorun Yuropu.

train

where is luxembourg located in europe on a map

Coordinates : 49 ° 45 ′ N 6 ° 10 ′ E  /  49.750 ° N 6.167 ° E  / 49.750 ; 6.167

['osteoblasts', 'hard tissue']

níbo ni luxembourg wà ní yúróòpù lórí àwòrán-àwòrán ilẹ̀

Yes

['Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (pípè /ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ ( listen) LUKS-əm-berg), lonibise bi Dutsi Agba ile Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (Àdàkọ:Lang-lb, Faransé: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, ), je orile-ede ayikanule ni apaiworun Europe, o ni bode mo Belgium, France, ati Germany.']

['Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (pípè /ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ ( listen) LUKS-əm-berg), lonibise bi Dutsi Agba ile Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg (Àdàkọ:Lang-lb, Faransé: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, ), je orile-ede ayikanule ni apaiworun Europe, o ni bode mo Belgium, France, ati Germany.']

['P1']

Lúks??mb??rg Lúks??mb??rg (pípè /?l?ks?mb?r?/), lonibise bi Dutsi Agba ile Lúks??mb??rg (Àdàk?:Lang-lb, Faransé: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, ), je orile-ede ayikanule ni apaiworun Yuropu, o ni bode mo Belgium, Faransé, àti Jámánì. Lúks??mb??rg ni olugbe to ju ilaji egbegberun eniyan lo ninu aala to to 2,586 Kilomita ilopomeji (999 sq mi).[1]

This article is about the country. For the city, see Luxembourg City . For other uses, see Luxembourg (disambiguation) . Coordinates : 49°45′N 6°10′E  /  49.750°N 6.167°E  / 49.750; 6.167 Luxembourg ( / ˈ l ʌ k s əm b ɜːr ɡ / ( listen ) ) ( Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ˈlətsəbuəɕ] ( listen ) ; German : Luxemburg ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City , is, together with Brussels and Strasbourg , one of the three official capitals of the European Union [ citation needed ] and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest juridical authority in the EU. Its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. This is emphasised by the three official languages, Luxembourgish , French , and German . The repeated invasions by its neighbour countries, especially in World War II , resulted in the country's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and, among other things, led to the foundation of the European Union. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe , about the same size as the US state of Rhode Island or the English county of Northamptonshire . In 2016, Luxembourg had a population of 576 249, which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by a Grand Duke , Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg , and is the world's only remaining grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest GDP (PPP) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city. The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963, when count Siegfried I acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , ′little castle′, and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier . Siegfried's descendants increased their territory through marriage, war and vassal relations. At the end of the 13th century, the Counts of Luxembourg reigned over a considerable territory. In 1308, Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg became King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor . The House of Luxembourg produced four Holy Roman Emperors at the high time of the Middle Ages . In 1354, Charles IV elevated the County to the Duchy of Luxembourg . Since Sigismund had no male heir, the Duchy became part of the Burgundian Circle and then one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands . Over the centuries, the City and Fortress of Luxembourg , of great strategic importance situated between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg territories, was gradually built up to be one of the most reputed fortifications in Europe. After belonging to both the France of Louis XIV and the Austria of Maria Theresia , Luxembourg became part of the First French Republic and Empire under Napoleon . The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Grand-Duchy, with its powerful fortress, became an independent state under the personal possession of William I of the Netherlands with a Prussian garrison to guard the city against another invasion from France. In 1839, following the turmoil of the Belgian Revolution , the purely French-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to Belgium and the Luxembourgish-speaking part became what is the present state of Luxembourg. The steel industry exploiting the Red Lands' rich iron-ore grounds in the beginning of the 20th century drove the country's industrialisation. ArcelorMittal , the world's largest steel producer with headquarters in Luxembourg City, is still a reminder of these times. After the decline of the steel industry in the 1970s, the country focused on establishing itself as a global financial centre and developed into the banking hub it is reputed for. Since the beginning of the 21st century, its governments have focused on developing the country into a knowledge economy , with the founding of the University of Luxembourg and a national space programme , projecting the first involvement in a non-manned lunar expedition by 2020. Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, OECD , United Nations , NATO , and Benelux , reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic , political, and military integration. The city of Luxembourg , which is the country's capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions and agencies of the EU. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, which was a first in the country's history. In 2016 Luxembourgish citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the Luxembourgian passport equal 15th in the world, tied with countries such as Canada and Switzerland. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 County 1.2 Duchy 1.3 Nineteenth century 1.4 Twentieth century 2 Politics 2.1 Administrative divisions 2.2 Foreign relations 2.3 Military 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Economy 4.1 Transport 4.2 Communications 4.3 Data centres 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnicity 5.2 Language 5.3 Religion 5.4 Education 5.5 Health 6 Culture 6.1 Sports 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Media 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History [ edit ] Main article: History of Luxembourg Charles IV , the 14th century Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg . Historic map (undated) of Luxembourg city's fortifications Photograph of the fortress of Luxembourg prior to demolition in 1867 County [ edit ] Main article: County of Luxemburg The recorded history of Luxembourg begins with the acquisition of Lucilinburhuc (today Luxembourg Castle ) situated on the Bock rock by Siegfried, Count of Ardennes , in 963 through an exchange act with St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier . Around this fort , a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a state of great strategic value. Duchy [ edit ] Main article: Duchy of Luxemburg In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors . In 1437, the House of Luxembourg suffered a succession crisis, precipitated by the lack of a male heir to assume the throne, which led to the territories being sold by Duchess Elisabeth to Philip the Good of Burgundy . In the following centuries, Luxembourg's fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the Bourbons , Habsburgs , Hohenzollerns and the French. Nineteenth century [ edit ] See also: History of rail transport in Luxembourg After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands . The Congress of Vienna formed Luxembourg as a Grand Duchy within the German Confederation in personal union with the Netherlands, being at the same time a part of the Netherlands and ruled as one of its provinces, with the Fortress of Luxembourg manned by Prussian troops. This arrangement was revised by the 1839 First Treaty of London , from which date Luxembourg's full independence is reckoned. Luxembourg City: The Passerelle, also known as the viaduct or old bridge, over the Pétrusse river valley, opened 1861 At the time of the Belgian Revolution of 1830–1839, and by the 1839 Treaty establishing full independence, Luxembourg's territory was reduced by more than half, as the predominantly francophone western part of the country was transferred to Belgium . In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union ( Zollverein ). This resulted in the opening of the German market, the development of Luxembourg's steel industry , and expansion of Luxembourg's railway network from 1855 to 1875, particularly the construction of the Luxembourg- Thionville railway line, with connections from there to the European industrial regions. While Prussian troops still manned the fortress, in 1861, the Passerelle was opened, the first road bridge spanning the Pétrusse river valley, connecting the Ville Haute and the main fortification on the Bock with Luxembourg railway station , opened in 1859, on the then fortified Bourbon plateau to the south. After the Luxembourg Crisis of 1866 nearly led to war between Prussia and France, the Grand Duchy's independence and neutrality were again affirmed by the 1867 Second Treaty of London , Prussia's troops were withdrawn from the Fortress of Luxembourg and its Bock and surrounding fortifications were dismantled. The King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg , maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III , the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter Wilhelmina , while Luxembourg (then restricted to male heirs by the Nassau Family Pact ) passed to Adolph of Nassau-Weilburg . At the time of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, despite allegations about French use of the Luxembourg railways for passing soldiers from Metz (then part of France) through the Duchy, and for forwarding provisions to Thionville, Luxembourg's neutrality was respected by Germany , and neither France nor Germany invaded the country. But in 1871, as a result of Germany's victory over France, Luxembourg's boundary with Lorraine , containing Metz and Thionville, changed from being a frontier with a part of France to a frontier with territory annexed to the German Empire as Alsace-Lorraine under the Treaty of Frankfurt . This allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there . View to Place de la Constitution and Gëlle Fra monument, from the capital's Metz square at the Adolphe Bridge end of Avenue de la Liberté , connecting with the railway station Twentieth century [ edit ] Frontier with German Empire's Alsace-Lorraine, from 1871 to 1918 In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourg's neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France. This allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation , Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence and political mechanisms. Current cross-border railway network, connecting Luxembourg City with Luxembourg's neighbouring countries, north (Belgium) – south (France) and east (Germany) – west (France) In 1940, after the outbreak of World War II , Luxembourg's neutrality was again violated when the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany entered the country, "entirely without justification". In contrast to the First World War, under the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II , the country was treated as German territory and informally annexed to the adjacent province of the Third Reich . A government in exile based in London supported the Allies , sending a small group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion . Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourg's neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, and in 1949 it became a founding member of NATO . In 1951, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Coal and Steel Community , which in 1957 would become the European Economic Community and in 1993 the European Union , and in 1999 Luxembourg joined the Euro currency area. In 2005, a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held. Politics [ edit ] Main articles: Politics of Luxembourg and Law of Luxembourg Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy headed by a constitutional monarch . Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is exercised by the Grand Duke and the cabinet , which consists of several other ministers. The Grand Duke has the power to dissolve the legislature , in which case new elections must be held within three months. However, since 1919, sovereignty has resided with the Nation , exercised by the Grand Duke in accordance with the Constitution and the law. Legislative power is vested in the Chamber of Deputies , a unicameral legislature of sixty members, who are directly elected to five-year terms from four constituencies . A second body, the Council of State ( Conseil d'État ), composed of twenty-one ordinary citizens appointed by the Grand Duke, advises the Chamber of Deputies in the drafting of legislation. The Grand Duchy has three lower tribunals ( justices de paix ; in Esch-sur-Alzette , the city of Luxembourg , and Diekirch ), two district tribunals (Luxembourg and Diekirch) and a Superior Court of Justice (Luxembourg), which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. There is also an Administrative Tribunal and an Administrative Court, as well as a Constitutional Court, all of which are located in the capital. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Main articles: Cantons of Luxembourg and Communes of Luxembourg Further information: Administrative divisions of Luxembourg Luxembourg is divided into 12 cantons , which are further divided into 105 communes . Twelve of the communes have city status , of which the city of Luxembourg is the largest. The three Partitions of Luxembourg have greatly reduced Luxembourg's territory. Cantons of Luxembourg Foreign relations [ edit ] Main article: Foreign relations of Luxembourg Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and economic integration . In efforts foreshadowing European integration, Luxembourg and Belgium in 1921 formed the Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create a regime of inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs . Luxembourg is a member of the Benelux Economic Union and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community (now the European Union). It also participates in the Schengen Group (named after the Luxembourg village of Schengen where the agreements were signed), whose goal is the free movement of citizens among member states. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro- NATO , pro-US foreign policy. [ citation needed ] Luxembourg is the site of the European Court of Justice , the European Court of Auditors , the Statistical Office of the European Communities (" Eurostat ") and other vital EU organs. The Secretariat of the European Parliament is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in Brussels and sometimes in Strasbourg . Military [ edit ] Main article: Luxembourg Army The Army is situated on the "Härebierg" which is luxemburgish and translates to "men's mountain" A NATO -owned AWACS aircraft. Luxembourg maintains a very small army of about 800 soldiers and 100 civil servants to its defense and to NATO. Being a landlocked country, it has no navy. Luxembourg also lacks an air force, though the 17 NATO AWACS aeroplanes are, for convenience, registered as aircraft of Luxembourg. In accordance with a joint agreement with Belgium, both countries have put forth funding for one A400M military cargo plane. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of Luxembourg The largest towns are Luxembourg , Esch-sur-Alzette , Dudelange , and Differdange . Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in Europe, and ranked 179th in size of all the 194 independent countries of the world ; the country is about 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi) in size, and measures 82 km (51 mi) long and 57 km (35 mi) wide. It lies between latitudes 49° and 51° N , and longitudes 5° and 7° E . To the east, Luxembourg borders the German Bundesländer of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland , and, to the south, it borders the French région of Lorraine . The Grand Duchy borders the Belgian Walloon Region , in particular the latter's provinces of Luxembourg and Liège , part of which comprises the German-speaking Community of Belgium , to the west and to the north, respectively. The northern third of the country is known as the ' Oesling ', and forms part of the Ardennes . It is dominated by hills and low mountains, including the Kneiff near Wilwerdange, which is the highest point, at 560 metres (1,837 ft). Other mountains are the ' Buurgplaaz ' at 559 metres near Huldange and the ' Napoléonsgaard ' at 554 metres near Rambrouch . The region is sparsely populated, with only one town ( Wiltz ) with a population of more than four thousand people. Countryside of Alscheid . The southern two-thirds of the country is called the " Gutland ", and is more densely populated than the Oesling. It is also more diverse, and can be divided into five geographic sub-regions. The Luxembourg plateau , in south-central Luxembourg, is a large, flat, sandstone formation, and the site of the city of Luxembourg. Little Switzerland , in the east of Luxembourg, has craggy terrain and thick forests. The Moselle valley is the lowest-lying region, running along the southeastern border. The Red Lands , in the far south and southwest, are Luxembourg's industrial heartland and home to many of Luxembourg's largest towns. The border between Luxembourg and Germany is formed by three rivers : the Moselle, the Sauer , and the Our . Other major rivers are the Alzette , the Attert , the Clerve , and the Wiltz . The valleys of the mid-Sauer and Attert form the border between the Gutland and the Oesling. According to the 2012 Environmental Performance Index, Luxembourg is one of the world's best performers in environmental protection, ranking 4th out of 132 assessed countries Luxembourg also ranks 6th among the top ten most livable cities in the world by Mercer's. Climate [ edit ] Luxembourg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb), marked by high precipitation, particularly in late summer. The summers are warm and winters cool. Economy [ edit ] Main article: Economy of Luxembourg Graphical depiction of Luxembourg's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories. Luxembourg's stable and high-income market economy features moderate growth , low inflation , and a high level of innovation. Unemployment is traditionally low, although it had risen to 6.1% by May 2012, due largely to the effect of the 2008 global financial crisis . Consequently, Luxembourg's economy was forecast to have negligible growth in 2012. In 2011, according to the IMF , Luxembourg was the second richest country in the world, with a per capita GDP on a purchasing-power parity (PPP) basis of $80,119. Luxembourg is ranked 13th in The Heritage Foundation 's Index of Economic Freedom , 26th in the United Nations Human Development Index , and 4th in the Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life index . External debt of Luxembourg is extremely high when external debt per capita or debt-to-GDP ratio is taken into consideration. External debt per capita (2014) is $3,696,467 and as a percentage of GDP it is 3443%, the world's highest by both measurements. [ better source needed ] The industrial sector, which was dominated by steel until the 1960s, has since diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. During the past decades, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel production . Services, especially banking and finance , account for the majority of economic output. Luxembourg is the world's second largest investment fund centre (after the United States), the most important private banking centre in the Eurozone and Europe's leading centre for reinsurance companies. Moreover, the Luxembourg government has aimed to attract internet start-ups, with Skype and Amazon being two of the many internet companies that have shifted their regional headquarters to Luxembourg. In April 2009, concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws, as well as its reputation as a tax haven , led to its being added to a "grey list" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the G20 . In response, the country soon after adopted OECD standards on exchange of information and was subsequently added into the category of "jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard". In March 2010, the Sunday Telegraph reported that most of Kim Jong-Il's $4 billion in secret accounts is in Luxembourg banks. Amazon.co.uk also benefits from Luxembourg tax loopholes by channeling substantial UK revenues as reported by The Guardian in April 2012. Luxembourg ranked third on the Tax Justice Network 's 2011 Financial Secrecy Index of the world's major tax havens, scoring only slightly behind the Cayman Islands . In 2013, Luxembourg is ranked as the 2nd safest tax haven in the world, behind Switzerland . Agriculture is based on small, family-owned farms. Luxembourg has especially close trade and financial ties to Belgium and the Netherlands (see Benelux ), and as a member of the EU it enjoys the advantages of the open European market . With $171 billion in May 2015, the country ranks eleventh in the world in holdings of U.S. Treasury securities . The ranking is however imperfect as some foreign owners entrust the safekeeping of their securities to institutions that are neither in the United States nor in the owner's country of residence. Transport [ edit ] Luxembourg's international airline Luxair is based at Luxembourg Airport , the country's only international airport. Main article: Transport in Luxembourg Luxembourg has efficient road, rail and air transport facilities and services. The road network has been significantly modernised in recent years with 147 km (91 mi) of motorways connecting the capital to adjacent countries. The advent of the high-speed TGV link to Paris has led to renovation of the city's railway station and a new passenger terminal at Luxembourg Airport was opened in 2008. There are plans to introduce trams in the capital and light-rail lines in adjacent areas within the next few years. The number of cars per 1000 persons amount to 680.1 in Luxembourg — higher than all but two states , namely the Principality of Monaco and the British overseas territory of Gibraltar . Communications [ edit ] The telecommunications industry in Luxembourg is liberalised and the electronic communications networks are significantly developed. Competition between the different operators is guaranteed by the legislative framework Paquet Telecom of the Government of 2011 which transposes the European Telecom Directives into Luxembourgian law. This encourages the investment in networks and services. The regulator ILR – Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation ensures the compliance to these legal rules. Luxembourg has modern and widely deployed optical fiber and cable networks throughout the country. In 2010, the Luxembourg Government launched its National strategy for very high-speed networks with the aim to become a global leader in terms of very high-speed broadband by achieving full 1 Gbit/s coverage of the country by 2020. In 2011, Luxembourg had an NGA coverage of 75%. In April 2013, Luxembourg featured the 6th highest download speed worldwide and the 2nd highest in Europe: 32,46 Mbit/s. The country's location in Central Europe, stable economy and low taxes favour the telecommunication industry. It ranks 2nd in the world in the development of the Information and Communication Technologies in the ITU ICT Development Index and 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study 2009 by the University of Oxford and the University of Oviedo . Signs in front of the Centre Drosbach on the Cloche d'or, in the city of Luxembourg . Luxembourg is connected to all major European Internet Exchanges (AMS-IX Amsterdam, DE-CIX Frankfurt, LINX London), datacenters and POPs through redundant optical networks. In addition, the country is connected to the virtual meetme room services (vmmr) of the international data hub operator Ancotel. This enables Luxembourg to interconnect with all major telecommunication operators and data carriers worldwide. The interconnection points are in Frankfurt, London, New York and Hong Kong. Several providers interconnect Luxembourg to the major European data hubs: Teralink ( P&TLuxembourg , also called EPT Luxembourg: incumbent operator) LuxConnect (shareholder : Government) LuxConnect tested the 100G coherent transmission of data signals between Luxembourg and Amsterdam in June 2011. Artelis/Cegecom (alternative telecommunications provider in Luxembourg and Saarland) Satellite connectivity – Teleports ( SES ), Broadcasting Center Europe and P&T Luxembourg Teleport. Luxembourg is connected through an optical DWDM network, called Teralink to several Tier 1 upstream providers like Level3 and Global Crossing. Teralink offers connectivities up to 100 Gbit/s. P&TLuxembourg established a coherent 100Gbit/s IP connection between Frankfurt and Luxembourg with live traffic in 2011. The Internet IPV6 protocol has been introduced to the country by Restena and P&T Luxembourg. Luxembourg has one Internet exchange point and one Carrier Ethernet Exchange point. LU-CIX is Luxembourg's neutral and commercial Internet Exchange Point which was founded in 2009 by Cegecom, Datacentre Luxembourg, Global Media Systems, INEXIO, LuxConnect, P&T Luxembourg and Root eSolutions. It offers a short, fast and efficient route to the major European Internet networks. In 2012, LIX, the neutral Internet exchange operated by the RESTENA Foundation, merged with LU-CIX. In March 2013, LU-CIX launched the 'Central European Peering Hub' in order to provide the opportunity to its members to connect to other IXs' reseller programs, AMS-IX (Amsterdam), LINX (London), DE-CIX (Frankfurt) and France-IX (Paris), etc. LIX is the Luxembourg Ethernet Exchange located in the Tier IV certified eBRC datacentre. The online portal De Guichet of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a single one-stop online shop for citizens and companies to undertake various administrative operations (procedures, online forms, downloadable forms and advice) by Internet. PSA Peugeot Citroën , with P&TLuxembourg as its partner, has introduced an integrated mobile telecommunication solution for the development of its telematic services in Europe. Data centres [ edit ] Some 20 data centres are operating in Luxembourg. Six data centers are Tier IV Design certified: three of ebrc, two of LuxConnect and one of European Data Hub. In a survey on nine international data centers carried out in December 2012 and January 2013 and measuring availability (up-time) and performance (delay by which the data from the requested website was received), the top three positions were held by Luxembourg data centers. Demographics [ edit ] Main article: Demographics of Luxembourg Ethnicity [ edit ] The people of Luxembourg are called Luxembourgers . The immigrant population increased in the 20th century due to the arrival of immigrants from Belgium , France , Italy , Germany , and Portugal , with the majority coming from the latter: in 2013 there were about 88,000 inhabitants with Portuguese nationality. In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44.5% of which were of foreign background or foreign nationals; the largest foreign ethnic groups were the Portuguese, comprising 16.4% of the total population, followed by the French (6.6%), Italians (3.4%), Belgians (3.3%) and Germans (2.3%). Another 6.4% were of other EU background, while the remaining 6.1% were of other non-EU background. Since the beginning of the Yugoslav wars , Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , and Serbia . Annually, over 10,000 new immigrants arrive in Luxembourg, mostly from the EU states, as well as Eastern Europe . In 2000 there were 162,000 immigrants in Luxembourg, accounting for 37% of the total population. There were an estimated 5,000 illegal immigrants in Luxembourg in 1999. Language [ edit ] Coin of the former Luxembourg franc in two of the country's three languages: French (obverse, left) and Luxembourgish (reverse, right). Main articles: Languages of Luxembourg , Multilingualism in Luxembourg , and Literature of Luxembourg Three languages are recognised as official in Luxembourg: French, German, and Luxembourgish , a Franconian language of the Moselle region that is also spoken in neighbouring parts of Belgium, France and Germany. Though Luxembourgish is part of the West Central German group of High German languages , more than 5,000 words in the language are of French origin. The first printed sentences in Luxembourgish appeared in a weekly journal, the 'Luxemburger Wochenblatt', in the second edition on 14 April 1821. Apart from being one of the three official languages, Luxembourgish is also considered the national language of the Grand Duchy; it is the mother tongue or "language of the heart" for nearly all Luxembourgers. Each of the three languages is used as the primary language in certain spheres. Luxembourgish is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak to each other, but it is not often used as the written language. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing number of novels have been written in Luxembourgish. Most official (written) business is carried out in French. German is usually the first language taught in school and is the language of much of the media and of the Roman Catholic Church . Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in Luxembourgish, before changing to German; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French. Proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school, but half the students leave school without a certified qualification, with the children of immigrants being particularly disadvantaged. In addition to the three official languages, English is taught in the compulsory schooling and much of the population of Luxembourg can speak English, especially in Luxembourg City. Portuguese, the language of the largest immigrant community, is also spoken by large parts of the population, but by relatively few from outside their community. French is the preferred language of the government. Official legislation must be conducted in French. Notre-Dame Cathedral , Luxembourg City Religious Affiliation in Luxembourg 2012 Roman Catholic (67%) Protestant (3%) Orthodox Christian (1%) Other Christian (3%) Muslim (3%) Buddhist (1%) Other religion (1%) Non-religious / Agnostic (14%) Atheist (6%) Unknown (1%) Religion [ edit ] Main article: Religion in Luxembourg Luxembourg is a secular state , but the state recognises certain religions as officially mandated religions. This gives the state a hand in religious administration and appointment of clergy, in exchange for which the state pays certain running costs and wages. Currently, religions covered by such arrangements are Roman Catholicism , Judaism , Greek Orthodoxy , Anglicanism , Russian Orthodoxy , Lutheranism , Calvinism , Mennonitism and Islam . Since 1980 it has been illegal for the government to collect statistics on religious beliefs or practices. An estimation by the CIA Factbook for the year 2000 is that 87% of Luxembourgers are Catholic , including the royal family, the remaining 13% being made up of Muslims, Protestants , Orthodox Christians , Jews , and those of other or no religion. According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study 70.4% are Christian, 2.3% Muslim, 26.8% unaffiliated and 0.5% other religions. According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 44% of Luxembourg citizens responded that "they believe there is a God ", whereas 28% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 22% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". Education [ edit ] The University of Luxembourg is the only university in the country. See also: List of secondary schools in Luxembourg The University of Luxembourg , the Luxembourg Miami University campus, and the Sacred Heart University Luxembourg are three universities within Luxembourg. Health [ edit ] Main article: Health in Luxembourg Luxembourg sells the most alcohol in Europe per capita. However, the large proportion of alcohol purchased by customers from neighboring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population. Culture [ edit ] Main articles: Culture of Luxembourg and National symbols of Luxembourg Edward Steichen , Luxembourgish photographer and painter Luxembourg has been overshadowed by the culture of its neighbours. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country. There are several notable museums, located mostly in the capital. These include the National Museum of History and Art (NMHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum , and the new Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam). The National Museum of Military History (MNHM) in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the Battle of the Bulge . The city of Luxembourg itself is on the UNESCO World Heritage List , on account of the historical importance of its fortifications. The country has produced some internationally known artists, including the painters Théo Kerg , Joseph Kutter and Michel Majerus , and photographer Edward Steichen , whose The Family of Man exhibition has been placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World register, and is now permanently housed in Clervaux . Movie star Loretta Young was of Luxembourgish descent. Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, the European Capital of Culture was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the Lorraine area in France . The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders physically, psychologically, artistically and emotionally. Luxembourg was represented at the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion. The pavilion was based on the transliteration of the word Luxembourg into Chinese, "Lu Sen Bao", which means "Forest and Fortress". It represented Luxembourg as the "Green Heart in Europe". Sports [ edit ] In his cycling career, Charly Gaul won three Grand Tours . Main article: Sport in Luxembourg Unlike most countries in Europe, sport in Luxembourg is not concentrated upon a particular national sport , but encompasses a number of sports, both team and individual. Despite the lack of a central sporting focus, over 100,000 people in Luxembourg, out of a total population of only 512,353, are licensed members of one sports federation or another. The largest sports venue in the country is d'Coque , an indoor arena and Olympic swimming pool in Kirchberg , north-eastern Luxembourg City, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used for basketball, handball, gymnastics, and volleyball, including the final of the 2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship . The national stadium (also the country's largest) is the Stade Josy Barthel , in western Luxembourg City; named after the country's only official Olympic gold medallist, the stadium has a capacity of 8,054. Notable sportspeople include (see also List of Luxembourgish Sportspeople of the Year ): Alpine skier Marc Girardelli , World Cup overall champion five times between 1985 and 1993 Cyclists Nicolas Frantz , winner of the 1927 and 1928 Tours de France ; Charly Gaul , winner of the 1956 and 1959 Giro d'Italia and of the 1958 Tour de France ; Elsy Jacobs , first ever women's Road World Champion in 1958; and Andy Schleck , winner of the 2010 Tour de France Middle-distance runner Josy Barthel , winner of the men's 1500 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics 1961 world water skiing champion Sylvie Hülsemann Tennis players Gilles Muller , Anne Kremer and Mandy Minella . Football player Jeff Strasser , played in the german Bundesliga from 1999-2006. Cuisine [ edit ] Main article: Luxembourg cuisine Luxembourg cuisine reflects its position on the border between the Latin and Germanic worlds, being heavily influenced by the cuisines of neighboring France and Germany. More recently, it has been enriched by its many Italian and Portuguese immigrants. Most native Luxembourg dishes, consumed as the traditional daily fare, share roots in the country's folk dishes the same as in neighboring Germany . Judd mat Gaardebounen served with boiled potatoes and Diekirch beer Bouneschlupp is considered to be a Luxemburgish national dish Träipen , sometimes treipen , is the Luxembourg variant of black pudding Media [ edit ] The main languages of media in Luxembourg are French and German. The newspaper with the largest circulation is the German-language daily Luxemburger Wort . In addition there are both English and Portuguese radio and national print publications, but accurate audience figures are difficult to gauge since the national media survey by ILRES is conducted in French. Luxembourg is known in Europe for its radio and television stations ( Radio Luxembourg and RTL Group ). It is also the uplink home of SES , carrier of major European satellite services for Germany and Britain. Due to a 1988 law that established a special tax scheme for audiovisual investment, the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily. There are some 30 registered production companies in Luxembourg. Luxembourg won an Oscar in 2014 in the Animated Short Films category with Mr Hublot . See also [ edit ] Outline of Luxembourg Architecture of Luxembourg List of castles in Luxembourg Luxembourg Leaks List of countries by external debt Footnotes [ edit ] References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003). Histoire du Luxembourg (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3 . Thewes, Guy (July 2003). Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (PDF) (in French) (Édition limitée ed.). Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. ISBN 2-87999-118-8 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Plan d'action national luxembourgeois en matière de TIC et de haut-débit CEE- Europe's Digital Competitiveness Report –Volume 2: i2010 –ICT Country Profiles- page 40-41 Inauguration of LU-CIX Art and Culture in Luxembourg External links [ edit ] Official website (in French) Luxembourg from UCB Libraries GovPubs "Luxembourg" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Luxembourg at DMOZ Luxembourg profile from the BBC News Luxembourg's Constitution of 1868 with Amendments through 2009 , English Translation 2012 Wikimedia Atlas of Luxembourg

train

is london the capital of england or the uk

London (/ ˈlʌndən / (listen) LUN - dən) is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London 's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12 - square - mile (2.9 km) medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, a region governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

['althea gibson', 'cairo']

ṣé London ni olú ìlú ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ni àbí ilẹ̀ UK

Yes

['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi']

['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi']

['P1']

L???d??nù L???d??nù j?? Olú-ìlú oríl?? èdè Ilé-?ba Ì???kan àti Ile Geesi [3][4][2]

train

where is london located in the world map

Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London 's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12 - square - mile (2.9 km) medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, a region governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

['the influenza virus rapidly changes']

ibo ni london wà nínú àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi']

['Lọ́ńdọ̀nù jẹ́ Olú-ìlú orílẹ̀ èdè Ilé-ọba Ìṣọ̀kan àti Ile Geesi']

['P1']

L???d??nù L???d??nù j?? Olú-ìlú oríl?? èdè Ilé-?ba Ì???kan àti Ile Geesi [3][4][2]

train

where is liberia located on the world map

Liberia (/ laɪˈbɪəriə / (listen)), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its west, Guinea to its north and Ivory Coast to its east, the Atlantic Ocean to its south. It covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 4,700,000 people. English is the official language and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95 % of the population. The country 's capital and largest city is Monrovia.

['in south south nigeria,[2]:222 bordering cameroon to the east.']

ibo ni liberia wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Làìbéríà tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Làìbéríà je orile-ede ni Iwoorun Afrika.']

['Làìbéríà tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Làìbéríà je orile-ede ni Iwoorun Afrika.']

['P1']

Làìbéríà Làìbéríà tabi Orile-ede Olominira ile Làìbéríà je orile-ede ni Iwoorun Afrika. O fi ègbé kan Ilè Sàró tí a mò si Sierra Leone ní ìw? oòrùn, oríl? èdè Guinea ni gúúsù ati oríl? èdè Côte d'Ivoire ní ìlà oòrùn. Etí Òkun Làìbéríà kún fún ijù igi mangrove nìbitì il? nínú loun p?lú èrò kékeré j? kìkì ijù tí ó na apá sí ìtélè ewéko gbígbe. Ilu naa ni o ni 40% ninu eyi ti o seku ni igi Iju Guinea ti Apa Guusu. Afefe ilu Làìbéríà je ti gbigbona ila idameji aye, pelu òjo pupo ni osu karu?n titi di osu ke??wa? ni asiko òjò ati afefe oye lile fun iyoku odun.

train

where is lithuania located in the world map

Lithuania (/ ˌlɪθjuˈeɪniə / (listen) ; Lithuanian : Lietuva (ljɪɛtʊˈvɐ)), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian : Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern - eastern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.8 million people as of 2017, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo - European language family.

['the influenza virus rapidly changes']

ibo ni lithuania wà nínú àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Lithuéníà tabi Lituéníà (Lit.: Lietuva) je orile-ede ni Europe.']

['Lithuéníà tabi Lituéníà je orile-ede ni Europe.']

['P1']

Lithuéníà Lithuéníà tabi Lituéníà (Lit.: Lietuva) je orile-ede ni YuropuK??nyà tàbí Orile-ede Olominira ile K??nyà je orile-ede ni Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà. O dubule si eba Okun India, ni agedemeji aye, K??nyà ni bode mo Ethiópíà (ariwa), Sòmálíà (ariwailaorun), Tànsáníà (guusu), Ùgándà ati Lake Victoria (iwoorun), ati Orile ede Gúúsù Sudan (ariwaiwoorun). Oluilu re ni Nairobi. Awon onibugbe ibe ti po to 38 legbegberun.

train

where is malawi located what countries border it

Malawi (/ məˈlɔːwi /, / məˈlɑːwi / or / ˈmæləwi / ; Chichewa : (maláβi) or (maláwi)), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. Malawi is over 118,000 km (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 18,091,575 (July 2016 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi 's largest city ; the second largest is Blantyre, the third is Mzuzu and the fourth largest is its old capital Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed `` The Warm Heart of Africa ''.

['osteoblasts']

níbo ni malawi wà àwọn orílẹ̀ èdè wo ló pààlà sí i

Yes

['O ni bode mo Zambia ni ariwaiwoorun, Tanzania ni ariwailaorun, ati Mozambique ni ilaorun, guusu ati iwoorun.', 'Màláwì ( /məˈlɑːwi/; Chichewa Àdàkọ:IPA-ny), lonibise bi Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Màláwì, je orílẹ̀-èdè àdèmọ́àrinlẹ̀ kan ni guusuilaorun Afrika to je mi mo tele bi Ilẹ̀ Nyasa.']

['Màláwì je orílẹ̀-èdè àdèmọ́àrinlẹ̀ kan ni guusuilaorun Afrika to je mi mo tele bi Ilẹ̀ Nyasa.', 'Malawi ni bode mo Zambia ni ariwaiwoorun, Tanzania ni ariwailaorun, ati Mozambique ni ilaorun, guusu ati iwoorun.']

['P1']

Màláwì Màláwì (/m??l??wi/; Àdàk?), lonibise bi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira il?? Màláwì, je oríl??-èdè àdèm??àrinl?? kan ni guusuilaorun Afrika to je mi mo tele bi Il?? Nyasa. O ni bode mo Zambia ni ariwaiwoorun, Tanzania ni ariwailaorun, ati Mozambique ni ilaorun, guusu ati iwoorun. Orile-ede na je pinpinniya si Tanzania ati Mozambique pelu Omi-adagun Malawi. Malawi tobi to 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) pelu awon alabugbe ti idiye won ju 13,900,000 lo. Oluilu re ni Lilongwe, to tun je ilu totobijulo ni be; ikeji totobijulo ni Blantyre ati iketa ni Mzuzu. Malawi bi oruko re wa lati Maravi, oruko atijo fun awon Nyanja ti won budo si be. Won tun unpe orile-ede yi bi "?kàn Al??w??r?? Afrika".[8]

train

who is the mother of jesus in the bible

Mary was a 1st - century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran.

[]

ta ni ìyá jésù nínú bíbélì

Yes

['Màríà (èdè Aramaiki, èdè Heberu: מרים, Maryām Miriam; èdè Arabu:مريم, Maryam), ti awon omo leyin Kristi n pe ni Mariamo, Maria Wundia tabi Maria Mimo ati nigba miran Madonna, je obinrin Ju ara Nazareth ni Galilee, ti Majemu Tuntun[Mt.\xa01:16,18–25] [Lk.\xa01:26–56] [2:1–7] tokasi gege bi iya Jesu Kristi.']

['Màríà ti awon omo leyin Kristi n pe ni Mariamo, Maria Wundia tabi Maria Mimo ati nigba miran Madonna, je obinrin Ju ara Nazareth ni Galilee, ti Majemu Tuntun tokasi gege bi iya Jesu Kristi.']

['P1']

Màríà Màríà (èdè Aramaiki, èdè Heberu, Mary?m Miriam; èdè Arabu, Maryam), ti awon omo leyin Kristi n pe ni Mariamo, Maria Wundia tabi Maria Mimo ati nigba miran Madonna, je obinrin Ju ara Násárétì ni Gálílì, ti Majemu Tuntun[Mátíù 1:16,18–25] [Luku. 1:26–56] [2:1–7] tokasi gege bi iya Jesu Kristi. Awon musulumi na un pe ni Maria Mimo tabi Syeda Mariam, to tumosi Màríà Ìyá Wa. Majemu Tuntun se apejuwe re bi wundia.[3] Awon Elesin Kristi gbagbo pe o loyun Jesu nipa Emi Mimo.

train

where is moldova located on the world map

Moldova (/ mɒlˈdoʊvə / (listen), sometimes UK : / ˈmɒldəvə /), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian : Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.

['the "state anthem of the russian federation" (russian: госуда́рственный гимн росси́йской федера́ции, tr. gosudárstvennyy gimn rossíyskoy federátsii, ipa: [ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnɨj ˈɡʲimn rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨj])']

ibo ni moldova wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.']

['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.']

['P1']

Moldofa Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Yuropu.

train

where is republic of moldova in the world map

Moldova (/ mɒlˈdoʊvə, mɔːl - / (listen) or sometimes UK : / ˈmɒldəvə /), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian : Republica Moldova, listen (help info)), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south (by way of the disputed territory of Transnistria). The capital city is Chișinău.

['freetown']

ibo ni republic of moldova wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.']

['Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Europe.']

['P1']

Moldofa Moldofa tabi Orile-ede Olominira Ile Moldofa (tabi Moldafia) je orile-ede ni apa ila oorun Yuropu.

train

who is the oldest living person in the bible

Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is a biblical character and a figure in Judaism and Christianity. He is reported to have lived the longest of all characters mentioned in the Hebrew Bible at the age of 969. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.

['southern cross']

ta ni ẹni tó tíì pẹ́ jù lọ láyé nínú bíbélì

Yes

['(25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku']

['(25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku']

['P1']

M??túsélà M??túsélà ("?kunrin to n ta ?fa", tabi "nigba ti o ba ku", "a o ran an/a ti ran an") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku

This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch (father) Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah "Man of the dart/spear", or alternatively "his death shall bring judgment" ) is a biblical character and a figure in Judaism and Christianity . He is reported to have lived the longest of all characters mentioned in the Hebrew Bible at the age of 969. Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that those who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis; in 1 Chronicles 1:3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3:23–38 . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar (" Book of Jasher ") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was "righteous". The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations [ edit ] Further information: Biblical longevity Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The Catholic Encyclopedia says "Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year." Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted "months" to "years", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers "might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which "will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years"... "Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth." and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had "dominion" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them "pure myth", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Cultural influence [ edit ] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah's name "has become a synonym for longevity". It was used in this sense in the title of Robert Heinlein's novella Methuselah's Children , about a group of people persecuted because of their longevity. Saying that someone is "as old as Methuselah" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. The word "Methuselarity," a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played by Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her. In the novel Altered Carbon , which has been adapted into a TV series of the same name , a class of people are known as Meths, in reference to Methuselah, as they can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies. In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. Methuselah's great-granddaughter is a character in Many Waters by Madeleine L'Engle . In the short story, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, at the end of the second chapter when Mr. Button was asked by his son, “What are you going to call me, dad”; after thinking for just a brief moment his father responded,”I think we’ll call you Methuselah.” See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Methuselah ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). "Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13.

train

who is the oldest man in the bible and how old was he

Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‎ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‎, Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible. Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM (Anno Mundi, after Creation), seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.

[]

ta ni ọkùnrin tó dàgbà jù lọ nínú bíbélì, báwo ló sì ṣe dàgbà tó?

Yes

['Mẹ̀túsélà (Hébérù: מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח, Modern\xa0Mətušélaḥ / Mətušálaḥ Tiberian\xa0Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ\xa0; "Man of the dart/spear", or alternatively "when he dies/died, it shall be sent/has been sent") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']

['Mẹ̀túsélà ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']

['P1']

M??túsélà M??túsélà ("?kunrin to n ta ?fa", tabi "nigba ti o ba ku", "a o ran an/a ti ran an") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku

This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‎ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‎ , Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; "Man of the dart/spear", or alternatively "his death shall bring judgment" ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM ( Anno Mundi , after Creation), seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Additionally, Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which mentions him in an identical manner. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of the Prophet Muhammad . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Derivative words 5 In fiction 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in one passage in the Hebrew Bible , Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The genealogy is repeated, without the chronology, at 1Chronicles 1:3 , and at Luke 3:37 . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions, the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other. The differences can be summarized as follows: Text Age at son's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Comment Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM, the year of the Flood at the age of 969. Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, six years before the Flood (2262 AM) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, fourteen years after the Flood (2242 AM) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood (1307 AM) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar (" Book of Jasher ") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Interpretations [ edit ] For more details on this topic, see Biblical longevity . Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted "months" to "years", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers "might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16½ years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which "will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years"... "Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth." and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. Another possibility is that the ages are counted in seasons, [ citation needed ] making Enoch 16 at his son's birth, living to 91, and Methuselah 42 at the birth of Lamech and 242 at his death. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had "dominion" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them "pure myth", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Derivative words [ edit ] The word "Methuselarity," a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. In fiction [ edit ] Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah, grandfather of Noah ( Russell Crowe ) in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. In popular culture [ edit ] The simile "as old as Methuselah" is used to describe the age of people or things. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at DMOZ Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Methuselah ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). "Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97.

train

who lived the longest life in the bible

Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.

['constantine']

ẹni tó pẹ́ jù lọ láyé nínú bíbélì

Yes

['Mẹ̀túsélà (Hébérù: מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח, Modern\xa0Mətušélaḥ / Mətušálaḥ Tiberian\xa0Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ\xa0; "Man of the dart/spear", or alternatively "when he dies/died, it shall be sent/has been sent") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']

['Mẹ̀túsélà ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']

['P1']

M??túsélà M??túsélà ("?kunrin to n ta ?fa", tabi "nigba ti o ba ku", "a o ran an/a ti ran an") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku

This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch (father) Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬, Methushelah "Man of the dart/spear", or alternatively "his death shall bring judgment" ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions, the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other. The differences can be summarized as follows: Text Age at son's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Comment Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM, the year of the Flood at the age of 969. Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, six years before the Flood (2262 AM) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, fourteen years after the Flood (2242 AM) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood (1307 AM) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that those who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis; in 1 Chronicles 1:3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3:23–38 . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar (" Book of Jasher ") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was "righteous". The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations [ edit ] Further information: Biblical longevity Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The Catholic Encyclopedia says "Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year." Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted "months" to "years", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers "might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which "will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years"... "Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth." and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had "dominion" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them "pure myth", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Cultural influence [ edit ] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah's name "has become a synonym for longevity". It was used in this sense in the title of Robert Heinlein's novella Methuselah's Children , about a group of people persecuted because of their longevity. Saying that someone is "as old as Methuselah" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. The word "Methuselarity," a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played by Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her. In the novel Altered Carbon , which has been adapted into a TV series of the same name , a class of people are known as Meths, in reference to Methuselah, as they can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies. In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Methuselah ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). "Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13.

train

who was the oldest man that lived in the bible

Methuselah (Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‬, Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ, `` Man of the dart / spear '', or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '') is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible. Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah.

['23 february 1908']

ta ni bíbélì sọ pé ó dàgbà jù lọ láyé

Yes

['Mẹ̀túsélà (Hébérù: מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח, Modern\xa0Mətušélaḥ / Mətušálaḥ Tiberian\xa0Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ\xa0; "Man of the dart/spear", or alternatively "when he dies/died, it shall be sent/has been sent") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']

['Mẹ̀túsélà ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969.']

['P1']

M??túsélà M??túsélà ("?kunrin to n ta ?fa", tabi "nigba ti o ba ku", "a o ran an/a ti ran an") ni eni to gbo julo ti Bibeli so ojoori re, o so pe o je odun 969. Metusela ninu Bibeli Metusela je didaruko ninu Bibeli ni Jé?né?sisi 5:21-27, gege bi akoole iran to ja Adamu mo Noa. Akoole iran yi tun je pipe, lai so akoole asiko, ni 1 Kronika 1:3, ati ni Luku 3:37. (21) Enoku si wa ni ogota odun o le marun o si bi Metusela. (22) Enoku si ba Olorun rin ni odunrun odun leyin ti o bi Metusela, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (23) Gbogbo ojo Enoku si je irinwo odun o din marundinlogoji (24) Enoku si ba Olorun rin, oun ko si si, nitori ti Olorun mu lo. (25) Metusela si wa ni ogosan odun o le meje, o si bi Lameki (26) Metusela si wa ni egberin odun o din mejidinlogun leyin igba ti o bi Lameki, o si bi awon omokunrin ati awon omobinrin (27) Gbogbo ojo Metusela si je egberun odun o din mokanlelogbon, o si ku

This article is about the biblical Methuselah. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation) . Methuselah Spouse(s) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent(s) Enoch Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬ / מְתוּשָׁלַח ‬ , Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ , "Man of the dart/spear", or alternatively "his death shall bring judgment" ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents [ hide ] 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible [ edit ] Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: 24 And Enoch walked with God: and he [was] not; for God took him. 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech: 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. — Genesis 5:21–27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions, the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other. The differences can be summarized as follows: Text Age at son's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Comment Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM, the year of the Flood at the age of 969. Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, six years before the Flood (2262 AM) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM, fourteen years after the Flood (2242 AM) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood (1307 AM) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences – the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators. Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors. Gerhard Larsson has suggested that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC, aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methusaleh is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis; in 1 Chronicles 1:3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3:23–38 . Extra-biblical mentions [ edit ] Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In the Book of Enoch , Enoch (as the narrator) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom. He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts. The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah's mother and his wife – both are named Edna – and his daughter-in-law, Betenos, Lamech's wife. The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar (" Book of Jasher ") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana the Sumerian Enoch, and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land. Although their ages are different, their father and their year of death remain the same. Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was "righteous". The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth would and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations [ edit ] For more details on this topic, see Biblical longevity . Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ, along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah's age has engendered considerable speculation, but no widely accepted conclusions. These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations: literal, mistranslation, symbolic, and fictional interpretations. Literal [ edit ] Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The Catholic Encyclopedia says "Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year." Mistranslation [ edit ] Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted "months" to "years", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers "might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10". If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10, Methuselah's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years, and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years. Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which "will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years"... "Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth." and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had "dominion" for that period. Symbolic [ edit ] Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Myth [ edit ] Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no meaning at all, Kenneth Kitchen calls them "pure myth", Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah, and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. Cultural influence [ edit ] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah's name "has become a synonym for longevity". Saying that someone is "as old as Methuselah" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. The word "Methuselarity," a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated, and death would occur only by accident or homicide. Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her. In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Methuselah at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Methuselah ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. McKague, Lee (1999). "Methuselah: Oldest Myth, or Oldest Man?" (PDF) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 (3): 483–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13.

train

is moscow the largest city in the world

Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. By broader definitions Moscow is among the world 's largest cities, being the 14th largest metro area, the 18th largest agglomeration, the 15th largest urban area, and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide. According to Forbes 2013, Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world 's largest urban economies, being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.

['1884']

ṣé ìlú moscow ni ìlú tó tóbi jù lọ lágbàáyé

Yes

['Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé.']

['Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé.']

['P1']

M?sko M?sko ni olú-ìlú R??síà. Ìlú nlá ni. Orí odò Moskva ni ó wà. Odún 1918 ni ó di olú-ìlú USSR nígbà tí wón gbé olú-ìlú yìí kúrò ní Leningrad. Moscow ni ìlú tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé. Ìlú tí ó léwà ni Moscow. Ilé Ìj? Uspenki tí ó wà ní ibè ni wón ti máa n dé àwon tsar (àwon olùdarí Rósíà) lade láyé àtijó. Ibè náà ni Arkhangelski tí wón ti n sin wón wà. Ilé-isé àti Ilé-èko pò ní ibè Lára àwon ilé-èkó ibè ni. Yunifásítì Lomonosov tí ó jé Yunifásítì ìjoba wa ni ibe. Orí òkè Lenin ni wón kó o sí òun sì ni Yunifásítì tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Ibè náà ni USSR Academy of Sciences wa. Mùsíómù, ilé-ìkàwé àti tíátà wà níbè. Àwon Bolshoi Ilé-ì?eré àti Ballet, the State Symphony Ochestra àti the State Folk Dance Company tí ó wà ni Moscow gbayì gan-an ni.

train

moscow is the capital city of which country

Moscow (/ ˈmɒskoʊ / or / ˈmɒskaʊ / ; Russian : Москва́, tr. Moskva, IPA : (mɐˈskva) (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city.

['ghana', 'adopted from the flag of the black star line, a shipping line incorporated by marcus garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922']

ìlú moscow ni olú ìlú orílẹ̀-èdè wo

Yes

['Mọsko ni olú-ìlú Rọ́síà.']

['Mọsko ni olú-ìlú Rọ́síà.']

['P1']

M?sko M?sko ni olú-ìlú R??síà. Ìlú nlá ni. Orí odò Moskva ni ó wà. Odún 1918 ni ó di olú-ìlú USSR nígbà tí wón gbé olú-ìlú yìí kúrò ní Leningrad. Moscow ni ìlú tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Oun ni ó wà ní ipò kefà tí a bá ní kí á ka àwon ìlú tí ó tóbi ní ilé-ayé. Ìlú tí ó léwà ni Moscow. Ilé Ìj? Uspenki tí ó wà ní ibè ni wón ti máa n dé àwon tsar (àwon olùdarí Rósíà) lade láyé àtijó. Ibè náà ni Arkhangelski tí wón ti n sin wón wà. Ilé-isé àti Ilé-èko pò ní ibè Lára àwon ilé-èkó ibè ni. Yunifásítì Lomonosov tí ó jé Yunifásítì ìjoba wa ni ibe. Orí òkè Lenin ni wón kó o sí òun sì ni Yunifásítì tí ó tóbi jù ní Rósíà. Ibè náà ni USSR Academy of Sciences wa. Mùsíómù, ilé-ìkàwé àti tíátà wà níbè. Àwon Bolshoi Ilé-ì?eré àti Ballet, the State Symphony Ochestra àti the State Folk Dance Company tí ó wà ni Moscow gbayì gan-an ni.

train

which of the following country has madrid as it's capital

Madrid (/ məˈdrɪd /, Spanish : (maˈðɾið), locally (maˈðɾi (θ))) is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole. The city has almost 3.166 million inhabitants with a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the third - largest city in the European Union (EU) after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third - largest in the EU after those of London and Paris. The municipality itself covers an area of 604.3 km (233.3 sq mi).

['frederick sanger']

èwo nínú àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè yìí ni ó ní madrid gẹ́gẹ́ bí olú ìlú rẹ̀

Yes

['Màdìríìdì jẹ́ olúìlú orílẹ̀-èdè Spéìn.']

['Màdìríìdì jẹ́ olúìlú orílẹ̀-èdè Spéìn.']

['P1']

Màdìríìdì Màdìríìdì j?? olúìlú oríl??-èdè Spéìn.

train

what is the main idea of the communist manifesto

The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels ' theories concerning the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, `` The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles ''. It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism. Near the end of the Manifesto, the authors call for `` forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions '', which served as the justification for all communist revolutions around the world.

[]

ta ni àwọn tí wọ́n ń ni lára nínú ìwé àkọsílẹ̀ ìjọba kọ́múníìsì

Yes

['O sagbesile ona ija ipele eniyan (nigba atijo ati lowo) ati awon isoro isekapitalisti, kuku isotele bi isekomunisti yio seri ni ojowaju.']

['O sagbesile ona ija ipele eniyan (nigba atijo ati lowo) ati awon isoro isekapitalisti, kuku isotele bi isekomunisti yio seri ni ojowaju.']

['P1']

Manif??stò Kómúnístì Manif??stò ?gb?? Kómúnístì, to unje pipe bi Manif??stò Kómúnístì, je titejade ni os?u? keji?, o?jo?? 21, o?du?n 1848, be sini o je ikan ninu awon iwe kukuru oloselu to nipa julo lagbaye.[1] O je sisakoso latowo Apejo Komunisti o si je kiko latowo awon oludero komunisti Karl Marx ati Friedrich Engels, o selasile idi ati eto Apejo na. O sagbesile ona ija ipele eniyan (nigba atijo ati lowo) ati awon isoro isekapitalisti, kuku isotele bi isekomunisti yio seri ni ojowaju.[2]

The Communist Manifesto First edition, in German Author Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Translator Samuel Moore Country United Kingdom Language German Publication date late-February 1848 The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party ) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London (in German as Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei ) just as the revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political documents. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms. The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels' theories concerning the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism . Near the end of the Manifesto, the authors call for "forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions", which served as the justification for all communist revolutions around the world. In 2013, The Communist Manifesto was registered to UNESCO 's Memory of the World Programme with the Capital, Volume I . Contents [ hide ] 1 Synopsis 2 Writing 3 Publication 3.1 Initial publication and obscurity, 1848–72 3.2 Rise, 1872–1917 3.3 Ubiquity, 1917–present 4 Legacy 5 Influences 6 References 7 Source text 8 Footnotes 9 External links Synopsis [ edit ] The Communist Manifesto is divided into a preamble and four sections, the last of these a short conclusion. The introduction begins by proclaiming "A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre". Pointing out that parties everywhere—including those in government and those in the opposition—have flung the "branding reproach of communism" at each other, the authors infer from this that the powers-that-be acknowledge communism to be a power in itself. Subsequently, the introduction exhorts Communists to openly publish their views and aims, to "meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself". The first section of the Manifesto , "Bourgeois and Proletarians", elucidates the materialist conception of history , that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". Societies have always taken the form of an oppressed majority living under the thumb of an oppressive minority. In capitalism , the industrial working class , or proletariat , engage in class struggle against the owners of the means of production , the bourgeoisie . As before, this struggle will end in a revolution that restructures society, or the "common ruin of the contending classes". The bourgeoisie, through the "constant revolutionising of production [and] uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions" have emerged as the supreme class in society, displacing all the old powers of feudalism . The bourgeoisie constantly exploits the proletariat for its labour power , creating profit for themselves and accumulating capital. However, in doing so, the bourgeoisie serves as "its own grave-diggers"; the proletariat inevitably will become conscious of their own potential and rise to power through revolution, overthrowing the bourgeoisie. "Proletarians and Communists", the second section, starts by stating the relationship of conscious communists to the rest of the working class. The communists' party will not oppose other working-class parties, but unlike them, it will express the general will and defend the common interests of the world's proletariat as a whole, independent of all nationalities. The section goes on to defend communism from various objections, including claims that it advocates " free love " or disincentivises people from working. The section ends by outlining a set of short-term demands—among them a progressive income tax ; abolition of inheritances and private property ; abolition of child labour ; free public education ; nationalisation of the means of transport and communication; centralisation of credit via a national bank; expansion of publicly owned etc.—the implementation of which would result in the precursor to a stateless and classless society . The third section, "Socialist and Communist Literature", distinguishes communism from other socialist doctrines prevalent at the time—these being broadly categorised as Reactionary Socialism; Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism ; and Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism. While the degree of reproach toward rival perspectives varies, all are dismissed for advocating reformism and failing to recognise the pre-eminent revolutionary role of the working class. "Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties", the concluding section of the Manifesto , briefly discusses the communist position on struggles in specific countries in the mid-nineteenth century such as France, Switzerland, Poland, and Germany, this last being "on the eve of a bourgeois revolution", and predicts that a world revolution will soon follow. It ends by declaring an alliance with the social democrats , boldly supporting other communist revolutions, and calling for united international proletarian action— Working Men of All Countries, Unite! . Writing [ edit ] Only surviving page from the first draft of the Manifesto , handwritten by Marx In spring 1847 Marx and Engels joined the League of the Just , who were quickly convinced by the duo's ideas of "critical communism". At its First Congress in 2–9 June, the League tasked Engels with drafting a "profession of faith", but such a document was later deemed inappropriate for an open, non-confrontational organisation. Engels nevertheless wrote the " Draft of the Communist Confession of Faith ", detailing the League's programme. A few months later, in October, Engels arrived at the League's Paris branch to find that Moses Hess had written an inadequate manifesto for the group, now called the League of Communists. In Hess's absence, Engels severely criticised this manifesto, and convinced the rest of the League to entrust him with drafting a new one. This became the draft Principles of Communism , described as "less of a credo and more of an exam paper." On 23 November, just before the Communist League's Second Congress (29 November – 8 December 1847), Engels wrote to Marx, expressing his desire to eschew the catechism format in favour of the manifesto, because he felt it "must contain some history." On the 28th, Marx and Engels met at Ostend in Belgium, and a few days later, gathered at the Soho , London headquarters of the German Workers' Education Association to attend the Congress. Over the next ten days, intense debate raged between League functionaries; Marx eventually dominated the others and, overcoming "stiff and prolonged opposition", in Harold Laski 's words, secured a majority for his programme. The League thus unanimously adopted a far more combative resolution than that at the First Congress in June. Marx (especially) and Engels were subsequently commissioned to draw up a manifesto for the League. Upon returning to Brussels, Marx engaged in "ceaseless procrastination", according to his biographer Francis Wheen . Working only intermittently on the manifesto, he spent much of his time delivering lectures on political economy at the German Workers' Education Association, writing articles for the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung , and giving a long speech on free trade . Following this, he even spent a week (17–26 January 1848) in Ghent to establish a branch of the Democratic Association there. Subsequently, having not heard from Marx for nearly two months, the Central Committee of the Communist League sent him an ultimatum on 24 or 26 January, demanding he submit the completed manuscript by 1 February. This imposition spurred Marx on, who struggled to work without a deadline, and he seems to have rushed to finish the job in time. (For evidence of this, historian Eric Hobsbawm points to the absence of rough drafts, only one page of which survives.) In all, the Manifesto was written over 6–7 weeks. Although Engels is credited as co-writer, the final draft was penned exclusively by Marx. From the 26 January letter, Laski infers that even the League considered Marx to be the sole draftsman (and that he was merely their agent, imminently replaceable). Further, Engels himself wrote in 1883 that "The basic thought running through the Manifesto ... belongs solely and exclusively to Marx." Although Laski doesn't disagree, he suggests that Engels underplays his own contribution with characteristic modesty, and points out the "close resemblance between its substance and that of the [ Principles of Communism ]". Laski argues that while writing the Manifesto , Marx drew from the "joint stock of ideas" he developed with Engels, "a kind of intellectual bank account upon which either could draw freely." Publication [ edit ] Initial publication and obscurity, 1848–72 [ edit ] A scene from the German March Revolution in Berlin, 1848 In late February 1848, the Manifesto was anonymously published by the Workers' Educational Association ( Communistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein ) at Bishopsgate in the City of London . Written in German, the 23-page pamphlet was titled Manifest der kommunistischen Partei and had a dark-green cover. It was reprinted three times and serialised in the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung , a newspaper for German émigré s. On 4 March, one day after the serialisation in the Zeitung began, Marx was expelled by Belgian police. Two weeks later, around 20 March, a thousand copies of the Manifesto reached Paris, and from there to Germany in early April. In April–May the text was corrected for printing and punctuation mistakes; Marx and Engels would use this 30-page version as the basis for future editions of the Manifesto . Although the Manifesto ' s prelude announced that it was "to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages", the initial printings were only in German. Polish and Danish translations soon followed the German original in London, and by the end of 1848, a Swedish translation was published with a new title— The Voice of Communism: Declaration of the Communist Party . In June–November 1850 the Manifesto of the Communist Party was published in English for the first time when George Julian Harney serialised Helen Macfarlane 's translation in his Chartist magazine The Red Republican . (Her version begins, "A frightful hobgoblin stalks throughout Europe. We are haunted by a ghost, the ghost of Communism.") For her translation, the Lancashire-based Macfarlane probably consulted Engels, who had abandoned his own English translation half way. Harney's introduction revealed the Manifesto ' s hitherto-anonymous authors' identities for the first time. Immediately after the Cologne Communist Trial of late 1852, the Communist League disbanded itself. Soon after the Manifesto was published, Paris erupted in revolution to overthrow King Louis Philippe . The Manifesto played no role in this; a French translation was not published in Paris until just before the working-class June Days Uprising was crushed. Its influence in the Europe-wide revolutions of 1848 was restricted to Germany , where the Cologne-based Communist League and its newspaper Neue Rheinische Zeitung , edited by Marx, played an important role. Within a year of its establishment, in May 1849, the Zeitung was suppressed; Marx was expelled from Germany and had to seek lifelong refuge in London. In 1851, members of the Communist League's central board were arrested by the Prussian police. At their trial in Cologne 18 months later in late 1852 they were sentenced to 3–6 years' imprisonment. For Engels, the revolution was "forced into the background by the reaction that began with the defeat of the Paris workers in June 1848, and was finally excommunicated 'by law' in the conviction of the Cologne Communists in November 1852". After the defeat of the 1848 revolutions the Manifesto fell into obscurity, where it remained throughout the 1850s and 1860s. Hobsbawm says that by November 1850 the Manifesto "had become sufficiently scarce for Marx to think it worth reprinting section III ... in the last issue of his [short-lived] London magazine". Over the next two decades only a few new editions were published; these include an (unauthorised and occasionally inaccurate) 1869 Russian translation by Mikhail Bakunin in Geneva and an 1866 edition in Berlin—the first time the Manifesto was published in Germany. According to Hobsbawm, "By the middle 1860s virtually nothing that Marx had written in the past was any longer in print." However John Cowell-Stepney did publish an abridged version in the Social Economist in August/September 1869, in time for the Basle Congress . Rise, 1872–1917 [ edit ] In the early 1870s, the Manifesto and its authors experienced a revival in fortunes. Hobsbawm identifies three reasons for this. The first is the leadership role Marx played in the International Workingmen's Association (aka the First International). Secondly, Marx also came into much prominence among socialists—and equal notoriety among the authorities—for his support of the Paris Commune of 1871, elucidated in The Civil War in France . Lastly, and perhaps most significantly in the popularisation of the Manifesto , was the treason trial of German Social Democratic Party (SPD) leaders. During the trial prosecutors read the Manifesto out loud as evidence; this meant that the pamphlet could legally be published in Germany. Thus in 1872 Marx and Engels rushed out a new German-language edition, writing a preface that identified that several portions that became outdated in the quarter century since its original publication. This edition was also the first time the title was shortened to The Communist Manifesto ( Das Kommunistische Manifest ), and it became the bedrock the authors based future editions upon. Between 1871 and 1873, the Manifesto was published in over nine editions in six languages; in 1872 it was published in the United States for the first time, serialised in Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly of New York City. However, by the mid 1870s the Communist Manifesto remained Marx and Engels' only work to be even moderately well-known. Over the next forty years, as social-democratic parties rose across Europe and parts of the world, so did the publication of the Manifesto alongside them, in hundreds of editions in thirty languages. Marx and Engels wrote a new preface for the 1882 Russian edition, translated by Georgi Plekhanov in Geneva. In it they wondered if Russia could directly become a communist society , or if she would become capitalist first like other European countries. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels alone provided the prefaces for five editions between 1888 and 1893. Among these is the 1888 English edition, translated by Samuel Moore and approved by Engels, who also provided notes throughout the text. It has been the standard English-language edition ever since. The principal region of its influence, in terms of editions published, was in the "central belt of Europe", from Russia in the east to France in the west. In comparison, the pamphlet had little impact on politics in southwest and southeast Europe, and moderate presence in the north. Outside Europe, Chinese and Japanese translations were published, as were Spanish editions in Latin America. This uneven geographical spread in the Manifesto ' s popularity reflected the development of socialist movements in a particular region as well as the popularity of Marxist variety of socialism there. There was not always a strong correlation between a social-democratic party's strength and the Manifesto ' s popularity in that country. For instance, the German SPD printed only a few thousand copies of the Communist Manifesto every year, but a few hundred thousand copies of the Erfurt Programme . Further, the mass-based social-democratic parties of the Second International did not require their rank and file to be well-versed in theory; Marxist works such as the Manifesto or Das Kapital were read primarily by party theoreticians. On the other hand, small, dedicated militant parties and Marxist sects in the West took pride in knowing the theory; Hobsbawm says "This was the milieu in which 'the clearness of a comrade could be gauged invariably from the number of earmarks on his Manifesto ' ". Ubiquity, 1917–present [ edit ] The Bolshevik (1920) by Boris Kustodiev . Following the 1917 Bolshevik takeover of Russia Marx/Engels classics like the Communist Manifesto were distributed far and wide. Following the October Revolution of 1917 that swept the Vladimir Lenin -led Bolsheviks to power in Russia, the world's first socialist state was founded explicitly along Marxist lines. The Soviet Union , which Bolshevik Russia would become a part of, was a one-party state under the rule of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Unlike their mass-based counterparts of the Second International, the CPSU and other Leninist parties like it in the Third International expected their members to know the classic works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Further, party leaders were expected to base their policy decisions on Marxist-Leninist ideology. Therefore works such as the Manifesto were required reading for the party rank-and-file. Therefore the widespread dissemination of Marx and Engels' works became an important policy objective; backed by a sovereign state, the CPSU had relatively inexhaustible resources for this purpose. Works by Marx, Engels, and Lenin were published on a very large scale, and cheap editions of their works were available in several languages across the world. These publications were either shorter writings or they were compendia such as the various editions of Marx and Engels' Selected Works , or their Collected Works . This affected the destiny of the Manifesto in several ways. Firstly, in terms of circulation; in 1932 the American and British Communist Parties printed several hundred thousand copies of a cheap edition for "probably the largest mass edition ever issued in English". Secondly the work entered political-science syllabuses in universities, which would only expand after the Second World War. For its centenary in 1948, its publication was no longer the exclusive domain of Marxists and academicians; general publishers too printed the Manifesto in large numbers. "In short, it was no longer only a classic Marxist document," Hobsbawm noted, "it had become a political classic tout court ." Even after the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in the 1990s, the Communist Manifesto remains ubiquitous; Hobsbawm says that "In states without censorship, almost certainly anyone within reach of a good bookshop, and certainly anyone within reach of a good library, not to mention the internet, can have access to it." The 150th anniversary once again brought a deluge of attention in the press and the academia, as well as new editions of the book fronted by introductions to the text by academics. One of these, The Communist Manifesto: A Modern Edition by Verso, was touted by a critic in the London Review of Books as being a "stylish red-ribboned edition of the work. It is designed as a sweet keepsake, an exquisite collector's item. In Manhattan, a prominent Fifth Avenue store put copies of this choice new edition in the hands of shop-window mannequins, displayed in come-hither poses and fashionable décolletage ." Legacy [ edit ] "With the clarity and brilliance of genius, this work outlines a new world-conception, consistent materialism, which also embraces the realm of social life; dialectics, as the most comprehensive and profound doctrine of development; the theory of the class struggle and of the world-historic revolutionary role of the proletariat—the creator of a new, communist society." — Vladimir Lenin on the Manifesto , 1914 A number of late-20th- and 21st-century writers have commented on the Communist Manifesto ' s continuing relevance. In a special issue of the Socialist Register commemorating the Manifesto ' s 150th anniversary, Peter Osborne argued that it was 'the single most influential text written in the nineteenth century.' Academic John Raines in 2002 noted that "In our day this Capitalist Revolution has reached the farthest corners of the earth. The tool of money has produced the miracle of the new global market and the ubiquitous shopping mall. Read The Communist Manifesto , written more than one hundred and fifty years ago, and you will discover that Marx foresaw it all." In 2003, the English Marxist Chris Harman stated, "There is still a compulsive quality to its prose as it provides insight after insight into the society in which we live, where it comes from and where its going to. It is still able to explain, as mainstream economists and sociologists cannot, today's world of recurrent wars and repeated economic crisis, of hunger for hundreds of millions on the one hand and 'overproduction' on the other. There are passages that could have come from the most recent writings on globalisation." Alex Callinicos , editor of International Socialism , stated in 2010 that "This is indeed a manifesto for the 21st century." Writing in The London Evening Standard in 2012, Andrew Neather cited Verso Books ' 2012 re-edition of The Communist Manifesto , with an introduction by Eric Hobsbawm , as part of a resurgence of left-wing-themed ideas which includes the publication of Owen Jones ' best-selling Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class and Jason Barker 's documentary Marx Reloaded . Soviet Union stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Manifesto In contrast, critics such as Revisionist Marxist and reformist socialist Eduard Bernstein distinguished between "immature" early Marxism—as exemplified by the Communist Manifesto written by Marx and Engels in their youth—that he opposed for its violent Blanquist tendencies, and later "mature" Marxism that he supported. This latter form refers to Marx in his later life acknowledging that socialism could be achieved through peaceful means through legislative reform in democratic societies. Bernstein declared that the massive and homogeneous working-class claimed in the Communist Manifesto did not exist, and that contrary to claims of a proletarian majority emerging, the middle-class was growing under capitalism and not disappearing as Marx had claimed. Bernstein noted that the working-class was not homogeneous but heterogeneous, with divisions and factions within it, including socialist and non-socialist trade unions. Marx himself, later in his life, acknowledged that the middle-class was not disappearing in his work Theories of Surplus Value (1863). The obscurity of the later work means that Marx's acknowledgement of this error is not well known. George Boyer described the Manifesto as "very much a period piece, a document of what was called the 'hungry' 1840s." Many have drawn attention to the passage in the Manifesto that seems to sneer at the stupidity of the rustic: "The bourgeoisie ... draws all nations ... into civilisation ... It has created enormous cities ... and thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy [sic!] of rural life". As Eric Hobsbawm noted, however: [W]hile there is no doubt that Marx at this time shared the usual townsman's contempt for, as well as ignorance of, the peasant milieu, the actual and analytically more interesting German phrase ("dem Idiotismus des Landlebens entrissen") referred not to "stupidity" but to "the narrow horizons", or "the isolation from the wider society" in which people in the countryside lived. It echoed the original meaning of the Greek term idiotes from which the current meaning of "idiot" or "idiocy" is derived, namely "a person concerned only with his own private affairs and not with those of the wider community". In the course of the decades since the 1840s, and in movements whose members, unlike Marx, were not classically educated, the original sense was lost and was misread. Influences [ edit ] Marx and Engel’s political influences were wide-ranging, reacting to and taking inspiration from German idealist philosophy, French socialism, and English and Scottish political economy. The Communist Manifesto also takes influence from literature. In Jacques Derrida ’s work, Specters of Marx : The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International , he uses Shakespeare ’s Hamlet to frame a discussion of the history of the International, showing, in the process, the influence that Shakespeare’s work had on Marx and Engel’s writing. In his essay, “Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx,” Christopher N. Warren makes the case that English poet John Milton also had a substantial influence on Marx and Engel’s work. Historians of 19th-century reading habits have confirmed that Marx and Engels would have read these authors, and it is known that Marx loved Shakespeare, in particular. Milton, Warren argues, also shows a notable influence on The Communist Manifesto : “Looking back on Milton’s era, Marx saw a historical dialectic founded on inspiration in which freedom of the press, republicanism, and revolution were closely joined.” Milton’s republicanism , Warren continues, served as "a useful, if unlikely, bridge" as Marx and Engels sought to forge a revolutionary international coalition. Communism portal References [ edit ] Adoratsky, V. (1938). The History of the Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels. New York: International Publishers. Boyer, George R. (1998). "The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto". Journal of Economic Perspectives . 12 (4): 151–74. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.673.9426 . doi : 10.1257/jep.12.4.151 . JSTOR 2646899 . Hobsbawm, Eric (2011). "On the Communist Manifesto ". How To Change The World . Little, Brown . pp. 101–20. ISBN 978-1-408-70287-1 . Hunt, Tristram (2009). Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels . Metropolitan Books. Schumpeter, Joseph (1997) [1952]. Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11079-2 . Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). "The Communist Manifesto in sociology and economics". Journal of Political Economy . The University of Chicago Press via JSTOR. 57 (3): 199–212. doi : 10.1086/256806 . JSTOR 1826126 . Source text [ edit ] Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels (2004) [1848]. Manifesto of the Communist Party . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved on 14 March 2015. Footnotes [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Manifesto of the Communist Party The Communist Manifesto at the Marxists Internet Archive The Communist Manifesto in 80 world languages Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei : veröffentlicht im Februar 1848 Original 1848 edition in full color scan The Communist Manifesto public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Communist Manifesto , a musical piece composed by Erwin Schulhoff , at YouTube On the Communist Manifesto at modkraft.dk (a collection of links to bibliographical and historical materials, and contemporary analyses)

train

only person to win two nobel prizes in two fields

Marie Skłodowska Curie (/ ˈkjʊəri / ; French : (kyʁi) ; Polish : (kjiˈri) ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ; 7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized - French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.

[]

ẹnìkan ṣoṣo tó gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ nobel méjì ní ẹ̀ka méjì

Yes

['Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) je onimo fisiyiki ati onimo kemistri omo orile-ede Poland to di ara Fransi lojowaju. O je asiwaju ninu papa radiolilagbara ati eni akoko to gba Ebun Nobel meji[1] — ninu fisiyiki ati kemistri. ']

['Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie je eni akoko to gba Ebun Nobel meji[1] — ninu fisiyiki ati kemistri. ']

['P1']

Marie Curie Marie Salomea Sk?odowska-Curie (Ojo keje, osu kankanla, odun 1867 – Ojo Kerin, osu keje, odun 1934) je onimo fisiyiki ati onimo kemistri omo orile-ede Poland to di ara Fransi lojowaju. O je asiwaju ninu papa radiolilagbara ati eni akoko to gba Ebun Nobel meji[1] — ninu fisiyiki ati kemistri. Ohun na lo tun je obinrin akoko to je ojogbon ni Yunifasiti ilu Paris.

This article is about the Polish-French physicist. For other uses, see Marie Curie (disambiguation) . This is a Slavic name. The family name "Skłodowska" is sometimes transliterated as "Sklodowska". Marie Curie c. 1920 Born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( 1867-11-07 ) 7 November 1867 Warsaw , Congress Poland , Russian Empire Died 4 July 1934 (1934-07-04) (aged 66) Passy, Haute-Savoie , Third French Republic Cause of death Aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation Residence Poland, France Citizenship Poland (by birth) France (by marriage) Alma mater University of Paris ESPCI Known for Radioactivity Polonium Radium Spouse(s) Pierre Curie (1859–1906; m. 1895) Children Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956) Ève Curie (1904–2007) Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) Davy Medal (1903) Matteucci Medal (1904) Elliott Cresson Medal (1909) Albert Medal (1910) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911) Willard Gibbs Award (1921) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Institutions University of Paris Institut du Radium École Normale Supérieure French Academy of Medicine International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation Thesis Recherches sur les substances radioactives (Research on Radioactive Substances) Doctoral advisor Gabriel Lippmann Doctoral students André-Louis Debierne Óscar Moreno Marguerite Perey Émile Henriot Signature Notes She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Marie Skłodowska Curie ( / ˈ k j ʊər i / ; French: [kyʁi] ; Polish: [kʲiˈri] ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris. She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined ), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium . Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I , she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals . While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 polonium , after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute-Savoie ), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I . Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 New life in Paris 1.3 New elements 1.4 Nobel Prizes 1.5 World War I 1.6 Postwar years 1.7 Death 2 Legacy 3 Awards, honours, and tributes 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Nonfiction 7.2 Fiction 8 External links Life Early years Władysław Skłodowski with daughters (from left) Maria, Bronisława , Helena , 1890 Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw , in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire , on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria ( nicknamed Mania ) were Zofia (born 1862, nicknamed Zosia ), Józef (born 1863, nicknamed Józio ), Bronisława (born 1865, nicknamed Bronia ) and Helena (born 1866, nicknamed Hela ). On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65). This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria and her elder siblings, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life. Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski , had been a respected teacher in Lublin , where he taught the young Bolesław Prus , who would become a leading figure in Polish literature. Władysław Skłodowski taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys. After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use. He was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house. Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born. She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old. Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of typhus contracted from a boarder. Maria's father was an atheist ; her mother a devout Catholic. The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic . When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal. After a collapse, possibly due to depression , she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring. Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University (sometimes translated as Floating University ), a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students. Maria Skłodowska (left) with sister Bronisława , ca. 1886 Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later. In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess : first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father. While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski , a future eminent mathematician. His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them. Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University . Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic , he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932. At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława—who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski , a Polish physician and social and political activist—invited Maria to join them in Paris. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds. She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again. All that time she continued to educate herself , reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself. In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw. She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891. She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66 , near Warsaw's Old Town . The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski , who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev . New life in Paris In late 1891, she left Poland for France. In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter , and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the University of Paris , where she enrolled in late 1891. She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger. Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann . Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894. Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry ( Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale [1] ). That same year Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together. Pierre Curie was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI). They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor Józef Wierusz-Kowalski , who had learned that she was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Wierusz-Kowalski thought Pierre Curie had access to. Though Curie did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Skłodowska where she was able to begin work. Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another. Eventually Pierre Curie proposed marriage, but at first Skłodowska did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country. Curie, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to teaching French. Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Skłodowska returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family. She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman . A letter from Pierre Curie convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph.D . At Skłodowska's insistence, Curie had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School. A contemporary quip would call Skłodowska, "Pierre's biggest discovery." On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux ( Seine ); neither wanted a religious service. Curie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal gown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit. They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend. New elements Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays , though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence , did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer , a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. Using her husband's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself. This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible. In 1897, her daughter Irène was born. To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure . The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry. The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof. They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. The School did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments. Curie's systematic studies included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite). Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium. She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive. Pierre Curie was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her. The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved. Pierre , Irène , Marie Curie She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority . Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson . Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann . Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin. At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible." On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named " polonium ", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires ( Russian , Austrian , and Prussian ). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named " radium ", from the Latin word for "ray". In the course of their research, they also coined the word " radioactivity ". To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth , and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium , and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization . From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium , diseased, tumor -forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. Pierre and Marie Curie, c. 1903 In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death. In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann , Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris . That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre Curie alone was allowed to. Meanwhile, a new industry began developing, based on radium. The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business. Nobel Prizes 1903 Nobel Prize portrait In December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics , "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." At first the committee had intended to honor only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, but a committee member and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler , alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination. Marie Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill. As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905. The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant. Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva , which offered Pierre Curie a position, the University of Paris gave him a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory. Upon Pierre Curie's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906. In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève . She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland. On 19 April 1906, Pierre Curie was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture. Curie was devastated by her husband's death. On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for her late husband and to offer it to Marie. She accepted it, hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband Pierre. She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris. Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute ( Institut du radium , now Curie Institute , Institut Curie ), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris . The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux , director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute. Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute. At First Solvay Conference (1911), Curie (seated, second from right) confers with Henri Poincaré ; standing, fourth from right, is Rutherford ; second from right, Einstein ; far right, Paul Langevin In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie . Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences failed, by one or two votes, to elect her to membership in the Academy. Elected instead was Édouard Branly , an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph . It was only over half a century later, in 1962, that a doctoral student of Curie's, Marguerite Perey , became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia —the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair —which also fueled false speculation that Curie was Jewish. During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right-wing press as a foreigner and atheist. Her daughter later remarked on the French press' hypocrisy in portraying Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honor, but portraying her as a French heroine when she received foreign honors such as her Nobel Prizes. In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910-11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin , a former student of Pierre Curie's, a married man who was estranged from his wife. This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker. When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of her friend, Camille Marbo . 1911 Nobel Prize diploma International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element." She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each . A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz , encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine. A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment. For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton . She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months. In 1912, the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie. She was appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914. She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities. The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army , and it fully resumed its activities in 1919. World War I Curie in a mobile X-ray vehicle During World War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons. After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developed mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies"). She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914. Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène , Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. Later, she began training other women as aides. In 1915, Curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon , to be used for sterilizing infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply. It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units. Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period. In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government. Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them. She did buy war bonds , using her Nobel Prize money. She said: I am going to give up the little gold I possess. I shall add to this the scientific medals, which are quite useless to me. There is something else: by sheer laziness I had allowed the money for my second Nobel Prize to remain in Stockholm in Swedish crowns. This is the chief part of what we possess. I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans. The state needs it. Only, I have no illusions: this money will probably be lost. She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause. After the war, she summarized her wartime experiences in a book, Radiology in War (1919). Postwar years In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur (1822–95). In 1921, she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney , after interviewing Curie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip. In 1921, U.S. President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States. Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused. In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine . She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia. Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie . Eventually it became one of the world's four major radioactivity-research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory , with Ernest Rutherford ; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna , with Stefan Meyer ; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry , with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner . In August 1922 Marie Curie became a member of the League of Nations ' newly created International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . She sat on the Committee until 1934 and contributed to League of Nations scientific coordination with other prominent researchers such as Albert Einstein , Hendrik Lorentz , and Henri Bergson . In 1923 she wrote a biography of her late husband, titled Pierre Curie . In 1925 she visited Poland to participate in a ceremony laying the foundations for Warsaw's Radium Institute . Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; the Institute opened in 1932, with her sister Bronisława its director. These distractions from her scientific labours, and the attendant publicity, caused her much discomfort but provided resources for her work. In 1930 she was elected to the International Atomic Weights Committee , on which she served until her death. Death 1935 statue, facing the Radium Institute, Warsaw Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934. A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy, Haute-Savoie , from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation. The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and she stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark. Curie was also exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war. Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses (including near-blindness due to cataracts ) and ultimately her death, she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure. She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux , alongside her husband Pierre. Sixty years later, in 1995, in honour of their achievements, the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon, Paris . She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits. In 2015, two other women were also interred on their own merits. Because of their levels of radioactive contamination, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. Even her cookbook is highly radioactive. Her papers are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing. In her last year, she worked on a book, Radioactivity , which was published posthumously in 1935. Legacy Statue, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , Lublin , Poland The physical and societal aspects of the Curies' work contributed to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes: The result of the Curies' work was epoch-making. Radium's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics. On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom. As a result of Rutherford's experiments with alpha radiation, the nuclear atom was first postulated. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked. If Curie's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers, in both her native and her adoptive country, that were placed in her way because she was a woman. This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Giroud 's Marie Curie: A Life , which emphasizes Curie's role as a feminist precursor. She was known for her honesty and moderate life style. Having received a small scholarship in 1893, she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep. She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends, family, students, and research associates. In an unusual decision, Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium-isolation process, so that the scientific community could do research unhindered. She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her. She and her husband often refused awards and medals. Albert Einstein reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame. Awards, honours, and tributes Tomb of Pierre and Marie Curie, Panthéon, Paris As one of the most famous women scientists to date, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of pop culture . In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist , she was voted the "most inspirational woman in science". Curie received 25.1 per cent of all votes cast, nearly twice as many as second-place Rosalind Franklin (14.2 per cent). Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie, and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry. An artistic installation celebrating "Madame Curie" filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego 's Museum of Contemporary Art . On 7 November, Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle . On 10 December, the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden . Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences . Awards that she received include: Nobel Prize in Physics (1903, with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel) Davy Medal (1903, with Pierre) Matteucci Medal (1904, with Pierre) Actonian Prize (1907) Elliott Cresson Medal (1909) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911) Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society (1921) Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris . The curie (symbol Ci ), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium . Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite , sklodowskite , and cuprosklodowskite . She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic (1912), Poznań University (1922), Kraków 's Jagiellonian University (1924), and the Warsaw Polytechnic (1926). In 1921, in the U.S., she was awarded membership in the Iota Sigma Pi women scientists' society. Her name is included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations , erected in Hamburg , Germany in 1936. Numerous locations around the world are named after her. In 2007, a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies. Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her. The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her. A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCC) is named in her honour. Several institutions bear her name, starting with the two Curie institutes: the Maria Skłodowska–Curie Institute of Oncology , in Warsaw and the Institut Curie in Paris. She is the patron of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , in Lublin , founded in 1944; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI), France's pre-eminent science university. In Britain, Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill. Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie. In 1967, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum was established in Warsaw's " New Town ", at her birthplace on ulica Freta (Freta Street). Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie , open since 1992. Several works of art bear her likeness. In 1935, Michalina Mościcka, wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki , unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw's Radium Institute. During the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation, the monument was damaged by gunfire; after the war it was decided to leave the bullet marks on the statue and its pedestal. In 1955 Jozef Mazur created a stained glass panel of her, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion , featured in the University at Buffalo Polish Room. A number of biographies are devoted to her. In 1938 her daughter, Ève Curie , published Madame Curie . In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie: A Life . In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie . In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout . Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar-nominated film, Madame Curie , based on her life. More recently, in 1997, a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released, Les Palmes de M. Schutz . It was adapted from a play of the same name. In the film, Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert . Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch , in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life. Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya: The Living History of Marie Curie , a one-woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries, by 2014. Curie's likeness also has appeared on banknotes, stamps and coins around the world. She was featured on the Polish late-1980s 20,000- złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500- franc note, before the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali , the Republic of Togo , Zambia , and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace . It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium . Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named in her honor. See also Charlotte Hoffman Kellogg , friend Eusapia Palladino : Spiritualist medium whose Paris séances were attended by Pierre and Marie Curie. Genius , a television series depicting Einstein's life List of female Nobel laureates List of multiple discoveries List of Poles Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum , Warsaw , Poland Marie Curie Gargoyle (1988), University of Oregon Poles Timeline of women in science Treatise on Radioactivity Marie "Blanche" Wittmann , who worked for Marie Curie. Women in chemistry Notes References Further reading Nonfiction Eva Hemmungs Wirtén (2015). Making Marie Curie: Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-23584-4 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Kaczorowska, Teresa (2011). Córka mazowieckich równin, czyli, Maria Skłodowska-Curie z Mazowsza [ Daughter of the Mazovian Plains: Maria Skłodowska–Curie of Mazowsze ] (in Polish). Związek Literatów Polskich, Oddz. w Ciechanowie. ISBN 9788389408365 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Pasachoff, Naomi (1996). Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509214-1 . Curie, Eve (2001). Madame Curie: A Biography . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81038-1 . Curie, Marie (1921). The Discovery of Radium . Poughkeepsie: Vassar College. Quinn, Susan (1996). Marie Curie: A Life . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-201-88794-5 . Giroud, Françoise (1986). Marie Curie, a life . Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-8419-0977-9 . , translated by Lydia Davis Redniss, Lauren (2010). Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-135132-7 . Opfell, Olga S. (1978). The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize . Metuchen, N.J.& London: Scarecrow Press. pp. 147–164. ISBN 978-0-8108-1161-4 . Fiction Olov Enquist, Per (2006). The Book about Blanche and Marie . New York: Overlook. ISBN 978-1-58567-668-2 . A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist featuring Maria Skłodowska-Curie, neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot , and his Salpêtrière patient "Blanche" ( Marie "Blanche" Wittmann ). The English translation was published in 2006. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marie Curie ( category ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Marie Curie Wikisource has original works written by or about: Marie Curie Out of the Shadows – A study of women physicists The official web page of Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland in English. Detailed Biography at Science in Poland website ; with quotes, photographs, links etc. European Marie Curie Fellowships Marie Curie Fellowship Association Works by Marie Curie at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Marie Curie at Internet Archive Works by Marie Curie at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Marie Sklodowska Curie: Her Life as a Media Compendium Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium Chronology from nobelprize.org Annotated bibliography of Marie Curie from the Alsos Digital Library Obituary, New York Times, 5 July 1934 Mme. Curie Is Dead; Martyr to Science Some places and memories related to Marie Curie Marie Curie on the 500 French Franc and 20000 old Polish zloty banknotes. Marie Curie on IMDb – Animated biography of Marie Curie on DVD from an animated series of world and American history – Animated Hero Classics distributed by Nest Learning. Marie Curie – More than Meets the Eye on IMDb – Live action portrayal of Marie Curie on DVD from the Inventors Series produced by Devine Entertainment. Marie Curie on IMDb – Portrayal of Marie Curie in a television mini series produced by the BBC "Marie Curie and the Study of Radioactivity" at American Institute of Physics website. (Site also has a short version for kids entitled "Her story in brief!" .) "Marie Curie Walking Tour of Paris" . Hypatia . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Works by Marie Curie at Gallica Streets and schools worldwide named after her . Location of her grave on OpenStreetMap . Newspaper clippings about Marie Curie in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)

train

who is the actress in my cousin vinny

After having minor roles in a few films, she came to international attention in 1992 with the comedy My Cousin Vinny, for which she received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Tomei has appeared in a number of successful movies, including What Women Want (2000), Anger Management (2003), Wild Hogs (2007), and Parental Guidance (2012). Other films, include Untamed Heart (1993), Only You (1994), The Paper (1994), Unhook the Stars (1996), Slums of Beverly Hills (1998), Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead (2007), Cyrus (2010), Love Is Strange (2014) and The Big Short (2015). She received two additional Academy Award nominations for In the Bedroom (2001) and The Wrestler (2008).

['1950']

ta ni òṣèré nínú my cousin vinny

Yes

['Lẹ́hìn tí ó ṣe àwọn iṣẹ́ kékèké nínú fíìmù kọ̀ọ̀kan, ó wá sí ìdánimọ̀ àgbáyé ní ọdún 1992 pẹ̀lú eré apanilẹ́rìn-ín "My Cousin Vinny", tí ó fi gba ẹ̀bùn àmì ẹ̀yẹ fún òṣèré àtìlẹ́yìn obìnrin tó dára jùlọ.']

['Marisa Tomei wá sí ìdánimọ̀ àgbáyé ní ọdún 1992 pẹ̀lú eré apanilẹ́rìn-ín "My Cousin Vinny", tí ó fi gba ẹ̀bùn àmì ẹ̀yẹ fún òṣèré àtìlẹ́yìn obìnrin tó dára jùlọ.']

['P2']

Marisa Tomei Marisa Tomei ( /to??me?/; tí a bí ní o?ù kejìlá ?j?? k?rin, ?dún 1964)[1] j?? ò?èré obìnrin Il?? Am??ríkà. Ó j?? olùgbà orísirísi iyì, lára r?? ni àmì ??y? Akád??mì, ní àfikún sí àw?n yíyàn tó gbà fún British Academy Film Award, Daytime Emmy Award kan, Golden Globe Award méjì, àti Screen Actors Guild Award m??ta. L??hìn i??? r?? lórí àw?n jara t?lifísàn "As the World Turns" (?dún 1983 sí 1985), Tomei wá sí iyì nípas?? i??? r?? lórí "The Cosby Show", "A Different World " ní ?dún 1987. L??hìn tí ó ?e àw?n i??? kékèké nínú fíìmù k????kan, ó wá sí ìdánim?? àgbáyé ní ?dún 1992 p??lú eré apanil??rìn-ín "My Cousin Vinny", tí ó fi gba ??bùn àmì ??y? fún ò?èré àtìl??yìn obìnrin tó dára jùl?. Wo?n tu?n ya?n fu?n e??bu?n aka?de??mi? me?ji? fu?n "In the Bedroom" (2001) a?ti "The Wrestler" (2008). Tomei ti ha?n ni? a?w?n fi?i?mu? a??ey?ri?, bi?i "What Women Want" (2000), "Anger Management "(2003), "Wild Hogs" (2007), "The Ides of March" (2011), a?ti "Parental Guidance" (2012). O? tu?n ?e a?fiha?n May Parker ni?nu? Marvel Cinematic Universe, o? tu?n faraha?n ni? "Captain America: Civil War" (2016), "Spider-Man: Homecoming" (2017), "Avengers: Endgame" (2019), "Spider-Man: Far From Home" (2019), a?ti "Spider-Man: No Way Home" (2021). Tomei ti ?e ala?ba?pi?n t??l?? p??lu? Ile?-i??? i?ta?ge? Naked Angels Theater o? tu?n faraha?n ni? a?w?n ere? bi?i, "Daughters" (1986), "Wait Until Dark" (1998), "Top Girls" (2008), ti? wo??n ya?n fu?n e??bu?n Drama Desk fu?n o??e?re? ti? o? tay? ni? i??e?re?, a?ti "The Realistic Joneses "(2014), e?yi? ti? o? gba e??bu?n pa?ta?ki? fu?n ni? Drama Desk Awards."

Marisa Tomei Tomei at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival Born ( 1964-12-04 ) December 4, 1964 (age 53) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Residence New York City, New York , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1984–present Marisa Tomei ( / m ə ˈ r ɪ s ə t oʊ ˈ m eɪ / ; born December 4, 1964) is an American actress. Following her work on the television series As the World Turns , she came to prominence as a cast member on The Cosby Show spin-off A Different World in 1987. After having minor roles in a few films, she came to international attention in 1992 with the comedy My Cousin Vinny , for which she received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Tomei has appeared in a number of successful movies, including What Women Want (2000), Anger Management (2003), Wild Hogs (2007), and Parental Guidance (2012). Other films, include Untamed Heart (1993), Only You (1994), The Paper (1994), Unhook the Stars (1996), Slums of Beverly Hills (1998), Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007), Cyrus (2010), Love Is Strange (2014) and The Big Short (2015). She received two additional Academy Award nominations for In the Bedroom (2001) and The Wrestler (2008). She has also portrayed Aunt May in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in the films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and in the upcoming Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Tomei has also worked in theater. She was formerly involved with the Naked Angels Theater Company and appeared in plays, such as Daughters (1986), Wait Until Dark (1998), Top Girls (2008), for which she received a nomination for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play , and The Realistic Joneses (2014), for which she received a special award at the Drama Desk Awards . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 My Cousin Vinny and thereafter 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Tomei was born in Brooklyn, New York , the daughter of Adelaide "Addie" ( née Bianchi), an English teacher, and Gary A. Tomei, a trial lawyer. She has a younger brother, actor Adam Tomei, and was partly raised by her paternal grandparents. Tomei's parents are both of Italian descent; her father's ancestors came from Tuscany, Calabria, and Campania; while her mother's ancestors are from Tuscany and Sicily. She graduated from Edward R. Murrow High School in 1982. Tomei grew up in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn. While there, she became captivated by the Broadway shows to which her theater-loving parents took her and was drawn to acting as a career. At Andries Hudde Junior High School, she played Hedy LaRue in a school production of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying . After graduating from Edward R. Murrow High School in 1982, she attended Boston University for a year. Career [ edit ] Early career [ edit ] Tomei followed up As the World Turns in 1986 with a role on the sitcom A Different World as Maggie Lauten during the first season. Her film debut was a minor role in the 1984 comedy film The Flamingo Kid , in which she played Mandy, a waitress. She only had one line in the entire film. During this phase, she made her stage debut in 1987 at the age of 22 with the off-Broadway play Daughters , in which she played Cetta. The role earned her rave reviews and the Theatre World Award for outstanding debut on stage. My Cousin Vinny and thereafter [ edit ] Tomei at the 81st Academy Awards , where she received her third nomination for The Wrestler Following several small films, Tomei came to international prominence with her comedic performance in the 1992 film My Cousin Vinny , for which she received critical praise. Critic Vincent Canby wrote, "Ms. Tomei gives every indication of being a fine comedian, whether towering over Mr. Pesci and trying to look small, or arguing about a leaky faucet in terms that demonstrate her knowledge of plumbing. Mona Lisa is also a first-rate auto mechanic, which comes in handy in the untying of the knotted story." For her performance, Tomei was named Best Supporting Actress at the 1993 Academy Awards , prevailing over Miranda Richardson , Joan Plowright , Vanessa Redgrave and Judy Davis . American film critic Rex Reed created controversy (and a minor Hollywood myth) when he suggested that Jack Palance had announced the wrong name after opening the envelope. While this allegation was repeatedly disproved – even the Academy officially denied it – Tomei called the story "extremely hurtful." A Price Waterhouse accountant explained that if such an event had occurred, "we have an agreement with the Academy that one of us would step on stage, introduce ourselves, and say the presenter misspoke." This was borne out by the events at the 2017 Oscars , when La La Land was first announced as the Best Picture winner based on an error in handling the award cards and the real winner was eventually announced as Moonlight . After her Oscar win, Tomei appeared as silent film star Mabel Normand in the film Chaplin , with her then-boyfriend Robert Downey Jr. playing the title character . The following year, she starred in the romantic drama Untamed Heart with Christian Slater , for which they won the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss . Tomei had won the previous year for Best Breakthrough Performance for My Cousin Vinny . The following year, Tomei appeared alongside Downey again in the romantic comedy Only You . She then appeared in Nick Cassavetes 's Unhook the Stars . Of Tomei's performance, The New York Times wrote, "Ms. Tomei is equally fine as Mildred's younger, hot-tempered neighbor, whose raw working-class feistiness and bluntly profane vocabulary initially repel the genteel older woman." She received her first Screen Actor's Guild award nomination for Outstanding Female Supporting Actor for her performance. In 1998, she received an American Comedy Award nomination for Funniest Supporting Actress for Tamara Jenkins 's cult film Slums of Beverly Hills . The independent film was well received by critics and the public. The New York Times writes, "Jenkins makes the most of an especially ingratiating cast, with Ms. Tomei very charming and funny as Rita" while another critic states Tomei is "spunky and sexy... more subdued than she usually is." Tomei spent several years away from high-profile roles and major motion pictures in the late 1990s, before rising again to prominence in the early 2000s. During the 1990s, Tomei made several television appearances. In 1996, she made a guest appearance on the sitcom Seinfeld , playing herself in the two-part episode " The Cadillac ". In the episode, George Costanza attempts to get a date with her through a friend of Elaine Benes '. She also made an appearance on The Simpsons as movie star Sara Sloane, who falls in love with Ned Flanders . Former Saturday Night Live cast member Jay Mohr wrote in his book Gasping for Airtime that, as guest host in October 1994, Tomei insisted that a proposed sketch, "Good Morning Brooklyn", not be used because she did not like the idea of being stereotyped; that stand displeased the writers and performers, given the show's penchant for satirizing celebrities. Tomei did, however, parody her role from My Cousin Vinny , which had considerable Brooklyn influence, in a skit (out of several recurring) spoofing the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder trial. Tomei appeared in the 2000 film What Women Want , which was a commercial success, and had a supporting role in the romantic comedy Someone Like You . In 2001, Tomei appeared in Todd Field 's Best Picture nominee In the Bedroom , earning several awards including a ShoWest Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2002. Variety wrote, "Tomei is winning in what is surely her most naturalistic and unaffected performance," while The New York Times writer Stephen Holden exclaimed, "Ms. Tomei's ruined, sorrowful Natalie is easily her finest screen role." In the Bedroom earned Tomei a second Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Tomei also shared a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast . In 2002, she appeared in the Bollywood -inspired film The Guru and voiced the role of Bree Blackburn, the main antagonist in the animated feature film The Wild Thornberrys Movie . Tomei at the first inauguration of Barack Obama , January 2009 In 2003, Tomei appeared in one of her biggest commercial hits, Anger Management . The following year, she appeared in the film Alfie based on the 1966 British film of the same name . In 2005, she was featured in an ad campaign for Hanes with the slogan "Look who we've got our Hanes on now", featuring various other celebrities including Michael Jordan , Jennifer Love Hewitt , and Matthew Perry . In 2006, Tomei had a recurring role on Rescue Me , playing Johnny Gavin 's ex-wife Angie. She won a Gracie Allen Award for Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her work in the four episodes in which she appeared. The following year, she appeared in the comedy Wild Hogs . The film was the 13th-highest grossing movie of 2007 ($168,273,550 domestic box office). She also starred in the Sidney Lumet -directed Before the Devil Knows You're Dead . The film was released to critical acclaim. In 2008, Tomei played Cassidy/Pam, a struggling stripper , in the Darren Aronofsky film The Wrestler . She appeared in several nude dance numbers in the film. On working with Tomei, Aronofsky said, "This role shows how courageous and brave Marisa is. And ultimately she's really sexy. We knew nudity was a big part of the picture, and she wanted to be that exposed and vulnerable." Numerous critics heralded this performance as a standout in her career. The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Tomei delivers one of her most arresting performances, again without any trace of vanity." Ty Burr of The Boston Globe wrote, "Tomei gives a brave and scrupulously honest performance, one that's most naked when Pam has her clothes on." Variety exclaimed, "Tomei is in top, emotionally forthright form as she charts a life passage similar to Ram's." For her performance she was nominated for her first BAFTA , second Golden Globe and third Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 2009, Tomei recorded the role of Mary Magdalene in Thomas Nelson's audio Bible production The Word of Promise . Tomei was number 18 on the 2009 FHM list of " 100 Sexiest Females in the world ". In 2010, Tomei appeared in Cyrus , a comedy-drama co-starring John C. Reilly and Jonah Hill . [ citation needed ] Tomei hosted the 2011 Scientific and Technical Awards , which was followed by an appearance at the 83rd Academy Awards . She starred in the mystery suspense film The Lincoln Lawyer . She also appeared in Salvation Boulevard , which premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival . Tomei's other 2011 films included Crazy, Stupid, Love and the George Clooney film The Ides of March . She is in talks to star in the indie comedy Married and Cheating . In an interview, Lady Gaga stated that she would want Tomei to portray her in a film about the singer. Tomei responded, "I was thrilled when I heard. I love her. I love her music. And she's an awesome businesswoman. So I was so touched, really. I think it's incredible that she likes my work and that she'd think of me." Tomei was featured in the second episode of the third season of NBC 's Who Do You Think You Are? , on February 10, 2012. In the episode, she traveled to Tuscany and to the island of Elba to uncover the truth about the 100-year-old murder of her great-grandfather, Francesco Leopoldo Bianchi. Tomei portrays Aunt May in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in Captain America: Civil War (2016), and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). She is set to reprise her role in Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Personal life [ edit ] Between 2008 and 2012, Tomei had a relationship with actor Logan Marshall-Green . They were rumored to be engaged, but a representative for Tomei denied this. Tomei said in 2009, "I'm not that big a fan of marriage as an institution, and I don't know why women need to have children to be seen as complete human beings." Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1984 The Flamingo Kid Mandy 1984 The Toxic Avenger Health Club Girl Uncredited 1986 Playing for Keeps Tracy 1991 Oscar Lisa Provolone 1991 Zandalee Remy 1992 My Cousin Vinny Mona Lisa Vito 1992 Equinox Rosie Rivers 1992 Chaplin Mabel Normand 1993 Untamed Heart Caroline 1994 Only You Faith Corvatch 1994 The Paper Martha Hackett 1995 The Perez Family Dorita Evita Perez 1995 Four Rooms Margaret 1996 Unhook the Stars Monica Warren 1997 A Brother's Kiss Missy 1997 Welcome to Sarajevo Nina 1998 Slums of Beverly Hills Rita Abromowitz 2000 Happy Accidents Ruby Weaver 2000 The Watcher Dr. Polly Beilman 2000 What Women Want Lola 2000 King of the Jungle Det. Costello 2000 Dirk and Betty Paris 2001 In the Bedroom Natalie Strout 2001 Someone Like You Liz 2002 The Wild Thornberrys Movie Bree Blackburn Voice role 2002 Just a Kiss Paula 2002 The Guru Lexi 2003 Anger Management Linda 2004 Alfie Julie 2005 Loverboy Sybil Hamilton 2005 Marilyn Hotchkiss' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School Meredith Morrison 2005 Factotum Laura 2006 Danika Danika Merrick 2007 Grace Is Gone Woman at Pool 2007 Wild Hogs Maggie 2007 Before the Devil Knows You're Dead Gina Hanson 2008 War, Inc. Natalie Hegalhuzen 2008 The Wrestler Cassidy / Pam 2010 Cyrus Molly Fawcett 2011 The Lincoln Lawyer Maggie McPherson 2011 Salvation Boulevard Honey Foster 2011 Crazy, Stupid, Love Kate Tafferty 2011 The Ides of March Ida Horowicz 2012 Inescapable Fatima 2012 Parental Guidance Alice Simmons 2014 Love Is Strange Kate Hull 2014 The Rewrite Holly Carpenter 2014 Loitering with Intent Gigi 2015 Spare Parts Gwen Kolinsky 2015 Trainwreck The Dog Owner 2015 Love the Coopers Emma 2015 The Big Short Cynthia Baum 2016 Captain America: Civil War May Parker 2017 Spider-Man: Homecoming May Parker 2018 After Everything Dr. Lisa Harden 2018 The First Purge Dr. May Updale 2018 Behold My Heart Margaret Lang Post-production 2019 Spider-Man: Far From Home May Parker Filming Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1983 As the World Turns Marcy Thompson regular, 1983-1985 1987 ABC Afterschool Special Noelle Crandall Episode: "Supermom's Daughter" 1987 Leg Work Donna Ricci Episode: "Pilot" 1987 A Different World Maggie Lauten 21 episodes 1990 Parker Krane April Haynes Movie 1994 Saturday Night Live Host Episode: "Marisa Tomei/ Bonnie Raitt " 1996 Seinfeld Herself Episode: " The Cadillac " 1998 Since You've Been Gone Tori Uncredited [ citation needed ] 1998 My Own Country Mattie Vines Movie 1998 Only Love Evie Webster Josephson Movie 2001 Jenifer Nina Capelli Movie 2003 The Simpsons Sara Sloane (voice) Episode: " A Star Is Born Again " 2006 Rescue Me Angie Gavin 4 episodes 2007 The Rich Inner Life of Penelope Cloud Penelope Cloud Movie 2012 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: "Ed Helms Wears A Grey Shirt & Brown Boots" 2015 Empire Mimi Whiteman 5 episodes 2018 The Handmaid's Tale Mrs. O'Conner Episode: "Unwomen" Stage [ edit ] 1986: Daughters as Cetta (Off-Broadway) 1987: Beirut as Blue (Off-Broadway) 1989: What The Butler Saw as Geraldine Barclay (Off-Broadway) 1992: The Comedy of Errors as Adriana (Delacorte Theater, Central Park, New York City) 1994: Slavs! as Katherine Serafima Gleb (Off-Broadway) 1996: Dark Rapture by Eric Overmeyer as Julie (Off-Broadway) 1996: Demonology as Gina (Off-Broadway) 1998: Wait Until Dark as Susy Hendrix (Broadway) 2003: Salomé as Salome (Broadway) 2008: Top Girls as Isabella Bird/Joyce/Mrs. Kidd (Broadway) 2011: Marie and Bruce as Marie (Off-Broadway) 2014: The Realistic Joneses as Pony Jones (Broadway) 2016: The Rose Tattoo as Serafina ( Williamstown Theatre Festival ) 2017: How to Transcend a Happy Marriage by Sarah Ruhl (Off-Broadway) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Association Category Work Result 1992 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress My Cousin Vinny Won MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Won Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated 1993 MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Christian Slater ) Untamed Heart Won 1996 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Unhook the Stars Nominated 1997 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Service Show Host Marisa Tomei's Salute to Shirley Temple Nominated 1998 American Comedy Awards Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Slums of Beverly Hills Nominated Teen Choice Awards Funniest Scene (shared with Natasha Lyonne ) Nominated 2000 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy What Women Want Nominated 2001 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress In The Bedroom Nominated Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Won Southeastern Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Won Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Supporting Actress Runner-up Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Nominated Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated 2006 Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress Rescue Me Won 2007 Gotham Award Gotham Award for Best Cast Before the Devil Knows You're Dead Won Independent Spirit Award Best Supporting Female Nominated 2008 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress The Wrestler Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Won Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress (3rd place) Won Detroit Film Critics Society Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Won Florida Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Won Hollywood Film Festival Supporting Actress of the Year Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Won Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Won Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated 2009 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Top Girls Nominated 2010 Satellite Awards Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Cyrus Nominated 2016 Critics' Choice Television Award Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Empire Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Big Short Nominated References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marisa Tomei . Marisa Tomei on IMDb Marisa Tomei at the Internet Broadway Database Marisa Tomei at the Internet Off-Broadway Database

train

when was angelou considered a success as a writer

Maya Angelou (/ ˈændʒəloʊ / (listen) ; born Marguerite Annie Johnson ; April 4, 1928 -- May 28, 2014) was an American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim.

['in the south-central part of the country, nestled in a mountain valley called valle de la ermita']

ìgbà wo ni wọ́n ka angelou sí òǹkọ̀wé tó ṣe àṣeyọrí

Yes

['Maya Angelou ( /ˈmaɪ.ə ˈændʒəloʊ/; tí orúkọ àbísọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) jẹ́ olùkọ̀wé àti eléwì àpilẹ̀kọ ará ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà. O di gbajúmọ̀ lórí àwọn ìwé tí ó kọ nípa ìgbésí-ayé ara-ẹni rẹ̀ mẹ́fà tó kọ tí wọ́n sì dá lórí ìgbà èwe àti ìgbà ọdọ́ rẹ̀.']

['Maya Angelou di gbajúmọ̀ lórí àwọn ìwé tí ó kọ nípa ìgbésí-ayé ara-ẹni rẹ̀ mẹ́fà tó kọ tí wọ́n sì dá lórí ìgbà èwe àti ìgbà ọdọ́ rẹ̀.']

['P1']

Maya Angelou Maya Angelou (/?ma?.? ?ænd??lo?/; tí orúk? àbís? r?? ? j?? Marguerite Annie Johnson; os?u? ke?rin, o?jo?? ke?rin, o?du?n 1928 – os?u? karu?n, o?jo? keji?di?nlo??gbo??n, o?du?n 2014) j?? olùk??wé àti eléwì àpil??k? ará il?? Am??ríkà.[1] O di gbajúm?? lórí àw?n ìwé tí ó k? nípa ìgbésí-ayé ara-?ni r?? m??fà tó k? tí w??n sì dá lórí ìgbà èwe àti ìgbà ?d?? r??. Àk??k?? nínú àw?n ìwé náà ni: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings[2]tí ó k? ní ?dún (1969), èyí dà lórí ìgbà èwe r?? títí dé ?m? ?dún m??tàdínlógún. Ìwé r?? yí j?? kó di gbajúm?? káàkiri ayé, w??n yàn án fún àmì ??y? ??bùn Ìwé Orílè-??d?? Améríkà. O tí gbà ìwé ??rí àmì ??ye bí ?gb??n, b???? sì ni w??n dá orúk? r?? fún ??bùn ??bùn Pulitzer fún ìwé ewì 1971 re, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'Fore I Diiie.[3]

"Angelou" redirects here. For the English folk rock band, see Angelou (band) . Maya Angelou Angelou reciting her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " at President Bill Clinton's inauguration, January 20, 1993 Born Marguerite Annie Johnson ( 1928-04-04 ) April 4, 1928 St. Louis , Missouri , U.S. Died May 28, 2014 (2014-05-28) (aged 86) Winston-Salem, North Carolina , U.S. Occupation Writer poet civil rights activist Period 1951–2014 Subject Memoir poetry Notable works I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings " On the Pulse of Morning " Spouses Tosh Angelos ( m. 1951; div. 1954) Paul du Feu ( m. 1974; div. 1983) Children 1 Website www .mayaangelou .com Maya Angelou ( / ˈ æ n dʒ ə l oʊ / ( listen ) ; born Marguerite Annie Johnson ; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist . She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim. She became a poet and writer after a series of occupations as a young adult, including fry cook, sex worker , nightclub dancer and performer, cast member of the opera Porgy and Bess , coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , and journalist in Egypt and Ghana during the decolonization of Africa . She was an actor, writer, director, and producer of plays, movies, and public television programs. In 1982, she was named the first Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina . She was active in the Civil Rights Movement and worked with Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X . Beginning in the 1990s, she made around 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit , something she continued into her eighties. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " (1993) at the first inauguration of Bill Clinton , making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961. With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson for black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of black culture. Her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide, although attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries. Angelou's most celebrated works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction , but many critics consider them to be autobiographies. She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing and expanding the genre. Her books center on themes such as racism , identity, family and travel. Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Adulthood and early career: 1951–61 1.3 Africa to Caged Bird : 1961–69 1.4 Later career 1.5 Personal life 1.6 Death 2 Works 2.1 Chronology of autobiographies 3 Reception and legacy 3.1 Influence 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Awards and honors 3.4 Uses in education 4 Poetry 5 Style and genre in autobiographies 6 References 6.1 Explanatory notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Works cited 7 External links Life and career Early years Marguerite Annie Johnson was born in St. Louis , Missouri, on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and navy dietitian, and Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. Angelou's older brother, Bailey Jr., nicknamed Marguerite "Maya", derived from "My" or "Mya Sister". When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' "calamitous marriage" ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas , alone by train, to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson. In "an astonishing exception" to the harsh economics of African Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II because the general store she owned sold needed basic commodities and because "she made wise and honest investments". And Angelou's life has certainly been a full one: from the hardscrabble Depression era South to pimp, prostitute, supper club chanteuse, performer in Porgy and Bess , coordinator for Martin Luther King Jr. 's Southern Christian Leadership Conference , journalist in Egypt and Ghana in the heady days of decolonization, comrade of Malcolm X , and eyewitness to the Watts riots . She knew King and Malcolm, Billie Holiday , and Abbey Lincoln . Linguist John McWhorter , The New Republic (McWhorter, p. 36) To know her life story is to simultaneously wonder what on earth you have been doing with your own life and feel glad that you didn't have to go through half the things she has. The Guardian writer Gary Younge , 2009 Four years later, the children's father "came to Stamps without warning" and returned them to their mother's care in St. Louis. At the age of eight, while living with her mother, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, a man named Freeman. She told her brother, who told the rest of their family. Freeman was found guilty but was jailed for only one day. Four days after his release, he was murdered, probably by Angelou's uncles. Angelou became mute for almost five years, believing, as she stated, "I thought, my voice killed him; I killed that man, because I told his name. And then I thought I would never speak again, because my voice would kill anyone." According to Marcia Ann Gillespie and her colleagues, who wrote a biography about Angelou, it was during this period of silence when Angelou developed her extraordinary memory, her love for books and literature, and her ability to listen and observe the world around her. Shortly after Freeman's murder, Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother. Angelou credits a teacher and friend of her family, Mrs. Bertha Flowers, with helping her speak again. Flowers introduced her to authors such as Charles Dickens , William Shakespeare , Edgar Allan Poe , Douglas Johnson , and James Weldon Johnson , authors who would affect her life and career, as well as black female artists like Frances Harper , Anne Spencer , and Jessie Fauset . When Angelou was 14, she and her brother moved in with their mother once again, who had since moved to Oakland, California . During World War II, Angelou attended the California Labor School . At the age of 16, she became the first black female cable car conductor in San Francisco. She wanted the job badly, admiring the uniforms of the operators — so much so that her mother referred to it as her "dream job." Her mother eencouraged to pursue the position, but warned her that she would need to arrive early and work harder than others. In 2014, Angelou received a lifetime achievement award from the Conference of Minority Transportation Officials as part of a session billed “Women Who Move the Nation.” Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her son, Clyde (who later changed his name to Guy Johnson). Adulthood and early career: 1951–61 Angelou's first album, Miss Calypso , produced in 1957, was made possible by the popularity of her nightclub act. In 1951, Angelou married Tosh Angelos, a Greek electrician, former sailor, and aspiring musician, despite the condemnation of interracial relationships at the time and the disapproval of her mother. She took modern dance classes during this time, and met dancers and choreographers Alvin Ailey and Ruth Beckford. Ailey and Angelou formed a dance team, calling themselves "Al and Rita", and performed modern dance at fraternal black organizations throughout San Francisco, but never became successful. Angelou, her new husband, and her son moved to New York City so she could study African dance with Trinidadian dancer Pearl Primus , but they returned to San Francisco a year later. After Angelou's marriage ended in 1954, she danced professionally in clubs around San Francisco, including the nightclub the Purple Onion , where she sang and danced to calypso music . Up to that point she went by the name of "Marguerite Johnson", or "Rita", but at the strong suggestion of her managers and supporters at the Purple Onion, she changed her professional name to "Maya Angelou" (her nickname and former married surname). It was a "distinctive name" that set her apart and captured the feel of her calypso dance performances. During 1954 and 1955, Angelou toured Europe with a production of the opera Porgy and Bess . She began her practice of learning the language of every country she visited, and in a few years she gained proficiency in several languages. In 1957, riding on the popularity of calypso, Angelou recorded her first album, Miss Calypso , which was reissued as a CD in 1996. She appeared in an off-Broadway review that inspired the 1957 film Calypso Heat Wave , in which Angelou sang and performed her own compositions. Angelou met novelist John Oliver Killens in 1959 and, at his urging, moved to New York to concentrate on her writing career. She joined the Harlem Writers Guild , where she met several major African-American authors, including John Henrik Clarke , Rosa Guy , Paule Marshall , and Julian Mayfield , and was published for the first time. In 1960, after meeting civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and hearing him speak, she and Killens organized "the legendary" Cabaret for Freedom to benefit the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and she was named SCLC's Northern Coordinator. According to scholar Lyman B. Hagen, her contributions to civil rights as a fundraiser and SCLC organizer were successful and "eminently effective". Angelou also began her pro- Castro and anti- apartheid activism during this time. Africa to Caged Bird : 1961–69 Most of Angelou's time in Africa was spent in Accra, Ghana , shown here in 2008. In 1961, Angelou performed in Jean Genet 's play The Blacks , along with Abbey Lincoln , Roscoe Lee Brown , James Earl Jones , Louis Gossett , Godfrey Cambridge , and Cicely Tyson . Also in 1961, she met South African freedom fighter Vusumzi Make ; they never officially married. She and her son Guy moved with Make to Cairo , where Angelou worked as an associate editor at the weekly English-language newspaper The Arab Observer . In 1962, her relationship with Make ended, and she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident. Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965. She became an administrator at the University of Ghana , and was active in the African-American expatriate community. She was a feature editor for The African Review , a freelance writer for the Ghanaian Times , wrote and broadcast for Radio Ghana , and worked and performed for Ghana's National Theatre. She performed in a revival of The Blacks in Geneva and Berlin. In Accra, she became close friends with Malcolm X during his visit in the early 1960s. Angelou returned to the U.S. in 1965 to help him build a new civil rights organization, the Organization of Afro-American Unity ; he was assassinated shortly afterward. Devastated and adrift, she joined her brother in Hawaii, where she resumed her singing career. She moved back to Los Angeles to focus on her writing career. Working as a market researcher in Watts , Angelou witnessed the riots in the summer of 1965. She acted in and wrote plays, and returned to New York in 1967. She met her lifelong friend Rosa Guy and renewed her friendship with James Baldwin , whom she had met in Paris in the 1950s and called "my brother", during this time. Her friend Jerry Purcell provided Angelou with a stipend to support her writing. Angelou's friend James Baldwin was instrumental in the publication of her first autobiography. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march. She agreed, but "postpones again", and in what Gillespie calls "a macabre twist of fate", he was assassinated on her 40th birthday (April 4). Devastated again, she was encouraged out of her depression by her friend James Baldwin. As Gillespie states, "If 1968 was a year of great pain, loss, and sadness, it was also the year when America first witnessed the breadth and depth of Maya Angelou's spirit and creative genius". Despite having almost no experience, she wrote, produced, and narrated Blacks, Blues, Black! , a ten-part series of documentaries about the connection between blues music and black Americans' African heritage, and what Angelou called the "Africanisms still current in the U.S." for National Educational Television , the precursor of PBS . Also in 1968, inspired at a dinner party she attended with Baldwin, cartoonist Jules Feiffer , and his wife Judy, and challenged by Random House editor Robert Loomis , she wrote her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , published in 1969. This brought her international recognition and acclaim. Later career Angelou's Georgia, Georgia , produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden, the first screenplay written by a black woman, was released in 1972. She also wrote the film's soundtrack, despite having very little additional input in the filming of the movie. Angelou married Paul du Feu, a Welsh carpenter and ex-husband of writer Germaine Greer , in San Francisco in 1973. Over the next ten years, as Gillespie has stated, "She [Angelou] had accomplished more than many artists hope to achieve in a lifetime." Angelou worked as a composer, writing for singer Roberta Flack , and composing movie scores. She wrote articles, short stories, TV scripts, documentaries, autobiographies, and poetry, produced plays, and was named visiting professor at several colleges and universities. She was "a reluctant actor", and was nominated for a Tony Award in 1973 for her role in Look Away . As a theater director, in 1988 she undertook a revival of Errol John 's play Moon on a Rainbow Shawl at the Almeida Theatre in London . In 1977, Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini-series Roots . She was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world. In the late 1970s, Angelou met Oprah Winfrey when Winfrey was a TV anchor in Baltimore, Maryland; Angelou would later become Winfrey's close friend and mentor. In 1981, Angelou and du Feu divorced. She returned to the southern United States in 1981 because she felt she had to come to terms with her past there and, despite having no bachelor's degree, accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem , North Carolina, where she was one of a few full-time African-American professors. From that point on, she considered herself "a teacher who writes". Angelou taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests, including philosophy, ethics, theology, science, theater, and writing. The Winston-Salem Journal reported that even though she made many friends on campus, "she never quite lived down all of the criticism from people who thought she was more of a celebrity than an intellect...[and] an overpaid figurehead". The last course she taught at Wake Forest was in 2011, but she was planning to teach another course in late 2014. Her final speaking engagement at the university was in late 2013. Beginning in the 1990s, Angelou actively participated in the lecture circuit in a customized tour bus, something she continued into her eighties. Maya Angelou speaking at a rally for Barack Obama, 2008 In 1993, Angelou recited her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton , becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at President John F. Kennedy 's inauguration in 1961. Her recitation resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadened her appeal "across racial, economic, and educational boundaries". The recording of the poem won a Grammy Award . In June 1995, she delivered what Richard Long called her "second 'public' poem", titled " A Brave and Startling Truth ", which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations . Angelou achieved her goal of directing a feature film in 1996, Down in the Delta , which featured actors such as Alfre Woodard and Wesley Snipes . Also in 1996, she collaborated with R&B artists Ashford & Simpson on seven of the eleven tracks of their album Been Found . The album was responsible for three of Angelou's only Billboard chart appearances. In 2000, she created a successful collection of products for Hallmark , including greeting cards and decorative household items. She responded to critics who charged her with being too commercial by stating that "the enterprise was perfectly in keeping with her role as 'the people's poet'". More than thirty years after Angelou began writing her life story, she completed her sixth autobiography A Song Flung Up to Heaven , in 2002. Angelou and Hillary Clinton at an event in North Carolina in 2008 Angelou campaigned for the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential primaries , giving her public support to Senator Hillary Clinton . In the run-up to the January Democratic primary in South Carolina , the Clinton campaign ran ads featuring Angelou's endorsement. The ads were part of the campaign's efforts to rally support in the Black community; but Obama won the South Carolina primary, finishing 29 points ahead of Clinton and taking 80% of the Black vote. When Clinton's campaign ended, Angelou put her support behind Senator Barack Obama , who went on to win the election and became the first African-American president of the United States. She stated, "We are growing up beyond the idiocies of racism and sexism." In late 2010, Angelou donated her personal papers and career memorabilia to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem . They consisted of more than 340 boxes of documents that featured her handwritten notes on yellow legal pads for I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , a 1982 telegram from Coretta Scott King , fan mail, and personal and professional correspondence from colleagues such as her editor Robert Loomis. In 2011, Angelou served as a consultant for the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C. She spoke out in opposition to a paraphrase of a quotation by King that appeared on the memorial, saying, "The quote makes Dr. Martin Luther King look like an arrogant twit", and demanded that it be changed. Eventually, the paraphrase was removed. In 2013, at the age of 85, Angelou published the seventh volume of autobiography in her series, titled Mom & Me & Mom , which focuses on her relationship with her mother. Personal life I make writing as much a part of my life as I do eating or listening to music. Maya Angelou, 1999 I also wear a hat or a very tightly pulled head tie when I write. I suppose I hope by doing that I will keep my brains from seeping out of my scalp and running in great gray blobs down my neck, into my ears, and over my face. Maya Angelou, 1984 Nothing so frightens me as writing, but nothing so satisfies me. It's like a swimmer in the [English] Channel: you face the stingrays and waves and cold and grease, and finally you reach the other shore, and you put your foot on the ground—Aaaahhhh! Maya Angelou, 1989 Evidence suggests that Angelou was partially descended from the Mende people of West Africa. . In 2008, a DNA test revealed that among all of her African ancestors, 45 percent were from the Congo - Angola region and 55 percent were from West Africa . A 2008 PBS documentary found that Angelou's maternal great-grandmother Mary Lee, who had been emancipated after the Civil War , became pregnant by her white former owner, John Savin. Savin forced Lee to sign a false statement accusing another man of being the father of her child. After Savin was indicted for forcing Lee to commit perjury, and despite the discovery that Savin was the father, a jury found him not guilty. Lee was sent to the Clinton County poorhouse in Missouri with her daughter, Marguerite Baxter, who became Angelou's grandmother. Angelou described Lee as "that poor little Black girl, physically and mentally bruised". The details of Angelou's life described in her seven autobiographies and in numerous interviews, speeches, and articles tended to be inconsistent. Critic Mary Jane Lupton has explained that when Angelou spoke about her life, she did so eloquently but informally and "with no time chart in front of her". For example, she was married at least twice, but never clarified the number of times she had been married, "for fear of sounding frivolous"; according to her autobiographies and to Gillespie, she married Tosh Angelos in 1951 and Paul du Feu in 1974, and began her relationship with Vusumzi Make in 1961, but never formally married him. Angelou held many jobs, including some in the sex trade , working as a prostitute and madame for lesbians, as she described in her second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name . In a 1995 interview, Angelou said, "I wrote about my experiences because I thought too many people tell young folks, 'I never did anything wrong. Who, Moi? – never I. I have no skeletons in my closet. In fact, I have no closet.' They lie like that and then young people find themselves in situations and they think, 'Damn I must be a pretty bad guy. My mom or dad never did anything wrong.' They can’t forgive themselves and go on with their lives." Angelou had one son, Guy, whose birth she described in her first autobiography; one grandson, two great-grandchildren, and, according to Gillespie, a large group of friends and extended family. Angelou's mother Vivian Baxter died in 1991 and her brother Bailey Johnson, Jr., died in 2000 after a series of strokes; both were important figures in her life and her books. In 1981, the mother of her grandson disappeared with her grandson; finding him took four years. In 2009, the gossip website TMZ erroneously reported that Angelou had been hospitalized in Los Angeles when she was alive and well in St. Louis, which resulted in rumors of her death and, according to Angelou, concern among her friends and family worldwide. In 2013, Angelou told her friend Oprah Winfrey that she had studied courses offered by the Unity Church , which were spiritually significant to her. She did not earn a university degree, but according to Gillespie it was Angelou's preference to be called "Dr. Angelou" by people outside of her family and close friends. She owned two homes in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and a "lordly brownstone" in Harlem , which was purchased in 2004 and was full of her "growing library" of books she collected throughout her life, artwork collected over the span of many decades, and well-stocked kitchens. Guardian writer Gary Younge reported that in Angelou's Harlem home were several African wall hangings and her collection of paintings, including ones of several jazz trumpeters, a watercolor of Rosa Parks , and a Faith Ringgold work titled "Maya's Quilt Of Life". According to Gillespie, she hosted several celebrations per year at her main residence in Winston-Salem; "her skill in the kitchen is the stuff of legend—from haute cuisine to down-home comfort food". The Winston-Salem Journal stated: "Securing an invitation to one of Angelou’s Thanksgiving dinners, Christmas tree decorating parties or birthday parties was among the most coveted invitations in town." The New York Times , describing Angelou's residence history in New York City, stated that she regularly hosted elaborate New Year's Day parties. She combined her cooking and writing skills in her 2004 book Hallelujah! The Welcome Table , which featured 73 recipes, many of which she learned from her grandmother and mother, accompanied by 28 vignettes. She followed up in 2010 with her second cookbook, Great Food, All Day Long : Cook Splendidly, Eat Smart , which focused on weight loss and portion control. Beginning with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Angelou used the same "writing ritual" for many years. She would wake early in the morning and check into a hotel room, where the staff was instructed to remove any pictures from the walls. She would write on legal pads while lying on the bed, with only a bottle of sherry, a deck of cards to play solitaire , Roget's Thesaurus , and the Bible, and would leave by the early afternoon. She would average 10–12 pages of written material a day, which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening. She went through this process to "enchant" herself, and as she said in a 1989 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation , "relive the agony, the anguish, the Sturm und Drang ". She placed herself back in the time she wrote about, even traumatic experiences such as her rape in Caged Bird , in order to "tell the human truth" about her life. Angelou stated that she played cards in order to get to that place of enchantment and in order to access her memories more effectively. She said, "It may take an hour to get into it, but once I'm in it—ha! It's so delicious!" She did not find the process cathartic; rather, she found relief in "telling the truth". Death Angelou died on the morning of May 28, 2014. She was found by her nurse. Although Angelou had reportedly been in poor health and had canceled recent scheduled appearances, she was working on another book, an autobiography about her experiences with national and world leaders. During her memorial service at Wake Forest University, her son Guy Johnson stated that despite being in constant pain due to her dancing career and respiratory failure, she wrote four books during the last ten years of her life. He said, "She left this mortal plane with no loss of acuity and no loss in comprehension." Tributes to Angelou and condolences were paid by artists, entertainers, and world leaders, including President Bill Clinton, and President Barack Obama, whose sister was named after Angelou. Harold Augenbraum , from the National Book Foundation , said that Angelou's "legacy is one that all writers and readers across the world can admire and aspire to." The week after Angelou's death, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings rose to number 1 on Amazon.com 's bestseller list. On May 29, 2014, Mount Zion Baptist Church in Winston-Salem, of which Angelou was a member for 30 years, held a public memorial service to honor her. On June 7, a private memorial service was held at Wait Chapel on the campus of Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem. The memorial was shown live on local stations in the Winston-Salem/Triad area and streamed live on the university web site with speeches from her son, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama , and Bill Clinton. On June 15, a memorial was held at Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco, where Angelou was a member for many years. Rev. Cecil Williams , Mayor Ed Lee , and former mayor Willie Brown spoke. On October 5, 2014, a major tribute entitled Maya Angelou: A Celebration , scripted by Margaret Busby and directed by Paulette Randall , took place in London's Royal Festival Hall ; chaired by Jon Snow and Moira Stuart , it featured contributions from artists including Adjoa Andoh , Angel Coulby , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Nicola Hughes , Ella Odedina, NITROvox, Roderick Williams and Ayanna Witter-Johnson. In 2015 a United States Postal Service stamp was issued commemorating Maya Angelou with the Joan Walsh Anglund quote "A bird doesn’t sing because it has an answer, it sings because it has a song", though the stamp mistakenly attributes the quote to Angelou. The quote is from Anglund's book of poems A Cup of Sun (1967). On April 4, 2018, Google presented a doodle to honor her 90th birthday. Works Main article: List of Maya Angelou works Angelou wrote a total of seven autobiographies. According to scholar Mary Jane Lupton, Angelou's third autobiography Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas marked the first time a well-known African-American autobiographer had written a third volume about her life. Her books "stretch over time and place", from Arkansas to Africa and back to the U.S., and take place from the beginnings of World War II to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. She published her seventh autobiography Mom & Me & Mom in 2013, at the age of 85. Critics have tended to judge Angelou's subsequent autobiographies "in light of the first", with Caged Bird receiving the highest praise. Angelou wrote five collections of essays, which writer Hilton Als called her "wisdom books" and "homilies strung together with autobiographical texts". Angelou used the same editor throughout her writing career, Robert Loomis , an executive editor at Random House ; he retired in 2011 and has been called "one of publishing's hall of fame editors." Angelou said regarding Loomis: "We have a relationship that's kind of famous among publishers." All my work, my life, everything I do is about survival, not just bare, awful, plodding survival, but survival with grace and faith. While one may encounter many defeats, one must not be defeated. Maya Angelou Angelou's long and extensive career also included poetry, plays, screenplays for television and film, directing, acting, and public speaking. She was a prolific writer of poetry; her volume Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize , and she was chosen by President Bill Clinton to recite her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" during his inauguration in 1993. Angelou's successful acting career included roles in numerous plays, films, and television programs, including her appearance in the television mini-series Roots in 1977. Her screenplay, Georgia, Georgia (1972), was the first original script by a black woman to be produced, and she was the first African-American woman to direct a major motion picture, Down in the Delta , in 1998. Chronology of autobiographies I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969): Up to 1944 (age 17) Gather Together in My Name (1974): 1944–48 Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas (1976): 1949–55 The Heart of a Woman (1981): 1957–62 All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986): 1962–65 A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002): 1965–68 Mom & Me & Mom (2013): overview Reception and legacy Influence President Barack Obama presenting Angelou with the Presidential Medal of Freedom , 2011 When I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published in 1969, Angelou was hailed as a new kind of memoirist, one of the first African-American women who were able to publicly discuss their personal lives. According to scholar Hilton Als, up to that point, black female writers were marginalized to the point that they were unable to present themselves as central characters in the literature they wrote. Linguist John McWhorter agreed, seeing Angelou's works, which he called "tracts", as "apologetic writing". He placed Angelou in the tradition of African-American literature as a defense of black culture, which he called "a literary manifestation of the imperative that reigned in the black scholarship of the period". Writer Julian Mayfield, who called Caged Bird "a work of art that eludes description", argued that Angelou's autobiographies set a precedent for not only other black women writers, but also African-American autobiography as a whole. Als said that Caged Bird marked one of the first times that a black autobiographer could, as he put it, "write about blackness from the inside, without apology or defense". Through the writing of her autobiography, Angelou became recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for blacks and women. It made her "without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer", and "a major autobiographical voice of the time". As writer Gary Younge said, "Probably more than almost any other writer alive, Angelou's life literally is her work." Als said that Caged Bird helped increase black feminist writings in the 1970s, less through its originality than "its resonance in the prevailing Zeitgeist ", or the time in which it was written, at the end of the American Civil Rights Movement . Als also claimed that Angelou's writings, more interested in self-revelation than in politics or feminism, have freed other female writers to "open themselves up without shame to the eyes of the world". Angelou critic Joanne M. Braxton stated that Caged Bird was "perhaps the most aesthetically pleasing" autobiography written by an African-American woman in its era. Angelou's poetry has influenced the modern hip-hop music community, including artists such as Kanye West , Common , Tupac Shakur , and Nicki Minaj . Critical reception Reviewer Elsie B. Washington , most likely due to President Clinton's choice of Angelou to recite her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at his 1993 inauguration, called her "the black woman's poet laureate". Sales of the paperback version of her books and poetry rose by 300–600% the week after Angelou's recitation. Random House , which published the poem later that year, had to reprint 400,000 copies of all her books to keep up with the demand. They sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992, accounting for a 1200% increase. Angelou famously said, in response to criticism regarding using the details of her life in her work, "I agree with Balzac and 19th-century writers, black and white, who say, 'I write for money'." Younge, speaking after the publication of Angelou's third book of essays, Letter to My Daughter (2008), has said, "For the last couple of decades she has merged her various talents into a kind of performance art—issuing a message of personal and social uplift by blending poetry, song and conversation." Angelou's books, especially I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , have been criticized by many parents, causing their removal from school curricula and library shelves. According to the National Coalition Against Censorship , parents and schools have objected to Caged Bird ' s depictions of lesbianism, premarital cohabitation, pornography, and violence. Some have been critical of the book's sexually explicit scenes, use of language, and irreverent depictions of religion. Caged Bird appeared third on the American Library Association (ALA) list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 and sixth on the ALA's 2000–2009 list. Awards and honors Main article: List of honors received by Maya Angelou Angelou was honored by universities, literary organizations, government agencies, and special interest groups. Her honors included a Pulitzer Prize nomination for her book of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie, a Tony Award nomination for her role in the 1973 play Look Away , and three Grammys for her spoken word albums. She served on two presidential committees, and was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1994, the National Medal of Arts in 2000, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. Angelou was awarded over fifty honorary degrees. Uses in education Angelou's autobiographies have been used in narrative and multicultural approaches in teacher education . Jocelyn A. Glazier, a professor at George Washington University , has trained teachers how to "talk about race" in their classrooms with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Gather Together in My Name . According to Glazier, Angelou's use of understatement, self-mockery, humor, and irony have left readers of Angelou's autobiographies unsure of what she left out and how they should respond to the events she described. Angelou's depictions of her experiences of racism have forced white readers to either explore their feelings about race and their own "privileged status", or to avoid the discussion as a means of keeping their privilege. Glazier found that critics have focused on the way Angelou fits within the genre of African-American autobiography and on her literary techniques , but readers have tended to react to her storytelling with "surprise, particularly when [they] enter the text with certain expectations about the genre of autobiography". Educator Daniel Challener, in his 1997 book Stories of Resilience in Childhood , analyzed the events in Caged Bird to illustrate resiliency in children. He argued that Angelou's book has provided a "useful framework" for exploring the obstacles many children like Maya have faced and how their communities have helped them succeed. Psychologist Chris Boyatzis has reported using Caged Bird to supplement scientific theory and research in the instruction of child development topics such as the development of self-concept and self-esteem, ego resilience, industry versus inferiority, effects of abuse, parenting styles, sibling and friendship relations, gender issues, cognitive development, puberty, and identity formation in adolescence. He found Caged Bird a "highly effective" tool for providing real-life examples of these psychological concepts. Poetry Main article: Poetry of Maya Angelou Angelou is best known for her seven autobiographies, but she was also a prolific and successful poet. She was called "the black woman's poet laureate", and her poems have been called the anthems of African Americans. Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, and used poetry and other great literature to cope with her rape as a young girl, as described in Caged Bird . According to scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout, literature also affected Angelou's sensibilities as the poet and writer she became, especially the "liberating discourse that would evolve in her own poetic canon". Many critics consider Angelou's autobiographies more important than her poetry. Although all her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has not been perceived to be as serious as her prose and has been understudied. Her poems were more interesting when she recited and performed them, and many critics emphasized the public aspect of her poetry. Angelou's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to both the public nature of many of her poems and to Angelou's popular success, and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a verbal, performed one. Zofia Burr has countered Angelou's critics by condemning them for not taking into account Angelou's larger purposes in her writing: "to be representative rather than individual, authoritative rather than confessional". Style and genre in autobiographies Main article: Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies Angelou's use of fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, characterization, and development of theme, setting, plot, and language has often resulted in the placement of her books into the genre of autobiographical fiction . Angelou made a deliberate attempt in her books to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. Scholar Mary Jane Lupton argues that all of Angelou's autobiographies conform to the genre's standard structure: they are written by a single author, they are chronological, and they contain elements of character, technique, and theme. Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books; Lupton agrees, stating that Angelou tended to "diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth", which parallels the conventions of much of African-American autobiography written during the abolitionist period of U.S. history, when as both Lupton and African-American scholar Crispin Sartwell put it, the truth was censored out of the need for self-protection. Scholar Lyman B. Hagen places Angelou in the long tradition of African-American autobiography, but claims that Angelou created a unique interpretation of the autobiographical form. Angelou at York College in February 2013 According to African-American literature scholar Pierre A. Walker, the challenge for much of the history of African-American literature was that its authors have had to confirm its status as literature before they could accomplish their political goals, which was why Angelou's editor Robert Loomis was able to dare her into writing Caged Bird by challenging her to write an autobiography that could be considered "high art". Angelou acknowledged that she followed the slave narrative tradition of "speaking in the first-person singular talking about the first-person plural, always saying I meaning 'we'". Scholar John McWhorter calls Angelou's books "tracts" that defend African-American culture and fight negative stereotypes. According to McWhorter, Angelou structured her books, which to him seem to be written more for children than for adults, to support her defense of black culture. McWhorter sees Angelou as she depicts herself in her autobiographies "as a kind of stand-in figure for the black American in Troubled Times". McWhorter views Angelou's works as dated, but recognizes that "she has helped to pave the way for contemporary black writers who are able to enjoy the luxury of being merely individuals, no longer representatives of the race, only themselves". Scholar Lynn Z. Bloom compares Angelou's works to the writings of Frederick Douglass , stating that both fulfilled the same purpose: to describe black culture and to interpret it for their wider, white audiences. According to scholar Sondra O'Neale, Angelou's poetry can be placed within the African-American oral tradition, and her prose "follows classic technique in nonpoetic Western forms". O'Neale states that Angelou avoided using a "monolithic black language", and accomplished, through direct dialogue, what O'Neale calls a "more expected ghetto expressiveness". McWhorter finds both the language Angelou used in her autobiographies and the people she depicted unrealistic, resulting in a separation between her and her audience. As McWhorter states, "I have never read autobiographical writing where I had such a hard time summoning a sense of how the subject talks, or a sense of who the subject really is". McWhorter asserts, for example, that key figures in Angelou's books, like herself, her son Guy, and mother Vivian do not speak as one would expect, and that their speech is "cleaned up" for her readers. Guy, for example, represents the young black male, while Vivian represents the idealized mother figure, and the stiff language they use, as well as the language in Angelou's text, is intended to prove that blacks can use standard English competently. McWhorter recognizes that much of the reason for Angelou's style was the "apologetic" nature of her writing. When Angelou wrote Caged Bird at the end of the 1960s, one of the necessary and accepted features of literature at the time was "organic unity", and one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied that criterion. The events in her books were episodic and crafted like a series of short stories, but their arrangements did not follow a strict chronology. Instead, they were placed to emphasize the themes of her books , which include racism, identity, family, and travel. English literature scholar Valerie Sayers has asserted that "Angelou's poetry and prose are similar". They both rely on her "direct voice", which alternates steady rhythms with syncopated patterns and uses similes and metaphors (e.g., the caged bird). According to Hagen, Angelou's works were influenced by both conventional literary and the oral traditions of the African-American community. For example, she referenced over 100 literary characters throughout her books and poetry. In addition, she used the elements of blues music , including the act of testimony when speaking of one's life and struggles, ironic understatement, and the use of natural metaphors, rhythms, and intonations. Angelou, instead of depending upon plot, used personal and historical events to shape her books. References Explanatory notes Citations Works cited Angelou, Maya (1969). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50789-2 Angelou, Maya (1993). Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-22363-6 Angelou, Maya (2008). Letter to My Daughter . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-8003-5 Braxton, Joanne M., ed. (1999). Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook . New York: Oxford Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511606-9 Braxton, Joanne M. "Symbolic Geography and Psychic Landscapes: A Conversation with Maya Angelou", pp. 3–20 Tate, Claudia. "Maya Angelou: An Interview", pp. 149–158 Burr, Zofia (2002). Of Women, Poetry, and Power: Strategies of Address in Dickinson, Miles, Brooks, Lorde, and Angelou . Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02769-7 DeGout, Yasmin Y. (2009). "The Poetry of Maya Angelou: Liberation Ideology and Technique". In Bloom's Modern Critical Views—Maya Angelou , Harold Bloom, ed. New York: Infobase Publishing , pp. 121–132. ISBN 978-1-60413-177-2 Gillespie, Marcia Ann, Rosa Johnson Butler, and Richard A. Long. (2008). Maya Angelou: A Glorious Celebration . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-51108-7 Hagen, Lyman B. (1997). Heart of a Woman, Mind of a Writer, and Soul of a Poet: A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou . Lanham, Maryland: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7618-0621-9 Lauret, Maria (1994). Liberating Literature: Feminist Fiction in America . New York: Routledge Press. ISBN 978-0-415-06515-3 Long, Richard (2005). "Maya Angelou". Smithsonian 36 , (8): pp. 84–85 Lupton, Mary Jane (1998). Maya Angelou: A Critical Companion . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30325-8 McWhorter, John (2002). "Saint Maya." The New Republic 226 , (19): pp. 35–41. O'Neale, Sondra (1984). "Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelou's Continuing Autobiography", in Black Women Writers (1950–1980): A Critical Evaluation , Mari Evans , ed. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-17124-3 Toppman, Lawrence (1989). "Maya Angelou: The Serene Spirit of a Survivor", in Conversations with Maya Angelou , Jeffrey M. Elliot, ed. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87805-362-9 Walker, Pierre A. (October 1995). "Racial Protest, Identity, Words, and Form in Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings". College Literature 22 , (3): pp. 91–108. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Maya Angelou Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maya Angelou . Official website Maya Angelou discography at Discogs Maya Angelou at Find a Grave Maya Angelou on IMDb Maya Angelou at the Internet Broadway Database Maya Angelou at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Maya Angelou memorial service at Wake Forest University Maya Angelou (some acting credits) at Aveleyman.com Spring, Kelly. "Maya Angelou" . National Women's History Museum. 2017. Maya Angelou’s Posthumous Album, ‘Caged Bird Songs,’ Debuts

train

who did the voices of the looney tunes characters

Melvin Jerome `` Mel '' Blanc (May 30, 1908 -- July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor, actor, radio comedian, and recording artist. He began his 60 - plus - year career performing in radio, but is best remembered for his work in animation as the voices of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner, the Tasmanian Devil, and many of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons during the golden age of American animation. He was, in fact, the voice for all of the major male Warner Bros. cartoon characters except for Elmer Fudd, whose voice was provided (uncredited) by fellow radio actor Arthur Q. Bryan, although Blanc later voiced Fudd as well after Bryan 's death.

['17 march 1861']

ta ló ṣe ohùn àwọn òǹkọ̀wé looney tunes

Yes

['Melvin Jerome "Mel" Blanc (May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) je osere ara Amerika.']

['Melvin Jerome "Mel" Blanc je osere ara Amerika.']

['P1']

Mel Blanc Melvin Jerome "Mel" Blanc je osere ara Amerika. Melvin Jerome (Os?u? karu?n 30, 1908 - O?u Keje 10, 1989) [4] j? o?ere ohun Am?rika kan ati ihuwasi redio ti i?? r? ti k?ja ?dun 60. Lakoko ?jó? Ò?làjú Rédíò, o pese aw?n ohun kik? ati aw?n ipa didun ohun fun aw?n eto redio awada, p?lu aw?n ti Jack Benny, Abbott ati Costello, Burns ati Allen, The Great Gildersleeve, Judy Canova, ati sitcom tir? fun igba di?. Sib?sib?, o di mim? ni agbaye fun i?? r? ni ?jó? Ò?làjú Àw?n Eré Àwòrán Oníhòòhò ti Orílè?-èdè Amé?ríkà bi aw?n ohun ti Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety, Sylvester, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Tasmanian Devil, ati ?p?l?p? aw?n ohun kik? miiran lati Looney Tunes ati Merrie Aw?n ere aladun ti itage.[5] Blanc tun s? ohun kik? Looney Tunes Porky Pig ati Elmer Fudd l?hin ti o r?po aw?n o?ere atil?ba w?n Joe Dougherty ati Arthur Q. Bryan, l?s?s? (botil?j?pe o ?e ohun Elmer l??k??kan lakoko igbesi aye Bryan p?lu).[5] L?hinna o s? aw?n ohun kik? sil? fun aw?n aworan efe t?lifisi?nu Hanna-Barbera, p?lu Barney Rubble ati Dino lori Aw?n Flintstones, ?gb?ni Spacely lori Aw?n Jetsons, A?iri Squirrel lori Atomu Ant/A?iri Squirrel Show, ohun kik? ak?le ti Speed ??Buggy, ati Captain Caveman lori Captain Caveman ati aw?n ang?li ?d?m?kunrin ati Aw?n ?m? w?w? Flintstone.[5] Ti a t?ka si bi "Eniyan ti ?gb?run Aw?n ohun", [6] o j? ?kan ninu aw?n eniyan ti o ni ipa jul? ninu ile-i?? i?e ohun, ati bi ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ohun ti o tobi jul? ni gbogbo igba.[7] Igbesi aye ib?r? A bi Blanc ni O?u Karun ?j? 30, ?dun 1908, ni San Francisco, California, si Eva (née Katz), a?ikiri Juu ti Lithuania kan, [8] ati Frederick Blank (ti a bi ni New York si aw?n obi Juu Juu ti Jamani)[It?kasi nilo], aburo ti aw?n ?m? meji. O dagba ni agbegbe San Francisco's Western Addition, [9] ati nigbamii ni Portland, Oregon, nibiti o ti l? si ile-iwe giga Lincoln.[10] Ó tètè níf???? sí ohùn àti èdè ìbíl??, èyí tó b??r?? sí í dánra wò nígbà tó wà l??m? ?dún m??wàá. Ó s? pé nígbà tóun wà ní ?m? ?dún m??rìndínlógún [16] ni òun yí orúk? òun pa dà, látorí òfo sí Blanc, torí pé olùk?? kan s? fún òun pé òun máa ?e b????. nkankan ki o si dabi oruk? r?, a "òfo". O darap? m? A?? ti DeMolay bi ?d?m?kunrin, ati pe a ti ?e ifil?l? sinu Hall of Fame r? nik?hin.[11] L??yìn tí ó jáde ní ilé ??k?? girama ní ?dún 1927, ó pín àkókò r?? láàrín dídarí ?gb?? ak?rin kan, ó di olùdarí àbík??yìn ní oríl??-èdè náà ní ?m? ?dún 19; ati ?i?e shtick ni aw?n ifihan vaudeville ni ayika Washington, Oregon ati ariwa California. I??-?i?e Redio i?? satunk? Blanc b?r? i?? redio r? ni ?m? ?dun 19 ni ?dun 1927, nigbati o ?e ak?rin ak?k? r? lori eto KGW The Hoot Owls, nibiti agbara r? lati pese aw?n ohun fun aw?n ohun kik? l?p?l?p? ti k?k? fa akiyesi. O gbe l? si Los Angeles ni ?dun 1932, nibiti o ti pade Estelle Rosenbaum (1909 – 2003), ?niti o ?e igbeyawo ni ?dun kan l?hinna, ?aaju ki o to pada si Portland. O gbe l? si KEX ni ?dun 1933 lati ?e ati gbalejo i?afihan Cobweb ati Nuts p?lu iyawo r? Estelle, eyiti o b?r? ni O?u Karun ?j? 15. Eto naa ?ere ni ?j? M?nde si ?j? Satidee lati 11:00 pm si ?ganj?, ati ni akoko ti i?afihan naa pari meji. ?dun nigbamii, o han lati 10:30 pm to 11:00 pm. Igbesi aye ara ?ni Blanc ati iyawo r? Estelle Rosenbaum ?e igbeyawo ni O?u Kini ?j? 4, ?dun 1933, [4] w?n si wa ni iyawo titi o fi ku ni ?dun 1989.[4] ?m?kunrin w?n, Noel Blanc, tun j? o?ere ohun.[4] Blanc j? Freemason g?g?bi ?m? ?gb? ti Mid Day Lodge No.. 188 ni Portland, Oregon.[34][35] O ?e ?m? ?gb? ni ile ayagbe fun ?dun 58. Blanc tun j? Shriner.[36][37][38] Iku Blanc ká gravestone Blanc b?r? siga ni o kere ju idii siga kan fun ?j? kan ni ?m? ?dun m?san o si t?siwaju titi di ?dun 1985, ti jáw?? siga mimu l?hin ay?wo p?lu emphysema.[39] L?hinna a ?e ay?wo r? p?lu arun ai?an ti ?d?foro, ti a tun m? si COPD, l?hin ti idile r? ?ay?wo r? sinu Ile-i?? I?oogun Cedars-Sinai ni Los Angeles ni O?u Karun ?j? 19, ?dun 1989[4] nigbati w?n ?e akiyesi pe o ti n wú gan-an lakoko ti o n ibon i?owo kan. O ti nireti ni ak?k? lati gba pada, [40] ?ugb?n aw?n dokita ?e awari nigbamii pe o ti ni il?siwaju arun i??n-al? ?kan l?hin ilera r? ti buru si. O tun ti ?ubu lati ibusun r? ti o si ?? egungun r? nigba idaduro. Blanc ku ni ?ni ?dun 81 lati aw?n iloluran ti o ni ibatan si aw?n aisan mejeeji ni O?u Keje 10, ?dun 1989 ni 2:30 PM, o f?r? to o?u meji l?hin gbigba w?n si ile-iwosan.[4] O ti wa ni interred ni Hollywood Forever it?? òkú apakan 13, Pinewood apakan, Idite #149 ni Hollywood.[41][42] If? r? s? pe okuta ibojì r? ka "EYI NI GBOGBO FOLKS" - gbolohun p?lu eyiti iwa Blanc, Porky Pig, pari aw?n aworan efe Warner Bros. lati 1937 si 1946. IPA Blanc ni a gba bi o?ere ohun ti o ga jul? ninu itan-ak??l? ere idaraya.[43] Oun ni o?ere ohun ak?k? lati gba kir?diti loju iboju.[44] Iku Blanc ni a ka si ipadanu nla si ile-i?? ere ere nitori ?gb?n r?, iw?n as?ye, ati n?mba pup? ti aw?n ohun kik? ti o t?siwaju ti o ?e afihan, ti aw?n ipa r? ti ?e at?le nipas? ?p?l?p? aw?n talenti ohun miiran. G?g?bi alariwisi fiimu Leonard Maltin ?e akiyesi, “O j? iyal?nu lati m? pe Tweety Bird ati Yosemite Sam j? ?kunrin kanna!”[45] Blanc s? pe Sylvester the Cat ni ohun kik? ti o r?run jul? fun u lati s?, nitori “[o j?] o kan ohùn sis? deede mi p?lu sokiri ni ipari”; ati pé Sami ará Samu?li ni ó le jùl?, nítorí ariwo r?? ati ìríra r??. Dókítà kan tó ?ày??wò ??fun Blanc rí i pé ó ní àw?n okùn ohùn alágbára tí ó níp?n tí kò fi b???? yàt?? síra, tí ó sì j?? kí ó yàt??, tí ó sì fi w??n wé ti ak?rin opera Enrico Caruso.[12] L?hin iku r?, ohun Blanc t?siwaju lati gb? ni aw?n i?el?p? tuntun ti a tu sil?, g?g?bi aw?n gbigbasil? ti Dino the Dinosaur ninu aw?n fiimu i?e-aye Aw?n Flintstones (1994) ati Aw?n Flintstones ni Viva Rock Vegas (2000). Bakanna, aw?n igbasil? ti Blanc bi Jack Benny's Maxwell ni a ?e afihan ni Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003). Laip? di?, aw?n igbasil? pamosi ti Blanc ti j? ifihan ninu aw?n aworan ere k?nputa tuntun ti ipil???-i?ere "Looney Tunes" aw?n kukuru ere itage; I Tawt I Taw Puddy Tat (ti o han p?lu ?s? Ay? Meji) ati Daffy's Rhapsody (ti o han p?lu Irin-ajo 2: Erekusu ohun ijinl?).[46][47] Fun aw?n ilowosi r? si ile-i?? redio, Blanc ni iraw? kan lori Hollywood Walk of Fame ni 6385 Hollywood Boulevard. Iwa r? Bugs Bunny ni a tun fun ni irawo kan lori Hollywood Walk of Fame ni O?u kejila ?j? 10, ?dun 1985.[48] Blanc k? ?m? r? Noel ni aaye ti ohun kik?. Noel ?e aw?n ohun kik? baba r? (paapaa Porky Pig) lori di? ninu aw?n eto, ?ugb?n ko di o?ere ohun ni kikun akoko. Warner Bros. ?alaye aif? lati ni o?ere ohun kan ?a?ey?ri Blanc, [49] ati pe o lo ?p?l?p? aw?n o?ere ohun tuntun lati kun aw?n ipa lati aw?n ?dun 1990, p?lu Noel Blanc, Jeff Bergman, Joe Alaskey, Greg Burson, Billy West ati Eric Bauza.

Mel Blanc Publicity photo (1959) Born Melvin Jerome Blank ( 1908-05-30 ) May 30, 1908 San Francisco , California , U.S. Died July 10, 1989 ( 1989-07-10 ) (aged 81) Los Angeles , California, U.S. Cause of death Heart disease Emphysema Resting place Hollywood Forever Cemetery Nationality American Other names "The Man of 1000 Voices" Alma mater Lincoln High School Occupation Voice actor actor radio comedian recording artist Years active 1927–1989 Known for Looney Tunes (1937–1989) The Jack Benny Program (1939–1965) Spouse(s) Estelle Rosenbaum ( m. 1933; his death 1989) Children Noel Blanc Melvin Jerome " Mel " Blanc (May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor , actor , radio comedian , and recording artist . He began his 60-plus-year career performing in radio, but is best remembered for his work in animation as the voices of Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Tweety Bird , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam , Foghorn Leghorn , Marvin the Martian , Pepé Le Pew , Speedy Gonzales , Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner , the Tasmanian Devil , and many of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons during the golden age of American animation . He was, in fact, the voice for all of the major male Warner Bros. cartoon characters except for Elmer Fudd , whose voice was provided (uncredited) by fellow radio actor Arthur Q. Bryan , although Blanc later voiced Fudd as well after Bryan's death. He later worked for Hanna-Barbera 's television cartoons, most notably as the voices of Barney Rubble on The Flintstones and Mr. Spacely on The Jetsons . Blanc was also the original voice of Woody Woodpecker for Universal Pictures , and provided vocal effects for the Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by Chuck Jones for MGM . Furthermore, during the golden age of radio , Blanc was a frequent performer on the radio programs of famous comedians from the era, including Jack Benny , Abbott and Costello , Burns and Allen , and Judy Canova . Having earned the nickname "The Man of a Thousand Voices", Blanc is regarded as one of the most influential people in the voice-acting industry. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Radio work 2.2 Animation voice work during the golden age of Hollywood 2.3 Voice work for Hanna-Barbera and others 2.4 Car accident and aftermath 3 Later career 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 Filmography 6.1 Radio 6.2 Film 6.3 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life [ edit ] Blanc was born in San Francisco , California to Russian-Jewish parents Frederick and Eva Blank, the younger of two children. He grew up in the neighborhood of Western Addition in San Francisco, and later in Portland, Oregon where he attended Lincoln High School . Growing up, he had a fondness for voices and dialect which he began voicing at the age of 10. He claimed that he changed the spelling of his name when he was 16, from "Blank" to "Blanc", because a teacher told him that he would amount to nothing and be like his name, a "blank". Blanc joined the Order of DeMolay as a young man, and was eventually inducted into its Hall of Fame. After graduating from high school in 1927, he split his time between leading an orchestra, becoming the youngest conductor in the country at the age of 19, and performing shtick in vaudeville shows around Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Career [ edit ] Radio work [ edit ] Blanc began his radio career at the age of 19 in 1927, when he made his acting debut on the KGW program The Hoot Owls , where his ability to provide voices for multiple characters first attracted attention. He moved to Los Angeles in 1932, where he met Estelle Rosenbaum (1909–2003), whom he married a year later, before returning to Portland. He moved to KEX in 1933 to produce and co-host his Cobweb and Nuts show with his wife Estelle, which debuted on June 15. The program played Monday through Saturday from 11:00 pm to midnight, and by the time the show ended two years later, it appeared from 10:30 pm to 11:00 pm. With his wife's encouragement, Blanc returned to Los Angeles and joined Warner Bros.–owned KFWB in Hollywood in 1935. He joined The Johnny Murray Show , but the following year switched to CBS Radio and The Joe Penner Show . The cast of The Jack Benny Program , from left to right: Eddie Anderson , Dennis Day , Phil Harris , Mary Livingstone , Jack Benny , Don Wilson , and Mel Blanc Blanc was a regular on the NBC Red Network show The Jack Benny Program in various roles, including voicing Benny's Maxwell automobile (in desperate need of a tune-up), violin teacher Professor LeBlanc, Polly the Parrot, Benny's pet polar bear Carmichael, the tormented department store clerk, and the train announcer. The first role came from a mishap when the recording of the automobile's sounds failed to play on cue, prompting Blanc to take the microphone and improvise the sounds himself. The audience reacted so positively that Benny decided to dispense with the recording altogether and have Blanc continue in that role. One of Blanc's most memorable characters from Benny's radio (and later TV) programs was "Sy, the Little Mexican", who spoke one word at a time. The famous "Sí ... Sy ... Sue ... sew" routine was so effective that no matter how many times it was performed, the laughter was always there, thanks to the comedic timing of Blanc and Benny. Blanc continued to work with him on radio until the series ended in 1955 and followed the program into television from Benny's 1950 debut episode through guest spots on NBC specials in the 1970s. They last appeared together on a Johnny Carson Tonight Show in January 1974. A few months later, Blanc spoke highly of Benny on a Tom Snyder Tomorrow show special aired the night of the comedian's death. By 1946, Blanc appeared on over 15 radio programs in supporting roles. His success on The Jack Benny Program led to his own radio show on the CBS Radio Network , The Mel Blanc Show , which ran from September 3, 1946, to June 24, 1947. Blanc played himself as the hapless owner of a fix-it shop, as well as his young cousin Zookie. Blanc also appeared on such other national radio programs as The Abbott and Costello Show , the Happy Postman on Burns and Allen , and as August Moon on Point Sublime . During World War II, he appeared as Private Sad Sack on various radio shows, most notably G.I. Journal . Blanc recorded a song titled "Big Bear Lake". Animation voice work during the golden age of Hollywood [ edit ] Play media Private Snafu : Spies , voiced by Blanc in 1943 In December 1936, Mel Blanc joined Leon Schlesinger Productions , which was producing theatrical cartoon shorts for Warner Bros. After sound man Treg Brown was put in charge of cartoon voices, and Carl Stalling became music director, Brown introduced Blanc to animation directors Tex Avery , Bob Clampett , Friz Freleng , and Frank Tashlin , who loved his voices. The first cartoon Blanc worked on was Picador Porky (1937) as the voice of a drunken bull. He soon after received his first starring role when he replaced Joe Dougherty as Porky Pig's voice in Porky's Duck Hunt , which marked the debut of Daffy Duck, also voiced by Blanc. Following this, Blanc became a very prominent vocal artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the "Looney Tunes" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in A Wild Hare (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase "Eh, what's up, doc?"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon . One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney 's Pinocchio , Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar to Dopey from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ), so all of Blanc's recorded dialogue was deleted except for a solitary hiccup, which was heard three times in the finished film. Blanc also originated the voice (and laugh) of Woody Woodpecker for the theatrical cartoons produced by Walter Lantz for Universal Pictures , but stopped voicing the character after he was signed to an exclusive contract with Warner Bros. During World War II, Blanc served as the voice of the hapless Private Snafu in various war-themed animated shorts. Throughout his career, Blanc, aware of his talents, protected the rights to his voice characterizations contractually and legally. He, and later his estate, never hesitated taking civil action when those rights were violated. Voice actors at the time rarely received screen credits, but Blanc was a notable exception; by 1944, his contract with Warner Bros. stipulated a credit reading "Voice characterization(s) by Mel Blanc." According to his autobiography, Blanc asked for and received this screen credit from studio boss Leon Schlesinger after he was denied a salary raise. Initially, Blanc's screen credit was limited only to cartoons where he voiced Bugs Bunny, with any other shorts he worked on being uncredited. In the middle of 1945, the contract was amended to include a screen credit for cartoons featuring Porky Pig and/or Daffy Duck as well, save for any shorts made before that amendment occurred ( Book Revue and Baby Bottleneck are examples, despite being released after the fact). But by the end of 1946, Blanc began receiving a screen credit in any subsequent Warner Bros. cartoon he provided voices from that point on. Voice work for Hanna-Barbera and others [ edit ] In 1960, after the expiration of his exclusive contract with Warner Bros., Blanc continued working for WB, but also began providing voices for the TV cartoons produced by Hanna-Barbera ; his most famous roles during this time were Barney Rubble of The Flintstones and Cosmo Spacely of The Jetsons . His other notable voice roles for Hanna-Barbara included Dino the Dinosaur , Secret Squirrel , Speed Buggy , and Captain Caveman , as well as voices for Wally Gator and The Perils of Penelope Pitstop . Blanc also worked with former "Looney Tunes" director Chuck Jones, who by this time was directing shorts with his own company Sib Tower 12 (later MGM Animation/Visual Arts ); doing vocal effects for the Tom and Jerry series from 1963 to 1967. Blanc was the first voice of Toucan Sam in Froot Loops commercials. Blanc reprised some of his Warner Bros. characters when the studio contracted him to make new theatrical cartoons in the mid-to-late 1960s. For these, Blanc voiced Daffy Duck and Speedy Gonzales, the characters who received the most frequent use in these shorts (later, newly introduced characters such as Cool Cat and Merlin the Magic Mouse were voiced by Larry Storch ). Blanc also continued to voice the "Looney Tunes" for the bridging sequences of The Bugs Bunny Show , as well as in numerous animated advertisements and several compilation features, such as The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979). Car accident and aftermath [ edit ] On January 24, 1961, Blanc was involved in a near-fatal car accident. He was driving alone when his sports car collided head-on with a car driven by 18-year-old college student Arthur Rolston on Sunset Boulevard . Rolston suffered minor injuries, but Blanc was rushed to the UCLA Medical Center with a triple skull fracture that left him in a coma for two weeks, along with sustaining fractures to both legs and the pelvis. About two weeks after the accident, one of Blanc's neurologists tried a different approach. Blanc was asked, "How are you feeling today, Bugs Bunny?" After a slight pause, Blanc answered, in a weak voice, "Eh... just fine, Doc. How are you?" The doctor then asked Tweety if he was there, too. "I tot I taw a puddy tat," was the reply. Blanc returned home on March 17. Four days later, Blanc filed a US$500,000 lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. His accident, one of 26 in the preceding two years at the intersection known as Dead Man's Curve , resulted in the city funding the restructuring of curves at the location. Years later, Blanc revealed that during his recovery, his son Noel "ghosted" several Warner Bros. cartoons' voice tracks for him. Warner Bros. had also asked Stan Freberg to provide the voice for Bugs Bunny, but Freberg declined, out of respect for Blanc. At the time of the accident, Blanc was also serving as the voice of Barney Rubble in The Flintstones . His absence from the show was relatively brief; Daws Butler provided the voice of Barney for a few episodes, after which the show's producers set up recording equipment in Blanc's hospital room and later at his home to allow him to work from there. Some of the recordings were made while he was in full-body cast as he lay flat on his back with the other Flintstones co-stars gathered around him. He also returned to The Jack Benny Program to film the program's 1961 Christmas show, moving around by crutches and a wheelchair. Blanc in 1976 Later career [ edit ] In the 1970s, Blanc gave a series of college lectures across the US and appeared in commercials for American Express . He also collaborated on a special with the Boston-based Shriners Burns Institute called Ounce of Prevention, which became a 30-minute TV special. Throughout the 1980s, Blanc performed his Looney Tunes characters for bridging sequences in various compilation films of Golden-Age-era Warner Bros. cartoons, such as The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie , Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales , Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island , and Daffy Duck's Quackbusters . His final performance of his "Looney Tunes" roles was in Bugs Bunny's Wild World of Sports (1989). After spending most of two seasons voicing the diminutive robot Twiki in Buck Rogers in the 25th Century , Blanc's last original character was Heathcliff , in the early 1980s. In the 1983 live-action film Strange Brew , Blanc voiced the father of Bob and Doug MacKenzie , at the request of comedian Rick Moranis . In the 1988 live-action/animated movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit , Blanc reprised several of his classic "Looney Tunes" roles (Bugs, Daffy, Porky, Tweety, and Sylvester), but left Yosemite Sam to Joe Alaskey (who later became one of Blanc's regular replacements until his death in 2016). As Disney produced the film, the company had to obtain permission from Warner Bros. and other studios in order to feature the non-Disney characters in the movie. The film was also notably the only other Disney film Blanc was involved in after Pinocchio more than 45 years prior. Blanc died just a year after the film's release. His final recording session was for Jetsons: The Movie (1990). Death [ edit ] Blanc's gravesite marker Blanc began smoking cigarettes when he was nine years old. He continued his pack-a-day habit until he was diagnosed with emphysema , which pushed him to quit at age 77. On May 19, 1989, Blanc was checked into Cedars-Sinai Medical Center by his family when they noticed he had a bad cough while shooting a commercial; he was originally expected to recover. Blanc's health then took a turn for the worse and doctors found that he had advanced coronary artery disease . He died on July 10 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, at the age of 81. He is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood. Blanc's will stated his desire to have the inscription on his gravestone read, "THAT'S ALL FOLKS" (the phrase was a trademark of Blanc's character Porky Pig). Legacy [ edit ] Blanc is regarded as the most prolific voice actor in the history of the industry. He was the first voice actor to receive on-screen credit. Blanc's death was considered a significant loss to the cartoon industry because of his skill, expressive range, and sheer volume of continuing characters he portrayed, which are currently taken up by several other voice talents. Indeed, as movie critic Leonard Maltin once pointed out, "It is astounding to realize that Tweety Bird and Yosemite Sam are the same man!" According to Blanc, Sylvester the Cat was the easiest character to voice because "It's just my normal speaking voice with a spray at the end." Yosemite Sam was the hardest because of his loudness and raspiness. A doctor who once examined Blanc's throat found that he possessed unusually thick, powerful vocal cords that gave him an exceptional range. The doctor reported that they rivaled those of famed opera singer Enrico Caruso . After his death, Blanc's voice continued to be heard in newly released productions, such as recordings of Dino the Dinosaur in the live-action films The Flintstones (1994) and The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000). Similarly, recordings of Blanc as Jack Benny's Maxwell were featured in Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003). More recently, archive recordings of Blanc have been featured in new CGI -animated "Looney Tunes" theatrical shorts; I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (shown with Happy Feet Two ) and Daffy's Rhapsody (shown with Journey 2: The Mysterious Island ). Blanc trained his son Noel in the field of voice characterization. Although the younger Blanc has performed his father's characters (particularly Porky Pig) on some programs, he has chosen not to become a full-time voice artist. For his contributions to the radio industry, Mel Blanc has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6385 Hollywood Boulevard . His character Bugs Bunny also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (the only others to have received this honor are Walt Disney as both himself and Mickey Mouse , Jim Henson as both himself and Kermit the Frog , and Mike Myers as both himself and Shrek ). Filmography [ edit ] Radio [ edit ] Original Air Date Program Role 1933 The Happy-Go-Lucky Hour Additional voices 1937 The Joe Penner Show Additional voices 1938 The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air Mayor of Hamelin, Neptune's Son, Priscilly, Royal Herald, additional voices 1939–1943 Fibber McGee and Molly Hiccuping Man 1939–1955 The Jack Benny Program Sy, Polly the Parrot, Mr. Finque, Nottingham, Train Announcer, Jack Benny's Maxwell, additional voices 1941–1943 The Great Gildersleeve Floyd Munson 1942–1947 The Abbott and Costello Show Mel Blanc, Botsford Twink, Scotty Brown 1942–1948 The Cisco Kid Pan Pancho, additional voices 1943–1947 The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show The Happy Postman 1943–1955 The Judy Canova Show Paw, Pedro, Roscoe E. Wortle 1946–1947 The Mel Blanc Show Mel Blanc, Dr. Christopher Crab, Children, Zookie Film [ edit ] Year Film Role Notes 1937–1969 Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical shorts Numerous voices Includes the Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Daffy Duck and Sylvester series 1940 Pinocchio Gideon (hiccup), Marionette Soldiers Voice 1940–1941 Woody Woodpecker theatrical shorts Woody Woodpecker Voice 1943–1945 Private Snafu WWII shorts Private Snafu , Bugs Bunny , additional characters Voice 1944 Jasper Goes Hunting Bugs Bunny Puppetoon ; cameo Voice 1948 Two Guys From Texas Bugs Bunny Live-action; animated cameo 1949 My Dream Is Yours Bugs Bunny, Tweety Live-action; animated cameos 1949 Neptune's Daughter Pancho Live-action 1950 Champagne for Caesar Caesar (parrot) Voice 1951 Alice in Wonderland Dinah Voice (uncredited) 1959–1965 Loopy De Loop theatrical shorts Crow/Braxton Bear/Skunk/Duck Hunter Voice: He did the following shorts; Common Scents/Bear Hug/Trouble Bruin/Bear Knuckles/Crow's Fete. 1961 Breakfast at Tiffany's Over-eager date Live-action; cameo 1962 Gay Purr-ee Bulldog Voice 1963–1967 Tom and Jerry theatrical shorts Tom and Jerry 's vocal effects Directed by Chuck Jones Voice 1964 Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! Grifter Chizzling , Southern Accented Bear in train, Mugger (grumbling sounds) Voice 1964 Kiss Me, Stupid Dr. Sheldrake Live-action 1966 The Man Called Flintstone Barney Rubble , Dino voice 1970 The Phantom Tollbooth Officer Short Shrift, The Dodecahedron, The Demon of Insincerity Voice 1974 Journey Back to Oz Crow Voice 1979 The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Wile E. Coyote , Pepé Le Pew , Marvin the Martian , additional voices Compilation film Voice 1979-1988 Looney Tunes theatrical shorts and video shorts Numerous voices Voice 1981 The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester , Speedy Gonzales , Yosemite Sam , additional voices Compilation film Voice 1982 Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester, Speedy Gonzales, Yosemite Sam, additional voices Compilation film Voice 1983 Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester, Speedy Gonzales, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Tasmanian Devil , Bugs Bunny Compilation film voice 1983 Strange Brew Father MacKenzie Live-action; voice 1986 Heathcliff: The Movie Heathcliff Voice 1988 Who Framed Roger Rabbit Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester Live-action/animated film; cameos Voice 1988 Daffy Duck's Quackbusters Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester, additional voices Compilation film Voice 1990 Jetsons: The Movie Cosmo Spacely Released posthumously; dedicated to Blanc Voice Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1950–1965 The Jack Benny Program Professor LeBlanc, Sy, Department Store Clerk, Gas Station Man, Mr. Finque, additional characters Live-action 1959 The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis Mr. Ziegler Live-action; episode: "The Best Dressed Man" 1960–1989 The Bugs Bunny Show Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester , Speedy Gonzales , Yosemite Sam , Foghorn Leghorn , Wile E. Coyote , additional voices Compilation series 1960–1966 The Flintstones Barney Rubble , Dino , additional voices Voice 1960 Mister Magoo Additional voices 36 episodes 1961 Dennis the Menace Leo Trinkle Episode: "Miss Cathcart's Friend" 1962–1963; 1985–1987 The Jetsons Cosmo Spacely , additional voices Voice 1962–1963 Lippy the Lion & Hardy Har Har Hardy Har Har , additional voices Voice 1963 Wally Gator Colonel Zachary Gator Voice; 1 episode 1964 The Beverly Hillbillies Dick Burton Live-action; 1 episode 1964–1965 Breezly and Sneezly Sneezly Seal Voice 1964–1965 Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long Droop-a-Long , additional voices Voice 1964–1966 The Munsters Cuckoo clock Live-action; voice; 6 episodes 1965–1967 The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show Secret Squirrel Voice 1966 The Monkees Monkeemobile engine Voice; 1 episode 1969–1971 The Perils of Penelope Pitstop Yak Yak, The Bully Brothers, Chug-A-Boom Voice 1971–1973 The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show Barney Rubble, additional voices Voice 1972 Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Yosemite Sam, Elmer Fudd , Sylvester, Tweety, Wile E. Coyote, Pepé Le Pew , Foghorn Leghorn, Charlie Dog TV movie 1972–1973 The Flintstone Comedy Hour Barney Rubble, Dino, Zonk, Stub Voice 1973 Speed Buggy Speed Buggy Voice 1973 The New Scooby-Doo Movies Speed Buggy Voice; episode: "The Weird Winds of Winona" 1976 Bugs and Daffy's Carnival of the Animals Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig TV special 1977 Bugs Bunny's Easter Special Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Yosemite Sam, Tweety, Sylvester, Pepé Le Pew, Foghorn Leghorn, Porky Pig TV special 1977 Bugs Bunny in Space Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Marvin the Martian TV special 1977–1978 Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics Speed Buggy, Captain Caveman, Barney Rubble Voice 1977–1978 Fred Flintstone and Friends Barney Rubble, additional voices Voice 1977–1980 Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels Captain Caveman Voice 1977 A Flintstone Christmas Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1978 The Flintstones: Little Big League Barney Rubble TV special 1978 How Bugs Bunny Won the West Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Yosemite Sam TV special 1978 A Connecticut Rabbit in King Arthur's Court Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck (as King Arthur ), Yosemite Sam (as Merlin ), Porky Pig (as Varlet), Elmer Fudd (as Sir Elmer of Fudd) TV special 1978 Bugs Bunny's Howl-Oween Special Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester, Tweety, Speedy Gonzales TV special 1978 Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1978–1979 Galaxy Goof-Ups Quack-Up Voice 1979 Bugs Bunny's Valentine Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Cupid TV special 1979 The Bugs Bunny Mother's Day Special Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Foghorn Leghorn, Sylvester, Stork TV special 1979 Fred and Barney Meet The Thing Barney Rubble, Dino, additional voices Voice 1979 The New Fred and Barney Show Barney Rubble, Dino, additional voices Voice 1979–1980 Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo Barney Rubble, Dino, additional voices Voice 1979–1981 Buck Rogers in the 25th Century Twiki Live-action; voice 1979 Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Wile E. Coyote, Yosemite Sam, Sylvester, Tasmanian Devil , Millicent TV special 1979 Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam (as Scrooge ), Porky Pig (as Bob Cratchit ), Tweety (as Tiny Tim ), Foghorn Leghorn, Road Runner , Wile E. Coyote, Tasmanian Devil, Santa Claus TV special 1980 Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over Bugs Bunny, Young Bugs Bunny, Young Elmer Fudd, Marvin the Martian , Hugo , Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner TV special 1980 Daffy Duck's Easter Egg-citement Daffy Duck, Foghorn Leghorn, Sylvester, Speedy Gonzales TV special 1980 The Bugs Bunny Mystery Special Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Tweety, Sylvester, Wile E. Coyote, Porky Pig TV special 1980 3-2-1 Contact Twiki 1 episode 1980 Daffy Duck's Thanks-For-Giving Special Daffy Duck, Duck Dodgers , Porky Pig/Eager Young Space Cadet, Marvin the Martian, Gossamer TV special 1980 The Flintstones: Fred's Final Fling Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1980–1982 Heathcliff Heathcliff Voice 1980–1982 The Flintstone Comedy Show Barney Rubble, Dino, Captain Caveman Voice 1981 Bugs Bunny: All American Hero Bugs Bunny, Clyde Rabbit, Yosemite Sam, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester TV special 1981 The Flintstones: Jogging Fever Barney Rubble TV special 1981 The Flintstones: Wind-Up Wilma Barney Rubble, Dino TV special 1981–1982 Trollkins Additional voices Voice 1982 Bugs Bunny's Mad World of Television Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Pepe Le Pew TV special 1982 Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Barney Rubble, additional voices TV special 1982–1984 The Flintstone Funnies Barney Rubble, Captain Caveman Voice 1984–1988 Heathcliff and the Catillac Cats Heathcliff Voice 1986–1988 The Flintstone Kids Dino, Robert Rubble, Captain Caveman, Piggy McGrabit Voice 1986 The Flintstones' 25th Anniversary Celebration Barney Rubble TV special 1987 The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones Barney Rubble, Dino, Cosmo Spacely TV movie 1988 Rockin' with Judy Jetson Cosmo Spacely TV movie 1988 Bugs vs. Daffy: Battle of the Music Video Stars Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Yosemite Sam, Pepe Le Pew, Sylvester TV special 1989 Bugs Bunny's Wild World of Sports Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Yosemite Sam, Elmer Fudd, Foghorn Leghorn, Angus McCrory TV special 1989 Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration Barney Rubble TV special; aired just seven days after his death See also [ edit ] Voice acting References [ edit ] Notes Bibliography That's Not All, Folks! , 1988 by Mel Blanc, Philip Bashe. Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-39089-5 (Softcover), ISBN 0-446-51244-3 (Hardcover) Terrace, Vincent. Radio Programs, 1924–1984 . Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999. ISBN 0-7864-0351-9 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mel Blanc . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mel Blanc Mel Blanc on IMDb Mel Blanc at the TCM Movie Database Mel Blanc at Find a Grave The Mel Blanc Show on the Internet Archive Toonopedia article about Mel Blanc 40 MP3 downloads of The Mel Blanc Show The Mel Blanc Show on Outlaws Old Time Radio Preceded by Joe Dougherty Voice of Porky Pig 1937–1989 Succeeded by Bob Bergen Preceded by none Voice of Daffy Duck 1937–1989 Succeeded by Jeff Bergman Preceded by none Voice of Bugs Bunny 1940–1989 Succeeded by Jeff Bergman Preceded by none Voice of Barney Rubble 1960–1989 Succeeded by Frank Welker

train

where does the mercedes benz name come from

Mercedes - Benz traces its origins to Daimler - Motoren - Gesellschaft 's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz 's 1886 Benz Patent - Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first gasoline - powered automobile. The slogan for the brand is `` the best or nothing ''.

['ancient greek literature']

ibo ni orúkọ mercedes benz ti wá

Yes

['Mercedes-Benz wà lábé ilé-isé Daimler AG lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́ (ilé-isé tí a mọ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀rí sí DaimlerChrysler AG tàbí Daimler-Benz) Mercedes-Benz bẹ̀rẹ̀ nígbà Karl Benz ṣe ọkọ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó ń lo epo petrol, ọkọ̀ Benz Patent Motorwagen. àti bí Gottlieb Daimler àti Wilhelm Maybach ṣe sọ ọkọ̀ kan tí wọ́n má ń sọ mọ́ ẹṣin di ọkọ̀ tó ń lọ epo petrol.']

['Mercedes-Benz bẹ̀rẹ̀ nígbà Karl Benz ṣe ọkọ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó ń lo epo petrol, ọkọ̀ Benz Patent Motorwagen. ']

['P1']

Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz (Pípè nì J??mánì: [m???tse?d?s ?b?nts]) j?? ilé-isé kan ní Jamini tí ó ? se orí?irí?i ?k??. Mercedes-Benz wà lábé ilé-isé Daimler AG l??w?? l??w?? (ilé-isé tí a m?? t??l??rí sí DaimlerChrysler AG tàbí Daimler-Benz) Mercedes-Benz b??r?? nígbà Karl Benz ?e ?k?? àk??k?? tí ó ? lo epo petrol, ?k?? Benz Patent Motorwagen.[1] àti bí Gottlieb Daimler àti Wilhelm Maybach ?e s? ?k?? kan tí w??n má ? s? m?? ??in di ?k?? tó ? l? epo petrol. Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft ta ?k?? Mercedes àk??k?? ní ?dun 1901. W??n sì ?e ?k?? àk??k?? tí ó lórúko Mercedes-Benz lára jáde ní ?dun 1926, nígbà tí ilé-isé Karl Benz's àti Gottlieb Daimler para pò láti di ilé-isé Daimler-Benz.[1]

This article is about the manufacturer. For the song, see Mercedes Benz (song) . Mercedes-Benz The Best or Nothing Type Brand Industry Automotive industry Predecessor Benz & Cie. (1883-1926) Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (1890-1926) Founded 28 June 1926 ; 91 years ago ( 1926-06-28 ) Founders Karl Benz Gottlieb Daimler Headquarters Stuttgart , Germany Area served Worldwide Key people Dieter Zetsche , Head of Mercedes-Benz Cars Products Automobiles Trucks Buses Internal combustion engines Luxury vehicles Services Financial services Automobile repair Owner Daimler AG Divisions Mercedes-AMG Mercedes-Maybach Website www .mercedes-benz .com /en / Mercedes-Benz ( German: [mɛʁˈtseːdəsˌbɛnts] ) is a global automobile marque and a division of the German company Daimler AG . The brand is known for luxury vehicles , buses, coaches , and lorries. The headquarters is in Stuttgart , Baden-Württemberg . The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz . Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft 's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz 's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen , which is widely regarded as the first gasoline-powered automobile . The slogan for the brand is "the best or nothing". Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Subsidiaries and alliances 2.1 Mercedes-AMG 2.2 Mercedes-Maybach 2.3 China 3 Production 3.1 Factories 3.2 Quality rankings 4 Models 4.1 Current model range 4.1.1 Vans 4.1.2 Trucks 4.1.3 Buses 4.2 Significant models produced 4.3 Car nomenclature 4.3.1 2015 and beyond 4.4 Environmental record 4.5 Bicycles 4.6 Electric cars 5 Motorsport 5.1 Formula One 6 Logo history 7 Noted employees 8 Innovations 8.1 Robot cars 9 Tuners 10 Sponsorships 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History [ edit ] Karl Benz . Benz made the 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen , which is widely regarded as the first automobile. Gottlieb Daimler , founder of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft . Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz 's creation of the first petrol -powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen , financed by Bertha Benz and patented in January 1886, and Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach 's conversion of a stagecoach by the addition of a petrol engine later that year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (Daimler Motors Corporation). Emil Jellinek , an Austrian automobile entrepreneur who worked with DMG, created the trademark in 1902, naming the 1901 Mercedes 35 hp after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek . Jellinek was a businessman and marketing strategist who promoted "horseless" Daimler automobiles among the highest circles of society in his adopted home, which, at that time, was a meeting place for the "Haute Volée" of France and Europe, especially in winter. His customers included the Rothschild family and other well-known personalities. But Jellinek's plans went further: as early as 1901, he was selling Mercedes cars in the New World as well, including to US billionaires Rockefeller, Astor, Morgan and Taylor. At a race in Nice in 1899, Jellinek drove under the pseudonym "Monsieur Mercédès", a way of concealing the competitor's real name as was normal in those days. The race ranks as the hour of birth of the Mercedes-Benz brand. In 1901, the name "Mercedes" was registered by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) worldwide as a protected trademark. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company. On 28 June 1926, Mercedes-Benz was formed with the merger of Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler's two companies. Gottlieb Daimler was born on 17 March 1834 in Schorndorf. After training as a gunsmith and working in France, he attended the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart from 1857 to 1859. After completing various technical activities in France and England, he started work as a draftsman in Geislingen in 1862. At the end of 1863, he was appointed workshop inspector in a machine tool factory in Reutlingen, where he met Wilhelm Maybach in 1865. [ citation needed ] Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa , Ontario . The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that later became common in other vehicles. Mercedes-Benz is one of the best-known and established automotive brands in the world. For information relating to the famous three-pointed star, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft including the merger into Daimler-Benz. Subsidiaries and alliances [ edit ] As part of the Daimler AG company, the Mercedes-Benz Cars division includes Mercedes-Benz and Smart car production. Mercedes-AMG [ edit ] Mercedes-AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1999. The company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999, and became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning on 1 January 1999. Mercedes-Maybach [ edit ] Daimler's ultra-luxury brand Maybach was under Mercedes-Benz cars division until 2013, when the production stopped due to poor sales volumes. It now exists under the Mercedes-Maybach name, with the models being ultra-luxury versions of Mercedes cars, such as the 2016 Mercedes-Maybach S600. China [ edit ] Daimler cooperates with BYD Auto to make and sell a battery-electric car called Denza in China. In 2016, Daimler announced plans to sell Mercedes-Benz branded all-electric battery cars in China. Production [ edit ] Factories [ edit ] Beside its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are also manufactured or assembled in: Sovereign state Continent Note Algeria Africa Manufactures buses and trucks in cooperation with SNVI ( Actros , Zetros , Unimog , and G-Class , Sprinter ). Argentina South America Manufactures buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van. This is the first Mercedes-Benz factory outside of Germany. Built in 1951. Australia Australia Various models were assembled at the Australian Motor Industries facility in Port Melbourne from 1959 to 1965. Austria Europe G-Class Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Brazil South America Manufactures trucks and buses. Established in 1956. The A-Class (W168) was produced from 1999 to 2005 and the C-Class was produced until 2010 as well. Canada North America Fuel cell plant in Burnaby, British Columbia opened 2012. Colombia South America Assembly of buses, Established in Soacha 2012 and Funza 2015 China Asia Egypt Africa Via Egyptian German Automotive Company E-Class, C-Class and GLK Finland Europe Valmet Automotive , New A-series (W176) is manufactured in Uusikaupunki since late 2013, being the first M-B passenger car ever built in that country. Hungary Europe Manufacturing plant in Kecskemét , making B-class and CLA. Jordan Asia Bus company factory, Elba House, Amman. India Asia Bangalore (MBRDI), Pune (Passenger cars). Chennai ( Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. ) Buses, Trucks & Engine Manufacturing unit. Indonesia Asia / Australia Manufactures E250 Avantgarde and E300AMG E-class vehicles. Iran Asia Malaysia Asia Assembly of C, E and S class vehicles by DRB-HICOM . Mexico North America Mercedes-Benz Mexico fully manufactures some Mercedes and Daimler vehicles completely from locally built parts (C-Class, E-Class, M-Class, International trucks, Axor , Atego , and Mercedes Buses), manufactures other models in complete knock down kits (CL-Class, CLK-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class) and manufactures a select number of models in semi knockdown kits which use both imported components and locally sourced Mexican components (S-Class, CLS-Class, R-Class, GL-Class, Sprinter). Nigeria Africa Assembly of buses, trucks, utility motors and the Sprinter van Russia Eurasia Joint venture Mercedes-Benz Car Trucks Vostok in Naberezhnye Chelny (jointly Kamaz ). Available in trucks Actros , Axor , multi-purpose auto four wheel drive medium trucks Unimog . Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Classic is also produced in Russia. Serbia Europe FAP produces Mercedes-Benz trucks under license. Spain Europe Factory at Vitoria-Gasteiz Mercedes-Benz Vito, Viano and V-Class have been built there. South Africa Africa The assembly plant is located in East London, in the Eastern Cape province, where both right and left hand versions of the C-class are built. South Korea Asia Mercedes-Benz Musso and MB100 ; Ssangyong Rexton models manufactured by SsangYong Motor Company . Thailand Asia Assembly of C, E and S class vehicles by the Thonburi Group Turkey Eurasia Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş. United Kingdom Europe The SLR sports car was built at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking . Brackley , Northamptonshire, is home to the Mercedes Grand Prix factory, and Brixworth , Northamptonshire is the location of Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines United States North America The Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class Sport Utility, the full-sized GL-Class Luxury Sport Utility and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class vehicles are all built at the Mercedes-Benz U.S. International production facility near Tuscaloosa , Alabama. Trucks (6,000 per year in the early eighties) were once assembled in Hampton, VA . Vietnam Asia Assembly of E-Class, C-Class, S-Class, GLK-Class and Sprinter. Established in 1995. Taiwan Asia Assembly of Actros by the Shung Ye Group Quality rankings [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz dealer in Munich, Germany. Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had maintained a reputation for its quality and durability. Objective measures looking at passenger vehicles , such as J. D. Power surveys, demonstrated a downturn in reputation in these criteria in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, a measure of problems after the first 90 days of ownership, according to J. D. Power. In J. D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place and earning several awards for its models. For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial quality rating improved by yet another mark, to fourth place. On top of this accolade, it also received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes’ Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant. J. D. Power's 2011 US Initial Quality and Vehicle Dependability Studies both ranked Mercedes-Benz vehicles above average in build quality and reliability. In the 2011 UK J. D. Power Survey, Mercedes cars were rated above average. A 2014 iSeeCars.com study for Reuters found Mercedes to have the lowest vehicle recall rate. Models [ edit ] See also: List of Mercedes-Benz vehicles Mercedes-Benz A-Class (compact) Mercedes-Benz B-Class (Tourer) Mercedes-Benz C-Class ( D-segment ) Mercedes-Benz E-Class ( Executive car ) Mercedes-Benz S-Class (luxury sedan) Mercedes-Benz SLC-Class ( Roadster ) Mercedes-Benz GLC-Class ( SUV ) Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class (luxury SUV ) Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class (full-size SUV ) Mercedes-Benz X-Class (pickup truck) Current model range [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz offers a full range of passenger, light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Vehicles are manufactured in multiple countries worldwide. The Smart marque of city cars are also produced by Daimler AG. A-Class – Hatchback B-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV) C-Class – Saloon , Estate , Coupé and Cabriolet CLA-Class – 4 Door Coupé and Estate CLS-Class – 4 Door Coupé and Estate E-Class – Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet G-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) GLA-Class – Compact Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)/ Crossover GLC-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) GLE-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) GLS-Class – Large Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) S-Class – Luxury Saloon, Coupé & Cabriolet SL-Class – Grand Tourer SLC-Class – Roadster V-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)/ Van AMG GT – Sports car/ Supercar X-Class - Luxury Pickup Truck Vans [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Mercedes-Benz produces a range of vans; Citan (a rebadged version of the Renault Kangoo ), Vito and Sprinter . Trucks [ edit ] See also: List of Mercedes-Benz trucks Mercedes-Benz Zetros used for snowplowing Unimog , a famous allround vehicle by Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Trucks is now part of the Daimler Trucks division, and includes companies that were part of the DaimlerChrysler merger. Gottlieb Daimler sold the world's first truck in 1886. The first factory to be built outside Germany after WWII was in Argentina. It originally built trucks, many of which were modified independently to buses, popularly named Colectivo . Today, it builds buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van. [ citation needed ] Buses [ edit ] Main article: Mercedes-Benz buses Mercedes-Benz produces a wide range of buses and coaches, mainly for Europe and Asia. The first model was produced by Karl Benz in 1895. Significant models produced [ edit ] 1928: SSK racing car 1930: 770 "Großer Mercedes" state and ceremonial car 1934: 500 K 1936: 260 D World's first diesel production car 1936: 170 1938: W195 Speed Record-breaker 1939: 320A A military vehicle 1951: 300 , known as the "Adenauer Mercedes" 1953: "Ponton" models 1954: 300SL "Gullwing" 1956: 190SL 1959: "Fintail" models 1960: 220SE Cabriolet 1963: 600 "Grand Mercedes" 1963: 230SL "Pagoda" 1965: S-Class 1966: 300SEL 6.3 1968: W114 "new generation" compact cars 1969: C111 experimental vehicle 1972: W107 350SL 1974: 450SEL 6.9 1977: W123 - Mercedes' first station wagon 1978: 300SD - Mercedes' first turbo diesel 1979: 500SEL and G-Class 1983: 190E 2.3–16 1989: 300SL, 500SL 1990: 500E 1991: 600SEL 1993: C-Class 1995: C43 AMG 1995: SL73 AMG , 7.3 V12 1996: SLK 1997: A-Class and M-Class 2004: SLR McLaren and CLS-Class 2007: BlueTec E320, GL320 Bluetec, ML320 Bluetec, R320 Bluetec 2010: SLS AMG 2013: CLA-Class 2016: AMG GT The Mercedes-Benz 600 or 600S Pullman Guard limousines offer the option of armour-plating and have been used by diplomats worldwide. Car nomenclature [ edit ] Until 1994, Mercedes-Benz utilized an alphanumeric system for categorizing their vehicles, consisting of a number sequence approximately equal to the engine's displacement in liters multiplied by 100, followed by an arrangement of alphabetical suffixes indicating body style and engine type. "C" indicates a coupe or cabriolet body style (for example, the CL and CLK models, though the C-Class is an exception, since it is also available as a sedan or station wagon). "D" indicates the vehicle is equipped with a diesel engine. "E" (for "Einspritzung") indicates the vehicle's engine is equipped with petrol fuel injection . Also used for electric models and plug-in hybrids. "G" was originally used for the Geländewagen off-road vehicle, but is now applied to Mercedes SUVs in general (G, GLA, GLC, GLE and GLS). "K" was used in the 1930s, indicating a supercharger ("Kompressor") equipped engine. Two exceptions : the SSK and CLK, where K indicates "Kurz" (short-wheelbase) (though the SSK had a supercharger). "L" indicates "Leicht" (lightweight) for sporting models, and "Lang" (long-wheelbase) for sedan models. "R" indicates "Rennen" (racing), used for racing cars (for example, the 300SLR ). "S" Sonderklasse "Special class" for flagship models, including the S-Class, and the SL-Class, SLR McLaren and SLS sportscars. "T" indicates "Touring" and an estate (or station wagon) body style. Some models in the 1950s also had lower-case letters (b, c, and d) to indicate specific trim levels. For other models, the numeric part of the designation does not match the engine displacement. This was done to show the model's position in the model range independent of displacement or in the price matrix. For these vehicles, the actual displacement in liters is suffixed to the model designation. An exception was the 190-class with the numeric designation of "190" as to denote its entry level in the model along with the displacement label on the right side of the boot (190E 2.3 for 2.3-litre 4-cylinder petrol motor, 190D 2.5 for 2.5-litre 5-cylinder diesel motor, and so forth). Some older models (such as the SS and SSK) did not have a number as part of the designation at all. For the 1994 model year, Mercedes-Benz revised the naming system. Models were divided into "classes" denoted by an arrangement of up to three letters (see "Current model range" above), followed by a three-digit (or two-digit for AMG models, with the number approximately equal to the displacement in litres multiplied by 10) number related to the engine displacement as before. Variants of the same model such as an estate version or a vehicle with a diesel engine are no longer given a separate letter. The SLR, SLS and GT supercars do not carry a numerical designation. Today, many numerical designations no longer reflect the engine's actual displacement but more of the relative performance and marketing position. Despite its engine displacement in two litres, the powerplant in the A45 AMG produces 355 brake horsepower so the designation is higher as to indicate the greater performance. Another example is the E250 CGI having greater performance than the E200 CGI due to the different engine tuning even though both have 1.8-litre engines. From the marketing perspective, E200 seems more "upscale" than E180. Recent AMG models use the "63" designation (in honor of the 1960s 6.3-litre M100 engine) despite being equipped with either a 6.2-litre ( M156 ), a 5.5-litre ( M157 ) or even a 4.0-litre engine. Some models carry further designations indicating special features: " 4MATIC " indicates the vehicle is equipped with all-wheel-drive . " BlueTEC " indicates a diesel engine with selective catalytic reduction exhaust aftertreatment. "BlueEFFICIENCY" indicates special fuel economy features (direct injection, start-stop system , aerodynamic modifications, etc.) "CGI" (Charged Gasoline Injection) indicates direct gasoline injection . "CDI" (Common-rail Direct Injection) indicates a common-rail diesel engine. "Hybrid" indicates a petrol- or diesel-electric hybrid . "NGT" indicates a natural gas-fueled engine. "Kompressor" indicates a supercharged engine. "Turbo" indicates a turbocharged engine, only used on A-, B-,E- and GLK-Class models. "AMG Line" indicates the interior or engine, depending which car, has been fitted with the luxuries of their AMG sports cars Model designation badges can be removed at the request of the customer. 2015 and beyond [ edit ] Rationalisation of the model nomenclature was announced in November 2014 for future models. The changes consolidate many confusing nomenclature and their placements in the model range such as CL-Class is now called the S-Class Coupé. The naming structure is divided into four categories: core, off-road vehicle/SUV, 4-door coupé, and roadster. AMG GT , and V-Class are unaffected by the change. In October 2016, Mercedes unveiled the X-Class; a pickup truck built on the Nissan Navara . At the 2016 Paris Motor Show , the company announced the EQ , a family of upcoming battery electric vehicles based on a modular platform , expected to represent up to 25% of its global sales by 2025. Core Off-Road Vehicles/SUV 4-Door Coupé Roadster A GLA CLA B C GLC SLC E GLE CLS S GLS SL N/A G N/A N/A Note: The CLA is positioned between the A- and B-Class models, while the CLS sits between the E- and S-Classes. In addition to the revised nomenclature, Mercedes-Benz has new nomenclature for the drive systems. Current New Example Natural Gas Drive c for "compressed natural gas" B 200 c BlueTec CDI d for "diesel" E 350 d GLA 200 d PLUG-IN HYBRID Electric Drive e for "electric" S 500 e B 250 e Fuel Cell f for "fuel cell" B 200 f HYBRID BlueTEC HYBRID h for "hybrid" S 400 h E 300 h 4MATIC 4MATIC E 400 4MATIC The revised A45 AMG for 2016 model year on has shifted the model designation to the right side while AMG is on the left side. This trend commenced with Mercedes-Maybach with MAYBACH on the left and S500/S600 on the right. Environmental record [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz has developed multi concept cars with alternative propulsion, such as hybrid-electric, fully electric, and fuel-cell powertrains . At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show , Mercedes-Benz showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car , powered by a hybrid-electric drivetrain featuring the DiesOtto engine. In 2009, Mercedes-Benz displayed three BlueZERO concepts at the North American International Auto Show . Each car features a different powertrain - battery-electric, fuel-cell electric, and gasoline-electric hybrid. In the same year, Mercedes also showed the Vision S500 PHEV concept with a 19 miles (31 km) all-electric range and CO 2 emissions of 74 grams/km in the New European Driving Cycle . Since 2002, Mercedes-Benz has developed the F-Cell fuel cell vehicle. The current version, based on the B-Class, has a 250-mile range and is available for lease, with volume production scheduled to begin in 2014. Mercedes has also announced the SLS AMG E-Cell , a fully electric version of the SLS sports car, with deliveries expected in 2013. The Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHYBRID was launched in 2009, and is the first production automotive hybrid in the world to use a lithium-ion battery . In mid-2010, production commenced on the Vito E-Cell all-electric van. Mercedes expects 100 vehicles to be produced by the end of 2010 and a further 2000 by the end of 2011. In 2008, Mercedes-Benz announced that it would have a demonstration fleet of small electric cars in two to three years. Mercedes-Benz and Smart are preparing for the widespread uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) in the UK by beginning the installation of recharging points across their dealer networks. So far 20 Elektrobay recharging units, produced in the UK by Brighton-based Elektromotive , have been installed at seven locations as part of a pilot project, and further expansion of the initiative is planned later in 2010. In the United States, Mercedes-Benz was assessed a record US$30.66 million fine for their decision to not meet the federal corporate average fuel economy standard in 2009. Certain Mercedes-Benz cars, including the S550 and all AMG models sold in the United States, also face an additional gas guzzler tax . However, newer AMG models fitted with the M157 engine will not be subject to the gas-guzzler tax, due to improved fuel economy, and newer models powered by the M276 and M278 engines will have better fuel economy. In 2008, Mercedes also had the worst CO 2 average of all major European manufacturers, ranking 14th out of 14 manufacturers. Mercedes was also the worst manufacturer in 2007 and 2006 in terms of average CO 2 levels, with 181 g and 188 g of CO 2 emitted per km, respectively. In May 2017, Mercedes partnered with Vivint Solar to develop a solar-energy home storage battery. In February 2018, it was announced that Mercedes cabin air filters earned the Asthma and Allergy Friendly Certification. Bicycles [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH introduced three new bicycles in 2005, and the range has developed to include the patent pending Foldingbike in 2007. Other models include the Mercedes-Benz Carbon Bike, Trekking Bike, Fitness Bike and the Trailblazer Bike. Electric cars [ edit ] Mercedes is to open its sixth battery factory in 2018, which makes it a tough competitor to Tesla, Inc. The six factories will be established across 3 continents. The brand also has planned to launch its electric EQ brand with an SUV being set for production in the year 2019. 2022 will be the year in which Daimler has said that the company will have invested $11 billion to ensure that every Mercedes-Benz has a fully electric or hybrid version available on the market. While releasing details of the project, Markus Schäfer said, "Our electric vehicles will be built in six plants on three continents. We address every market segment: from the smart fortwo seater, to the large SUV. The battery is the key component of e-mobility. As batteries are the heart of our electric vehicles we put a great emphasis on building them in our own factories. With our global battery network we are in an excellent position: As we are close to our vehicle plants we can ensure the optimal supply of production. In case of a short-term high demand in another part of the world our battery factories are also well prepared for export. The electric initiative of Mercedes-Benz Cars is right on track. Our global production network is ready for e-mobility. We are electrifying the future." Motorsport [ edit ] Main article: Mercedes-Benz in motorsport A DMG Mercedes Simplex 1906 in the Deutsches Museum The two companies which were merged to form the Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new sport of motor racing throughout their separate histories. A single Benz competed in the world's first motor race, the 1894 Paris–Rouen , where Émile Roger finished 14th in 10 hours 1 minute. Throughout its long history, the company has been involved in a range of motorsport activities, including sports car racing and rallying . On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period, notably in the late 1930s, and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster , where a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR rammed another car (An Austin-Healey), took off into the stands, and killed more than 80 spectators. Stirling Moss and co-driver Denis Jenkinson made history by winning the 1955 Mille Miglia road race in Italy during a record-breaking drive with an average speed of almost 98 mph in a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR . Although there was some activity in the intervening years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM), and Formula One with Sauber . The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase British engine builder Ilmor (now Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ), and campaign IndyCars under the USAC / CART rules, eventually winning the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 CART IndyCar World Series Championship with Al Unser, Jr. at the wheel. The 1990s also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT racing, and the Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR , both of which took the company to new heights by dominating the FIA's GT1 class. Mercedes-Benz is currently active in four motorsport categories, Formula Three , DTM , Formula One and GT3 . Formula One [ edit ] Both Mercedes-AMG Formula One cars at the 2013 Malaysian Grand Prix . Main article: Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Mercedes-Benz took part in the world championship in 1954 and 1955, but despite being successful with two championship titles for Juan-Manuel Fangio , the company left the sport after just two seasons. Fangio is considered by many to be the best F1 driver in history. Mercedes-Benz returned as an engine supplier in the 1990s and part-owned Team McLaren for some years, to which it has supplied engines engineered by Ilmor since 1995. This partnership brought success, including drivers championships for Mika Häkkinen in 1998 and 1999, and for Lewis Hamilton in 2008, as well as a constructors championship in 1998. The collaboration with McLaren had been extended into the production of roadgoing cars such as the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren . In 2007, McLaren-Mercedes was fined a record US$100 million for stealing confidential Ferrari technical data. In 2009, Ross Brawn 's newly conceived Formula One team, Brawn GP used Mercedes engines to help win the constructor's championship, and Jenson Button to become champion in the F1 drivers' championship. At the end of the season, Mercedes-Benz sold its 40% stake in McLaren to the McLaren Group and bought 70% of the Brawn GP team jointly with an Abu Dhabi-based investment consortium. Brawn GP was renamed Mercedes GP for the 2010 season and is, from this season on, a works team for Mercedes-Benz. As of 2017, the company currently provides engines to Williams Martini Racing and Sahara Force India F1 Team . In 2014, Mercedes clinched its first F1 Constructor's title with drivers Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg with 3 races to go, after dominating much of the season. Mercedes repeated its dominance in 2015 in similar fashion, losing only 3 races out of 19 once again. Mercedes yet again dominated in 2016, losing only 2 races out of 21. In 2017, Mercedes secured a 4th title. In these four years of dominance, Lewis Hamilton won the F1 drivers' championship in 2014 , 2015 , and 2017 while Nico Rosberg won in 2016 . [ citation needed ] Logo history [ edit ] In June 1909, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) registered both a three-pointed and a four-pointed star as trademarks, but only the three-pointed star was used. To DMG, the star symbolized Gottlieb Daimler's aims for universal motorization: on land, water and in the air. 1902–1909 1909–1916 1916–1926 1926–current 1980–current 1990–current Noted employees [ edit ] Paul Bracq – major designer of automobiles in the 20th century Béla Barényi – car safety pioneer (rigid passenger safety shell), joined Daimler-Benz in 1937 Wilhelm Maybach – automotive pioneer, first met Gottlieb Daimler in 1865 Ferdinand Porsche – founder of Porsche, joined Mercedes in 1923 and developed the Kompressor Bruno Sacco – joined Daimler-Benz as a designer in 1958. Head of Design in 1975, retired in 1999 Rudolf Uhlenhaut – joined Daimler-Benz in 1931, his designs included the Silver Arrows , the 300 SL and 300SLR Adolf Eichmann – former Nazi criminal. Worked in Argentina's factory after WWII Rudolf Caracciola – one of the greatest GP drivers in history drove MB Silver Arrows in competition. Josef Ganz - Technical consultant and "Godfather" of the * Mercedes-Benz W136 , with the revolutionary Independent suspension, Swing axle layout. Juan Manuel Fangio - Five time Formula 1 World Champion, honorary president of Mercedes-Benz Argentina from 1987 until his death in 1995. Michael Schumacher - Seven time Formula 1 World Champion, drove for Mercedes in the World Endurance Championship in the 80s and then in their Formula One Team from 2010 till 2012 . Lewis Hamilton - Four-time Formula 1 World Champion, current driver for in their Formula One Team since 2013 who holds the record for most pole positions in F1 since the 2017 Italian Grand Prix. Despite being a Mercedes driver since 2013, Hamilton has competed his entire career using Mercedes engines since 2007 and has been affiliated with Mercedes since he was 13 years old. Nico Rosberg - 2016 Formula 1 World Champion, drove for Mercedes in their Formula One Team from 2010 till 2016 . Rosberg won all his races and achieved all his pole positions with Mercedes and is currently a brand ambassador for Mercedes. Innovations [ edit ] Numerous technological innovations have been introduced on Mercedes-Benz automobiles throughout the many years of their production, including: The internal combustion engine automobile was developed independently by Benz and Daimler & Maybach in 1886 Daimler invented the honeycomb radiator of the type still used on all water-cooled vehicles today Daimler invented the float carburetor which was used until replaced by fuel injection The "drop chassis" – the car originally designated the "Mercedes" by Daimler was also the first car with a modern configuration, having the carriage lowered and set between the front and rear wheels, with a front engine and powered rear wheels . All earlier cars were "horseless carriages", which had high centres of gravity and various engine/drive-train configurations The first passenger road car to have brakes on all four wheels (1924) In 1936, the Mercedes-Benz 260 D was the first diesel-powered passenger car. Mercedes-Benz were the first to offer direct fuel injection on the Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing The "safety cage" or " safety cell " construction with front and rear crumple zones was first developed by Mercedes-Benz in 1951. This is considered by many as the most important innovation in automobile construction from a safety standpoint [ verification needed ] In 1959, Mercedes-Benz patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a traction control system that worked under both braking and acceleration an Anti-Lock Brake system (ABS) was first offered on the W116 450SEL 6.9. They became standard on the W126 S-Class starting production in 1979 and first sold in most markets in 1980. Airbags were first introduced in the European market, beginning with model year 1981 S-Class. Mercedes-Benz was the first to introduce pre-tensioners to seat belts on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pre-tensioner will tighten the belt instantaneously, removing any 'slack' in the belt, which prevents the occupant from jerking forward in a crash In September 2003, Mercedes-Benz introduced the world's first seven-speed automatic transmission called ' 7G-Tronic ' Electronic Stability Programme (ESP), brake assist , and many other types of safety equipment were all developed, tested, and implemented into passenger cars – first – by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz has not made a large fuss about its innovations, and has even licensed them for use by competitors – in the name of improving automobile and passenger safety. As a result, crumple zones and anti-lock brakes (ABS) are now standard on all modern vehicles. [ verification needed ] Mercedes M156 engine The (W211) E320 CDI which has a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) 3.0-litre V6 common rail diesel engine (producing 224 hp or 167 kW), set three world endurance records. It covered 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in a record time, with an average speed of 224.823 km/h (139.70 mph). Three identical cars did the endurance run (one set above record) and the other two cars set world records for time taken to cover 100,000 kilometres (62,137 mi) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) respectively. After all three cars had completed the run, their combined distance was 300,000 miles (480,000 km) (all records were FIA approved). [ clarification needed ] Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called Pre-Safe to detect an imminent crash – and prepares the car's safety systems to respond optimally. It also calculates the optimal braking force required to avoid an accident in emergency situations, and makes it immediately available for when the driver depresses the brake pedal. Occupants are also prepared by tightening the seat belt, closing the sunroof and windows, and moving the seats into the optimal position. At 181 horsepower per litre, the M133 engine installed in Mercedes-Benz A45 AMG is the most powerful series production four-cylinder turbocharged motor (as of June 2013) and has one of the highest power density for a passenger vehicle. Half a century of vehicle safety innovation helped win Mercedes-Benz the Safety Award at the 2007 What Car? Awards. Robot cars [ edit ] Main article: Driverless car In the 1980s, Mercedes built the world's first robot car, together with the team of Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr University Munich . Encouraged in part by Dickmanns' success, in 1987 the European Union's EUREKA programme initiated the Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly €800 million. In 1995 Dickmanns' re-engineered autonomous S-Class Mercedes took a long trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark, and back. On highways, the robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 km/h (109 mph) (permissible in some areas of the German Autobahn ). In October 2015, the company introduced the Vision Tokyo, a five-seat self-driving electric van powered by a hybrid hydrogen fuel-cell system. The super-sleek van is touted as "a chill-out zone in the midst of megacity traffic mayhem." Tuners [ edit ] Several companies have become car tuners (or modifiers) of Mercedes Benz, in order to increase performance and/or luxury to a given model. AMG is Mercedes-Benz's in-house performance-tuning division, specialising in high-performance versions of most Mercedes-Benz cars. AMG engines are all hand-built, and each completed engine receives a tag with the signature of the engineer who built it. AMG has been wholly owned by Mercedes-Benz since 1999. The 2009 SLS AMG , a revival of the 300SL Gullwing, is the first car to be entirely developed by AMG. There are numerous independent tuners including Brabus , Carlsson , Kleemann and Renntech . Sponsorships [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz sponsors the German national football team . In football (soccer) , Mercedes-Benz sponsors the Germany national team . Mercedes-Benz sponsors Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart and provides the naming rights for their stadium, the Mercedes-Benz Arena . The company also holds the naming rights to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome , an American football stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States. On 24 August 2015, Mercedes-Benz was announced as the naming rights sponsor for the Atlanta Falcons ' new home, Mercedes-Benz Stadium , (Mercedes-Benz's US headquarters are in Greater Atlanta ) which opened in August 2017. See also [ edit ] Baden-Württemberg portal Germany portal Cars portal Bertha Benz Mercedes-Benz AMG Diesel emissions scandal References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercedes-Benz . Official website

train

capital and largest city of belarus on the svislach river

Minsk (Belarusian : Мінск, pronounced (mjinsk) ; Russian : Минск, (mjinsk)) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and the Nyamiha Rivers. As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk raion (district). In 2013, it had a population of 2,002,600. Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and seat of the Executive Secretary.

['christ the redeemer']

olú ìlú àti ìlú tó tóbi jùlọ ní belarus ní odò svislach

Yes

['Мінск, IPA: [mʲinsk]; Rọ́síà: Минск, [mʲinsk]) ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Belarus.', 'Minsk (Bẹ̀l.']

['Мінск ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Belarus.', 'Minsk ']

['P1']

Minsk Minsk ni oluilu ati ilu titobijulo ni Belarus.

train

the pad of fatty tissue that covers the area of the pubic bone is called the

In human anatomy, and in mammals in general, the mons pubis (pubic mound, also known simply as the mons, and known specifically in females as the mons Venus or mons veneris), is a rounded mass of fatty tissue found over the pubic symphysis of the pubic bones.

['500']

ara tó ní ọ̀rá tí ó bo àgbègbè egungun ìbàdí ni a ń pè ní

Yes

['Ní ìmọ̀ nípa ẹ̀yà ara ènìyàn, àti ní gbogbo àwọn ẹranko tí ó lè bímọ, mons pubis (tí a tún mọ̀ sí\xa0 mons, àti ní pàtó lara àwọn obìrin sí mons Venus tàbí mons veneris), jẹ́ ibi róbótó tó lọ́rá lókè pubic symphysis ti àwọn egungun pubic. Ní ara àwọn obìrin, ó maa ń ṣarajọ sí iwájú vulva.']

['Ní ìmọ̀ nípa ẹ̀yà ara ènìyàn, àti ní gbogbo àwọn ẹranko tí ó lè bímọ, mons pubis jẹ́ ibi róbótó tó lọ́rá lókè pubic symphysis ti àwọn egungun pubic.']

['P1']

Mons pubis Ní ìm?? nípa ??yà ara ènìyàn, àti ní gbogbo àw?n ?ranko tí ó lè bím?, mons pubis (tí a tún m?? sí mons, àti ní pàtó lara àw?n obìrin sí mons Venus tàbí mons veneris),[1][2] j?? ibi róbótó tó l??rá lókè pubic symphysis ti àw?n egungun pubic.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Ní ara àw?n obìrin, ó maa ? ?araj? sí iwájú vulva. Ó pín sí labia majora ("ètè tó f??") ní ??gb?? méjèèjì furrow tí w??n m?? sí pudendal cleft tí ó yí labia minora, clitoris, urethra, ojú òbò àtí àw?n ??yà míràn nínú vulval vestibule.[2][5][6] Ìtóbisí mons pubis kò rí bákan tí ó sì ní ?e p??lú ìw?n k??míkà ìt??s??nàn ara àti ??rá ara, tí ó sì ?eé rí dáradára lára àw?n obìrin.[1][3] L??yìn tí obìrin ba ti bàlágà, irun máa ? bo ojú ?? tí ó sì máa ? f??.[4][6][7][8] Àw?n ??rá inú mons pubis maa ? gb?g?? sí estrogen, tí ó sì máa ? fa ì?araj? òkìtì tí obirin ba ?????? ? bàlágà.[8] Èyì má a ? ti iwájú labia majora sí ìta kúrò nínú egungun pubic. b?? g??g??,mons pubis má a ? sábà hàn dáradára tí estrogen ara bá ti ? dínkù tí a máa ? rí ti obìrin bá tí ? súmón oj?? orí tí w?n kò lè bím? m??.[9] Orúk? mons pubis j?y? láti èdè Latin fún "pubic mound", àti mons Venus tàbí mons veneris j?y? láti èdè Latin fún "mound of Venus".[1][2]

Mons pubis Mons pubis (with pubic hair removed) Details Precursor Genital tubercle Identifiers Latin mons pubis TA A09.2.01.002 FMA 20218 Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata ] In human anatomy , and in mammals in general, the mons pubis ( pubic mound , also known simply as the mons , and known specifically in females as the mons Venus or mons veneris ), is a rounded mass of fatty tissue found over the pubic symphysis of the pubic bones . Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Etymology 3 Society and culture 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links Anatomy [ edit ] For women and girls, the mons pubis forms the anterior portion of the vulva . It divides into the labia majora (literally "larger lips"), on either side of the furrow known as the pudendal cleft , that surrounds the labia minora , clitoris , urethra , vaginal opening , and other structures of the vulval vestibule . The size of the mons pubis varies with the level of hormone and body fat and tends to be larger for women. After puberty , it generally becomes covered with pubic hair and enlarged. The fatty tissue of the mons pubis is sensitive to estrogen, causing a distinct mound to form with the onset of puberty. This pushes the forward portion of the labia majora out and away from the pubic bone. Likewise, the mons pubis often becomes less prominent with the decrease in bodily estrogen experienced during menopause . Etymology [ edit ] The term mons pubis is derived from Latin for "pubic mound", and mons Venus or mons veneris is derived from Latin for "mound of Venus ". Society and culture [ edit ] Aesthetic modification of the mons pubis include hanabira (left) and genital piercings such as the Christina piercing (right) Although not part of external genitalia itself, the pubic mound can be regarded as an erogenous zone and is highly eroticized in many cultures. Throughout history, the complete or partial removal of pubic hair has been common in many societies, and more recently it has become widespread in the Western world. The full removal of pubic hair by use of wax, sugar or shaving, known as ″Brazilian wax″ , has become common practice in recent years. In some circumstances, the mons veneria is subjected to aesthetic ideals beyond hair removal. Correspondingly, plastic surgery is offered which alters the shape of the mons to a desired ideal. Desired ideals may be influenced by personal preferences, current cultural norms, or societal pressures. Permanent forms of decoration to enhance the aesthetic appeal of this area are hanabira , the application of cosmetic scars , or piercings such as the Christina piercing or the Nefertiti piercing . Vajazzling refers to the non-permanent decoration of the mons pubis with crystal ornaments. Bibliography [ edit ] Sloane, Ethel. Biology of Women . Cengage Learning 2002, ISBN 978-0-7668-1142-3 , p. 31 Gray, Henry : Anatomy of the Human Body . Lea & Febiger, 1918 " Mons pubis " in Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2010. References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Media related to Mons pubis at Wikimedia Commons Anatomy photo:41:02-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "The Female Perineum: The Vulva"

train

when did muhammad ali start his career in boxing

He was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a major upset. He then announced his conversion to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his `` slave name '', to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.

['nairobi']

ìgbà wo ni muhammad ali bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ nínú ìdíje bọ́ọ̀sì

Yes

['Ni ọdun 18, o ṣẹgun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Awọn Olimpiiki Igba Irẹdanu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alamọdaju nigbamii ni ọdun yẹn.']

['Ni ọdun 1960']

['P1']

Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (orúko àbíso Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; os?u? ki?ni?, o?jo?? 17, o?du?n 1942 - os?u? ke?fa?, o?jo?? 3, o?du?n 2016) j?? aj??s? ará Am??ríkà tó ti f??y??ntì àti onídárayá àk??k?? ágbáyé fún wúwotówúwo ní ????m?ta. A bi Ali si Louisville, Kentucky osi dagba si be pelu. O b?r? ik?k? bi af???ja amateur ni ?j? -ori 12. Ni ?dun 18, o ??gun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Aw?n Olimpiiki Igba Ir?danu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alam?daju nigbamii ni ?dun y?n. O di Musulumi l?yin ?dun 1961. O bori ni a?aju iwuwo iwuwo agbaye lati ?d? Sonny Liston ni ibinu nla ni ?j? Kínní 25, o?du?n 1964, ni ?j? -ori 22. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 6, o?du?n 1964, o kede pe oun ko ni m? m? Cassius Clay ?ugb?n bi Muhammad Ali. Ni 1966, Ali k? lati j? ki o wa sinu ologun, ni sis? aw?n igbagb? ?sin r? ati atako ihuwa si Ogun Vietnam. O j?bi pe o yago fun kik? sil? nitorina o dojuko ?dun marun ninu tubu ati pe o gba aw?n ak?le Boxing r?. O duro kuro ninu tubu bi o ti b?b? fun ipinnu si Ile -?j? Adaj?, eyiti o yi idaj? r? pada ni ?dun 1971, ?ugb?n ko ti ja fun o f?r? to ?dun m?rin o padanu akoko i?? ?i?e giga bi elere idaraya. Aw?n i?e Ali g?g? bi alatako-?kan si Ogun Vietnam j? ki o j? aami fun iran à?à tó lòdì ti o tobi, ati pe o j? eeyan ti o ga pup? ti igberaga ?l?yam?ya fun aw?n ara Am?rika Am?rika lakoko gbigbe aw?n ?t? ara ilu ati jakejado i?? r?. G?g?bi Musulumi, Ali ni aj??ep? lakoko p?lu Elijah Muhammad's Oríl??-èdè Ìsìláàmù (NOI). Nigbamii o k?w? si NOI, ti o faram? Islam Sunni, ati atil?yin i??p? ?ya bi onim?ran i?aaju r? Malcolm X. O kopa ninu ?p?l?p? aw?n ere -idije boxing ni pataki jul? aw?n ija r? p?lu Joe Frazier, p?lu Ija ti ?dun (i??l? af???ja ti o tobi jul? titi di igba naa), Thrilla ni Manila, ati ija r? p?lu George Foreman ti a m? si The Rumble ninu Jungle, eyiti o j? wiwo nipas? igbasil? ti a fojusi aw?n olugbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu ti aw?n oluwo bilionu 1 ni kariaye, di igbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu laaye jul? jul? ni agbaye ni akoko y?n. Ali ?e rere ni iranran ni akoko kan nigbati ?p?l?p? aw?n onija j? ki aw?n alakoso w?n s?r?, ati pe o j? igbagbogbo ni imunibinu ati ajeji. O j? olokiki fun sis? ?r? id?ti, ati igbagbogbo ni a?a-ara p?lu aw?n eto orin ati ?r? ewi ?r?, ifojus?na aw?n eroja ti hip hop. Ni ode oruka, Ali ti ?a?ey?ri bi o?ere olorin ?r?, nibiti o ti gba aw?n yiyan Grammy meji. O tun ?e ifihan bi o?ere ati onk?we, dasile aw?n itan -ak??l? ara ?ni meji. Ali ti f?yìntì lati af???ja ni ?dun 1981 ati idojuk? lori ?sin, alanu ati ijajagbara. Ni ?dun 1984, o ?e agbekal? iwadii aisan ti Àrùn Parkinson, eyiti di? ninu aw?n ijab? ?e ikawe si aw?n ipalara ti o ni ibatan Boxing, botil?j?pe oun ati aw?n dokita alam?ja r? tako eyi. O j? eniyan ti n ?i?? l?w? ni kariaye, ?ugb?n ni aw?n ?dun igb?hin r? ?e aw?n ifarahan gbangba di? bi ipo r? ti buru si, ati pe idile r? t?ju r?. Ali ku ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, ?dun 2016.

validation

when did muhammad ali win an olympic gold medal

Clay was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a major upset. Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his `` slave name '', to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.

['1960', 'at the 1960 summer olympics in rome']

ìgbà wo ni muhammad ali gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ góòlù òlíńpíìkì

Yes

['Ni ọdun 18, o ṣẹgun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Awọn Olimpiiki Igba Irẹdanu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alamọdaju nigbamii ni ọdun yẹn.']

['Ni ọdun 1960, o ṣẹgun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo ni òlíńpíìkì']

['P2']

Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (orúko àbíso Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; os?u? ki?ni?, o?jo?? 17, o?du?n 1942 - os?u? ke?fa?, o?jo?? 3, o?du?n 2016) j?? aj??s? ará Am??ríkà tó ti f??y??ntì àti onídárayá àk??k?? ágbáyé fún wúwotówúwo ní ????m?ta. A bi Ali si Louisville, Kentucky osi dagba si be pelu. O b?r? ik?k? bi af???ja amateur ni ?j? -ori 12. Ni ?dun 18, o ??gun goolu kan ni pipin iwuwo iwuwo ina ni Aw?n Olimpiiki Igba Ir?danu Ewe 1960 ati pe o di alam?daju nigbamii ni ?dun y?n. O di Musulumi l?yin ?dun 1961. O bori ni a?aju iwuwo iwuwo agbaye lati ?d? Sonny Liston ni ibinu nla ni ?j? Kínní 25, o?du?n 1964, ni ?j? -ori 22. Ni O?u K?ta ?j? 6, o?du?n 1964, o kede pe oun ko ni m? m? Cassius Clay ?ugb?n bi Muhammad Ali. Ni 1966, Ali k? lati j? ki o wa sinu ologun, ni sis? aw?n igbagb? ?sin r? ati atako ihuwa si Ogun Vietnam. O j?bi pe o yago fun kik? sil? nitorina o dojuko ?dun marun ninu tubu ati pe o gba aw?n ak?le Boxing r?. O duro kuro ninu tubu bi o ti b?b? fun ipinnu si Ile -?j? Adaj?, eyiti o yi idaj? r? pada ni ?dun 1971, ?ugb?n ko ti ja fun o f?r? to ?dun m?rin o padanu akoko i?? ?i?e giga bi elere idaraya. Aw?n i?e Ali g?g? bi alatako-?kan si Ogun Vietnam j? ki o j? aami fun iran à?à tó lòdì ti o tobi, ati pe o j? eeyan ti o ga pup? ti igberaga ?l?yam?ya fun aw?n ara Am?rika Am?rika lakoko gbigbe aw?n ?t? ara ilu ati jakejado i?? r?. G?g?bi Musulumi, Ali ni aj??ep? lakoko p?lu Elijah Muhammad's Oríl??-èdè Ìsìláàmù (NOI). Nigbamii o k?w? si NOI, ti o faram? Islam Sunni, ati atil?yin i??p? ?ya bi onim?ran i?aaju r? Malcolm X. O kopa ninu ?p?l?p? aw?n ere -idije boxing ni pataki jul? aw?n ija r? p?lu Joe Frazier, p?lu Ija ti ?dun (i??l? af???ja ti o tobi jul? titi di igba naa), Thrilla ni Manila, ati ija r? p?lu George Foreman ti a m? si The Rumble ninu Jungle, eyiti o j? wiwo nipas? igbasil? ti a fojusi aw?n olugbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu ti aw?n oluwo bilionu 1 ni kariaye, di igbohunsafefe t?lifisi?nu laaye jul? jul? ni agbaye ni akoko y?n. Ali ?e rere ni iranran ni akoko kan nigbati ?p?l?p? aw?n onija j? ki aw?n alakoso w?n s?r?, ati pe o j? igbagbogbo ni imunibinu ati ajeji. O j? olokiki fun sis? ?r? id?ti, ati igbagbogbo ni a?a-ara p?lu aw?n eto orin ati ?r? ewi ?r?, ifojus?na aw?n eroja ti hip hop. Ni ode oruka, Ali ti ?a?ey?ri bi o?ere olorin ?r?, nibiti o ti gba aw?n yiyan Grammy meji. O tun ?e ifihan bi o?ere ati onk?we, dasile aw?n itan -ak??l? ara ?ni meji. Ali ti f?yìntì lati af???ja ni ?dun 1981 ati idojuk? lori ?sin, alanu ati ijajagbara. Ni ?dun 1984, o ?e agbekal? iwadii aisan ti Àrùn Parkinson, eyiti di? ninu aw?n ijab? ?e ikawe si aw?n ipalara ti o ni ibatan Boxing, botil?j?pe oun ati aw?n dokita alam?ja r? tako eyi. O j? eniyan ti n ?i?? l?w? ni kariaye, ?ugb?n ni aw?n ?dun igb?hin r? ?e aw?n ifarahan gbangba di? bi ipo r? ti buru si, ati pe idile r? t?ju r?. Ali ku ni O?u Karun ?j? 3, ?dun 2016.

train

when did nigeria change its currency from pounds to naira

The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound. This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £ sd currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U + 20A6 ₦ Naira sign.

['salisbury', '/ˌwɑːɡəˈduːɡuː/']

ìgbà wo ni nàìjíríà yí owó rẹ̀ padà láti owó póùn sí náírà

Yes

['Nàìjíríà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ní lọ owó náírà ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kìíní ọdún 1973, wọ́n pààrọ̀ owó Pọ́nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ń lò tẹ́lẹ̀.']

['Nàìjíríà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ní lọ owó náírà ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kìíní ọdún 1973, wọ́n pààrọ̀ owó Pọ́nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ń lò tẹ́lẹ̀.']

['P2']

Náírá Owó náírà (Àmì: ?; Àdàpè: NGN; ) ní owó tí wón ? lò fún títà-rírà ní Nàìjíríà. ?w?? náírà kan j?? ?g??rùn-ún k??b??.[2] Ilé-ìfowópam?? Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà (CBN) nìkan ló lá?? láti ?e owó síta ní Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[3][4] Ìtàn Nàìjíríà b??r?? sí ní l? owó náírà ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní ?dún 1973,[5] w??n pààr?? owó P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ? lò t??l??. Owó yìí ni P??nhùn kan(£1) tí a ?e sí náírà meji.[6] Owó tuntun náà j?? owó àk??k?? tí Nàìjíríà ?e jáde l??yìn òmìnira Nàìjíríà. Owó tí Nàìjíríà ? lò kí ó tó di ìgbà náà ni P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí ìj?ba a k??ni l??rú Naijiria ?e ní ?dun 1959, tí orúk? Èlísáb??tì kejì sì wà lára r??.[7] Obafemi Awolowo l?? mú abá orúk? "Náírà" wá, ó y??? lára "Nàìjíríà" [8][9] ?ùgb??n , mínísítà tí ó ? rí sí ??r?? owó, Shehu Shagari ni ó gbé owó náà síta ní ?dun 1973. Central Bank ti Nigeria s? pé w??n gbìyànjú láti ?àkóso àfikún ?d??dún kí ó wá síl?? sí ìdá m??wàá. Ní ?dún 2011, CBN fi kún owó-èlé ní ìl??po m??fà, ó gòkè si láti 6.25% sí 12%. Ní ?j?? kkalnlél??gb??n o?ù kìíní, ?dún 2012, CBN pinnu láti ?ètójú owó-èlé náà kí ó ba lè wà ní 12% àti pé kí àfikún sí o? níná ba lè díkù.[10] Ní ?j?? ogún o?ù k?fà, ?dún 2016, náírà nih à?fààní láti léfòó, l??yìn tó tí w??n ti fi sí àhám?? ní ?197 sí US$1 fún ??p??l?p?? o?ù. Wàhálà tó wáyé látàrí owó Nàìjíríà tuntun ??l?? lójijì ní o?ù kejì ní ?dún 2023 nítorí àìtó náírà àti ìgbìyànjú àw?n ìj?ba láti mú kí àw?n ará-ìlú fi tipátipá ná owó tuntun tí w??n ??? gbé jáde. Èyí sì já sí ìfi-??h??nú-hàn káàkiri àdúgbò ní àárín o?ù lejì, ní ?dún 2023.[11][12][13] Coins Ní ?dún 1973, w??n gbé k??ìnsì w?lé, a sì ní k??ìnsì ní k??b?? 1?2, 1, 5, 10 àti 25. K??ìnsì 1?2 àti 1 ní w??n ?e p?lú id?, w??n sì fi k??pà ?e àw?n owó ?lá. Àw?n k??ìnsì k??b?? 1?2 ní w??n ?e sí p??pà ní ?dún náà. Ní ?dún 1991, àw?n k??ìnsì kékèèké bíi k??b?? 1, 10 àti 25 ni w??n ?e p??lú k??pà àti irin. Ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n o?ù kejì, ?dún 2007, w??n ?e àw?n k??ìnsì tuntun síta bíi k??b?? 50, ?1 àti ?2.[14] Owó Naijiria àtij?? Ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní, ?dún 1973, Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà gbé k??b?? 50, ?1, ?5, ?10 àti ?20 jáde sínú p??pà: ní o?ù k?rin ?dún 1984, w??n yí àw?n àw?? orí owó náírà wa padà lahti d??kun kíkó owó j??.[23] Ní ?dún 1991, w??n t? ?50 jáde, w??n si fi k??ìnsìn dípò k??b?? 50 kobo àti ?1 ní ?dún 1991. Èyí sì t??lé ?100 ní ?dún 1999, ?200 ní 2000, ?500 ní 2001 àti ?1,000 ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?wàá, ?dún 2005.[24] Ní o??? kejì, ?dún 2007, àw?n ??yà tuntun fún ?5 sí ?50 b??r?? sí ní jáde. Ní àárín ?dún 2009 nígbà tí Sanusi Lamido Sanusi di Gómìnà CBN,[25] w??n ?èyípadà àw?n ?5, ?10 àti ?50 sí owó náíl??n. Lórih owó ?1,000, w??n ?e kiní kan si l??yìn láti má fàyè ayédèrú. Àw?n àbùdá àdám?? ara owó náà ni àwòrán Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu àti Dr. Clement Isong, tí w??n j? fìgbà kan j?? gómìnà CBN.[26] Lórí ìt??jáde àk??k?? tí w??n ?e fún ?100 ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 1999, àwòrán àpáta Zuma, èyí tí w??n s? pé ó wà ní Agbègbè Olú-ìlú Ìj?ba Àpap?? Nàíjíríà lára owó náà, àm?? Ìpínl?? Niger gan-an ni ó wà. W??n padà y? ìt??ka pé Abuja ni àpáta yìí wà kúrò lára owó náà.[27] Ní ?dún 2012, CBN gbèrò láti ?àt??jáde owó tuntun fún ?5,000. Ilé-ìfowópam?? náà tún pinnu láti ?èyípadà ?5, ?10, ?20 àti ?50 sí k??ìnsìn tó ti padà di ìwé báyìí.[28] Ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?kànlá, ?dún 2014, Central Bank of Nigeria gbèrò láti ?àtún?e sí ?100 ?àj?y?? ìdásíl?? Nàìjíríà fún ?g??rùn-ún ?dún. Owó àtij?? àti tuntun j?ra p??lú àwòrán Olóyè Obafemi Awolowo tó wà níwájú r??, àtún?e tó k?? wà níbè ni àw?? tí w??n pààr??, àti àk?síl?? "One Nigeria, Great Promise". L??yìn owó tuntun náà ó ní kiní kékeré kan tí ènìyàn le síkàànì tí á sì gbé wa l? sí ày?ka tí w??n k? lórí ìtàn Nàìjíríà.[29][30] Ní ?dún 2019, ?100 gba àbùdá àdám?? tuntun nígbà tí ìb?w??lùwé Priscilla Ekwere Eleje, tó jé Oludari ti Aw?n i?? Owo fún ilé-ìfowópam?? ti ìj?ba àpap??, tó sì tún j?? obìnrin àk??k?? tó máa k??k?? wà nípò náà.[31] ??w??n gógó Náírà ní ?dun 2023 L??yìn ìgbà tí banki àpapò yí àw?? owó Náírà igba(?200), eedegbeta(?500) ati egberun(?1000) po, owó Náírà ti s??w??n.

For the village in India, see Naira, Srikakulam . Nigerian naira ISO 4217 Code NGN Denominations Subunit 1/100 Kobo Plural Naira Kobo Kobo Symbol ₦ Banknotes 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 & 1000 Naira Coins 50 Kobo, 1 & 2 Naira Demographics User(s) Nigeria Issuance Central bank Central Bank of Nigeria Website www .cenbank .org Printer Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Mint Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Valuation Inflation 8.2% Source 2014 The naira ( sign : ₦ ; code : NGN ) is the currency of Nigeria . It is subdivided into 100 Kobo . The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Nigerian Federation. It controls the volume of money supply in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency & Branch Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the procurement, distribution/supply, processing, reissue and disposal/disintegration of bank notes and coins. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Coins 1.2 Banknotes 2 Second naira 2.1 Coins 2.2 Banknotes 3 Exchange rates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound. This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £sd currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U+20A6 ₦ Naira sign . Rampant inflation has occurred in Nigeria over the existence of naira. The Central Bank of Nigeria claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10%. In 2011, the CBN increased key interest rate for 6 times, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies. As of 20 June 2016, the naira was allowed to float, after being pegged at 197 to the US dollar for several months. Trades speculated the natural range of the naira would be between 280 and 350 to the dollar. Coins [ edit ] Nigeria's coin from colonial era till date, popularly known as "kobo" In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of ½, 1, 5, 10 and 25 kobo, with the ½ and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The ½ kobo coins were minted only that year. In 1991, smaller 1, 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper-plated-steel, along with nickel-plated-steel 50 kobo and 1 naira. On 28 February 2007, new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo, 1 and 2 naira, with the 1 and 2 naira bimetallic. Some Nigerians expressed concerns over the usability of the ₦2 coin. The deadline for exchanging the old currency was set at 31 May 2007. The central bank stated that the ½ to 25 kobo coins were withdrawn from circulation with effect from 28 February 2007. ½ kobo 1 kobo 5 kobo 10 kobo 25 kobo 50 kobo 1 naira 2 naira Banknotes [ edit ] On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005. On February 28, 2007, new versions of the 5 to 50 naira banknotes were introduced. Originally the 10, 20 and 50 naira were to be polymer banknotes , but the 5,10 and 50 were delayed to late 2009 and only the 20 was released in polymer. The notes are slightly smaller (130 × 23 mm) and redesigned from the preceding issues. In mid-2009 when Sanusi Lamido Sanusi took over as CBN Governor he eventually changed the 5, 10 and 50 naira to polymer notes. On the 1000 naira notes, there is a subtle shiny strip running down the back of the note. It is a shimmery gold colour showing 1000 naira. The triangular shape in the middle of the front of the note changes its colour from green to blue when tilted. The main feature on the front is the engraved portraits of Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu and Dr Clement Isong , former governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria. On the first prints of the 100 naira notes issued starting December 1, 1999, Zuma Rock was captioned as located in Federal Capital Territory , while actually it is situated in Niger State . Later prints removed the reference to FCT, ABUJA. In 2012 the Central Bank of Nigeria may be contemplating the introduction of new currency denominations of N5,000. The bank has also made plans to convert ₦5, ₦10, ₦20 and ₦50 into coins which are all presently notes. The Central Bank of Nigeria has announced that it will no longer issue banknotes on polymer citing higher costs and environmental issues. On November 12, 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100 naira commemorative note to celebrate the centennial of Nigeria's existence. The notes are similar to its regular issue with the portrait of Chief Obafemi Awolowo on front, but is redesigned to include a new color scheme, revised security features, the text "One Nigeria, Great Promise" in microprinting and on the back is a quickresponse code (QRC) which when scanned leads users to a website about Nigeria's history. [ show ] Currently Circulating Banknotes [1] 1999–2005 Series Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue [2] ₦100 151 × 78 mm Red and multicolour Chief Obafemi Awolowo Zuma Rock As portrait(s), "CBN", value 1999 1 December 1999 [3] ₦200 Blue and multicolour Sir Ahmadu Bello Pyramid of agricultural commodity and livestock farming 2000 1 November 2000 [4] ₦500 Purple and multicolour Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe Off-shore oil-rig 2001 4 April 2001 [5] ₦1000 Purple Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu , Dr. Clement Isong CBN 's corporate headquarters in Abuja 2005 12 October 2005 2006 Series (Paper and Polymer banknotes) [6] ₦5 130 × 72 mm Mauve Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Nkpokiti dancers Central Bank of Nigeria logo, "CBN" 2006 28 February 2007 [7] ₦10 Red Mr. Alvan Ikoku Fulani milk maids [8] ₦20 Green General Murtala Mohammed Ladi Kwali [9] ₦50 Blue Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba men and a woman Local fishermen For table standards, see the banknote specification table . Second naira [ edit ] The naira was scheduled for redenomination in August 2008, although this was cancelled by then-President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ), with 100 old naira to become 1 new naira. The Nigerian Central Bank stated that it will make the naira fully convertible against foreign currencies by 2009. Currently, the amount of foreign currency is regulated through weekly auctions, while the Central Bank sets the exchange rate. The naira appreciated against the dollar through 2007 due to high oil revenues. Also, the then-Bank Governor, Professor Chukwuma Soludo noted the weekly central bank auctions of foreign currency will gradually be phased out, and that the bank would "only intervene in the market as may be required to achieve defined policy objectives". Coins [ edit ] Coins were to be issued in denominations of: 1 Kobo (₦0.01) 2 Kobo (₦0.02) 5 Kobo (₦0.05) 10 Kobo (₦0.10) 20 Kobo (₦0.20) Banknotes [ edit ] Banknotes were to be printed in denominations of: 50 Kobo (₦0.50) 1 Naira (₦1) 5 Naira (₦5): 10 Naira (₦10) 20 Naira (₦20) 50 naira (₦50) 100 naira (₦100) 200 naira (₦200) 500 naira (₦500) 1000 naira (₦1000) 50 kobo & 1 naira— are no longer in use. Exchange rates [ edit ] Rate of the Nigerian naira for 1 USD (1994-2005) This table shows the historical value of one U.S. Dollar in Nigerian naira - PM = Parallel Market. [ citation needed ] Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ 1972 0.658 1993 17.30 (21.90 PM) 2014 170-199 1973 0.658 1994 22.33 (56.80 PM) 2015 199-300 1974 0.63 1995 21.89 (71.70 PM) 2016 300-489 1975 0.616 1996 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1976 0.62 1997 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1977 0.647 1998 21.89 (84.70 PM) 1978 0.606 1999 21.89 (88-90 PM) 1979 0.596 2000 85.98 (105.00 PM) 1980 0.550 (0.900 PM) 2001 99-106 (104-122 PM) 1981 0.61 2002 109-113 (122-140 PM) 1982 0.673 2003 114-127 (135-137 PM) 1983 0.724 2004 127-130 (137-144 PM) 1984 0.765 2005 132-136 1985 0.894 (1.70 PM) 2006 128.50-131.80 1986 2.02 (3.90 PM) 2007 120-125 1987 4.02 (5.90 PM) 2008 115.50-120 1988 4.54 (6.70 PM) 2009 145-171 1989 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2010 148.21-154.8 1990 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2011 151.05-165.1 1991 8.04 (9.30 PM) 2012 155.09-161.5 1992 9.91 2013 153.21-162.9 Current NGN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY See also [ edit ] Economy of Nigeria References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Interview with Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria , on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Four Corners television program on the scandal involving the transfer from paper to polymer currency in Nigeria

train

when was 100 naira note introduced in nigeria

On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005.

[]

ìgbà wo ni wọ́n gbé owó naira ọgọ́rùn ún wọlé ní nàìjíríà

Yes

['Lórí ìtẹ̀jáde àkọ́kọ́ tí wọ́n ṣe fún ₦100 ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kejìlá, ọdún 1999, àwòrán àpáta Zuma, èyí tí wọ́n sọ pé ó wà ní Agbègbè Olú-ìlú Ìjọba Àpapọ̀ Nàíjíríà lára owó náà, àmọ́ Ìpínlẹ̀ Niger gan-an ni ó wà.', 'Èyí sì tẹ̀lé ₦100 ní ọdún 1999, ₦200 ní 2000, ₦500 ní 2001 àti ₦1,000 ní ọjọ́ kejìlá oṣù kẹwàá, ọdún 2005.']

['ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kejìlá, ọdún 1999', 'ní ọdún 2000']

['P11', 'P8']

Náírá Owó náírà (Àmì: ?; Àdàpè: NGN; ) ní owó tí wón ? lò fún títà-rírà ní Nàìjíríà. ?w?? náírà kan j?? ?g??rùn-ún k??b??.[2] Ilé-ìfowópam?? Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà (CBN) nìkan ló lá?? láti ?e owó síta ní Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[3][4] Ìtàn Nàìjíríà b??r?? sí ní l? owó náírà ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní ?dún 1973,[5] w??n pààr?? owó P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí Nàìjíríà ? lò t??l??. Owó yìí ni P??nhùn kan(£1) tí a ?e sí náírà meji.[6] Owó tuntun náà j?? owó àk??k?? tí Nàìjíríà ?e jáde l??yìn òmìnira Nàìjíríà. Owó tí Nàìjíríà ? lò kí ó tó di ìgbà náà ni P??nhùn Nàìjíríà tí ìj?ba a k??ni l??rú Naijiria ?e ní ?dun 1959, tí orúk? Èlísáb??tì kejì sì wà lára r??.[7] Obafemi Awolowo l?? mú abá orúk? "Náírà" wá, ó y??? lára "Nàìjíríà" [8][9] ?ùgb??n , mínísítà tí ó ? rí sí ??r?? owó, Shehu Shagari ni ó gbé owó náà síta ní ?dun 1973. Central Bank ti Nigeria s? pé w??n gbìyànjú láti ?àkóso àfikún ?d??dún kí ó wá síl?? sí ìdá m??wàá. Ní ?dún 2011, CBN fi kún owó-èlé ní ìl??po m??fà, ó gòkè si láti 6.25% sí 12%. Ní ?j?? kkalnlél??gb??n o?ù kìíní, ?dún 2012, CBN pinnu láti ?ètójú owó-èlé náà kí ó ba lè wà ní 12% àti pé kí àfikún sí o? níná ba lè díkù.[10] Ní ?j?? ogún o?ù k?fà, ?dún 2016, náírà nih à?fààní láti léfòó, l??yìn tó tí w??n ti fi sí àhám?? ní ?197 sí US$1 fún ??p??l?p?? o?ù. Wàhálà tó wáyé látàrí owó Nàìjíríà tuntun ??l?? lójijì ní o?ù kejì ní ?dún 2023 nítorí àìtó náírà àti ìgbìyànjú àw?n ìj?ba láti mú kí àw?n ará-ìlú fi tipátipá ná owó tuntun tí w??n ??? gbé jáde. Èyí sì já sí ìfi-??h??nú-hàn káàkiri àdúgbò ní àárín o?ù lejì, ní ?dún 2023.[11][12][13] Coins Ní ?dún 1973, w??n gbé k??ìnsì w?lé, a sì ní k??ìnsì ní k??b?? 1?2, 1, 5, 10 àti 25. K??ìnsì 1?2 àti 1 ní w??n ?e p?lú id?, w??n sì fi k??pà ?e àw?n owó ?lá. Àw?n k??ìnsì k??b?? 1?2 ní w??n ?e sí p??pà ní ?dún náà. Ní ?dún 1991, àw?n k??ìnsì kékèèké bíi k??b?? 1, 10 àti 25 ni w??n ?e p??lú k??pà àti irin. Ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n o?ù kejì, ?dún 2007, w??n ?e àw?n k??ìnsì tuntun síta bíi k??b?? 50, ?1 àti ?2.[14] Owó Naijiria àtij?? Ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kìíní, ?dún 1973, Central Bank ti Nàìjíríà gbé k??b?? 50, ?1, ?5, ?10 àti ?20 jáde sínú p??pà: ní o?ù k?rin ?dún 1984, w??n yí àw?n àw?? orí owó náírà wa padà lahti d??kun kíkó owó j??.[23] Ní ?dún 1991, w??n t? ?50 jáde, w??n si fi k??ìnsìn dípò k??b?? 50 kobo àti ?1 ní ?dún 1991. Èyí sì t??lé ?100 ní ?dún 1999, ?200 ní 2000, ?500 ní 2001 àti ?1,000 ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?wàá, ?dún 2005.[24] Ní o??? kejì, ?dún 2007, àw?n ??yà tuntun fún ?5 sí ?50 b??r?? sí ní jáde. Ní àárín ?dún 2009 nígbà tí Sanusi Lamido Sanusi di Gómìnà CBN,[25] w??n ?èyípadà àw?n ?5, ?10 àti ?50 sí owó náíl??n. Lórih owó ?1,000, w??n ?e kiní kan si l??yìn láti má fàyè ayédèrú. Àw?n àbùdá àdám?? ara owó náà ni àwòrán Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu àti Dr. Clement Isong, tí w??n j? fìgbà kan j?? gómìnà CBN.[26] Lórí ìt??jáde àk??k?? tí w??n ?e fún ?100 ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù kejìlá, ?dún 1999, àwòrán àpáta Zuma, èyí tí w??n s? pé ó wà ní Agbègbè Olú-ìlú Ìj?ba Àpap?? Nàíjíríà lára owó náà, àm?? Ìpínl?? Niger gan-an ni ó wà. W??n padà y? ìt??ka pé Abuja ni àpáta yìí wà kúrò lára owó náà.[27] Ní ?dún 2012, CBN gbèrò láti ?àt??jáde owó tuntun fún ?5,000. Ilé-ìfowópam?? náà tún pinnu láti ?èyípadà ?5, ?10, ?20 àti ?50 sí k??ìnsìn tó ti padà di ìwé báyìí.[28] Ní ?j?? kejìlá o?ù k?kànlá, ?dún 2014, Central Bank of Nigeria gbèrò láti ?àtún?e sí ?100 ?àj?y?? ìdásíl?? Nàìjíríà fún ?g??rùn-ún ?dún. Owó àtij?? àti tuntun j?ra p??lú àwòrán Olóyè Obafemi Awolowo tó wà níwájú r??, àtún?e tó k?? wà níbè ni àw?? tí w??n pààr??, àti àk?síl?? "One Nigeria, Great Promise". L??yìn owó tuntun náà ó ní kiní kékeré kan tí ènìyàn le síkàànì tí á sì gbé wa l? sí ày?ka tí w??n k? lórí ìtàn Nàìjíríà.[29][30] Ní ?dún 2019, ?100 gba àbùdá àdám?? tuntun nígbà tí ìb?w??lùwé Priscilla Ekwere Eleje, tó jé Oludari ti Aw?n i?? Owo fún ilé-ìfowópam?? ti ìj?ba àpap??, tó sì tún j?? obìnrin àk??k?? tó máa k??k?? wà nípò náà.[31] ??w??n gógó Náírà ní ?dun 2023 L??yìn ìgbà tí banki àpapò yí àw?? owó Náírà igba(?200), eedegbeta(?500) ati egberun(?1000) po, owó Náírà ti s??w??n.

For the village in India, see Naira, Srikakulam . Nigerian naira ISO 4217 Code NGN Denominations Subunit 1/100 Kobo Plural Naira Kobo Kobo Symbol ₦ Banknotes 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 & 1000 Naira Coins 50 Kobo, 1 & 2 Naira Demographics User(s) Nigeria Issuance Central bank Central Bank of Nigeria Website www .cenbank .org Printer Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Mint Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www .mintnigeria .com Valuation Inflation 8.2% Source 2014 The naira ( sign : ₦ ; code : NGN ) is the currency of Nigeria . It is subdivided into 100 Kobo . The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Nigerian Federation. It controls the volume of money supply in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency & Branch Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the procurement, distribution/supply, processing, reissue and disposal/disintegration of bank notes and coins. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Coins 1.2 Banknotes 2 Second naira 2.1 Coins 2.2 Banknotes 3 Exchange rates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound. This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £sd currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U+20A6 ₦ Naira sign . Rampant inflation has occurred in Nigeria over the existence of naira. The Central Bank of Nigeria claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10%. In 2011, the CBN increased key interest rate for 6 times, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies. As of 20 June 2016, the naira was allowed to float, after being pegged at 197 to the US dollar for several months. Trades speculated the natural range of the naira would be between 280 and 350 to the dollar. Coins [ edit ] Nigeria's coin from colonial era till date, popularly known as "kobo" In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of ½, 1, 5, 10 and 25 kobo, with the ½ and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The ½ kobo coins were minted only that year. In 1991, smaller 1, 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper-plated-steel, along with nickel-plated-steel 50 kobo and 1 naira. On 28 February 2007, new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo, 1 and 2 naira, with the 1 and 2 naira bimetallic. Some Nigerians expressed concerns over the usability of the ₦2 coin. The deadline for exchanging the old currency was set at 31 May 2007. The central bank stated that the ½ to 25 kobo coins were withdrawn from circulation with effect from 28 February 2007. ½ kobo 1 kobo 5 kobo 10 kobo 25 kobo 50 kobo 1 naira 2 naira Banknotes [ edit ] On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005. On February 28, 2007, new versions of the 5 to 50 naira banknotes were introduced. Originally the 10, 20 and 50 naira were to be polymer banknotes , but the 5,10 and 50 were delayed to late 2009 and only the 20 was released in polymer. The notes are slightly smaller (130 × 23 mm) and redesigned from the preceding issues. In mid-2009 when Sanusi Lamido Sanusi took over as CBN Governor he eventually changed the 5, 10 and 50 naira to polymer notes. On the 1000 naira notes, there is a subtle shiny strip running down the back of the note. It is a shimmery gold colour showing 1000 naira. The triangular shape in the middle of the front of the note changes its colour from green to blue when tilted. The main feature on the front is the engraved portraits of Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu and Dr Clement Isong , former governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria. On the first prints of the 100 naira notes issued starting December 1, 1999, Zuma Rock was captioned as located in Federal Capital Territory , while actually it is situated in Niger State . Later prints removed the reference to FCT, ABUJA. In 2012 the Central Bank of Nigeria may be contemplating the introduction of new currency denominations of N5,000. The bank has also made plans to convert ₦5, ₦10, ₦20 and ₦50 into coins which are all presently notes. The Central Bank of Nigeria has announced that it will no longer issue banknotes on polymer citing higher costs and environmental issues. On November 12, 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100 naira commemorative note to celebrate the centennial of Nigeria's existence. The notes are similar to its regular issue with the portrait of Chief Obafemi Awolowo on front, but is redesigned to include a new color scheme, revised security features, the text "One Nigeria, Great Promise" in microprinting and on the back is a quickresponse code (QRC) which when scanned leads users to a website about Nigeria's history. [ show ] Currently Circulating Banknotes [1] 1999–2005 Series Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue [2] ₦100 151 × 78 mm Red and multicolour Chief Obafemi Awolowo Zuma Rock As portrait(s), "CBN", value 1999 1 December 1999 [3] ₦200 Blue and multicolour Sir Ahmadu Bello Pyramid of agricultural commodity and livestock farming 2000 1 November 2000 [4] ₦500 Purple and multicolour Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe Off-shore oil-rig 2001 4 April 2001 [5] ₦1000 Purple Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu , Dr. Clement Isong CBN 's corporate headquarters in Abuja 2005 12 October 2005 2006 Series (Paper and Polymer banknotes) [6] ₦5 130 × 72 mm Mauve Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Nkpokiti dancers Central Bank of Nigeria logo, "CBN" 2006 28 February 2007 [7] ₦10 Red Mr. Alvan Ikoku Fulani milk maids [8] ₦20 Green General Murtala Mohammed Ladi Kwali [9] ₦50 Blue Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba men and a woman Local fishermen For table standards, see the banknote specification table . Second naira [ edit ] The naira was scheduled for redenomination in August 2008, although this was cancelled by then-President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ), with 100 old naira to become 1 new naira. The Nigerian Central Bank stated that it will make the naira fully convertible against foreign currencies by 2009. Currently, the amount of foreign currency is regulated through weekly auctions, while the Central Bank sets the exchange rate. The naira appreciated against the dollar through 2007 due to high oil revenues. Also, the then-Bank Governor, Professor Chukwuma Soludo noted the weekly central bank auctions of foreign currency will gradually be phased out, and that the bank would "only intervene in the market as may be required to achieve defined policy objectives". Coins [ edit ] Coins were to be issued in denominations of: 1 Kobo (₦0.01) 2 Kobo (₦0.02) 5 Kobo (₦0.05) 10 Kobo (₦0.10) 20 Kobo (₦0.20) Banknotes [ edit ] Banknotes were to be printed in denominations of: 50 Kobo (₦0.50) 1 Naira (₦1) 5 Naira (₦5): 10 Naira (₦10) 20 Naira (₦20) 50 naira (₦50) 100 naira (₦100) 200 naira (₦200) 500 naira (₦500) 1000 naira (₦1000) 50 kobo & 1 naira— are no longer in use. Exchange rates [ edit ] Rate of the Nigerian naira for 1 USD (1994-2005) This table shows the historical value of one U.S. Dollar in Nigerian naira - PM = Parallel Market. [ citation needed ] Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ 1972 0.658 1993 17.30 (21.90 PM) 2014 170-199 1973 0.658 1994 22.33 (56.80 PM) 2015 199-300 1974 0.63 1995 21.89 (71.70 PM) 2016 300-489 1975 0.616 1996 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1976 0.62 1997 21.89 (84.58 PM) 1977 0.647 1998 21.89 (84.70 PM) 1978 0.606 1999 21.89 (88-90 PM) 1979 0.596 2000 85.98 (105.00 PM) 1980 0.550 (0.900 PM) 2001 99-106 (104-122 PM) 1981 0.61 2002 109-113 (122-140 PM) 1982 0.673 2003 114-127 (135-137 PM) 1983 0.724 2004 127-130 (137-144 PM) 1984 0.765 2005 132-136 1985 0.894 (1.70 PM) 2006 128.50-131.80 1986 2.02 (3.90 PM) 2007 120-125 1987 4.02 (5.90 PM) 2008 115.50-120 1988 4.54 (6.70 PM) 2009 145-171 1989 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2010 148.21-154.8 1990 7.39 (10.70 PM) 2011 151.05-165.1 1991 8.04 (9.30 PM) 2012 155.09-161.5 1992 9.91 2013 153.21-162.9 Current NGN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY See also [ edit ] Economy of Nigeria References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Interview with Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria , on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Four Corners television program on the scandal involving the transfer from paper to polymer currency in Nigeria

train

where are the netherlands located on a map

The Netherlands (/ ˈnɛðərləndz / (listen) ; Dutch : Nederland (ˈneːdərˌlɑnt) (listen) ; Frisian : Nederlân), also known informally as Holland, is a country in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million. It is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, alongside with three island territories in the Caribbean (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba). The European portion of the Netherlands exists out of twelve provinces and borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders in the North Sea with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht (forming the Randstad megalopolis) and Eindhoven (leading the Brabantse Stedenrij). Amsterdam is the country 's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the world 's largest outside East Asia. Utrecht is a central node for road and railway communications, commerce and cultural events, while Eindhoven is an innovative city known for its economic attractiveness.

['16,400', 'niacin', 'the church of england', 'canterbury']

níbo ni àwọn netherlands wà lórí àwòrán-ayé

Yes

['Nẹ́dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Europe ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).']

[]

['P1']

N??dálándì N??dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Yuropu ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale.

train

where is the netherlands located on the world map

The Netherlands (/ ˈnɛðərləndz / (listen) ; Dutch : Nederland (ˈneːdərˌlɑnt) (listen) ; West Frisian : Nederlân), also known informally as Holland, is a densely populated country in Western Europe, also incorporating three island territories in the Caribbean. It is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The European portion of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders in the North Sea with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country 's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the world 's largest outside east Asia. Utrecht is a central node for road and railway communications, commerce, and cultural events.

['in the middle ear', 'osteoblasts']

níbo ni netherlands wà lórí àwòrán ayé

Yes

['Nẹ́dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Europe ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).']

['Nẹ́dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Europe ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).']

['P1']

N??dálándì N??dálándì tabi Awon Orile-ede Apaisale (Hóllàndì) je orile-ede ni apa ariwaiwoorun Yuropu ati apa kan ni Ile-Oba awon Orile-ede Isale.

train

can a irrational number be a real number

In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being incommensurable, meaning that they share no `` measure '' in common, that is, there is no length (`` the measure ''), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself.

['althea gibson']

ṣé nọ́ńbà tí kò ṣeé díye lé lè jẹ́ nọ́ńbà gidi

Yes

['Ninu imo mathematiki Nọ́mbà aláìníìpín je nomba gidi ti ko je nomba oniipin, eyun nomba ti ko se e pin dogba laiseku ikankan, nomba ti ko se ko sile bi m/n ti m ati n ba je odidi, ti n ko gbodo je odo.']

['Ninu imo mathematiki Nọ́mbà aláìníìpín je nomba gidi ti ko je nomba oniipin, eyun nomba ti ko se e pin dogba laiseku ikankan, nomba ti ko se ko sile bi m/n ti m ati n ba je odidi, ti n ko gbodo je odo.']

['P1']

N??mbà aláìníìpín Ninu imo mathematiki N??mbà aláìníìpín je nomba gidi ti ko je nomba oniipin, eyun nomba ti ko se e pin dogba laiseku ikankan, nomba ti ko se ko sile bi m/n ti m ati n ba je odidi, ti n ko gbodo je odo.

The mathematical constant pi (π) is an irrational number that is much represented in popular culture. The number 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2}}} is irrational. In mathematics , the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers , the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions ) of integers . When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being incommensurable , meaning that they share no "measure" in common, that is, there is no length ("the measure"), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself. Among irrational numbers are the ratio π of a circle's circumference to its diameter, Euler's number e , the golden ratio φ , and the square root of two ; in fact all square roots of natural numbers , other than of perfect squares , are irrational. It can be shown that irrational numbers, when expressed in a positional numeral system (e.g. as decimal numbers , or with any other natural basis), do not terminate, nor do they repeat , i.e., do not contain a subsequence of digits, the repetition of which makes up the tail of the representation. For example, the decimal representation of the number π starts with 3.14159265358979, but no finite number of digits can represent π exactly, nor does it repeat. The proof that the decimal expansion of a rational number must terminate or repeat is distinct from the proof that a decimal expansion that terminates or repeats must be a rational number, and although elementary and not lengthy, both proofs take some work. Mathematicians do not generally take "terminating or repeating" to be the definition of the concept of rational number. Irrational numbers may also be dealt with via non-terminating continued fractions . As a consequence of Cantor's proof that the real numbers are uncountable and the rationals countable, it follows that almost all real numbers are irrational. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Ancient Greece 1.2 India 1.3 Middle Ages 1.4 Modern period 2 Examples 2.1 Square roots 2.2 General roots 2.3 Logarithms 3 Transcendental and algebraic irrationals 4 Decimal expansions 5 Irrational powers 6 Open questions 7 Set of all irrationals 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History [ edit ] Set of real numbers (R), which include the rationals (Q), which include the integers (Z), which include the natural numbers (N). The real numbers also include the irrationals (R\Q). Ancient Greece [ edit ] The first proof of the existence of irrational numbers is usually attributed to a Pythagorean (possibly Hippasus of Metapontum ), who probably discovered them while identifying sides of the pentagram . The then-current Pythagorean method would have claimed that there must be some sufficiently small, indivisible unit that could fit evenly into one of these lengths as well as the other. However, Hippasus, in the 5th century BC, was able to deduce that there was in fact no common unit of measure, and that the assertion of such an existence was in fact a contradiction. He did this by demonstrating that if the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle was indeed commensurable with a leg, then one of those lengths measured in that unit of measure must be both odd and even, which is impossible. His reasoning is as follows: External video Making sense of irrational numbers - Ganesh Pai , TED-Ed Start with an isosceles right triangle with side lengths of integers a , b , and c . The ratio of the hypotenuse to a leg is represented by c : b . Assume a , b , and c are in the smallest possible terms ( i.e. they have no common factors). By the Pythagorean theorem : c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = b 2 + b 2 = 2 b 2 . (Since the triangle is isosceles, a = b ). Since c 2 = 2 b 2 , c 2 is divisible by 2, and therefore even. Since c 2 is even, c must be even. Since c is even, dividing c by 2 yields an integer. Let y be this integer ( c = 2 y ). Squaring both sides of c = 2 y yields c 2 = (2 y ) 2 , or c 2 = 4 y 2 . Substituting 4 y 2 for c 2 in the first equation ( c 2 = 2 b 2 ) gives us 4 y 2 = 2 b 2 . Dividing by 2 yields 2 y 2 = b 2 . Since y is an integer, and 2 y 2 = b 2 , b 2 is divisible by 2, and therefore even. Since b 2 is even, b must be even. We have just shown that both b and c must be even. Hence they have a common factor of 2. However this contradicts the assumption that they have no common factors. This contradiction proves that c and b cannot both be integers, and thus the existence of a number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Greek mathematicians termed this ratio of incommensurable magnitudes alogos , or inexpressible. Hippasus, however, was not lauded for his efforts: according to one legend, he made his discovery while out at sea, and was subsequently thrown overboard by his fellow Pythagoreans “…for having produced an element in the universe which denied the…doctrine that all phenomena in the universe can be reduced to whole numbers and their ratios.” Another legend states that Hippasus was merely exiled for this revelation. Whatever the consequence to Hippasus himself, his discovery posed a very serious problem to Pythagorean mathematics, since it shattered the assumption that number and geometry were inseparable–a foundation of their theory. The discovery of incommensurable ratios was indicative of another problem facing the Greeks: the relation of the discrete to the continuous. Brought into light by Zeno of Elea , who questioned the conception that quantities are discrete and composed of a finite number of units of a given size. Past Greek conceptions dictated that they necessarily must be, for “whole numbers represent discrete objects, and a commensurable ratio represents a relation between two collections of discrete objects.” However Zeno found that in fact “[quantities] in general are not discrete collections of units; this is why ratios of incommensurable [quantities] appear….[Q]uantities are, in other words, continuous.” What this means is that, contrary to the popular conception of the time, there cannot be an indivisible, smallest unit of measure for any quantity. That in fact, these divisions of quantity must necessarily be infinite . For example, consider a line segment: this segment can be split in half, that half split in half, the half of the half in half, and so on. This process can continue infinitely, for there is always another half to be split. The more times the segment is halved, the closer the unit of measure comes to zero, but it never reaches exactly zero. This is just what Zeno sought to prove. He sought to prove this by formulating four paradoxes , which demonstrated the contradictions inherent in the mathematical thought of the time. While Zeno’s paradoxes accurately demonstrated the deficiencies of current mathematical conceptions, they were not regarded as proof of the alternative. In the minds of the Greeks, disproving the validity of one view did not necessarily prove the validity of another, and therefore further investigation had to occur. The next step was taken by Eudoxus of Cnidus , who formalized a new theory of proportion that took into account commensurable as well as incommensurable quantities. Central to his idea was the distinction between magnitude and number. A magnitude “...was not a number but stood for entities such as line segments, angles, areas, volumes, and time which could vary, as we would say, continuously. Magnitudes were opposed to numbers, which jumped from one value to another, as from 4 to 5.” Numbers are composed of some smallest, indivisible unit, whereas magnitudes are infinitely reducible. Because no quantitative values were assigned to magnitudes, Eudoxus was then able to account for both commensurable and incommensurable ratios by defining a ratio in terms of its magnitude, and proportion as an equality between two ratios. By taking quantitative values (numbers) out of the equation, he avoided the trap of having to express an irrational number as a number. “Eudoxus’ theory enabled the Greek mathematicians to make tremendous progress in geometry by supplying the necessary logical foundation for incommensurable ratios.” This incommensurability is dealt with in Euclid's Elements, Book X, Proposition 9. As a result of the distinction between number and magnitude, geometry became the only method that could take into account incommensurable ratios. Because previous numerical foundations were still incompatible with the concept of incommensurability, Greek focus shifted away from those numerical conceptions such as algebra and focused almost exclusively on geometry. In fact, in many cases algebraic conceptions were reformulated into geometrical terms. This may account for why we still conceive of x 2 or x 3 as x squared and x cubed instead of x second power and x third power. Also crucial to Zeno’s work with incommensurable magnitudes was the fundamental focus on deductive reasoning that resulted from the foundational shattering of earlier Greek mathematics. The realization that some basic conception within the existing theory was at odds with reality necessitated a complete and thorough investigation of the axioms and assumptions that underlie that theory. Out of this necessity, Eudoxus developed his method of exhaustion , a kind of reductio ad absurdum that “…established the deductive organization on the basis of explicit axioms…” as well as “…reinforced the earlier decision to rely on deductive reasoning for proof.” This method of exhaustion is the first step in the creation of calculus. Theodorus of Cyrene proved the irrationality of the surds of whole numbers up to 17, but stopped there probably because the algebra he used couldn't be applied to the square root of 17. It wasn't until Eudoxus developed a theory of proportion that took into account irrational as well as rational ratios that a strong mathematical foundation of irrational numbers was created. India [ edit ] Geometrical and mathematical problems involving irrational numbers such as square roots were addressed very early during the Vedic period in India. There are references to such calculations in the Samhitas , Brahmanas , and the Shulba Sutras (800 BC or earlier). (See Bag, Indian Journal of History of Science, 25(1-4), 1990). It is suggested that the concept of irrationality was implicitly accepted by Indian mathematicians since the 7th century BC, when Manava (c. 750 – 690 BC) believed that the square roots of numbers such as 2 and 61 could not be exactly determined. However, historian Carl Benjamin Boyer writes that "such claims are not well substantiated and unlikely to be true". It is also suggested that Aryabhata (5th century AD), in calculating a value of pi to 5 significant figures, used the word āsanna (approaching), to mean that not only is this an approximation but that the value is incommensurable (or irrational). Later, in their treatises, Indian mathematicians wrote on the arithmetic of surds including addition, subtraction, multiplication, rationalization, as well as separation and extraction of square roots. (See Datta, Singh, Indian Journal of History of Science, 28(3), 1993). Mathematicians like Brahmagupta (in 628 AD) and Bhaskara I (in 629 AD) made contributions in this area as did other mathematicians who followed. In the 12th century Bhaskara II evaluated some of these formulas and critiqued them, identifying their limitations. During the 14th to 16th centuries, Madhava of Sangamagrama and the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics discovered the infinite series for several irrational numbers such as π and certain irrational values of trigonometric functions . Jyeṣṭhadeva provided proofs for these infinite series in the Yuktibhāṣā . Middle Ages [ edit ] In the Middle ages , the development of algebra by Muslim mathematicians allowed irrational numbers to be treated as algebraic objects . Middle Eastern mathematicians also merged the concepts of " number " and " magnitude " into a more general idea of real numbers , criticized Euclid's idea of ratios , developed the theory of composite ratios, and extended the concept of number to ratios of continuous magnitude. In his commentary on Book 10 of the Elements , the Persian mathematician Al-Mahani (d. 874/884) examined and classified quadratic irrationals and cubic irrationals. He provided definitions for rational and irrational magnitudes, which he treated as irrational numbers. He dealt with them freely but explains them in geometric terms as follows: "It will be a rational (magnitude) when we, for instance, say 10, 12, 3%, 6%, etc., because its value is pronounced and expressed quantitatively. What is not rational is irrational and it is impossible to pronounce and represent its value quantitatively. For example: the roots of numbers such as 10, 15, 20 which are not squares, the sides of numbers which are not cubes etc. " In contrast to Euclid's concept of magnitudes as lines, Al-Mahani considered integers and fractions as rational magnitudes, and square roots and cube roots as irrational magnitudes. He also introduced an arithmetical approach to the concept of irrationality, as he attributes the following to irrational magnitudes: "their sums or differences, or results of their addition to a rational magnitude, or results of subtracting a magnitude of this kind from an irrational one, or of a rational magnitude from it." The Egyptian mathematician Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam (c. 850 – 930) was the first to accept irrational numbers as solutions to quadratic equations or as coefficients in an equation , often in the form of square roots, cube roots and fourth roots . In the 10th century, the Iraqi mathematician Al-Hashimi provided general proofs (rather than geometric demonstrations) for irrational numbers, as he considered multiplication, division, and other arithmetical functions. Iranian mathematician, Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971) provides a definition of rational and irrational magnitudes, stating that if a definite quantity is: "contained in a certain given magnitude once or many times, then this (given) magnitude corresponds to a rational number. . . . Each time when this (latter) magnitude comprises a half, or a third, or a quarter of the given magnitude (of the unit), or, compared with (the unit), comprises three, five, or three fifths, it is a rational magnitude. And, in general, each magnitude that corresponds to this magnitude ( i.e. to the unit), as one number to another, is rational. If, however, a magnitude cannot be represented as a multiple, a part (l/ n ), or parts ( m / n ) of a given magnitude, it is irrational, i.e. it cannot be expressed other than by means of roots." Many of these concepts were eventually accepted by European mathematicians sometime after the Latin translations of the 12th century . Al-Hassār , a Moroccan mathematician from Fez specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence during the 12th century, first mentions the use of a fractional bar, where numerators and denominators are separated by a horizontal bar. In his discussion he writes, "..., for example, if you are told to write three-fifths and a third of a fifth, write thus, 3 1 5 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {3\quad 1}{5\quad 3}}} ." This same fractional notation appears soon after in the work of Leonardo Fibonacci in the 13th century. Modern period [ edit ] The 17th century saw imaginary numbers become a powerful tool in the hands of Abraham de Moivre , and especially of Leonhard Euler . The completion of the theory of complex numbers in the 19th century entailed the differentiation of irrationals into algebraic and transcendental numbers , the proof of the existence of transcendental numbers, and the resurgence of the scientific study of the theory of irrationals, largely ignored since Euclid . The year 1872 saw the publication of the theories of Karl Weierstrass (by his pupil Ernst Kossak), Eduard Heine ( Crelle's Journal , 74), Georg Cantor (Annalen, 5), and Richard Dedekind . Méray had taken in 1869 the same point of departure as Heine, but the theory is generally referred to the year 1872. Weierstrass's method has been completely set forth by Salvatore Pincherle in 1880, and Dedekind's has received additional prominence through the author's later work (1888) and the endorsement by Paul Tannery (1894). Weierstrass, Cantor, and Heine base their theories on infinite series, while Dedekind founds his on the idea of a cut (Schnitt) in the system of all rational numbers , separating them into two groups having certain characteristic properties. The subject has received later contributions at the hands of Weierstrass, Leopold Kronecker (Crelle, 101), and Charles Méray . Continued fractions , closely related to irrational numbers (and due to Cataldi, 1613), received attention at the hands of Euler, and at the opening of the 19th century were brought into prominence through the writings of Joseph-Louis Lagrange . Dirichlet also added to the general theory, as have numerous contributors to the applications of the subject. Johann Heinrich Lambert proved (1761) that π cannot be rational, and that e n is irrational if n is rational (unless n = 0). While Lambert's proof is often called incomplete, modern assessments support it as satisfactory, and in fact for its time it is unusually rigorous. Adrien-Marie Legendre (1794), after introducing the Bessel–Clifford function , provided a proof to show that π 2 is irrational, whence it follows immediately that π is irrational also. The existence of transcendental numbers was first established by Liouville (1844, 1851). Later, Georg Cantor (1873) proved their existence by a different method , that showed that every interval in the reals contains transcendental numbers. Charles Hermite (1873) first proved e transcendental, and Ferdinand von Lindemann (1882), starting from Hermite's conclusions, showed the same for π. Lindemann's proof was much simplified by Weierstrass (1885), still further by David Hilbert (1893), and was finally made elementary by Adolf Hurwitz and Paul Gordan . Examples [ edit ] Square roots [ edit ] The square root of 2 was the first number proved irrational, and that article contains a number of proofs. The golden ratio is another famous quadratic irrational and there is a simple proof of its irrationality in its article. The square roots of all natural numbers which are not perfect squares are irrational and a proof may be found in quadratic irrationals . General roots [ edit ] The proof above for the square root of two can be generalized using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . This asserts that every integer has a unique factorization into primes. Using it we can show that if a rational number is not an integer then no integral power of it can be an integer, as in lowest terms there must be a prime in the denominator that does not divide into the numerator whatever power each is raised to. Therefore, if an integer is not an exact k th power of another integer then its k th root is irrational. Logarithms [ edit ] Perhaps the numbers most easy to prove irrational are certain logarithms . Here is a proof by contradiction that log 2 3 is irrational. Notice that log 2 3 ≈ 1.58 > 0. Assume log 2 3 is rational. For some positive integers m and n , we have log 2 ⁡ 3 = m n . {\displaystyle \log _{2}3={\frac {m}{n}}.} It follows that 2 m / n = 3 {\displaystyle 2^{m/n}=3} ( 2 m / n ) n = 3 n {\displaystyle (2^{m/n})^{n}=3^{n}} 2 m = 3 n . {\displaystyle 2^{m}=3^{n}.} However, the number 2 raised to any positive integer power must be even (because it is divisible by 2) and the number 3 raised to any positive integer power must be odd (since none of its prime factors will be 2). Clearly, an integer cannot be both odd and even at the same time: we have a contradiction. The only assumption we made was that log 2 3 is rational (and so expressible as a quotient of integers m / n with n ≠ 0). The contradiction means that this assumption must be false, i.e. log 2 3 is irrational, and can never be expressed as a quotient of integers m / n with n ≠ 0. Cases such as log 10 2 can be treated similarly. Transcendental and algebraic irrationals [ edit ] Almost all irrational numbers are transcendental and all real transcendental numbers are irrational (there are also complex transcendental numbers): the article on transcendental numbers lists several examples. e r and π r are irrational if r ≠ 0 is rational; e π is irrational. Another way to construct irrational numbers is as irrational algebraic numbers , i.e. as zeros of polynomials with integer coefficients: start with a polynomial equation p ( x ) = a n x n + a n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + a 1 x + a 0 = 0 {\displaystyle p(x)=a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}=0} where the coefficients a i are integers. Suppose it is known that there exists some real number x with p ( x ) = 0. (For instance, if n is odd and a n is non-zero, then p (− M ) and p ( M ) have opposite signs for sufficiently large absolute values of M , and then, because of the intermediate value theorem , there exists a root in between.) The only possible rational roots of this polynomial equation are of the form r / s where r is a divisor of a 0 and s is a divisor of a n ; there are only finitely many such candidates so they can be checked by hand. If neither of them is a root of p , then x must be irrational. For example, this technique can be used to show that x = (2 1/2 + 1) 1/3 is irrational: we have ( x 3 − 1) 2 = 2 and hence x 6 − 2 x 3 − 1 = 0, and this latter polynomial does not have any rational roots (the only candidates to check are ±1). Because the algebraic numbers form a field , many irrational numbers can be constructed by combining transcendental and algebraic numbers. For example, 3π + 2, π + √ 2 and e √ 3 are irrational (and even transcendental). Decimal expansions [ edit ] The decimal expansion of an irrational number never repeats or terminates (essentially, that is repeating zeroes ), unlike any rational number. The same is true for binary , octal or hexadecimal expansions, and in general for expansions in every positional notation with natural bases. To show this, suppose we divide integers n by m (where m is nonzero). When long division is applied to the division of n by m , only m remainders are possible. If 0 appears as a remainder, the decimal expansion terminates. If 0 never occurs, then the algorithm can run at most m − 1 steps without using any remainder more than once. After that, a remainder must recur, and then the decimal expansion repeats. Conversely, suppose we are faced with a repeating decimal , we can prove that it is a fraction of two integers. For example, consider: A = 0.7 162 162 162 ⋯ . {\displaystyle A=0.7\,162\,162\,162\,\cdots .} Here the repetend is 162 and the length of the repetend is 3. First, we multiply by an appropriate power of 10 to move the decimal point to the right so that it is just in front of a repetend. In this example we would multiply by 10 to obtain: 10 A = 7.162 162 162 ⋯ . {\displaystyle 10A=7.162\,162\,162\,\cdots .} Now we multiply this equation by 10 r where r is the length of the repetend. This has the effect of moving the decimal point to be in front of the "next" repetend. In our example, multiply by 10 3 : 10 , 000 A = 7 162.162 162 ⋯ . {\displaystyle 10,000A=7\,162.162\,162\,\cdots .} The result of the two multiplications gives two different expressions with exactly the same "decimal portion", that is, the tail end of 10,000 A matches the tail end of 10 A exactly. Here, both 10,000 A and 10 A have .162162162 ... at the end. Therefore, when we subtract the 10 A equation from the 10,000 A equation, the tail end of 10 A cancels out the tail end of 10,000 A leaving us with: 9990 A = 7155. {\displaystyle 9990A=7155.} Then A = 7155 9990 , {\displaystyle A={\frac {7155}{9990}},} is a ratio of integers and therefore a rational number, as required for the proof. Irrational powers [ edit ] Dov Jarden gave a simple non- constructive proof that there exist two irrational numbers a and b , such that a b is rational: Consider √ 2 √ 2 ; if this is rational, then take a = b = √ 2 . Otherwise, take a to be the irrational number √ 2 √ 2 and b = √ 2 . Then a b = (√ 2 √ 2 ) √ 2 = √ 2 √ 2 ·√ 2 = √ 2 2 = 2, which is rational. Although the above argument does not decide between the two cases, the Gelfond–Schneider theorem shows that √ 2 √ 2 is transcendental , hence irrational. This theorem states that if a and b are both algebraic numbers , and a is not equal to 0 or 1, and b is not a rational number, then any value of a b is a transcendental number (there can be more than one value if complex number exponentiation is used). An example that provides a simple constructive proof is ( 2 ) log 2 ⁡ 3 = 3. {\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)^{\log _{\sqrt {2}}3}=3.} The base of the left side is irrational and the right side is rational, so one must prove that the exponent on the left side, log 2 ⁡ 3 {\displaystyle \log _{\sqrt {2}}3} , is irrational. This is so because, by the formula relating logarithms with different bases, log 2 ⁡ 3 = log 2 ⁡ 3 log 2 ⁡ 2 = log 2 ⁡ 3 1 / 2 = 2 log 2 ⁡ 3 {\displaystyle \log _{\sqrt {2}}3={\frac {\log _{2}3}{\log _{2}{\sqrt {2}}}}={\frac {\log _{2}3}{1/2}}=2\log _{2}3} which we can assume, for the sake of establishing a contradiction , equals a ratio m/n of positive integers. Then log 2 ⁡ 3 = m / 2 n {\displaystyle \log _{2}3=m/2n} hence 2 log 2 ⁡ 3 = 2 m / 2 n {\displaystyle 2^{\log _{2}3}=2^{m/2n}} hence 3 = 2 m / 2 n {\displaystyle 3=2^{m/2n}} hence 3 2 n = 2 m {\displaystyle 3^{2n}=2^{m}} , which is a contradictory pair of prime factorizations and hence violates the fundamental theorem of arithmetic (unique prime factorization). A stronger result is the following: Every rational number in the interval ( ( 1 / e ) 1 / e , ∞ ) {\displaystyle ((1/e)^{1/e},\infty )} can be written either as a a for some irrational number a or as n n for some natural number n . Similarly, every positive rational number can be written either as a a a {\displaystyle a^{a^{a}}} for some irrational number a or as n n n {\displaystyle n^{n^{n}}} for some natural number n . Open questions [ edit ] It is not known whether π + e or π − e is irrational or not. In fact, there is no pair of non-zero integers m and n for which it is known whether m π + ne is irrational or not. Moreover, it is not known whether the set { π , e } is algebraically independent over Q . It is not known whether π e , π / e , 2 e , π e , π √ 2 , ln π , Catalan's constant , or the Euler–Mascheroni gamma constant γ are irrational. It is not known if the tetrations n π or n e are rational for any positive integer n . Set of all irrationals [ edit ] Since the reals form an uncountable set, of which the rationals are a countable subset, the complementary set of irrationals is uncountable. Under the usual ( Euclidean ) distance function d ( x , y ) = | x − y |, the real numbers are a metric space and hence also a topological space . Restricting the Euclidean distance function gives the irrationals the structure of a metric space. Since the subspace of irrationals is not closed, the induced metric is not complete . However, being a G-delta set —i.e., a countable intersection of open subsets—in a complete metric space, the space of irrationals is completely metrizable : that is, there is a metric on the irrationals inducing the same topology as the restriction of the Euclidean metric, but with respect to which the irrationals are complete. One can see this without knowing the aforementioned fact about G-delta sets: the continued fraction expansion of an irrational number defines a homeomorphism from the space of irrationals to the space of all sequences of positive integers, which is easily seen to be completely metrizable. Furthermore, the set of all irrationals is a disconnected metrizable space. In fact, the irrationals have a basis of clopen sets so the space is zero-dimensional. See also [ edit ] Brjuno number Computable number Dedekind cut Diophantine approximation Golden Ratio n th root Proof that e is irrational Proof that π is irrational Square root of 2 Square root of 3 Square root of 5 Transcendental number Trigonometric number References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] Adrien-Marie Legendre , Éléments de Géometrie , Note IV, (1802), Paris Rolf Wallisser, "On Lambert's proof of the irrationality of π", in Algebraic Number Theory and Diophantine Analysis , Franz Halter-Koch and Robert F. Tichy, (2000), Walter de Gruyer External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Irrational numbers . Zeno's Paradoxes and Incommensurability (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2008 Weisstein, Eric W. "Irrational Number" . MathWorld . Square root of 2 is irrational

train

what is the capital city of kenya wikianswers

Nairobi (/ naɪˈroʊbi / ; locally (naɪˈroːbi)) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to `` cool water '', a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper has a population of 3,138,369, while the metropolitan area has a population of 6,547,547. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun. Nairobi is famous for being the only city in the world that hosts a national park, the Nairobi national Park.

['19th century', 'age of discovery']

kí ni olú ìlú kenya wikianswers

Yes

['Nairobi ni oluilu orile-Ede Kenya ni iha Ila Orun Afrika.']

['Nairobi ni oluilu orile-Ede Kenya ni iha Ila Orun Afrika.']

['P1']

Nairobi Nairobi ni oluilu orile-Ede Kenya ni iha Ila Orun Afrika.

train

full name of current prime minister of india

Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati : (ˈnəɾeːnd̪rə d̪aːmoːd̪əɾˈd̪aːs ˈmoːd̪iː) (listen) ; born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who is the 16th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right - wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).

['got to be there']

orúkọ ológun tí ó jẹ́ olórí ìjọba orílẹ̀-èdè Íńdíà

Yes

['Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi ni Mínísítà àgbà India kẹrìnlá àti mínísítà àgbà tí India lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́ lati ọdun 2014.']

['Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi ni Mínísítà àgbà India kẹrìnlá àti mínísítà àgbà tí India lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́ lati ọdun 2014.']

['P1']

Narendra Modi Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi ni Mínísítà àgbà India k?rìnlá àti mínísítà àgbà tí India l??w?? l??w?? lati ?dun 2014. O j? oloselu kan lati ?gb?? Bharatiya Janata, agbari-i?? oluy??da ara ilu Hindu kan. Oun ni Olórí Ìj?ba ak?k? ni ita ti Ile-igbim?j? ti Oril?-ede India lati ??gun aw?n ofin it?lera meji p?lu opoju to kun ati ekeji lati pari di? sii ju ?dun marun ni ?fiisi l?hin Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[2] Igbesi aye ib?r? ati i?? Ti a bi si idile Gujarati ni Vadnagar, Modi ?e iranl?w? fun baba r? lati ta tii bi ?m?de ati pe o ti s? pe nigbamii o ta iduro tir?. O ?e agbekal? si RSS ni ?m? ?dun m?j?, b?r? ibasep? pip? p?lu agbari. Modi fi ile sil? l?hin ti pari ile-iwe giga ni apakan nitori igbeyawo ?m?de si Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, eyiti o k? sil? ti o gba ni gbangba ni ?p?l?p? aw?n ?dun s?hin.[3] Modi rin kakiri India fun ?dun meji o si ?ab?wo si ?p?l?p? aw?n ile-i?? ?sin ?aaju ki o to pada si Gujarat. Ni ?dun 1971 o di o?i?? akoko kikun fun RSS. Lakoko ipo pajawiri ti w?n fi pa?? kaakiri oril?-ede ni ?dun 1975, Modi fi agbara mu lati l? pam?. RSS naa fi i si BJP ni ?dun 1985 ati pe o waye ?p?l?p? aw?n ipo laarin aw?n ipo-i?e ?gb? titi di ?dun 2001, dide si ipo ti ak?we gbogbogbo.[4][5] Ib?r? (2014-L?w?l?w?) Modi dari BJP ni idibo gbogbogbo ?dun 2014 eyiti o fun ?gb? naa ni ?p?l?p? ninu ile a?ofin kekere ti India, Lok Sabha, akoko ak?k? fun eyikeyi ?gb? kan lati 1984. Ij?ba Modi ti gbiyanju lati gbe idoko-owo taara ajeji ni aje India. ati dinku inawo lori eto ilera ati aw?n eto iranl?w? ni awuj?. Modi ti gbiyanju lati mu il?siwaju ?i?e ni i??-?i?e ij?ba; o ti ni agbara agbedemeji nipas? didi Igbim? Eto. O b?r? ipolongo imototo ti profaili giga, b?r? ipil??? ariyanjiyan ti aw?n iwe ifowopam? ti oruk? giga, ati dinku tabi paar? aw?n ofin ayika ati i??. Ni at?le i??gun ti ?gb? r? ni idibo gbogbogbo 2019, i?akoso r? fagile ipo pataki ti Jammu ati Kashmir. Ij?ba r? tun ?e agbekal? ofin Atunse ti Ilu-ilu, eyiti o mu ki aw?n ehonu jakejado jakejado oril?-ede naa. Ti a ?e apejuwe bi im?-?r? i?e atun?e oselu si i?elu apa-?tun, Modi j? n?mba ti ariyanjiyan ni ile ati ni kariaye lori aw?n igbagb? ti oril?-ede Hindu r? ati ipa ti o fi ?sun kan lakoko aw?n rudurudu Gujarat 2002, ti a t?ka si bi ?ri ti eto iyasoto iyasoto.

train

who become the first president of south africa in 1994

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (/ mænˈdɛlə / ; 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.

['the asterism within the constellation of crux, the southern cross', 'asterism within the constellation of crux, the southern cross']

Ta ló di ààrẹ àkọ́kọ́ ní gúúsù áfíríkà ní 1994

Yes

['Mandela ṣiwájú ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú rẹ̀ nínú àwọn iforojomitorooro tó fa òṣèlú àwaarawa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, tó sì di Ààrẹ orílẹ̀ èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ọdún 1994 títí di 1999.']

['Mandela ']

['P1']

Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (IPA: ?j?? Kejìdínlógún O?ù Keje ?dún 1918 - ?j?? Karùn-ún O?ù Kejìlá ?dún 2013)[3][4] j?? Ààr? Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di ?dún 1999, b???? sì ni òun ni Ààr? Gúúsù Áfírík[s àk??k?? tó j?? ?ni àdìbòyàn nínú ìdìbò-yani tò?èlú ará ìlú a?ojú yanyan. Kí ó tó di Ààr?, Mandela j?? alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìm?? A?òfin ?m? Oríl??-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). L??dún 1962 ó di ?ni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote ati awon ??sùn mìíràn, w??n sì rán an l??w??n gbere. Mandela lo ?dún m??tàdínl??gb??n (27) ní ??w??n, ó lo ??p?? ?dún yìí ní Robben Island. L??yìn jijowo r?? kúrò l??gbà ??w??n ní ?j?? 11 o?ù kejì ?dún 1990. Mandela ?iwájú ?gb?? ò?èlú r?? nínú àw?n iforojomitorooro tó fa ò?èlú àwaarawa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, tó sì di Ààr? oríl?? èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di 1999. O si ?okùnfà ìf?w??sow??p?? ní Gúúsù Afrika, Bákan náà ni a tún m? Mandela sí Madiba, oyè ??y? tí àw?n Alágbà ìdílé Mandela ? lo. Mandela ti gba ??bùn tó p?? ju 250 l? láàárín ogójì ?dún, nínú w?n ni ??bùn Àlàáfíà Nobel 1993. Ìgbà èwe Nelson Mandela l??dún 1937[5] Nelson Mandela j?? ?m? ??ka kékeré ìran ?ba Thembu dynasty, tó ? j?ba ní agbègbè Transkei ní Ìgbèríko Cape Gúúsù Áfíríkà.[6] W??n bí i ní Mvezo, abúlé kékeré kan tó sún m?? agbègbè Umtata, tó j?? olú-ìlú Transkei.[6] ?m? ìran Khoisan ni ìyá ?lá r??[7]. Bàbá ?lá bàbá r?? ni Ngubengcuka tó j?ba g??g?? bí Inkosi Enkhulu tàbí ?ba àw?n Thembu ?áájú kó tó kú ní ?dún (1832).[8] Ìkan nínú àw?n ?m?kùnrin ?ba ??hún ló ? j?? Mandela, ni bàbá ?lá r?? àti ibi tí orúk? ìdílé r?? ti wá. Síb?? nítorí pé ó j?? ?m? Inkosi's lát??d?? ìyàwó ìran Ixhiba (ìy?n "ìdílé olowo osi"[9]), àw?n ?m?-?m? ??ka ?bí ?ba r?? kò lè gorí ìt?? ní Thembu. Bàbá Mandela ni Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. Ó j?? Olóyè ní ìlú Mvezo.[10] ?ùgb??n nítorí àìgb??ràn sí ìj?ba amúnisìn lenu, w??n y? Mphakanyiswa kúrò ní ipò oyè r?? w??n sì k? ?bí r?? l? sí Qunu. Síb??, Mphakanyiswa k?? kó ?àìj?? ?m? ?gb?? Adám??ràn Inkosi, b???? sì ni ó kópa gidi láti rí i pé Jongintaba Dalindyebo gun orí ìt?? Thembu. Dalindyebo san ore yi paa fun Mphakanyiswa nípa gbigba Mandela s??d?? bí ?m? nígbà tí Mphakanyiswa kú.[11] Bàbá Mandela f?? ìyàwó m??rin, ó sì bí ?m? m??tàlá (13) ?kùnrin m??rin àti obìnrin m??sàn-án.[11] Mandela j?? ?m? ìyàwó k?ta, Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny j?? ?m?bìnrin Nkedama láti ìran Mpemvu Xhosa, Otun Oba, ninu ile eni ti Mandela ti lo igba omode re.[12] Orúk? àbís? r? Rolihlahla túm?? sí "fa ??ka igi", "oníjàngb??n".[13][14] Rolihlahla Mandela ló j?? ?m? àk??k?? nínú ?bí r? tó l? sí ilé ??k?? níbi tí olùk?? r?? Miss Mdingane ti fún un lórúk? G????sì "Nelson".[15] Nígbà tí Mandela tó ?m? ?dún m??sàn-án, bàbá r?? kú nípa ik?? ??gb? (TB), nítorí èyí Jongintaba, di alágbàt?? r??.[11] Mandela l? sí ilé ??k?? tí ó jìnnà sí ààfin Jogintaba. P??lú bí à?à Thembu ?e là á síl??, ó j?? siso dagba nígbà tó tó ?m? ?dún m??rìndínlógún (16), ó sì relé ??k?? Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela parí ilé ??k?? odo láàárín ?dún méjì, kàkà ?dún m??ta tó y?.[16] Leyi to je yiyan lati jogun ipo baba re gege bi Alamoran Oba, ni odun 1937 Mandela ko lo si Healdtown Comprehensive School, koleji awon elesin Wesley ni Fort Beaufort ti opo awon awon omo oloye ni Thembu ti n lo si ile-eko.[17] Nigba ti o di omo odun mokan-dinlogun (19) o feran lati ja ese ati eresisa ni ile-eko.[12] Leyin to to de koleji, Mandela bere si keko fun iwe-eri Bachelor Ise-Ona ni Fort Hare University, nibi to ti pade Oliver Tambo. Tambo ati Mandela di ore ati elegbe. Mandela tun di ore pelu Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima eni to je gege bi oloye Otunba Thembu wa lori ila fun ite ni Transkei,[9] eyi ti yio fa lojo iwaju lati tewogba eto Bantustan. Itileyin re fun awon eto yi fa ilodi larin ohun ati Mandela.[12] Ni eyin odun kn ni koleji Mandela kopa ninu boikotu ti Igbimo awon Asoju Akeko se nitori awon eto yunifasiti, nitorie won le kuro nibe.[18] Lojowaju nigba to wa ni ogba ewon, Mandela keko fun Iwe-eri Bachelor Ofin lati ibi eto okere Yunifasiti Londonu. Dere to kuro ni Fort Hare, Jongintaba so fun Mandela ati Justice (to je omo Jogintaba ati eni to kan lati joba) pe ohun ti seto igbeyawo fun awon mejeeji. Sugbo awon mejeeji nitoripe won ko feran eto igbeyawo yi, won kora won si ko lo si Johannesburg.[19] Nigba to de be, Mandela nibere koko ri ise bi asona ninu koto alumoni.[20] Sugbon, eni to gba sise tete yara le kuro nigba to gbo pe Mandela je alagbato Oba. Mandela leyin na bere ise bi akowe ni ile-ise agbejoro to wa ni Johannesburg, Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, lati odo ore ati alawose re, Walter Sisulu.[20] Bo se unsise ni Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, Mandela pari iwe-eri B.A. re ni Yunifasiti Guusu Afrika pelu ifiranse, leyin na lo wa bere si ni gbeko ofin ni Yunifasiti Witwatersrand, nibi to ti bere si ni sore awon elegbe akoko re ati awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid lojowaju Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz ati Ruth First. Slovo yio wa di Alakoso Oro Ile ninu ijoba Mandela lojowaju, nigbati Schwarz yio di alusoju Guusu Afrika ni Amerika. Ní àsìkò yìí, Mandela gbé ní Alexandra, tó wà ní àríwá Johannesburg.[21] Ìgbés?? Ò?èlú L??yìn tí ?gb?? ò?èlú Egbe Omoorile-ede egbe oseluAfrikaner ninu eto idibo odun 1948, nitoripe awon wonyi fowo mo eto apartheid's apartheid's apartheid's eleya-meya,[22] Mandela bere si ni kopa gidigidi ninu oro oselu. O siwaju ninu Kampein Agidi ti ANC se ni 1952 ati ninu Kongresi awon eniyan ni 1955 ti pinu ti abajade re je ipile eto ilodi si ise eleya-meyaanti apartheid.[23][24] Larin asiko yi, Mandela ati agbejoro re Oliver Tambo da ile-ise agbejoro Mandel's ati Tambo sile lati pese imoran ofin ofe fun opo awon alawodudu ti won ko ni agbejoro.[25] Mahatma Gandhi nipa iha ti Mandela ati bi awon ona ti awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid Guusu Afrika fi koju re.[26][27] (nitori re, Mandela kopa ninu apero oro arofo 29–30 January 2007 ni New Delhi to sajodun odun kewa ti Gandhi se akoso satyagraha (ilodi alainijagidijagan) ni Guusu Afrika).[28]

train

who served 27 years in prison before becoming president of the same nation

Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F.W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country 's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, Mandela 's administration retained its predecessor 's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary - General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term, and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV / AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.

["1939', '1945", 'from 1939 to 1945', '1 september 1939', '1939', 'lasted from 1939 to 1945', "germany', 'italy', 'japan", '1937']

ẹni tó lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n lẹ́wọ̀n kó tó di ààrẹ orílẹ̀-èdè kan náà

Yes

['Mandela lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n, ó lo ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún yìí ní Robben Island.', 'Kí ó tó di Ààrẹ, Mandela jẹ́ alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Ọmọ Orílẹ̀-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). Lọ́dún 1962 ó di ẹni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote ati awon ẹ̀sùn mìíràn, wọ́n sì rán an lẹ́wọ̀n gbere. Mandela lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n, ó lo ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún yìí ní Robben Island.']

['Kí ó tó di Ààrẹ, Mandela jẹ́ alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Ọmọ Orílẹ̀-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). Lọ́dún 1962 ó di ẹni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote Mandela si lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n.', 'Mandela lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n']

['P1']

Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (IPA: ?j?? Kejìdínlógún O?ù Keje ?dún 1918 - ?j?? Karùn-ún O?ù Kejìlá ?dún 2013)[3][4] j?? Ààr? Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di ?dún 1999, b???? sì ni òun ni Ààr? Gúúsù Áfírík[s àk??k?? tó j?? ?ni àdìbòyàn nínú ìdìbò-yani tò?èlú ará ìlú a?ojú yanyan. Kí ó tó di Ààr?, Mandela j?? alákitiyan olódì-apartheid, ati olórí Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Ìgbìm?? A?òfin ?m? Oríl??-èdè Áfíríkà (ANC). L??dún 1962 ó di ?ni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote ati awon ??sùn mìíràn, w??n sì rán an l??w??n gbere. Mandela lo ?dún m??tàdínl??gb??n (27) ní ??w??n, ó lo ??p?? ?dún yìí ní Robben Island. L??yìn jijowo r?? kúrò l??gbà ??w??n ní ?j?? 11 o?ù kejì ?dún 1990. Mandela ?iwájú ?gb?? ò?èlú r?? nínú àw?n iforojomitorooro tó fa ò?èlú àwaarawa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, tó sì di Ààr? oríl?? èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ?dún 1994 títí di 1999. O si ?okùnfà ìf?w??sow??p?? ní Gúúsù Afrika, Bákan náà ni a tún m? Mandela sí Madiba, oyè ??y? tí àw?n Alágbà ìdílé Mandela ? lo. Mandela ti gba ??bùn tó p?? ju 250 l? láàárín ogójì ?dún, nínú w?n ni ??bùn Àlàáfíà Nobel 1993. Ìgbà èwe Nelson Mandela l??dún 1937[5] Nelson Mandela j?? ?m? ??ka kékeré ìran ?ba Thembu dynasty, tó ? j?ba ní agbègbè Transkei ní Ìgbèríko Cape Gúúsù Áfíríkà.[6] W??n bí i ní Mvezo, abúlé kékeré kan tó sún m?? agbègbè Umtata, tó j?? olú-ìlú Transkei.[6] ?m? ìran Khoisan ni ìyá ?lá r??[7]. Bàbá ?lá bàbá r?? ni Ngubengcuka tó j?ba g??g?? bí Inkosi Enkhulu tàbí ?ba àw?n Thembu ?áájú kó tó kú ní ?dún (1832).[8] Ìkan nínú àw?n ?m?kùnrin ?ba ??hún ló ? j?? Mandela, ni bàbá ?lá r?? àti ibi tí orúk? ìdílé r?? ti wá. Síb?? nítorí pé ó j?? ?m? Inkosi's lát??d?? ìyàwó ìran Ixhiba (ìy?n "ìdílé olowo osi"[9]), àw?n ?m?-?m? ??ka ?bí ?ba r?? kò lè gorí ìt?? ní Thembu. Bàbá Mandela ni Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. Ó j?? Olóyè ní ìlú Mvezo.[10] ?ùgb??n nítorí àìgb??ràn sí ìj?ba amúnisìn lenu, w??n y? Mphakanyiswa kúrò ní ipò oyè r?? w??n sì k? ?bí r?? l? sí Qunu. Síb??, Mphakanyiswa k?? kó ?àìj?? ?m? ?gb?? Adám??ràn Inkosi, b???? sì ni ó kópa gidi láti rí i pé Jongintaba Dalindyebo gun orí ìt?? Thembu. Dalindyebo san ore yi paa fun Mphakanyiswa nípa gbigba Mandela s??d?? bí ?m? nígbà tí Mphakanyiswa kú.[11] Bàbá Mandela f?? ìyàwó m??rin, ó sì bí ?m? m??tàlá (13) ?kùnrin m??rin àti obìnrin m??sàn-án.[11] Mandela j?? ?m? ìyàwó k?ta, Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny j?? ?m?bìnrin Nkedama láti ìran Mpemvu Xhosa, Otun Oba, ninu ile eni ti Mandela ti lo igba omode re.[12] Orúk? àbís? r? Rolihlahla túm?? sí "fa ??ka igi", "oníjàngb??n".[13][14] Rolihlahla Mandela ló j?? ?m? àk??k?? nínú ?bí r? tó l? sí ilé ??k?? níbi tí olùk?? r?? Miss Mdingane ti fún un lórúk? G????sì "Nelson".[15] Nígbà tí Mandela tó ?m? ?dún m??sàn-án, bàbá r?? kú nípa ik?? ??gb? (TB), nítorí èyí Jongintaba, di alágbàt?? r??.[11] Mandela l? sí ilé ??k?? tí ó jìnnà sí ààfin Jogintaba. P??lú bí à?à Thembu ?e là á síl??, ó j?? siso dagba nígbà tó tó ?m? ?dún m??rìndínlógún (16), ó sì relé ??k?? Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela parí ilé ??k?? odo láàárín ?dún méjì, kàkà ?dún m??ta tó y?.[16] Leyi to je yiyan lati jogun ipo baba re gege bi Alamoran Oba, ni odun 1937 Mandela ko lo si Healdtown Comprehensive School, koleji awon elesin Wesley ni Fort Beaufort ti opo awon awon omo oloye ni Thembu ti n lo si ile-eko.[17] Nigba ti o di omo odun mokan-dinlogun (19) o feran lati ja ese ati eresisa ni ile-eko.[12] Leyin to to de koleji, Mandela bere si keko fun iwe-eri Bachelor Ise-Ona ni Fort Hare University, nibi to ti pade Oliver Tambo. Tambo ati Mandela di ore ati elegbe. Mandela tun di ore pelu Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima eni to je gege bi oloye Otunba Thembu wa lori ila fun ite ni Transkei,[9] eyi ti yio fa lojo iwaju lati tewogba eto Bantustan. Itileyin re fun awon eto yi fa ilodi larin ohun ati Mandela.[12] Ni eyin odun kn ni koleji Mandela kopa ninu boikotu ti Igbimo awon Asoju Akeko se nitori awon eto yunifasiti, nitorie won le kuro nibe.[18] Lojowaju nigba to wa ni ogba ewon, Mandela keko fun Iwe-eri Bachelor Ofin lati ibi eto okere Yunifasiti Londonu. Dere to kuro ni Fort Hare, Jongintaba so fun Mandela ati Justice (to je omo Jogintaba ati eni to kan lati joba) pe ohun ti seto igbeyawo fun awon mejeeji. Sugbo awon mejeeji nitoripe won ko feran eto igbeyawo yi, won kora won si ko lo si Johannesburg.[19] Nigba to de be, Mandela nibere koko ri ise bi asona ninu koto alumoni.[20] Sugbon, eni to gba sise tete yara le kuro nigba to gbo pe Mandela je alagbato Oba. Mandela leyin na bere ise bi akowe ni ile-ise agbejoro to wa ni Johannesburg, Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, lati odo ore ati alawose re, Walter Sisulu.[20] Bo se unsise ni Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, Mandela pari iwe-eri B.A. re ni Yunifasiti Guusu Afrika pelu ifiranse, leyin na lo wa bere si ni gbeko ofin ni Yunifasiti Witwatersrand, nibi to ti bere si ni sore awon elegbe akoko re ati awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid lojowaju Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz ati Ruth First. Slovo yio wa di Alakoso Oro Ile ninu ijoba Mandela lojowaju, nigbati Schwarz yio di alusoju Guusu Afrika ni Amerika. Ní àsìkò yìí, Mandela gbé ní Alexandra, tó wà ní àríwá Johannesburg.[21] Ìgbés?? Ò?èlú L??yìn tí ?gb?? ò?èlú Egbe Omoorile-ede egbe oseluAfrikaner ninu eto idibo odun 1948, nitoripe awon wonyi fowo mo eto apartheid's apartheid's apartheid's eleya-meya,[22] Mandela bere si ni kopa gidigidi ninu oro oselu. O siwaju ninu Kampein Agidi ti ANC se ni 1952 ati ninu Kongresi awon eniyan ni 1955 ti pinu ti abajade re je ipile eto ilodi si ise eleya-meyaanti apartheid.[23][24] Larin asiko yi, Mandela ati agbejoro re Oliver Tambo da ile-ise agbejoro Mandel's ati Tambo sile lati pese imoran ofin ofe fun opo awon alawodudu ti won ko ni agbejoro.[25] Mahatma Gandhi nipa iha ti Mandela ati bi awon ona ti awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid Guusu Afrika fi koju re.[26][27] (nitori re, Mandela kopa ninu apero oro arofo 29–30 January 2007 ni New Delhi to sajodun odun kewa ti Gandhi se akoso satyagraha (ilodi alainijagidijagan) ni Guusu Afrika).[28]

train

name the indian state which lies between nepal and bhutan

Nepal (/ nəˈpɔːl / (listen) ; Nepali : नेपाल Nepāl (neˈpal)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepali : सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl), is a landlocked country in South Asia located mainly in the Himalayas but also includes parts of the Indo - Gangetic Plain. With an estimated population of 26.4 million, it is 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area. It borders China in the north and India in the south, east, and west while Bangladesh is located within only 27 km (17 mi) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim. A Himalayan state, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the nation 's capital and largest city. Nepal is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language.

['french']

kí ni orúkọ ìpínlẹ̀ india tí ó wà láarín nepal àti bhutan

Yes

['Nepal jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè àrin-ilẹ̀, ó sì ní bodè mọ́ Ṣáínà ní àríwá àti mọ́ Índíà ní gúúsù, ìlàòrùn àti ìwọ̀òrùn, nígbàtí Bangladesh wà ní 27\xa0km (17\xa0mi) sí etí apágúúsùilàòrùn àti Bhutan jìnnà si látọ̀dò ìpúnlẹ̀ India Sikkim.']

['Nepal jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè àrin-ilẹ̀, ó sì ní bodè mọ́ Ṣáínà ní àríwá àti mọ́ Índíà ní gúúsù, ìlàòrùn àti ìwọ̀òrùn, nígbàtí Bangladesh wà ní 27\xa0km (17\xa0mi) sí etí apágúúsùilàòrùn àti Bhutan jìnnà si látọ̀dò ìpúnlẹ̀ India Sikkim.']

['P1']

Nepali Nepali, àlò?i??? bíi Oríl??-èdè Olómìnira Ò?èlú Ìj?ba Àpap?? il?? Nepali,[12] j?? oríl??-èdè kan ní Gúúsù Ásíà. Gbogbo r?? búdòó sí àw?n òkè Himalayas, sùgb??n ó tún ní àw?n apá Indo-Gangetic Plain. Nepali ni oríl??-èdè tótóbijùl? 49k g??g??bí iye èniyàn àti oríl??-èdè tótóbijùl? 93k g??g??bí agbègbè. Nepali j?? oríl??-èdè àrin-il??, ó sì ní bodè m?? ?áínà ní àríwá àti m?? Índíà ní gúúsù, ìlàòrùn àti ìw??òrùn, nígbàtí Bangladesh wà ní 27 km (17 mi) sí etí apágúúsùilàòrùn àti Bhutan jìnnà si lát??dò ìpúnl?? India Sikkim. Orílè?-èdè Nepali ní orí?irí?i ilè?, irú bí àw?n pè?té?lè? tó ló?ràá, àw?n òkè tó ní igbó, àtàw?n òkè mé?j? lára àw?n òkè mé?wàá tó ga jù l? láyé, títí kan Òkè Everest tó ga jù l? láyé. Kathmandu ni olú ìlú àti ìlú tó tóbi jù l?. Orílè?-èdè Nepali jé? orílè?-èdè táw?n èèyàn ti wá látinú onírúurú è?yà, èdè Nepali sì ni wó?n ? s? níbè?.

train

what team did neymar play for in fifa 13

Neymar was selected as part of Luiz Felipe Scolari 's Brazil squad for the 2013 Confederations Cup on home soil. For the tournament he was assigned the iconic number 10 shirt, having previously worn 11.

[]

ẹgbẹ́ wo ni neymar gbá fún nínú fifa 13

Yes

['O jẹ orukọ rẹ ni Bọọlu afẹsẹgba South America ti Odun ni ọdun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe lọ si Yuroopu lati darapọ mọ Ilu Barcelona ni ọdun 2013.']

['O jẹ orukọ rẹ ni Bọọlu afẹsẹgba South America ti Odun ni ọdun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe lọ si Yuroopu lati darapọ mọ Ilu Barcelona ni ọdun 2013.']

['P2']

Neymar Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior (ti a bi 5 Kínní 1992), ti a m? si Neymar Júnior tabi mononymous bi Neymar, j? agbab??lu alam?daju ara ilu Brazil kan ti o ?ere bii iwaju fun ?gb? agbab??lu Pro League Saudi Pro Al Hilal ati ?gb? oril?-ede Brazil . Oluk?ni ibi-af?de ati elere-i?ere olokiki fun a?a i?ere r? ti o wuyi, o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ati o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ti iran r?. Neymar ti gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 100 fun aw?n ?gb? ori?iri?i m?ta, ti o j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere di? lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. [1] Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ?e ak?rin ak?k? r? ti o j? ?m? ?dun 17. Laip? o di o?ere iraw? liigi Brazil, o bori 2011 Copa Libertadores p?lu Santos, j? ak?k? w?n lati ?dun 1963. O j? oruk? r? ni B??lu af?s?gba Apa Guusu Amerika ti Odun ni ?dun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe l? si Yuroopu lati darap? m? Ilu Barcelona ni ?dun 2013. Ni akoko keji r?, g?g? bi apakan ti ik?lu m?ta ti Barcelona p?lu Lionel Messi ati Luis Suárez, ti a pe ni MSN, o gba idije continental ti La Liga, Copa del Rey, ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija UEFA . Ti o ni itara lati j? ?r? orin idojuk? ni ipele ?gb?, Neymar lairotele kuro ni Ilu Barcelona fun Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) ni ?dun 2017 [2] ni gbigbe mili?nu 222 €, eyiti o j? ki o j? o?ere gbowolori jul? lailai .[note 1] In Paris, Neymar was voted Ligue 1 Player of the Year in his debut season, was integral to PSG reaching its first ever Champions League final in 2019–20, and became the highest scoring Brazilian player in Champions League history. Ni Paris, Neymar ni a dibo fun ni Ligue 1 Olù?eré ?dún ni akoko ak?k? r?, o j? apakan pataki ti PSG ti o de ipari Champions League ak?k? r? ni 2019-20, o si di o?ere Brazil ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? Champions League [5] Aw?n ipalara j? akoko ere Neymar ni PSG ati ni ?dun 2023, l?hin aw?n akoko m?fa ati aw?n bori ak?le Ligue 1 marun, o foruk?sil? fun Al Hilal ni adehun ti o wuyi. If?r?wanil?nuwo fun Brazil ti o j? ?m? ?dun 18, Neymar j? agbaboolu giga jul? ni gbogbo igba fun ?gb? oril?-ede r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 79 ni aw?n ere 128. O gba 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ti o gba boolu goolu . Ni ak?k? FIFA World Cup, aw?n 2014 àtúnse, o ti a npè ni ni Dream Team . Ikopa r? ni 2015 Copa América ni a ge kuru nipas? idaduro, ?aaju ki o to di olori Brazil si idije goolu Olympic ak?k? w?n ni b??lu aw?n ?kunrin ni 2016 Summer Olimpiiki, nini t?l? iy?risi ami fadaka kan ni ?da 2012 . Lehin ti o ti k? olori-ogun sil?, o ?e ifihan ni 2018 World Cup, ati l?hin ti o padanu 2019 Copa América nipas? ipalara, ?e iranl?w? fun Brazil lati pari ipari-ije ni idije 2021, ninu eyiti o gba aami-eye ti o dara jul? ti o dara jul? p?lu Messi. Ni 2022 World Cup, o darap? m? Pelé ati Ronaldo g?g?bi aw?n ara ilu Brazil nikan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n idije Agbaye m?ta. Neymar ti gba ami-?ri Samba Gold m?fa kan, ti o fun o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ni Yuroopu. Neymar pari k?ta fun FIFA Ballon d'Or ni 2015 ati 2017, ti a ti fun un ni FIFA Puskás Award, ti a ti daruko ninu aw?n FIFA FIFPro World11 ati aw?n UEFA Team ti Odun lemeji, ati aw?n UEFA Champions League Squad ti aw?n akoko m?ta. igba. Pa ipolowo, o wa ni ipo laarin aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul? ni agbaye. SportsPro s? ? ni elere idaraya ti o ni ?ja jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2012 ati 2013, ati ESPN t?ka si bi elere-ije olokiki k?rin-jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2016. Ni ?dun 2017, Akoko p?lu r? ninu atok? ?d??dun ti aw?n eniyan 100 ti o ni ipa jul? ni agbaye . [6] Ni ?dun 2018, b??lu af?s?gba France ?e ipo Neymar ni agbab??lu af?s?gba k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul? ni agbaye. Ni ?dun to nb?, Forbes ?e ipo r? ni elere idaraya-k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul?, [7] sis? aaye kan sil? si k?rin ni ?dun 2020. [8]

train

which team did neymar play for before barcelona

Neymar came into prominence at an early age at Santos, where he made his professional debut aged 17. He helped the club win two successive Campeonato Paulista championships, a Copa do Brasil, and the 2011 Copa Libertadores, Santos ' first continental title since 1963. Neymar was twice named the South American Footballer of the Year, in 2011 and 2012, before relocating to Europe to join Barcelona. As part of Barça 's attacking trio with Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez, he won the continental treble of La Liga, the Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League in the 2014 -- 15 season, followed the next year by the domestic double. He came third for the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2015. In August 2017, Neymar moved from Barcelona to Paris Saint - Germain in a transaction worth € 222 million, making him the world 's most expensive player.

["exodus 20:1–17', 'deuteronomy 5:4–20"]

ẹgbẹ́ wo ni neymar ń gbá bó̩ò̩lù fún ṣáájú barcelona

Yes

['Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ṣe akọrin akọkọ rẹ ti o jẹ ọmọ ọdun 17.']

['Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ṣe akọrin akọkọ rẹ ti o jẹ ọmọ ọdun 17.']

['P2']

Neymar Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior (ti a bi 5 Kínní 1992), ti a m? si Neymar Júnior tabi mononymous bi Neymar, j? agbab??lu alam?daju ara ilu Brazil kan ti o ?ere bii iwaju fun ?gb? agbab??lu Pro League Saudi Pro Al Hilal ati ?gb? oril?-ede Brazil . Oluk?ni ibi-af?de ati elere-i?ere olokiki fun a?a i?ere r? ti o wuyi, o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere ti o dara jul? ni agbaye ati o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ti iran r?. Neymar ti gba o kere ju aw?n ibi-af?de 100 fun aw?n ?gb? ori?iri?i m?ta, ti o j? ki o j? ?kan ninu aw?n o?ere di? lati ?a?ey?ri i?? yii. [1] Neymar wa si olokiki ni Santos, nibiti o ti ?e ak?rin ak?k? r? ti o j? ?m? ?dun 17. Laip? o di o?ere iraw? liigi Brazil, o bori 2011 Copa Libertadores p?lu Santos, j? ak?k? w?n lati ?dun 1963. O j? oruk? r? ni B??lu af?s?gba Apa Guusu Amerika ti Odun ni ?dun 2011 ati 2012, o tun gbe l? si Yuroopu lati darap? m? Ilu Barcelona ni ?dun 2013. Ni akoko keji r?, g?g? bi apakan ti ik?lu m?ta ti Barcelona p?lu Lionel Messi ati Luis Suárez, ti a pe ni MSN, o gba idije continental ti La Liga, Copa del Rey, ati Ajum??e a?aju-ija UEFA . Ti o ni itara lati j? ?r? orin idojuk? ni ipele ?gb?, Neymar lairotele kuro ni Ilu Barcelona fun Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) ni ?dun 2017 [2] ni gbigbe mili?nu 222 €, eyiti o j? ki o j? o?ere gbowolori jul? lailai .[note 1] In Paris, Neymar was voted Ligue 1 Player of the Year in his debut season, was integral to PSG reaching its first ever Champions League final in 2019–20, and became the highest scoring Brazilian player in Champions League history. Ni Paris, Neymar ni a dibo fun ni Ligue 1 Olù?eré ?dún ni akoko ak?k? r?, o j? apakan pataki ti PSG ti o de ipari Champions League ak?k? r? ni 2019-20, o si di o?ere Brazil ti o ga jul? ni itan-ak??l? Champions League [5] Aw?n ipalara j? akoko ere Neymar ni PSG ati ni ?dun 2023, l?hin aw?n akoko m?fa ati aw?n bori ak?le Ligue 1 marun, o foruk?sil? fun Al Hilal ni adehun ti o wuyi. If?r?wanil?nuwo fun Brazil ti o j? ?m? ?dun 18, Neymar j? agbaboolu giga jul? ni gbogbo igba fun ?gb? oril?-ede r? p?lu aw?n ibi-af?de 79 ni aw?n ere 128. O gba 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ti o gba boolu goolu . Ni ak?k? FIFA World Cup, aw?n 2014 àtúnse, o ti a npè ni ni Dream Team . Ikopa r? ni 2015 Copa América ni a ge kuru nipas? idaduro, ?aaju ki o to di olori Brazil si idije goolu Olympic ak?k? w?n ni b??lu aw?n ?kunrin ni 2016 Summer Olimpiiki, nini t?l? iy?risi ami fadaka kan ni ?da 2012 . Lehin ti o ti k? olori-ogun sil?, o ?e ifihan ni 2018 World Cup, ati l?hin ti o padanu 2019 Copa América nipas? ipalara, ?e iranl?w? fun Brazil lati pari ipari-ije ni idije 2021, ninu eyiti o gba aami-eye ti o dara jul? ti o dara jul? p?lu Messi. Ni 2022 World Cup, o darap? m? Pelé ati Ronaldo g?g?bi aw?n ara ilu Brazil nikan ti o gba w?le ni Aw?n idije Agbaye m?ta. Neymar ti gba ami-?ri Samba Gold m?fa kan, ti o fun o?ere Brazil ti o dara jul? ni Yuroopu. Neymar pari k?ta fun FIFA Ballon d'Or ni 2015 ati 2017, ti a ti fun un ni FIFA Puskás Award, ti a ti daruko ninu aw?n FIFA FIFPro World11 ati aw?n UEFA Team ti Odun lemeji, ati aw?n UEFA Champions League Squad ti aw?n akoko m?ta. igba. Pa ipolowo, o wa ni ipo laarin aw?n elere idaraya olokiki jul? ni agbaye. SportsPro s? ? ni elere idaraya ti o ni ?ja jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2012 ati 2013, ati ESPN t?ka si bi elere-ije olokiki k?rin-jul? ni agbaye ni ?dun 2016. Ni ?dun 2017, Akoko p?lu r? ninu atok? ?d??dun ti aw?n eniyan 100 ti o ni ipa jul? ni agbaye . [6] Ni ?dun 2018, b??lu af?s?gba France ?e ipo Neymar ni agbab??lu af?s?gba k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul? ni agbaye. Ni ?dun to nb?, Forbes ?e ipo r? ni elere idaraya-k?ta ti o sanwo jul? jul?, [7] sis? aaye kan sil? si k?rin ni ?dun 2020. [8]

Not to be confused with Nilmar . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is da Silva and the second or paternal family name is Santos . Neymar Neymar with Brazil in 2016 Personal information Full name Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior Date of birth ( 1992-02-05 ) 5 February 1992 (age 25) Place of birth Mogi das Cruzes , Brazil Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Paris Saint-Germain Number 10 Youth career 1999–2003 Portuguesa Santista 2003–2009 Santos Senior career* Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2009–2013 Santos 84 (53) 2013–2017 Barcelona 112 (68) 2017– Paris Saint-Germain 6 (6) National team ‡ 2009 Brazil U17 3 (1) 2011 Brazil U20 7 (9) 2012–2016 Brazil U23 14 (8) 2010– Brazil 81 (52) Honours [show] Brazil Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team 2012 London Team U-20 South American Championship 2011 Peru FIFA Confederations Cup Winner 2013 Brazil * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 30 September 2017. ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 11 October 2017 Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior ( Portuguese pronunciation: [nejˈmaʁ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈsɐ̃tus ˈʒũɲoʁ] ; born 5 February 1992), commonly known as Neymar or Neymar Jr. , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for French club Paris Saint-Germain and the Brazil national team . Neymar came into prominence at an early age at Santos , where he made his professional debut aged 17. He helped the club win two successive Campeonato Paulista championships, a Copa do Brasil , and the 2011 Copa Libertadores , Santos' first continental title since 1963. Neymar was twice named the South American Footballer of the Year , in 2011 and 2012 , before relocating to Europe to join Barcelona . As part of Barça's attacking trio with Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez , he won the continental treble of La Liga, the Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League in the 2014–15 season, followed the next year by the domestic double . He came third for the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2015 . In August 2017, Neymar moved from Barcelona to Paris Saint-Germain in a transaction worth €222 million, making him the world's most expensive player . With 52 goals in 81 matches for Brazil since debuting at age 18, Neymar is the fourth-highest goalscorer for his national team. He was a key player in Brazil's victories at the 2011 South American Youth Championship , which he finished as the leading goalscorer, and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , where he won the Golden Ball as player of the tournament. His participation in the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 Copa América was cut short by injury and a suspension respectively, but the next year he captained Brazil to their first Olympic gold medal in men's football at the 2016 Summer Olympics . Known for his dribbling , finishing, and ability with both feet, Neymar has earned comparisons to former Brazil and Santos forward Pelé . Off the pitch, he ranks among the world's most prominent sportsmen; SportsPro named him the most marketable athlete in the world in 2012 and 2013, and ESPN cited him as the world's fourth-most famous athlete in 2016. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Santos 2.1.1 Youth 2.1.2 2009: Debut season 2.1.3 2010: Campeonato Paulista success 2.1.4 2011: Puskás Award 2.1.5 2012: South America's best player 2.1.6 2013: Final season 2.2 Barcelona 2.2.1 Transfer investigation 2.2.2 2013–14: Adapting to Spain 2.2.3 2014–15: The treble and individual success 2.2.4 2015–16: Domestic double 2.2.5 2016–17: Final season 2.3 Paris Saint-Germain 2.3.1 Contract breach lawsuit 2.3.2 2017–18 season 3 International career 3.1 2011 South American Youth Championship and Copa América 3.2 2012 Summer Olympics and first hat-trick 3.3 2013 Confederations Cup 3.4 2014 World Cup 3.5 2015 Copa América 3.6 2016 Summer Olympics 4 Style of play 4.1 Comparisons 5 Outside football 5.1 Personal life and charity work 5.2 Wealth and sponsorships 5.3 Media 5.4 Music 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 7 Honours 7.1 Club 7.2 International 7.3 Individual 8 References 9 External links Early life Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior was born in Mogi das Cruzes , São Paulo , to Neymar Santos, Sr. and Nadine da Silva. He inherited his name from his father, who is a former footballer and became his son's advisor as Neymar's talents began to grow. Neymar comments on his father's role: "My father has been by my side since I was little. He takes care of things, my finances and my family." Growing up, Neymar combined his love of futsal with street football . In 2003, Neymar moved with his family to São Vicente , where he began playing for youth side Portuguesa Santista . Then, later in 2003, they moved to Santos , where Neymar joined Santos FC . With the success of his youth career and added income, the family bought their first property, a house next to the Vila Belmiro. Their quality of family life improved, as at age 15, Neymar was earning 10,000 reais per month and at 16, 125,000 reais per month. At 17, he signed his first full professional contract, was upgraded to the Santos first team, and began signing his first sponsorship deals. Club career Santos Youth Neymar began playing football at an early age and he was soon spotted by Santos FC who offered him a contract in 2003, where he was inducted into their youth academy , which has, in the past, produced Brazilian internationals like Coutinho , Clodoaldo , Diego , Elano and Alex . He also joined the likes of Pepe , Pelé and Robinho in starting out his career at the club, nicknamed Peixe . While in the youth academy, Neymar met Paulo Henrique Ganso , becoming good friends in the process. Aged 14, Neymar travelled to Spain to join the Real Madrid youth team, at the time when Real had stars like Ronaldo , Zinedine Zidane , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos and Robinho. 2009: Debut season Neymar made his professional debut on 7 March 2009, despite being only 17 years old; he was brought on for the last thirty minutes, in a 2–1 win against Oeste . The following week he scored his first goal for Santos against Mogi Mirim . One month later, on 11 April, Neymar scored the decisive goal in a 2–1 win against Palmeiras in the 2009 Campeonato Paulista semi-final first leg . In the final, however, Santos suffered a 4–2 aggregate defeat to the Corinthians . In his first season, Neymar racked up 14 goals in 48 games. 2010: Campeonato Paulista success "The 18-year-old is a magnificent prospect. He is sleek and skilful, able to beat the defender on either side, capable of combining well, and full of tricks he can put to productive use in and around the penalty area." —South American football journalist Tim Vickery on Neymar in 2010. Neymar continued his ascendancy in 2010, and, on 15 April 2010, he scored five goals for Santos in an 8–1 rout of Guarani in the qualifying stages of the Brazilian Cup. Following the 2010 Campeonato Paulista in which Neymar scored 14 goals in 19 games, the club were crowned champions after a 5–5 aggregate win over Santo André in the finals. Neymar was subsequently given the award for the best player in the competition. Neymar's performances for Santos have drawn comparisons to other Brazilians, including Robinho and Brazilian legend Pelé. In 2010, Santos rejected a £12 million bid for him from English Premier League team West Ham United , and later an offer from another English club, Chelsea , reported to be in the region of £20 million. Despite Santos unwillingness to sell and Neymar himself insisting "I'm focused only on Santos", his agent, Wagner Ribeiro, indicated that Neymar’s career was elsewhere, stating "He wants to become the best player in the world. The chances of him doing that while playing in Brazil are zero." Although one year later Neymar admitted, in an interview with the Daily Telegraph , that he had been happy with Chelsea's interest in him as it was a "dream" of his "to play in Europe", while also stating that at the time it had been the right decision to stay in Brazil. On 30 November 2010, Santos sold a 5% share of future transfer fees that he would receive to an investment group, Terceira Estrela Investimentos S.A. (TEISA), for R$ 3,549,900 (€1.5 million). The previous year, his family had sold a 40% stake in Neymar's sporting rights to the DIS Esporte group who had been a long-term strategic partner of Santos' football club. Despite his first two seasons being highly successful, having ended the 2010 season with an impressive 42 goals in 60 games, problems had been identified, namely Neymar's apparent taste for diving when tackled, rather than attempting to continue his run, and his attitude. The latter came to the forefront during a match with Atlético Goianiense , on 15 September 2010, when the Santos' manager, Dorival Júnior , appointed another player to take the penalty awarded for a foul on Neymar. His decision was based on the fact that Neymar had missed a crucial penalty during the Copa do Brasil final of that year, even if Santos went on to win. Reacting to this, Neymar turned his back on his manager, had to be calmed down by a linesman and argued with his captain, Edu Dracena . The fallout from this event was that Dorival Júnior wished to have Neymar suspended for two weeks, but the board sided with the player and promptly sacked the manager. Despite Neymar's apologies over the incident, some doubts still remain about his attitude. In December 2010, aged just 18, Neymar came third for the 2010 South American Footballer of the Year , behind Andrés D'Alessandro and Juan Sebastián Verón . 2011: Puskás Award Neymar playing for Santos against FC Barcelona in the final of the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup . Neymar scored six goals during Santos run to the 2011 Copa Libertadores Finals , tying him for third top goalscorer, including the clinching goal of Santos' 4–3 aggregate win over Cerro Porteño in the semifinals. In the two-legged final, Santos faced Uruguayan side Peñarol and drew the first leg 0–0 in Montevideo . At home in the second leg, Neymar opened the scoring in the 46th minute as Santos held on for a 2–1 win and Neymar won Man of the Match honours. The win brought Santos their first Copa Libertadores triumph since 1963, when Brazilian legend Pelé was playing for the club. In September 2011, Santos club president Luís Ribeiro threatened to report Real Madrid to FIFA following reports that they had attempted to sign Neymar to a pre-contract agreement, and denied that such an agreement was in place. On 9 November 2011, Neymar and Santos agreed to a contract extension that would see the player stay with the club until after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. The deal reportedly increased Neymar's wages by 50%, to the levels that top European clubs would be paying him. On 14 December 2011, Neymar scored the opening goal for Santos as they defeated Kashiwa Reysol 3–1 in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup at the Toyota Stadium in Toyota , Japan, but failed to score against Barcelona in the final on 18 December 2011, where Santos were defeated 4–0, finishing as runners-up in the competition. He won the 2011 FIFA Puskás Award for scoring a solo goal in the Brasileirão Série A against Flamengo , in a 5–4 loss. On 31 December 2011, he won the 2011 South American Footballer of the Year award for the first time, by a record margin, following in the footsteps of Diego Maradona , Romário , Pelé and Zico . 2012: South America's best player On 5 February 2012, when he turned 20, Neymar scored his 100th goal as a professional football player, against Palmeiras in the Campeonato Paulista . On 25 February 2012 – he scored two goals, one of which was from 25-yards – and created two assists to help his side to a 6–1 win over Ponte Preta . On 7 March 2012, Neymar netted a hat-trick as Santos saw off Brazilian rivals Internacional 3–1 in the Copa Libertadores Group stage match. On 29 March, he scored a brace against Guaratinguetá in a 5–0 victory. In the fixture against São Paulo on 29 April 2012, Neymar scored a hat-trick with the match ending 3–1. Thereafter, he went on to score twice in the first and second legs in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista Finals against Guarani , which ended 7–2 on aggregate. Neymar finished the 2012 Campeonato Paulista with 20 goals and was voted the Best player and Best Forward, and Santos were crowned champions. He was joint top scorer in the Copa Libertadores with eight goals, after Santos were beaten over two legs by eventual champions Corinthians in the semi-finals. On 25 August 2012, he scored a brace in the 2–1 away win at Palmeiras. On 3 November 2012, in the Brasileiro Série A away fixture at Cruzeiro , Neymar scored a hat-trick and assisted Felipe Anderson 's goal, to help his side to a 4–0 win. Neymar finished off the 2012 season in style, first setting-up Victor Andrade 's equaliser, then scoring twice, to give Santos a 3–1 home win over Palmeiras on 1 December 2012. Neymar was voted the Best Player of the 2012 Recopa Sudamericana , Neymar scoring in the second leg to win the title 2–0 on aggregate. He finished the 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A with 14 goals and being voted the Best forward. Neymar finished the 2012 season, being award the Golden Ball , Arthur Friedenreich Award and Armando Nogueira Trophy. He was one of three finalists in the 2012 FIFA Puskás Award and finished runners-up behind Miroslav Stoch . He won the 2012 South American Footballer of the Year , retaining his award and winning it ahead of the likes of Ronaldinho . Reports emerged in 2011 that Santos reached an agreement with Barcelona to sign him at a later stage. Neymar, however, rejected this in an interview, saying that he had "no agreement with Barcelona or anyone else". 2013: Final season Neymar started the 2013 Campeonato Paulista scoring twice in the first match, which ended a 3–1 win over São Bernardo on 19 January 2013. Four days later on 23 January 2013, Neymar scored again against Botafogo in a 3–0 win. On 3 February 2013, in the Paulista fixture against São Paulo, where Santos won 3–1, with Neymar scoring and making two assists. on 18 March 2013, Neymar told that he had a "dream of playing in Europe, for a big club like Barcelona, Real Madrid and Chelsea." But he went on to say, "There's no point in speculating when I'll leave Santos. I'll leave when I want to." Neymar scored all four goals, had another disallowed and hit the post as Santos beat União Barbarense 4–0 in the Paulista on 13 April. On 25 April 2013, his agent and father revealed that Neymar intended to leave for Europe before the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Ahead of his last match for Santos, on 26 May against Flamengo, Neymar was in tears during the national anthem. Barcelona See also: Transfer (association football) § 2013: Transfer of Neymar from Santos to Barcelona Neymar during his unveiling at Barcelona in June 2013. On 24 May 2013, Santos announced that they had received two offers for Neymar. The following day, Neymar announced he would sign with Barcelona on 27 May 2013 and join the team after playing in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Neither Neymar nor the clubs released details on the transfer fee or personal terms, save to say he signed a five-year deal. On 3 June 2013, Neymar was unveiled by Barcelona after passing medical tests and signing a contract that would keep him at the club through June 2018. Neymar was presented at the Camp Nou in front of 56,500 fans, a record turnout for a Brazilian player. Club vice-president Josep Maria Bartomeu initially said Neymar's transfer fee was €57.1 million and his release clause set at €190 million. Barcelona's doctor suggested he might need to gain weight to be able to cope physically in Spanish football. Transfer investigation In January 2014, the prosecutor's office in Madrid began investigating the transfer fee that Barcelona paid for Neymar. The documents submitted to the authorities on request contained contradictory information. On 23 January 2014, Rosell resigned from his position as president. A day later, the details of the transfer were revealed by Barcelona; the transfer had in fact cost them €86.2 million ( £ 71.5 million), with Neymar's parents confirmed to have received a €40 million sum. In the aftermath, Barcelona and Bartomeu were charged with tax fraud . 2013–14: Adapting to Spain On 30 July 2013, Barcelona drew 2–2 against Lechia Gdańsk in a pre-season friendly; Neymar made his unofficial debut when he came on as a substitute. He scored his first goal for the club in a 7–1 win against a Thailand XI on 7 August. Neymar made his competitive debut for Barcelona during the opening game of the 2013–14 La Liga season as a 63rd-minute substitute for Alexis Sánchez in a 7–0 win against Levante . On 21 August, he scored his first competitive goal for the club in the first leg of the 2013 Supercopa de España against Atlético Madrid : seven minutes after coming on as a substitute for Pedro , he headed Dani Alves ' cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw at the Vicente Calderón Stadium as Barcelona won on the away goals rule for his first trophy at the club. On 18 September, he made his UEFA Champions League debut, assisting a Gerard Piqué goal as Barça beat Ajax 4–0 in their opening match of the 2013–14 tournament . Six days later, Neymar scored his first goal in La Liga in Barcelona's 4–1 defeat of Real Sociedad at Camp Nou. On 26 October, he made his first El Clásico appearance, scoring the opening goal and assisting the team's winning goal scored by Alexis Sánchez as Barcelona beat Real Madrid 2–1 at Camp Nou. On 11 December, Neymar recorded his first three Champions League goals as he scored a hat-trick in a 6–1 win over Celtic in Barcelona's final Group H match. 2014–15: The treble and individual success Neymar playing for Barcelona against Villarreal in La Liga, 1 February 2015. Neymar opened the scoring in Barcelona's 3–2 win On 13 September 2014, after appearing as a substitute, Neymar scored his first two goals of the 2014–15 season , helping Barcelona beat Athletic Bilbao 2–0. On 27 September, he scored a hat-trick against Granada in a 6–0 win and went on to score in his next three La Liga matches, including the opening goal in a 1–3 loss to Real Madrid at Estadio Santiago Bernabéu . On 24 January 2015, Neymar scored twice and assisted two more goals in a 6–0 win at Elche . On 28 January, he scored his 20th goal of the season in a 3–2 Copa del Rey quarter-final win over Atlético Madrid. On 4 March, Neymar scored twice in Barcelona's 3–1 Copa del Rey semi-final win over Villarreal to qualify the club for its 37th Spanish Cup final . On 21 April, Neymar took his tally to 30 goals for the season by scoring twice in Barcelona's 2–0 Champions League quarter-final win over Paris Saint-Germain to qualify the club for the semi-finals. In May, the closing month of the season, Neymar scored the last goal in a 3–0 win against Bayern Munich in the first leg of the Champions League semi-final. A week later, he scored both the team's goals in a 3–2 second leg defeat at the Allianz Arena to ensure Barça would qualify for the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final . He also opened the scoring with a header in a 2–0 league win versus Real Sociedad, a result which gave Barça a four-point lead over Real Madrid with only two matches remaining. After securing the league title on 17 May with a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón, Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3–1 at Camp Nou in the 2015 Copa del Rey Final on 30 May, with Neymar scoring the second goal for Barça . With Barcelona's victory likely, he performed tricks with the ball in the final stages of the game, which was deemed unsporting by opponent Andoni Iraola . Barcelona manager Luis Enrique claimed that it had to be understood that such behaviour was acceptable in Brazil, while Neymar himself did not apologise. On 6 June 2015, Neymar scored the third goal for Barça in the 3–1 Champions League Final defeat of Italian champions Juventus at Berlin 's Olympiastadion , ensuring the club won its fifth European Cup . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league, domestic cup and European Cup twice. On a personal note, he became the eighth player in football's history to win both the Copa Libertadores and the UEFA Champions League, and the first player to score in final victories in both competitions. Neymar ended the season with 39 goals in all competitions and 10 in the Champions League, making him joint highest scorer with Cristiano Ronaldo and teammate Lionel Messi in the latter competition. He was the first player apart from those two to top the competition's scoring list, since compatriot Kaká in 2006–07 . Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Luis Suárez and Neymar, dubbed "MSN", ended with 122 goals, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history. 2015–16: Domestic double Wikinews has related news: Footballers Neymar, Zlatan, Nolito sign contracts Due to having the mumps , Neymar was expected to miss the 2015 UEFA Super Cup and the 2015 Supercopa de España . On 17 October, Neymar scored four goals in Barcelona's 5–2 home win over Rayo Vallecano in La Liga, taking his total to eight goals for the season. On 21 November, Neymar scored one and provided a back heel assist for Andrés Iniesta in Barcelona's 4–0 away win against Real Madrid. He scored twice in a 4–0 home win over Real Sociedad on 28 November, taking his La Liga total to 14 goals in 12 games. On 30 November, Neymar was shortlisted for the 2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or alongside Messi and Ronaldo, and subsequently came third. On 22 May 2016, Neymar scored a late goal in Barcelona's 2–0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final at the Vicente Calderón, as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season, following their treble victory from the previous season. 2016–17: Final season On 2 April 2017, Neymar scored his 100th goal for Barcelona in his 177th appearance for the club, netting in a 4–1 win over Granada . On 27 May, Neymar scored in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final , his 105th goal for the club, as Barcelona defeated Alavés 3–1 at the Vicente Calderón in Madrid. Paris Saint-Germain On 3 August 2017, Barcelona announced that Neymar's legal representatives made a payment of €222 million to the club ( most expensive transfer ever ), equal to the release clause of his contract. The club informed UEFA so that they can determine any disciplinary responsibilities that may arise from this case. According to the BBC , in Spain, the release clause must be activated by the footballer himself. The situation was unusual that the fee was paid to the club directly after La Liga had refused to receive the payment. Neymar joined French club Paris Saint-Germain on a contract that will run until 2022. He was offered the number 10 jersey by Javier Pastore as a "welcome gift". Contract breach lawsuit On 27 August 2017, FC Barcelona filed a lawsuit against Neymar, demanding he return the contract renewal bonus he received as well as €8.5 million in damages and an additional 10% for the arrears. They claimed they are owed money that Neymar received as part of a renewal bonus when he signed a new contract in 2016. The club also requested Paris Saint-Germain to take on the responsibility for the payment of the fees if the player cannot do so himself. Neymar's lawyers announced that they will contest the case. 2017–18 season He made his debut for Les Rouge-et-Bleu on 13 August, netting a goal for himself and also setting up another in a 3–0 away victory over Guingamp . Neymar added two more goals to his tally in the next Ligue 1 fixture against Toulouse . Forming a prolific attacking trio alongside 18-year-old French prodigy Kylian Mbappé and Uruguayan striker Edinson Cavani , Neymar scored one each in PSG's two opening games of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage , with the team winning 5–0 at Celtic and 3–0 at home over Bayern Munich respectively. International career Neymar at a press conference for Brazil . Following Neymar's performances for Brazil's under-17 team at the 2009 U-17 World Cup in which he scored a goal in the opening match against Japan , former Brazilian football players Pelé and Romário reportedly urged coach Dunga to take Neymar to the 2010 World Cup . Although the widespread opinion that Neymar deserved a place in Dunga's squad went as far as a 14,000 signature petition, and despite the huge pressure on Dunga to pick Neymar, he was omitted from both the squad of 23, and the stand-by list. Although Dunga described Neymar as "extremely talented", he claimed that he had not been tested sufficiently on the international level to earn a World Cup spot and he had failed to impress enough while on international duty. Neymar celebrates his goal for Brazil against Scotland , on 27 March 2011, with André Santos and Ramires . On 26 July 2010, Neymar was selected for the first time in the Brazil senior team by new head coach Mano Menezes for a friendly match against the United States to be played in East Rutherford, New Jersey . On 10 August 2010 he made his debut with the national team in that game, aged 18 years old, starting the match and wearing the number 11 jersey. He scored on his debut after 28 minutes, a header coming from an André Santos cross in a 2–0 win for Brazil. On 1 March 2011, Neymar said: "Being on the Brazilian team is a privilege, There are some marvelous players and I'm very happy to be among them." On 27 March 2011, he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Scotland at the Emirates Stadium . During the match against Scotland , a banana was thrown onto the pitch after he scored from the penalty spot, which led Neymar to complain about 'constant jeering and an atmosphere of racism', implying that Scottish fans exhibited racism. While Scottish officials explained that Neymar had been booed solely for perceived injury-feigning, a German student who was in the stadium amongst Brazil supporters said that he threw the banana with no racist intentions. This led to the Scottish Football Association asking the Brazilian Football Confederation for an apology for the accusations made to the Scottish fans. Neymar refused to apologize or retract his words, claiming he "did not accuse any person or any group of supporters". 2011 South American Youth Championship and Copa América Neymar was the leading goal scorer of the 2011 South American Youth Championship with nine goals, including two in the final, in Brazil's 6–0 win against Uruguay. He also took part at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina , where he scored two goals in the first-round game against Ecuador . He was selected 'Man of the Match' in Brazil's first match against Venezuela , which ended a 1–1 draw. Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals in a penalty shoot-out against Paraguay (2–2 a.e.t. ), with Neymar being substituted in the 80th minute. 2012 Summer Olympics and first hat-trick Neymar preparing to take a free-kick against Belarus at Old Trafford during the 2012 Summer Olympics On 11 May 2012, Neymar was selected for the squad of the Brazil Olympic football team to participate in the London 2012 Olympic Games . In Brazil's first warm-up match on 20 July 2012, against the host nation Great Britain at Riverside Stadium , Neymar was involved in both goals of a 2–0 win, first making an assist with a free-kick into the six-yard box for Sandro 's header, before converting a penalty. On 26 July 2012, Neymar scored his first goal of the 2012 Summer Olympics in Brazil's opening fixture against Egypt , which ended a 3–2 victory for Brazil. In the following match against Belarus at Old Trafford in Manchester, Neymar scored a free-kick from 25-yards into the top-right corner of the goal and set up goals for Alexandre Pato 's header with a cross from the right and Oscar with a back heel as Brazil secured their place in the quarter-finals with a 3–1 win. Afterwards he said: "I scored and made two assists so for me it was perfect". On 5 August 2012, in the quarter-final encounter against Honduras , Neymar scored a penalty, his third goal of the tournament and assisted in Leandro Damião 's second goal on the match, to help Brazil to a 3–2 victory at St James' Park and book a place in the semi-finals. On 11 August, Brazil lost 2-1 to Mexico in the final at Wembley Stadium in London. Neymar scored his first full international hat-trick on 10 September 2012, in an 8–0 win over China at the Estádio José do Rego Maciel in Recife . On 19 September, Neymar scored the winner against Argentina in a 2–1 win in the first leg of the 2012 Superclásico de las Américas at the Estádio Serra Dourada in Goiânia , Brazil. 2013 Confederations Cup Neymar playing against Spain's Gerard Piqué in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Final Neymar was selected as part of Luiz Felipe Scolari 's Brazil squad for the 2013 Confederations Cup on home soil. For the tournament he was assigned the iconic number 10 shirt, having previously worn 11. Neymar scored the first goal of the tournament in a 3–0 win over Japan at the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha on 15 June. In their second match, Neymar scored after nine minutes and crossed for Jô 's late goal to give Brazil a 2–0 win over Mexico . He scored in his third consecutive match, with a powerful free kick from the edge of the penalty area, as Brazil beat Italy 4–2, and received his third consecutive man-of-the-match award. On 30 June, Neymar was involved in Fred 's opening goal and then subsequently scored Brazil's second in the 3–0 final victory over Spain . Neymar's performances saw him receive the Golden Ball for player of the tournament. 2014 World Cup Neymar prepares to take a free kick during Brazil's opening match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup against Croatia. On 5 March 2014, Neymar scored a hat-trick in a friendly win against South Africa in Johannesburg . He made headlines for his conduct after the final whistle when a young South African boy ran onto the pitch. As security staff began to escort the boy from the field, Neymar intervened and introduced him to his Brazil teammates before they all lifted him in the air during their celebrations. On 2 June, Neymar was named to participate with Team Brazil in the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Going into the tournament, as the team's star player, Neymar was the man expected to win Brazil its sixth World Cup on home soil. One week prior to the team's opening match, Neymar scored once and made two assists in a 4–0 friendly win over Panama . Neymar evading a tackle against Mexico at the 2014 World Cup Neymar earned his 50th international cap in the opening match of the tournament, on 12 June against Croatia in São Paulo . In the 26th minute, with Croatia leading 1–0, Neymar elbowed Croatian midfielder Luka Modrić , after which Neymar was issued a yellow card . Many critics agreed that Neymar's punishment was too lenient and that he should have been issued a red card . He equalised before half-time with a shot from outside the box and gave Brazil the lead in the second half with a penalty kick, following a controversial decision by the referee, in an eventual 3–1 win. In the third group match, he again scored twice as the Seleção defeated Cameroon 4–1 to reach the knockout stage . In the round of 16 against Chile , the match finished 1–1 after 120 minutes and was decided by a penalty shoot-out with Neymar scoring what proved to be the winning kick for Brazil. "Even though he is still young, Neymar is well aware of what he means for the world of football and for the Brazilian game in particular. He is the one player the Brazilian people believe in and he has everything to make history. I think because of his age, though he still has others to topple, Neymar will become top goalscorer in Brazil's history, surpassing Pelé. It wouldn't hurt if he leapfrogged me in the list. I left my mark on history and now it's his turn." —Brazil legend Romário in 2014 on the prospect of Neymar becoming Brazil's all time record goalscorer. In the quarter-final defeat of Colombia , while challenging for the ball, Neymar was kneed in the back by Juan Camilo Zúñiga and had to be removed from the pitch on a stretcher. A hospital scan revealed that Neymar had suffered a fractured vertebra in his spine and he missed the rest of the World Cup. Earlier in the match, Neymar assisted Thiago Silva 's opening goal with a cross from a corner kick. It was the second time in the tournament that a Neymar corner had led to a goal for Brazil, after his cross created David Luiz 's goal in the previous round against Chile. On 11 July, Neymar was named on the 10-man shortlist for FIFA's Golden Ball award for the tournament's best player. He won the Bronze Boot as the tournament's third top goalscorer and was named in the World Cup All Star XI . 2015 Copa América With captain Thiago Silva ruled out through injury, new coach Dunga decided to make Neymar captain and confirmed on 5 September that the forward would stay on as skipper on a permanent basis. On 14 October 2014, Neymar scored four goals in one game for the first time in his international career, scoring all of Brazil's goals in 4–0 friendly win against Japan at the National Stadium, Singapore . At the age of just 22 years, Neymar had scored 40 goals in 58 internationals, and had become the fifth highest goalscorer for his national team. On 26 March 2015, Neymar scored Brazil's second goal in a 3–1 friendly win over France in Paris. On 14 June 2015, in Brazil's opening Copa América fixture, Neymar scored the equaliser and assisted the stoppage-time winning goal by Douglas Costa as Brazil came from 0–1 down to beat Peru 2–1 in Temuco . After Brazil's second match, a 0–1 loss to Colombia in Santiago , Neymar was booked for handball, resulting in a suspension. After the final whistle, he was red carded for deliberately kicking the ball at Pablo Armero , and as a result was pushed over by Colombian striker Carlos Bacca , who was also dismissed. CONMEBOL issued Neymar with a four-match ban, ruling him out for the remainder of the tournament, in addition to a $10,000 fine. 2016 Summer Olympics Neymar preparing to strike the winning penalty kick for Brazil against Germany in the Olympic final The CBF had wanted Neymar to play at the Copa América Centenario and the Olympics in Rio during the summer of 2016, but after a request from Barcelona manager Luis Enrique, he was rested from the first tournament. In late June 2016, he was subsequently one of the three over-23 players to be included in Brazil's squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics on home soil, and was named the team's captain by the Olympic side's manager Rogério Micale . In Brazil's quarter-final clash with Colombia on 13 August, Neymar scored Brazil's first goal of the match, from a direct free kick , and also set up his nation's second goal in an eventual 2–0 win. In Brazil's semi-final clash with Honduras on 18 August, Neymar scored twice, Brazil's first and last goals of the match, in a 6–0 win. In the final against Germany at the Maracanã in Rio on 20 August, Neymar opened the scoring with a free-kick after 27 minutes. The game finished 1–1 after Max Meyer equalised in the second-half. Brazil beat Germany 5–4 on penalties, and Neymar scored the winning penalty to bring Brazil its first Olympic gold medal in men's football. Both during and prior to the tournament, he had been subjected to criticism over his conduct on and off the pitch, with several former Brazil players suggesting that he was not fit to captain the national team. Neymar subsequently renounced the captaincy following their Olympic victory. Style of play Neymar (right) greets future teammate Lionel Messi after the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Final . As a teenager, Neymar was inspired by Messi. Neymar primarily plays as either a central striker , second striker , winger or occasionally as an attacking midfielder , and has been described as "a true phenomenon". He often plays as a left sided forward for both club and country in the team's 4–3–3 formation, drifting infield, due to his energetic pace and playmaking skills; this position allows him to shoot with his stronger foot, or create chances for teammates . Neymar's dribbling skills, tricks and playmaking ability are reminiscent of compatriot Ronaldinho . His main traits are his creativity, vision, passing, finishing, dribbling, feints and technique, being described as both "electric" and "explosive". Although naturally right-footed, he is capable of scoring with both feet, as well as with his head, and is an accurate free-kick and penalty taker. He commented on his attributes saying: "I'm always trying to perfect everything – dribbling, shooting, headers and control. You can always improve". Neymar stated that he has been inspired by Lionel Messi , Cristiano Ronaldo , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Wayne Rooney . Neymar, playing for Brazil in 2011, has been compared to compatriots Pelé and Ronaldinho . Brazilian playmaker Ronaldinho had also tipped Neymar on becoming the best player in the world: “Neymar is young though, and I can't explain how special he will become. In the next two or three seasons he will become the best player." Another Brazilian star, retired World Cup winner Ronaldo also believes that Neymar can become the best in the world: "Logically, Messi is better right now but Neymar is a great talent who will show the world that he will be number one". Former Real Madrid sporting director Jorge Valdano has also praised Neymar, stating: "I like Neymar a lot. Many of his individual actions result in a goal and often it's a move that only seems to be happening with him on the pitch." FC Barcelona star Xavi also stated that Neymar "is a great player, has a very good attitude, and will go on to be the best player in the world." However, Neymar also has been known and criticised for his excessive diving when tackled by another player. For which Pelé has told: "He is a player with a body that can't take a lot of hits. [...] A lot of times he will fall because he can't do anything else, but he was overdoing it." He continued: "Even when he is fouled, he can't make a spectacle out of it". Comparisons The media have often drawn comparisons between Neymar and Brazilian legend Pelé , as Neymar possesses similar attributes and also like Pelé came from the Santos Youth Academy and turned heads with his skill. Neymar has said that Pelé is his "role model" but also saying: "I don't like to make a comparison with Pelé". On 11 April 2012, during the celebrations for the 100 years of Santos, when asked by journalists about Lionel Messi , Pelé said he felt that Neymar was better: "Now everyone is talking about Messi; he is a star. But [to be the best ever] he must first become better than Neymar," Pelé said. "At the moment Messi is just more experienced." Neymar's increasing reputation led both the media and former great players to draw comparisons between Neymar and Barcelona forward Lionel Messi, which Neymar has commented on saying: "Messi is above everyone, there is no use comparing me with him. [...] He is the best player in the world and I always get inspired when I watch good football." Ronaldo stated: “Neymar is a great talent, the best we have in Brazil. He is very similar to Messi.” Zico said: “I see Neymar like a [Cristiano] Ronaldo or a Messi, the type who appears and makes things happen.” After his hat-trick against Internacional 3–1 in Copa Libertadores and Messi's five goals scored in the Champions League, Neymar said: "I am a Messi fan. I was told what he did today. I support him to score a lot of nice goals so I can keep copying and imitating him." Outside football Personal life and charity work Neymar expresses his Christian faith after winning the gold medal with Brazil at the 2016 Summer Olympics Neymar has a son, Davi Lucca, with former girlfriend Carolina Dantas. Neymar was quoted as saying: "I cried when I learned that I would be his father. At first, I felt fear. Then joy. It is a new responsibility and I am now enjoying it." He later described the birth of his baby boy as: "2.8 kilograms of pure happiness" and also said: "Mother and baby are in good condition just after childbirth". He has a very close sibling relationship with his sister Rafaella Beckran, and cemented this platonic closeness by tattooing her face on his arm, while Beckran tattooed her brothers eyes on her arm. Neymar is a Christian , and follows the Pentacostal branch of the religion. Neymar has spoken about his faith saying: "Life only makes sense when our highest ideal is to serve Christ !" Additionally, he has sometimes worn a headband with the words "100% Jesus." . Neymar reportedly also tithes (10%) his income to his church and has named Kaká as his religious role model. Each year, Neymar organizes a charity match with fellow Brazilian footballer Nenê in Nenê's hometown of Jundiaí , with the purpose of raising food for needy families. Wealth and sponsorships Neymar has signed many sponsorship deals since his reputation rapidly grew from the age of 17. In March 2011, he signed an 11-year contract with American sportswear company Nike . In the same month, Panasonic paid US$2.4 million to secure Neymar's services for two years. Prior to signing for Barcelona, France Football had ranked Neymar 13th in its list of the world's richest players in 2012, with total earnings of $18.8 million for the previous 12 months. He has signed other sponsorships from Volkswagen , Tenys Pé Baruel, Lupo, Ambev , Claro , Unilever and Santander . All of his sponsorships have earned him a total of an estimated €20 million per year. On 8 May 2013, Neymar was rated by SportsPro magazine as the most marketable athlete in the world, ahead of Lionel Messi (2nd) and Cristiano Ronaldo (8th). In November 2012 advertising agency Loducca, created Neymar's own personal brand logo, featuring the N, J and R (Neymar Junior) with the N styled to match Neymar’s shirt number 11. Neymar starred in a 2014 advert for Beats with other global football stars including Thierry Henry and Luis Suárez , with the theme of 'The Game Before The Game' and the players pre-game ritual of listening to music. Media Neymar at the Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey during a match between the New York Red Bulls and the LA Galaxy Neymar was featured on the front covers of the video games Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 on the North American version, after Konami Digital Entertainment announced that he had joined Pro Evolution Soccer. Neymar joined Cristiano Ronaldo as a featured cover athlete. Neymar appeared on the cover of Time magazine in February 2013, the first Brazilian athlete to be so honoured. The issue included an article by Bobby Ghosh entitled "The Next Pelé" and subtitled "How the career of Brazilian football star Neymar explains his country's economy". Controversy erupted because of a cover by Brazilian football magazine Placar that depicted Neymar on a cross. The title read "A Crucificação de Neymar" (the Crucifixion of Neymar) and subtitled: "the Brazilian ace turns scapegoat in a sport where everyone plays dirty". In April 2013, Brazilian cartoonist Mauricio de Sousa released a Monica's Gang comic book featuring a younger version of Neymar (called Neymar Jr ) as the main character. In May 2013, SportsPro magazine named Neymar as the most marketable athlete on the planet for the second consecutive year. He topped the list ahead of Lionel Messi , Rory McIlroy , Usain Bolt and Cristiano Ronaldo, among other sportspeople. The list measures the monetary value, the age, the force in domestic markets, the charisma and their market potential in the next three years. In March 2015, Neymar had the fourth highest social media rank in the world among sportspeople, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and David Beckham, with 52 million Facebook fans. In ESPN 's list of active sportspeople in 2016, Neymar was ranked the fourth most famous athlete in the world. To mark the World Cup commencing in Brazil, in June 2014, Neymar appeared with supermodel Gisele Bündchen on the front cover of Vogue 's Brazilian edition. In November 2014, Neymar appeared in FIFA's "11 against Ebola " campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world, including Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan "Together, we can beat Ebola", FIFA's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts, with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it. In June 2016, actor Vin Diesel confirmed that Neymar would be a part of the action film xXx: Return of Xander Cage , appearing as himself. He appeared in the film's first trailer, released on 20 July 2016. In April 2017, Neymar was included in the Time 100 , Time magazine's list of the most influential people in the world. Music Neymar has become an icon in promoting Brazilian modern pop music, particularly Música sertaneja . The video in which Neymar dances in the Santos locker room dancing in front of teammates carrying his recorder making the round of the players and making them react to the tune of Michel Teló 's hit " Ai se eu te pego! " went viral . He made a point of performing his dance antics to the song after scoring goals in football games and appeared live with Teló in one of the latter's concerts. He also supported sertanejo singer Gusttavo Lima performing live with Lima on renditions of the singer's hits " Balada " and "Fazer Beber". In 2012, he made cameo appearances in the music video for yet another sertanejo hit " Eu Quero Tchu, Eu Quero Tcha " by João Lucas & Marcelo . In 2013, Neymar appeared on a rap music video, "País do Futebol" by MC Guimê . Career statistics Club As of 30 September 2017 Club Season League Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Santos 2009 Série A 33 10 3 1 — — 12 3 48 14 2010 31 17 8 11 — 2 0 19 14 60 42 2011 21 13 — — 13 6 13 5 47 24 2012 17 14 — — 14 9 16 20 47 43 2013 1 0 4 1 — — 18 12 23 13 Total 103 54 15 13 — 29 15 78 54 225 136 Barcelona 2013–14 La Liga 26 9 3 1 — 10 4 2 1 41 15 2014–15 33 22 6 7 — 12 10 — 51 39 2015–16 34 24 5 4 — 9 3 1 0 49 31 2016–17 30 13 6 3 — 9 4 0 0 45 20 Total 123 68 20 15 — 40 21 3 1 186 105 Paris Saint-Germain 2017–18 Ligue 1 6 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 — 8 8 Total 6 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 — 8 8 Career total 232 128 35 28 0 0 71 38 81 55 419 249 Notes International See also: List of international goals scored by Neymar As of 11 October 2017 National team Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Brazil 2010 0 0 2 1 2 1 2011 4 2 9 5 13 7 2012 0 0 12 9 12 9 2013 5 4 14 6 19 10 2014 5 4 9 11 14 15 2015 4 1 5 3 9 4 2016 6 4 0 0 6 4 2017 6 2 0 0 6 2 Total 30 17 51 35 81 52 Notes Honours Club Santos Campeonato Paulista : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Copa do Brasil : 2010 Copa Libertadores : 2011 Recopa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 Supercopa de España : 2013 UEFA Champions League : 2014–15 FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 International Brazil South American Youth Championship : 2011 FIFA Confederations Cup : 2013 Olympic Gold Medal : 2016 Individual Awards Neymar with the Golden Ball award for best player at the 2013 Confederations Cup World Soccer Young Player of the Year : 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Best Player : 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Championship Squad : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Brazilian Silver Ball : 2010, 2011 Brazilian Golden Ball : 2011 Bola de Ouro : 2012 FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball : 2011 South American Footballer of the Year : 2011 , 2012 FIFA Puskás Award : 2011 Copa Libertadores MVP: 2011 FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe : 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Dream Team : 2013 FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot : 2014 FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2014 Samba Gold : 2014, 2015 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season : 2014–15 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2015 FIFPro World XI 2nd team: 2013, 2014, 2016 Performances Copa do Brasil top scorer: 2010 South American Youth Championship top scorer: 2011 Campeonato Paulista top scorer: 2012 Copa Libertadores top scorer: 2012 (tied with Matías Alustiza ) UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2014–15 (tied with Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ) References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neymar . Official website (in Portuguese) Neymar profile at the Paris Saint-Germain F.C. website Neymar at BDFutbol Neymar at Soccerbase Neymar at Soccerway Neymar at National-Football-Teams.com Neymar – FIFA competition record Neymar – UEFA competition record Neymar – French league stats at LFP Neymar at ESPN FC

train

in which country does the limpopo river system have its mouth

The port town of Xai - Xai, Mozambique is on the river near the mouth. Below the Olifants, the river is permanently navigable to the sea, though a sandbar prevents access by large ships except at high tide.

['19 april 1984']

orílẹ̀-èdè wo ni odò limpopo ní ẹnu rẹ̀

Yes

['Odò Límpopó gbera ni aringbongan apaguusu Afrika, o si unsan lo si owo ilaorun de inu Okun India.']

['Odò Límpopó gbera ni aringbongan apaguusu Afrika, o si unsan lo si owo ilaorun de inu Okun India.']

['P1']

Odò Límpopó Odò Límpopó gbera ni aringbongan apaguusu Afrika, o si unsan lo si owo ilaorun de inu Okun India. O gun to bi kìlómítà 1,750 (1,087 mi), pelu itobi adogun omi 415,000 ìl??po méjì kìlómítà (160,200 sq mi).

Limpopo River Vhembe River Limpopo River in Mozambique Countries South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Mozambique Source confluence Marico and Crocodile - location Botswana/South Africa border - elevation 872 m (2,861 ft) Mouth Indian Ocean - location Gaza Province , Mozambique Length 1,750 km (1,087 mi) Basin 415,000 km 2 (160,232 sq mi) Discharge - average 170 m 3 /s (6,003 cu ft/s) Course and watershed of the Limpopo River The Limpopo river as seen from Crook's Corner in the Kruger National Park. Straight ahead of the river is Mozambique. Across the river is Zimbabwe. Limpopo River Location of the Limpopo River's mouth The Limpopo River rises in central southern Africa , and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean . The term Limpopo is the modified version of the original Sepedi name diphororo tša meetse , meaning "gushing strong waterfalls". The river is approximately 1,750 kilometres (1,087 mi) long, with a drainage basin 415,000 square kilometres (160,200 sq mi) in size. The mean discharge measured over a year is 170 m 3 /s (6,200 cu ft/s ) at its mouth. The Limpopo is the second largest river in Africa that drains to the Indian Ocean, after the Zambezi River . The first European to sight the river was Vasco da Gama , who anchored off its mouth in 1498 and named it Espiritu Santo River. Its lower course was explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine in 1868–69, and Captain J F Elton travelled down its middle course in 1870. Contents [ hide ] 1 Course 2 Tributaries 2.1 Left hand 2.2 Right hand 3 Basin characteristics 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Course [ edit ] The Limpopo River flows in a great arc, first zigzagging north and then north-east, then turning east and finally south-east. It serves as a border for about 640 kilometres (398 mi), separating South Africa to the southeast from Botswana to the northwest and Zimbabwe to the north. Two of its tributaries, the Marico River and the Crocodile River join, at which point the name changes to Limpopo River. There are several rapids as the river falls off Southern Africa 's inland escarpment . The Notwane River is a major tributary of the Limpopo, rising on the edge of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana and flowing in a north-easterly direction. The main tributary of the Limpopo, the Olifants River (Elephant River), contributes around 1,233 million m 3 of water per year. Other major tributaries include the Shashe River , Mzingwane River , Crocodile River , Mwenezi River and Luvuvhu River . In the north-eastern corner of South Africa the river borders the Kruger National Park . The port town of Xai-Xai , Mozambique is on the river near the mouth. Below the Olifants, the river is permanently navigable to the sea, though a sandbar prevents access by large ships except at high tide. Tributaries [ edit ] Left hand [ edit ] Notwane River Bonwapitse River Mahalapswe River Lotsane River Motloutse River Shashe River Umzingwani River Bubi River Mwenezi River Changane River Right hand [ edit ] Marico River Crocodile River Matlabas River Mokolo River Palala River Mogalakwena River Kolope River Sand River (Limpopo) Nwanedi River Luvuvhu River Olifants River (Limpopo) Basin characteristics [ edit ] The waters of the Limpopo flow sluggishly, with considerable silt content. Rainfall is seasonal and unreliable: in dry years, the upper parts of the river flow for 40 days or less. The upper part of the drainage basin, in the Kalahari Desert, is arid but conditions become less arid further downriver. The next reaches drain the Waterberg Massif , a biome of semi- deciduous forest and low-density human population. About 14 million people live in the Limpopo basin. The fertile lowlands support a denser population. Flooding during the rainy season is an occasional problem in the lower reaches. During February 2000 heavy rainfalls (due to a cyclone) caused the catastrophic 2000 Mozambique flood . The highest concentration of hippopotamus in the Limpopo River is found between the Mokolo and the Mogalakwena Rivers . There is a lot of mining activity in the Limpopo River basin with about 1,900 mines, not counting about 1,700 abandoned mines. History [ edit ] Vasco da Gama on his first expedition, was probably the first Europeans to sight the river, when he anchored off the mouth in 1498. However, there has been human habitation in the region since time immemorial — sites in the Makapans Valley near Mokopane contain Australopithecus fossils from 3.5 million years ago. St Vincent Whitshed Erskine , later Surveyor General for South Africa, was the first European to travel down the length of the Limpopo river to its mouth in 1868. [ citation needed ] Sign at the viewing deck of the Limpopo River at Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa, featuring a quote from Rudyard Kipling The British author Rudyard Kipling popularized the Limpopo in his short story "The Elephant's Child", in the Just So Stories , in which he described "the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees ," where the "Bi-Coloured Python Rock-Snake" dwells. A Zambezi shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) was caught hundreds of kilometres upriver at the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers in July 1950. Zambezi sharks tolerate fresh water and can travel far up the Limpopo. In 2013, approximately 15,000 crocodiles were released into the Limpopo River from flood gates at the nearby Rakwena Crocodile Farm. See also [ edit ] Limpopo Water Management Area Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park List of international border rivers Drainage basin A References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limpopo River . Climate change implications for water resources in the Limpopo River Basin , study by IFPRI Green and blue water accounting in the Limpopo and Nile Basins , study by IFPRI Limpopo Watercourse Commission (LIMCOM) www.limcom.org Limpopo River Awareness Kit FROC - Reference frequency of occurrence of fish species in South Africa Coordinates : 25°10′S 33°35′E  /  25.167°S 33.583°E  / -25.167; 33.583

train

in which year did the second world war start

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history ; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.

['most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina, against the urinary bladder']

ọdún wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀

Yes

['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['P1']

Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.

train

the reason for the start of world war 2

The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931.

['alfred nobel']

kíni ìdí tí ogun àgbáyé kejì fi bẹ̀rẹ̀

Yes

['A gbọ́ wípé ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè ilé-iṣẹ́ ológun Nazi ti ilẹ̀ Germany kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì tí àjọ ìṣọ̀kan United Kingdom àti orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé náà sì ṣígun kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Germany lẹ́ni tí ó ń gbèjà orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì ní ọjọ́ kẹta tí Germany kọlu Pólándì.']

['A gbọ́ wípé ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè ilé-iṣẹ́ ológun Nazi ti ilẹ̀ Germany kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì tí àjọ ìṣọ̀kan United Kingdom àti orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé náà sì ṣígun kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Germany lẹ́ni tí ó ń gbèjà orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì ní ọjọ́ kẹta tí Germany kọlu Pólándì.']

['P2']

Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.

train

what date did the second world war end

The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops, the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies.

['people', 'elected officials', '1787', 'founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people']

ọjọ́ wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì parí

Yes

['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['P1']

Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.

train

what was the official beginning of world war ii in europe

The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931.

['dignity', 'strength']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní yúróòpù

Yes

['A gbọ́ wípé ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè ilé-iṣẹ́ ológun Nazi ti ilẹ̀ Germany kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì tí àjọ ìṣọ̀kan United Kingdom àti orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé náà sì ṣígun kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè Germany lẹ́ni tí ó ń gbèjà orílẹ̀-èdè Pólándì ní ọjọ́ kẹta tí Germany kọlu Pólándì.']

['ogun àgbáyé ẹlẹ́kejì yí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kínní oṣù Kẹsàn an ọdún 1939']

['P1']

Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.

train

when did the war start and end ww2

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. The vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history ; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the first use of nuclear weapons in history.

['her performance in cactus flower', 'bhimrao ramji ambedkar']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbà wo ni ó sì parí ww2

Yes

['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['P1']

Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.

train

when did world war 2 begin and end

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history ; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.

['entebbe']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀ tí ó sì parí

Yes

['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['P1', ' ']

Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.

train

when did world war 2 started and finished

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources.

['deborah kaye "debbie" allen', 'deborrah kaye "debbie" allen']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kejì bẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbà wo ni ó sì parí

Yes

['Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì jẹ́ ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè agbáyé pọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan-ṣoṣo tí ó bẹ̀ ní àárín ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['ọdún 1939 sí ọdún 1945.']

['P1']

Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì Ogun Àgbáyé ?l????kejì tàbí Ogun Agbáyé Kejì j?? ogun tí ó pa gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé p?? l????kan-?o?o tí ó b?? ní àárín ?dún 1939 sí ?dún 1945. Ogun yí j?? èyí tí ó kan gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè agbáyé tí w??n j?? alágbára tí w??n sì lààmì-laaka. ??p?? àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n jagun náà ni a lè pin sí méjì. Àw?n apá kíní ni Òngbèjà nígbà tí àw?n apá kejì j?? At??jà. Iye àw?n tí w??n j?? jagun-jagun tí w??n kópa nínú ogun yí j?? ?gbà??rùn un mílí??nù láti àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? ?gb??n lápap??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n j?? oníjà gan an sa ipá w?n nípa lílo gbogbo ?r??-ajé, ì?úná, ilé-i??? jànkàn-jànkàn, ìwádí ìm?? sáyé??nsì tí w??n ní láti fi jagun náà, èyí kò j?? kí á m?? nkan ogun àwo??n ?m? ogun nikan ni àw?n oríl??-èdè yí ló láti fi jagun ni tàbí w??n lo àw?n nkan mìíràn tí kìí ?e ti Olohun tí ó j?? ti àw?n ará ìlú lásán. Ogun agbáyé ?l??kejì yí j?? ??kan gbòógì nínú àw?n ogun tí èmi ati dúkìá ti ?òfò jùlo lágbàáyé nínú ìtàn ì???dál?? ?m? adáríhurun. Àw?n ológun tí w??n s? ??mí w?n nu níbi ìjà-àgbà yí j?? mílí??nù ??nà àád??rin àti mílí??nù l??nà márùndínláàd??ta??sàn án ènìyàn, nígbà tí àw?n tí w??n kú jùl? j?? ará ìlú lásán tí w?n kìí ?e jagun-jagun. Ohun tí ó fàá tí òkú yí fi p?? tó b???? ni ìwà ìm????m??-?ekú pa ??p?? ènìyàn tí àw?n G????sì ? pe ní j??nósáìtì, nípa ìlànà ìfebipani , pípa àw?n aláì??? àti fífi ajàkál?? àrùn pani. W??n ?amúlò àw?n bàlúù dìgbòlùjà nínú ogun àgbáyé yí, ba kan náà ni w??n tún lo àw?n àdó olóró tí ó le pa ìlú run, b???? sì ni w??n tun lo nuclear weaponsláti jagun lásìkò náà., l??yìn ??p??l?p? iwe àdéhùn ati òfin orí?irí?i Bí ó ?e b??r?? A gb?? wípé ogun àgbáyé ?l??kejì yí b??r?? ní ?j?? kínní o?ù K?sàn an ?dún 1939, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè ilé-i??? ológun Nazi ti il?? Germany k?lu oríl??-èdè Pólándì tí àj? ì???kan United Kingdom àti oríl??-èdè Faransé náà sì ?ígun k?lu oríl??-èdè Germany l??ni tí ó ? gbèjà oríl??-èdè Pólándì ní ?j?? k?ta tí Germany k?lu Pólándì. Níparí ?dún 1939 sí 1941, oríl??-èdè Germany ti ? ?àkóso lórí ??p??l?p?? il?? àti Ìlú ní apá Yúróòpù, l??yìn ??p??l?p?? ìf?w??b??wé àdéhùn àti òfin orí?irí?i. L??yìn èyí, oríl??-èdè Germany, oríl??-èdè Japan àti oríl??-èdè Italy kórap?? di ??kan tí w??n pe orúk? w?n ní Axis Alliance, nígbà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè mìíràn náà sì ? dara p?? m?? w?n nígbà tí ó yá. Nínú we àdéhùn tí ??gágun Molotov–Ribbentrop f?w??b?? ní o?ù K?j? ?dún 1939, oríl??-èdè Germany àti Soviet Union nígbà náà f?w??-sow??p?? láti túb?? gba àw?n il?? àw?n alámùúlégbè w?n ní Yúróòpù siwájú si.

train

what happened at the beginning of world war 1

On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb supporter of Yugoslav nationalism, assassinated the Austro - Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand while he was visiting Sarajevo. The instability caused by competing Russian and Austro - Hungarian objectives in the Balkans meant this led to a diplomatic crisis, which ended with Austria - Hungary issuing an ultimatum to Serbia. Interlocking alliances meant the crisis ultimately involved all the major European powers as well as their respective colonial empires and the conflict rapidly spread across the globe.

['jennifer aniston and ginnifer goodwin']

Kí ló ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀

Yes

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia]']

['P5']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

what month did the first world war start

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the `` war to end all wars '', more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.

['197 stolen bases in total,[150] including 19 steals of home']

oṣù wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']

['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918].']

['P11']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

what was the major reason for united states entry into world war 1

In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, realizing it would mean American entry. The German Foreign Minister, in the Zimmermann Telegram, invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States. In return, the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public, and Americans saw it as casus belli. Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars, by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe. He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference. After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany, which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917.

['about 510 million km2 (197 million sq mi)', 'about 12,742 km', 'about 150 million km (93 million mi)']

kí ni ìdí pàtàkì tí orílẹ̀ - èdè amẹ́ríkà fi wọ ogun àgbáyé kìíní

Yes

['Ní osù kẹrin ọdún 1917 ni ile America náà kéde ogun lé ilẹ̀ Germany lórí látàrí bí wọn ṣe kọlu àwọn ara ilẹ̀ America nínú ọkọ̀ ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà.']

['Ní osù kẹrin ọdún 1917 ni ile America náà kéde ogun lé ilẹ̀ Germany lórí látàrí bí wọn ṣe kọlu àwọn ara ilẹ̀ America nínú ọkọ̀ ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà.']

['P10']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

what was the outbreak of world war 1

Between 1908 and 1914, the Balkans had been destabilised by the combination of a weakened Ottoman Empire, the 1912 -- 1913 Balkan Wars and competing Russian and Austro - Hungarian objectives. On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro - Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. On 23 July, Austria - Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia ; interlocking alliances quickly drew in all the major European powers with their respective colonial empires and the conflict rapidly spread across the globe.

['solids', 'carbon-carbon']

kí ló fa ogun àgbáyé kìíní?

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.']

['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.']

['P3']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

what were the major countries that fought in world war 1

The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary. Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers, as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers.

[]

àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè wo ló jà nínú ogun àgbáyé kìíní?

Yes

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia]']

['P5']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

what were they fighting about in world war 1

The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks, the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world.

[]

kí ni wọ́n ń jà fún nínú ogun àgbáyé kìíní

Yes

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']

['P5']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

when and where did the first world war start

The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia and, as a result, entangled - international - alliances, formed over the previous decades, were invoked. Within weeks the major powers were at war, and the conflict soon spread around the world.

['jonas salk']

ìgbà wo àti ibo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní ti bẹ̀rẹ̀

Yes

['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914 [28/8/1914].']

['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914.']

['P6']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

when did the first world war 1 start and end

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.

['entebbe']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀ tó sì parí

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918 lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']

['P11']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

when did the first world war break out

World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later.

['entebbe']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bè̩rè̩

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']

['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914']

['P11']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

when did the first world war start and finish

World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.

['. located']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀ tó sì parí

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀. ']

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀. ']

['P11']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

when did the first world war started and ended

World War I (often abbreviated to WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.

['entebbe']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀ tó sì parí

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']

['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918].']

['P11']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

when did world war 1 start and when did it end

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the `` War to End All Wars '', more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later.

['. located', 'memphis']

ìgbà wo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní bẹ̀rẹ̀, ìgbà wo ló sì parí

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918] lẹ́yìn ọdún mẹ́rin, osù mẹ́ta àti ọjọ́ mẹ́rìnlá tí ogun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.']

['Ogun àgbáyé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù keje ọdún 1914 [28/7/1914] o parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá osù kọ́kànlá ọdún 1918[11/11/1918].']

['P11']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

where did world war 1 take place first

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the `` war to end all wars '', it led to the mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, while it is also considered a contributory factor in a number of genocides and the 1918 influenza epidemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by grueling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War about twenty years later.

['four']

níbo ni ogun àgbáyé kìíní ti wáyé ní àkọ́kọ́

Yes

['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.']

['Ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ láàárin orílẹ̀-èdè méjì kan tí orúkọ wọn ń jẹ́ Austria-Hungary ati Serbia.']

['P3']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

who fought against whom in world war 1

The conflict initially involved two opposing coalitions : France, Russia and Britain, in the Triple Entente, against the Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria - Hungary. These two had combined with Italy in the 1882 Triple Alliance but as it was primarily defensive in nature, Italy was able to remain neutral in 1914. In reality, many of the terms were informal or secret and sometimes contradicted by other agreements ; shortly after renewing the Triple Alliance in 1902, Italy secretly agreed with France to remain neutral if it was attacked by Germany. The coalitions expanded as the war widened : the Entente added Italy, Japan and the United States to form the Allied Powers, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria as the Central Powers.

['jennifer aniston and ginnifer goodwin', 'brasília', 'south america']

àwọn wo ló bára wọn jà nínú ogun àgbáyé kìíní

Yes

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia] wà nínú ẹgbẹ́ kejì, Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún osù kẹfà ọdún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ń jẹ́ Gavrilo Princip tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ilẹ̀ Serbia sekú pa ọmọ Ọba orílẹ̀-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Francis Ferdinand ẹni tó yẹ kó di ọba ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.']

['Orílẹ̀-èdè [Germany], [Austria-Hungary] ati [Italy] wà ní ẹgbẹ́ kan, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè [Britain], [France] àti [Russia]']

['P5']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

why did the first world war broke out

The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia and, as a result, entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks the major powers were at war, and the conflict soon spread around the world.

[]

kí nìdí tí ogun àgbáyé kìíní fi bẹ̀rẹ̀?

Yes

['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914 [28/8/1914].']

['Látàrí èyí, ilẹ̀ Austria-Hungary kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlọ́gbọ̀n osù kẹjọ ọdún 1914']

['P6']

Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní ÌJÀ OGUN ÀGBAYÉ KÌÍNÍ Láti ?j?? ti aláyé ti dáyé ni àw?n ìw?? búburú bí i: jàgídíjàgan, wàhálà. Rúkèrúdò ti wà nínú ìgbésí ayé ?m? ènìyàn. Rògbòdìyàn kò yé s?l??, b???? nì làásìgbò kò roko ìgbàgbé. Ìdàrúdàp?? nínú ?bí, Àríyànjiyàn láàárin ??r??. Gb??nmisi, omi ò to kò yé wáyé láàárín ìlú sí ilu, abúléko sí abúléko. Gbogbo àw?n n?kan ló ? parap?? tí ó sì ? di ogun. Tí a bá fi ojú sùnùkùn wo ogun àgbáyé kìíní, a óò rí wí pé gbogbo rògbòdìyàn, àjàkú akátá tó wáyé, kò s??yìn ìwà ìgbéraga, owú jíj?, èmi ni mo jù?? l?, ìw? lo jùmí l? láàárín àw?n ?m? adáríwurun. Àw?n àgbà sì b?? w??n ní “àìfàgbà f??nìkan ni kò j?? káyé ó gún”. Nígbà tí ?nìkan bá rò pé òun ló m? n?kan ?e jú, èrò tòun ló t??nà jù, kò sí ?ni tó gb??d?? ta ko ohun tí òun bá s?. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí tó máa ? bí ogun, nígbà tí elòmírà bá ta ko irúf?? èèyàn b???? tàbí kí ó j? gàba lé òun lórí. Bí ogun ?e máa ? s?l?? láàárin ìlú sí ìlú ló máa ? s?l?? láàárín oríl??-èdè sí oríl??-èdè. Ara àw?n n?kan tí ó sokùn fa ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? nìyí. Ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? yìí b??r?? láàárin oríl??-èdè méjì kan tí orúk? w?n ? j?? Austríà–Húngárì ati Serbia. Ìlú kékeré kan ní aw?n oríl??-èdè méjèèjì yìí ? jà lé lórí. Oríl??-èdè àk??k?? ló k??k?? gba ìlú yìí l??w?? ??k?jì nínú ogun kan tó wáyé ní ?dún 1908. Oríl??-èdè kejì wá ? dún kòkò lajà láti gba ìtú yìí padà. Sáájú àsìkò yìí, àw?n ìs??l?? kan s??l?? tí ó b??r?? sí mú kí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé máa ?e gbún-ùn gbùn-ùn gbún-ùn sí ara w?n. Sáájú ogun àgbàyé kìíní, àw?n oríl??-èdè ló máa ? j? gàba lórí àw??n oríl??-èdè mìíràn nígbà máà, kò p?? kò jìnnà tí àw?n oríl??-èdè tí w??n ní mú sìn yìí b??r?? ? jà fún òmìnira. Oríl??-èdè B??ljí??m gba òmìnìra ní ?dún 1830, nígbà tí il?? Jámánì gba tiw?n ní 1871. Ìjà òmìnìra wá b??r?? sí ní ta ??p??l?p?? oríl??-èdè lólogbó, w??n b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn k??k?? tako èyí, síb??síb??, w?n kò rí n?kan ?e si èyí. Gbogbo àw?n tí w??n tí w??n ti j?? gàba lé lórí b??r?? sí jà fún òmìnira. Gbogbo w?n kóra p??. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni ??r?? ?l??yàm??yà b??r?? sí s?l??, àti àw??n ìsòro tí ó r?? m?? ?l??yàm??yà. Àw?n n?kan w??nyí ló sokùnfà rògbòdìyàn ogun nígbà náà yàt?? sí èyí, wíwá àw?n òyìnbó sí il?? aláwò dúdú [Africa] wà lára àw?n n?kan to sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Owó ló gbé àw?n òyìnbó dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, w??n wá ri pé yíò r?rùn fún àw?n láti rí n?kan àlùm????nì tí w??n ? f?? tí àw?n bá mú il?? aláw?? dúdú sìn. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí àw?n òyìnbó w??nyí dé il?? aláw?? dúdú, ìj?? bèrè sí wáyé láàárin w?n lórí oríl??-èdè tí oníkálukú w?n yíò mú sìn. Nígbà tí w??n ? pín il?? aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n, bí w?n ?e pin kò t?? àw?n oríl??-èdè amúnisìn kan l??rùn lórí bí w??n ?e pín àw?n oríl??-èdè aláw?? dúdú láàárin ara w?n nígbà náà Ày?rísí gbogbo wàhálà yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k??. Àw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí b??r?? sí furá sí ara w?n, w??n sì b??r?? sí ní kó n?kan ijà olóró j?. Àw?n oríl??-èdè kan b??r?? sí ní bá ara w?n s??r?? láti gbógun ti oríl??-èdè mìíràn. Nígbà tí ogun yìí yóò fi b??r??, aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára pín ara w?n sí ??nà méjì ??t????t??. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì, Austríà–Húngárì ati Itálí wà ní ?gb?? kan, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Il?? Gè?é?sì, Faransé àti R??síà wà nínú ?gb?? kejì, Ní ?j?? kejìdínlógún osù k?fà ?dún 1914 [18/6/1914] ni okùnrin kan tó ? j?? Gavrilo Princip tí ó j?? ?m? il?? Serbia sekú pa ?m? ?ba oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary tí orúk? r?? ? j?? Francis Ferdinand ?ni tó y? kó di ?ba ní oríl??-èdè náà. Èyí kò s??yìn ìgbìyànjú Serbia láti gba àw?n ??yà tí Austríà–Húngárì ti kó sínú ìgbèkùn nínú ogun tí w??n ti jà t??l??. Ikú ?m? ?ba yìí ló sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Astria-Hungary gbaná j?. W??n pinnu láti gbógun ti il?? Serbia. Bí w??n ?e ? ?e èyí ni il?? R??síà tí ó j?? ??r?? il?? Serbia kéde pé àw?n yíò gbógun tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì. Àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé gbìyànjù láti p??tù sí wàhálà yìí. Il?? Austríà–Húngárì fún il?? Serbia ní àw?n n?kan tó le mu ogun yìí w?lè, ?ùgb??n il?? Serbia kò t??lé àw?n n?kan w??nyí. Látàrí èyí, il?? Austríà–Húngárì kéde ogun lé Serbia lórí ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [28/8/1914]. Bí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ?e ?e èyí tan ni oríl??-èdè R??síà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Austríà–Húngárì lórí. Bí il?? R??síà ?e ?e èyí tán ni ilè Jámánì kìt?? fúnw??n pé tí w??n bá danwò, àw?n yíò gbógun tìw??n. Nígbà tí il?? Austríà–Húngárì ríbi tí ??r?? yìí ? t?, w??n t?s?? dúró fún ìjíròrò p??lú il?? R??síà. Il?? Jámánì pàs? láti tú àw?n ?m? ogun tí w??n ti kój? t??l?? k?? fún ogun yìí ká. Il? R??síà k? etí ikún sí às? tí il?? Jámánì lórí às? yìí. Èyí ló mú kí il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? R??síà lórí ní ?j?? kìíní osù kej? ?dún 1914 [1/8/1914]. Ní ?j?? kejì sí èyí ni il?? ni il?? Faransé náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì náà lórí. Ní ?j?? k?ta ni il?? Jámánì kéde ogun lé il?? Faransé lórí padà. Sáájú kí ogun tó b??r??, il?? B??ljí??m tí k??wé rán??? sí àw?n oríl??-èdè tó kù pé tí ogun bá b??r??, àw?n kò ní l??w?? síi. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè w??nyí sì f?w?? sí ìwé tí il?? B??ljí??m k? síw?n. ?ùgb??n nígbà tí ogun b??r??, il?? Jámánì pinu láti gba il?? B??ljí??m k?já láti k? lu il?? Faransé. ?ùgb??n il?? B??ljí??m k?? jál?? pé àw?n ti pínú pé àw?n kò ní dá sí ìjà. Èyí mú kí il?? Jámánì bínú, w??n sì pínú láti gbógun tí il?? B??ljí??m. Ìpin ìl?? Jámánì yìí mú kí il?? Gè?é?sì dá sí ??r?? yìí, w??n kìl?? fún il?? Jámánì láti ro ìpin àti gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m ní ????mejì nítorí pé gbogbo àw?n ni àw?n fi ?w?? si pé il?? B??ljí??m kò ní l??w?? si ogun yìí nítorí náà, kí w??n má ?e gbógun ti il?? B??ljí??m. Il?? Jámánì k?? jál?? láti gba ?r? yìí y??wò, èyí sì mú kí oríl??-èdè Britan kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lóri ní ?j?? k?rin osù k?j? ?dún 1914 [4/8/1914]. Il?? Turkey náà dá sí ogun yìí ní osù k?wàá ?dún 1914. Nígbà tí il?? Faransé náà da si ní osù k?kànlá ?dún 1914. Báyìí ni ogun yìí di ogun àgbéyé, tí ó di ìjà àjàràn. Gbogbo àw?n oríl??-èdè tí aw?n oríl??-èdè alágbára w??nyí ? ?e àkóso lé lórí tí w??n ? mú sìn pàápàá jùl? ní il?? adúláw?? [Africa] àti il?? Lárúbáwá ni gbogbo w?n náà múra láti gbè s??yìn àw?n ??gá w?n láti bá àw?n oríl??-èdè yòókù jà tí èyí sì di isu atayán-an yàn-an káàkiri oríl??-èdè àgbáyé. Ní osù k?rin ?dún 1917 ni ile Am??ríkà náà kéde ogun lé il?? Jámánì lórí látàrí bí w?n ?e k?lu àw?n ara il?? Am??ríkà nínú ?k?? ojú-oni ti èyí si tako ìlànà ogun jìjà. Òfin sì wà wí pé tí oríl??-èdè méjì bá ? jà, àw?n ?m? ogun ara w?n nìkan ní w??n dojú ìjà k?. Oríl??-èdè Jámánì rú òfin yìí. Èyí sì bí il?? Am??ríkà nínú, ìdí nìyí tí w??n fi dᒠsí ogun àgbáyé ní ?dún 1917. Ogun àgbáyé tó b??r?? ní ?j?? kejìdínl??gb??n osù keje ?dún 1914 [28/7/1914] parí ní ?j?? k?kànlá osù k??kànlá ?dún 1918[11/11/1918] l??yìn ?dún m??rin, osù m??ta àti ?j?? m??rìnlá tí ogun ti b??r??. Owó tí àw?n oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ná sí ogun yìí tó ?górùn-ún méjì Bíló??nù d??là owó il?? Am??ríkà láyé ìgbà náà tí owó níyì. Bí i ogójì mílí??nù ?m? ogun oríl??-èdè àgbáyé ló bá ogun yìí l? kí á ?????? má s? ti àw?n ogun ojú-oun bí i mílí??nù m??wàá tí ó ará ìlú tá kìí ?e s??jà ló sòfò nínú ogun àgbéyé yìí. Síb??síb??, wàhálà tó sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé àk??k?? tí àw?n èèyàn rò pé yíò yanju tàbí níyanjú. Wàhálà yìí ló tún sokùnfà ogun àgbáyé kejì àti àw?n ogun tó tún wáyé l??yìn ogun àgbáyé kìíní. Ní ìparí, ogun kìí ?e n?kan tí ó dára. Àw?n àgbà b?? w??n ní "?ni tí ogun ba pa kù ní ? ròyìn ogun". Ogun máa ? fi ??p??l?p?? èmí àti dúkì?? sòfò. Yorùbá tún b?? w??n ní "?ni tí sàngó bá tojú r?? jà rí kò ní báw?n bú olúkòso". ?nì tí Ogun bá jà lójú r?? rí, kò ní b? ?l??run kí ogun tún wáyé ní ojú òun. ?l??run kò ní j?? kí á ri ogun.

train

causes of nigerian civil war of 1967 pdf

The Nigerian Civil War, commonly known as the Biafran War (6 July 1967 -- 15 January 1970), was a war fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra. Biafra represented nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern - dominated federal government. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain 's formal decolonisation of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over oil production in the Niger Delta played a vital strategic role.

[]

àwọn ohun tó fa ogun abẹ́lé nàìjíríà ti ọdún 1967 pdf

Yes

['Bákan náà Ìjẹ gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo rọ̀bì tó lérè gọbọi lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun abẹ́lé náà.']

['Ìjẹ gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo rọ̀bì tó lérè gọbọi lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun abẹ́lé náà.']

['P1']

Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].

train

review the nigeria biafra civil war of 1967 through 1970

The Nigerian Civil War, commonly known as the Biafran War, (6 July 1967 -- 15 January 1970), was a war fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra. Biafra represented nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern - dominated federal government. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain 's formal decolonisation of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup, and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over oil production in the Niger Delta played a vital strategic role.

['2009']

s̩e àtúnyẹ̀wò ogun abẹ́lé ní nàìjíríà láti ọdún 1967 sí 1970

Yes

['Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.']

['Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.']

['P1']

Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].

train

what are the reason for nigerian civil war

The Nigerian Civil War, commonly known as the Biafran War (6 July 1967 -- 15 January 1970), was a war fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra. Biafra represented nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern - dominated federal government. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain 's formal decolonization of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over the lucrative oil production in the Niger Delta played a vital strategic role.

['about 510 million km2 (197 million sq mi)', '71%']

kí ni ìdí tí ogun abẹ́lé ní nàìjíríà fi wáyé

Yes

['Ogún Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ọjọ́ Kẹfà Oṣù Okúdù Ọdún 1967 sí ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀dógún oṣù Ṣẹ́ẹ́rẹ́: tí a tún mọ̀ sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) jẹ́ Ogun Abẹ́lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìjọba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínlẹ̀ tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti fẹ́ gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ọdún 1967.', 'Èròngbà àwọn olùfẹ́ ẹ̀yà Ìgbò tí wọ́n rò pé àwọn kò lè bá ìjọba àpapọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ṣe pọ̀ mọ torí pé àwọn Mùsùlùmí ẹ̀yà\xa0 Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Orílẹ̀èdè Nàìjíríà tí jẹ gàba ní Biafra.', 'Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.']

['ó wáyé láàárín ìjọba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínlẹ̀ tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti fẹ́ gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ọdún 1967.', 'Lára àwọn aṣokùnfà ogun ní ọdún 1966 ni ìjà ẹ̀sìn àti ìṣègbè ẹ̀yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà.', 'Èròngbà àwọn olùfẹ́ ẹ̀yà Ìgbò tí wọ́n rò pé àwọn kò lè bá ìjọba àpapọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ṣe pọ̀ mọ torí pé àwọn Mùsùlùmí ẹ̀yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Orílẹ̀èdè Nàìjíríà tí jẹ gàba ní Biafra.']

['P1']

Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].

train

when did the civil war start in nigeria

Shortly after extending its blockade to include oil, the Nigerian government launched a `` police action '' to retake the secessionist territory. The war began on the early hours of 6 July 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. The Biafra strategy had succeeded. The federal government had started the war, and the East was one defending itself. The Nigerian Army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Colonel Mohammed Shuwa and the local military units were formed as the 1st Infantry Division. The division was led mostly by northern officers. After facing unexpectedly fierce resistance and high casualties, the right - hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka which fell on 14 July, while the left - hand column made for Garkem, which was captured on 12 July.

['on the gulf of gonâve', 'eurasia']

ìgbà wo ni ogun abẹ́lé bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní nàìjíríà

Yes

['Ogún Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ọjọ́ Kẹfà Oṣù Okúdù Ọdún 1967 sí ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀dógún oṣù Ṣẹ́ẹ́rẹ́: tí a tún mọ̀ sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) jẹ́ Ogun Abẹ́lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìjọba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínlẹ̀ tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti fẹ́ gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ọdún 1967.']

['Ogún Abẹ́lé ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ọjọ́ Kẹfà Oṣù Okúdù Ọdún 1967 sí ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀dógún oṣù Ṣẹ́ẹ́rẹ́.']

['P1']

Ogun Abele Nigeria Ogún Ab??lé il?? Nàìjíríà wáyé láàárín ?j?? K?fà O?ù Okúdù ?dún 1967 sí ?j?? k???dógún o?ù ?????r??: tí a tún m?? sí (Ogun Nàìjíríà - Biafra tàbí Ogun Biafra) j?? Ogun Ab??lé tí ó wáyé láàárín ìj?ba Nàìjíríà àti orílè-èdè Biafra, ìpínl?? tí ó fé dádúró tì ó ti f?? gba òmìnira kúrò lára Nàìjíríà ní ?dún 1967. ?gágun Yakubu Gowon ni ó ? darí Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu sí ? darí Biafra. Èròngbà àw?n olùf?? ??yà Ìgbò tí w??n rò pé àw?n kò lè bá ìj?ba àpap?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ?e p?? m? torí pé àw?n Mùsùlùmí ??yà Haúsá-Fúlàní tí àríwá Oríl??èdè Nàìjíríà tí j? gàba ní Biafra. Ìy?rísí ìk?lù yìí láti rògbòdìyàn ì?èlú, ?r?? ajé, ??yà, aj?má?à àti ??sìn ló bí pínpín Nàìjíríà láti ?dún 1960 sí 1963. Lára àw?n a?okùnfà ogun ní ?dún 1966 ni ìjà ??sìn àti ì?ègbè ??yà Ìgbò ní Apá Àríwá Nàìjíríà. Ìdìt??gbàj?ba, àti ìr??j? àw?n Ìgbò ní apá àríwá Naijiria. Bákan náà Ìj? gàba lórí ìgbéjáde epo r??bì tó lérè g?b?i lórí ní apa Niger Delta náà kópa ribiribi nínú ogun ab??lé náà. Láàárín ?dún kan, àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ti yí gbogbo k??r??-k??ndú il?? Ìgbò Biafara po tí ó fi m?? orísun epo tí ó wà ní ìlú Port Harcourt.[citation needed]. W??n m? odi yí w?n ká tínw?n kò sì gbà kí ?nik??ni nínú ??yà Ìgbò ó jáde síta, èyí f a ebi ??pàgbà f'?w??-m??k?? fún t??rú t?m? w?n.[40] Láàárín ?dún méjì ati ab?? tí ogun náà fi wáyé, iye àw?n tí w??n j?? ?m? ??yà Ìgbò tí w?? ?'aláìsí láti ?w?? àw?n ?m? ogun il?? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà j?? ?g??rún kan, nígbà tí iye àw?n tí w??n ?'aláìsí látàrí ebi òpàpàpàlà j?? mílí??nù l??nà ?g??rùn-un márùn-ún ènìyàn.[41] Nígbà tí yóò fi di àárín ?dún 1968, àw?n oníròyìn b??r?? sí ? fi àwòrán àw?n àgbà àti ?m?dé tí ebi ti s? di aláab?? ara nínú àw?n ??yà ìgbò léde nínú àw?n ìwé ìròyìn tí w??n ? jáde ní àw?n oríl??-èdè òkèrè[citation needed]. Àwòrán àw?n tí ebi ? pa w??nyí bee?? sí ? mú kí àw?n ará il?? òkèèrè ó bee?? sí ? fi oju àánú wo àw?n ènìyàn w??nyí, tí ó sì mú kí àw?n àj? 3l??yinjú àánú tí kìí ?e ti ìj?ba ó ma dá owó , ounje , a?? àti àw?n ohun ìgbáyé-gbádùn mìíràn rán??? sí w?n. Oríl??-èdè United Kingdom àti Soviet Union ni w??n f??yìn p?n oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà láti bori Biafra nígbà náà, nígbà tí oríl??-èdè France àti Isreal ?agbát?rù fún àw?n Biafra láti kojú oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà padà. Àm?? àw?n Am??ríkà ní ti w?n kò ?'ègbè l??yìn ?nìk?kan, w??n kò fara m?? ìfìyà-j?ni tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà ? fi j? àw?n Igbo yí, bákan náà ni w??n bu ?nu at?? lu ìgbà??s?? ìyapa àw?n Biafra kúrò lára oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà.[42] [43][44] Ohun ti bo fa ogun yí ?l??yà-m'??yà Ohun àkók?? tí ó fa ogun yí ni ó ní?e p??lú ìdàp?? gbogbo ??yà oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà lásìkò ì?èj?ba àmúnisìn ní ?dún 1914, èyí ni dídá Àj? ààbò Àríwá, Ìlú Àj? Lagos àti Ààbò Gúúsù Nàìjíríà tí a tún m?? sí Ìlà Oòrùn Nàìjíríà) pap?? láti lè j?? kí ì?èj?ba oríl??-èdè náà ó f'?s?? múl?? nítorí gbígòòrò tí àw?n agbègbè oríl??-èdè tí a ti m??nu bá lókè yí gbòòrò tí orí?irí?i ??yà sì wà ní ib?.[45] Bí ó til?? j?? wípé ìdàp?? yí kò fiyè sí ìyàt?? tí ó wà láàárín ??yà, èdè ati ??sìn tí ó wà láàárín àw?n ènìyàn ilé Nàìjíríà lásìkò náà, èyí ni ó mú ìbérù ati ìfòyà ó gbil?? nínú w?n tí ó sì mú kí kálukú àw?n ??yà w??nyí ó ma jìjàgùdù lórí ì?èlú ara-?ni àti ìmójútó okòwò ??yà k????kan. Oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gb'òmìnira l??w?? ìj?ba àmúnisìn il?? Gè?é?sì ní ?j?? kìíní o?ù K?wàá ?dún 1960, nígbà tí gbogbo àw?n ènìyàn tí w??n j?? olùgbé ib?? náà j?? mílí??nù márùndínláàd??ta ó dín di??, nígbà tí iye ??yà tí ó wà níb?? j?? ?gbà??rùn ún m??ta[46]. Nígbà tí oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà gba òmìnira, àw?n agbègbè tí w??n tóbi jùl? ni àsìkò náà ni apá ìlà Oòrùn tí àw?n ??yà Igbò ea, lásìkò yí, w??n kó ìdá 60–70% nínú iye ?m? oríl??-èdè Nàìjíríà;[47] Àw?n Hausa-Fulani láb?? ì?èj?ba il?? Sultanate of Sokoto, ni w??n kó ìdá 67% lápá òkè ?ya, bákan náà ni àw?n Yorùná ní apá Ìw??-Oòrùn oríl??-èdè náà kò ìdá 75%;[48].[49] Lóòt??, àw?n ??yà k????kan w??nyí ni w??n ní il?? tiw?n tí w??n sìntú f??nká sí orígun oríl??-èdè náà Nígbà tí ogun náà b?? síl?? ní ?dún 1967, iye àw?n ?m? ??yà Igbo tí w??n wà ní àw?n orígun il?? Nàìjíríà kò sàn ní ?gb??rún márùún pàá pàá jùl? ní ìlú Èkó [50].

train

name the cover of air around the earth

The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth 's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation).

['the union of soviet socialist republics[9] (ussr, russian: ссср)']

sọ orúkọ òfuurufú tó yí ayé ká

Yes

['Ojúọ̀run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ultraviolet solar radiation, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale.', 'Ojuorun aye ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu.']

['Ojúọ̀run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtànṣán oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale.', 'Ojuorun aye ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu.']

['P1']

Ojú??run ayé Ojú??run ayé ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu. Ojú??run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtàn?án oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale. Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran. Bakana afefe tun ni iye orisi omi oru, to fe to 1%. Ojuorun ni iposi to to quintillion marun (5x10^18) kg, idameta ninu merin won wa ni tosi bi 11 km ojude. Ojuorun n tinrin si bi o se n goke si lai si bode kan pato larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Giga 120 km ni ibi ti awon ipa tojuorun ti n han lara ni asiko ipadawole tojuorun fun oko-ofurufu. Ala Kármán ni 100 km bakanna tun je gbigba gege bi ala larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Ikopapo Afefe je kikopapo nitrijini, oksijini ati argoni ti lapapo won je "awon efuufu pataki" ojuorun. Àwon efuufu yioku ni a mo si "efuufu tasere", lara won ni awon efuufu ogba-alakaba bi omi oru, karboni oloksijinimeji, methani, nitrous oxide ati ossonu. Afefe jijo ni iye tasere opolopo awon adapo alegbogi miran. Opolopo awon ohun ounkoko aladaba le w ninu afijuwe afefe ti ko mo, bi eruku, l??búl??bú òdòdó ati spores, sea spray, eérú òkè ay?náyèéfín ati meteoroidi. Orisirisi awon amúd??tí ile-ise elero na tun le wa, bi klorini bi apilese tabi adapo, fluorini (ninu adapo), merikuri ti apilese, ati sulferi ninu adapo bi sulferi oloksijinimeji (SO2). Opoimule ojuorun Awon ipele tosekoko Ojuorun aye se pin si ipele pataki marun. Awon ipele yii pin si boya igbonasi npo tabi ndin pelu igasoke. Lati kukurujulo de gigajulo, awon ipele ohun ni yii: Ojuoruntomoru (troposphere) Ojuoruntomoru bere lati ojude titi de larin 7 km ni poles ati 17 km ni ibididogba, pelu iyato nitori ojuojo. Ojuoruntomoru gbona nitori igbelo okun lati ojude, bi bayi apa kukurujulo ojuoruntomoru lo loworojulo, be sini igbonasi nresile pelu igasoke. 80% iposi ojuorun wa ni ojuoruntomoru.

"Air" redirects here. For other uses, see Air (disambiguation) . "Qualities of air" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, surrounding Earth in a visibly blue layer when seen from space on board the ISS at an altitude of 335 km (208 mi). Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038% of the atmosphere (0.043% with CO 2 at 2014 concentration). Numbers are mainly from 1987, with CO 2 and methane from 2009, and do not represent any single source. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation ). By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen , 20.95% oxygen , 0.93% argon , 0.04% carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 18 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition. The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology). Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1.1 Exosphere 2.1.2 Thermosphere 2.1.3 Mesosphere 2.1.4 Stratosphere 2.1.5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article: Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. Major constituents of dry air, by volume Gas Volume (A) Name Formula in ppmv (B) in % Nitrogen N 2 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 2 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 2 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 4 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere: Water vapor (C) H 2 O 10–50,000 (D) 0.001%–5% (D) notes: (A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, also see volume (thermodynamics) (B) ppmv: parts per million by volume (C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere (D) Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft). The volume fraction of the main constituents of the Earth's atmosphere as a function of height according to the MSIS-E-90 atmospheric model. Structure of the atmosphere Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. Principal layers In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are: Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles) Exosphere Main article: Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind. The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth. Thermosphere Main article: Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen , for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi). Mesosphere Main article: Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F ; 190 K ). Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. Lightning-induced discharges known as transient luminous events (TLEs) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric thunderclouds . The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft. Stratosphere Main article: Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C. The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft. Troposphere Main article: Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), although this altitude varies from about 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) at the geographic poles to 17 km (11 mi; 56,000 ft) at the Equator , with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height. Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence, the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos , meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) of the troposphere. Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth. The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause. Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element. [ clarification needed ] The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K), depending on the reference. Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects. Pressure and thickness Main article: Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/ e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account. In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows: 50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft). 90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft). 99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line . By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 and 13 km (33,000 and 43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft). Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km. Temperature and speed of sound Main articles: Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure. Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each "decade" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729) Main article: Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law ). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites. The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 10 15 ) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 16 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003 × 10 18 kg." Optical properties See also: Sunlight Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere. Scattering Main article: Scattering When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. Absorption Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O 2 and O 3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water (H 2 O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves. Emission Main article: Emission (electromagnetic radiation) Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their " black body " emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C ; 10,340 °F ), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H 2 O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2 O. Refractive index See also: Scintillation (astronomy) The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface. The refractive index of air depends on temperature, giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article: Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere See also: History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases. A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions dissolved in water and reacted with metals such as calcium and magnesium during weathering of crustal rocks to form carbonates that were deposited as sediments. Water-related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the " faint young Sun paradox ". The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event ), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago. Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O 2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian. The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian , oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is great enough for this rapid development of animals. Air pollution Main article: Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO 2 in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May. The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer. Following the peak in vegetation, the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 due to photosynthesis is apparent, particularly over the boreal forests . Images from space On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space. The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere. Limb view, of Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere. This image shows the Moon at the centre, with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange-colored troposphere. The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause, which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange- and blue-colored atmosphere. The silvery-blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth's troposphere. Earth's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969. See also Aerial perspective Air (classical element) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere (on atmospheres in general) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility (ARM) (in the U.S.) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere (CIRA) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility (travel) Kyoto Protocol Leaching (agriculture) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth's atmosphere Ozone layer References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions.

train

what are the three main parts of the atmosphere

The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth 's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25 % of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5 % by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution.

['the supporters of william of orange']

kí ni àwọn apá mẹ́ta tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ nínú àyíká

Yes

['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']

['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']

['P1']

Ojú??run ayé Ojú??run ayé ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu. Ojú??run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtàn?án oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale. Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran. Bakana afefe tun ni iye orisi omi oru, to fe to 1%. Ojuorun ni iposi to to quintillion marun (5x10^18) kg, idameta ninu merin won wa ni tosi bi 11 km ojude. Ojuorun n tinrin si bi o se n goke si lai si bode kan pato larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Giga 120 km ni ibi ti awon ipa tojuorun ti n han lara ni asiko ipadawole tojuorun fun oko-ofurufu. Ala Kármán ni 100 km bakanna tun je gbigba gege bi ala larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Ikopapo Afefe je kikopapo nitrijini, oksijini ati argoni ti lapapo won je "awon efuufu pataki" ojuorun. Àwon efuufu yioku ni a mo si "efuufu tasere", lara won ni awon efuufu ogba-alakaba bi omi oru, karboni oloksijinimeji, methani, nitrous oxide ati ossonu. Afefe jijo ni iye tasere opolopo awon adapo alegbogi miran. Opolopo awon ohun ounkoko aladaba le w ninu afijuwe afefe ti ko mo, bi eruku, l??búl??bú òdòdó ati spores, sea spray, eérú òkè ay?náyèéfín ati meteoroidi. Orisirisi awon amúd??tí ile-ise elero na tun le wa, bi klorini bi apilese tabi adapo, fluorini (ninu adapo), merikuri ti apilese, ati sulferi ninu adapo bi sulferi oloksijinimeji (SO2). Opoimule ojuorun Awon ipele tosekoko Ojuorun aye se pin si ipele pataki marun. Awon ipele yii pin si boya igbonasi npo tabi ndin pelu igasoke. Lati kukurujulo de gigajulo, awon ipele ohun ni yii: Ojuoruntomoru (troposphere) Ojuoruntomoru bere lati ojude titi de larin 7 km ni poles ati 17 km ni ibididogba, pelu iyato nitori ojuojo. Ojuoruntomoru gbona nitori igbelo okun lati ojude, bi bayi apa kukurujulo ojuoruntomoru lo loworojulo, be sini igbonasi nresile pelu igasoke. 80% iposi ojuorun wa ni ojuoruntomoru.

"Air" redirects here. For other uses, see Air (disambiguation) . "Qualities of air" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space onboard ISS at a height of 402–424 km (250–263 mi) Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038% of the atmosphere (0.043% with CO 2 at 2014 concentration). Numbers are mainly from 1987, with CO 2 and methane from 2009, and do not represent any single source. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation ). By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen , 20.95% oxygen , 0.93% argon , 0.04% carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 18 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition. The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology). Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents [ hide ] 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1.1 Exosphere 2.1.2 Thermosphere 2.1.3 Mesosphere 2.1.4 Stratosphere 2.1.5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article: Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. Major constituents of dry air, by volume Gas Volume (A) Name Formula in ppmv (B) in % Nitrogen N 2 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 2 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 2 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 4 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere: Water vapor (C) H 2 O 10–50,000 (D) 0.001%–5% (D) notes: (A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, also see volume (thermodynamics) (B) ppmv: parts per million by volume (C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere (D) Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft). Structure of the atmosphere Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. Principal layers In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are: Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles) Exosphere Main article: Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth. Thermosphere Main article: Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen , for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi). Mesosphere Main article: Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F ; 190 K ). Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. A type of lightning referred to as either sprites or ELVES occasionally forms far above tropospheric thunderclouds. The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft. Stratosphere Main article: Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C. The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft. Troposphere Main article: Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km, although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km (30,000 ft) at the poles to 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator , with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height. Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos , meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere. Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth. The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause. Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element. [ clarification needed ] The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K), depending on the reference. Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects. Pressure and thickness Main article: Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/ e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account. In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows: 50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft). 90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft). 99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line . By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km (33,000 ft) and 13 km (43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft). Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km. Temperature and speed of sound Main articles: Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure. Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each "decade" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729) Main article: Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law ). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites. The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 10 15 ) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 16 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003 × 10 18 kg." Optical properties See also: Sunlight Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere. Scattering Main article: Scattering When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. Absorption Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O 2 and O 3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water (H 2 O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves. Emission Main article: Emission (electromagnetic radiation) Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their " black body " emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C ; 10,340 °F ), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H 2 O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2 O. Refractive index See also: Scintillation (astronomy) The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface. The refractive index of air depends on temperature, giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article: Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere See also: History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia . As the solar nebula dissipated, these gases escaped, partly driven off by the solar wind . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases. A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments. [ clarification needed ] Researchers have found water-related sediments dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the " faint young Sun paradox ". The geological record however shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth - with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event ), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago. Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O 2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian. The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian , oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is high enough for this rapid development of animals. Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO 2 in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May. The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer. Following the peak in vegetation, the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 due to photosynthesis is apparent, particularly over the boreal forests . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Air pollution Main article: Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. Images from space On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space. The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere. Limb view, of Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere. This image shows the Moon at the centre, with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange-colored troposphere. The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause, which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange- and blue-colored atmosphere. The silvery-blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth's troposphere. Earth's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969. See also Aerial perspective Air (classical element) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere (on atmospheres in general) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) (in the U.S.) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere (CIRA) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility (travel) Kyoto Protocol Leaching (agriculture) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth's atmosphere Ozone layer References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions.

train

what gases are in the earth's atmosphere today

By volume, dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen, 20.95 % oxygen, 0.93 % argon, 0.04 % carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1 % at sea level, and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres.

['dutch eredivisie afc ajax']

àwọn gáàsì wo ló wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé lónìí

Yes

['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']

['Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran.']

['P1']

Ojú??run ayé Ojú??run ayé ni ipele awon efuufu to seayika Ayé ti ibújìn aye dimu. Ojú??run lo n da abo bo awon ohun elemin ni ile-aye nipa fifamu ìtàn?án oòrùn ultraviolet, eyi n je ki ooru yi o mu loworo o si n seresile igbonasi to le wu ni ojo ati asale. Afefe gbigbe ni bii (gege bi ikunsi) 78.08% nitrojini, 20.95% oksijini, 0.93% argoni, 0.038% karboni oloksijinimeji, ati iye tasere awon efuufu miran. Bakana afefe tun ni iye orisi omi oru, to fe to 1%. Ojuorun ni iposi to to quintillion marun (5x10^18) kg, idameta ninu merin won wa ni tosi bi 11 km ojude. Ojuorun n tinrin si bi o se n goke si lai si bode kan pato larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Giga 120 km ni ibi ti awon ipa tojuorun ti n han lara ni asiko ipadawole tojuorun fun oko-ofurufu. Ala Kármán ni 100 km bakanna tun je gbigba gege bi ala larin ojuorun ati ofurufu. Ikopapo Afefe je kikopapo nitrijini, oksijini ati argoni ti lapapo won je "awon efuufu pataki" ojuorun. Àwon efuufu yioku ni a mo si "efuufu tasere", lara won ni awon efuufu ogba-alakaba bi omi oru, karboni oloksijinimeji, methani, nitrous oxide ati ossonu. Afefe jijo ni iye tasere opolopo awon adapo alegbogi miran. Opolopo awon ohun ounkoko aladaba le w ninu afijuwe afefe ti ko mo, bi eruku, l??búl??bú òdòdó ati spores, sea spray, eérú òkè ay?náyèéfín ati meteoroidi. Orisirisi awon amúd??tí ile-ise elero na tun le wa, bi klorini bi apilese tabi adapo, fluorini (ninu adapo), merikuri ti apilese, ati sulferi ninu adapo bi sulferi oloksijinimeji (SO2). Opoimule ojuorun Awon ipele tosekoko Ojuorun aye se pin si ipele pataki marun. Awon ipele yii pin si boya igbonasi npo tabi ndin pelu igasoke. Lati kukurujulo de gigajulo, awon ipele ohun ni yii: Ojuoruntomoru (troposphere) Ojuoruntomoru bere lati ojude titi de larin 7 km ni poles ati 17 km ni ibididogba, pelu iyato nitori ojuojo. Ojuoruntomoru gbona nitori igbelo okun lati ojude, bi bayi apa kukurujulo ojuoruntomoru lo loworojulo, be sini igbonasi nresile pelu igasoke. 80% iposi ojuorun wa ni ojuoruntomoru.

"Air" redirects here. For other uses, see Air (disambiguation) . "Qualities of air" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space onboard ISS at a height of 402–424 km (250–263 mi) Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038% of the atmosphere (0.043% with CO 2 at 2014 concentration). Numbers are mainly from 1987, with CO 2 and methane from 2009, and do not represent any single source. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation ). By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen , 20.95% oxygen , 0.93% argon , 0.04% carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 18 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition. The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology). Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents [ hide ] 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1.1 Exosphere 2.1.2 Thermosphere 2.1.3 Mesosphere 2.1.4 Stratosphere 2.1.5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article: Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. Major constituents of dry air, by volume Gas Volume (A) Name Formula in ppmv (B) in % Nitrogen N 2 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 2 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 2 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 4 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere: Water vapor (C) H 2 O 10–50,000 (D) 0.001%–5% (D) notes: (A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, also see volume (thermodynamics) (B) ppmv: parts per million by volume (C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere (D) Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft). Structure of the atmosphere Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer. Principal layers In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are: Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles) Exosphere Main article: Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth. Thermosphere Main article: Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen , for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi). Mesosphere Main article: Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F ; 190 K ). Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. A type of lightning referred to as either sprites or ELVES occasionally forms far above tropospheric thunderclouds. The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft. Stratosphere Main article: Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C. The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft. Troposphere Main article: Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km, although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km (30,000 ft) at the poles to 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator , with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height. Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos , meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere. Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth. The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause. Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element. [ clarification needed ] The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K), depending on the reference. Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects. Pressure and thickness Main article: Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/ e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account. In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows: 50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft). 90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft). 99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line . By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km (33,000 ft) and 13 km (43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft). Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km. Temperature and speed of sound Main articles: Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure. Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each "decade" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729) Main article: Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law ). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites. The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 10 15 ) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 16 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003 × 10 18 kg." Optical properties See also: Sunlight Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere. Scattering Main article: Scattering When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. Absorption Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O 2 and O 3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water (H 2 O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves. Emission Main article: Emission (electromagnetic radiation) Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their " black body " emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C ; 10,340 °F ), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H 2 O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2 O. Refractive index See also: Scintillation (astronomy) The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface. The refractive index of air depends on temperature, giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article: Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere See also: History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia . As the solar nebula dissipated, these gases escaped, partly driven off by the solar wind . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases. A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments. [ clarification needed ] Researchers have found water-related sediments dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the " faint young Sun paradox ". The geological record however shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth - with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event ), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago. Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O 2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian. The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian , oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is high enough for this rapid development of animals. Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO 2 in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May. The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer. Following the peak in vegetation, the drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 due to photosynthesis is apparent, particularly over the boreal forests . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Air pollution Main article: Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. Images from space On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space. The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere. Limb view, of Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere. This image shows the Moon at the centre, with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange-colored troposphere. The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause, which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange- and blue-colored atmosphere. The silvery-blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth's troposphere. Earth's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969. See also Aerial perspective Air (classical element) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere (on atmospheres in general) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) (in the U.S.) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere (CIRA) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility (travel) Kyoto Protocol Leaching (agriculture) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth's atmosphere Ozone layer References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions.

train

where was olaudah equiano born barbados england africa brazil

According to his memoir, Equiano recounted an incident when an attempted kidnapping of children was foiled by adults in his Igbo village, Isseke (Anambra State), in the southeastern part of present - day Nigeria. When he was around the age of eleven, he and his sister were left alone to look after their family premises -- as was common when adults went out of the house to work. They were both kidnapped and taken far away from their hometown of Essaka, separated and sold to slave traders. After changing ownership several times, Equiano met his sister again, but they were separated once more, and he was taken across a large river to the coast, where he was held by European slave traders. He was transported with 244 other enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados in the West Indies. He and a few other slaves were sent further away to the British colony of Virginia. Literary scholar Vincent Carretta argued in his 2005 biography of Equiano that the activist could have been born in colonial South Carolina rather than Africa based on his discovery of a 1759 parish baptismal record that lists Equiano 's place of birth as Carolina and a 1773 ship 's muster that indicates South Carolina. A number of scholars agree with Carretta, while his conclusion is disputed by other scholars who believe the weight of evidence supports Equiano 's account of coming from Africa.

['1868', '1965']

níbo ni a bí olaudah equiano sí bárbádọ̀s ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì áfríkà brasil

Yes

['1745 – 31 March 1797), jẹ́ ọmọ bíbí Igbo tí wọ́n kó lẹ́rú nígbà okowò ẹrú.']

['Cape Town ni ilu ẹlẹẹkeji ti o pọ julọ ni Guusu Afirika, ati olu ilu orilẹ-ede naa.']

['P1']

Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano[1](c. 1745 – 31 osu? ke?ta, o?du?n 1797),[2] j?? ?m? bíbí Igbo tí w??n kó l??rú nígbà okowò ?rú[3]. Igbèsi Ayè Àràkunrin naa Equiano ni a bini Essaka, Eboe ni il? Benin ni ?dun 1745 to si kere jul? ninu aw?n ?m? ti baba r? bi. Equiano ni aw?n ?ga r? ninu oko ?ru s? ni lóruk? lèèmeji, oun j? Michael nigba to wa ninu ?k? óju ?mi ti aw?n ?ru to gbè l? si il?? america atipè ?ni to ra l?ru lak?k? s? ni Jacob[4][5]. Mary Guerin ati aburó r? to j? m?l?bi fun ?gà to ra Equiano l?ru k? ni èdè g??si. Ni ó?u keji?la? ?dun 1762, pascal ta Equiano l?ru fun Captain James Doran ti Charming Sally ni Gravesend nibi to ti l? si Caribbean l?yin naa ni Montserrat ni a?w?n erekusu ti Leeward nibi ti w?n ti ta arakunrin naa fun Robert King to j? olokowo ni Caribbean ?ugbon to wa lati ilu Philadelphia[6][7]. Ni ?j? keje, ó?u ke?rin ?dun 1792, Equiano f? Sussanah Cullen ni ilè ij?sin ti St Andrew ni Soham, Cambridgeshire ti w?n si bi ?m? óbinrin meji; Anna Maria (1793-1797) ati Joanna (1795-1857) ti w?n ?è irib? ?mi ni i?jo? ti Soham. Iyawó Equiano Susannah ku ni ó?u keji? ?dun 1796 ni ?m? ?dun m?rin lèèl?gb?n. ?m? óbinrin Equiano agba ku ni ?m? ?dun m?rin ni ?dun 1797 ti w?n sin si i?jo? ti St Andrew ni Chesterton, Cambridge. Joanna Vassa t? j? ?m? óbinrin keji ti equiano bi f? Henry Bromley ni 1821 ti w?n si aw?n mejèèji si it? ti Abney Park ni Stoke Newington, London[8]. Equiano ku ni ?j? kan lèèl?gb?n ó?u ke?ta ni ?dun 1797 ti w?n si s? nipa iku r? ninu iwè iroyin ti il? british ati AmeriKa. W?n si arakunrin naa si Whitefield Tabernacle ni ?j? k?fa ó?u ke?rin ?dun 1797[9]. Idanil?la Ó?èrè l?kunrin il? Gambia Louis Mahoney ?èrè lóri Equiano ninu television ti BBC lori ijagbara ati ominira tita ati rira ?ru ni ?dun 1975[10]. Crater to wa ni Mercury ni a s? ni "Equiano" ni ?dun 1976[11]. Ni ó?u kanka?nla?, ?dun 1996 e?gbe?? Equiano ni w?n da sil? ni ilú london lati fi y? arakuneim naa si[12]. Equiano ni ?è afihan r? ninu ere agbelewó ti Amazing grace lati ?d? ólórin il? senegal Youssou N'Dour ni ?dun 2006. Ni ó?u keje, Equiano ni i?jo? ti England y? si fun ijagbara ninu óminira tita ati rira ?ru[13]. Ni ?dun 2008, ere equiano ni aw?n ?m? ilè iwè ti Edmund waller m? si Telegraph Hill, lower park ni New cross ni ilú London[14]. Ni ?dun 2022, cambridge y? Equiano si p?lu sis? afara Riverside si afara Equiano[15][16]. Ni ?dun 2022, ere agbelewó nipa igbesi aye Olaudah Equiano waye lati ?d? Redio ti BBC[17].

"Gustavus Vassa" redirects here. For the Swedish king, see Gustav I of Sweden . Olaudah Equiano Born c. 1745 Isseke, in Ihiala L.G.A present-day Anambra State , Nigeria; or South Carolina Died 31 March 1797 (aged 52) Middlesex Other names Gustavus Vassa, Gustavus Weston, Jacob, Michael Occupation Explorer, writer, merchant, abolitionist Known for Influence over British abolitionists; his autobiography Spouse(s) Susannah Cullen (1792–1796; her death) Children Joanna Vassa Anna Maria Vassa Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 – 31 March 1797), known in his lifetime as Gustavus Vassa ( / ˈ v æ s ə / ), was a writer and abolitionist from the Igbo region of what is today southeastern Nigeria according to his memoir, or from South Carolina according to other sources. Enslaved as a child, he was taken to the Caribbean and sold as a slave to a captain in the Royal Navy, and later to a Quaker trader. Eventually, he earned his own freedom in 1766 by intelligent trading and careful savings. He was a prominent abolitionist in the British movement to end the Atlantic slave trade . His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life Of Olaudah Equiano , published in 1789, helped in the creation of the Slave Trade Act 1807 which ended the transatlantic slave trade for Britain and its colonies . In London, Equiano (identifying as Gustavus Vassa during his lifetime) was part of the Sons of Africa , an abolitionist group composed of well-known Africans living in Britain , and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s. He published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), which depicted the horrors of slavery. It went through nine editions and aided passage of the British Slave Trade Act of 1807 , which abolished the African slave trade. As a freedman in London, he supported the British abolitionist movement. Equiano had a stressful life; he had suffered suicidal thoughts before he became a Protestant Christian and found peace in his faith. After settling in London, Equiano married an English woman named Susannah Cullen in 1792 and they had two daughters. He died in 1797 in Middlesex. Equiano's death was recognized in American as well as British newspapers. Plaques commemorating his life have been placed at buildings where he lived in London. Since the late 20th century, when his autobiography was published in a new edition, he has been increasingly studied by a range of scholars, including many from his homeland, Igboland , in the eastern part of Nigeria. Other scholars have suggested Equiano was born in South Carolina, and was renamed Gustavus Vassa by a British trader while en route to England. Contents 1 Early life and enslavement 2 Release 3 Freedom 4 Pioneer of the abolitionist cause 5 Memoir 6 Later years 7 Marriage and family 8 Last days and will 9 Controversy related to memoir 10 Legacy and honors 10.1 Representation in other media 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life and enslavement [ edit ] According to his memoir, Equiano recounted an incident when an attempted kidnapping of children was foiled by adults in his Igbo village, Isseke (Anambra State), in the southeastern part of present-day Nigeria. When he was around the age of eleven, he and his sister were left alone to look after their family premises – as was common when adults went out of the house to work. They were both kidnapped and taken far away from their hometown of Essaka, separated and sold to slave traders . After changing ownership several times, Equiano met his sister again, but they were separated once more, and he was taken across a large river to the coast, where he was held by European slave traders. He was transported with 244 other enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados in the West Indies . He and a few other slaves were sent further away to the British colony of Virginia . Literary scholar Vincent Carretta argued in his 2005 biography of Equiano that the activist could have been born in colonial South Carolina rather than Africa based on his discovery of a 1759 parish baptismal record that lists Equiano's place of birth as Carolina and a 1773 ship's muster that indicates South Carolina. A number of scholars agree with Carretta, while his conclusion is disputed by other scholars who believe the weight of evidence supports Equiano's account of coming from Africa. In Virginia, Equiano was bought in 1754 by Michael Pascal, a lieutenant in the Royal Navy . Pascal renamed the boy "Gustavus Vassa", after the Swedish noble who had become Gustav I of Sweden , king in the sixteenth century. Equiano had already been renamed twice: he was called Michael while on board the slave ship that brought him to the Americas; and Jacob, by his first owner. This time, Equiano refused and told his new owner that he would prefer to be called Jacob. His refusal, he says, "gained me many a cuff" – and eventually he submitted to the new name. He used this name for the rest of his life, including on all official records. He only used Equiano in his autobiography. Pascal took Equiano with him when he returned to England and had him accompany him as a valet during the Seven Years' War with France. Also trained in seamanship, Equiano was expected to assist the ship's crew in times of battle; his duty was to haul gunpowder to the gun decks. Pascal favoured Equiano and sent him to his sister-in-law in Great Britain so that he could attend school and learn to read and write. At this time, Equiano converted to Christianity. He was baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster , on 9 February 1759, when he was described in the parish register as "a Black, born in Carolina, 12 years old". His godparents were Mary Guerin and her brother, Maynard, who were cousins of his master Pascal. They had taken an interest in him and helped him to learn English. Later, when Equiano's origins were questioned after his book was published, the Guerins testified to his lack of English when he first came to London. Pascal sold Equiano to Captain James Doran of the Charming Sally at Gravesend , from where he was transported back to the Caribbean, to Montserrat , in the Leeward Islands . There, he was sold to Robert King, an American Quaker merchant from Philadelphia who traded in the Caribbean. Release [ edit ] Robert King set Equiano to work on his shipping routes and in his stores. In 1765, when Equiano was about 20 years old, King promised that for his purchase price of 40 pounds (equivalent to £5,000 in 2016) he could buy his freedom. King taught him to read and write more fluently, guided him along the path of religion, and allowed Equiano to engage in profitable trading for his own account, as well as on his owner's behalf. Equiano sold fruits, glass tumblers, and other items between Georgia and the Caribbean islands. King allowed Equiano to buy his freedom, which he achieved in 1766. The merchant urged Equiano to stay on as a business partner. However, Equiano found it dangerous and limiting to remain in the British colonies as a freedman . While loading a ship in Georgia, he was almost kidnapped back into enslavement. Freedom [ edit ] By about 1768, Equiano had gone to England. He continued to work at sea, travelling sometimes as a deckhand based in England. In 1773 on the British Royal Navy ship Racehorse , he travelled to the Arctic in an expedition to find a northern route to India. On that voyage he worked with Dr. Charles Irving, who had developed a process to distill seawater and later made a fortune from it. Two years later, Irving recruited Equiano for a project on the Mosquito Coast in Central America, where he was to use his African background to help select slaves and manage them as labourers on sugar cane plantations. Irving and Equiano had a working relationship and friendship for more than a decade, but the plantation venture failed. Equiano expanded his activities in London, learning the French horn and joining debating societies, including the London Corresponding Society . He continued his travels, visiting Philadelphia in 1785 and New York in 1786. Pioneer of the abolitionist cause [ edit ] Equiano settled in London, where in the 1780s he became involved in the abolitionist movement . The movement to end the slave trade had been particularly strong among Quakers, but the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was founded in 1787 as a non-denominational group, with Anglican members, in an attempt to influence parliament directly. At the time, Quakers were prohibited from being elected as MPs. Equiano had become a Methodist , having been influenced by George Whitefield 's evangelism in the New World. As early as 1783, Equiano informed abolitionists such as Granville Sharp about the slave trade; that year he was the first to tell Sharp about the Zong massacre , which was being tried in London as litigation for insurance claims. (It became a cause célèbre for the abolitionist movement and contributed to its growth.) Equiano was befriended and supported by abolitionists, many of whom encouraged him to write and publish his life story. He was supported financially in this effort by philanthropic abolitionists and religious benefactors. His lectures and preparation for the book were promoted by, among others, Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon . Memoir [ edit ] Plaque at Riding House Street , London, noting the place where Equiano lived and published his narrative. Entitled The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano , or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), the book rapidly went through nine editions in his lifetime. It is one of the earliest-known examples of published writing by an African writer to be widely read in England. By 1792, it was a best seller: it has been published in Russia, Germany, Holland, and the United States. It was the first influential slave narrative of what became a large literary genre. But Equiano's experience in slavery was quite different from that of most slaves; he did not participate in field work, he served his owners personally and went to sea, was taught to read and write, and worked in trading. Equiano's personal account of slavery, his journey of advancement, and his experiences as a black immigrant caused a sensation on publication. The book fueled a growing anti-slavery movement in Great Britain, Europe, and the New World. His account surprised many with the quality of its imagery, description, and literary style. Some readers felt shame at learning of the suffering he had endured. In his account, Equiano gives details about his hometown Essaka and the laws and customs of the Eboe people. After being captured as a boy, he described communities he passed through as a captive on his way to the coast. His biography details his voyage on a slave ship, and the brutality of slavery in the colonies of West Indies , Virginia, and Georgia . Equiano commented on the reduced rights that freed people of colour had in these same places, and they also faced risks of kidnapping and enslavement. Equiano had embraced Christianity at the age of 14 and its importance to him is a recurring theme in his autobiography; he identified as a Protestant of the Church of England . He was baptized while in London. Several events in Equiano's life led him to question his faith. He was severely distressed in 1774 by the kidnapping of his friend, a black cook named John Annis, who was taken forcibly off the English ship Anglicania on which they were both serving. His friend's kidnapper, a Mr. Kirkpatrick, did not abide by the decision in the Somersett Case (1772), that slaves could not be taken from England without their permission, as common law did not support the institution. Kirkpatrick had Annis transported to Saint Kitts , where he was punished severely and worked as a plantation labourer until he died. With the aid of Granville Sharp , Equiano tried to get Annis released before he was shipped from England, but was unsuccessful. He heard that Annis was not free from suffering until he died in slavery. Despite his questioning, he affirms his faith in Christianity, as seen in the penultimate sentence of his work that quotes the prophet Micah: "After all, what makes any event important, unless by its observation we become better and wiser, and learn 'to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly before God?'" In his account, Equiano also told of his settling in London. He married an English woman and lived with her in Soham , Cambridgeshire , where they had two daughters. He became a leading abolitionist in the 1780s, lecturing in numerous cities against the slave trade. Equiano records his and Granville Sharp 's central roles in the anti-slave trade movement, and their effort to publicize the Zong massacre , which became known in 1783. Reviewers have found that his book vividly demonstrated the full and complex humanity of Africans as much as the inhumanity of slavery. The book was considered an exemplary work of English literature by a new African author. Equiano did so well in sales that he achieved independence from his benefactors. He travelled extensively throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland promoting the book. He worked to improve economic, social and educational conditions in Africa. Specifically, he became involved in working in Sierra Leone , a colony founded in 1792 for freed slaves by Britain in West Africa. Later years [ edit ] During the American Revolutionary War , Britain had recruited blacks to fight with it by offering freedom to those who left rebel masters. In practice, it also freed women and children, and attracted thousands of slaves to its lines in New York City, which it occupied, and in the South, where its troops occupied Charleston. When British troops were evacuated at the end of the war, its officers also evacuated these American slaves. They were resettled in the Caribbean, in Nova Scotia and in London. Britain refused to return the slaves, which the United States sought in peace negotiations. In the years following United States' gaining independence, in 1783 Equiano became involved in helping the Black Poor of London, who were mostly those African-American slaves freed during and after the American Revolution by the British. There were also some freed slaves from the Caribbean, and some who had been brought by their owners to England, and freed later after the decision that Britain had no basis in common law for slavery. The black community numbered about 20,000. After the Revolution some 3,000 former slaves had been transported from New York to Nova Scotia, where they became known as Black Loyalists , among other Loyalists also resettled there. Many of the freedmen found it difficult to make new lives in London and Canada. Equiano was appointed to an expedition to resettle London's Black Poor in Freetown , a new British colony founded on the west coast of Africa, at present-day Sierra Leone . The blacks from London were joined by more than 1,200 Black Loyalists who chose to leave Nova Scotia . They were aided by John Clarkson , younger brother of abolitionist Thomas Clarkson . Jamaican maroons , as well as slaves liberated from illegal ships after Britain abolished the slave trade, also settled at Freetown in the early decades. Equiano was dismissed from the new settlement after protesting against financial mismanagement and he returned to London. Equiano was a prominent figure in London and often served as a spokesman for the black community. He was one of the leading members of the Sons of Africa , a small abolitionist group composed of free Africans in London. They were closely allied with the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade . Equiano's comments on issues were frequently published in newspapers such as the Public Advertiser and the Morning Chronicle . He had much more of a public voice than most Africans or Black Loyalists , and he seized various opportunities to use it. Marriage and family [ edit ] A disputed portrait previously identified as Equiano in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum , Exeter After settling in England, Equiano decided to marry and have a family. On 7 April 1792, he married Susannah Cullen, a local woman, in St Andrew's Church in Soham , Cambridgeshire . The original marriage register containing the entry for Vassa and Cullen is held today by the Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies at the County Record Office in Cambridge . He included his marriage in every edition of his autobiography from 1792 onwards. Critics have suggested he believed that his marriage symbolised an expected commercial union between Africa and Great Britain. The couple settled in the area and had two daughters, Anna Maria (1793–1797) and Joanna (1795–1857). Susannah died in February 1796, aged 34, and Equiano died a year after that on 31 March 1797, aged 52 (sources differ on his age. [ who? ] ). Soon after, the elder daughter died at the age of four, leaving the younger child Joanna Vassa to inherit Equiano's estate, valued at the considerable sum of £950 (equivalent to £90,000 in 2016). A guardianship would have been established for her. Joanna Vassa married the Rev. Henry Bromley, and they ran a Congregational Chapel at Clavering near Saffron Walden in Essex . They moved to London in the middle of the 19th century. They are both buried at the Congregationalists ' non-denominational Abney Park Cemetery , in Stoke Newington North London . Last days and will [ edit ] Equiano died on 31 March 1797 and was buried at Whitefield's Methodist chapel on 6 April. One of his last addresses appears to have been at the Plaisterers' Hall in the City of London , where he drew up his will on 28 May 1796. He moved to John Street, Tottenham Court Road , close to Whitefield's Methodist chapel . (It was renovated in the 1950s for use by Congregationalists , now the site of the American International Church .) Lastly, he lived in Paddington Street, Middlesex , where he died. Equiano's death was reported in newspaper obituaries. At this time, due to having lost the British colonies after long warfare and especially the violent excesses of the French Revolution , British society was tense because of fears of open revolution. Reformers were considered more suspect than in other periods. Equiano aged 51 had been an active member of the London Corresponding Society , which campaigned to extend the vote to working men. Equiano's will provided for projects he considered important. In case of his surviving daughter's death before reaching the age of majority (21), he bequeathed half his wealth to the Sierra Leone Company for continued assistance to West Africans, and half to the London Missionary Society , which promoted education overseas. This organization had formed in November 1796 at the Spa Fields Chapel of the Countess of Huntingdon in north London . By the early 19th century, The Missionary Society had become well known worldwide as non-denominational; many of its members were Congregational. Controversy related to memoir [ edit ] Following publication in 1967 of a newly edited version of his memoir by Paul Edwards , interest in Equiano was revived; additional editions of his work have been published since then. Nigerian scholars have also begun studying him. He was especially valued as a pioneer in asserting "the dignity of African life in the white society of his time." In researching his life, some scholars since the late 20th century have disputed Equiano's account of his origins. In 1999, Vincent Carretta, a professor of English editing a new version of Equiano's memoir, found two records that led him to question the former slave's account of being born in Africa. He first published his findings in the journal Slavery and Abolition. At a 2003 conference in England, Carretta defended himself against Nigerian academics, like Obiwu , who accused him of "pseudo-detective work" and indulging "in vast publicity gamesmanship". In his 2005 biography, Carretta suggested that Equiano may have been born in South Carolina rather than Africa, as he was twice recorded from there. Carretta wrote: Equiano was certainly African by descent. The circumstantial evidence that Equiano was also African-American by birth and African-British by choice is compelling but not absolutely conclusive. Although the circumstantial evidence is not equivalent to proof, anyone dealing with Equiano's life and art must consider it. According to Carretta, Vassa's baptismal record and a naval muster roll document him as from South Carolina . Carretta interpreted these anomalies as possible evidence that Equiano had made up the account of his African origins, and adopted material from others. But, Paul Lovejoy, Alexander X. Byrd, and Douglas Chambers note how many general and specific details Carretta can document from sources that related to the slave trade in the 1750s as described by Equiano, including the voyages from Africa to Virginia, sale to Captain Michael Henry Pascal in 1754, and others. They conclude he was more likely telling what he understood as fact than creating a fictional account; his work is shaped as an autobiography. Lovejoy wrote that: circumstantial evidence indicates that he was born where he said he was, and that, in fact, The Interesting Narrative is reasonably accurate in its details, although, of course, subject to the same criticisms of selectivity and self-interested distortion that characterize the genre of autobiography. Lovejoy uses the name of Vassa in his article, since that was what the man used throughout his life, in "his baptism, his naval records, marriage certificate and will". He emphasizes that Vassa only used his African name in his autobiography. Other historians also argue that the fact that many parts of Equiano's account can be proven lends weight to accepting his account of African birth. As historian Adam Hochschild has written: In the long and fascinating history of autobiographies that distort or exaggerate the truth. ...Seldom is one crucial portion of a memoir totally fabricated and the remainder scrupulously accurate; among autobiographers... both dissemblers and truth-tellers tend to be consistent. He also noted that "since the 'rediscovery' of Vassa's account in the 1960s, 'scholars have valued it as the most extensive account of an eighteenth-century slave's life' and the difficult passage from slavery to freedom." Legacy and honors [ edit ] The Equiano Society was formed in London in November 1996. Its main objective is to publicise and celebrate the life and work of Olaudah Equiano. Equiano lived at 13 Tottenham Street, London, in 1788; in 1789 he moved to what was then 10 Union Street and is now 73 Riding House Street. A City of Westminster commemorative green plaque was unveiled there on 11 October 2000 as part of Black History Month celebrations. Student musicians from Trinity College of Music played a fanfare specially composed by Professor Ian Hall for the unveiling. Equiano is honoured as a holy man in the Anglican Church , and honoured annually in a lesser festival on 30 July, along with Thomas Clarkson and William Wilberforce , who all worked for abolition of the slave trade and slavery. In 2007, the year of the celebration in Britain of the bicentenary of the abolition of the slave trade, Equiano's life and achievements were included in the National Curriculum , together with William Wilberforce . In December 2012 it was reported, by The Daily Mail newspaper, that both would be dropped from the curriculum, along with other social reformers, in favour of a "back to basics" curriculum. In January 2013 Operation Black Vote launched a petition to request Education Secretary Michael Gove to keep both Equiano and Mary Seacole in the National Curriculum . American Rev. Jesse Jackson and others wrote a letter to The Times protesting against the mooted removal of both figures from the National Curriculum. A statue of Equiano, made by pupils of Edmund Waller School, was erected in Telegraph Hill Lower Park, Brockley , London in 2008. The head of Equiano is included in Martin Bond's 1997 the sculpture Wall of the Ancestors in Deptford , London U.S. author Ann Cameron adapted Equiano's autobiography for children, leaving most of the text in Equiano's own words; the book was published in 1995 the U.S. by Random House as The Kidnapped Prince: The Life of Olaudah Equinano, with an introduction by the U.S. historian, Henry Louis Gates. On 16 October 2017, Google Doodle honoured Equiano by celebrating the 272nd year since his birth. Representation in other media [ edit ] A 28-minute documentary, Son of Africa: The Slave Narrative of Olaudah Equiano (1996), produced by the BBC and directed by Alrick Riley, uses dramatic reconstruction, archival material and interviews to provide the social and economic context for his life and the slave trade. Numerous works about Equiano have been produced for and since the 2007 bicentenary of Britain's abolition of the slave trade: Equiano was portrayed by the Senegalese singer and musician Youssou N'Dour in the film Amazing Grace (2006). African Snow (2007), a play by Murray Watts , takes place in the mind of John Newton , a captain in the slave trade who later became an Anglican cleric and hymnwriter. It was first produced at the York Theatre Royal as a co-production with Riding Lights Theatre Company , transferring to the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End and a National Tour. Newton was played by Roger Alborough and Equiano by Israel Oyelumade . Kent historian Dr. Robert Hume wrote a children's book, Equiano: The Slave with the Loud Voice (2007), illustrated by Cheryl Ives. David and Jessica Oyelowo appeared as Olaudah and his wife in Grace Unshackled – The Olaudah Equiano Story (2007), a BBC 7 radio adaptation of Equiano's autobiography. The British jazz artist Soweto Kinch 's first album, Conversations with the Unseen (2003), contains a track entitled Equiano's Tears . Equiano was portrayed by Jeffery Kissoon in Margaret Busby 's 2007 play An African Cargo , staged at the Greenwich Theatre . Equiano is portrayed by Danny Sapani in the BBC series Garrow's Law (2010). The Nigerian writer Chika Unigwe has written a fictional memoir of Equiano: The Black Messiah , originally published in Dutch: De zwarte messias (2013). See also [ edit ] Ottobah Cugoano , an African abolitionist active in Britain in the late 18th century Phillis Wheatley , recognized in the eighteenth century as the first African-American poet; first African-American woman to publish a book List of slaves References [ edit ] Further reading [ edit ] The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource. For the history of the Narrative's publication, see James Green, "The Publishing History of Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative," Slavery and Abolition 16, no. 3 (1995): 362-375. S. E. Ogude, "Facts into fiction: Equiano's narrative reconsidered", Research into African Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1982 S. E. Ogude, "Olaudah Equiano and the tradition of Defoe ", African Literature Today, Vol. 14, 1984 James Walvin, An African's Life: The Life and Times of Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797 (London: Continuum, 1998) Luke Walker, Olaudah Equiano: The Interesting Man (Wrath and Grace Publishing, 2017) External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Olaudah Equiano Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olaudah Equiano . Frederick Quinn, "Olaudah Equiano" , Dictionary of African Christian Biography , article reproduced with permission from African Saints: Saints, Martyrs, and Holy People from the Continent of Africa, copyright © 2002 by Frederick Quinn, New York: Crossroads Publishing Company Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African , Brycchan Carey website, Carey 2003–2005. Includes Carey's comprehensive collection of resources for the study of Equiano. The Nativity section [1] includes a detailed comparison of differing data related to his place of birth. The Equiano Project , The Equiano Society and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery Part I: "Olaudah Equiano" , Africans in America , PBS "Historic figures: Olaudah Equiano" , BBC Works by Olaudah Equiano at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Olaudah Equiano at Internet Archive Works by Olaudah Equiano at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

train

water is one of the components that is

Water is the transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms, and that is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula is H O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is the name of the liquid state of H O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.

['columbia records']

omi jẹ ọkan ninu awọn eroja ti o jẹ

Yes

['Omi ò lóòórùn, kò ní àwọ̀ àti bẹ́ẹ̀ ni kò ní adùn, ó jẹ́ èròjà tó pọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ilẹ̀ àti òkun.']

['Omi ò lóòórùn, kò ní àwọ̀ àti bẹ́ẹ̀ ni kò ní adùn, ó jẹ́ èròjà tó pọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ilẹ̀ àti òkun.']

['P1']

Omi Omi j?? ohun tí ó ?e pàtàkì fún gbogbo ohun ?l??mìí. Omi ò lóòórùn, kò ní àw?? àti b???? ni kò ní adùn, ó j?? èròjà tó p?? nínú af??f??, il?? àti òkun. Omi tún wà nínú ara gbogbo ohun ?l??mìí tí ó ma ? yòrò. [1] "Omi" ni orúk? àdàpè tí àw?n G????sì ? pèé ní H20 [2] ní ipò ?í?àn. Ní ipò yìí omi lè di ohun tí ? r?? bíi òjò, tàbí ohun tí af??f?? ? gbé bí kùrukùru. A lè rí ìkùukùu nígbà tí omi àti omi dídì bá ?ù p?? lójú sánmà. Nígbà tí omi náà bá ?èpínyà, omi dídì oníkírísítálì lè já b?? g??g?? bí yìnyín. À ? pè omi onípò gáàsì ní oruku omi. Omi máa ? yí ipò r?? ní ìpele k????kan ti ìyípoyípo omi. Bí ìyípopyípo omi ?e ? ??l?? rèé: Kùrukùru omi yóò gòkè l? sójú sánmà, yóò wá di òjò. Òjò náà yóò wá r??, yóò sì w?nú àw?n adágún, àw?n ??sà, àti àw?n odò, yóò sì “rin il?? ayé gbingbin.” L??yìn èyí, omi sábà máa ? w?nú òkun l????kan sí i. Pàtàkì omi fún ??làjú ènìyàn ??sà Èkó Ní ìgbà ìgbàanì, etí odò tàbí ìladò ni ??lájú máa ? gbòòrò: Mesopotámíà wà láàárín odò méjì tó ?e pàtàkì — Odò Tígírísì àti Odò Yúfírétì; Odò Náílì ?e kókó fún Íjíbítì ìgbàanì. ??làjú àfonífojì Indus ìjímìjí (c. 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE) dàgbàsókè l??bàá Odò Indus àti àw?n odò míì tí ? ?àn láti òkè Himalaya. W??n k?? Ìlú Róòmù ìgbàanì ní bèrè Odò Táíbà tó wà lóríl??-èdè Ítálì. Àw?n ìgboro ìlú ?lá ìgbàlóde bíi Èkó, L???d??nù, Tokyo, Parisi, Montreal, Rotterdam, Shanghai, Buenos Aires, New York àti ?ìkágò ti gbòòrò lápá kan nítorí w??n lá?fààní sí omi. Àw?n erékù?ù tó ní èbúté aláìléwu, g??g?? bí Singapore, ti d?l??r?? nítorí ìdí ??hún bákan náà. Ní ?kùn il?? aláìtó omi g??g?? bíi apá àríwá Áfíríkà àti Il?? Lárúbáwá, à?fààní omi tó ?eé mu ti ? ?e kókó fún ìdàgbàsókè ènìyàn. [3] Ìlera àti Ìbàyíkáj?? ?ni tó ? ta omi tó ?eé mu "Omi tó ?eé mu" là ? pè omi tí kò lárùn nínú. Bí omi kò bá ?eé mu, àá s?? ?, tàbí kí a sè é kí a tó mu ún. N?kan bí àád??ta ??k?? l??nà 660 ènìyàn wà tí kò lá?fààní sí omi tó ?eé mu.[4] Omi tí a ò lè mu ?ùgb??n tí a lè lò ó láti w?? là ? pè é ní ''omi tí kò léwu'' tàbí ''omi tó dára''. Kiloríìnì ni w??n máa ? fi sínú omi kí a lè lò ó láti w?? tàbí mu ún. Ìgbàgb?? àti ??sìn nípa omi Ojúb? ???un létí Odò ???un Nínú ??sìn púp??, w??n ka omi sí ohun mím??. Lílo omi fún ìm??ra wà nínú àw?n ??sìn mélòó kan, bí àp??r?: ??sìn Ìmàle, ??sìn Kírísítì, Ìsìn Júù, Ì????e, ??sìn Hí?dù àti b???? b???? l?. Ní ??sìn Kírísítì, w??n máa ? ?e ìrìb?mi g??g?? bíi ìyàsímím??. ??sìn Ìmàle ? ?e ghusl kí w??n tó gbàdúrà. [5] Ní Ì????e, àw?n òrì?à olómi wà. Àw?n tí w??n ? sìn w??p?? jù l? j??: ???un, Yem?ja àti Olókun. Òrì?à ???un àti Yem?ja j?? obìnrin, ?ùgb??n Olókun ò j?? obìnrin tàbí ?kùnrin. Orúk? Odò ???un tó wà ní Ìpínl?? ???un ni w??n fày? láti orúk? òrì?à y?n. Odò ???un ni àw?n olùj??sìn ???un máa ? ?ay?y? ???un Ò?ogbo l??d??dún.

train

where is the french open played in paris

The French Open (French : Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis), also called Roland - Garros (French : (ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos)), is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland - Garros in Paris, France. The venue is named after the French aviator Roland Garros. It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three being the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. The French Open is currently the only Grand Slam event held on clay, and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season. Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship, the slow - playing surface and the best - of - five - set men 's singles matches (without a tiebreak in the final set), the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world.

['turkey']

ibo ni wọ́n ti ń gbá French open ní paris

Yes

['Ìdíje French Open(Ṣíṣí Faransé) (Faransé: Internationaux de France de Tennis), tí a tún mọ̀ sí Roland-Garros (Faransé: [ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos]), jẹ́ gbajúgbajà ìdíje bọ́ọ̀lù Orí pápá Alámọ̀ tennis tournament tí ó máa ń wáyé láàárín ọ̀sẹ̀ méjì ní pápá ìṣeré Stade Roland-Garros Ní ìpínlẹ̀ Paris, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé, ní òpin oṣù karùn-ún ọdọọdún. ']

['ní pápá ìṣeré Stade Roland-Garros Ní ìpínlẹ̀ Paris, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé,']

['P1']

Ìdíje French Open Ìdíje French Open(?í?í Faransé) (Faransé: Internationaux de France de Tennis), tí a tún m?? sí Roland-Garros (Faransé: [??l?? ?a?os]), j?? gbajúgbajà ìdíje b????lù Orí pápá Alám?? tennis tournament tí ó máa ? wáyé láàárín ??s?? méjì ní pápá ì?eré Stade Roland-Garros Ní ìpínl?? Paris, ní oríl??-èdè Faransé, ní òpin o?ù karùn-ún ?d??dún. Bí ó til?? j?? pé ìdíje náà máa ? wáyé g??g?? bí àlàkal?? láàrin o?ù karùn-ún sí o?ù k?fà, àw?n ìgbà kan wà tí kò wáyé ní ìgbà náà fún àw?n ìdí bí í: Àw?n ìdíje ?dún 1946 àti ?dún 1947 wáyé ní o?ù keje l?yìn ìdíje Wimbledon àti ràl??rál?? ohun àgbáyé keta aftermath of World War II; Ti ?dún 2020 wáyé ní òpin o?ù kesàn-án leyin ìdíje US Open nítorí àrùn Àjàkál?? àrùn kárí-ayé covid-19; Ti ?dún 2021 yìí náà j?? sísún síwájú nítorí àrùn yìí bákan náà fún bí ??s?? kan. Ìdíje yìí àti pápá ì?eré r?? ni w??n fi s?rí Roland Garros tí ó j?? oním?? nípa ?k?? òfurufú. Ìdíje French Open j?? gbóògì láàrin àw?n ìdíje orí pápá Alám?? lágbàáyé. Òun ni ó ?e ipò Kejì nínú m??rin tí ó j?? pàtàkì bíi irú r??. Àw?n m??ta yòókù ni ìdíje Australian Open, Wimbledon, atì Ìdíje US Open. Ìdíje French Open nìkan ni ìdíje pàtàkì tí w??n ? ?e ni orí Am??. Títí di ?dún 1975, ìdíje yìí nìkan ni w?n ò tíì ma gbá ní Orí pápá oníkoríko. Nínú àláál?? méjèèje tí w??n fi ? m? ìdíje tí ó yanrantí, ìdíje French Open yìí ni wón lérò pé ó gba agbára jùl?.

"French Championships" redirects here. For other uses, see French Championship (disambiguation) . This article is about the tennis tournament. For the golf tournament, see Open de France . For the badminton tournament, see French Open (badminton) . Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis Official website Founded 1891 ; 127 years ago ( 1891 ) Editions 122 (2018) Location Paris , XVI e France Venue Tennis Club de Paris, at Auteuil (some of the years 1895–1908) Île de Puteaux (some of the years 1891–1908) Racing Club de France (some of the years 1891–1908 and also all years 1910–1924, 1926) Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux (1909) Stade Français (1925, 1927) Stade Roland Garros (since 1928) Surface Sand – outdoors (some of the years 1891–1908) Clay – outdoors (1908–present) Prize money € 39,197,000 (2018) Men's Draw 128S / 128Q / 64D Current champions Rafael Nadal (singles) Nicolas Mahut Pierre-Hugues Herbert (doubles) Most singles titles 11 Rafael Nadal Most doubles titles 6 Roy Emerson Women's Draw 128S / 96Q / 64D Current champions Simona Halep (singles) Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková (doubles) Most singles titles 7 Chris Evert Most doubles titles 7 Martina Navratilova Mixed doubles Draw 32 Current champions Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig Most titles (male) 3 Ken Fletcher / Jean-Claude Barclay Most titles (female) 4 Margaret Smith Court Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Last completed 2018 French Open The French Open ( French : Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis ), also called Roland-Garros ( French: [ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos] ), is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France. The venue is named after the French aviator Roland Garros . It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . The French Open is currently the only Grand Slam event held on clay, and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season. Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship, the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men's singles matches (without a tiebreak in the final set), the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world. Contents 1 History 2 Surface characteristics 3 Expansion vs. relocation 4 Ball boys and ball girls 5 Prize money and ranking points 6 Champions 6.1 Past champions 6.2 Current champions 7 Records 8 Television coverage 8.1 France 8.2 United Kingdom 8.3 United States 8.4 Other areas 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History [ edit ] Officially named in French Championnats Internationaux de France de tennis and Tournoi de Roland-Garros (the "French International Championships of Tennis" or "Roland Garros Tournament" in English), the tournament is referred to in English as the "French Open" and alternatively as "Roland Garros", which is the designation used by the tournament itself in all languages. French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined together with a hyphen . Therefore, the names of the stadium and the tournament are hyphenated as Roland-Garros . In 1891 the Championnat de France , which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships , began. They were only open to tennis players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was a Briton—H. Briggs—who was a Paris resident. The first women's singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the women's doubles in 1907. This "French club members only" tournament was played until 1924, using four different venues during that period: Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux , played on sand laid out on a bed of rubble. The Racing Club de France (in the Bois de Boulogne , Paris), played on clay . For one year, 1909, it was played at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux , on clay. Tennis Club de Paris (club opened in 1895), at Auteuil , Paris, played on clay. Another tournament, the World Hard Court Championships , is sometimes considered the precursor to the French Open as it was open to international competitors. It was held on clay courts at Stade Français in Saint-Cloud from 1912 to 1914, then, after World War I , was contested there again in 1920, 1921 and 1923, with the 1922 tournament held at Brussels , Belgium. Winners of this tournament included world No. 1's such as Tony Wilding from New Zealand (1913, 1914) and Bill Tilden from the US (1921). In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the Paris Olympic Games. In 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the ILTF. It was held at the Stade Français in Saint-Cloud (site of the previous World Hardcourt Championships) in 1925 and 1927, on clay courts. In 1926 the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, site of the previous French Championship, also on clay. After the Mousquetaires or Philadelphia Four ( René Lacoste , Jean Borotra , Henri Cochet , and Jacques Brugnon ) won the Davis Cup on American soil in 1927, the French decided to defend the cup in 1928 at a new tennis stadium at Porte d'Auteuil. The Stade de France had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I pilot , Roland Garros . The new Stade de Roland Garros , and its Center Court (which was named Court Philippe Chatrier in 1988) hosted that Davis Cup challenge. In 1928, the French Internationals were moved there, and the event has been held there ever since. During World War II the tournament was held from 1941 through 1945 on the same grounds but these editions are not recognized by the French governing body, Fédération Française de Tennis . In 1946 and 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, making it the third Grand Slam event of the year. In 1968, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go open , allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete. Court number 2 at the French Open. Since 1981, new prizes have been presented: the Prix Orange (for the player demonstrating the best sportsmanship and cooperative attitude with the press), the Prix Citron (for the player with the strongest character and personality) and the Prix Bourgeon (for the tennis player revelation of the year). In another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the tournament's opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place, where the profits go to different charity associations. In March 2007, it was announced that the event would provide equal prize money for both men and women in all rounds for the first time. In 2010, it was announced that the French Open was considering a move away from Roland Garros as part of a continuing rejuvenation of the tournament. Plans to renovate and expand Roland Garros have put aside any such consideration, and the tournament remains in its long time home. Surface characteristics [ edit ] Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce when compared to grass courts or hard courts . For this reason, clay courts take away some of the advantages of big servers and serve-and-volleyers, which makes it hard for these types of players to dominate on the surface. For example, Pete Sampras , known for his huge serve and who won 14 Grand Slam titles, never won the French Open – his best result was reaching the semi-finals in 1996 . Other notable players who have won multiple Grand Slam events but have never won the French Open include John McEnroe , Frank Sedgman , John Newcombe , Venus Williams , Stefan Edberg , Boris Becker , Jimmy Connors , Louise Brough , and Virginia Wade ; McEnroe and Edberg lost their sole French Open finals appearances in five sets. On the other hand, players whose games are more suited to slower surfaces, such as Rafael Nadal , Björn Borg , Ivan Lendl , Mats Wilander , Justine Henin and Chris Evert , have found great success at this tournament. In the Open Era , the only male players who have won both the French Open and Wimbledon , played on faster grass courts, are Rod Laver , Jan Kodeš , Björn Borg , Andre Agassi , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer . Borg's French Open—Wimbledon double was achieved three times consecutively (1978, 1979, 1980) and regarded by Wimbledon officials as "the most difficult double in tennis." The feat took 28 years to be repeated and was done 3 times consecutively, twice by Rafael Nadal (2008, 2010) and once by Roger Federer (2009). Expansion vs. relocation [ edit ] From 2004–2008 there were off and on plans to build a covered stadium with a roof. There have also been various proposals to expand the facility or to move the French Open to a completely new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. In 2011 it was decided to keep the tournament at Roland-Garros. The expansion project calls for a new stadium to be built alongside the historical Auteuil's greenhouses and expansion of old stadiums and the tournament village. In May 2015, the city council voted against the expansion project, but on 9 June 2015 Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo announced the signing of the construction permits, with work scheduled to begin in September of that year and concluding in 2019. In December 2015, the Paris Administrative Court once again halted renovation work. The French Tennis Federation is appealing the decision. Opponents, however, vow to continue to fight the expansion plans in the courts. Ball boys and ball girls [ edit ] At the 2010 French Open there were 250 "ramasseurs de balles" which in English translates literally as "gatherers of balls". They are aged between 12 and 16 years old, and dress in matching shirts and shorts. The 250 ball boys and ball girls are chosen to take part in the French Open by an application and selection process, which in 2010 had approximately 2,500 applicants from across France. Upon selection the ball boys and ball girls participate in preparatory training in the weeks leading up to the French Open to ensure that they are prepared for the day they set foot on the tennis court in front of a global audience. Prize money and ranking points [ edit ] Suzanne Lenglen Court at Roland Garros. For 2018, the prize money purse was increased to €39,197,000. If a player makes it to the indicated round, they will receive the points and money listed (provided they don't make it to a further round). Men and women often receive different point values based on the rules of their respective tours. Players receive prize money and points as follows: Prize Money (2018) Event W F SF QF 4R 3R 2R 1R Singles Points (M/F) 2000 1200 / 1300 720 / 780 360 / 430 180 / 240 90 / 130 45 / 70 10/10 Prize money €2,200,000 €1,120,000 €560,000 €380,000 €222,000 €130,000 €79,000 €40,000 Doubles Points (M/F) 2000 1200 / 1300 720 / 780 360 / 430 180 / 240 90 / 130 – – Prize money * €560,000 €280,000 €139,000 €76,000 €41,000 €22,000 €11,000 – Mixed Doubles Points NA NA NA NA NA NA – – Prize money * €120,000 €60,000 €30,000 €17,000 €9,500 €4,750 – – *per team Champions [ edit ] Past champions [ edit ] Men's Singles , winner of the Coupe des Mousquetaires Women's Singles , winner of the Coupe Suzanne Lenglen Men's Doubles , winners of the Coupe Jacques Brugnon Women's Doubles , winners of the Coupe Simone Mathieu Mixed Doubles , winners of the Coupe Marcel Bernard The trophies, designed and made by Maison Mellerio dits Meller , are all made of pure silver with finely etched decorations on their side. Each new singles winner gets his or her name written on the base of the trophy. Winners receive custom-made pure silver replicas of the trophies they have won. Current champions [ edit ] Rafael Nadal was the winner of the Men's Singles in 2018. It was his seventeenth Grand Slam singles title and a record-extending 11th title at Roland Garros. Simona Halep was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title. Pierre-Hugues Herbert was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his third Grand Slam title. Nicolas Mahut was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his third Grand Slam title. Barbora Krejčíková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title. Kateřina Siniaková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title. Latisha Chan was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam in mixed doubles title. Ivan Dodig was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was his first Grand Slam in mixed doubles title. Event Champion Runner-up Score 2018 Men's Singles Rafael Nadal Dominic Thiem 6–4, 6–3, 6–2 2018 Women's Singles Simona Halep Sloane Stephens 3–6, 6–4, 6–1 2018 Men's Doubles Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Oliver Marach Mate Pavić 6–2, 7–6 (7–4) 2018 Women's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková Eri Hozumi Makoto Ninomiya 6–3, 6–3 2018 Mixed Doubles Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig Gabriela Dabrowski Mate Pavić 6–1, 6–7 (5–7) , [10–8] Records [ edit ] Record Era Player(s) Num. Years Men since 1891 Winner of most men's singles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 8 1903–1904, 1907–1909, 1912–1914 1925–1967: Henri Cochet 4 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932 Note: Also won World Hard Court Championship in 1922 After 1967: Rafael Nadal 11 2005–2008, 2010–2014, 2017–2018 Winner of most consecutive men's singles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Paul Aymé 4 1897–1900 1925–1967: Frank Parker Jaroslav Drobný Tony Trabert Nicola Pietrangeli 2 1948–1949 1951–1952 1954–1955 1959–1960 After 1967: Rafael Nadal 5 2010–2014 Winner of most men's doubles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 13 1902–1909, 1911–1914, 1920 1925–1967: Roy Emerson 6 1960, 1962 with Neale Fraser , 1961 with Rod Laver , 1963 with Manuel Santana , 1964 with Ken Fletcher , 1965 with Fred Stolle After 1967: Daniel Nestor Max Mirnyi 4 2007 with Mark Knowles , 2010 with Nenad Zimonjić , 2011, 2012 with Max Mirnyi 2005, 2006 with Jonas Björkman , 2011, 2012 with Daniel Nestor Winner of most consecutive men's doubles titles Before 1925: (French club members only event) Maurice Germot 10 1906–1914, 1920 1925–1967: Roy Emerson 6 1960–1965 After 1967: Daniel Nestor 3 2010–2012 Winner of most mixed doubles titles – Men Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 7 1904–1906, 1908–1909, 1914 and 1920 with Suzanne Lenglen 1925-today: Ken Fletcher Jean-Claude Barclay 3 1963–1965 with Margaret Court 1968, 1971, 1973 with Françoise Dürr Winner of most titles (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – men Before 1925: (French club members only event) Max Decugis 29 1902–1920 (8 singles, 14 doubles, 7 mixed) 1925-today: Rafael Nadal 11 2005–2008, 2010–2014, 2017–2018 (11 singles) Women since 1897 Winner of most women's singles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Suzanne Lenglen 6 1920–1923, 1925–1926 Note: Also won World Hard Court Championship in 1914, 1921–1923 After 1967: Chris Evert 7 1974–1975, 1979–1980, 1983, 1985–1986 Winner of most consecutive women's singles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Jeanne Matthey Suzanne Lenglen 4 1909–1912 1920–1923 After 1967: / Monica Seles Justine Henin 3 1990–1992 2005–2007 Winner of most women's doubles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Simonne Mathieu 6 1933, 1934 with Elizabeth Ryan , 1936–1937, 1938 with Billie Yorke , 1939 with Jadwiga Jędrzejowska After 1967: / Martina Navratilova 7 1975 with Chris Evert, 1982 with Anne Smith , 1984–1985, 1987, 1988 with Pam Shriver , 1986 with Andrea Temesvári Winner of most consecutive women's doubles titles Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Françoise Dürr 5 1967–1971 After 1967: / Martina Navratilova Gigi Fernández 5 1984–1987, 1988 with Pam Shriver , 1986 with Andrea Temesvári 1991 with Jana Novotná , 1992–95 with Natasha Zvereva Winner of most mixed doubles titles – women Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Suzanne Lenglen 7 1914, 1920 with Max Decugis , 1921–1923, 1925, 1926 with Jacques Brugnon After 1967: Françoise Dürr 3 1968, 1971, 1973 with Jean-Claude Barclay Winner of most titles (total: singles, doubles, mixed) – women Till 1967: (incl. French club members only era) Suzanne Lenglen 15 1919–1926 (6 singles, 2 doubles, 7 mixed) After 1967: / Martina Navratilova 11 1974–1988 (2 singles, 7 doubles, 2 mixed) Miscellaneous Youngest winner Men: Michael Chang 17 years and 3 months Women: / Monica Seles 16 years and 6 months Oldest winner Men: Andre Vacherot 40 years and 9 months Women: Zsuzsa Körmöczy 33 years and 10 months Unseeded Winners Men: Marcel Bernard Mats Wilander Gustavo Kuerten Gastón Gaudio 1946 1982 1997 2004 Women: Margaret Scriven Jeļena Ostapenko 1933 2017 Television coverage [ edit ] 2010 French Open – Court Philippe Chatrier Broadcast rights to the French Open (as of 2016) are as follows: France [ edit ] FranceTV Sports & EuroSport 1&2. France Télévisions and Eurosport hold the broadcast rights to the French Open in 2016. United Kingdom [ edit ] ITV Sport and Eurosport holds broadcasting rights to show the French Open tennis tournaments until 2021. The bulk of the daily coverage is broadcast on ITV4 although both singles finals plus other weekend matches are shown on ITV . John Inverdale hosts the coverage. Commentators include Jim Courier , Amélie Mauresmo , Sam Smith , Mark Petchey , Nick Mullins and Fabrice Santoro . Studio presentation for the French Open on Eurosport is hosted by Annabel Croft with the segment Hawk-Eye presented by former British Number 2 Jason Goodall . (Goodall was briefly ranked ahead of Chris Bailey , Nick Brown , Andrew Castle , Nick Fulwood , Mark Petchey , and James Turner , in May 1989). United States [ edit ] Tennis Channel & NBC. NBC 's coverage of the French Open began in 1975 . Tennis Channel owns pay television rights to the tournament. Coverage of morning window (U.S. time) matches were sub-licensed to ESPN for broadcast by ESPN2 from 2007 through 2015. In August 2015, ESPN announced that it would discontinue its sub-licensing and drop coverage of the French Open beginning in 2016, with network staff citing that because of the structure of the arrangement, its coverage "did not fit our successful model at the other three Majors"—where ESPN is the exclusive rightsholder. Tennis Channel chose to retain these rights under its new owner Sinclair Broadcast Group , nearly doubling the amount of coverage Tennis Channel will air from Roland Garros. Other than a three-year stint on CBS , NBC has remained the American television network home of the French Open since 1983 . NBC shows weekend morning early-round matches in the afternoon via tape-delay . If a match is still being played, it is shown live. Other broadcasters cannot show NBC's tape-delayed matches. NBC also shows a tape-delayed version of the men's semifinal, broadcasting it in the late morning of the same day. It broadcasts both singles finals. Other areas [ edit ] Europe – Eurosport until 2021 Canada – RDS (French) & TSN (English) Caribbean – ESPN Caribbean Latin America – ESPN (except Brazil) Brazil – BandSports Southern Africa – SuperSport Middle East – beIN Sports Indian Subcontinent – Star Sports Select Pan-Asia region – Fox Sports Australia – Fox Sports and SBS Sport New Zealand – Sky NZ Fiji & Pacific Islands – Fox Sports Japan – WOWOW See also [ edit ] List of French Open men's singles champions List of French Open women's singles champions List of French Open men's doubles champions List of French Open women's doubles champions List of French Open mixed doubles champions Singles Finals , records and statistics Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roland Garros . Official website (in French) Roland Garros on France2 (in French) Roland Garros on ina.fr : more than 600 hours of audio/visual archives Photos of Roland Garros French Open – All winners and runners-up. Reference book Preceded by Australian Open Grand Slam Tournament May–June Succeeded by Wimbledon Coordinates : 48°50′49.8″N 2°14′57.3″E  /  48.847167°N 2.249250°E  / 48.847167; 2.249250

train

how long has the usa been a country

Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country. By the end of that century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower.

['named after the umayyad general tariq ibn-ziyad', 'in the irish sea between the islands of great britain and ireland', 'rock of gibraltar']

Láti ìgbà wo ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà ti jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè

Yes

['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won.']

['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776']

['P3, P5']

Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi "Amerika" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi "Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" to je gbigba mu latowo "Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, "Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba "Orile-ede Amerika" tabi "Amerika" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo "U.S." tabi "USA". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]

train

how many states is there in united states

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/ əˈmɛrɪkə /), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.

['benazir bhutto', 'desert', '27 april 1994', 'sub-saharan nation in west africa']

ìpínlẹ̀ mélòó ló wà ní orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà

Yes

['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']

['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']

['P1']

Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi "Amerika" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi "Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" to je gbigba mu latowo "Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, "Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba "Orile-ede Amerika" tabi "Amerika" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo "U.S." tabi "USA". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]

train

how old is the united state of america

Paleo - Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the abolition of slavery. By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 moon landing. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower.

['the roman republic', 'the hands of the representatives', '1787', 'representative government']

ọdún mélòó ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà

Yes

['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won.']

['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776']

['P3, P5']

Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi "Amerika" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi "Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" to je gbigba mu latowo "Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, "Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba "Orile-ede Amerika" tabi "Amerika" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo "U.S." tabi "USA". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]

train

is it united states or the united states

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 325 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.

[]

ṣé orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà ni àbí orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà

Yes

['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']

['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira ']

['P1']

Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi "Amerika" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi "Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" to je gbigba mu latowo "Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, "Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba "Orile-ede Amerika" tabi "Amerika" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo "U.S." tabi "USA". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]

train

is the united states a nation or country

The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation. The federal republic is a representative democracy, `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law ''. The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), and other international organizations. The United States is a highly developed country, with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP. The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world. The United States is the world 's largest importer and the second largest exporter of goods, by value. Although its population is only 4.3 % of the world total, the U.S. holds 33 % of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country. The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. The United States is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending, and is a leading political, cultural, and scientific force internationally.

['2007', 'south bank of the yamuna river in the indian city of agra']

ṣé orílẹ̀-èdè ni amẹ́ríkà

Yes

['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tabi Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (USA tabi US ní sọ́kí ní gẹ̀ẹ́sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']

['Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìṣọ̀kan àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà jẹ́ orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika.']

['P1']

Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi "Amerika" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi "Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" to je gbigba mu latowo "Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, "Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba "Orile-ede Amerika" tabi "Amerika" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo "U.S." tabi "USA". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]

train

what's the size of the united states

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km), the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and just fractionally smaller than the entire continent of Europe 's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 325 million people, the U.S. is the third-most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries.

['1981']

báwo ni orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà ṣe tóbi tó

Yes

['Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe.']

['O ni 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2). Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe.']

['P2']

Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi "Amerika" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi "Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" to je gbigba mu latowo "Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, "Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba "Orile-ede Amerika" tabi "Amerika" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo "U.S." tabi "USA". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]

train

when was the us founded as a country

Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to attain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788. The first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties.

[]

ìgbà wo ni a dá orílẹ̀-èdè amẹ́ríkà sílẹ̀

Yes

['Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won.']

['Ó jade ni 2003', 'Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776']

['P3']

Oríl?? èdè America Oríl??-èdè Ì???kan àw?n Ìpínl?? Am??ríkà tabi Oríl??-èdè Am??ríkà (USA tabi US ní s??kí ní g????sì), tàbí Amerika ni soki, j?? orílé-èdè ijoba àpapò olominira pèlú iwe-ofin ibagbepo tí ó ni adota ipinle, agbegbe ijoba-apapo kan ati agbegbe merinla, ti o wa ni Ariwa Amerika. Il?? re fe lati Òkun Pasifiki ni apa iwoorun de Òkun Atlántíkì ni apa ilaorun. O ni bode pelu ile Kanada ni apa ariwa ati pelu Meksiko ni apa guusu. Ipinle Alaska wa ni ariwaiwoorun, pelu Kanada ni ilaorun re ati Rosia ni iwoorun niwaju Bering Strait. Ipinle Hawaii je agbajo erekusu ni arin Pasifiki. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo tun ni opolopo agbegbe ni Karibeani ati Pasifiki. Pelu 3.79 egbegberun ilopomeji maili (9.83 million km2) ati iye to ju 309 egbegberun eniyan lo, awon Ipinle Aparapo je orile-ede totobijulo keta tabi kerin bii apapo iye aala, ati iketa totobijulo bii aala ile ati bi awon olugbe. O je kan ninu awon orile-ede agbaye to ni opolopo eya eniyan ati asapupo, eyi je nitori ikoreokere lati opo awon orile-ede.[6] Okowo awon Ipinle Aparapo ni okowo orile-ede to tobijulo lagbaye, pelu idiye GIO 2009 to je $14.3 egbegberunketa (idamerin GIO oloruko lagbaye ati idamarun GIO agbaye fun ipin agbara iraja).[7] Awon eniyan abinibi ti won wa lati Asia ti budo si ori ibi ti orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo wa loni fun egberun lopo odun. Awon olugbe Abinibi ara Amerika din niye gidigidi nitori arun ati igbogunti leyin ibapade awon ara Yúróòpù. Orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo je didasile latowo awon ileamusin metala ti Britani to budo si egbe Okun Atlantiki. Ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776, won se Ifilole Ilominira, eyi kede eto won fun iko araeni ati idasile isokan alafowosowopo won. Awon ipinle asagun yi bori Ileobaluaye Britani ninu Ogun Ijidide Amerika, eyi ni ogun alamusin fun ilominira akoko to yori si rere.[8] Ilana-ibagbepo ile awon Ipinle Aparapo lowolowo je gbigba bi ofin ni ojo 17 Osu Kesan, 1787; itowobosi ni odun to tele so awon ipinle di apa orile-ede olominira kan na pelu ijoba apapo to lagbara. Awon Isofin awon Eto, to ni atunse mewa si ilana-ibagbepo ti won semudaju awon eto ati ainidekun araalu, je titowobosi ni 1791. Ni orundun 19th, awon Ipinle Aparapo gba ile lowo Orílè?-èdè Faransé, Sípéènì, Ileoba Aparapo, M??ksíkò, ati Rosia, o si sefamora Ile Olominira Teksas ati Ile Olominira Hawaii. Ijiyan larin awon ipinle ni Guusu ati awon ipinle ni Ariwa lori awon eto awon ipinle ati igbegun oko eru lo fa Ogun Abele Amerika ti awon odun 1860. Isegun ti Ariwa dena ipinya, o si fa opin oko eru ni Amerika. Nigba ti yio fi to awon odun 1870, okowo orile-ede awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika ni eyi ti o tobijulo lagbaye.[9] Ogun Spein ati Amerika ati Ogun Agbaye Akoko so Amerika di orile-ede alagbara ologun. Leyin Ogun Agbaye Keji o di orile-ede akoko to ni ifija inuatomu, o si tun di omo egbe tikoye ni Ileigbimo Abo Agbajo awon Orile-ede Aparapo. Opin Ogun Koro ati Isokan Sofieti mu ki awon Ipinle Aparapo o di orile-ede alagbara nikan to ku. Amerika siro fun idameji ninu marun inawo ologun lagbaye be sini o tun je akopa asiwaju ninu okowo, oloselu ati asa lagbaye.[10] Orisun itumo Ni 1507, Martin Waldseemüller ayamaapu ara Jemani pese maapu lori ibi to ti pe oruko awon ile ti won wa ni Ibiilaji Apaiwoorun bi "Amerika" lati inu oruko oluwakiriri ati ayamaapu ara Italia Amerigo Vespucci.[11] Awon ibiamusin Britani tele metala koko lo oruko orile-ede yi ninu Ifilole Ilominira, bi "Ifilole alafenuko awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" to je gbigba mu latowo "Awon Asoju awon Ipinle aparapo ile Amerika" ni ojo 4 Osu Keje, 1776.[12] Ni ojo 15 Osu Kokanla, 1777, Ipejo Olorile Keji gba awon Ese-oro Ikorapapo, to so pe, "Oruko Ijekorapapo yi yio je 'Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika'". Awon iwe adehun lari Fransi ati Amerika odun 1778 lo "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Ariwa Amerika, sugbon lati ojo 11 Osu Keje, 1778, "Awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika" lo je lilo lori awon owo fun pasiparo, latigbana eyi lo ti je oruko onibise re.[13] Ni ede Yoruba "Orile-ede Amerika" tabi "Amerika" lasan loruko to wopo. A tun le lo lo "U.S." tabi "USA". Awon araalu awon Ipinle Aparapo ile Amerika la mo bi awon ara Amerika.[14] Jeografi Aworan aruleyin to unfihan ojuile orile-ede Amerika Amerika ni bode po mo Kanada, to gun lapapo to 8895 km (pelu bode larin Kanada ati Alaska to to 2477 km), o tun ni bode mo Meksico, to gun to 3326 km. Iye apapo igun bode Amerika je 12,221 km. Bakanna etiodo mo Atlantiki, Pasifiki ati Ikun-omi Meksiko na tun ni iye apapo to to 19,924 km. Aala ori ile Amerika je 9,161,924 km2 pelu aala ori omi to to 664,706 km2, gbogbo aala ile Amerika je 9.82663 egbegberun km2[15]. Ifagun ariwa-guusu re lati bode mo Kanada ati bode mo Meksiko je 2,500 km, ifagun ilaorun-iwoorun lati eti Okun Atlantiki de Psifiki je 4,500. Orile-ede Amerika dubule si arin ilagbolojo apaariwa 24 ati 49 ati larin ilaninaro apaiwoorun 68th ati 125, be sini o pin si akókò il??àmùrè merin. Idaile ati iwoile Aala orile-ede Amerika ni ilafiwo to yato pato. Awon oke ileru bi Cascade Range, ati oke alokoro bi Rocky Mountains ati Appalachian Mountains wa lati Ariwa de Guusu. O ni odo bi Odo Misissipi ati Missouri. O ni opo ile gbigbe ati ile koriko. Ojuojo Maapu ojuojo ni Amerika Ojuojo duro lori ibudo. Lati ileolooru ni Florida titi de tundra ni Alaska. Opo ibi ni won ni ooru ni igba eerun ati otutu ni igba oye. Awon ibomiran tun wa bi California ti won ni ojuojo Mediteraneani. Ojuojo oloro ko wopo. Awon ipinle ti won bode mo Ikun-omi Meksiko ni iji w??n sábà máa ? ní ìjì líle, èyí tó p?? jù l? nínú àw?n ìjì líle tó ? wáyé láyé sì máa ? wáyé lóríl??-èdè yìí, pàápàá jù l? ní àárín gbùngbùn ìw?? oòrùn.[16]